1 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Biogenic Compounds and the Atmosphere: An European Perspective

Rainer Steinbrecher

Forest Air Chemistry

Air Quality in Europe

From Regional to Local Scales

Outlook: Climate and BVOC

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open

2 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Air Quality in Europe

IMK-IFU

3 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Air Quality in EuropeO

zone

[µg

m-3

]

July/August 2003 Germany, North-Rhine-Westfalia

4 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Air Quality in EuropeOzone Wank (1780 m asl.), Garmisch-Partenkirchen

1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 200620

30

40

50

60

70

80

W ank (1780 m)

Monthly means Trend Regression curve

O3

[ppb

]

YEAR

5 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 200620

30

40

50

60

70

80

W ank (1780 m)

Monthly means Trend Regression curve

O3

[ppb

]

YEAR

Air Quality in EuropeOzone Wank (1780 m asl.), Garmisch-Partenkirchen

(E. Scheel, IMK-IFU)

6 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Air Quality in EuropeSurface Ozone: Source AnalysisWaldhof, Germany (O3 background 1998: 39.2 ppbv)

Europe(18.3 ppbv)

Stratosphere(7.7 ppbv)

North America(8.5 ppbv)

Asia(4.7 ppbv)

(Derwent et al., 2004)Transport versus Production?

∗

7 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Master-Chemical-Mechanism MCM

(Derwent et al., 2005)

Aldehyde Cascade: 10-20%

PAN-Radical Storage: 80-90%

Air Quality in Europe

8 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Air Quality in Europe

(Derwent et al., 2006)

• Increase+ 0.48 ppbv per year

• Will continue at a similar rate, despite of stringent emission control measures in the past!

Mace Head, Irland (background ozone)12-months running mean1990 to 2003

Surface Ozone: Trends

What are the Reasons for that?

9 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Air Quality in Europe

(Derwent et al., 2006)

Mace Head, Irland (background ozone)+ 0.48 ppbv per yearTrend 1990 to 2003

Surface Ozone: Trends

What are the Reasons for that?

10 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Air Quality in Europe

(Derwent et al., 2006)

Mace Head, Irland (background ozone)+ 0.48 ppbv per yearTrend 1990 to 2003

Surface Ozone: Trends

What shall we do?

• World wide emission control of ozone precursors have to be set in force

• Only then we will achieve a reduction in surface ozone in Europe (MFR-Scenario)

• Decrease rate of - 0.14 ppbv per year or

– 4 ppbv in 2030

11 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Emissions in Germany: Sources and Trends

Anthropo. tot.

Em

issi

on [G

g]

0

500

1000

1500

2000

25001995 2000 2003

VOC

Anthropo. tot. Agriculture

Em

issi

on [G

g]

0

500

1000

1500

2000

25001995 2000 2003

VOC

Anthropo. tot. Agriculture Forest

Em

issi

on [G

g]

0

500

1000

1500

2000

25001995 2000 2003

VOC

(EMEP 2006; Smiatek, Steinbrecher 2006)

From Regional to Local Scales

12 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Monote

rpene

sIso

prene

Alcoho

lsoth

er VOC

Em

issi

on [%

]

0102030405060

Forests

Alkane

sArom

atics

Alcoho

lsoth

er VOC

0102030405060

Anthroposphere

Emissions in Germany: Source Split

(Smiatek, Steinbrecher 2006; Theloke, Friedrich 2007)

From Regional to Local Scales

13 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

April May June July August September October

Em

issi

on [G

g]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

ForestsVOC

1994-2003

Emissions in Germany: Monthly and Annual Variability

April May June July August September October

Em

issi

on [G

g]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

ForestsVOC NO

Em

issi

on [G

g]

0481216

Forests

1991-2000

1994-2003

April May June July August September October

Em

issi

on [G

g]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

ForestsAnthroposhere

VOC NO

Em

issi

on [G

g]

0481216

Forests

2004

1991-2000

1994-2003

(EMEP 2006; Smiatek, Steinbrecher 2006)

From Regional to Local Scales

14 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Emissions in Germany: Hourly VariabilityFrom Regional to Local Scales

Trace gases

15 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

30/07/ - 31/07/2002 [CET] 12:00:00 20:00:00 04:00:00 12:00:00

Flux

Rat

e [n

mol

m-2

s-1

]

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0IsopreneΣ Monoterpenes

Norway Spruce ForestEmissions in Germany: Hourly Variability

(Graus et al. 2006)

From Regional to Local Scales

16 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

Alti

tude

[m]

0

5

10

15

20

2503:00 CET

Crown Comp.

HO-Radical

Radicals [ppt]

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

Alti

tude

[m]

0

5

10

15

20

2503:00 CET

NO3-RadicalHO-Radical

Crown Comp.

Forest Air ChemistryNorway Spruce Forest: Night Time

(Forkel et al. 2006)

17 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,20

5

10

15

20

25A

ltitu

de [m

]

Radicals [ppt]

15:00 CET

Crown Com p.

Understory Com p.

HO-Radical

Norway Spruce Forest: Day Time

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,20

5

10

15

20

25

Alti

tude

[m]

15:00 CET

Crown Com p.

Understory Com p.

Radicals [ppt]

NO3-RadicalHO-Radical

(Forkel et al. 2006)

Forest Air Chemistry

18 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

BVOC

Forest Air Chemistry

Ozone

O3 ~ 20 ppb

(VanReken et al. 2006)Pinus taeda

19 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Global Change and VOCVOC Oxidation in the Atmosphere

20 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007

KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

References:

• R. G. Derwent et al. Atmos. Environ. 1998-2006• EMEP,http://webdab.emep.int, 2006• R. Forkel et al., Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, S28• M. Graus et al., Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, S43• IPPC, http://www.ipcc.ch, 2007• M. Kesik et al., Biogeosciences 2005, 2, 353• T.M. VanReken et al., ACP 2006, 6, 4403• G. Smiatek,und R. Steinbrecher, Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, S166• J. Theloke und R. Friedrich Atmos. Environ. 2007,

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.026