Post on 22-Jun-2020
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Life cycle of three BUONAPART‐ELife cycle of three BUONAPART‐E nanomaterials and corresponding products
U. Sager, B. Stahlmecke, T. A. J. Kuhlbusch, H. Kaminski, C. Asbach (IUTA); M. Stein, E. Hontañon, E. Kruis (UDE);
M. Stadlbauer (TKSE); L. Santos, F. Carrasco Torres (FOMENTEX);J. Gómez (AIT); I. Chang (MNL)
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Case studies: Nanoparticles and endproducts
Copper NP suspended in water
cooling agent
Silver NP introduced to textiles
medical clothes
Zinc NP in polypropylene
electric cable coating
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General product life cycle of NP/NM and release paths
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Schematic of material flow during life cycle
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Cu NP in cooling agent – Process steps
• production of the Cu NP by an arc‐based process
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Cu NP in cooling agent – Process steps
• production of the Cu NP by an arc‐based process
b• bagging
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Cu NP in cooling agent – Process steps
• production of the Cu NP by an arc‐based process
b• bagging
• transport to subsequent processing
• preparation of the suspension in the laboratory
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Cu NP in cooling agent – Process steps
• production of the Cu NP by an arc‐based process
b• bagging
• transport to subsequent processing
• preparation of the suspension in the laboratory
• filling of the cooling agent into the test circuit
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Cu NP in cooling agent – Process steps
• production of the Cu NP by an arc‐based process
b• bagging
• transport to subsequent processing
• preparation of the suspension in the laboratory
• filling of the cooling agent into the test circuit
• end of the experiments
cleaning of
p
emptying of the test circuit
separation of the phases cleaning of the laboratory and the facilities
separation of the phases
re‐use or disposal
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Sketch of the product life cycle of Cu NP in cooling agent
productionof Cu NP
end of useprocessing
use in acooling
WIof Cu NP
preparation of cooling
p gcircuit
arc-based bagging
WI
WWT
landfillp p
suspension agentbasedprocess
bagging
recyclingWWT
air ilf tair(workplace and ambient) soilsurface water
subjects of protectionenvironmenthumans
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Production and material properties of Cu NP
• closed production facility, normally no exposure to air• leakage or exposure to air possible in case of failureleakage or exposure to air possible in case of failure danger of possible self‐ignition and explosion
a) b)
nominal size 65 nm,ignition > 130 °C
c) d)
ignition > 130 C,time b)‐c) 8 s,time c)‐d) 26 s
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Measurement of release to air during production and bagging
• particle number concentration in office rooms ~ 10,000 #/cm³
• background particle number concentration in the test lab ~ 2,000 #/cm³
• during measurements: 13 units of the mOSU workingmaterial input: copper shots
• equipment: 2 FMPS, 1 SMPS, 1 CPC particle number concentration particle size distribution
• sampling (NAS) + SEM + EDX particle characteristics
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Release of Cu NP during production phase with mOSU
1.0E+04Start generatorignition Cu NP production
Switch off individual
OSU
System off completely
even
t
8.0E+03
[#/c
m³]
13 OSU are running
During switch off: SMPS measurements of NP-particles produced
und
part
icle
e
6.0E+03
entr
atio
n
FMPS near field backgroundFMPS OSU systemSMPS OSU systemow
n ba
ckgr
ou
4.0E+03
ber c
once SMPS OSU system
Unk
no
2.0E+03Num
b
0.0E+0011:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30
FMPS after electrometer zeroing
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Particle size distributions in the mOSU, mOSU surroundingsand the near field background during production
1.0E+06BG during Cu NP particle productionOSU during Cu NP particle production
1.0E+05
³]
FMPS detection limitSMPS Cu NP produced with 13 OSU
1.0E+04
gdp [
#/cm
1.0E+03
dN/d
log
1.0E+02
1.0E+011 10 100 1,000
Particle diameter dp [nm]
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p
Release of Cu NP during bagging
3.0E+04Pressure shock on filter after passivation
Bagging handling
Welding of the bag
2 0E+04
2.5E+04
[#/c
m³]
Start opening OSU system
System closed
1.5E+04
2.0E+04
entr
atio
n
1.0E+04
ber c
once
FMPS near field backgroundFMPS OSU systemSMPS OSU system
5.0E+03Num
b
0.0E+0010:30 10:40 10:50 11:00 11:10 11:20 11:30 11:40
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Measurement of release to air during preparation of suspension
• tests with reduced cooling agent volume 40 ml
• sample was weighed in in the fume hood, i d ith DI t d di d b lt i d f 30 imixed with DI water and dispersed by ultrasonic sound for 30 min.
• 3 steps of preparation 3 vol %• 3 steps of preparation 3 vol.‐%
• equipment: 2 FMPS / CPC particle number concentrationequipment: 2 FMPS / CPC particle number concentration particle size distribution
• sampling (NAS) + SEM + EDX particle characteristics
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Measurement of release to air during preparation of suspension
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Measurement of release to air during preparation of suspension
NAS
CPC
FMPSFMPS
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Release of Cu NP during the preparation of the suspension
4.5E+03
5.0E+03m
³] Cu NP weighing and
Cu NP weighing and
Cu NP weighing and Fe NP
Start measurement
setup
3.5E+03
4.0E+03
tion
[#/c
m weighing and ultrasonic
weighing and ultrasonic
weighing and ultrasonic ultrasonic. . . .
2.5E+03
3.0E+03
once
ntra
t
FMPS near field background
1.5E+03
2.0E+03
num
ber c
o FMPS laboratory hood
5 0E+02
1.0E+03
5 03
Part
icle
n
0.0E+00
5.0E+02
10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00
P
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Material flow during the life cycle of Cu NP used in cooling agent (accidental release not considered)
raw material input
i t d C NP d ti100 %
air
soil
water
< 0.01 %
0 %
0 %
air
soil
water
< 0.01 %
0 %
0 %passivated Cu NP production
bagging
98 %
30 %
soil
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling
1 %
60 %
2 %7 %
0.1 %
1.6 %
0.1 %0.2 %
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling air< 0.01 %
preparation of suspension
filling of suspension
air
soil
watersoil
water
WWTP
WIP
0 %
0 %
1 %1 %
98 %
< 0.01 %
0 %
0 %0 %
use of cooling agent
filling of suspensioninto test circuit1 %
1 %WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling
air
water
WWTP
landfill
recycling
0 %
0 %98 %0 %
0 %
0 %0 %
0 %
0 %
soil
end of use of cooling agent
0%0 % 20 % 0 % 0 % 0 %80 %
WIP
landfill
recycling
100 %0 %
0 %0 %
specific recyclingfor reuse
landfill WIP WWTP airwatersoil
WIP waste incineration plant WWTP Waste water treatment plantAssumptionMeasurement / impossible flow
0%0 % 20 % 0 % 0 % 0 %80 %
95 % 5 %
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Resumé : Life cycle of Cu NP in cooling agent
• release during normal operation of production, bagging, preparation of suspension negligible or minor
• safety measures are necessary (e.g. self‐ignition)
• highest risk of release identified for disposal phase via waste water (high uncertainty)
• hazard potential of nanomaterial will change during life cycle d f idue to transformation processes
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Ag NP in textiles/medical clothes – Process steps
• production of the Ag NP by an arc‐based process
• recovery of the Ag NP from the reactor Ag NP powder• recovery of the Ag NP from the reactor Ag NP powder
• transport to subsequent processing
• preparation of the coating suspension
• coating of the textiles (different processes under evaluation)
• drying and/or fixation of the coating by heating
• further processing: sewing of medical clothescleaning of
the facilitiesfurther processing: sewing of medical clothes
• use of medical clothes including washing
h d f di l lid
the facilities
• at the end of use disposal as solid waste
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Sketch of the product life cycle of Ag NP in medical clothes
productionuse of
medical end of use
WIof Ag NP
coating sewing wearinghi
arc-based
processing clothes
bagging annealing
WI
WWT
landfillg g
washingbasedprocess
bagg g g
recyclingWWT
air soilsurface water(workplace and ambient)
i t
soilsurface water
hsubjects of protection
environmenthumans
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Planned tests on release
• further leaching tests during wet cleaning of the textiles /determination of Ag NP in the leaching agentdetermination of Ag NP in the leaching agent
• measurements at workplaces during the different steps ofmeasurements at workplaces during the different steps of processing
• abrasion tests with coated and uncoated textile samples
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Material flow during the life cycle of Ag NP in medical clothes(accidental release not considered)
raw materialinput
A NP d ti
100 %air
water
2 %
0 %
0 %
soil
< 0.01 %*
* deduced from measurements of the Cu NP case study
Ag NP production
bagging
30 %
98 %
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling60 %1 %
7 %2 %
air
water0 %
0.1 %0.2 %
air
soil
water
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling
0 %
0 %
0.1 %1.6 %
< 0.01 %*
< 0.01 %*
preparation ofsuspension
coating
98 %
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling0 %
0 %1 %1 %
0 %soil
air0 %
0.1 %
recycling 1.6 %
18 %1 %
air
soil
water
WWTP
WIP
0.1 %
0 %
0 %
0 %
5 %
95 %
%
drying - annealing
sewing (i l tti )
water
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling0 %
0 %
0 %1 %
0 %
0 %
soil
0 %
landfill
recycling
0 %
80 %
0 %15 %
air
soil
water
WWTP
WIP
0.2 %
0 %
0 %
0 %
1 % 5 %
95 %
98.9 %
skin1 %
(incl. cutting)
wearing washingmedical clothes
82.8 %
d f
air
water
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling0 %
0 %0 %
20 %
0 %
0 %
0 %
soil
WIP
landfill
recycling
0 %
2 %
0 %0 %
air
soil
water
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling
0 %
1 %
0 %
0 %
0 %78 %
5 %
95 %
recycling landfill WIP WWTP airwatersoil
end of use 98 %2 % 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 %0 %
WIP waste incineration plant WWTP Waste water treatment plantAssumptionMeasurement / impossible flow
y g
> 99 % < 1 %
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Resumé : Life cycle of Ag NP in medical clothes
• release during normal operation of production and bagging is expected to be negligible (analog to Cu NP case study)
• no risk of self‐ignition and explosion• general safety measures for handling with nanoobjects• main release in the use phase by abrasion during wearing and
washing effects of contact with the skin effects of Ag NP in waste water and WWTP
• end of use: medical clothes normally incinerated?• hazard potential of nanomaterial will change during life cycle
due to transformation processes• special concern due to high likeliness of exposure of humans
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Zn NP in PP coating of cables – Process steps
• production of the Zn particles by an arc‐based process• recovery of the Zn NP from the reactor Zn NP powderrecovery of the Zn NP from the reactor Zn NP powder• transport to subsequent processing• separate supply of Zn NP powder and PP pellets to extruderseparate supply of Zn NP powder and PP pellets to extruder
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Zn NP in PP coating of cables – Process steps
• production of the Zn particles by an arc‐based process• recovery of the Zn NP from the reactor Zn NP powderrecovery of the Zn NP from the reactor Zn NP powder• transport to subsequent processing• separate supply of Zn NP powder and PP pellets to extruderseparate supply of Zn NP powder and PP pellets to extruder• in the extruder: mixing of Zn NP and PP pellets by a screw,
heating, meltingheating, melting• exit of the extruder: cooling by injection into water• drying and forming of pelletsdrying and forming of pellets • further processing: coating of cables• use as a cable in buildings and other environments
cleaning of the facilities
use as a cable in buildings and other environments• at the end of use disposal as solid waste
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Sketch of the product life cycle of Zn NP in cable coatings
productionuse ofelectric
end of useWI
of Zn NP
filling ofextruder
cablecoating
abrasionweathering
arc-based
processing cables
bagging extruding
WI
WWT
landfill
extruder coating weatheringprocessgg g g
recycling
WWT
air soilsurface water(workplace and ambient)
i t
soilsurface water
hsubjects of protection
environmenthumans
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Planned tests on release
• measurements and analysis of released particles in the surroundings of the extruder g
• abrasion tests with the PP equipped with Zn NPabrasion tests with the PP equipped with Zn NP
• combustion tests with the PP equipped with Zn NP• combustion tests with the PP equipped with Zn NP
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Material flow during the life cycle of Zn NP in cable coatings(accidental release not considered)
raw materialinput
Zn NP production
100 %
* deduced from measurements of the Cu NP case studyair
water
2 %
0 %
0 %
soil
< 0.01 %*
Zn NP production
bagging98 %
air
water0 %
0 %
0.1 %
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling60 %1 %
7 %2 %
0.1 %0.2 %
air
soil
water
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling
0 %
0 %
0.1 %1.6 %
< 0.01 %*
30 %
filling ofextruder
extruding
98.9 %
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling0 %
0 %1 %0 %
0 %soil
air
water0 %
0 %
1 %
soil
recycling 1.6 %
10 %1 %
air
soil
water
WWTP
WIP
1 %
0 %
0 %5 %
95 %
cable coating
electrical cables
94 %
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling0 %
0 %5 %0 %
air
soil
water
0 %
1 %
1 %
landfill
recycling
0 %0 %
88 %
air
water
0 %5 %
< 0.001 %
abrasion weatheringelectrical cables
end of use 85 %5 % 5 % 5 % 0 % 0 %0 %
1 %
1 %WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling
0 %
0 %96 %
WWTP
WIP
landfill
recycling0 %
0 %0 %0 %
< 0.001 %soil95 %
recycling landfill WIP WWTP airwatersoil
WIP waste incineration plant WWTP Waste water treatment plantAssumptionMeasurement / impossible flow
> 99 % < 1 %
95 % 5 %
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Resumé : Life cycle of Zn NP in cable coatings
• release during normal operation of production and bagging is g p p gg gexpected to be negligible (analog to Cu NP case study)
• safety measures are especially necessary due to pyrophoricity/ self‐ignition and low minimum ignition energyg g gy
• low release rates expected for use in cable coatings
• Zn recycling maybe coupled with Cu recycling of the cable
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Summary and Outlook
• three cases analysed with respect to safety issues for their life cycle
• comparison shows high similarities for the production and processing phases and high similarities for the production and processing phases and high differences in use and end‐of‐life phases
• pyrophoricity identified as a major point of safety concern for the production of nanoscale metallic particles
• this life cycle analysis facilitates the safe‐by‐design approach and the identification of potential risksthe identification of potential risks
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Acknowledgement
The work is part of the European Union’s SeventhF k d o 280765Framework program under grant agreement no 280765.http://www.buonapart‐e.eu
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References IUTA
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[14] Schilling K, Bradford B, Castelli D, Dufour E, Nash JF, Pape W, Schulte S, Tooley I, van den Bosch J, Schellauf F (2010). Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 9(4):495-509.
[15] Wang B Feng W Wang T Jia G Wang M Shi J Zhang F Zhao Y Chai Z 2006 Toxicol[15] Wang B, Feng W, Wang T, Jia G, Wang M, Shi J, Zhang F, Zhao Y, Chai Z 2006. Toxicol. Lett. 161:115-123.
[16] Aruoja V, Dubourguier HC, Kasemets K, Kahru A (2009). Sci. Total Environ. 407(4):1461–1468.
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