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for(j in 1:length(y)) { # Rastrigin function z[i,j] <- 20 + (x[i]^2 - 10 * cos(2 * pi * x[i]))

+ (y[j]^2 - 10 * cos(2 * pi * y[j]))}

}# show the objective surfaceopen3d()persp3d(x, y, z, col = "green")# optimizationo1 <- psoptim(rep(NA,2),function(x) 20+sum(x^2-10*cos(2*pi*x)), lower=-5,upper=5,control=list(abstol=1e-8))show(o1)�

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