.1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite,...

96
מנ.18 משמ%"0*ו: %:"0 Wd ו!וחו5ט1 זנ" )0סה!שייסוסק!8 ו5דחש-ש009 )מ!ו?ו0 תשגל08וקט09 ~ueuaf) ן) " , שר092 )ט01כףט02 e~leH ר1?כ!8010013 19ג295 ך9?נ5130 0] !0עקדף4 loeJSI.A )ן5 eg~snJgf -10556 192 AIAy CK3rs~eAnJfl ~vuleft AIA~ .8]669 H~sfugs 0וף30 טך0זנסשם4 בטJgP" כףפסן5 courolpgpq~o י- ך ק ן). sJo$eNI$soAuI 2 , גסנ4 ג.41 .=( ~laoquoABaO םג.ץ*.8 (aauoa *Joad .1 )4 דגטושסהכ םד*5 (aouuoaH ffdlouud Jo~eNI1soAuI טני ב*JOUBO : שIVU~d ע:0601 KaEnuEfI 0661 - 1] נ0כסשף0 ס566 ן ז. 2אאבצב2 צב82( vss 40 ) כעדנךבבSHS )2 יאפתאSftfti~N aNY 52בכ44 ב40 ב82 "OSOEIY NOIJISOdSa א0 דיצב

Transcript of .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite,...

Page 1: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

משמ18.מנ Wd 0":% :ו*0"%

1ט5ו!וחו 09וקט08ל תשג0מ!ו?ו( 009ש-דחש5ו 8!סה!שייסוסק0( "זנ~ueuaf)

ן )

"092 שר , e~leH 02כףט01ט(

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192 AIAy CK3rs~eAnJfl

~vuleft

AIA~ .8]669

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2 ,

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ffdlouud Jo~eNI1soAuI

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Page 2: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

andScience of Ministry Torschungfuer Bundesministerium Technology

(MOST)(MBFT)Technologie und

PROJECTSRESEARCH אג1נאשס-IS~L JOINT

REPORTSCIENTIFIC FINAL "

Field 4 01*ת8110זפק00ם

974projectof Number

B~FTagencysponsoring German

aerosolthe of effects and nature amount, The project01 71118

Galilee)of (Sea Kinneret Lake 0ת deposition

GanorEliezer Dr. )5(Investigator Principal

Avnimelechץ. Prof. Brenner, 5- Dr- Foner, H.A. Dr. Investigators

Research,Environmental for 118ט5111ת departmentand 118ט5111ת

Environment,the of Ministry נ

University.Aviv Tel

Gravenhorstם. Dr. Prof. )5(partner German

1992January Beginning Years 4 durationproject Approved

from period the for Report 01/01/92 סי31/12/95

Signatures

18/7/96DateinvestigatorsPrincipal

GanorEliezer י---------------------------------

FonerHenry ---------------------------------

---------------------------------

officeMOST the by 1ת filled be To *

Page 3: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

'IdEBNIJU aoa~ : %1"מ ")0 hd'

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2ף0 92כףוםסם(~J?H

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02ן AIAy tx3ISJoAvuft

~vuleft

AIAy 'eLee~ -

צ5ק5ונ1 30עע0ק~כועlooqoS )0 י?ק0נ c~uguluoJLhua 30וף0

* -

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טג. סשטסג ב-

- IVU~d :"odoft 1 KIEnuvf 9661 ט0כ9שף0ג 1 [ - 661ש

1

1%אאבאב2 SftS) .55 40 )סידנהבב SHS 82ב SftftiWN aNW ssJsaas 40 יעו0מא42

"OSOftS~ NOUISOdSa דיצן 0א

Page 4: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

................................................................2. .. .. CONTENTS

.......................................................................-4..... ABSTRACT

.................................................5...... ... .... . INTRODUCTION.1.

5and Aims 1.1.-.-..........................................................................5א0ת01ו0ש0ג

Background.51.2............................................................................ת"אתחית1

..........................................................................7..... 51105Sampling 1.3.

..........................................................................7. hfETHODS2.

.......................................................................7Samplers.2.1.

...........................................7.... .. 1.Introduction.

...........................................7dustfallfor collectors Wet 2.

10................................................. .... dustfall.for collectors Dry 3.

.4 1תNutrient austfall: for collectors dry 018) ...........................םן5צפת108

11 ................................................. . .... . collector. Rain 5.

11........................................... . samplers,wet/dry Automatic 6.

11........................................ samplers volume 7.1ע8ע

.particle individual (fof impactor Cascade 8 .............................)518צפש13

13............................... . .... counter 9.0פ"1ק

13......................... .... filtersMembrane 10.

14........................ . ... analysis.hdineralogical 2.2.

.ibutionSize ofParticle Measurement 2.3-ת151ס . .. . ........................14

14............................... .. schemes analysis and methods 2.4.פ10עפתג

........................20. DISCUSSIONAND RESULTS 3.

.........................20..... .deposition,Dry 3.1.

........................20.. . fiactionsdustfall and Dustfall 3.1.1.

........................23...... lakethe 10 input Atmospheric

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-3 -

.253.1.2....................................................................................0ע"0א(

.313.1.3..................................................................................ש0פזטתש

clay-08ל31-.....................................................................5פטמעת

33Clay.............................................................................5פ[טתבת

10ק0א33Sulphur 3.1.4.15..................................................5ת0א8תעןםא6

.433.2.....................................................................................................1פ1תשא

Suspended.433.3.....................................................................................0801זטש

...........................................................................48Distribution 5120 Particle 3.4.

48. . . Distribution. Size Nuclei, Condensation Concentration, Aerosol . .4.1 3

.......................................................................56CONCLUSIONS AND 5]4 זחגששנ.

58......................................................................................... RECOM~fENDATIONS 5.

.596........................................................................................75לעא0מ2[יי0לא(ג

....................................................................................................61REFERENCES.... 7.

PARTICLE-64..................5ל710םג21דא1ח72גילAND NUTRIENTS FLU9(ES. 8.

Page 6: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-4-

ABSTRACT

dustfallthe which during Kinneret the around work offield years half' 8 and three up sums report T~s

aerosols suspended and תcollected were Samples investigated. intensively been have re@on the 1 ת81

mineralogical.- composition 5א and flux austfall The lake. the around statlons sampling 16 of network

theand dustfall the ~both 0! distribution size the were as measures were - fiactionation and chemical

10reference special with studied were interactions particle-water 86מ1 04חפ aerosol. suspended

analysed.and collected also were sediments and 50115 ran, Dust, nutrients.

senu-four and annual three the ש presented been have project ofthis results detailed ofthe Many

researchofthe aspects some up sums report present The issued. been already have which reports annual

data.new adds also and

andsources local

ש0"derived level background uniform 8 of composed 15 ifinneret the ש dustfall The

North1ת originate mostly which storms dust 10 due pulses imposed 810 which 0ת input, Mediterranean

autumn.and spring תו occur pulses These Afiica.

aiunum. per tonnes 12,000 about averages and uniform quite 15 lake the entenng -dust 0, amount Theת1

itselfdust The lake. the 10פ input solid 101פ ofthe 60% as much as be can atmospheric the years some

Thematter. organic 30% and soluble water inorganic 30% insoluble. water morganic 30% about 15

theentenng 10מ maJor Them year. the throughout uniform quite 15 det ofthe composition chemical

SignificantIsrael. " found anomaly sulphate the 10 connected be 10 believed 15 1"8 and sulphate 18 lake

samplingVarious processes. biological affect may and lake the 110ת carried are ofnutrients quantities

quames.and traffic 1010מ) e.g. suIToundings, their by affected are stations

nunordolomite; and feldspar quartz, clacite, 870 dustfall the תו minerals ם0ת-clay common most The

15dustfall ofthe composition mineralogical natural The 100. present are halite and ofgypsum amounts

andpalygorsKite and %א kaolinite, are minerals clay 0תסתעתס Most lake. the arount points 8א ב similar

sources.different identi~ 10 used be can proportions relative their

and 8א influence potentialת0

~finneret

Lake entering dust 'atmospheric of; amount large ofthe view 1ת

monitoringterm long 8 110 10ט5111ת recommended 15 11 general, 1ת lake the 0ת and quality water the

scope.'limited Of. be however, should, program TEs dustfall. for programme

Page 7: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

:מפתחמלות Aerosols, kinneret, Dustfall

Page 8: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

pouopuiqe J9Ue 0ג?נ 1ף, gOUOpuodopuIJo ( ן )ץעק 6"8 oouls ugq~ Oq~ urep seq uooq p~sn 0נ89ח1?ן0 ו gq, ףחוץ ן ~ט

~EG

~uol1e~s SiA 106ג9נ בoqs usdeleqeN JeA~od .uolie$s 99 שו Joftwod 19קנ90ן0כוקכ 6נסקחכ0 ו0

qso4 ul~p ? ף1 כ0טונסןן0ק JIOAJOSOJ qOIqA~ 51 ?ווןמכ!?ן uo oq~ 'gqolN oq~ oael SOAJOS 5? ue ש( )-000 1ג?ן9נ

ד?ך0 ,oq~) eos 30 (goIITef) 51 gq 1הםם0נ0ן~luo

Ian$Eu וף0 ?טק 51נ?9ן ש 1?ך0 504ף,גק0נ IS9MOI ~HVI 30

eq~ !8ך0

9א1ש8ן9ע הםן. OSLZ ק

130גק0נ gqJ o~vl 51 וט

~noqe 000* uoIIInu ]בף0 - ש oNeureJp UIS~q 0130ך oyl 51 186זווכחן?נן ~Navl pue 51

ן?ך9 oovyns 51 60ש ן aol~q UEOUEJJO~lpOpq ?05 0407ן pue 551

~SOdogp ~ulod

gwnloh בףs'q 9~-ן- ש ן95 א 51

30 OL 1 ?66נ0חש?ן0ן1 51 ד?ךoq~ vgJe gqi~o 0 פוט50?ג-

~uiH

q~HA ? oouaJgynoJIo 30

~noqv בף0 ך1ם. 05

בף0 gql 30פשז1ן9ל Nuol ciio~srq .8-0 oae" csvuoqr~ oq~ ?95 ון5 ~ט 1ea~s sgunu ף?ק svq 1מ11מ9נ0ן~gS

ו-ש- 1ם%גששא0ט !4381שגסמטק

~AOqV

5חה0כן5.

gq~ Jgq~o s~odoJ ומ srq~ )50ט10ג 1ג9 05מ oaq qonul 0ט3סמטא!סם שסנ! pue ? Jo13oq i~sJopun Nulpuel 30 gq,,

~uepq30 gq,, oAOqe sullv 9ASq uo~q טק( שא? sv ueo gq uoes ulo4 aq~ ג069ע 130ה5 ג9שעזטק9נ pue) 04ש

)5( oq~ Kpn$s 30 losoJOE וdoloA9p gq, JodoJd soqo~oJddv 0 ב0

"odsuel~ s$ue~nllod'- 130ג?ן0נ

oq~ uor~lsoduloo pue -.~$Hvnb 1ג?ן9נ

)*( ו0 2טק gU~UIJgigp A~Oq ב0

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)]( se 3?נ se. וק9טוןלג( ב0~lqlssod

gq, SnOUIA 505סחנכ gq~Jo S913IyEd po$Isodgp ca 9וף g4EI

~zis

'uo~$qy$slp

)ש( וף0ונ pue 6?עוכןfeoINoliJgunu pue oldo~osI UO~ISOdwoo 30 gq) 50 כף0מאכ?ן( 091 ק0ו0במ"ט0 ב0

)ן( ~oJnsvguI gq ב0

~unouse

1אש9נ0ן. g4erI וט ק5069ת!ם8 30?0נ050ן

oq~ ureuJ s$o9[qo 0%30 )6נפ0כן sv )gs וע 0חו gq$ tiesodoJd 0נ- 94נ

efl~ gq, 'oaeI וט solol~vd pol~sobp 30וףeqs~o sooJnos 0 05שssnosip 9 ק05

cpue se ץ5 3?נ cglq?sod 01 ח6 5חש

~ulos pouod~ שסנ0 0נ ~ggiqi Jeg ? 0ג0נ נ050ץנכף 30וףS3o~dse 0 30וף0

leug"odoJ

94 op ו0 וא0טן טסן ie9doJ 941 1156ג0140ח poqsilqnd ק?ןל $nq Jgq~eJ 01 igSgJd M~U 5נ59חץ

עמטחק S~Odgl pue זט gq~ חנ% Ivnwle-נ069ע5 05מא qOIqh~ ~AEq

uo~q p~UOSgJd 01 gq, -~sJosuods 1ט siqi

ן?04 ~sJee' ף1קנסן0שכ?ן חזןן ~eelq %נ

~UEpq

ugOq ף?s~lnsaJ 04 30וף0

~lsnotad

p9qs~lqnd וט ~qs

ואנ00

כסטו~טח9ק J9qwooo0 5661 pue snq~ gh~ OA~q U99q חטחן~lqe

~P19g SUOI$VAI9SqO punole oq כסמ9כן ו0

siq~ qoaeos~J wo~oJd כסמאם9טכ0ק ur טק 661ש? Plog גסנך, ue~q 01צנ. 30וףצן זחן1 וט gql iog~oJd

1.1 ,רנ9!949ש9טוPUB 5 ,ר!שפ

.1 NOIS3naaiftw

5 -

Page 9: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

aridthe 10 water brings which CaTier Water National the for and purposes irrigation for level water

country.'the 0, south

thefor water irrigation essential the provides and Israel תו water ofdrinKing source major 8 15 lake The

tourism.international and local for resort popular very 8 15 lGnneret Lake country. ofthe pafis arid

lake. mesotrophic 8 naturally 15 lGnneret Lake תlead may ofnutrients supply excessive 4 א easily 10ת81

beenhas tributaries other through and Jordan the through influx Nutrient 'eutrophication. of, state

late the since monitored carefillly.5ס1אל8

Lake8.0. about 15 water ofthe pH the and 1-1 mg 650 about are lake the " solids dissolved 101פ The

stratified generally 18 Kinneret ע~-הע תand epilimnion oxygenated 8 תhypolimnion. depleted oxygen 8ל

19781[Senuya, March מאמ lasts which water ofthe turnover 8 usually 18 there NovembernDecember

the1-1 א mg 20 with contrasts 1"8 and 1-1 mg 250 about 15 lake ofthe content 1ם- The 160-161[. קק.

ofpresence the 10 due 18 content ם- " increase The source). principal (the river Jordan ~the 0, mouth

surroundings.5א and bottom lake the " springs saline

Geography

above150 תז 10 350 ום iom reaching mountalns by bounded 0תע shore narow 8 has ifinneret The

thewest, north the תו Valley Ciinosar the lake: the abut valleys fertile Three Level. Sea Mediterranean

rivers,maln three by fed 15 lake The east. north the

" Valley Betaicha the sout4 the " Valley Jordan

rains.heavy during active only are that streafns small numerous by and 0101פ and Yehudia Jordan,

springshot and springs water offi~esh number ע) Jordan. the fiom 15 input lake fluvial ofthe 704 Some

medicalfor used been have ~Tiberias 0, springs hot sulphur-containing The צ1חל10י. the 1ת found are

surroundsites Nstorical Numerous attraction. tourist 8

1מ"are and times Roman least א since purposes

andofBeatitudes Mount the Capernaum, א found be 10 are ofnote sites holy Christian Kinneret. the

Bethsaida.

Climate

moderating8 has lake althoughthe 1986( Ganor, and (Joseph senu-arid 15 area 1"5 ש climate The

Thewinter. ש oc 12 10 summer 1ת oc 30 fiem vanes water surface ofthe temperature The influence.

betweendi]ferences are There South. the מו mm 400 10 North the

" mm 500 fiom vanes rainfall a~nual

banks west and east the ש ,Ashbel, regime wind and humidity relative temperature, rainfall] 1951 .ק;49

Alpert א .פ ;Senuya, 1982 ,1978 .ק.]59

50118

colluvial-alluvialor grumosols basaltic grumosols, are soils the lGnneret ofthe shores western the )(ת

thearound 50115 calcareous of, area flat 8 15 south the To rossa. terra and rend~na some with grumosols

and50115 colluvial-allu~al 'chalky 0! composed 15 shore eastern The Jordan. ית" ofthe channel

Page 10: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

7

grumosolsofbasaltic area 815 מ lake, the enters Jordan the where area the תו nort~ the To grumosols.

asproject ?"5 תו important 15 composition 5011 The 1970[. Raz, 11 Dan ofIsrael, Map Association ]50מ

composition.dust the *0

contribute well might 11

SitesSampling 1.3י

-follows:~ as were sites for Criteria find. *0 difficult proved sites sampling Suitable

water.the *0

Proximity )מ

buildings.or trees by shaded ש( *0א

ofaccess.Ease )מ

humans.or animals by interference against Security )י sites).(selected SUpply ofelectrical Possibility )ס(

.1 Figure תו map the 1ת shown and 1 .- 1 . 1 Table 1ת listed are explanations, short with chosen, Sites

METHODS2.

Samplers2.1.

Introduction1.

project:this 1ת used were ofsamplers types following The

dustfall.for collectors Wet )1(

collectors.dustfall ASTM steel stainless Standard )2(

)dustfa11. for collectors Dry )3 .י

dustfall.for collectors dry Giant )4(

collectors.Rain )5(

collectors.weddry Automatic )6(

TSP.for - sa~nplers volume High )7(

impactor.Cascade )8(

pump.air with 0.45( )תזא filters Membrane )9(

counter.Optical 10( )

stage4 - impactor sasnpler volume Ffigh ( 1 1 )

dustfallfor collectors Wet 2.

ASTMthe by recommended ofthat variation 8 15 Israel ש (trap) collector ofdustfall form usual The

ring""bird 8 by surrounded and water containing container deep 8 essentially 15 TNs . 1982[ [ASTM,

trapsdustfall The container. the תו deposited being fiom droppings bird prevent 10 supposed 15 which

Page 11: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

,,,י,: ./ע,,-,,

.

4ופש]

KinneretLake around sites Sampling 1: Figure

Page 12: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

1.1.-1TABLE

SITESSAAdPLING

DescriptionWestEastAbbnm. Name0ת.

roa&near q)lite and 560ש" fire ~Of 23452055 ת0 !00זMKhfinhelet1

HaiLinneret

path.tractor Near םא. meteorologjcal 23442048 1גBAChavat2HaBananot

centretoum 1% 'EPA 0! roof, 024362009 תTB)תע,Tiberius 3Prot)

4Needs car. by access Diificult תא. Mekoroth . 2533 2026עאNachumKfar 4drivewheel

nearFairly pumps. h[any םא. Mekoroth 24802107KUKursi5workshop.

coCheck 'roa& Of: side west 0% sh. Mekoroth 24072026GMMenoraGanei 6

ords

quanyfiom 'plurne ofl 11%ס roofin 024152017 תirrTeveriaHamei 7

Near5110. chpen tank 'settling 0! roof, flat )25282111 1מMRRamot Ma'ag~r 8

pool.turde -

trouserslong Need 560ש" roofofpumping 0ת0א236820830 תHa 9

boots.and

trees.Under 8בעשסלס(. DG Was 23472043BGGordonBet 10

ponds.iom away site sunken slighay 1625 2004ADDaigAgafila 11

1%building Service ~Hydtological -of: roofl 0לםל25522120 תDaliotNachal 12

quarry.Near wadi.

building.pump ~ofold 700! 023682037 תBRBariniki13

villageholiday ש 'shelter 0! roofl 25532060 ומםHA'AmnunChof. 14

access.0006 station. pumping Mekoroth 24911989RVRavid15

fence.0" Collectors 81ת. pump~ng Mekoroth 2410210152Shizaf16

Page 13: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

10

Figure(see bags sand by or concrete by either place 1ת held are which samplers

~gh

held are ה0 2 ש

Gravenhorst.Dr. partner. German our ofI request the א tree 8 under up set was (BG) collector One 2ג(.

bucketTNs used. was 3146( model 11"5.5 )5ס Ltd.. (Amgat bucket polypropylene rigid 8 traps, our 1ת

Previous116. fitting 688 ?ע with supplied 15 and height cm 24 צ diameter cm 19.2 0, dimensions has

steelstaimess of number נ, use. תו metals trace release 01מ do buckets these that sho~m has experience

dustfallthe calibrate ?0 used are 0ת 1729-82מ: standard ASTM ?0 conforming exactly buckets

system.collection

sitesthe *0

made were visits Periodic month. 'each 0] beginning the א changed were collectors Dustfall

ש water. contained always collectors the that ensure ?ג were visits these summer of: height the א10

Hg(ft)3( ןש solution mercury 8 collectors, the תו gro~hth algal depress 10 order 1ת intervals. day

Experiencemonth. ofthe beginning the א water the ?0 added was acid) acetic 50 עעש + acetate

*0necessary 0ת* was 1? (inclusive) March

*0 November From sufficient. usually was rm 2 that showed

solution.anti-algal the add

somedo only 01א effective. 01מ are samplers ASTM the 0ת nngs bird the that showed work Preliminary

beaks.b~rds' the fiom comes probably which matenal contain others but droppings, bira contain traps

ofbirds also and birds ofmany presence the are nngs bird ofthe failure the for explanations Possible

shaGwith collectors the fitted have we problem fouling the overcome 0ז sizes. different many

workcro~ms The traps. the above or 0ת perching birds prevent which cro~ms stamless-steel

sannples.ofthe content element trace the 0ת effect 0ת have and successfially

arise problems other Occasionally מbirds dead or )!( ofbats presence the e.g. collectors, sannple the 1מו

weresamples the cases these 1ת matter. 'extraneous 0, piece large occasional the or sa~nplers the

discarded.

dustfallfor collectors 3 7ומ.

collectors)dustfall wet the ?0 similar construction )תו cm 29 of: dia~neter 8 with collectors dustfall Dry

(seeones wet than material less collect collectors Dry 28(. Figure (see 'sites 0, number 8 א up set were

whichproject ofthe part the for enough 0מ? was collected dust ofdry amount the event, any 1ת below).

4item (see Asrnimelech ר,. Prof. by Technion the 81 out carried being 15 and nutnents 0ת concentrates

below).

analysis)(Nutrient dustfall: for collectors dry Giant 4.

'nutrientof: evaluation the for fallout dUSt 0! sampling the 15 50 more Even difficult. 15 ofdust Sampling

ofdustsampling ofunbiased problems mechanical the

*0 related problems general the Besides fluxes.

the10 related problem 0פ1%ח another have we suspenslon, re of: prevention and sedimentation

ofbirdnurunuzatlon The insects. dead by and droppings bird by contamination sample ofthe prevention

Page 14: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

11-

dustthe around 8תח outward 8ת of; addition the by conventionally done as achieved was droppings

ofthesuspenslon re the prevent ?0 used oRen ofwater, presence the that found was 1? However, trap.

insectlarge 8 0, collection the 10 months, summer dry the during led, particles aust sedimented

ofsenes 8 undergo probably most water the " trapped insect dead Moreover, trap. the 1מ community

thereforewas traps ofwet use The water. the 10 nutrients release thus and processes degradation

beads,ofplastic layer 08 5 מז with 01106 trap 8 tried we suspension re prevent 0ז discontinued.

.1975[ ] Ganor by developed technique the following

801We sample. ofthe contairunatlon detect 10 inability the 10 however, lead. beads ofthe presence The

with as beads plastic or water either תbeads. with trap equivalent 8א~,ithout

trap 8 with results similar

160 plastic commercial were used traps The such. as traps dry use can we that concluded thus was

cm100 stand 8 0ת were traps The יעא. cm 42 and 01ת of44 diameter Inner תא having containers waste

located were Traps water. with trap ofthe washing carefiJl by sa~npled was Dust level. ground aboveמ1

map,see - (OFO 0ת Ha and )3לן( Tiberias )י[4נ(, Cinosar lake: the around 81105 three 1ת duplicates

.1 FiN~re

collectorRain 5.

cmof21 fiannel polyethylene 8 and cylinder PVC walled t~ck 8 of; composed 8!0 collectors These

sleveplastic mesh mm 2 8 contains fimnel The 2ס. Fig~re (see level ground above 2 תז held diameter,

PVCbore large 8 (via fimnel the fi'om lead מו Rain insects. and 'debris of, entry further prevent 10

ofdust.entry against sealed " contauner The level. ground א container polyethylene 8 *0

tube) flexible

samplerswe~dry 6.Automaticג

dropping ran by activated 15 which cover moving 8 with buckets oftwo consist samplers These ת80

Three2מ(. Fig~re )800 raln ?0 only other the fallout, 610 צז only exposed 15 bucket one effect, 1ת sensor.

upset was Canada Company, hdC by manufactured instrument 1 תג( up: set were instfuments ofthese

;2(troublesome very be *0

proved 86ת electncity mains by powered 15 instrument TNs KU. station א

Thepowered. battery and mans both 15 which sampler precipitation acid 100 78- Andersen 8ת

provedhas AD, station א situated was which instfument, T~s panel. solar 8 by charged 15 accumulator

Waterand soil for Centre Seagram ofthe Singer ג. Pro~ by 101מ kindly was reliable very be 10

00-kind 5א for him thank authors The Rehovot. OfJerusalem1 UIiversity Hebrew ofthe Research

mainsby powered and 0א station א up set was Anderson) 8ת (also sampler t~rd The 3( operation;

electricity.

samplersvolume High 7.

standardofthe 8!0 particulates solid 10?פ measure ?0 project 1"5 תו used samplers volume ~gh

The

.and HT TB, locations " used were samplers These type. u.s.א0

Page 15: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

12

*אא

1%3ש

1/[

-4hh*0.י*

ןן-

ןלשינששינל

crown.with collectors Wet )ע)( COLLECTORS: OF SCHEMATIC 2 Fig. rillg.bird with collector Rain ))כ( ring. bird with collector Dry )8(

collector.dry / wet Automatic )]((

Page 16: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

analysis)particle individual (for impactor Cascade 8.

aerosolsofdry sampling qualitative and quantitative the for designed 15 Impactor Cascade Casella The

(stages)5אנ air fOUI 0] system 8 of; consists impactor The 0.4-50 .תזא range size the מו droplets and

proffessivelyget 5אנ The discs.

~ass

impacting 1 מseries 1 תplaced grids CEh@ rrucroscope electron 0 מ0

the10 Due אנ 10 .אנ fi~om increases efficiency collection the therefore and speed the that 50 finer,

ו different ןסנ 10divided 15 ofaerosols range size the instfument, ofthe design overall the and velocitiesת1

ofrange size The 4. stage 0מ particles smallest the and 1, stage 0מ particles largest the with groups, four

1945[:eday7 follows as 15 eachjet

fi'om particles sa~nples 1 stage 6-50,נמא

Vm12-7 " ""2stage

3stage"" י' 0.7-2,תזא

4stage"" " 0.4-0.7.מ1א

are:instfument ofthis advantages main The

sampling.-for up set quicldy be can א simplicity instvument's the 10 Due 1(

meter.flow 8 of: use the by varied be can volume sampling The 2(

eachfor periods different for sampling allowing sampling, during 8120 by separate are particles The 3( stage.4

identified.be can drops and aerosols Dry 4(

compression))"צ heating 10 due occur may 'drpplets ק] evaporation some that 18 disadvantage maln The

theacross drop pressure Ngh the 10 due Ieaks, that carefiJl be 10 has also One impactor. cascade the תו

stages.fourth and third the תו velocities

~gh

by caused 15 drop pressure T~s occur. 01ת do instrument,

counterOptical 9.

The(CSAS-100(. Spectrometer Aerosol Scattering Classical the was used counter aerosol optical The

theby beam ~the of: scattering fonN3fd the fi'om and beam, He-8 0א by intercepted 18 sampled being ar

sizeThe calculated. automatically 15 distribution 8120 10181 the droplets, and particles aerosol individual

ManuaIJ.Operating [CSAS-100 diameter " 0.3-20 תוא fi~om 15 measured range

filtersMembrane 10. י

filtersimple 8 1ת held 8120( pore Vm 0.45 dia~neter, mm )47 filters membrane polycarbonate are These

arefilters The rrunutes. 20 about for pump battery-driven 8 by filter the though dra~m 18 Air holder.

microscope.electron 508ת1תוש the under exa~nined and carbon with coated removed,

Page 17: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

14-

analysisMinera~ogical 2.2.

)GID1820 אין P~lips 8 using )מ%הנ( Dif~haction ו-ray by out carried were analyses htneralogical

wereClays analyses. clay the for used was monochromator 8 radiation; Kot cu and spectrometer

withfiaction the be 10 considered are and water תו sedimentation by components other fiom separated

thecalculate 10 used were ]1975[, זסת8ם fiom taken factors, following The 4 2 .מזא diasneter

areanalyses ofthe Results מסת-clay). and (clay fiactions 2 the תו minerals various ofthe proportions

1105415 Accuracy fiaction. respective ofthe % תו @ven

2.2.-1TABLE

used Factors ש of: heights peak the fiom minerals ofvarious proportions relative calculateמ%הנ

spectra.

FACTORאסא-CLAYFACTORhKINEMLS CLAY

ha]4ERALS

0.5Gypsum1Smectite

1Quartz4110מ8011א

.21 Dolomite8PalygorsKite

4Feldspars8-111"ס

1Calcite

1-'Anhydrite

0.5Halite

DistributionSize Particle of Measurement 2.3.

suspendedriver and sediments sarnples, dustfall 80118, 0ת out carTled were measurements size Particle

laserthe uses instrument T~s analyzer. size particle Plus" Aacro tlMastersizer Mahern 8 using matter

0,capable 15 instvument The theory. scattenng hdie or Fraunhofer 8ת111121ע techrique dieaction

minute1 using water

" dispersed were Sarnples 0.05 0? 550 .תזק fiom diameters size particle measuring

deflocculent.8 without sonification

schemesanalysis and methods Analytical 2.4.

hA[ineralogicaland Chemical

Filtrations. 2.4.-1 Fig~res תו sho~m are ofsamples types various ofthe analysis the for charts flow The

theתו used routinely those were techniques Analytical filters. membrane 0.45 תזק using 001 carried were

follows:as was instvumentation The Survey. Geological

Page 18: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

15

spectrometerealission optical plasma coupled inductively 48 model Yvon 70"18 מ.

spectrometer.absorption atomic 400 "SpectrAA" Varian ע.

4000.model chromatograph, 10מ Dionex 0.

diffi~actometer.צ8ז-(נ P~lips 6.

.ס dispersive energy 10000 model Link 8 with fitted microscope, electron scanning 840 JEOLו8ז-צ

analyser.

controlQuaiity out. carried routinely were blanks and better or ffade "4ן"81ת" were used reagents 411

Materials.Reference Standard 'certified 0, use the by was

(Pyrex)glass תו evaporated were volume Large analysis. before evaporated were solutions Many

usedalso were latter The vessels.

~ass

silica transparent תו evaporated were ones small Whilst utensils.

ignitions.for

heaters.quartz overhead unng heating by cupboard filme 8 תו out carried were evaporations Originally

carried were evaporations Later used. clamps the fiom zinc by contamination 10 led method T~s 1מ0מ0

bath.sand 8

"soaked were and polypropylene or 'polyethylene of' made were samplers as used containers plastic 411

metals.ofheavy fi~ee are containers particular these that shogm has Experience use. before 10% 03לעו

4AtcroscopyElectron Scanning

TEMthe 0ת and filters membrane polycarbonate the both 0ת out carried was analysis particle Individual

Thestudied. were particles ofthe composition chemical and size Mo~hology, impactor. the fia

~ias ש.,ם" Ganor and ]1992[ 1ש ןם Doron 1983[, ] Pueschel and Ganor by described been have methods

]1993[.

_AnalysisNutrient

wassuspension The laboratory. the א arrival upon deterrnined was suspension ofthe volume 10181 The

conductivityElectrical phase. solid )10500( dry 8 86ת nquid clear 8 10 separated and centrifuged then

solidThe solution. the תו deterrnined were 114א )03א, Ca, 4ל0 ,1 ,1ם ,ק components soluble and (EC)

analysesthe for autoclave 8תו ת persulphate with digested were solid 6!צ ofthe Sasnples weighed. was

oxidationdichromate 8 usmg deteralined was carbon Organic Asrnimelech). 1 (Raveh ת 1 א oftotal

1979[.Awimelech, 11 [Raveh titratlon end-א01ק potentiometric 8 and [ASAJ

Page 19: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

עוצחנ8 samoqJS יס8ןג518 ם-*.-1:

1 ן ן ק%מ108!0ט %-Jok: AaI קח9, סמ "!ט8נקסטג: כ יפם 4ה9יטאו9ון 4ה8יטהו19וןZ6V b~9Wo 0' ו ן כ

ו--- כק' ) או4'2ם הט' כסיכנ' 1 1 ן 9,' ן א8 + ג 93' 1' י!'

!טטוו9 הט כ9' )1 s*ou!w כ ן 4

%א puesIO!~w ז ן

41 ן י 1ייז 4

ppuetSlewelu!osppy(~)I

ן

י -1

מ( qB!eah )0 8טק פ יפם 01 הטה9

'qbi9M כ ן0 ו hca----

--

09רום-- , ן רוסחום (

3!ש9ג ,ruw. paq6!eah-9ח;ט 0.ל9 טג J~UU

- --31dWVS

SISA~VNV BW~HOS ערר ]0ש[סח18 laM] )שי% כסררפכ01ש,.

1 1 היט9נ8!סטג

ן Ae8-א uo!iosJi~a ן ג

י-- י ןר ----, יט ha s~elduleS )ן esAl~uV 59 8ס"9ש9 ג-ט;8ו! 'ט

ן es~leuy se 0ג; Jeldw~S 4 ן ט9 ן gaoslas שעוא פעכא

ן הסא1הרג

AHa HaldWVS

יאערג9ופ Bh3HOS 03ש ollwnolnw SHB~dWWS

, hVW 86

Page 20: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

17-

SCHEME ANALYSIS הסק SAMPLERSASTM 4 אטנ93

STEEL)($TAINLESS

UCNJID-סנ(ס5 י

"ש411ק Rlter, um0.4~5 1 0.וזזו"

ןן

1" LIOUID

סט80

--

ר--* ;Evapof~teפט"יש

--

Weightat 110ס

;Weight ז6 1 10ס

Heat*י

Heat

ו"י"אישן . "י"אי[ו

1994Apr 7 SAMPLERSהו(ק ,רהם SCHEME ANALYSIS

BUCKETS)(LARGE

.AND SALTS SOLUBLE 4זם0[גהשא~א

הש[קאג8ן =אISAMPLER 1 1 .0א2

ן dryness10 Evaporate1 ן -- -י

IRIter

רו* ן סוטסטן44

dryness10 Evaporate -

א0פקלן 61 110ס

-----ק פ 110(

IWea~hti ]____Ignite

Ignite61 450ס ן

IWe~hf;

ן Weightat45OCן

SchemesAnalysis 2*4*-1: Figure

Page 21: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

oan35g som~q3s ,ים48ג818 2-*.-ז:

elqnlos sluewe~3 sJotepy + 80094

4 4ש ד ן ן - ן

ן -,!

- bWSW אי6'ן ע'

כ[' אאי ה6' כי 8" אספ' 08י'ו

dOl 9ט9[ג5[5

ן - - --

ן suoieO ויט!סם8ן

IZA~VNV ב[ר2שע31[

][ר1שע12

עאס יאסבור32ש בור1בש

IOW])G )ן אע32ש 4[1א 8+ (tONH יכ1ס NOUOWIX2'

--י -9ldu1VS ט,י ;!א9"

ע]ר"5ח4.81סו: SISAIVNV א"סרי gWBHOS Hoa וש ][ר1בש8 ח!04ך unr י6טי

----.ץן ן כ יש ח אא6א

ן bs~eWO'bW O~lVaN6haM נ' ( כן ] כק' tJo~OO ע א!'2%ם הל ש'יו'1ו' ן אע + '8[

י6טץ9 ח6 כי )( ישוטסש , ' ,י puesto!enL_~/-ו=,,,ו,ן puesto!el

ן ? ן ן Isna ואסשסעאוכ ןש

י6ם"9וםיפםכ9טקאםי6"001 י

ט( -- כ ויס א9אף'

05חם

חסחום( ( !eedoios 9 ] ף י00

ב[ףגימ, טן8 חש 0.*9 טעאיפש"9ק

8יהשרב ן 6י( ק9ט 4סש sae~onq שיאירג8ופ ke*avI כסררבטסש8( מ234 0ח19]ערר בסש 8כאבהב

- זע-

Page 22: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-19-

Fab9611 -1

ML))5000 SAMPLE 1 ן

mesh)) filter Coarse:

sampleClean

!adiquotTake~ -- וק, sample 01 Aliquotן

9.5.1000וףח

filterand ,10 100 1ח Evaporate~ filterMembrane __444--

Flter100()1חו volume Analysis

25/ וח, dryness10 evap. andן 11100*1

,ג[י(ן14ע יעע 1 1 0/1450כ(

-SchemesAnalysis 2.4.-1* Figure

Page 23: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

20-

DISCUSSIONAND RESULTS 3.

depositionDry 3.1.

fractionsdustfall and Dustfall 3.1.1.

sitessampling ofthe Some lGnneret. the around collectors trap wet duplicate תו measured was Dustfall

8*0

proximity like offactors because chosen were but staft the fiom ideal 0ת* be *0

kno~m were

wereports previous our 1ת togm. or quarry 8 e.g. pollution, 'local of; site 8 or station meteorological

weresafnples the Hence collectors. two the between reproducibility reasonable was there that showed

contamination.obvious e.g. 50 do 10 01מ reason good 8 was there unless combined

sho~m are 1994-95 1993-94, 1992-93, Aug~st) 10 (September years hydrological the for Resultsמו

3.1.1.-2and 3.1.1.-1 Figures

divided been has 10תMarnane follows as fiactions 6 1] *ס ,[8]1982

~ux

austfall The

(TORG)8"0 Or~ Total ]

(IWS)Soluble horganicWater א. oc450 10 ignition aRer matter insoluble )11יל(; Insoluble Water Inorganic ווו.

i.e.IWS (TBVORG). Inorganic Total +1עלו". ocא ן 0ן drfi-ied = )1ז( Insoluble Total ע.

.וע TORG = Flux Total = Total + 71ל1 1 %י5

was5 עען when 1992 December - September during (except directly measured are IWS and TORG

15matter organic ofthe proportion substantial 8 that clear now 15 % ofTORG case the תו calculated).

incompleteare 1992 December - September for matter organic 10*פ for figures the Thus soluble. water

matter.organic insoluble *0

refer and

lGnneretthe around statlons sampling the 1פ of; deposition dustfall mean the shows 1 - . 1 . 1 . 3 Figure

theyear ofthe most during 1992/93 year the 1ת trees. under situated (purposely) was which BG except

similarly.behaved components the נפ and month) per 15 8 2-ת about ) uniform very WtS flux austfall

fiomaust 'mineral 0] incursion 8ת brought which storms dust heavy were there March תו However,

increasedIWS and TORG whereas 7 of factor 8 by increased was 1,לו the pulse, thls תו Africa. North

theDecember % sort. same ofthe peak smaller 8 was there November 1ת of2. factor 8 only 8 by

results.0ת are there and raln heavy very *0

due overfiowed samplers

throughoutchanges smaller much with one prevlous the than 11055 פ10קצ much was 1993-94 year The

wetparticularly 8 was 1994 March May. and January November, תו occur peaks Small period. the

storms.dust usual the without month

Page 24: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

Kinneretthe 0ח fractionation Dusftall (monthly)1992-1993 year Hydrological

מששו-15-

וז ןן+

ןושו / ן/י-4*.-Iwsן"/ן /

י11עין / /// יןן(חסאוז / ןן*//ן* קש8 ז0ס DEC NOV א4ט 8שק א4א חקMAY 4 אטט AUGJUL 11י 1 1 1 1 - --11י1י

Month

Kinneretthe 0חסו81חסו801יז ח Dustfall (monthly)1993-1994 year Hydrological

.,.,.... / +.4.,.

6-/ן*/ עעוו

לן,,"!4,".

-ו[ן.

--0 י - ,, י י ז - ,111 1--ק---

Month

:inneretא the חגש fractionation Dustfall year Hydrological 1994-1995)ץוח1חסח[(

-14- ן/9.

ןוו /1/ 12 ן+

נ-10,ןןו*ו

גן

Month

1995- 1992 (monthly), IGnneret the 0ם Fractionation Dustfall 3.1.1.-1: Figure

Page 25: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-22-

Kinneretthe 0ח tractionatlon Oustiall (stations)1992-1993 year Hydrological

[זו*ן+

Iws

0חסאוז--1-'

TORG

-*.-TOTAL

1.-ע

4..,...י ה*....-צ ,. י4

ג=1ג1פ

)5

""52

ח" נ" אBA 04 84 "6 זה "ז לAD 4 "4 ג, לא

StationSampling

וו8ט8טם fractionation ח0 8"811(8חח8א(statipns)1993-1994 year Hydrological

ן.=,י4 -9*ג

4 /י ןן* ו

ןןן / ן........ ו *

7 ,,,;;,;,,., ,,,(;;1. BA MK 0 הAD RV 78 HT GM 8 אא HA סא MR טא 82א0

StationSampling

inneretח0 8"1 וא lation fraction; ו Dusffall (stations)19941995 year Hydrological

-10 /יה-4-

0- MK 84 חGM 8 זא RV TB 40 אא HA סא KU MR 82א0

StationSampling

Fractionation Dustfall 3.1.1.-2: Figure מKinneret. the 0 1)5חסטבש5( 1992 -1995

Page 26: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-23-

IWSThe diagram. the 0מ obvious are these and November תו storms dust heavy were there 1994-95 תו

latterThe winds. Mediterranean 0, effect 8ת be may 1"5 and norma] than higher also was month 1"8 תו

the1פ for values background The diagram. seen peaks TINORG small the for account also may מ0 8"*

input aust ofthe much that contention the relnforcmg thus similar, very were years 0חoccurs Israel 1תו

1996[.Foner, and [Ganor on@n ofdesert dust-storms *0

due pulses

sampling*0

according arranged but years, hydrological 3 the for dustfall the shows -2 1 . 1 . 3 Figure

varieddustfall 10*1992-93 0ח1 פ the During south. the fiom lake the around clocl~Nise aTanged station

largewere there but constant remarkably were TORG and 5 ין The month. per 9 8 2-תז and 2 between

primeThe contanunatlon. or activity human local by explained be can which 1,לו the מו differences

generalsame the see we 1993-94 תו quames. by affected are which 0ע and 117 are oft~s exafnples

117.*0

due that than pronounced more 1,יו *0

due peak כן the with picture

twothe א values 171ל The years. prevlous 188 ת sa~ne the remalned distribution general the 1994-95 תו

bycontrol dust א 'efforts 0, spite תו years prevlous the תו as sasne the about remained quarnes near sites

o~fners.the

lakethe *0

input Atmospheric

components)vanous 5א (and ofdustfall Deposition Total and

~ux

the show .-2 1 . 1 3. and .-1 1 . 1 3. Tables

betweenranged lake the 0או input dustfall 10*פ The project. ofthe period the for Kinneret the 0א

'para~neter.of~ t]qpe

*"5 for amount constant surprisingly 8 18 T~s year. per tonnes 15,600 *0

10,600

variescontent) rnineral the represents (which 71לו The 5. 4ין the and 171י the are constant more Even

only15 sulphates and salts sea by dominated probably

" wKch 5ות The total. ofthe 40% *0

30 between

alsoare parameters 0,ל*

latter These tota]. ofthe 30% about also 15 and ו7לו the than smaller slightly

ofwhichmatter organic 15 dustfall ofthe 30% remalrung The year. *0

year fiom constant surprisingly

parametersofthe reliable least the 15 matter organic the that opinion our 15 ע soluble. water halfis about

etc.insects by contamination and matenal plant 'pollen, of' input local *0

due here discussed

constant.quite was research the during lake the *0

contribution atmospheric the above, mentioned As

depend which .-1( 1 1. . 3 Table (see sources other and Jordan the fiDm inputs theת0*0

contrast 15 תו TNs

rainfall.ofthe location

~he

and intensity the amount, the

basedyear hydrological per tonnes 42,000 18

~Gnneret

the entering River Jordan ofthe load mean The

private[Geifinan, 1968/69 year exceptional the barring , *01984

1967 fi'om average year 18 8ת0 ת

andwadis stteams, fiom Ifinneret the 110ת ofsolids inflow the estimated 1982[ ] Inbar . communication].

CompanyWater Mekoroth the by measurements actual However. input. Jordan ofthe 30% as runoff

.-1 . 1 . 3 Table תו sho~m as values lower much give project this during communication] private [Geifinan.

Page 27: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

.-1.1 8.1 TABLE FRACGRAF.WQ2

Kinneret1ח0 6ח rlux Dusftall Annual

)2ח(א/65חח0ז(

TOTAL0חסז TlNORGIWS וזושעוYEAR

62.318.543.818.825.586.2992/931

78.629.943.720.523.286.81993/94

92.187.055.125.729.545.51994/95

.-2.1 :3.1 TABLE FRACGRAF.WQQ

Kinneret1ח0 6ח DusftalI Annual

Fonnes)TOTAL0חסז TINORG IWSוזושעוYEAR

10596314674503105432961501992/93

1251350817481849239396252993/941

15664629498714364500777341994/95

Page 28: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

1גף0וף0נ aqs owes 5) GIU~ 30 'snoJoqdsoqd 6הס5ו01מ: וolq 51 u~do 0-?ג2זז?ףןsewoooq 9 ץ

071730 1ף9 1כתושסנ9ו. וף0 ומ

~unoua

qNnoq~re 5ועשבכ?טן( oq3 eleqdsow$v 51 04ש Nua~uo oq~ oael 30ב0

5סש0 sJoqolegs~J AOqleJJ 7661ש[ ( ט7 ש oAeq וף?ן 5ה88סת0ק UOJI 5ז gq, NuI~FUJII 5סש0 %נ טחוט0טו SULIO~

ש4?גס5 - ?ומ501טף0נס- $Gq מז 8?595 ?כוק ף1 '

gq, IIEJIsnP בנסש 0נ oNeNJo )ש?ת9נ

~SIFqM

gq, ז?ת9נ

~ew

gq onp 0ו .yOISJOAU00 ו0 30א?כן sg1Eqdlns 0נ

JOAO ףן popIAOJd וף2ן~gS

AvJds וףס 9נסש -'u~gue119$Ipopq oq~ בסו1ססנ ~ew

oq onp 004ש א? ו Sre~gUKU ומ

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pue (JOUE~ :ן66ש Jouef) 041 661[?[. על( 9ג qNrq ?כ ~ndul

81 onp 01 leool isnp pue Nuol gaVJ isnp

שגסה81קספ guEUIey~J 5661י פסת1קף( שק tJo~uls :661י eun~ 70661: ע7( 79 1407ט 6861: ע7- ש Jouod

pue ougqdsou~v א8ף snoffwoue וף9 ו0 כסטםסכוסק ףס ~IIOA ש?ן~os

SIGAOI puno~ וט lo~JSI 1ף

~uvul gql

~sow ~uepunqE

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~ulsudins

gq~ pue sFqi 51 gnp 661י-56 1מ כ?

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01?ל

יש0הטן ca 51 קון93נ0טכuuoJrun J~AO gq, -'sleg~ 041 Jo~ew 9 5חשטשט8ז1 ו5 ז?ךNuuo~ug gq$ 9 וסמ5 30שיסנ

SnOU~A elq~$oeJwe-PSOE pue 4?ן9נ ~lqnlos

suol 0שו oq~ o~el וףנ9ס וף9 %נ yeoINololp~q sleoK :pg'gg~ oq~

1?ףזס5 MOqS gq, lenwre xnv pue oqi Ie$oi TenuNIv נ59ט9כוננ9ז1( .ז--ם( ן - [ pue -ן.-ן ן . [~ndua

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ueapq OIELE 1981 0816] 00671 08075 ז1

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Indu[ 58ק gomu + JJosnu 1ndu? ouoqdsou~e 51 ?du( וסועז 30a~plof mJeoa$s UBpJOf ouoqdsoaxl~ 2101ן ,י"אס5טףסםכ זטכזהקזם8 se

sNduI 30 sp~os o~ul oq$ 04ש ןמטם9נ0ן SnOU~A s~olnos (SgUUO$)

נעפדב ]-'1'1-]

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Jeq 2ושס5טף0טכ 30 טנסט0תוסט $siq~ SUeGIU )Eq~ eq טג9נ- oq~Jo שסחיף ~Oq ק

~ndw

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~nduI

sJnooo Kluo Nuunp ? 103ג

snq~ gq~ ougqdsou~v ומטהן o~ul 9וף NOUUI]~ S9U~A טק 511 ן ף0וא00מ?

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-מע-

Page 29: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-20-

TABLE CHEMYRAV.WQ2 3.1:ך-.2.

Kinneret18ח0( 10ח, 6ח of Flux Annual

ו(כ(ו ר 53:3-?:5353 ך 953:3-5314 ך5(4-51(5353

,3(מע/?:רח/ס( ?:,כ14?:3:.?: .3:3:כ( 3:ל(4ןמצ/?:רח/ס(3(5(.ל(3(3:.ל(514(.ל( 4ל(13מץ/2וח/ס(4*418.9*.4.088

4*,4ןמצ/2ח[/ס( 0.29.181 פמ4)[צ/2וח/ס( ך ך.0.849 171.

קמע/2ח[/ם(0.250.260.35

ח2מצ/2חן/סח[(24.8018.5518.00 Pbמע/2ח[/סח[(8.672.868.51

Cdמע/2ח[/סח[(0.160.580.30

,אמצ/2ח[/סח[(3.282.858.48Ba(mg/m2/yr) ך 40.0722.89.881

חמ4מצ/2וח/סוח(514(.19 ך19.854.86

6-[מע/?:רח/פ( 1'כל(.3(0.8 ך ך.0

Crמע/2וח/סח[(313:.?:314:.312(.8

זו)[צ/2ח[/סח[(3.673.078.49 Caמע/2ח[/ס(7פ.4.058 0211.

cuמצ/2ח[/פח[(2.812.58ד5.6

Agמץ/2ח[/פח[(0.460.520.61

Srמץ/2חן/פח[(24.1514.5515.05

פאמצ/2ח[/ס( 551. 481. 971.

אמ,,2וח/ם( ך0.89.07 041.

Page 30: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-27-

.2.-23.1 TABLE CHEMYRAV.WQ2

lake110חן 6ח ions 01 1טקחו annual) mean (and Annual

Mean1994-951993-94 1992-93ח0ו "חט ום6חח42051589542010

3ל(4ן6חח10 ך87936502

4כ(68חח64568657967010

4,114ןtonneךנ(ן:217 ך24

6Mgחח18119814320210

ק6חח4943448010

6Feחח17318815018210

6Caחח1045187468957310

8א6חח28433525126410

4א6חח17017815118210

ח62חח3.484.223.153.0610

Ba -6חח4.216.813.812.0110 ח4א6חח8.053.292.533.32106Srחח3.054.112.482.5610569624486596kgPb

ם ט אס52 נ592798542557485584kgוא

438511397404kgCr

579624521593kgע594953392438kg)טכ

907889103kgAg

Page 31: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-28-

Kinneret1"8 0ח deposition Monthly 992/931

"9+

Ca..ק

6ק.=

-600

500-1

ן

400-8 ש...* ..

ז-300צי 200-1

100-

4 -- ?h............... -ע

Kinneret1"6 0ח deposition Monthly 1993/94

+9י

Ca

ק

4

Fe

WONTHAV.WQ2ast

-500. /ן.ע/

/ן 1,

י 4 00-,ן/ ן'/ %-300,/ן

/ ן/ ./עעי . .י/ 200-5/

100-

O-L AUGJUL אטנ MAY APR MAR אגנ 8שק DEC NOV 007 $EP

Kinneret1"8 0ח deposition Monthly 994/951

10000:

rNAV.WQ2א0" י

"- - /.2_85א

:1000/ן

,למן4,ע,י/ נ ו"' /,

...................... . .......... ........

- ................. [ ...................

,. . ..... ......... . . .... . , , ... .=-.........

Kinneretthe 0פ lons 86מ Elements of Deposition Monthly 3.1.2.-1: Figure

Page 32: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-29-

Kinneretthe חסו1ו08קפט חם Monthly 931י99

-700 4UONTHAV.WQ2

QSG-1!כ(

-800ן+

ן03א

-0 ק"$ DEC NOV OCT אגט MAY APR MAR FEB אטט(טט

Kinneretthe 0חסו1ו08קפט ח Monthly 993/941

-6004 MWTHAV.WOg-ש4-

94-1מ,ם 4יט

*-500 ין -ן-+-ו,יק03א

504// 4%-1

Kinneretthe 0ח deposition Monthiy 95י199

-שפ- 4!8-

*02 "ONTHAV. %0י-"18ם

-+-

-700 /ן03א

י-800 .-._..ען,ן504

יו % -",,י' 1,ן] .~ןKinneretthe 0מ Eons and ofElements Deposition Monthly 3.1.2.-2: Figure

Page 33: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-30-

Kinneret1"8 0ח deposition Monthly 931ש99

Pb

-4-

,א4

cr

ע

-שאדcu

9ש /ןן,

,ן ,ןן, ן,ן /,*

MAYAPR MAR אגנ 8שק DEC NOV OCT קש

Kinneretthe חם deposition Monthly 1993/94

UONTHAV.1VQ239% 0.7

0-6

י;0.5ט

ןא0.4ש

לקט.ט

צי 0.2])

0.1

0

טק

+_4_ואcr

-5,-

ז*ךיcu

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ןן

ןן

0.8

0.5

*

1 ו0.4ס0 .9סי

- זגש.3.ם

0.2-5 2

ו-0-

%/

טק

+

Cr

טכ*

Kinneret1"8 חם deposition Monthly 994/951

UON7HAV.I-.wa23g~ae

*לן

"., '/פ.._..

1/

ייי-(,ע=ויי,

0.8-

0-7-1

%1 0.8-

ןסי

ש-0.5caש

ד-0.4ש]י

3.פ-

0,2-

אגכ 8שק MAY APR MAR אטנ [טנ6טג 0 . 1 - ד 1 -- - ז- 1, 11ז 11

~EC 007 עסא SEP

lfinneretthe 0פ Ions and ofElements Deposition Monthly 3.1.2.-3: Figure

Page 34: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

Jefiwls 51 מ 891נ. Jeg~ 01 04ש

~UI$SOJgIUI

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Page 35: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

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Nufiiios וף0 5ע sl~JewuJ מסם-כ181 ס3וף0 כסעכ0טונ?1!0ט 1ף0

~snp

uo

Ile~$snP osind 30 ueolay ulsUO po$n~p 9וף lensn .ף?כךצנסהטק י קהאאן pue 004- וף9 ו?! srql ןקו9נ uolinqy~uoo 51 05 םסן poaleul ש qoiepq esnso~q ש

"q$ ? שסטוף

q$oq ו0 05010

~Tesvq

soarenb pue 0וף JedsploJ 5ג60נ959א oq$ uol$nquiuoo 930וף ilrenb 0941 ו feool

* 'g~nuolop J9A9MOH א1 5ו?ווסט5 ~ט pu~ CGN Jedsplg~ 01 ן?5ן 1ף959 6נ0קסמאט?ן0ן" Nulldures s~ulod 9נ?

וף9 oJnJold 5! :ט ק0371נ0ען~ suol$~$s )81 SH fta pu~ ftpq gq$ 3ueunuopgJd syesunu 9נ? ~$5oTeo

pue

UOIIE~S ? 30 ן99א?נק 15והצן0ק qOIqA~ 51 אן

~lesvq

iLIenb ט! ue eose 30ךם0אם -'uol$IIod 8ר(ז4י%ך( 1(הטט

וף9 IlsJ~snP 5~ 90קמן pue gq~ reJouoN UO~ISOdwoo wo4 ןן? oq~ 551 5ועו!סט 'Jalnuls oq~ ו0 9צכ69י01מ siqi 51

iueseJd ~gq 30קסן0מאוJgftas s~unoure '9 4עוף ~ziaenb pue Jedsplg כ?יןכ~ן9( ?נ9

~ueunuopad IEJgU~UI וט

qolepq ]661 ? iAeOq קה5ן UUO$~ gposydo

~uIJvuISyo

Sffl~UJIU 6טטכו6?ן eqJ סככהננ9ק' ,עםכ? אסתף וט

soldu~s טהטם8 )5המאע9ק. ןqolepq ]661 (Suuds) pue isnSn~ ]66 %נ 5ו?ו01טNurlduas 5 05ן9כו9ק 04ש

ב81הג59 ~gJedwoo oq נ9650כווג9ן1( 'י'-י( pue ] ' 1 .י.-[ 1 . [

~elo-000

קה5ושןן 30 כסש1506חסט5 מאט9נ?ז180כ?ן

SJo~oolloo 1?ץ0- 7ף9 וnuunp losoJ~e wodsueJ~ 0 0נ ploe (ureJ 51 וףU9qa 029 כ?gq~ 05 )כ0ון?ווקן

gq, OYI qoFqA~ 018 possnosip oJgqAaslo ום srq~ -"odoJ siq~ ulnsdKN

~elu

oq pouuoJ Joq~o ט צוגח 2ע! oqi

-

~l*nsold s~ISliuenb 30 oivqdins Nuaiuo 1?נ98 וף9 ו0 נ9!?ן9ק !pue eq~ wnsdiN 5 5קו eos 04ש ק0טג0ק

wnsdii 9Vffq 51 991 105ן' $gq ש טסו WeJ~snP pue וף9 ש 6נ950טן ?נpue o$rreq (I~EhD 9 )כ?05י-מא02(. gq, וף9 ~מ קסן0מאן0 941 וףשו 51 1ש6חכעתסם 941 קה5ןטקן'

ftvJ1snp 5ו ~ou

feool3o -'uINuo 1ע gq~ ouns 1?4

1ף0 1105 gldulvs 5כסמן?וט Kluo ? 493 קסן0מאו0 30 96נכ9א p~aedwoo 01 066גסצמט?ו0ןן וף?

~oz puno~ ua

sJga~ni o~lsodwoo) gNvJoAe ~(OIduIES

-'sooJnos ~feorNo[eJ9uau uo~lsoduloo 30 gq~, leool nos punoJe gq ססם-כן?1 וחSMOqS 9 -ש .*. 1 - [ 814הנ9

Page 36: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-33-

mineralsClay

Tablepalygorskite. and 1111% kaolinite, are IGnneret the around dustfall 1ת minerals common most The

stormsdust load, River Jordan 5011, of composition rrineral clay the shows .4-7 1 . 3 Figure and .4.-2 1 . 3

1995.and 1994 years the for dustfall and

TABI ע2-.3.1.4

1994years the for dustfall and storms dust load, River Jordan ofsoll, )%( composition mineral Clay

1995.and

KaolinitefilitePalygorskite Smectite

3416428Dustfall

5634010stormDust

735220sediment Kinneret

774215RiverJordan

2153141soil

withidentical almost are soil the and load River Jordan sediment, Kinneret ofthe rnineralog] clay The

the86ב dustfall ofthe rrfineralogy the with contrast These kaolinite. being constituent common most the

contents.palygorskite different have and 0א1מ more much contaln which sannples storm dust

and1996[ מסע" and [Ganor -dust-storm ofI types 'certain of, source the for indicator 818 ת PalygorsKite

'palygorsKiteof' source The Afiica. North תו source 8 1ג or 2ג ח41י

'type of~ are here analysed ones the

storms.dust easterly fi~m possible and 505מ local the fi'om be may dustfall the תו

4נ dustfall 0, mineralogy elay ofthe comparison 8מ1111ס5 תIGnneret ofthe banks west and east the 0תו

and11111ס palygorsKite, are present clays 0תסתבתס most The .4.-8. 1 . 3 Figure 1ת sho~m 15 1994 AugJist

Figureeast. the Hom that than %8011א% more contains shore western the fiom aust The kaolinite.

dustheavy by characterized was which 1994 November for but companson same the shows .4.-9 .1 3

cannotand result this explain cannot 0 .אן coast. west the 0ת palygorskite 18 0ת there case, 1ת1 5ש storms.

wemonth) dusty very 8 (also 1994 October ש However, 'sample. of: oflack because analysis the repeat

phenomenon.thls observe 01ת did

determinationsSulphur Isotopic 3.1.4.

Dr.ofProf. cou~esy by ofG~ttingen University the א out canried were dete~inations sulphur Isotopic י

westthe representing samplers) (wet dustfall composite were analyzed sarnples The Gravenhorst. Gode

betweenranged values 5345 raln. during taken was safnple One respectively. 1"0 ofthe shores east and

onefor except shores, west and east 1ת0ש samples between differences significant 0ת with 8.0, and 3.0

ongin.ofmarine 15 ,0מ sulphur ofthe most that seems

" stage 1"5 שט7( .)1994 1ג month

Page 37: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-34-

חיט5קעם 18הטץחחג Quah קפק8טופק CJEIc~e 19ויסוסם8"ופהשש[גתשאוע% ש[8גז 13.1-.4.

h~ineralogical חסוין0$קהי00 זclay 0-חסח $ו8ק*חוחו חו a~und (iusth~" the 9חHinneret 1 חו()%

VdEd~eDolomih CieIcWe Feldspar ה8טם~ /lnhd~te חוט8קץם

ear Mf] ח נ חפ ט פל01255428011998

0.812.14.513.99.3.11 1993Januar~8פז

141414141414141993Januar~א

2461029926381251993JanuE~y80ה

0728010111993F:ebruarMean

כדד;(Februarש(915.91.42.419[0.613.14.921

141414141414141993Februarא

182193246801612483611993Februarס8ח

0123819300099%1 haarchMean

0.4

"98.513.47.31.211.21993haarchSTD

141414141414141993haarchא251562271243612541993h"arch80ה

hfleElnוהקג020302822001998

Ap STDוה50.11993[813.81..0.47.99

אוהקג141414141414141993פ8הוהקג251383349303611998

ןhfleElnע8מא1993 .02025253000

4.26,910.4

"9סז8,משא1993

אל"ש14141414141414199380העפמא212742301993

027243017001993Juneתפ9ע

0.513.18.318.35.81.20.819SGJuneSTD

141414141414141993Juneא198483460323613611993Juneס8ה

025283015021993JulyhReeln31993JulySTD..1.13י(.5)(~מ49.51~10ו1ן(

אJuly 31פ121212121212129243423449403321781993July80ה

ח88ע$1ט9טג 023803214019981

0.78.911.416.75.51.01998~lugust

STD

א$1ט9טג101010101010101993203393852401781993Augustי50ה

3SephmhfleElnפ0233129160019

)דךEieptern8ש(618.58.40.70.419ן(0.49.8

11 1111111111111993~ieptemא316413163533163161993Sep~m80ה

019322919011993C)ctoberhRean

0.58.2.3) 15.85.80,911.81998C)ctober);כדך

Page 38: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

35

Hal~eDohrn~e Cat~e F~dspar זהפטם Anhydr~e Gypsurn

א מ0ש0 8 ן141414141414141998361442955283611201998C)ctber 80ה

714208615241993NovembMean

7.06.89.915.86.9.81 3.51998Novemb8סז

א3Novembש9ו12121212121212974749434575871993Noven~bס8ה

3DecembMeanש69141633242319

DecembSTDמ(123.57.99.418.217.52.72.219

121313131313131993DecernbאDecernbRSD%ש179566055731197819

31163938121994Janua~

"ean 3.8).07.212.512.72.011.21994Janua~STD

11 1111111111111994Januarfא

182811123233169751994Janua~80ה

21043943011994Februarת98ע

4.910.12.812.714.31.41.81994FebruarSTD

141414141414141994FebnJarא

253966633333611871994Febn~arפ8ח

1413112829231994MauhMean

15.28.08.714.11),4.2.111.21994MachSTD11 1111111111111 1994MaKh

ו" פ8הMaKh 1עש6376506618389 091

AphlMean.עש119242728021

STDוחק"ע4(1.58.411.312.71.50.719

אוחקג121219%4 .1212121212ס8הוחקג17345474723431994

32630011994ש019

""?Mean

סז8"אעוש0.818148.98.50.81921 1212121212129%*1

"א"א

80ה"פא88240418428821994

021292721111994JuneMean0.47,113.711.65.01.50.919)4JuneSTD121212121212121994Juneא

33233474424185801994Juneפ8ה

325272518021994JUWMeanנזד8צוטט2.310.514.712.74511.11994צוטט%4א(111111111111111

"4 RSDצוטנ4(425551245219"9;ש

.0 262328220111994Augu~Mean

Augu~STDו"(9ו0.39.212.515.06.70.8111111111111111994Augustא

316355553311011994August80ה

Page 39: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

36-

Hal~e1ומסוסם* Calcib F~dspar Quafiz Anhyddte Gypsum

Mf תפ* 8 ש ק br(מ120282724001994 פז8משק*1.34.58.312,64.60.10.419948

א 18ק88מ121212121212121994

179233048193321751994Septem80ה

ע ת68 ט10ס0 *י012411185001994

0.25.014.319.014.50.77984()ctberSTD

א אס)([8ט1111111111111994 113164035167421727994()ckber80ה

010133344001994NovembMean

סז1994Noven~b8נ18.717.012.40ה5

א212121219%1Noven~bד1212125013052283321994Novemb80ה

01484885009941 DecembMean

0.51277.619,013.61994Decemb870

141414141414141994Decembא80ה8410044391994Decen~bמ3

018108784009951 Janua~Mean

0.49.47.88.211.41.40.61995JanuarySTD

181313131313139951 Januarfא346517722348462017995Januarfפ8ה

02043343001995FebruarMean

4.310.618.91995FebruarSTDה9

121212121212121995Februarא4610832321995Februarפ8ה

02464327001995Ma~hתפ*ע).84.718.614.00.91995MaRhSTD

99999991995Ma~hוק

418543522831995~ch4א RSD

Meanוחקג015272681001995

870וחקג7995נ0.58.214.710.98.40

אוחקג121212121212121995פ8הוחקג382405441273321995

1Meanמשא022312821001995

STDעפהא5"(018.56.00.119.(5.11

א,מפא13131313131313199580הע8הא415152298461995

027262818001995JuneMean

5.41995June870ג11.518.917ג0

11 1111111111111995Juneא165427261301995June80ה

Meanלטנ125292815101995

Page 40: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

37-

פז8עוטנ2.59.813.418.08.31.50.41%5אעוטט111111111111111995

פ8העוטט18939466443113921995

23292620101995AuguSMeanו

1.99.414.918.413.81.30.61996AuguftSTD

101010101010101995Auguftא141415071702002151995AugueRSD

121312719011995SephnnMean Sepb~nSTD;1995י(.0.50ו5ו16.1118.37[(ן(5.(

01 1010101010101995Sephnnא89.445267403001281995Seph~nפ8ה

013343121001995Oct)baMean

0.45.810.418.31190.41995(hUober)כחק

~OcU)b (995119ו(9999

ו" 148458059821491995Chftoberפ8ה

01344934001995NovembMean

כדד;(מח[שעסען;שם0.219שק6ר8.ש0.310.83.311

4קNovemb;ש7777777199

245829234482451995Novembמ8ח

018204319001916Dece" Mean

50.00.81995וש)(.0.78.112.217*cemb

] STD

131813131813131915Deoembא80המחשסשם184466240348461995

Page 41: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-38-

MineralogyDustfall Kinneret Mean Yearly 1993 -995ה

2השי.98ממת

9951 9941 9931

feldsparך-ק quar~z ההקש gypsum מי hediteה"44ן dolomite ]--ף calcite --ך

1995- 1993 Minerals. פסא-.Clay of Mean Yearly 3.1.4.-1: Figure

MineralogyDustfall Kinneret 8011% River Jordan Sediment, Kinneret

-70ו-1finflgs.wS2

---1-,!-1-

SoilJordanSediment Kinneret

feldsparך--ק quan~ הקהש gypsum ןי,..~ן haliteךךךק dolomite ך calcite ך--ן

RiverJordan Sedirnentsy Kinneret of

~lineralogy

Clay 3.1.4.-2: Figure.-ם0א

Soiland Loading

Page 42: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-ענ-"ף

Mineralogyוו8א8סם Kinneret 1993March Mineralogy Dustfall Kinneret

finfigs.wq2 60ן

_ח1וי11feldspar, quar~z gm ש הוט8קעפ hediter~a:l dolomite ]--ך calcite ל-ן

1993hlarch - Stations

~l'arious

for Dustfall of Minerology פ0א-~Clay 3.1.4.-3: Figure

MineralogyDustfall Kinneret 1993August Dusftall Kinneret

----ך80 flnflgs.wS2

-70ייו

,ן 60-2,ןMK8פאחHATBHT

feldspar

-

quartz ףקקק gypsum הךי haliteהללק dolomite 85-ן 0810,18 ך~

1993Aug.- - Stations Various for Dustfall of Minerology ם0א-Clay 3.1.4.-4: Figure

Page 43: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-40-

MineralogyDustfall Kinneret 1995August Dusffall Kinneret

שע-ש

feldsparןק-~ quartz ממעש gypsum מנש halite

ה;.י"dolomite ]--ו calcite י--ן

-Coasts 'est אן and East for Dustfall of Minerology 08א-.Clay 3.1.4.-5: Figure 1995August .י

Mineralogyוו8ש8טם Kinneret 1994November Dusffali Kinneret

::[ ן1,, ן]50

עעש

feldspar]--~ quartz %מ gypsum ו.",'ו halite

היש"dolomite ]--~ calcite י--ו

)0850West and East for Dustfall of

~[inerology

Clay 3.1.4.-6: Figure-08א

1994November

Page 44: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-1 -4

MineralogyDustfall Kinneret Soil1 River Jordan Sediment, Kinneret

80 2העו.פ9תח8

70

60

50

1kaoliniteו , ן8יו11ן הלללש palygorskite 8888 smectite שש

andLoading liiver

~ordan

Sediment, ofKinneret Minerology Clay 3.1.4.-7: Figure

soil

MineralogyDustfall Kinneret 1995AuQust

~nfigs.wq2

ט

עעש

kaolinite1]כ[ 9",[1 י palygorskite 8מ smectite פש

1995August Coasts, East and West 0פ Dustfall of Dvlineralogy Clay 8-.1.4.ב: Figure

Page 45: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-42~

MineralogyDustfall Kinneret 1994November

"60-/ flnfigs.wq2

עשעש

פ aP~Ygorsklte smectite ך16!11! נלללן kaoliniteן

1994Nov. Coasts, East and West 0פ Dustfall of Mineraloay Clay 3.1.4.-9: Fiaure

Page 46: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-43-

Rainfall3*2י

measurements.pH

1.2.- 3 Figure basis. episodic 8ת0 ת station each for collectors rainfall bulk the תו measured was pH The

thatseen be can 1993-1994 ע year the for measurements pH ofthese distribution fi'equency the shows *

alsowere sa~nples Some year). prevlous the 1ת (as episodes 45.6( (pH ]תש ofacid number 8 were there

8with raE acid were episodes 13 of total 8 of: 01ט three where samplers automatic wefldry ש collected

sarnplersbulk the fi~om obtained those and results these betNeen difference The 0,4.7. pH ת1טתעממח

dust fiom 'CaC03 01 action neutra]]zing the 10 ascribed be may מSinger raE the 0) צש ,.1ם 1993 ,.)1994

aerosolSuspended 3.3.

TheHT. and TB 0א( stations, three א Sampler Volume ifigh by simultaneously measured were TSP

rural8 1מ lake ofthe coast east the 015 מ which 0א Station 3.3.-1. Table

" summanzed are results

'Tiberias.of~ part busy 8 1ת situated 15 which TB than TSP 1/101ס11ח1 88 )ע (as lower much has 58ת111ס

HTא TSP The colour. grey/brown nght 8 are 0א fi~om those whilst black 810 TB fi~om filters The

which) 15 תT~s TB. than lower case any " and low been have should ofTiberias) outslurts the 0 0115ת

km1 and CllfftOp ofthe slde west the 0מ quarry basalt 8 by affected 18 81ת10ח sampling the as case, the

resultsSimilar TB. א those than higher times 4 or 3 average HT א concentrations TSP The upwind.

samplingthese א out carried measurements ת0ת-simultaneous of: senes large 8 fi~om obtained were

oftheanalysis mineralogical the and trend sa~ne the shows stations these א flux 58"1ש stations.The -

quarry.ofthe effect the shows clearly dust 88ת1111ס

concentrationThe years. 811 and statlons sampling 811 fiom results TSP the summanzes .-1 3.3 Figure

values,background normal the representing 1100 עא 3-ת around peak first 8 with bimodal 15 distribution

3.3.-1Tables 1ת seen as activity human and days dusty representing 300) 8א 3-מז peak second 8 and

8show Impactor Sarnpler Volume High by measured TB א TSP ofthe analyses distribution Size

distribution bimodal ע41ל and of>8 diameters with particles of proportions equal 41 תזא sho~m asתו

surprisingly15 which measurements 19 ofthe deviation standard the shows also table T~s . .3.-3 3 Table

low.

masscalculated their and 4( )3-תש count 'particle of series ש ofi results the shows .-4 .3 3 Table י

forhour every minutes 20 for made were Measurements Counter. Optical by measured concentratlon

edchOf deviation standard and mean nunimum, and maJamum the shows table The hours. 24 *

maJamum8 with 370 and 260 between varied density particle mean the summer, During measurement.

averag~nglower, much are counts particle when 14ת1 [סא days normal 10 contrast 115 ת T~s 0!670.

highestThe cm~-3(. * )450 low su~risindy 18 density particle the conditions, Sharav During "100. cm~-34 0!1065 maximum 8 and 740 0] mean 8 with storm dust 8 during obtained were densities particle

Page 47: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-44-

distribution Frequency 01אק1993/94samples חן חשן

ש

pH

SamplesRain 5פ pH of Distribution Frequency 3.2.-1: Figure

Page 48: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-45-

3.3.-1TABLE

HTand TB 0א ,א simultaneously measured עא( )8-3ז concentrations TSP

HTTB0אDate

3529869819/11/92

93/א66053112519

6154693923/5/93

92ש/2909017

825528/10/92

9284852/11/92

93/א14311415

817904/5/93

15914431/5/93

4051791/6/93

33423522%/93

3.3-2TABLE

TBand HT Gamla, 0א 7ח measured 18א( )3-ת concentrations TSP

ParameterאKTGamla0עד

207251119135mean

17120733106devn.sta.

ת48191919

3.3.-3TABLE

by Measured )%( Particles Suspended of Distribution Size מImpactor Sasnpler Vol 1 איד

Std.Dev.Mean Diameterם

)שא(

195.037(7.7

1.5133.310 7.7

1.382.010 3.3

2.571.10*0

5.835"1.1

Page 49: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-46-

3.3.-4TABLE

Counter Optica] by Measured Aerosols Suspended ש and ADא0

Date ת10ש3Statistics Weather51ש(ש 3Vg-ש

47265meanSummerAD27-26/7/92

251505.0.

ישא1205051674han.

81150meanrainyWinter- 23-24/12/92

1331565.0.foggyand

444657Max.

834hdin.

322mean-Winter 43-4/2/93אל

212S.D.rainy

668Max.

21015%.

2141meanSharav024-25/3/93א

29678.0.

144324Max.

814hdin.

45373meanSummer022-23/8/93א

111285.0.

60675Max.

74102hfin.

35108meanAut~mn027-28/9/93א

31735.0.

4424Max.

.ממנ1023

1461meanafter- Winter 021-22/3/94א

838S.D.raln

22187Max.

622hfin.

900737meandust- Spring 06-7/4/94א

273126S.D.event

13551064Max.

607567hdin.

4453meanושח- Sharav 094ש/27-28א

131495.0.

658244Max.

1222hdin.

Page 50: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

47י

TSP18ח of חסו1ם6וי81ום Kinneretthe around statlons 41י

finfigs.wq2

ש

טטש*0

idJLfCzLiJU 110 1% =1 מ1 1% 5ש 3%ישי0ש'שששש'%0,7%יש'4% שו,פס"פ8

ק3ז concentration)3וח/5ט(

lGnneretthe Around TSP of Distribution Frequeney 3.-1: 3. Figure

Page 51: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

uoliooJIp pue cpoods טק? pnolo -כ910נ

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[*ק. ט!48!4מי!0ם 5ץ9 נ8ק!כ91

-י8-

Page 52: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-49-

שן%

-90

..........)ן,1 ע010.01.00.1-01%.שו

Diameter Particle).5ק(

Sedimentlanneret Loadingj River Jordan 50פ, Of Distr-'ibution Size 3.4.-1: Figure

StormDust and

8.93 ע-ל-י ן-//ן

010.01.00.1.ש01.ש10

Diameter Panbicle).שק(

1994.August Coasts~ West and East 0פ Dustfall of Distribution Size 3.4.-2: Figure

Page 53: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

50

methods.and Instrumentation

(PMS-spectrometer aerosol optical 8ת using measured was particles ofaerosol distribution size The

and 0.3 between diameters with paAicles measures which 100( cssP 20.0.תזא

(RICMCounter Particle Total One" "Environment 8ת using monitored were ))מל nuclei Condensation

cm~-350 was rate flow sample The 0.1 .תזא than smaller particles 10 sensitive 15 instrument TNs 200(.

cm3.per ofparticles ת1 .0ת given 18 concentration The sec~-1.

standard8 USEg hours 3 10 1 for continuously out carried was analysis chemical for sampling Particle

flow.ar minute per litres 15 ח Sa~npler Volume High

impactor.cascade Cassel 8 using collected were analysis particle individual for 'aerosol 0, Samples

day:rany ARer 8(

the0או and everung towards strength 1ת decreased and west the 50פ blew ndsec) )8.5 winds Strong

justoc 12 10 Oc 22 fi~om fell temperature the and formed fog slight 8 even~ng the During monung. next

whichconcentratlon aerosol the influenced and temperature the with changed RH The sunnse. before

sinaar8 1ת varied.i nuclel condensation 0! concentrati~n The . 01-3ת particles 200 ?0 20 fiom varied

.1 .- 1 .4. 3 Figure תו sho~m as concentration, aerosol the 10 manner

stormdust heavy 8 During %(

than1055 was visibility the and dust 'aeolian of; concentrations

~gh

by characterized was weather The

16.5and Oc 25 between varied temperature The weak. was wind the 14מם ofthe most During 8 1000

concentrationparticle the time ofthe most During ofmeasurement. period the during RH low with ס)

concentrationThe ks. 12:00 א cm~-3 1100 of ma)amum 8 reached and cm~-3 700 and 600 between was

cm~-30]2000 minimum 8 10 decreased then and ks. 08:00 א cm~-3 0!25000 maximum 8 reached ofCN

.-2(..4.1 3 Fig~re (see aust aeolian for maximum the *0

corresponds which ks 12:00 א

Page 54: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

conditionsdusty and fair During 0(

fiomtemperatures 50%- - 40% RH with year ofthe time 1"8 for normal was 2עןד April 0ת weather The

vanesconcentration particle The night. 900 א and day the during 3300 angle 15 ;[0 6מהע - oc 25

whenoccurred weather 1ת1 0ח change marked 8 April 281מססת ת0 ע About . cm~-3 80 and 20 beuNeen

י penetrated dust aeolian ש fiom rose concentration particle The Kinneret. Lake 20 10 3.240-מז0..-3 1 .4. 3 Figure תו shown as cm~-3 52,000 10 47000 fiom .jumped concentration ]ל the Simultaneously,

be411ל explanation 8ב that hoped 15 א and 1994 April 7 0, that with contrasts behaviour T~s

material.ofthe analyses chemical the fiom fortheoming

Page 55: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

52-

3.4.-1TABLE

andSedment Kinneret , Loading River Jordan Storm, Dust ofDusfall, Analysis Size Particle

SampleSoil Composite

Mode Median Mean RemarksCoast Date 10פ090

DUSTFALL

44.32.42013.939.1Summer8.1993טגלי

41.82.22013.422.3Summer8.1993טגע

54.32.21912.537.9Summer1995ליAug.

65.92.22513.437.0Summer8.1995טגע

48.72.93020.124.7Spring41993רh[ar.

stormDust

38.11.82011.820.7Spring1993עhdar.

StOTmDust

38.41.81810.719.4Spring41995ךApr.

30.61.5168.613.6Spring1995עApr.

38.11.71910.820.0Autumnsv1995oct.

49.81.6108.736.6Autumn1995.((0ע

40.72.12212.418.0Autumn1.1994(0לי

921.991135.9Autumn1994עoct.

74.72.82217.637.5Autumn41994ךNov. Duststorm

48.72.2. 2815.0.27.6Autumn1994עNov.

Dlutstorm

99.02.34020.748.8Autumn41995רNov.

55.81.81511.031.5AutJmn1995עNov.

DUSTSTORM

34.81.6158.220.2Suspended 41996ךMar.

particles

JORDAN

32.31.3187.114.1LoadingArik 199478מ.

Bridge

36.61.5219.89.8LoadingArik 1994Feb.

Bridge

45.21.82512.621.0LoadingArik 1994Mar.

Bridge

זאעחמעע8

351.81510.014.8CompositeKinneret

SOIL

1305.27047.859.2Composite

Page 56: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-53-

3 /נ3 ק /נ

ן 1 ו ו ו ו ו י ו , י י י י , י יין - -------------------------- 1 ----- ...---.- ---י

,) /ד

-ןנ_--

ד/-"------עד--(לד-

ן ן ן-ד ז%.---------- - י-/- ------ ד--- ד------

פע1 נ_.__.._.י_ ___- __.___)_._נ._...___

------------כ--___ __ק -- ----_._ ------- -------- ---- -------------- - -נו-_2נ:_-_ך_נכננבם(-.._- ._.

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כ-i-TO

.___ _.__._/_. ש4____.... -__, 48* ..___/ ____ __ ___._._____

ניף ---נ

5 8,.........__, / י..8,8, --8, - ---...- --. ---------- -----. .-. - - --- ..----------..---.

י---ע:-------- ---------,_:ד--נק ) --נ- סנ--נ--:ST_-ז_ -/-=ן-_- - -- - --- --:: - /--:-וננננ1('- -/דוג-=י)-ן--'

/ ך--ל י--' נ)-----נ------.

.__נ . _נ __ . . _. __ ד / .... .... ................ ._._._....____ . . _. ____ .___. נ.__.._ _.._. . ._. _.__.__ _._.... . ......._ . ... ._.נ. % דעלען

,,, מןן יןבן טמ7 1 , ן , , י , ן י , , , , י י י , ן י י , , י

מ ם ם מ מ ם ם ם מ מ מ מ ם ם מ מ ם ם מ מ מ מ מ מ מ ןמ ק4 נף יןי בם גף כף ים ב4 כף ב( מ: כף יף כף יף ב( נף :סי כף :ף נף ים יז י( נף י2י

44 csa :4 מ: 4 מ

נ" " צי

r~a ק4 4נ ה( 4ע :4'

"4 ry1 ;1 ע% הו נ4 "ז 05 44 41 24

י ~P*h ל י י *hh* י ל ה ה ה 4"ה ל ftw י יי

4Tinze21/03/94ע/22/03

DistributionSize and Nuclei Condensation Concentration, Aerosol 3.4.1.-1ב Figure

DayRainy 8 after

Page 57: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

Nauna 075גש סח75 ת1188 8aanjsa סן75נ1חפקסס 9215 8פק אסכ191 כססקספ85קסם כסם83ס7נ8קסםIosoJ~W 4 2*י.ז.-2:

"5/10/90 מועו"סו/0,,ל,

,ש?'י'ן'-י."י4.יייייי------ --

4 מ - -- - - . / י

ן /מיצ2יע / מ -- ן . .. ... .. ....- . . ... . י

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ל )

(ע..- יען י

כ--..--.-.~---..... .. .. ..~~ - ~.. .~ . .. ~ - ~ . ןן גן 4

ו - --י-- . - --ן- - -//. - -- - - יי(ע-*י --. --/-- .

. . - -

ן)- ] -] יייי(ע-(צ,]-- (ע/,(ע ( Ak~ii-J [

. ,-[ -. . יע//.יע,] [ [

י. . . . . . .

י. . . . . . . . . . . .

* 4 4/נש zilfl 4 ,7;א ,ל,/כ,א

עע-

Page 58: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

Lake Kinneret"סחע1,-55

2 2;4/94ס/8

אס/ ד אםךם/ע

מע"sr 4/6והס

נ

-.------.. .-.. --. .- -. ..- -

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1 י -- -,--.1-/ .!. -.-. --.-----/ -----....-- . .../ . ..

ידר/

ז1ן

- ן-- ... -... - --).-. . ----.-.- -..

3

)- )))), ) ))),)-),,))),]):))ן))-ן)])!),)))) , ,-),) ,) : ) -))ן) , , ). ) . ;-,,

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:...--- ... . -.. -...- . .. -.-..-.-- ..... --, -

ן .ג,ש

"? - ---י-- י-): -ו-:!)ך-- - :))--))' -) ---- --- ---- -----מ)-::]ע!]---1))):-!):ב]);])!----

.-;.--.----. -.: .;. ...--. .-.. , . . . . . .-. -( .-(-

!../ץ-

-.

ן 9ן ע1 -- --י ד,י------/ ! ךץ --- נ--- --)- ----------"ן--.....1 -7-עי ,--.-- - -]- ---- --- ] ן]- --..7-- - 7-9'"-ד ד-- י-- דץ-. ]))נ-/--נ-

- ............... .... .. ...... 1..... - -. .. . .) . ) . ..... .. ן.. /...-. ....-.. ..... ---........ --.- - - -ך. .. . . -. . . - . . . 1 ן, - ..... -.--.... -.---.-.

- -- ) --נ--.---)- .) -. ) . ,. ..... . ...]--./;.ן--..... ..... ,...............]------...............--].--......---

ן 09 ן 1 , [ 11 1 [ , , 1 , , , , , , , ן , , , , ,ן

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 צ צ 8 8 8 8 8צ.4

" ה ה י 4 4 4 * 4 4 " 4 4 4 4

" 4 4 4 " 4

ה 4 י "

194י942%1וג"286הת

DistributionSize and Nuclei Condensation Concentration, Aerosol ]-3: 3.4. Figure

ConditionsDusty and Fair During

Page 59: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

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.* XHY~454flS GNW SNOISftSJNOJ

-95

Page 60: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

57-

disproportionately8 have may and divided finely very 15 input atmospheric the Furthermore, 1993/94(.

effect.large

CompositionChemical

emphasizes5אז sulphate. 18 lake the entenng 10ת water-soluble and acld-soluble abundant most The

thefor dustfall ofthe composition 10ת maJor The Israel. ש anomaly sulphate atmospheric the more once

15this and 1994/95 תו higher was Ca The year. 10 year fiom similar very be 10 found was years three

excess8ת showing .07 1 10 close 18 ratio molar Na/Cl The particles. desert 0] transport range long *0

due

acids%41ע reactlon chemical *0

due 0,01 diminution 8 likely, 1058 (or~ sources manne over ofNa input

elements,insoluble water other the with phase תו change אמ does input ע The transport). during

differentlybehave 03א and 1 10ח the entering ions soluble water Ofthe source. different 8 suggesting

fiom ,8א ס behave ECtlV1ty, ofhuman indicators ofas thought generally metals, heavy The 504. andתו

events.storm dust עןהע phase

Feand 03א ,14ן ת, especially IGnneret, the *0

ofnutrients source significant 8 be well may Dustfall

availability.biological their 0ת done be *0

needs work more although

Rain

dust*0

subject are collectors Open collectors. raln automatic and open both " collected was Rain

theתו occur events rain Acid *"5.

prevent 10 taken are measures stringent when even contamination

.1 4. as low as pFfs with Kinneret

hdineralogy .י

quiteremains dustfall ofthe fiaction מ0ת-clay ofthe composition mineralogical The minerals: ת0א-clay

Duringquartz. and dolomite calcite, feldspar, are: minerals predominant The year. the over constant

thequarries, Near markedly. increases fall dust the " offeldspar anount the episodes storm dust

feldspar.18 present mineral predominant

palygorskiteare: dustfall ofthe fiaction clay-mineral the מו rninerals common most The minerals: Clay

oflocalBecause storms. dust *0

due usually 15 פא1מ The Smectite. and 0א1ת some ס1-ש%8011 ע1-הע and

lake.ofthe shore west and east ofthe nuneralogy clay the between difference 8 15 there conditions

PKrticulates.Suspended Total

ofthe6תהע down or storms, dust During !3-ת. ug 100 about usually 18 lake the around TSP סעני

peaksv~ith bimodal 15 TSP ofthe distribution size The more. times 8 *0

3 15 concentration the quames

TSP.ofthe 63% for account particles Inhalable Vm- 1 4 and 8 , א

Page 61: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

ueo gq 'po~vdlolia

כסמן!סה9 Nuuo3suow 9נסהטק קה5ו3שזן וף? oq~ NJGvaFft נ0קהכ0ק ? )סמ (oreos ם! JopJo 4?וף gJn~rg 50כך?מש

כסמם0כו0ק q$~h oAIssoaNoJd ק9ש9ע51כא!0מ . Jopuf] gSOqs sgoue~swnoJIO ן! PInoM ו0 6בתק0טן 005ש

30 uenqes SufilNS ~snp

pue 201נצ ז0 ן?5ן וףJOAO 0 1טכג9?15םoq 8 יIgEJSI sJeodd~ 0 !ם

~gq, siq~ x~ul gq

1ף950 sllnsgJ oJe pes~q uo oolq~ 91?נש -'Nuuo~fuow 'J~AOMOH OM 9AVq UA~qS oJoqh~osla וף0 וף?ו

~unoa

~vul

OA~q ? 90ע 30נ0כו קוש6גס6סעוסט?ן gq~ 5ה?!!ון אק0נ pue uo feo~iolorq -'sJo$oe~

ומ iunoule 07 7ף?ן oqs~o u~pJof -~JgAU coJouu9q~nd osnvo~q 1130ש IIEuls 96?ע~כן c~zis 9וף gILIOqJIE

~snp 01ג ougqdsow~v 30 כסטוטףהן0מ ,gq וף?ן UMOqS 4?ג9

~snp

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.5 11ב,2ל4על(לבאם,ר011ח8

נ0650כו1ג9!ן.

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~9Jouua

tS~UOWIpgS IIeJ$snP pue

~snp

UIJO$s :eJe COL )]הש 51 ימק זע 5( 1 ן

וץן!~IUO

CI!OS 30 ק81וטףהן0ט zis~ 730חOpow SgnreA 0 1ףsolol$asd ~lOM A~Opq siq~ -.OnieA 9 30וף9 %05

ע[ן ~gq וט iSI!qa ק!?ש9ו9ל ומ הש 0 ן ) gJe כ0הש9נ ffol~do ףse peJnsv~w 1 6שעוכןpgpu~dsns 89 וף0~snp

ozis 1(השוו?1ן 7ףp9puodsnS sglolilvd pue 0 30יף0 1(ן8יט1הי!0ט

-85-

Page 62: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-59-

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS6.

work?"5 whom without laboratory the 16ת8 ת field the תו those 1פ thank *0

Iike would authors The

below:11" the fi~om missing are who any ?0 advance 1ת apologize אך ס . impossible. been have would

Kinneretofthe Director Deputy ("Shlomke") Mahalul SNomo Mr. ?0 tendered are thanks Special

neverwould project 1"8 א8"

and day ofthe hours א 1פ help enthusiastic 8א Without Administration.

completed.been have

andsampling logistics. undertookthe who GSI ofthe Peled Yehuda *0

due also are thanks Special

thebore who Kopeliovich 8תו Dr. ?0 and dedication and enthusiasm with project ofthe relations public results.and samples amongstthe order kept and work laboratory ofthe brunt

ofside admiristrative the with help 5א for GSI ofthe 5"10" Ya'ir thank ?0 like also would We

project.the running and launching

field:the 1ת

Kinneret.the around statlons measunng Service's Meteorological Israel ofthe Volunteers . 1

Berman7. (Dr. Site Sappir the ש! Laboratories Research Oceanographic and Limnological Israel The 2. Nishri).ג. Dr. and

Shoshani).SNomo Mr. Geifinan, Yoel (hh.- Site Sappir co., Water Mekoroth The . 3

Mahalul).SNomo Mr. Ortenberg, Zvi er. Administration Kinneret The 4.

Chudi)George and Yisraeli Ya'ir )ם]. Tsemach co-operative, Growers Banana The . 5

Resenthal).Eliahu (Dr. Jerusalem 5""04 Hydrological The 6.

theא much 80 helped who Chermesh Shmuel Department: Protection Environmental ט-1ם Tiberias ד. hospitality.and help contwulng their fOf staff: the 8מ and beginning

ofapparatus.loan the for Rechovoth University, Hebrew ofthe Singer Arye Dr. 8.

nautical0ת boat ofthe captain willing the was who Administration lGnneret ofthe Sagron Arye 9. expeditions.

launch5א with help willing for Ifinneret the 0מ post Police Maritime Israel ofthe commander The 10. unavailable.was boat other our when

mostthe תו even sampling with help ?0 willing always were who GSI 'the of~ technicians The . 11 conditions.unfavourable

ofIsrael)Survey Geological the 1ת (mostly laboratory: the 1ת

sampling.and logistics ofthe most undertook who Peled Yehuda . 1

Ninetteby assisted Jerusalem, 1ת work analytical ofthe most out carried who Kopeliovich 18ת Dr. 2. ,Geocherristry of~ members other and Stieber Dinah Yoffe, 01ga Dalman~.ת1510י1)1

scanrungthe with advice and help much for Division istry Geochemis ofthe Dvorachek hd[ichael Mr. . 3 mlcroscopy.electron

Page 63: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-60-

sampling.מו helped also and services workshop supplied who Argas Dan 4.

University.Aviv Tel Environment, ~the 0, Ainistry 'the 0, Lavie Natan and Tennenbaum A]iza . 5

analyses.5120 particle ofthe some out caiTylng for Ltd. Golik uri ofDr. Golik Eran 6.

oftheprocessing and interpretation with help much for Division Geochemistry ofthe Deutsch Yoetz 7. results.)GID

Page 64: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

0691ע: dd )]9 .al~sruof' 661"( ט0כ uef 1]-*661 ן

pue swoJJg 930וף IosOJo~ uol~lsodo] uo 04?4קטם9נא ד oq~) ?95 30 :)00פקון VnuuY ss~JSoJd

JoueD ?טק JOUU9Jg .5 [ל.( qooloumIA-f ד.( א. Jguoa ב-(

~sJoqugAeJf) eq~ c~unouJy gJnsvN )ן66"( )ד

:vodoft ז0נת5?ן9ש. dd )*9~ 661[. 00כ ןuef 1]-]66 ן

pue gio~ga oqi~o IOSOJO~ uol$Isod~(I uo 9$9 ד?ךJ9uuei 91ף( e~s :)9930)1קון I~nLnIY ss9JSad פ?טסנ ~gJn$Ef ,תם0חטו( 941 )661*( )ן qo9IOUItUA-y c'A JouuoJE -5 pu2 ,sJoquGAVJe ,ר( 1] ב0ט9נ ב.(

ueaueD-19?51נ qolegseft

~oe[oJd

~ou )"]6 dd )]6 -91נת5?!9ש

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~Jnieu pue S~Oggg 9q$~o

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saqdsou~s 30 'opEJOIo3 101 ?טק 5,1,ן tAIAy 'Pasl tdSY~H )2* 18 1-69 ן . Joue~) ueqJn-uou וט 6?וו1כוNunJre~uoo 50 בתונ?וfenpIAIpul~o 0 כסש506עוסט )ן886( ב- 1ן- 4ח59כף0ן puv ב.

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(qoleosoft ן:ן00005. 5כק9 51נ?0ן.

us] .1 pue 2?1105 1ף9 )0161(: 2. 1ל uol$vI00SSV d~uI -5130נ?9ן ~eoloA

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66י-9001-ע0ש Oq~ woisea 4ע0קץ0ננ?ט0שט

~sed

oae~ ף 1עש0נא gq~ U~pJof -'hlTeA ."011 011( ( "19 4נ9ט

"odN

).4 uoqoa ).1. א0חשימם ד pu~ uoJo(I .ב )]ץ )861 IOPow 04130 15שחןק01ט Jgwns כגכחן?ווסט

91ז['

Teule3UI eJniKnU 30 eos C~IVS so~eoIIIs pue ss~oxo 0ש 5חן7?ן ouu~w IOSOJgE 9צכ92חכ ~zee -0ן9ז evoJpuy PUE 1ן )י[0ץ0ט usA א-( swao~s ב.( 4 ).1 slogsu~ruH( uosveq3 )(-( 4ע-

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-19-

Page 65: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-62-

oftheBehaviour the and Properties Chemical and Mineralogical The 1996( ) H.]k מסע" and ע Ganor

ScientificKluwer Meditet~ranean, the Across Dust. A~ican 1ת Israel. Over Dust Aeolian

press).)1ת Amsterdam Publishers,

loadingofthe Investigation - basin drainage Kinneret The )1987( א. Dexter and ע. Shaw ץ., Geifinan

Hebrew).)פ sources 1*5 and Jordan ofthe

Thesis.Ph.D. River. Jorak~n LTpper the הן mol~hology cia~nnel and movement Bedload )1977( 44. Inbar

Jerusalem,.University, Hebrew The

sedimentationlacustrine ח*-הע compared transport sediment offluvlal Measurement 1982( ) 4ן. hbar, 439-449.4, Sciences, HyaFolognical lGnneret. Lake

")0 Jordan River ofthe

~ow

the rates:

Jordanthe 1א st[ldy case ל) climate: Mediterranean 8 תו flood magrutude ofhigh Effects )1987( ע. Inbar

1Allen . 333-353 י[ .קק.(, Nash and ]. Mayer by (edited Flooding Catastrophic 1ת basin. River

Boston.Unwin,

Budykoofmodified use - Israel תו boundaries ofclimatic Variability )1986( ע. Ganor and 7 .א. Joseph

69-82.6, ofCIimatology, Journal index. andity Lettau

acidification10 0חן deaerosol and 'sulphate of: contribution The )1990( ע. Ganor and ם. Price 2., Levin rain and OfCIOUd תו .AOnos. Israel יןוסושיא1 1ג24 1143-1151.

2Israel. תו site rural 8 א levels sulphate Particulate )1989( 14. Peleg, and מ. Lifchsits, א., Luria, 241-250.8, Chem. Annos.

the" on@n desert and ofurban composition Aerosol )1982( 4נ .ע. Donagi and ע. Ganor ז.( Mamane

475-484.18( WASP, particles. oflarge Deposition 11. Mediterranean. eaSteITl

10sources acidic and ofalkaline Contribution )1987( 7.14. N[iller, and ם. Dayan, ץ., Mamane, 15-22.61, TotalEnviron. sci. 7he Israel. " precipitation

,Mamane 7.ץ )WASP, Israel. haifa, " chemistry ofprecipitation years Ten )1995( 7. 00"1"6 גש-549

558.

York.New Sons, and Wiley John edn. 3ra ofGeochemistry, Principles Ihe )1966( 8. Mason

the0ת effect 5א and IGnneret the ש ofiron supply The )1994( 8. 5*ת8ת1תא, and י,. Yacobi, 14כ Parbov, forSociety Israel ofthe Conffess 251ח ofthe Proceedings lake. ofthe production pnmaly

Aviv, Tel Sciences, Environmental and Ecology .ק.86

ofconcentration and mass the measunng for method new ע ( )1992 ג. Ganor and 2. Lel/in , ם. Pardess

sulphur תA"nos. particles. airborne 1 ,מ0"עח1 ,ג675-680.26

GraduateReport, Technical Aerosol: ofAtmos~heric Composition Chemical Ihe )191 .(ע )6ך). Rahn

USA.lGngston, 15186ת, ofRhode Univ. Island. of~lhode Lrniversitv ofOceanography, School

Page 66: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-63-

withmatenal, 1ת18ק and 5011 water, ש detenalination nitrogen Total 1979( ) ו~. Awimelech and 4נ. Raveh

911-912.13, Res., Water oxidation. persulphate 8

Publishers, BV Junk.ת60ת1978( 5. Senuya Hag~e-Boston-]0( temperature. Water מedited Kinneret Lake 1) Senuya by 7).ם .קק Dr. . 160-161.לי

Aenos.Israel. Carmel. Mount 0מ ran Acid )1993( 14. Fried, and ץ. Shamai, 4 חסת8ם 1.ע., Singer,

2287-2293.)15(, 274, Environ.

15-326.3 34, Chem., נ Israel Israel. 18 'precipitation of chemistry The 1994( ) ע). Singer

Page 67: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-64-

INTEMCTIONSEARTICLE-WATER AND NUTRIENTS FLUXES, 8.

INTRODUCTION

ofyears hydrological 112"ט than טזסתז along obtained results covers report T~s

expend10 enables T~s IGnneret). (Lake Galilee of Sea the around sampling dust

ofamounts the 10 as reports prevlous ת1 זטס included were that concluslons the

flux.dust the הע* lake the 10 added nuhlents

andcomposition dust the of evaluation the 0ת results present we addition, 1ת

effectspossible the 10 as conclusions draw 10 as 50 properties chemical - physico

dynamics.nutrient lake the 0ת dust ofthat

METHODS.

the1ת Genosar, lake: the around locations ti~ee 1ת placed were sarnplers Dust

map).(see east the תו Tibenas and south-.east the 1ת Haon, lake, ofthe north-west

Theactivity. afficultural nuld only 4ו* areas תו placed were stations 0"ה first The

8of roof 8 0ת placed though ac~vitf, urban of center the תו was 51860ת Tiberias

samplerslarge saraples, Iarge relatively for need the 10 Due building. stores diree

wereWires used. were 0144 ת of diasneteI 8 having cans, Plastic use& were

theתו used were replicates Two birds. deter 10 collectors tihe of top the 10 attached

4are there Presently, . 17.10.93 0ת doubled was sarnplers of number The year. first

administrativeש due stopped, was Sampling station. each תן sannplers replicated

1996.August 10 June between problems

birds%* sa~aples the of pollution nuruiruze 10 tried we research the During

theby minimized was dropping bird Of problem The insects. with and dropping

webegiBung, the 1ת sannplers. the around and above "cro~ms" of construction

ofpresence The sa~nplers. the ?0 water adding by collectors, aust wet used have

dry10 changed We dust. the ~Gth

trapped were that insects attracted water

find811מ we However, presence. insects the of most eliminated this and collectors

effectsome bur removed, carefiBly are insects The time. 10 time fiom insects some

ofamounts minute even of addition The exist. 8611 may contamination of

unresolved.problem techrucal 115מ consider We significant. be may phosphorus

values,

~gh

toward biased what some be thus may here presented results The

ourchange 411י that error 8ת introduce 5ת11 11הע that 601ת 1תב do we though even

appreciably.conclugons

acKevedwere sa~nples dust collected the תו phosphorus of isotherms Solubility

~nde sa~nples dust shalang by חשהע NaOH or HCl contaiiung solutions 10 זטוסם 8

andphosphorus of adsorption study 10 KH2P04 containing solutions or range pH

shakenwere suspensions The range. concentration ק Kgh 8 א equilibna solubility

Page 68: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

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gql UOyISOdgp פזן

~uoie

SeUgqIL glgqM oq3 זע "Jgfi 4גף8ן 05שכ Jeg~ 51 וץכ

661ן 119 irBTuqod 9661 gJE p~UOSgJd זם sonild .ז-ןי iu~duses pue uoeH 412כעעJesouoe 5' "10סן5(

~os)

c(dsui וףכ 07ג poad Joqo~oo

ןעסעקען z-W 30) )ש8 קכ1504קסט

~snp

pun iuKuedwoooe SNgUOdwoo זם gq~ ggJq~

.1 ssna ffNV SSNSIHSfIN Si[Xft~a

1 צצ5חד52 ח51כת0155אי ן

A4IAVonpuoo OJOA~ עזונעוכ. 15כ זע קכוכבמחססק

)0.י9 guelqtu~ui .)ע1וכנ 'sruoqdsoqd CUmDie~ )כן t~os Hd pue ieoF4oolo 7ףג 8 pouod 30 CS~Bp 11מ5חט(

וי(S~sp 0ו gAgiq3B wnuqilmb~ pue ח1וכגסת וץכם

-9ע-

Page 69: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

קכ"0שקסם gq7 04ש )](ח5ן seugql~ 51 OUeIJOUI ןם

~qlegu

~ilIBilb 15ח pgpugdsns Kq

UO)ISOdgp ו5

~noqe

oq7 ouses וףכ 07ג oolq7 'SUOfiE~g siql sun~ui וץ?ן gq$ el$xo

30 gq~ נץכ 5וע5005. סשכג OUeao SieUg3EUI se) IIOM se uoioa$ru pun (sruoqdsoqd

uo~ea$uoouoo olqnlosul ק1כ זם uoqleo סנ8פנעכ 30

~snp

שען ~SBIigql~ 51 IQAtOI ueq זע

וט gq~ SeIJgqII 5ועק0ם gigM s~gMfe l~giq 15פט gq~ ieau ~SUO)ETs tlgAgMOH שכ

ofsiodoaJue s~oaos 30 קח5ן. ק1כ oq~ )704פ7 0ג ו0ופז olqnlosuI 55ס1זק uoaeinuaoe

UY שכ se 04 קנעאגם uolsnlouoo UBO gq 1טוסגכ5קט8~oueognaIS 30

gq~ ueqa

1815ח11כפטג pue -.$ue$JodwI (punu gq7 540כנגכק

fiq 5וךכ 30 כסטכסטינ?קסע onseiJo suo~oe4 זם gq$ ~snp

oJe

אקז 1!8חי

1ט "נככ?חקסט קאUOAg q$iftw 5 קזען 5כמם5 זן gq~ gW] -.~nieA tlosMoH י0

5ח5"ככוכת ? gB גס8פנקכק PIno~s gq ףכגס "נס5כם7כק גכ5חץ5 1ץכ כסמופטתט?וכש. gq י0

1ם S~nieA 30 fiq כצוגשסס gq~ uolsnloxg 30 4ן כ210ככגכק Sta ן 1?14כ~ugyanu

'~ndul glOqAt qons כסעועעחט?קסם sah snobtqo gql) uo~lsodwoo 30 oq~ )קמ5ן Sg wBnoJq

גססץ ? Joqumu 30 507 "נככ?חקסט OZnUIIUIUI (SYV Nulpnloul ? iesodsrp 30 sgldares

שכ 4SVqSssod 30 ~IdiIES

~S~OOSUI gft קכ?ק 0נ q~iftw PJlq iulddolp כסטן?עחט?קסם

UY oISUUaU~ WOIqold pO~BIOOSSB 130 עכוכח1חט?ק0ם ק1כ 4עק feoJe םחה!כסן

~nduI

51

811(1י OUnao solo~led 40 פ2כAnoolos כגסקכק pue pouoJsuea~ 1ף oq~ -pUiftw

pgureldx~ ~gq י11צן giqissod ז5 1ן 5כןככקSSgOOJd 30 pUIA~ UOISOJO .1414 ? ףג

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~snp P~oo gq 4~lssod

גכנג qO~i 4ע oaeio -JOUBUI oq~ גכג?8כ? ou~NJo uoqleo זם oq$ 51105 punole 015

ioq~ %11 30 gq7 ו70ק olqnlosuI )51105ע qonIAt sue~lu וףען gq~ קכ"0שוכק

~snp

ז5

01 gq~ ו0ופז olqnlosuI UOyrsodop 5ז osie $ou .snoIAqo 41כ OielgA2 0נ8פ2עכ uoqleo 5ז

6-םם% נכ1עןכק ou~SJo uoqJeo se 30 "כגככטן?8כ 1ק8ף ~glqnlosu~ IEUO$EUI oq 15כ 30gql 51 קמ5ו שכ זע כסטכסטונצק0ט uoqao סנ8פ2עכ

9-זי 0ג IgM*~ י0ופז ק1כ 30 אכנ0כטו

00630 י500. 1[00 -

ienwie uo~nquauoo 30 OIUBIJO uoqleo po$eFIoieo o$ וףכ OIOqAh oaeI 51 זם gq~ giueJ

ienwie OIUBIJO uoqleo UO~ISOdop SBM ק1כ 1ם gareJ 30 01-י70פז 2ץכ ש_ן. 8כ י suo)nqu$sT 30 o~eiJo uoqle~ UO~ISOdgp slolreled osoq~ 30 5סז1ק5. וסופז ק1ס oq~

oq~ U0~ISOdgp 30 omeiJo uoqleo 51 UgAIi וע sglnild .01-זז oq~ ieuossgs

IQAIH -.ueplof

s~unouse ioqe י0

~oz-01

30 pgpugdsns JgU~IU uo)nquJuoo 04ש oq$ p~qSIO$EM ?14

ienwJe slql 5001' 0001-0005 זgq$ OIOqM oXeI B~le 5 ו0 כפזכח1?ןכק קכ"150קסם(

oq~ ienw~e xng )130ט105חף1ס popugdsns ק1כ זם 51 ש?תכג oiuel 30 09-042כ ש_ן- 8 ז

'UOyISOdgp נץכ

~fl$uow

UOyISOdgp 30 105מ14כ ffll~$BW 5ז UOAtI זם sgnild '6-9

s~yes "סנככסו5 1כא ? ienPIATU? sgldu~s SOUSA wo4 שכ זם

ת" ן0וק ק1כ 30 %09 ו0

Pino~s gq pg~nqlaJE 0קז]3סגכטן י soxng 30 olqnlos -.s$fas gql 30 אכנככמו?8כ ~lqnlos

-99-

Page 70: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

י6-

cars )(א and 01ת .organic ח demanding though conclude, 10 possible 15ב8

sources.antropogenic urban fiom 18 01ת input nubnents the that tesbng, additional

nitrogenof pattern The 13-15. Figures 1ת

~jven

18 deposition nitrogen The

ofrange the 118 ת input annual The carbon. the of ~hat

similar was deposition ש

ofinorganiccomprised 15 input niUogen total ofthe 30-50% *0

up 10.7-1.4 8 .2-מ

timeו40ל vanes which of input relative the rutrate), and (ammonilun niUogen

16-18(.(Figs

given are fluxes deposition phosphorus Total תsoluble and 19-21 Fi@ares 1ע

before,found those 10 sinaBar 15 distribution seasonal The 22-24. Figs 1ת fluxes

occurredinput annual ofthe 50% About ~anter.

the 1מ deposition higher 8 natnely

dust8 xith associated stabons, tl~ee מ1 11ם December November- during

andspnng the 1ת input The sollds. insoluble the 11.2 - 2.2% ע מ containing

Of deposition aiulual The low. very was months slunmer שש ע about was 0.2ש

aiunualThe stations. tIKee and years tilree the over uniforrmy quite 12-ת,

rangethe 1ת be 10 found was Galilee of Sea the 10 dust the 41ל" input phosphorus

averaging tons, 29-44 of 37 ,8מ10 תof 20% about compnang amount 8ס1ם

!watershed! the

~om

input phosphorus

COMPOSITIONDUST 2.

vanations seasonal The מdust the 01 composition the 1 ש Genosar the מ860*188

stationsother 0יה the for obtained were resuits Similar 25-27. Figures 1מ g~ven

nitrogencarbon, orgaac of concentrations the that seen be can 28-33 ח(. (fi@Jres

containsaust The pattern. seasonal clear 8 follow aust the 1מ phosphorus and

the10 compared as season rainy the during nut~ients much as taace about

summer.

detected be can that phenomenon )8 phenomenon thls of sigilificance Theצ1תס

very be may period) observation long relatively 8 follo~dng .חאע א found wasת1

of50% About

~gh.

very 15 deposition dust by input phosphorus the that work this

048during material deposited the Moreover, זט1ת4י. the during 18 deposition the

445of bio.-availability the Possibly, 1%)( ! .)ן percentage ח8ע ע contains period

source concentrated ט quite .4ע.,

thewhen period 8 15 תו ~dnter

the during source 8מם of contibution The

uses bloom Pyridinilun 1ש phosphorus soluble ofthe מן Soluble water. the ע מ0481

theMo~eover, 11וממ detection belovf often range, ppb the of range the 18 תו period

andlake ofthe strata -1ower ס*

Jordan inflowing 11ח41ל sinking 15 water cold 0א

ofthesupply ג bottom. lake the onto sources suspended OfltS much depositing 18

Page 71: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-68.

thewhete spot the 8) lake, ofthe surface~layers the onto phosphorus deposited dust

very 8 of be may development algal the for needed badly very 18 phosphorusלעא

sig~uficance.

24reasons. unclear 10 due summer, early the 1מ &sappear bloom Pyridinium The

can We 628. explain 10 proposed were speculations and explanations fewט08קסזק

aenalthe 0ת depends bloom the that possible 18 ח speculation: additional 8ב

collapses.bloom the cease, supply 025 Once phosphorus. available of supply

BEHAVIOR.SOLUBILITY 3.

15dust the 1ת oiiginating ע of cont~ibution potential the evaluate 10 way Hgorous 4

ש evaluate 8א of deposition Phosphorus behahior. solubility צ4שinsoluble 12ע

810 compared as hsamics phosphorus Iake the 0ת effect nunor 8 have 411ע source

source.soluble more

contents.CaC03 and hardness Calcilun, ש שו respect 1מ Hch 18 F~ruleret Lake

arewatershed the 1ת as well as system, lake the 1ת phosphates dominant The

phosphates.calcilun

thecontrol may that salts soluble sparindy of number 8 of products 100ח The

computed:were 'phosphorus of solubility

DCPCaY~P04phosphateDicalcium

ocP]843)04שמphosphate calclum Octa

2Calo apatiteHydroxy)ע0(6)04ק24

ccP]83)11]03(3)04ע(, phosphate carbonate Calcium

calculatedwere phases solld possible different the of Kip) ) products 10120 The

.3 Table 1מ @ven are and

dustof equilibrations of senes large 8 fiom calculated were 3 Table 111 data The

sedimentsand sediment Bottom sediments Ifinneret Lake of satnples and sa~nples

andresuspended be 10 easiest the are these aSSUindEg shores, the near collected

column.water the ~ath

equilibrated

products.solubility kio~m the than lower were products 10140 the cases, 811 ו" wasweeks) -2 )1 equ]]ibration for allowed time tihe that fact the 10 due be 08ב T~s

minerals.stable very of presence the 10 due 0ז short, 100

The 0ת01thus 18 and one true ihe than lower appreciably was DCP for product 101מ

ccP0ז ocP either of products 1010מ The concentration. ע the control 10 assurned

differentthe תו constant rafher are and values theoretical the 10 close relatively are

phosphorussoluble contol that phases possible are-thei minerals These sannples.

foundwe 1983( (Awimelech work previous 8 ן" particles. aust the fiom release

Page 72: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-69-

ofSea the of water bottom the מו phosphorus of solubility the controls ccP that

Galilee.

ofthose as same the practically are satnples dust the of products 1010ת ccP The phosphorusof availability the that asslune thus can We sediments. lake the

pallacles.bottom resuspended by supplied that as sa~ne the 18 aust the by supplied

Page 73: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

70-

SUMMARY

ofperiod פ along measured were nutients associate and dust deposited of Fluxes

years.hydrological 3 than more

are:lake whole the for calculated fluxes, nutrient computed The

1oadAnnua1 Component

199519941993

tons8525 80758738solidsTotal

tons5179 54435574solids

~nsoluble tons1313 1335866carbonOrganic

tons198 153135Nitrogen

tons44 2939phosphorus

laketthe 0ש input 1א0ש the of 2095 about חload ע computed The

reliabilitythe support ש seems stations tilree the מו results the of consistency The

*0sensitive very are measurements nubTlentS the yet, results, obtained the of

beshould above presented results The traps. sediment the of contaminations

.estimateה~gh

represent 10 considered פ

תthe 1"שש

~dlest

nutrientis deposited 'the of concentration and SUpply Both

studyfiarther *0

needed 15 work More insoluble. mostly 18 phosphorus added The

carrylngphosphate the of effect biological The bio-.availability. and chemistry 118

contactclose 1מ be might א sediment the 1מ particles umike since,

~gh

be may dust

layer.photic the 1מ cells algal 1401 ט1ם

the~ath

nuhlents of inflow the *0

related work pioneering פ represents report Tis

ofinflux the 10 devoted 15 and was work Much lfinneret. Lake 0ת deposition dust

attention,more jusfi~ work this of findings The Jordan. the 1401 nubients

matter.subject oft~s monitoring and research

Page 74: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

1-7

dustof input Annual1.% 1נ TAB

TIB~RIAS HAON GENOSAR COMPONENT [גזסזזטקא%tonsg/m2g/m2g/m2

10958915646SOLIDSTOTAL 1992-1993

7144603134SOLIDSINSOLUBLE

381530251280LIDSSOLUBLE

8665.63.95.8CARBONORGANIC

1350.680.840.86NITROGENTOTAL

390.250.240.19PHOSPHOR.TOTAL

8075553750SOLIDSTOTAL 1993-1994

5443412233SOLIDSINSOLUBLE

157914151880LIDSSOLUBLE י

13357.65.510.5CARBONORGANIC

1530.710.751.24NITROGENגזסז]

[גזסז.אסאק05אק290.130.120.26

8525544650SOLIDS1994-1995 [גזסז

5179342631SOLIDSINSOLUBLE

3346202019SOLIDSSOLUBLE

13137.466.439.28CARBONORGANIC

198, 0.771.231.48NITROGENTOTAL

י [גזסז.אסאק08אק440.130.200.43

Page 75: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

72-

ז ג 8 [ ש.2

AVER)kGE אסוזו08קעסם OFז8טם

SOLIDSTOTAL FROM %

SOLUBLEINSOLUBLםאא/ם9

0.416.771.8512.526.373.7GENOSAR1992-1993

0.516.642.3515.630.369.7GEN08AR1993-1994

0.876.272.9918.7337.7162.29GENOSAR1994-1996

1992-1993אסגא6.944.355.7 0.434.64.481

1993-1994אסגא10.944.255.8 0.285.99.821

1994-1996אסגא0.445.222.6513.8443.9556.05

0.278.230.756.233.266.8TIBERIAS1992-1993

0.26.8311 .201 14.227.372.7TIBERIAS1993-1994

0.249.63.421 13.7036.6363.37TIBERIAS1994-1996'

% SOLIDS INSOLUBLE FROM .י

0SOLUBLEאא/ם9

0.567.792.1817.035.8GENOSAR1992-1993

0.747.333.0522.443.5GEN08AR1993-1994

.401 7.244.1530.0760.54GENOSAR1994-1996

0.775.662.1812.479.7HAON1992-1993

0.506.762.9019.679.4HAON1993-1994

1994-1996אסגא5.674.3524.6978.41 '0.78

0.4112.450.749.349.8TIBERIAS1992-1993

9.537.6TIBERIAS1993-1994ד 0.3514.26.371

57.80TIBERIAS1994-1995 6321. ד82. 0.38.9011

Page 76: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

3.TABLE

MineralPhosphate Possible זסז Calculated )קואק( Products lonic

Solutions.Free Phosphorus With Equilibrated Dust ץ0ז Data

YeiRDATEחקםםק00קםםקא Theoreticalקמק56.7.ש11828.5

,088ח06שא;0אפ71ש.128.930.8453.1190Genosarס140.133.2958.92107199416-0 Genosar4 21חפל-133.432.1553.938.9991995

122.229.0950.428.2801 9951 -Apr21 GenosaroctGenosar-5ם35(52.138.19319 231ם.130.8144.1532.4159.0910.82121eee06-Nov GenosarGenosarחפןר814נ(144.432.657.9810.071319145.332.757.759.8191~ee22-~Feb Genosar

136.18.76 31 55.16 9.40AVG

8.08.281 2.970.87$td5.944.025.389.23%stdlavg

Haonעסא-122.227.9750.518.328199407Haonס8ם-455199416!155.135.2460.8310145.633.0157.759.7691995-dan21 Haon124.329.4250.538.04101995-Apr21 HaonoctHaon-5ם61995 139.732.1256.379.7Haonעסא-11199508 4811. 148.532.4860.9180Haonם-3515(138.133.4357.5910.741119Haon חפנר814נ(1419 144.432.1657.649.8614132.1258.649.68 111see22-FebHaon

139.88.99 31 66.53 9.78AVG10.102.023.66.021 stdי7.226.32 6.29 10.44%stdlavg

iberiasשא;8.88719940ש.30.3953 91.ש848לךDec-32.6256.499.777199416 .7.ש1

חפמ21מפ54.089.1791 132.7.8331~berias 125.828.8251.31 8.3810199521-Apr~berias oct-5ם71995 54.989.41 135.2.9131~berias 8פח6לודNov-506נ(14832.4759.7710.761519 ס8ם-14332.8860.2611.6712199515

~berias חפנר3614(1319 55.999.91 7631. 1141.~berias ןFebiberias-822נ(819 13330.7453.979.07

9.67AVG 65.66 ך%: 7.1412ו,ע5!13 ,8.!54.2)41 2.83)(.96 std

4.863.95 5.09 9.92 %stdlavg

134.330.8965.139.6626Bottomחחוא Sediment

inneretSedimertקל

148.231.361.611.99199823-MayGenosar

May~-255.910.39199623.ש133.1

~nneret 136,129.258.710.49199823-May1 Migdal

15031.262.312.159199623-May2 Migdal

AVG 11 1. ופ 1.ומ11 ו: ובשנ.0וב 1ש11נ11(.1(1פ, 814.)( 85.שנ 1 5.03(3.יב5.183.394.82733%stdlavg

Page 77: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-74-

Dus~a/l צם!ח תם 1theא8תחשאSolidsTotal Genosar

-12000

ר0000ג1

80004 ושבש

פ80008

ט8

א4000כש

2000

0 סר ררם ררו23479723358רר9

- - _. ש____.י.%,י,.,,,,,,,י ומי,',4411 וששש118ששנשש

Kinneretthe ו צם חם Dustfal/ Solids7018ו Haon

25000ן

200004

ינא

---- 15000: פ

,י%,1 - -ן----

,וון,,,י,ווןווו ן!..,

ר 0 רר ר 3 5 8 ר ר ר 3 4 7 9 ר 32 9 רו

Page 78: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

75-

Kinnereffhe 0ח Flux DusNalI SolidsTotaI Tiberias

-30000

חחחא9 ---....

----- -- -... --. 20000 4 ס

8חי י 15000--------- - -- ---- - - - --

1[ ,ןוןןןוןו111ן[11ןע,,,3 9 ךי2נ

10 ךי 1 3 5י 8 ךד 1 3 41 'ל 9 2ך

__ - שא שש][אינ[', ה"שששש

Kinneret1"8 חס Flux Dusffall SolidsSuspended Genosar

-7000

8000

1 ש5000

נ(סי ה4000

ש30001

1 ט2000

2

ו000

0 10 11 ד 3 5 8 דד 1 3 4 7 9 2ד3 9 1ד2

1'ייי..י,.י.!י,וי'י.יי,יי.,,'לי.ךי,,",י!.,ןןיי..,י,.,,.י,.,,.י,,.י,,4.יי

Page 79: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-76

Kinneretfhe 0צם!5 ח Dustfall SolidsSuspended Haon

8000 -ן ן

----- . --. . --.. . 16000ע

, 0 דד ך 3 5 8 ד ד ד 3 21 7 9 312 9 דד ') וןןןןווווןוןןןו11,,ן,,,,, 8 , ן ן -------- ------ו--S'iSSשששששששששש ששש!ששששששש

6

Kinneretthe 0צם!5 ח DusNall SolidsSuspended 85!זפטוז

-74000

.... - -- 72000

1

כד ~.

נ(

ה 8000 -- ..-

,,,,ש,מ ____ iiiaii;iiig!85%צ

Page 80: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-77

---.

Kinneretthe 0" F/ux Dustfal/ SolidsSoluble Genosar

--6000

.- -5000

..1%

.- -4000 4

1- --------- - ------- -- 3000 5

1,..ן,ן[ן[,.:ךיווווווו דרד10 רדד358 233ר479י971

8

Kinneretthe 0ח FIux DusNall SolidsSoluble Haon

5000

----. 4000 4

ילשפס-

כד

--3000 8 פ

ו 2000-ןכמ

--7000 1

,עש_0 וו,,, ,,,י,,,ן,--,ש,ו,_,, 1ך0ך 1 3 5 8 דר ך 3 21 ,ו 9 2ר3 9 רר?נ

1,,,ישן__,,,,,,,י,,,,,יי",י ,,,,,,,,,,,,,א""

,,,,1,,,,א

Page 81: .1 .גם - sviva.gov.il · The most common ת0ם-clay minerals ות the dustfall 870 clacite, quartz, feldspar and dolomite; nunor amounts ofgypsum and halite are present 100. The

-78-

0

Kinneretthe 0" Flux DusNall SolidsSoluble Tiberias

--4000

-----. .- .--. ?3000 נךשושגש

ה .-.

מש ש 2000 ..--

..1

ם ש 7000- - .-

0-א%

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מו1,1".מ1_ י,=,מש,י"

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