5. Internationaler Kongreß zur traditionellen asiatischen Medizin … · 2011. 5. 10. · 2 5....

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5. Internationaler Kongreß zur traditionellen asiatischen Medizin 5 th International Congress on Traditional Asian Medicine Halle (Saale), Germany 18.-24. August, 2002 Kurzfassungen / Abstracts

Transcript of 5. Internationaler Kongreß zur traditionellen asiatischen Medizin … · 2011. 5. 10. · 2 5....

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5. Internationaler Kongreß zurtraditionellen asiatischen Medizin

5th International Congress onTraditional Asian Medicine

Halle (Saale), Germany

18.-24. August, 2002

Kurzfassungen / Abstracts

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Kurzfassungen/Abstracts

In dieser Liste der Kurzfassungen sind alle Kurzfassungen aufgenommen, die bis zum 7. August 2002 ange-meldet wurden. Nach diesem Datum eingehende Kurzfassungen werden getrennt mitgeteilt. Die einzelnenKurzfassungen sind in der Regel unverändert übernommen worden, mit gelegentlichen editorischen Ände-rungen aus Gründen der Verständlichkeit. Es werden folgende Abkürzungen für Ländernamen verwendet:

This list of abstracts includes all abstracts which have been submitted until August 7, 2002. Abstracts recei-ved after this date will be announced separately. The individual abstracts have as a rule been taken overunchanged, with sporadic editorial changes for the purpose of intelligibility. The following abbreviationshave been used for names of countries:

A Österreich/AustriaAUS Australien/AustraliaBD Bangladesch/BangladeshCDN Kanada/CanadaCH Schweiz/SwitzerlandD Deutschland/GermanyGB Großbritannien/Great BritainGR Griechenland/GreeceIND Indien/IndiaIR IranJ JapanMNG Mongolei/MongoliaNL Niederlande/NetherlandsPAK PakistanPL Polen/PolandPRC Volksrepublik China/People�s Republic of ChinaRI IndonesiaRUS Russische Föderation/Russian FederationTR Türkei/TurkeyUSA Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika/United States of America

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Ali, Mohammad <IND> (Singh, Vijender <IND>)Ali, Mohammad <IND> (Singh, Vijender <IND>)Ali, Mohammad <IND> (Singh, Vijender <IND>)Ali, Mohammad <IND> (Singh, Vijender <IND>)Ali, Mohammad <IND> (Singh, Vijender <IND>)Phytoconstituents and Hair Stimulant Formulation fromNardostachys jatamansi

Nardostachys jatamansi D.C. (Valerianaceae), common-ly known as Indian Nard, spikenard or balchar, is a 10-60 cm high perennial herb found in alpine Himalayas.The rhizomes covered with fibres are considered bittertonic, antispasmodic, emmenagogue and stomachic andprescribed in the treatment of hysteria, epilepsy, chest pain,convulsions and palpitation of the heart. It promotes thegrowth of hair and imparts blackness. A steam-distilledvolatile oil obtained from the rhizomes contained 72 com-ponents. The oil is composed eight monoterpenes (2.0%)and 25 sesquiterpenes (66.0%). The predominant ses-quiterpenes were nerolidol (10.1%), ledol (9.2%) and ja-tamansic acid (7.9%). The silica gel column chromato-graphy of the alcoholic extract of rhizomes of N. jata-mansi led to the isolation of aliphatic esters abd-sitiste-rol. Among the hair dye formulations prepared by combi-nation of the aqueous extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis,N. jatamansi, Sassurea lappa, Emblica officinalis, pow-ders of Henna, Coffee and Kattha, the formulation con-taining H. rosa sinensis, N. jatamansi, S. lappa and Hen-na (5g each) has the highest blackening of colourlesswool fibers. The black colour of the fibers remained unef-fected for 60 days at room temperature. In sunlight thecolour fade gradually. Washing of the colour fibers withan aqueous extract of Reetha for 30 days did not affectthe stain of the fibers. Clinical trial of this formulationalong with other preparations applied to the scalp of thehuman volunteers for 30 days indicated that this formu-lation was acceptable to about 96% volunteers. Amongherbal hair nourishing formulations prepared by treatingN. jatamansi, S. lappa, H. rosa sinensis, volatile oils oflemon peel, jatamansi, orange peel and cymbopogon incoconut oil, a formulation composed of N. jatamansi (50g) in the coconut oil (50 ml) exhibited maximum growthof the hair when applied to skin of rabbits, resulting in theenlargement of hair follicle with hyperplasia of cellularconstituents which was proportional to hair length. Thesame formulation was also applied on human volunteersand the result obtained was similar to that of rabbits.

Antypa, Urania <GR>Antypa, Urania <GR>Antypa, Urania <GR>Antypa, Urania <GR>Antypa, Urania <GR>Traditional Local Medicine and the Occidental Health Sys-tem in Cambodia During the French Protectorate � TheMotive of Choice

When in 1863 the French colonial system was establis-hed in Cambodia, the first concern of the authorities wasto organize the economic exploitation of the country. Theintroduction of the occidental health system (hospitals ...)was necessary for the survival of Europeans. This kind ofmedicine did not interest the Cambodian people, as theKhmer medicine was linked with the supernatural worldand specific ceremonies were also required in case ofphysical and/or psychological deficiency. The colonialauthorities imposed an occidental way of hygiene on thebig cities (occidental hydraulic system, sewers ...), in or-

der to protect themselves from disease. Progressively, themedical system became associated with economic deve-lopment. Some foreign entrepreneurs were interested ininvesting in the country, but were delayed by the lack ofinfrastructure and the difficulty of finding workers. Thelow levels of the Khmer population and various epide-mics were additional obstacles. The necessity to imposeoccidental medicine on the Cambodian people was ob-vious. As the governor of Indochina Albert Sarraut said,�We must �make yellow� (�faire du jaune�)�.

Apte, Bhalchandra <IND>Apte, Bhalchandra <IND>Apte, Bhalchandra <IND>Apte, Bhalchandra <IND>Apte, Bhalchandra <IND>Analysis of Go-mutra and its Possible Therapeutic Impli-cations

Right from Vedic period till today, �Panca Gavayah� (FiveProducts from Cow) has a very important place in Vedicpolity. It is no surprise that use of this has been woveninto the very fabric of Vedic mind, and is employed rightfrom birth rites to the funeral rites as a disease destroyer,as the ritual texts state. Serious studies and efforts arebeing made to revive it. Since cow-urine is a very impor-tant component of this Pancha-Gavya formulation, moredetailed chemical studies are being conducted. This pre-sentation is a summary of the same. Chemical studies ofthe ash from dried cow-write are made, using advancedtechniques, viz. a combination of Flame Photometry, andAtomic Absorption Spectrometry, and, Inductively Cou-pled Plasma - mass spectrometer. Quantitative and thin-layer chromatographic studies estrogens, Cortico-stero-ids, and, 17-keto steroids was conducted, as Folin-phe-nol reagent positives, Tetrazolium Blue positives, and, m-dinitro benzene positive substances. Cow�s urine wasfound to contain various inorganics, including silver, tra-ces of Gold, Na-K in ratio of 4:1 (36%: 9% in dried uri-ne), apart from about 3% urea. Further important fin-dings are, that fresh cow-urine contains 50-100 mg oe-strogens/100ml; 20-200 mcg of cortico-sleroids/100ml,and, 0.05-0.15mg of 17-keto-steroids/100ml. Therapeu-tic implications of these findings are obvious. Details ofthese findings will be presented. This work is a teamworkcarried out at the analytical laboratory and Gow-shalaat Keshav-Srushti, near Mumbai in India.

Apte, Bhalchandra <IND> (KApte, Bhalchandra <IND> (KApte, Bhalchandra <IND> (KApte, Bhalchandra <IND> (KApte, Bhalchandra <IND> (Kulkarni, Yulkarni, Yulkarni, Yulkarni, Yulkarni, Yogini R.ogini R.ogini R.ogini R.ogini R.<IND>)<IND>)<IND>)<IND>)<IND>)Anti-nephrotoxic Effects of Mutra-virecaniya and Mutra-virecaniya Herbals using Gentamycin Induced Nephroto-xicity Model in Albino Rats

Aqueous decoction of herbal materials (Gokshura, Pu-narnava) was administered daily from 9th day for 21 days,by oral feeding, at a dose of extract equivalent to 4g ofthe herbal material per kg of body weight of rats, daily.One day after the last dose of the trial extract, animalswere sactificed by cervical dislocation. Blood was coll-ected in oxalate and plain bulbs by severing jugulars,both the kidneys were dissected out and preserved inbuffered fomol-saline for histo-pathological examinati-

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on. Hemoglobin, urea, creatinin, Na, K, and Cl werequantitated using auto-analyzer, and, histopathology ofthe kidneys was also carried out. All parameters studiedat on autopsy, and, records of body weights, food andwater consumption, distinctively showed achievement ofnormalcy in biochemical parameters, and, trend to nor-malize histology. Work carried out at Postgraduate De-partment of Tilak Ayuveda Mahavidyalaya , Pune, India.

Apte, Saurabh BApte, Saurabh BApte, Saurabh BApte, Saurabh BApte, Saurabh B. <IND> (Apte, Bhalchandra <IND>). <IND> (Apte, Bhalchandra <IND>). <IND> (Apte, Bhalchandra <IND>). <IND> (Apte, Bhalchandra <IND>). <IND> (Apte, Bhalchandra <IND>)Studies in Gandhaka Taila by Modern Methods of Prepa-ration and Pharmacological Testing of Anti-inflammatory,Analgesic and Anti-microbial Activity

The combination of Sulfur-oil is classically prepared byheating at high temperature for a short time (what can bedescribed as HT-ST i.e. High temperature short-time tech-nique), described in detail in texts of Ayurveda. Longerand controlled heating conditions were worked out, toobtain pharmacologically effective products, sulfuratedoils. These oils were studied for all possible physico-che-mical methods, which showed that, additive compoundsare formed, and, they are polymerized too. Pharmacolo-gical studies were carried out to assess anti-inflammato-ry, analgesic and anti-microbial effects, and, a numberof modern molecules having these activities were alsostudied for comparison. It was observed that the oils dohave all these good activitiesy, are hold promises of beingtherapeutically useful. A very early clinical work is alsobeing done. Data on the above aspects will be presen-ted. This work was carried out at IDRAL, Pune, India.

Arora, Saroj <IND> (KArora, Saroj <IND> (KArora, Saroj <IND> (KArora, Saroj <IND> (KArora, Saroj <IND> (Kaurauraurauraur, K, K, K, K, Kamaljit <IND>)amaljit <IND>)amaljit <IND>)amaljit <IND>)amaljit <IND>)Phytochemicals in Medicinal Plants as Natural Antimuta-gens

India, with a large reservoir of medicinal and aromaticplants, is a versatile herbarium of the world. Some ofthese plants have been in use for centuries for their medi-cinal properties. The medicinal value of plants is due tothe presence of secondary metabolites such as phenols,polyphenols, triterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and re-lated compounds.Many phenolic compounds in plantsare good sources of novel biologically active natural an-timutagens which can eventually be used as chemopre-ventive/ chemotherapeutic agents. In the present investi-gation, bark powder of A. auriculiformis and Acacia ni-lotica (Leguminosae) were sequentially extracted withbezene, chloroform and acetone and then tested for an-timutagenic activities against direct acting (NPD and so-dium azide) and indirect acting (2- Aminofluorene) mu-tagens in Ames Salmonella histidine reversion assay. Itwas noticed that only acetone extract inhibited the mu-tagenicity induced by 2-Aminofluorene more significantlythan induced by direct acting mutagens. Although stu-dies are in progress to identify the antimutagenic factor(s)by various spectroscopic techniques viz. 1H-NMR, 13CNMR, DEPT-90, DEPT-135, UV and IR, but it can be spe-culated that antimutagenic potentiality of the polypheno-

lic rich extracts may probably be due to the inhibition ofmetabolic activity of mitochondrial enzymes in rat liverhomogenates.

AschoffAschoffAschoffAschoffAschoff, Jürgen C. <D>, Jürgen C. <D>, Jürgen C. <D>, Jürgen C. <D>, Jürgen C. <D>It Works! Tibetan Traditonal Medicine for Migraine Pro-phylaxis

Prophylactic drug-treatment of migraine in Western Me-dicine (a well defined disorder in Neurology) is a modernachievement of the last 20 years, but has already beenpractised in some way for about 200 years in TibetanMedicine. Migraine as an entity is known to Tibetan doc-tors, when the symptomatolgy is described to them. Butthere is no specific name for migraine; instead this kindof headache (mostly beginning in the morning, accom-panied by nausea, affects rather younger persons, las-ting for about one day) is attributed to a dysbalance ofthe three �principals of life� wind, bile and phlegm (tib.Rlung, Mkris and Bad-Kan) and for �Migraineurs� spe-cially a dysfunction of Mkris with some underlying dysba-lance of Bad-Kan is thought to be the cause. In general,each individual has to be checked by his Tibetan doctorin order to define which one or more of the three func-tions shows the most prominent dysfunction, and accor-dingly the medical treatment has then to be chosen indi-vidually. The most potent ingredient in Byu-Dmar 13 isAconitine, an alkaloid extracted and purified from Aconi-tum napellus. It is traditionally processed in cow-urine for7 days. Biochemically , it exerts high affinity to the fastsodium-channel in the open state of its function. As aconsequence Aconitine inhibits neurotransmitter-releaseat low and stimulates neurotransmitter-release at highconcentrations in glutamatergic neurons. It is, therefore,conceivable that Aconitine derivatives (Aconines) with lesscardiotoxic potential exert a special anti-migrainic activi-ty, and this is most probably the reason for the effective-ness of Byu Dmar 25 (-13) as a migraine prophylacticagent. No kind of modern medicine research equivalentto Western standards has so far been performed with Ti-betan Medicine for the treatment of Western like diag-nosed diseases. A legalized single patient documentati-on of 50 migraine patients, treated with Byu-dmar 13,was performed in the Outpatient Department of Neuro-logy at the University of Ulm. In this open trial 42 out of50 patients have experienced some reduction in migrai-ne attacks after the second month of treatment (given 1jewel-pill per day every morning).

AsshauerAsshauerAsshauerAsshauerAsshauer, Egbert <D>, Egbert <D>, Egbert <D>, Egbert <D>, Egbert <D>The Historical Development of Tibetan Medicine �An Overview

This is a short sketch of how Tibetan medicine develo-ped until modern times, to serve as an introduction tothe plenary descriptions of its development and renais-sance in Asia today.

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Bagde, Uttamkumar SBagde, Uttamkumar SBagde, Uttamkumar SBagde, Uttamkumar SBagde, Uttamkumar S. <IND> (L. <IND> (L. <IND> (L. <IND> (L. <IND> (Lankeshwarankeshwarankeshwarankeshwarankeshwar, Nilima, Nilima, Nilima, Nilima, Nilima<IND>)<IND>)<IND>)<IND>)<IND>)Mechanism of Zinc Resistance in Shigella dysenteriae

In traditional medicine, great emphasis is laid on the pro-cess of detoxification of metals and other inorganics. Inthe process of Shodhana, these purified metals are furt-her processed in various herbal juices and increnated 100times to get the final product (www.ayurvedas.com). Chi-nese materia medica that was written 2735 B.C. contai-ned many plant and metallic preparations and few ani-mal products. Other studies by Chinese and Japaneseinvestigators have shown a role between herbal prepara-tions containing zinc and reduced symptoms of fatigueand related conditions. Tests done by Yu-Q andZhan,Q(1990)demonstrated that the amount of availab-le zinc was much higher in an herbal preparation than inan equal molar amount of zinc sulfate, and the clinicaleffects are noticeably greater. Zinc is found in herbs suchas alfalfa, burdock root, chickweed and dandelion. Le-gumes, lima beans, mushrooms, pecans, pumpkin seeds,soyabeans, sunflower seeds and whole grains are goodsources of zinc. Zinc is a component of more than 300enzymes needed to repair wounds, boost immunity andprotect free radicals. It is remedy for immune related di-seases (colds, infections, slow wound healing, cancer etc.(www.herbadvisor.com). Zinc supplementation in child-ren in developing countries is associated with substantialreductions in rates of diarrhea and pneumonia, the twoleading causes of death in these settings (Bhutta et.al.1999) Increasing environmental concentrations of heavymetals pose a challenge to bacteria. In present investiga-tion possible mechanism of zinc(Zn) resistance in Shigel-la dysenteriae, was studied. While the growth of sensitiveShigella dysenteriae was completely inhibited at 1mM/mlconcentration of zinc, the resistant strain tolerated even40mM /ml concentration of zinc. Mechanism of resis-tance was found to be presence of plasmid. Plasmid wasanalyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Plasmid curingwas successful with 2-10% Sodium dodesyl sulfate (SDS)treatment. All colonies on plate after SDS treatment weretested for zinc resistance on nutrient agar containing dif-ferent concentrations of zinc.

BalzhirovBalzhirovBalzhirovBalzhirovBalzhirov, Bair G, Bair G, Bair G, Bair G, Bair G. <RUS> . <RUS> . <RUS> . <RUS> . <RUS> (Nikolayev(Nikolayev(Nikolayev(Nikolayev(Nikolayev, Serguey, Serguey, Serguey, Serguey, Serguey<RUS>)<RUS>)<RUS>)<RUS>)<RUS>)Tibetan Medicine in Buryatia Today and Tomorrow

The success of Tibetan medicine in Buryatia was to a lar-ge extent due to Buryatian Lama physicians, the physici-an and scientist Pjotr A. Badmajew, and, after 1917,Buryatian physicians and scientists supported by the Mi-nistry of Health. Practical Tibetan medicine was transfor-med in Buryatia. 85% of the medicinal plants are Siberi-an species; only a few drugs come from India, China,Nepal and Mongolia. New developments such as newbiologically active points, and methods of diagnosis, pro-phylaxis and treatment, are based on the experiences ofBuryatian Lama physicians. Newly developed modulartechnologies contain rational methods and means of Ti-

betan medicine. The following technologies are, inter alia,offered: desintoxication, desensibilising, optimising ofadaptive reactions, strengthening of immunity, reestab-lishment of the microendoecological feeling of wellness,reduction of the side effects of cytostatic and TBC prepa-rations. Research on traditional Tibetan medicine overmany years, practical experience in diagnosis and treat-ment with local medicinal drugs, as well as the setting upof special departments in medicinal establishments of theMinistry of Health, led to successes such as a PC suppor-ted facility for pulse diagnosis of the state of health, ormedicinal preparations and biologically active mixturesof substances for prophylaxis and the treatment of com-mon ailments. A dynamically developing system of medi-cine was established in Buryatia, a system that is close tothe traditions and culture of the peoples of Buryatia andis based on the Buryatian variant of Tibetan medicine.The Tibetan medicine of Buryatia, developing since the16th century, takes local specifics into consideration: con-fessions, climatic and geographic circumstances, way oflife, genetic memory of the population, food habits, tra-ditions and culture of the ethnic groups inhabiting Burya-tia. Determining the future of the Tibetan medicine ofBuryatia is the combination of traditional and modernWestern medicine: the development of scientific research,the demonstration of efficiency of offered products andmethods, the increase of diagnostic, prophylactic andtherapeutic potencies through the development and useof more cost effective, efficient and harmless productsand methods.

Banerjee, Madhulika <IND>Banerjee, Madhulika <IND>Banerjee, Madhulika <IND>Banerjee, Madhulika <IND>Banerjee, Madhulika <IND>Power, Culture, Medicine � Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticalsin the Modern Market

The present paper tries to understand the encounterbetween Ayurveda and the modern market by drawingupon an analysis of the decisions regarding product pro-filing, positioning and packaging of Ayurvedic medicinesby its leading manufacturer, Dabur. These seemingly mun-dane and economic decisions are seen here as expressi-ons of a deep operation of power, mediated through cul-ture. The analysis takes us beyond the simplified picturesof the rise of modern medicine as the inevitable and on-ward march of rationality or that of Ayurveda as the help-less victim of modernity. Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals ad-opted multiple strategies that varied in response to thechanging conditions of what appeared as the market butwhat can be viewed in retrospect as the changing natureof the field of power. The analysis offered here bring outthe �moment of confrontation�, the �moment of withdra-wal� and the �moment of diversion� as some of the strate-gic responses. These strategies did succeed in creatingand retaining a foothold for Ayurvedic medicines in themodern market. But this success came with a heavy pricetag: Ayurvedic medicine had to be cast in the mould ofmodern medicine and disconnected from its relationshipto the knowledge system. The analysis brings out somedeep ironies and dilemmas inherent in such an encoun-ter.

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Bhalerao, Supriya <IND> (Thatte, UBhalerao, Supriya <IND> (Thatte, UBhalerao, Supriya <IND> (Thatte, UBhalerao, Supriya <IND> (Thatte, UBhalerao, Supriya <IND> (Thatte, U.M. <IND>;.M. <IND>;.M. <IND>;.M. <IND>;.M. <IND>;RRRRRege, Nege, Nege, Nege, Nege, N.N.N.N.N.N. <IND>; Dahanukar. <IND>; Dahanukar. <IND>; Dahanukar. <IND>; Dahanukar. <IND>; Dahanukar, S, S, S, S, S.A. <IND>).A. <IND>).A. <IND>).A. <IND>).A. <IND>)Concept of Prakriti � A Novel Approach to Evaluate Di-sease Susceptibility and Drug Response

Introduction: According to Ayurvedic concepts, anindividual�s susceptibility to a particular disease conditi-on, the disease prognosis and hence the selection of the-rapy for that particular individual can be determined onthe basis of his or her prakriti. It has also been observedthat certain diseases predominantly affect individuals be-longing to a specific prakriti. Objective: To identify pre-disposition of individuals of certain prakriti to selecteddisease conditions viz. hypertension, obesity and epilepsy.Material and Methods: The Institutional Ethics Commit-tee permission was taken prior to initiation of the study.An objective questionnaire has been specially designedfor assessment of the prakriti, which has been standar-dised by correlating the assessment with that by ayurve-dic physicians. Using this questionnaire, prakriti of 223hypertensive patients attending hypertension OPD and115 epileptic patients attending the Therapeutic DrugMonitoring OPD was assessed. The results obtained inthis study were then analysed to correlate the differentprakritis with the occurrence of that particular disease.Similar study has been also carried out in 50 obese pati-ents, in which prakriti and its relation to drug responsehas been also studied. Results: It was observed that outof 223 hypertensive patients132 patients and out of 115epileptic patients 81 patients were of pitta predominantprakriti indicating predominance of pitta prakriti in thesedisease conditions. However, in obese patients it wasobserved that 26 patients belonged to the kapha prakritigroup and the response to anti-obesity treatment, bothayurvedic and allopathy, was poor in these patients. Weacknowledge all postgraduate students and research scho-lars who have worked for the project.

Bhatt, Narendra SBhatt, Narendra SBhatt, Narendra SBhatt, Narendra SBhatt, Narendra S. <IND> (Bögle, R. <IND> (Bögle, R. <IND> (Bögle, R. <IND> (Bögle, R. <IND> (Bögle, Reinhard <D>)einhard <D>)einhard <D>)einhard <D>)einhard <D>)Ayurvedic and Yogic � Basic Markers for the Establish-ment and Maintenance of Your Health

In Ayurveda, healthiness is an attribute that is given to astage of the living process which is defined by the sum ofa number of parameters. The living process undergoescontinuous changes from the inner world (the inner con-text, prakriti) and the outer world (the outer context uni-verse, prakriti). Therefore, being healthy is an ongoinginteractive process that progresses from one stage of healthto the next and is set in motion by conscious and uncons-cious actions (vritta) in the sequential establishment ofhealth (svasthavritta). The logic of this process starts withthe nature (prakriti) of a single living being (a person,atman, purusa), which acts for and with each person inits own stable natural processes (sva) and which can begrounded therein (stha). It is a sequential regulation thatoccurs between the person and the (inner and outer) con-text. Two important criteria in the proper functioning ofthe biological and psychological processes are hita andsukha; in hita, the processes are stable and useful, while

sukha relates to their being more comfortable and easyto perform. These criteria are further differentiated into anumber of markers and the actions that are related tothem. Examples of such markers are: drinking water uponwaking first thing in the morning, finding a time in themorning to think about one�s own wishes and plans, e.g.dhyana (meditation) to follow one�s own natural urges,etc.

Bhatt, Narendra SBhatt, Narendra SBhatt, Narendra SBhatt, Narendra SBhatt, Narendra S.<IND>.<IND>.<IND>.<IND>.<IND>Myth and Matter in Traditional Medicine

��

Bode, Maarten <NL>Bode, Maarten <NL>Bode, Maarten <NL>Bode, Maarten <NL>Bode, Maarten <NL>Indian Medicine and Modern Science � Reworking Indi-an Medicines by Means of Modern Research Technologyand Biomedical Notions

The paper describes and analyses the modern laboratoryas a site for the construction of contemporary Ayurvedicmedicine. Differences between modern and classical sci-ence are discussed. It is argued that though modern sci-ence is necessary to make Ayurvedic substances accep-table to authorities and consumers alike, no serious ef-forts have been made to �translate� Ayurvedic knowledgeinto modern scientific parlance. Parallels between classi-cal scholarly knowledge and modern analytical know-ledge have been postulated, not argued.

Bögle, RBögle, RBögle, RBögle, RBögle, Reinhard <D> (Bhatt, Narendra Seinhard <D> (Bhatt, Narendra Seinhard <D> (Bhatt, Narendra Seinhard <D> (Bhatt, Narendra Seinhard <D> (Bhatt, Narendra S. <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>)Gesundheitsförderung durch Yoga

Gesundheitsförderung durch Yoga und Ayurveda ist einSchwerpunkt der Gesundheitsförderung der Volkshoch-schulen. Die Yogalehrerausbildung, die das YogaforumMünchen e.V. und die Münchner Volkshochschule gemein-sam durchführen, werden auf dem Poster in ihrer Strukturdargestellt. Die in den beiden Abstracts von Bhatt undBögle vorgestellten Grundlagen von �gesund� aus derSicht von Ayurveda und die in Yoga beachteten Eigen-schaften an den Marmas als erweiterte Grundlagen von�gesund� werden kurz abgebildet. Zwei empirische Un-tersuchungen zeigen die Effektivität auf. Mit Hilfe sport-motorischer Tests wurden die Lernerfolge, die über denZeitraum einer viermonatigen Yoga-Praxis entstehen ge-messen, u.a. der Zuwachs an Balance und die Steige-rung der Beweglichkeit. In einer anderen Untersuchungwurde in einer Yogastunde das Ksipramarma aktiviert;die Footprints vorher und nachher zeigen signifikanteVerbesserungen, eine Steigerung der Sprungkraft wurdegemessen.

Bögle, RBögle, RBögle, RBögle, RBögle, Reinhard <D> (Bhatt, Narendra Seinhard <D> (Bhatt, Narendra Seinhard <D> (Bhatt, Narendra Seinhard <D> (Bhatt, Narendra Seinhard <D> (Bhatt, Narendra S. <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>)The Yoga Attributes Recognized by Marmas as the Orien-tation for Health

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A main goal of yoga is to be healthy, which means expe-riencing stable processes (culminating in citta vritti ni-rodha, i.e. nothing must be set in motion at the moment).Marmas, as defined in Ayurveda, are the meeting pointsof the seven pranas, i.e. the three dosas, the three gunasand purusha. The primary question is whether a goodcombination of all these seven processes is possible atthese meeting points, or whether improvement can bemade at the combination or in one of the processes. Aperson can be seen as one Marma, while different ac-tions, functions, reactions, etc. which a person can per-form can be clearly seen in the seven processes. Similar-ly, each of the 107 Marmas offers different sensations,functions and possibilities of action. Do they show theirfunctions and processes and can there be a good stablebasis (sthira) in these actions which produce a good fee-ling (sukha)? A good basis in the three dosas consists ofguided, controlled movement (vata), controlled intensity(pitta) and controlled, steady endurance (kapha), combi-ned with the cord of the threefold process of attentivethoughtfulness (sattva), spontaneity (rajas) and routine(tamas). These processes, which are observable at theMarmas, are used more in yoga and are brought froman irregular state (ksipta) by changes in pattern, to a moreunited (ekagrata) and controlled, calm pattern process(niruddha). This can be experienced and demonstratedin an empirical experiment with Ksipramarma.

BrauerBrauerBrauerBrauerBrauer-----Gipp, Ingrid <D> ( Bögle, RGipp, Ingrid <D> ( Bögle, RGipp, Ingrid <D> ( Bögle, RGipp, Ingrid <D> ( Bögle, RGipp, Ingrid <D> ( Bögle, Reinhard <D>;einhard <D>;einhard <D>;einhard <D>;einhard <D>;Bhatt, Narendra SBhatt, Narendra SBhatt, Narendra SBhatt, Narendra SBhatt, Narendra S. <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>)Demonstration � The Use of Marmas in the Yoga

The demonstration shows how the Marmas, which areexplained in Ayurveda, can be used in the Yoga-Asanas.According to us, the Marmas can be understood as aconcept which gives a general instrument to assure thequality of the Yoga-Asanas. This knowlege can be usedas well for any other of the �techniques of the body�(Mauss), whether they are Asian like Taekwon-Do, Kara-te, Kalarippayat, Indian Dance, or western sports, or mo-vements and positions at work or at leisure-time or athome. In all these situations health can be created ordisturbed and the quality of the performance can be eva-luated. The Marmas are a tool for a movement and posi-tion-pattern analysis, but as Marmas are understood bio-psycho-socially, it is also an instrument of analysis andchange of psychological and social pattern. The demons-tration will give an idea how this can be done.

Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>Different Versions of Tibetan Medical Paintings � Histori-cal and Comparative Study

The studies on Tibetan medical paintings have been oneof the focuses of research in Tibetology. So far, there areat least 7 different versions of sMan-thang (medical pain-ting) published. More other versions might be publishedor under preparation worldwide. However, from a histori-

cal point of view, all versions with a complete series ornearly complete series of paintings are derived from acommon source, the Lhasa sMan-thang series, 80 pain-tings in total, prepared under the auspices of the regentof Vth Dalai Lama (1617~1682), sDe-srid Sangs-rgyasrGya-mtsho (1653~1705) at the turn of 17th~18th cen-turies. Even so, currently, the available versions can bedifferentiated into only two lines or branches of develop-ment, the Lhasa line and the Buryat line of sMan-thang.The discrepancies between these two developmental li-nes are explored on the aspects of its origin, number ofpaintings, order and numbering of paintings in the wholeseries, the illustrations of icons of ancient medical linea-ge in the first 17 paintings, captions of painting in theseries, and the 80th painting, with special reference to itstime of drawing, and its real concrete contents of illustra-tion. The significance of the missing paintings in the Bur-yat series is discussed with its causes of missing inferred.In addition to the above two main lines, there are alsominor painting atlas of branched lines published world-wide. A brief introduction is given to the important ones.

Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>Tibetan Medicine in China Today

Formerly, traditional Tibetan medicine was mainly in Ti-bet region where the most important medical institutionsincluded the lCag-po-ri �Gro-phan-gling (Iron Hill Altru-istic Medical School ) set up in 1696 and the sMan-rtsis-khang (The Medical and Mathematics-calendar Hall) in1916 where the education training and clinical workswere carried out in a rather simple scale. During 1959,these two institutions were merged to form the Lhasa Tra-ditional Tibetan Hospital, which was still maintained in asimilar small scale for decades. Since 1978, when Chinacarried out the open-door policy and market-orientedeconomy, substantial changes have taken place for thelast two decades. Still in the same Tibet, cultivation ofmedical professionals is carried out first by a Departmentof Tibetan Medicine in the Tibet University, which has beenexpanded to form an independent Tibet College of Tradi-tional Tibetan Medicine in 1989. Over 500 students havegraduated since then. There are also such Colleges inthe Qinghai Province, and Department of Tibetan Medi-cine in the Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medici-ne, etc. Besides, the traditional tutor-disciple mode oftraining also continued in the sMan-pa Grwa-tshang ofmany lamaseries, like the sKu-�bum lamasery in Qing-hai, bLa-brang manastery in Gansu (Amdo), and manyother regions with Tibetan people. Moreover, senior gra-duates majoring in Tibetan medicine and PhD degreeand master degree on history of Tibetan medicine werealso cultivated. Altogether there are over 30 traditionalTibetan Hospitals distributed nationwide. Even in the ca-pital, Beijing, there is such a traditional Tibetan hospitalopen to the public, where unique traditional Tibetan the-rapeutic measures such as medicinal bathing, oil rub-bing, bloodletting etc. were administered in addition tothe conventional medications. Modern medical scientifictechniques and approaches are encouraged to integrate

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into the traditional methods, this being recognized as theright orientation for developing the traditional Tibetanmedicine today. Regarding the traditional Tibetan phar-maceuticals, dramatic changes can be seen in the pro-duction scale and techniques. The traditional drugs arenow produced in GMP workshops in modern drug forms.Many Tibetan pharmaceuticals are now distributed fornational use as well as for exportation.. Among them,Ratna-sam�pel ( Pearl Pills with Seventy ingredients), Mang-sbyor, Chang-sbyor, and Pain-relieving Plaster, and manyothers are included in the 2000 edition of the Pharmaco-poiea of People�s Republic of China ( including its Eng-lish edition ). Publications on Tibetan medicine are flou-rishing. Among them, the sMan-thang Atlas first publis-hed in Lhasa. is worthy of mentioning. International me-dical exchanges with all continents, including receivingvisits from foreign distinguished guests, schiolars, and dis-patching of delegations of Traditional Tibetan Medicineabroad for delivering lectures and perform clinical treat-ments as well as involvement in international conferencesare also frequent. Conditions in other provimces and re-gions inhabited with Tibetan people are basically the same.

Chantia, Alok <IND>Chantia, Alok <IND>Chantia, Alok <IND>Chantia, Alok <IND>Chantia, Alok <IND> Traditional Knowledge of Ethnomedicine in North India

Indian peninsula is bound with peasant society (70%) and467 tribal groups are living across the country. At least2000 people get only one doctor; that is why modernmedical facility is not common. So with this tradition, thecountrymen are looking towards a healthy life by theirtraditional medical knowledge, which is present in theform of herbs, roots, plants, etc. In this paper, I have discus-sed many medicines, which are commonly used amongDhankut of Uttar Pradesh, Jaunsar-bawar of Uttaranchal,Santhal and Uranav of Bihar, Bhil of Madhya Pradesh.Polio, ricket, blood deficiency, cholera, T.B., snakebite,dog-bite, body-ache, swelling, fever, etc. are many sphe-res of diseases, which are cured by North-Indian tribalpeople try their traditional knowledge about medicine.

Cheturvedi, Suresh <IND>Cheturvedi, Suresh <IND>Cheturvedi, Suresh <IND>Cheturvedi, Suresh <IND>Cheturvedi, Suresh <IND>Neem in Ayurveda for Holistic Health

Neem (Azadirachta indica) is one of the important medi-cinal plants. This is a tree indigenous to all the plains inthe Indian subcontinent. It has been cultivated in Africa,Persia, Australia etc. Neem belongs to the family Meli-aceae It is called as �nimba� in Sanskrit language. Theetymology of the name indicates the tree as a provider ofgood health, that without untoward reactions and usefulin dermal infestations. The healing medicinal values ofneem tree have been recognized for many centuries inAyurveda. Interestingly each part of the neem is known tobe useful. Its root, leaves, bark, flowers, fruits, seeds/kernel, oil, gum and toddy have been used in Indian Sys-tems of Medicines. The neem and its different dosage(local and systemic) forms have been used in wider clini-cal conditions. In malarial fevers, intestinal worm, hyper-

acidity, diabetes and skin diseases the neem is adminis-tered internally, whereas in ophthalmic diseases, measlesand eczema, boils, psoriasis the neem is applied exter-nally. It is also used in cosmetic industry such as in theform of soap, hair oil, talcum powder, facial creams, toothpaste and mouth wash. Thus, neem is a wonder tree,which helps us to deal with a variety of global problems.Today�s need of the world is to solve the challenging pro-blems like pollution, epidemics, infections, and populati-on. The neem has become the nature�s best source ofbio-pesticides, potential contraceptive, immunomodula-tor. Neem is the ideal plant for environmental safety, thecultivation of which would help to derive every possiblebenefit from plant. Now it is the right time to create theglobal awareness of neem as holistic medicine to achie-ve the health for all. Therefore, the good health alwayscontributes to productivity, economic prosperity and opti-mization of natural resource for better living.

Chopra, Ananda Samir <D>Chopra, Ananda Samir <D>Chopra, Ananda Samir <D>Chopra, Ananda Samir <D>Chopra, Ananda Samir <D>Clinical Ayurveda in Germany � What We Do, What WeAchieve

The Ayurveda-section at the Habichtswaldklinik AYURVE-DA in Kassel, Germany was opened in 1995. A uniquecharacteristic of this section is the fact that it is part of alarger German hospital and wherever necessary we canrely on the infrastructure of a modern hospital (laborato-ry, x-ray, ECG, endoscopy etc.). Our understanding ofAyurveda as a complementary and alternative mode oftherapy is based on (i) constant reference to the ancienttradition (ii) clinical experience as is to be observed in thehistorical development of Ayurveda (iii) current practiceof Ayurveda in India and (iv) critical consideration of mo-dern medical methods as prevalent in Germany. Thera-peutically we practice for the most part Pancakarma-the-rapy including internal and external therapeutic options.With the help of a few case-studies the results of this the-rapy in various diseases are presented for discussion.

Conrad, LConrad, LConrad, LConrad, LConrad, Lawrence I. <D>awrence I. <D>awrence I. <D>awrence I. <D>awrence I. <D>Tradition and Innovation in Islamic Humoral Medicine

Over the years there have been many contributions to thedebate over �tradition and innovation� in the medical his-tory of Islam. Some research stresses that this tradition issimply Greek medicine expressed in Islamic languages,while other discussions stress aspects of originality andinnovation. Here an effort will be made to view the pro-blem in its proper historical context. It cannot be doubtedthat in important ways Islamic humoral medicine was pro-foundly conservative. Intellectually it was based on Greekhumoral theory as propounded in the works of Galen,the surviving texts of which were systematically sought outand translated into Arabic in the 9th-10th centuries. Insome quarters it was also argued, in an interesting spinon Aristotelian epistemology with respect to potentialityand actuality, that the intellectual capacity of the ancientsfar exceeded that of contemporary times. Thus, even if

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one fully exploited one�s intellectual potential, one couldnever match what the ancients (i.e. the Greeks) had al-ready achieved in practice. There are vivid examples sho-wing that Muslim humoral physicians were generally re-luctant to oppose Galenic theory. But such observationsbear important qualifications. The first is that it can beshown that physicians whose reputations were sufficientlyenough to shrug off attacks for diverging from Galen so-metimes did so. The renowned doctor al-Razi is one ex-ample of this attitude, and it is noteworthy that his com-ments along these lines come from his case notes. Hadwe more examples of such literature, we might well dis-cover that this attitude was widespread. The second qua-lification is that in the face of general conservatism muchinnovation did in fact occur. This is a difficult area toassess, since it is very easy to oversimplify and misrepre-sent this state of affairs. The comments of Ibn al-Nafis onthe lesser circulation of the blood, for example, are oftenhailed as a modern scientific discovery, but in fact theywere nothing of the sort and in their own time were of noimpact whatever. On the other hand, it can be shownthat in areas like pharmacology, contagion theory, andsurgery, one can find extremely important advances thatwere of great importance for later medical theory andpractice. Overall, the question of tradition and innovati-on must be viewed against the background of what phy-sicians thought their craft could and should achieve. Asopposed to the situation in modern times, when medici-ne is regarded as a field that has the potential to cureand defeat every malady, medieval practitioners wereacutely aware of the practical limitations of their art. Theirstress was on prevention of illness and maintenance ofgood health, not on cures, for the specific reason that inso many cases no available treatment would help.

Czaja, Olaf <D>Czaja, Olaf <D>Czaja, Olaf <D>Czaja, Olaf <D>Czaja, Olaf <D>The Royal Treasury � Treatment of Combat Wounds in aTibetan Medical Treatise of the 12/13th Century

The literature on Tibetan medicine of the last decadesfocuses mostly on the standard work on Tibetan medicine� the �Four Treatises� (rGyud bzhi). One should mention,however, that the third one � the �Treatise on Instructions�(Man ngag gi rGyud) � never gets the attention as it wouldjustly deserve from the practioner�s point of view. Accor-ding to current research this work was compiled in about12th cent. About in this time the medical treatise that willbe presented here was composed : the �Medical Treat-ments, The Royal Treasury�. (gSo dpyad rGyal po�i dKonmdzod). It�s author Grags pa rgyal mtshan (1147-1216)wrote a work that lives up to its title. He indeed created ahandbook for doctors in attendance. Theoretical reflec-tions are treated in passing only. Partly they are not inagreement with those of the rGyud bzhi. This highly inte-resting work should be shortly introduced in its entiretyfollowed by more detailed presentation of the chapter ontreatment of combat wounds. In it one finds instructionsfor instance on cleaning of wounds, some methods ofsurgery or �sealing up� of wounds according to it�s kindand location. Moreover this method of treatment should

be put basically in relation to medical works of later datein order to show possible standardized kinds of treatmentof combat wounds.

DangDangDangDangDang, R, R, R, R, Raman <IND>aman <IND>aman <IND>aman <IND>aman <IND>Formulation and Evaluation of Gels of Aqueous Extractsof Centella asiatica

Centella asiatica is a herb whose aqueous extract is veryuseful in the treatment of wounds. As per the literaturesurvey, no topical preparations have been formulated sofar in promoting wound healing. Hence in the presentwork, formulation and evaluation of gels of CAAE wastaken up. The plant was collected and aqueous extract ofCentella asiatica was prepared by maceration. The yieldwas found to be 1% from the dried and powdered herb.The estimation of the drug was carried out by ultra violetspectroscopy method at 220nm. Permeability studies ofthe drug were carried out across the rat skin using a dif-fusion cell. The cumulative percentage release of theaqueous extract at the end of 8 hours was found to be21.15%. Acute toxicity studies of CAAE was carried outon albino mice and no mortality was observed up to adose of 3 gm/kg body weight. Thus, LD 50 was found tobe more than 3 gm/kg by oral route.

DangDangDangDangDang, R, R, R, R, Raman <IND>aman <IND>aman <IND>aman <IND>aman <IND>Tissue Culture of Ocimum basilicum

Few reports on tissue culture of Ocimum basilicum havebeen published and hence it was thought worthwhile toestablish a suitable nutrient media for initiation and main-tenance of static cultures of the species and also explorethe possibility of production of biologically active consti-tuents in the callus developed on chemically defined me-dia. The sterilised seedlings were transferred to Muras-hige and Skoog medium with various concentrations ofgrowth hormones for initiation of callus. In order to studythe growth pattern of callus, the fresh weight of the calliwere noted. To know the origin of callus at the cellularlevel,histological studies were carried out. The quantita-tive estimation of terpenes extracted with petroleum etherwas carried out by GLC. The initiation of callus was ob-tained under optimum conditions. The rate of growth ofcallus was gradual,uniform and the calli were compact,dense and soft. Histological studies revealed the initiati-on of callus from the central cavity. Presence of linalooland eugenol were detected. An attempt has been madeto develop the static culture of stem and root calli ofOcimum basilicum, which is the first report of this specieson m.s. medium. � The results of this research will alsobe presented in a separate poster session.

De Michelis, Elizabeth <GB>De Michelis, Elizabeth <GB>De Michelis, Elizabeth <GB>De Michelis, Elizabeth <GB>De Michelis, Elizabeth <GB>Modern Yoga and Medicine in Dialogue � Certaintiesand Ambiguities

Yoga, especially in its modernised forms, has become

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quite popular in the West, especially from the 1960s on-wards. While originally stemming from a speculative reli-gio-philosophical background, it has been mainly seenas a �tool for health� in the English-speaking countries inwhich it has evolved as Modern Yoga. But what is Mo-dern Yoga exactly about? Is it a set of hygienic rules ai-med a providing us with a sound daily regimen? Or is itabout health in the more specific sense of a method forpreventing, containing or treating disease? Or is it, assome claim, about healing, thus encompassing a widerrange of phenomena than biomedical medicine? Or yetagain shouldn�t it be seen as aiming at a radical transfor-mation of the practitioner, whether in this-worldly ways orin otherworldly ones as best exemplified by, respectively,Tantric and Vedantic traditions? In sum, is yoga abouthygiene and health or about healing and/or transforma-tion? These aims have all been held and propagated byModern Yoga exponents, and have been occasionallysupported, at times opposed and often ignored by mo-dern mainstream medicine, while complementary andalternative medicine (CAM), by and large, has been muchmore sympathetic and supportive. All in all, however, theposition of Modern Yoga within the medical field, andindeed within Western culture at large, is far from clear-cut: we see an alternation of alliances, controversies, dis-missals or attempts at cooperation and adaptation. Wehear contradictory statements. But far from being ran-dom, these shifting positions have a direct relation to spe-cific historical and intellectual events, and indeed exami-ning how medicine and Modern Yoga have interactedwith each other over time can help us to understand im-portant aspects of each. A brief survey of this type will beattempted in this paper, which will also provide a defini-tion and contextualisation of what is meant by the expres-sion �Modern Yoga�.

Devanathan, Deva R. <IND> (PDevanathan, Deva R. <IND> (PDevanathan, Deva R. <IND> (PDevanathan, Deva R. <IND> (PDevanathan, Deva R. <IND> (Prema, Srema, Srema, Srema, Srema, S. <IND>; Sa-. <IND>; Sa-. <IND>; Sa-. <IND>; Sa-. <IND>; Sa-raswathyraswathyraswathyraswathyraswathy, Jayaendra <IND>), Jayaendra <IND>), Jayaendra <IND>), Jayaendra <IND>), Jayaendra <IND>)Pharmacological Studies on Cyprae moneta

Shells of Cyprae moneta commonly known as cowriesare called chozhi or palakarai in Tamil. It belongs to thephylum mollusca and the class gastropoda. Similar tothe shells of oyster and chank, palakarai also is the shellfor protecting the sea mollusk cyprae moneta. The shell,palakarai is obtained abundantly along the Indian coast.Palakarai in ancient days were valued as currency equalto gold. In Egypt, the queen and the rich used to wear itas pendant. In Africa and some other countries cowriesare woman�s symbol and they are strung together in dan-cing belts and anklets. In traditional system of medicine�chozhi� or palakarai, the shells of cyprae moneta, havebeen used as medicine to cure various ailments. In noother medical system the use of �palakarai� has beendescribed as medicine. Even in Ayurveda a very few usesof palakarai has been indicated as medicine. Medicinaluses of palakarai as reported in Siddha literature�s physi-cochemical studies and pharmacological activities arediscussed in this paper. Palakarai parpam was found tobe effective in anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory in expe-

rimentally induced albino rats. Palakarai parpam was alsofound to be anti-bacterial against E.coli, proteius, klebsi-ella and pseudomonas. In palakarai parpam calcium isfound to be the major element present, Along with calci-um, traces of magnesium, cobalt, manganese, copper,cadmium and lead were also present. The anti-bacterial,anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory activities and other biolo-gical activities claimed, may be attributed to the pres-ence of above elements and their specific ratio availablein their complex form in palakarai parpam. Further stu-dies on the complex cellular reactions of the traces ofelements of palakarai parpam are essential to understandand establish the medicinal values and the side effects ifany of the drug.

Dharmadhikari, PDharmadhikari, PDharmadhikari, PDharmadhikari, PDharmadhikari, Priya <IND>riya <IND>riya <IND>riya <IND>riya <IND>A Study of Symptoms in HIV Seropositive Patients in Rela-tion to Rasavaha Sroto Dushti

Introduction: AIDS has changed and challenged all theaspects of medicine for the last two decades. Medicalfraternity world over is searching for effective remedy toconquer this disease. To study AIDS from the etiopatholo-gical viewpoint of traditional Indian system of medicine(Ayurveda) would help to evaluate its potential in the treat-ment of aids. This is the objective of present work. Distur-bance in any one or more of Doshas Dhatus and Malas[basic constituents of body] causes a disease. An attempthas been made to know the derangement of Rasadhatuor Rasavaha Sroto Dushti in HIV seropositive patients bystudying the symptoms and signs. Method: Randomly se-lected 100 HIV-seropositive patients, diagnosed by twoseperate �HIV tridot ELISA� tests were studied. The de-tailed examination format for a case study was preparedaccording to Ayurvedic etio-pathological concepts. Va-rious signs and symptoms of derangement in Doshas,Dushyas and Srotasah, especially Rasadhatu and Rasa-vaha Srotasah were focused. Patients were examined andinterviewed according to this proforma. Results: In theobserved sample of 100 patients, symptoms of Rasakshayain the form of Shosha (dryness) and Trushna (Excessive/insatiable thirst); and symptoms of Rasavaha Sroto Dushtiin the form of Jvara (fever) and Karshya (emaciation) wereseen. In this study, some symptoms which do not belongto classical AIDS syndrome were also detected. Conclu-sions: The analysis of observations lead to a conclusionthat HIV virus mainly affects Rasavaha Srotas along withother srotasas. It also focuses possibilities regarding in-terpretation and thereby theoretical foundation for treat-ment of AIDS by way of Ayurveda.

ErdemirErdemirErdemirErdemirErdemir, Aysegül Demirhan <TR>, Aysegül Demirhan <TR>, Aysegül Demirhan <TR>, Aysegül Demirhan <TR>, Aysegül Demirhan <TR>A Study of Turkish Acupuncture Regulation and the Appli-cations of Acupuncture in Turkey

Acupuncture is applied in some consulting rooms andhealth clinics in Turkey. So,acupuncture is accepted asthe therapy of alternative medicine. The regulation of thetherapy of acupuncture has come into force in 1991, 29

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May. This regulation contains 11 articles. Some know-ledge about the description of acupuncture, its kinds, theduties of high board of acupuncture are found in thisregulation. This board is in Ministry of Health. It supportsthe courses, educational programmes with regard to acu-puncture and tries to establish the units of acupuncture inthe universities. According to this regulation, the doctorswho obtain a certificate of acupunture have the right toapply acupuncture in Turkey. The board of acupuncturestudies acupuncturists� certificates. Turkish acupuncturistscan obtain these certificates by participating in the coursesof acupuncture. Faculties of medicine in Turkey have nodepartments of acupuncture.Some acupuncturists treatsome chronical diseases such as rheumatism, headache,migraine etc. in Turkey. We can give the applications offour doctors from Turkey as an example. For example, Dr.Nimetullah Reshidi was born in Kashgar of Chinese Uighu-ristan in I947. He graduated from Xinjiang Medical Uni-versity of China in 1969. He worked as a translator in theExhibition of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Acupunctureand Moxibation, organized by the Health Department ofXinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region in 1970. He lear-ned acupuncture here. He studied in the fields of epide-miology and physiology. He came to Turkey in 1985. Hisphysicianship was accepted with an exam. Now, he tre-ats his patients with acupuncture in his own consultingroom. Others of these samples are Prof.Dr. AbdülkadirErengül, Dr. Erol Ünel and Dr. Abdürrahim Görür. Prof.Dr.Erengül was born in Ankara. He is now emeritus profes-sor. He graduated from Istanbul Medical Faculty. He isan anesthetist. He got diploma of acupunture from theschool of Vienna. Now, he treats patients in a center ofmedicine in Istanbul, and bronchitis, allergy, constipati-on, cholitis, psychological disturbances, fatness, etc. Thiscenter is called Adatepe Health Center. 30-40 patientscome to this center for the therapy of acupuncture everyday. Dr. Erol Ünel and Dr. Abdürrahim Görür are theother samples from Turkey. Dr. Erol Ünel graduated fromUludag University, Faculty of Medicine. He is a specialistof Physical Therapy. He continued to the courses of Insti-tution of Training Academy of Traditional Chinese Medi-cine in China and got a certificate from this institute. Thiscertificate was accepted by the Turkish Health Ministry inTurkey. He treats his patients with acupuncture in his con-sulting room now. Another sample is Dr.Abdürrahim Görür.He continued to the courses of acupuncture. His consul-ting room is in Adana in Turkey. In this paper,the regula-tion of acupuncture in Turkey is stressed and some know-ledge is given about the applications of acupuncture fromTurkey, China.

ErdemirErdemirErdemirErdemirErdemir, Aysegül Demirhan <TR>, Aysegül Demirhan <TR>, Aysegül Demirhan <TR>, Aysegül Demirhan <TR>, Aysegül Demirhan <TR>Use of Herb Teas in Turkey and Some Results

Herb Teas are highly used in Turkey. These are the teas ofdrugs such as fennel, ginger, camomille, sage, thyme etc.These drugs are also found in herbalists� shops. Kinds ofteas are sold in markets. They are all natural productscontaining no artificial colorings or flavorings. The spe-cial aroma-protective sachet keeps this product fresh for

four years from the production date. These teas are pro-duced with the permission of the Ministry of Agriculture.Moreover ,they are also dosed according to the Turkishcodex. They are the scientific preparations. We can givethe tea of sage as an example. Each tea bag containssage leaves to ensure consistently high levels of activecompounds in the pharmacopeia. One tea bag is usedper cup. Fresh boiling water is added to tea bag and it isallowed to infuse for 5-8 minutes to bring out the fullflavor. Tea is mixed with a spoonful of honey and slice oflemon to taste. Herbalists advise primitive teas� prescrip-tions to people. These are traditional preparations. Forexample, ginger is boiled with water and is administeredto patient with bronchitis. Herbalists who are found inEgyptian Bazaar in Istanbul sell many primitive prescripti-ons. Today, old beliefs and traditions also continue amongherbalists in the Egyptian Bazaar in Istanbul, root sellersin the other cities of Turkey and old experienced people.Especially old and experienced men notify their know-ledge to the new generations. On the one hand, peoplego to the physician for diagnosis and the treatment ofdisease, and on the other hand , they resort to the herba-list-shops. The various herb teas are really the safest,easiest and best ways of getting the benefit from aro-matic leaves and flowers. The majority of these teas arealso antiindigestive and relaxing-making them good todrink last thing at night. The herb teas are believed tohave other more important medical properties, too. Eyebright and fennel, for example, are held to be good forthe eyes. Lemon Balm Tea is said to prolong life. Themedicinal properties of herbs were second in importanceonly to the culinary qualities. In this paper, the use of herbteas is stressed in Turkey and some samples from theseteas are given and some scientific results are obtained.

FFFFFazeli, Mohammad Razeli, Mohammad Razeli, Mohammad Razeli, Mohammad Razeli, Mohammad Reza <IR> (Feza <IR> (Feza <IR> (Feza <IR> (Feza <IR> (Farbod, Earbod, Earbod, Earbod, Earbod, E. <IR>; Mo. <IR>; Mo. <IR>; Mo. <IR>; Mo. <IR>; Mo-----hammadi, M. <IR>; Samadi, Nhammadi, M. <IR>; Samadi, Nhammadi, M. <IR>; Samadi, Nhammadi, M. <IR>; Samadi, Nhammadi, M. <IR>; Samadi, N. <IR>). <IR>). <IR>). <IR>). <IR>)Antibacterial Activity of Rosemary Oil Against Corynebac-terium xerosis � A Potential Ingredient for Deodorant Pro-duction

There is a considerable interest in developing new deo-dorant products to mask or eliminate axillary odour. Sin-ce there is a highly significant association between thelevel of aerobic Coryneform bacteria, most notably Cory-nebacterium xerosis and underarm odour, the antibacte-rial activity of rosemary oil was examined against a con-centration of 106 cfu/ml of Corynebacterium xerosis iso-lated from auxillary vault skin. In rosemary oil dilutionslower than 1%, the number of viable microorganism wasincreased, while in 1% dilution there was only no increa-se and in 1.5 or 2 percent dilutions there was more than5 log reduction from the initial count after 24 h exposureat 37 oC. In 1.5% oil dilution the number of viable mic-roorganism was reduced to 0.1% of the initial count after30 min exposure. Based on these results, rosemary oil ina 1.5% concentration can be effectively used as an anti-bacterial deodorant even for high odour types with 6.3log cfu/cm2.

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Gadgil, Dilip PGadgil, Dilip PGadgil, Dilip PGadgil, Dilip PGadgil, Dilip Prabhakar <IND>rabhakar <IND>rabhakar <IND>rabhakar <IND>rabhakar <IND>Exploration of Ayurvedic Texts � A Triskandha-kosha Pro-ject by Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth

The Ayurvedic texts provide elaborate information aboutthe causative factors, the symptoms and treatment for di-seases and health as well. But the information is scatte-red, intermixed and not easily accessible. The project aimsat collecting each and every reference from Charaka-samhita, Sushrutasamhita, Ashtangasamgraha andAshtangahridaya pertaining to causes to create Hetuko-sha, pertaining to symptoms to Lakshanakosha, pertai-ning to treatment to Aushadhakosha. The first two arealready complete and printed version of Lakshanakosha(3200 pages of A4 size in three volumes) is available atUS $ 200/-. The work on Aushadhakosha is in progressand would require another five years. The three databa-ses will be interlinked to produce Ayurvedic Diagnosticand Treatment software based on basic texts. The work isof immense importance to researchers to get a well orga-nised information in an easily accessible form. Ayurvedicpractioners will use this as an important tool to treat com-mon as well as uncommon cases. This will throw light onmany diseases like Renal failure, Heart-diseases, Canceretc. in Ayurvedic perspective to be beneficial to mankind.The teachers and students will find this as an exhaustivereference guide for their studies. This will help them tostudy basic texts in an easy way. The project will bringforth many unseen facets and open new avenues of re-search. The speaker will throw light on all these aspects.

GahukarGahukarGahukarGahukarGahukar, Dhanraj <IND>, Dhanraj <IND>, Dhanraj <IND>, Dhanraj <IND>, Dhanraj <IND>The Effect of Vamana and Virecana Therapies in the Ma-nagement of Bronchial Asthma (Tamakashvasa)

Tamakshvasa is a most common disease presently repor-ted all over the world. The present medicines like bronco-dilator, steroids, antahistamins, etc. are only symptomaticremedies, as there has been no complete curable treat-ment for chronic Bronchial Asthma. Carakacaryas gaveprime importance to Vamana and Virecana therapiesagainst Bronchial Asthma. As stated in the Ayurveda: �Va-tashleshmaharair yuktam tamake tu virecanam� ( C. Ch.17/121 ). Hence the aim of this clinical study was toevaluate effect of vamana and virecana therapies in Bron-chial Asthma on the basis of clinical, laboratory exami-nation, lung function and other tests. In all 45 patientswere selected and divided into equal three groups. Theclinical study was conducted in three different lines oftreatment in three groups as follows � 1. Snehapana,svedana, vamana, dhumapana, samsarjanakrama, sa-mana cikitsa; 2. Snehapana, svedana , virecana, samsar-janakrama, samana cikitsa; 3. Snehapana, svedana,vamana, virecana, samsarjankrama, samana cikitsa. Inthis clinical trial significantly better results were seen ingroup II compared to group I whereas excellent resultswere noted in group III in which both sodhana therapieswere conducted. It can be concluded that virecana the-rapy is easy , harmless and effective treatment againstthis disease. If the patient has good strength , both sod-

hana processes can be conducted to achieve good re-sults. This clinical study also supports the authentic state-ment of Carakacharyas as mentioned above.

Gerke, Barbara <IND>Gerke, Barbara <IND>Gerke, Barbara <IND>Gerke, Barbara <IND>Gerke, Barbara <IND>Problems and Challenges of Traditional Tibetan MedicineEncountering the West

Over the past couple of decades, Tibetan medicine hascarved for itself a unique position among �alternativemedicines� in the West. An appraisal of its performanceso far abroad, by the way of discussing the variety ofproblems and challenges it faces, is opportune. The pa-per addresses areas that call for critical attention and�innovation�: Difficulties in translating Tibetan medicalterms for Western patients and vice versa; differences incultural backgrounds resulting in divergent medical be-liefs between the physicians and the patients; expectati-ons of Western patients that Tibetan physicians are unfa-miliar with; exacting pre-consultations regime and thebrief follow-up sessions by visiting Tibetan physicians;problems in prescriptions arising out of non-standardisa-tion of drug quality; medical and environmental ethicsunderscoring the fast-degradation of the Himalayan eco-system from where most of the raw ingredients are ex-tracted. Against the backdrop of the aforementioned is-sues, the creation of a critical awareness on the adoptionof the Tibetan medical tradition into Western health caresystems is a necessity. What are the possibilities, as wellas the pitfalls of Tibetan medical practice in the West?How can the Tibetan medical tradition survive within aWestern medical framework? Does its practice in the West,with the inevitable innovations, harm or support the sur-vival of this corpus of traditional knowledge? What canbe done to protect patients� interest from commercial ex-ploitation and to curb the indiscriminate harvest of thewild growing medicinal plants in the Himalayas?

Gerke, Barbara <IND>Gerke, Barbara <IND>Gerke, Barbara <IND>Gerke, Barbara <IND>Gerke, Barbara <IND>Research and Preservation of Tibetan Medicine at the In-ternational Trust for Traditional Medicine (ITTM), Kalim-pong, India

This presentation and slide show introduces the Internati-onal Trust for Traditional Medicine, a public charitableTrust founded in 1995 by scholars and researchers ofIndian, Mongolian and German origins, with its centrebased in Kalimpong, North-Eastern Himalayas. ITTM pro-motes the study and research of traditional medical sys-tems, with a special focus on Tibetan medicine. The Trust�scentre �Vijnana Niwas� in Kalimpong, provides opportu-nities for international exchange between students, scho-lars and researchers and traditional medical practitio-ners of the region trained in Tibetan medicine and alliedmedical cultures. This presentation introduces the Trustand its main activities and projects, like the data input ofTibetan medical texts, a glossary database of Sanskrit-Tibetan-English-German medical terms, an on-line bibli-ography of Tibetan medical literature and the biodyna-

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mic cultivation of medicinal plants and their quality tes-ting through chromatography.

Gerke, Barbara <IND>Gerke, Barbara <IND>Gerke, Barbara <IND>Gerke, Barbara <IND>Gerke, Barbara <IND>Tradition and Innovation in Contemporary MongolianMedicine � The Traditional Mongolian Centre for LiverDiseases in Ulaanbaatar

This slide show presents the approach of the TraditionalMongolian Centre for Liver Diseases in Ulaanbaatar to-wards an integration of modern and traditional medicalpractice. Qualified doctors (MDs) with a three-year addi-tional training in traditional Mongolian medicine combi-ne Western and traditional methods of diagnosis. Thedrug treatment comprises exclusively traditional Mongo-lian medicine, but is combined with additional therapiesof bloodletting, cauterization, yoga, massage, electro-magnet therapy and Vipassana meditation.

Ghahremani, Mohammad HGhahremani, Mohammad HGhahremani, Mohammad HGhahremani, Mohammad HGhahremani, Mohammad H. <IR> (Shabani, M.G. <IR> (Shabani, M.G. <IR> (Shabani, M.G. <IR> (Shabani, M.G. <IR> (Shabani, M.G.....<IR>; Monsef<IR>; Monsef<IR>; Monsef<IR>; Monsef<IR>; Monsef, H, H, H, H, H.R. <IR>; Iranshahi, M. <IR>;.R. <IR>; Iranshahi, M. <IR>;.R. <IR>; Iranshahi, M. <IR>;.R. <IR>; Iranshahi, M. <IR>;.R. <IR>; Iranshahi, M. <IR>;Ostad, SOstad, SOstad, SOstad, SOstad, S.N.N.N.N.N. <IR>). <IR>). <IR>). <IR>). <IR>)The Effect of Essential Oils of Lavendula officinalis onDopaminegric System Evaluated by Apomorphine Indu-ced Licking Behavior in Rat

In Iranian traditional medicine, preparations of Lavendu-la Officinalis, a native plant of low mountains in the Me-diterranean cultivated in Iran, have been used for varietyof psychological disorders including psychoses and ma-nia. In Europe, traditional preparation of this plant hasbeen used as anxiolytic and sedative. In this study wehave employed rat-licking behavior to evaluate the anti-psychotic effect of this plant. Apomorphine activation ofdopaminergic system initiates licking behavior in rats. Theactivation of this dopaminergic system is known to corre-late with psychoses and inhibition of licking has beenaccepted as blockage of dopaminergic system. The es-sential oil fragment (EOF) was prepared from floweredaerial part of the plant using steam distillation and deter-mined as 1.8% of total extract. The EOF was emulsifiedby Tween 80 in saline for injection. The nonessential oilpart, containing non-aromatic compounds, was extrac-ted by percolation system and resuspended in saline usingTween 80. The male Wistar rats were injected with va-rious doses of EOF (8.5 to 330 mg/kg) or vehicle intra-peritoneally. The animals received 330mg/kg of EOF diedof toxicity and the groups received 250 and 150 mg/kgwere unconscious, retaining only their eye reflexes. Anhour after EOF injection, the animals received subcuta-neous injection of apomorphine (250ug/kg) and lickingwas recorded for one hour. Mean licking for apomorphi-ne treated group (control) was 1745ñ6.5 (n=5) and itwas completely blocked in animals received 45mg/kg ofEOF (69.6ñ3.5, n=5). The IC50 of this effect was18.7ñ1.2mg/kg. On the other hand, the nonessential oilpart of the plan had no effect on licking behavior even invery high doses. In control group mean licking was1759.5ñ25 compare to 1758.0ñ4.5 in animals received

5765.5mg/kg of nonessential oil part. Our results de-monstrate that EOF of Lavendula Officinalis blocks apo-morphine induced licking behavior in a dose dependentmanner. Furthermore, the active compound is only pre-sent in EOF of Lavendula Officinalis and the nonessenti-al oil part has no effect on this behavior. To further analy-ze this effect, bio-guided isolation of active compound(s),using apomorphine induced licking behavior will be per-formed.

Glausch, Janet <D>Glausch, Janet <D>Glausch, Janet <D>Glausch, Janet <D>Glausch, Janet <D>Tantra and Ayurveda � The Medical Chapters in the Kau-tilyatantra and the Haramekhala

The Kautilyatantra is a quite small, still unpublished Shai-vatantra text from Nepal; it deals with the traditional shat-karmani, or the �six acts [of magic]�, i.e. immobilization,subjugation, eradication etc. of hostile persons. In addi-tion to this the last chapter lists seven recipes for remo-ving and causing diseases (jaundice, consumption, lep-rosy etc.) A part of the authorities the Kautilyatantra refersto is handed down to us, thus also the most frequentlyquoted source: the Haramekhala. This extensive work,which dates back to the 10th century A.D., contains shat-karmani practices like those mentioned above, recipes tomanufacture cosmetics, the essentials of inorganic sub-stances etc., as well as dietetics, and � in more than 400verses and based upon the division of Indian medicineinto eight limbs (ashtanga) � the treatment of diseases.Accordingly this substantial source is quoted in tantricshatkarmani treatises, treatises on alchemy etc., as alsoin medical works. What attracts special attention to theHaramekhala is the amount of rare names of plants andanimals in it, and a number of special medical terms,names, synonyms and descriptions of diseases and disor-ders.

Goble, Andrew Edmund <USA>Goble, Andrew Edmund <USA>Goble, Andrew Edmund <USA>Goble, Andrew Edmund <USA>Goble, Andrew Edmund <USA>Arabic Medicine in Medieval Japan

This paper will discuss how medieval Japanese medicineand pharmacology was influenced by materia medica andformularies found in Arabic medicine. The paper is divi-ded into two sections, with conclusion. Section One. Re-cent work by Nakamura, Matsuzaki and Endo has raisedthe issue of Arabic influence on post-Tang Chinese medi-cine. I will discuss this new insight, based on the Hejiju-fang, then examine the Japanese reception of the Hejiju-fang. My discussion is based on an examination of the1327 Man�anpo of Kajiwara Shozen. I will demonstratethat the references to clinical experience, discussion ofmateria medica, and comments on new formulas by Sho-zen, all indicate that the Arabic influence identified forChina was transmitted to Japan. Section Two will look atthe pharmaceutical trade, and examine the access to non-indigenous materia medica which we can identify for themedieval period. We will note some items which are new(e.g. frankincense), note that new medicinal uses werefound for items that had been imported for some time(e.g. cloves). The concluding comments will also address

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the Arabic influence in the general context of extensiveoverseas contacts that occurred in Japan�s medieval pe-riod.

Gondal, Khawar <PGondal, Khawar <PGondal, Khawar <PGondal, Khawar <PGondal, Khawar <PAK>AK>AK>AK>AK>The Law of Cure, the Law of Dual Effect and the Law OfCrises

�Every acute disease is the result of a cleansing and hea-ling effort of Nature.� If a certain set of disease symptomsis the result of a healing effort of Nature, and if I give aremedy which produces the same or similar symptoms inthe system, am I not aiding Nature in her attempt to over-come the abnormal conditions? In such a case, the indi-cated homeopathic remedy will not suppress the acutereaction, but it will help it along, thus accelerating andhastening the curative process. �Every agent affecting thehuman organism has two effects: a first, apparent, tem-porary one and a second, lasting one. The second effectis directly opposite to the first.� In order to cure the man,we must free the cell of its encumbrances. Eliminationmust begin in the cell, not in the organs of depuration.Laxatives and cathartics, by irritating the digestive tract,may cause a forced evacuation of the contents of theintestinal canal, but they do not eliminate the poisonswhich clog cells and tissues. In stubborn chronic diseases,when the cells are too weak to throw off the latent en-cumbrances of their own accord, a well-chosen homeo-pathic remedy is often of great service in arousing themto acute reaction. For instance, if the system is heavilyencumbered with scrofulous taints and if its vitality is lo-wered to such an extent that the individual cell cannot ofitself throw off the morbid encumbrances by means of avigorous, acute effort, sulphur, if administered in dosessufficiently triturated and refined to affect the minute cellscomposing the organism, will start disease vibrations si-milar to those of acute scrofulosis, and thus give the nee-ded impetus to acute eliminative activity on the part ofthe individual cell. The acute reaction, once started, maydevelop into vigorous forms of scrofulous elimination, suchas skin eruptions, glandular swellings, abscesses, catar-rhal discharges, etc. The true Hahnemannian homeopath,who believes in his remedies as in his God, will concen-trate his intellectual and spiritual forces on a certain re-medy in order to accomplish certain well-defined results.� Further explanations and particulars will be furnishedin a separate poster session.

Govindarajan, R. <IND>Govindarajan, R. <IND>Govindarajan, R. <IND>Govindarajan, R. <IND>Govindarajan, R. <IND>Anti-oxidant Activity of Acorus calamus

Acorus calamus, commonly called as �Bach� or sweet flag,is highly valued as herbal medicine in India and Euro-pean countries. It is an ingredient of several traditionalremedies of the Unani, Ayurvedic and modern system ofmedicine and also herbal insecticide. The alcoholic ex-tract of A. calamus rhizomes has been shown to exhibitsignificant antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects inexperimental animals. The ethanolic extract of A. cala-

mus rhizome has been reported to inhibit gastric secreti-on and protected gastroduodenal mucosa against theinjuries caused by pyloric ligation. Free radicals are knownto he involved in a number of diseases including cancer,atherosclerosis, cataracts, inflammation, autoimmune di-sease, lung disease, neurologic disorders, aging and celldeath. Antioxidants are substances which scavenge thesefree radicals and hence are associated in curing of thesediseases. In the present paper DPPH (1,1-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity of the alcoholic extract of A.calamus was estimated at 3 different concentrations atdifferent time intervals. The percentage scavenging acti-vity was observed for three concentrations (0.05 ml ofdifferent 0.2, 0.1 and 0.01 g/ml) of the extracts with re-spect to the control. Ascorbic acid was used as standard.Empirical analysis of the scatter plot of the percentageactivity with respect to the time revealed a sigmoid curvethat became asymptotic to the abscissa (X axis) as theactivity peaked. A least square estimation showed thatpeaking of the activity happened earlier at higher con-centration of the extract. A maximum activity of 87.8%was obtained for 0.2g/ml with the peaking of the activityat 227 sec whereas for the sample of conc. 0.01 g/mlthe max. activity of 53.68043% was obtained with thepeaking at higher time period. Thus as the concentrationof the extract is increased the complete scavenging of theradicals or peaking of the activity is faster than at thelower concentration. Thus the dose of the extract must betime dependent.

Hiremath, Shobharani <IND>Hiremath, Shobharani <IND>Hiremath, Shobharani <IND>Hiremath, Shobharani <IND>Hiremath, Shobharani <IND>Formulation and Study of Wound Healing Properties ofGels of Aqueous Extract of Centella asiatica

Centella asiatica is a herb belonging to the family Um-belliferae. The major chemical constituents of this are sa-ponin glycosides such as asiaticosides, madecassosideand asiatic acid and madecassic acid, two glucose andone rhamnose unit. It also contains brahmoside and brah-minoside. For a long time, the powder of this has beenused by Indian physicians as a remedy for various skindiseases such as eczema, leprosy either as dusting pow-der or along with vaseline. Subsequently, the aqueousextract of the same has been found to be very useful inthe treatment of wounds. As there were no topical prepa-rations of the same formulated so far as per the literaturesurvey and market survey, formulation of the gels andstudy of the wound healing properties of the gels wastaken up in the present study. Initially,aqueous extract ofthe herb was prepared by maceration. The yield was foundto be 1% from the dried and powdered herb. As no rele-vant data was available regarding the dose of thedrug,wound healing studies were carried out on albinorats for dose fixation using different concentrations of theextract in propylene glycol ranging from 0.5% to 10 % w/w.5% was fixed as the dose of the drug as it showedmaximum wound contraction. Gel formulations were pre-pared using carbopol 934,PEG 400,sodium CMC (highviscosity grade) and HPMC (10,000 cps) in varying pro-portions. The different formulations were evaluated for

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visual appearance, pH, spreadability, homogeneity, ex-trudability and drug content. The in-vitro release studieswere carried out across the rat skin using a diffusion cell.Carbopol 940 and HPMC gels were found to be satisf-actory in all the above aspects. Wound healing studies ofthe formulations were carried out in rats by using the ex-cised wound/open wound model. All the formulationsshowed good percentage of wound contraction with Car-bopol 940 gels giving the best result of 99.7% at the endof 24th day. The gels were found to be stable both physi-cally and chemically at room temperature, 37 degreesand 4 -5 degrees. Thus it can be concluded that the gelformulation with 1% Carbopol 940 was found to be thebest with good physico-chemical properties, stability andwound healing properties.

Hougham, PHougham, PHougham, PHougham, PHougham, Paul <GB>aul <GB>aul <GB>aul <GB>aul <GB>The Sculpting of Yi Shi (Sensory Intent) � Alchemical Acu-puncture and the Imagination of Dragons

This article unfolds the nature of yi shi (sensory intent)from the anatomy and dynamics of yi intention and withreference to ganying (resonance). The context for both yishi and ganying is cited as the constellation of thepractitioner�s qi field. With its various shapes, patternsand rhythms (unique to the individual practitioner), the qifield is proposed as the primary diagnostic instrumentwithin Oriental Medicine. The development of the qi fieldis suggested as dependent on a reciprocal relationshipwith the elements of the natural world and, within an edu-cational context, a respect for each student practitioner�sunique constellation of qi. Qigong teachings are alsoreferenced by way of reaching to the classical forms ofacupuncture and cultivating its ongoing authenticity. �Al-chemical Acupuncture� is proposed as a possible focusduring this time of acupuncture�s development in the Westin order to offset the analytical and mentalist tendenciesof our native history, the increasingly legalist context withinwhich we practice, and to cultivate the honouring of mys-tery at the heart of practice. The scope of the article isadmittedly ambitious, but hopefully lies within the boun-daries of acceptable clarity and relevance. It is intended,in part, as contribution to the antidoting of what TedKaptchuk has called being �seduced by reductionism�.Attempts are made at clarity whilst also honouring themythopoetic and polysemous nature of alchemical lan-guage inherent in the material. A textual reference andglossary of terminology are provided to help navigate thediscussion.

Hsu, Elisabeth <GB>Hsu, Elisabeth <GB>Hsu, Elisabeth <GB>Hsu, Elisabeth <GB>Hsu, Elisabeth <GB>Medical Innovation and Tradition in China and Japan �Zhongyi and Kanpo in the 19th and 20th Century

This presentation compares the processes of suppressionand revival of zhongyi in China and kanpo in Japan du-ring the 19th and 20th century, processes that are closelylinked to political events in the respective countries. ForJapan, the Meiji restoration in 1868, after which the go-

vernment adopted German system of medical education,is of great significance for developments that concern kan-po in the early 20th century, and lastly also, for the posi-tion of kanpo practitioners in present-day Japanese healthcare system. For China, after various regional efforts ofeither innovating or eradicating Chinese medicine in theearly 20th century, the Communist Revolution in 1949which eventually led to the institutionalisation of Traditio-nal Chinese Medicine (TCM) on a nation-wide scale is ofgreat significance. Yet, although the political histories ofthe two countries vary, and the developments of innova-ting the traditional medicines vary accordingly, in bothcountries the hegemony of Western biomedicine is todayundeniable.

HuangHuangHuangHuangHuang, L, L, L, L, Longxiang <PRC>ongxiang <PRC>ongxiang <PRC>ongxiang <PRC>ongxiang <PRC>How to Fully Understand Ancient Chinese AcupunctureLiterature?

The full understanding of traditional Chinese acupunc-ture literature is the premise of analyzing it correctly.Among all the known traditional Chinese medicine do-cuments, from ancient to modern, how much of themand to what degree were fully understood then? What isthe fundamental knowledge which may result in a goodcommand of traditional Chinese acupuncture-moxibusti-on documents? In this paper, I am now ready to answerthose questions by presenting a few typical examples whileanalyzing them.

Hukkeri, Vijayakumar <IND> (THukkeri, Vijayakumar <IND> (THukkeri, Vijayakumar <IND> (THukkeri, Vijayakumar <IND> (THukkeri, Vijayakumar <IND> (Tippimath, C.Dippimath, C.Dippimath, C.Dippimath, C.Dippimath, C.D.....<IND>; Jaiprakash, B<IND>; Jaiprakash, B<IND>; Jaiprakash, B<IND>; Jaiprakash, B<IND>; Jaiprakash, B. <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>)Chemical Investigation and Wound Healing Activity of theLeaves of Acacia farnesiana Willd.

In traditional Ayurvedic medicine Acacia farnesiana (Mi-mosaceae) is known as Durgandakhair. It is quoted to beused for various ailments among which the tender leavesare boiled and applied as a cataplasm to treat woundsand ulcers. In this study the total ethanolic extract of theleaves was evaluated for the various phytoconstituentsand screened for wound healing activity on excision, inci-sion and dead space wounds in albino rats. Qualitativechemical investigation revealed the presence of carbohy-drates, sterols, flavonoids, tannins, proteins and aminoacids. The wound healing activity was found to be statis-tically significant in all the three wound models studied.Flavonoid and sterol fractions were separated from thetotal alcoholic extract by preparative TLC and studied forthe preliminary spectral datas. Three flavonoidal fractionsand three sterols fractions were detected. In the excisionwound studies, on 6th day the extract treated group hasshown moderately significant (p>0.01) activity when com-pared to the control group and on 9th and 14th day theextract has shown significant (p<0.001) activity whencompared to the control group. In the incision woundstudies, the extract increased the wound breaking strengthsignificantly (p<0.001) when compared to the controlgroup. In the dead space wound studies, granulation tis-

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sue breaking strength was increased significantly(p<0.001) in animals of extract treated group comparedto control group.

HuparikarHuparikarHuparikarHuparikarHuparikar, R, R, R, R, Rajendra <IND>ajendra <IND>ajendra <IND>ajendra <IND>ajendra <IND>Rasavaha Srotaso Dushti Leading to Vatika Hrudroga �Pathogenesis and Management

Concept of srotasah is a unique thought of Ayurveda.Rasadhatu is prime dhatu responsible for nourishment ofthe body tissues. Hrudaya � organ responsible for circu-lation of this dhatu throughout the body. Hence for pro-per functioning of the heart, production of good qualityof rasadhatu is required. This quality in turn depends uponproper digestion � proper functioning of Agni � Jathara-gni and Rasadhtvagni. Causative factors lead to Agni-vikruti thereby producing Sama Ahararasa. This in turnleads to production of Sama Rasadhatu. This Rasadhatuis not able to nourish Hrudaya. Due to malnourishmentof Hrudaya, Hrudroga is manifested. Hence we have toconsider Agni, Ama and Rasadhatu while thinking of treat-ment. The treatment administered accordingly gives ussignificant results. Full paper will comprise introduction,Samprapti (pathogenesis), methodology, statistical data,results, discussion and conclusion.

Ijaz, Shakeel Ahmed <PIjaz, Shakeel Ahmed <PIjaz, Shakeel Ahmed <PIjaz, Shakeel Ahmed <PIjaz, Shakeel Ahmed <PAK>AK>AK>AK>AK>The Action of Centesimal Dilutions of Various Substanceson White Blood Cells

The action of centesimal dilutions of various substanceson several types of white blood cells has been under stu-dy since 1981. Polynuclear basophils are studied mostoften; they were given this name because their cytoplasmcontains granules that present an affinity for basic dyes.These granules are composed largely of polymerized andsulfated sugars. The sulfate functions make the whole high-ly acidic and create an affinity for basic substances. Inthese granules, there are also particular proteins that formspecific �markers� for them. When the basophil is placedin the presence of an antigen to which it is sensitive, seve-ral enzymatic reactions occur that lead: (1) First, to aninflux of calcium ions into the cytoplasm. These ions neu-tralize the acid functions, causing the cell to lose its affi-nity for basic dyes. (2) Then, to an extrusion of intracyto-plasmic granules. This extrusion enables us to detect, fromoutside the cell membrane, the specific �markers� for thesegranules. The whole phenomenon is known as �degra-nulation� or �basophil activation�. It was shown, initially,that some centesimal dilutions of histamine had an inhi-biting effect on basophil activation, while other histaminedilutions had no effect. The regularity in the distributionof the inhibiting activity enabled us to create a mathe-matical model of the phenomenon. After publication ofan article on basophil activation with high dilutions ofanti-IgE, then the resultant investigation, it became diffi-cult to publish on the inhibition of basophil activationwith high dilutions. The criticisms raised by the scientific

journals where these results were presented focused on:(1) The reproducibility of the phenomenon described (in-hibiting activity of high dilutions of histamine). (2) Thesubjectivity and cell counts under the microscope. Weresponded to these criticisms point by point. (3) On thereproducibility of the phenomenon: a simple protocolpermitted confirmation of the inhibiting activity of severaldilutions of histamine, particularly 18 CH . (4) On thesubjectivity of the method: an automated technique formeasuring the activation of the basophils had been de-veloped, based on the expression of a �marker� for thisactivation, determined by a flux cytometer. It recorded theinhibiting activity of 17 and 18 CH of histamine. Thistechnique also enables demonstration of the fact that thephenomena described are constantly inhibited by the pre-sence of cimetidine, a specific inhibitor of the given typeof histamine receptors. Finally, a study has been conduc-ted involving several laboratories in various countries. Itdetails the reliability of the results and concludes the bio-logical activity of high dilutions of histamine.

Ishtiaq, Muhammad <PIshtiaq, Muhammad <PIshtiaq, Muhammad <PIshtiaq, Muhammad <PIshtiaq, Muhammad <PAK>AK>AK>AK>AK>Diet and Lifestyle

The diet should be low in saturated fats and high in fibre.Avoid refined carbohydrates (white bread, sugar), dairyfoods and fried foods, keep animal fats to a minimum.Increase soluble fibre especially fruits and vegetables.Cleanse face thoroughly with sulphur based soap. Ensu-re individual receives plenty of rest and regular exercise.Allow 3 months before expecting any improvement. Use-ful supplements to promote wound healing, reduce in-flammation and infection: 1. High potency Multi contai-ning Selenium, Zinc and Chromium. 2. Vitamin A �7,5001iu daily � boosts the immune system. 3. Silymarin� for its detoxifying properties. 4. Vitamin E � 400iu daily� Helps reduce scarring. 5. Selenium � 200lig daily � forpustules. 6. Vitamin C � 1 gram daily. 7. Echinacea pur-purea � 1000mg to 2000mg for 3 weeks. 8. Fructo-oli-gosaccharides � 2-5 grams daily.

Islam, Nurul <BD>Islam, Nurul <BD>Islam, Nurul <BD>Islam, Nurul <BD>Islam, Nurul <BD>Three Systems Together

Alternative medicine in Bangladesh context means Una-ni/Ayurvedic and Homeopathic medicine. Govt. recog-nizes and patronizes Allopathic medicine. This system th-rough Govt. institutions viz. hospitals and health care cen-tres can offer service to 30% people. The other two sys-tems can serve 50-60% people. Limited health manpo-wer, financial resource and low per capita income all con-tribute to the poor health condition in the people. Alter-native medicines are cheap, easily available locally andpopular among the poor. USTC therefore introduces the-se three systems of medicine through TST (Three SystemsTogether) programme under the same roof for out-pati-ent treatment. This will facilitate treatment as well as re-search apart from establishing mutual relationship andcooperation.

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Ismail, Khalid <PIsmail, Khalid <PIsmail, Khalid <PIsmail, Khalid <PIsmail, Khalid <PAK>AK>AK>AK>AK>Evaluation of Homoeo-Medicine in Cases of Unexplai-ned Infertility

Since time immemorial scientists have been trying to sol-ve the unexplained riddle of infertility. Even with rapidstrides in the field of reproduction it is not uncommon tofind the cases of unexplained infertility having no obviousorganic and physical defects. 20 infertile couples in whomno cause was detected to explain infertility by detailedsemen analysis in males and tubal testing hysterosalpin-gography and endometrial biopsy in females, were se-lected for study. Most of these cases have already gonethrough these investigations prior to my consultation, ifnot then they have been advised to come with the resultsof these investigations. In these 20 couples micro agglu-tination test for detecting sperm agglutinins in the sera ofhusbands and wives was further advised. Couples (10%)out of them were reported positive for autoantibodies aswell as isoantibodies against sperms.3 couples (15%) wereshown positive for auto antibodies only. In all these 5couples (25%) sperm agglutinating antibody titre has beenadvised. They showed increased titre of 1gA 1gM andserum and raised titre of 1 gG and 1gA in semen.

Jeevan, Ellil PJeevan, Ellil PJeevan, Ellil PJeevan, Ellil PJeevan, Ellil Parambath <D>arambath <D>arambath <D>arambath <D>arambath <D>Ayurveda � My Experiences in Germany

My experiences in Germany. The last 5 years I was wor-king with German patients with the traditional ways ofayurveda. The herbal decoctions, medicated ghees, me-dicated oils, fermented preparations, Rasayanas etc aredirectly imported from India and I am practising with oiltreatments and Panchakarma treatments. The difficultiesin the practise what I am facing here like importing her-bal preparations, health insurence policies etc. are men-tioned in the presented paper. How we can standardisethe treatments in ayurveda, how we can keep the samevalues of ayurveda without changing the principles, howto know the false practises in ayurveda in Germany etc.can be dicussed.

KKKKKangangangangang, Han-R, Han-R, Han-R, Han-R, Han-Rog <GB>og <GB>og <GB>og <GB>og <GB>Neo-Confucianism and Traditional Korean Medicine �The Sasang (Four Types) Constitutional Medicine

With a growing interest from the public in the use of com-plementary and alternative medicine for keeping health,and preventing disease, and treating illness, TraditionalKorean Medicine is now playing an important role withWestern medicine within the Korean health care system.Especially, the Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM) in-itiated by Yi Chema (1836-1900), a Confucian doctor, isnow stirring up public interest and controversies in Ko-rea. Under the outbreaks of unremitting epidemics, heargued that doctors have to respect the diversity of indivi-dual for treating patients� illness. He classified men intofour constitutional types according to deep structure offour organs formed by the dynamic process of the T�ien

(Heaven) and Ti (Earth). He named those who have alarge Lung and a small Liver as the Taiyang person, thosewho have a large Spleen and a small Kidney as the Sha-oyang person, those who have a large Liver and a smallLung as the Taiyan person, and those who have a largeKidney and a small Spleen as the Shaoyin person. Helinked four constitutional types with the manifestations ofthe individual�s nature and emotions that stimulate theascending and descending of Qi in the body. This dyna-mics of the Qi�s ascent and descent makes the differentphysiological effects. The ideas of SCM are closely rela-ted with that of Traditional Chinese Medicine. However,SCM focuses on the critical role of the mind-and-heart tocontrol physical and mental conditions. Yi Chema�s the-ory was strongly influenced by the philosophical debateamong Korean Neo-Confucians over human nature andemotions. Compared with China and Japan, the Neo-Confucianism of pre-modern Korea enjoyed an exclusiveposition as official learning. The paper will examine YiChema�s original works, such as Tongui suse bowon (Lon-gevity and Life Preservation in Oriental Medicine),Kyokch�igo (Draft on the Inquiring the Properties of Things),and Tongmu yugo (Yi Chema�s Posthumous Manuscripts),and show that SCM is a new medical theory establishedin the context of Korean Neo-Confucian tradition. In thecourse of examining Yi Chema�s theory, the paper willalso deal with some contrasting aspects between SCMand Traditional Chinese Medicine, and modern interpre-tations of SCM.

Kitada, Makoto <D>Kitada, Makoto <D>Kitada, Makoto <D>Kitada, Makoto <D>Kitada, Makoto <D>Embryology Mentioned in an Indian Classical Musicolo-gical Text

Text analysis of the Pindotpattiprakarana (chapter on em-bryology and anatomy) in the Sangitaratnakara and acomparison with two parallels, namely the Sivagita andthe Yogayajnavalkya. This leads on to a short discussionon the influence of acoustic perceptions by the pregnantwoman on the embryo, as explained in Ayurvedic texts.

KletterKletterKletterKletterKletter, Christa <A>, Christa <A>, Christa <A>, Christa <A>, Christa <A>Aiming at a Modern Pharmacopoeia of Tibetan Medicine

Traditional Asian medical systems have become very po-pular in Western countries and new treatments and her-bal products have been introduced to the West. Due tothe strict sanitary rules in European countries the traditio-nal preparations have to fulfil the same requirements asother medicinal herbal products. Therefore, Tibetan me-dicines which are administered to patients in Europeancountries will have to pass certain examinations in re-spect to identity and purity of the used ingredients. TheTibetan materia medica encompasses plants, mineralsand animal parts, although plants represent the majorityof the used medicinal ingredients. When dealing with thebotanical determination of Tibetan plants or the identifi-cation of the respective plant parts the natural scientistfaces various problems. The traditional Tibetan plant de-

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scriptions cited in the traditional texts do not contain tho-se details which are necessary for the scientific identifica-tion of the plant species. The identity of medicinal plantscollected at present may differ from those plants referredto in traditional texts. This may be due to other collectingregions in the past, to the existence of numerous syno-nyms and local names and to different local traditionsthat Tibetan doctors follow. Until now scientific publicati-ons on Tibetan plant drugs are rare, at least in the West.Besides, no modern pharmacopoeia of Tibetan medici-ne, which could provide guidelines for checking Tibetandrugs, exists. However, in an earlier interdisciplinary pro-ject on Tibetan medicinal plants the author contributedto the research of Tibetan plants by giving particulars forthe examination of 100 selected plants (vide Ch. Kletter,M. Kriechbaum [2001], Tibetan Medicinal Plants, med-pharm Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart; CRC Press, BocaRaton, London, New York, Washington, D.C. ). The firstedition of a Tibetan pharmacopoeia should include aselection of the most frequently used Tibetan plant drugs,especially those which may be found in preparations dis-tributed in the West. Such a pharmacopoeia should con-tain monographs headed by a Tibetan plant name, defi-ne the botanical identity of each drug-furnishing plant,include microscopic descriptions of the used plant part(s),refer to other plants which my be traded under a specificTibetan name, comment on the plant�s use in Tibetanmedicine and inform about its toxicity. The first step inachieving this goal is establishing an interdisciplinary andintercultural network of skilled persons and institutionswho are willing to participate in such an ambitious un-dertaking.

KKKKKondrashovondrashovondrashovondrashovondrashov, Alexej N, Alexej N, Alexej N, Alexej N, Alexej N. <MNG>. <MNG>. <MNG>. <MNG>. <MNG>Manuscripts on Mongolian Traditional Medicine

The study of Mongolian traditional medicine manuscriptsprovides access to a rich medical heritage of nomadictribes of Central Asia. Medical manuscripts contain valu-able information about medicines and raw materials usedin traditional medicine. Most of them have been writtenin old Mongolian and Tibetan languages. The paper pro-vides detailed information about authors and manuscriptsof Mongolian traditional medicine. Mongolian medicinehas accumulated the rich tradition of Tibetan medicinewhich came to Mongolia via Buddhism in 14th-17th cen-turies. Since that period major Tibetan medical manu-scripts became popular among Mongolian doctors, someof them have been translated into Mongolian language.The first school of Tibetan medicine was opened in Mon-golia in 1685 by Luvsandanzan (1636-1704), famousMongolian doctor. He wrote many valuable manuscriptswhich are important even now: �Teaching about differentdiseases� (Nad zhi dvi vi rnam vshad), Recipe Collections(Man rag vdu za seg szhor) etc. There is a growing ten-dency in a many countries to combine modern WesternDiagnostic and Treatment methods with traditional medi-cine. Mongolian medicine is no exception, however verylittle material has been translated so far. The history ofMongolian traditional medicine is not studied very much.

Therefore one of the first tasks is an analysis of writtensources of Mongolian traditional medicine.

KKKKKuczkiewicz-Fuczkiewicz-Fuczkiewicz-Fuczkiewicz-Fuczkiewicz-Fras, Agnieszka <PL>ras, Agnieszka <PL>ras, Agnieszka <PL>ras, Agnieszka <PL>ras, Agnieszka <PL>Medical Terminology of Perso-Arabic Origin in Hindi

In my paper I want to present and analyse Perso-Arabicvocabulary connected with medicine, which has been ad-opted by Hindi during the long period when this langua-ge co-existed in India with Persian. I will try to settle theprobable ways of borrowings and their chronology. Therole played in this process by Unani medical system, thatappeared in India simultaneously with other aspects ofPerso-Arabic culture, will also be discussed. The analysedmaterial will be divided into four main semantic groups:1. names of diseases; 2. names of parts of human body;3. names of medical plants and substances used for pre-paring medicines; 4. other words, referring to the medi-cal and philosophical background of Unani.

KKKKKulkarni, Bhagyashree <IND> (Bhalerao, Supriyaulkarni, Bhagyashree <IND> (Bhalerao, Supriyaulkarni, Bhagyashree <IND> (Bhalerao, Supriyaulkarni, Bhagyashree <IND> (Bhalerao, Supriyaulkarni, Bhagyashree <IND> (Bhalerao, Supriya<IND>; K<IND>; K<IND>; K<IND>; K<IND>; Kulkarni, Bulkarni, Bulkarni, Bulkarni, Bulkarni, B.A. <IND>; R.A. <IND>; R.A. <IND>; R.A. <IND>; R.A. <IND>; Ravishankaravishankaravishankaravishankaravishankar, B, B, B, B, B.....<IND>; De, Subrata <IND>; Dwivedi, R.B<IND>; De, Subrata <IND>; Dwivedi, R.B<IND>; De, Subrata <IND>; Dwivedi, R.B<IND>; De, Subrata <IND>; Dwivedi, R.B<IND>; De, Subrata <IND>; Dwivedi, R.B. <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>)Development of Objective Parameters for Snigdha andRuksha Gunas

The word Guna literally means property of a given sub-stance. Ayurveda has described guna of all the medici-nes used, however, the body elements are also describedto have certain gunas. Though gunas are conceptualisedas a basic property, it is not clear whether the propertiesare physico-chemical or based on the pharmacologicaleffects. Disease is considered as an imbalance in the Gu-nas of body elements and treatment is nothing but admi-nistration of medicines providing the gunas necessary torestore the equilibrium. Ayurveda has listed 20 therapeu-tically important gunas, which are described in pairs withantagonistic action with each other e.g. Guru, whichmeans heavy, and Laghu, which means light, form onepair. A thorough study of this concept can prove usefulfor development of Ayurvedic pathological investigationsas well as tools for quality control of various Ayurvedicformulations, for which the basic need is to objectivizethe Gunas. The present study was conducted to developsome objective parameters for the quantification of Gu-nas for which one of the pairs, Snigdha and Ruksha wasselected. Four drugs representing Snigdha guna and fourdrugs representing Ruksha guna were selected for thestudy. These drugs were evaluated for physico-chemicaland pharmacological properties. 12 physico-chemicaland 3 pharmacological parameters were selected on thebasis of the literature found in Ayurvedic texts. Out of theselected parameters, 3/12 physico-chemical and 2/3pharmacological parameters were found to be signifi-cantly correlated to the expected quantification of gunasand therefore supported the hypothesis of the study.

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KKKKKulkarni, Pulkarni, Pulkarni, Pulkarni, Pulkarni, Pramod <IND>ramod <IND>ramod <IND>ramod <IND>ramod <IND>Rasavaha Srotas � Pathogenesis and Treatment

Importance of srotas is a specialty of Ayurved while diag-nosing and treating any disease. Concept of �srotas� andits role in manifestation of a disease is different from asystem concept of modern medicine . Points to ponder: �1) Causative factors vitiating �Rasavaha srotas�. Theseinclude dietary as well as behavioral causes. 2) Symp-toms of increase (vriddhi) in Rasa dhatu. 3) Symptoms ofdecrease (kshaya) in Rasa dhatu. 4) Symptoms caused bytrauma (viddha) to Rasavaha srotas. 5) Symptoms of viti-ation (pradoshaja) Rasavaha srotas. 6) Important diseasesof Rasavaha srotas (1) Jvara (2) Pandu (3) Amavata. 7)Guideline for treatment of �Rasavaha srotas� diseases (1)General (2) Particular.

LLLLLatifatifatifatifatif, Abdul <IND> (Saleem, A. <IND>; R, Abdul <IND> (Saleem, A. <IND>; R, Abdul <IND> (Saleem, A. <IND>; R, Abdul <IND> (Saleem, A. <IND>; R, Abdul <IND> (Saleem, A. <IND>; Rahman,ahman,ahman,ahman,ahman,SSSSS.Z.Z.Z.Z.Z. <IND>; T. <IND>; T. <IND>; T. <IND>; T. <IND>; Tahseen, M. <IND>)ahseen, M. <IND>)ahseen, M. <IND>)ahseen, M. <IND>)ahseen, M. <IND>)Double Blind Controlled Clinical Studies of Unani Herbo-mineral Cream on the Cases of Psoriasis

The Unani system of medicine is one of the renownedsystems in the world, recognized by World Health Orga-nization. Psoriasis is a dramatic skin disorder, creating aproblem as social stigma, which focuses the attention ofthe physicians and researchers towards this disease. Kee-ping this in view we have formulated a unani-herbo-mi-neral cream that comprises of calomel, camphor, lithar-ge and Psoralea corylifolia Linn.oil, prepared in creambase. The study is divided into two parts: (a): Generalphysical and chemical studies i.e; smooth test, pH measu-rement, melting point, solubility test and General clinicalpharmacokinetic studies. (b): The double blind clinicalcontrolled studies of Herbo-mineral cream were donetopically on the 75 cases of Psoriasis of different age andsex, to validate the safety and efficacy of topical applica-tion of this cream, was carried out in three groups. Theresult has been evaluated. Total therapeutic response (TTR)was 92% in which 68%cases were cured, while 88% TTRin which 60% were cured; with the standard (Dithranolointment) group and control (Placebo) group was shown32% TTR. The side effects were observed and study ofrelapse of cases was also done. However, this cream hasless toxicity and relapse was also less as compared to theDitharnol. So, this cream is significantly potent topicallyand of value in the treatment of Psoriasis.

LLLLLo, Vivienne <GB>o, Vivienne <GB>o, Vivienne <GB>o, Vivienne <GB>o, Vivienne <GB>The Dunhuang Medical Manuscripts

Until recently Western historians of Chinese medical ma-nuscripts have neglected mediaeval China in favour ofresearching recently excavated, tomb manuscript findsfrom the late Warring States and early imperial period.But the mediaeval period was an important time in theformation of many aspects of Chinese Medicine and theDunhuang Manuscripts offer us a unique window of op-portunity for research. The British Library and the Biblio-

theque Nationale in Paris are home to the major part ofthis unparalleled collection of scrolls brought to Europeby archaeologists at the beginning of the last century.The larger part of the collection are Buddhist texts, butover one hundred are of medical interest. In the last twoyears there has been an increasing fascination with thestories that the manuscript tell us about medicine in themediaeval period. This paper will give a general intro-duction to recent scholarship before giving a detailedanalysis of two of the manuscripts which constitute theearliest extant images of acumoxa points.

Mahmood, Sajid <PMahmood, Sajid <PMahmood, Sajid <PMahmood, Sajid <PMahmood, Sajid <PAK>AK>AK>AK>AK>Homoeopathy in Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary Artery Disease is becoming a more commondisease in today�s world. Management of anginal painwith drugs like Aconite, Arnica, Cactus, Crataegus andso on are well known to homoeopathy over the last twocenturies. Whereas quite a few cases have shown objec-tive improvement in the blocks of coronary circulation.,the drugs noteworthy of mention are Baryta Mur, Naja,and Secale Cor. We are able to obviate bypass surgeries,angioplasties and so on. The quality of life is vastly im-proved. I shall discuss here with a few case reports.

ManoharManoharManoharManoharManohar, P, P, P, P, P. R. R. R. R. Ram <IND>am <IND>am <IND>am <IND>am <IND>Discovering Tradition in Heterogeneous Expressions ofAyurvedic Medical Practice

A variety of Ayurvedic medical practices are in vogue inthe Indian sub-continent today. Advocation of a three tiersystem for transmission and application of Ayurvedic know-ledge at three graded levels of expertise seems to havetraditionally facilitated the growth of heterogenous medi-cal practices. This trend was further enhanced by reli-gious, social, economic and medical factors that opera-ted in exemplary manner to create diversity in Ayurvedicpractice in geographical regions like Kerala. Interactionwith Western Medicine in the colonial period gave a newdimension to the heterogeneity of Ayurvedic practice. Evenas the traditional diversity began to dissolve in the back-drop of commercialization and globalization, Ayurvedicpractice also diversified on the basis of differences in di-agnostic, therapeutic and pharmaceutical approachestriggered by the impact of Western medicine. Innovation,adaptation, distortion and imitation are attitudes thatunderpin the metamorphosis of Ayurveda in contemporaryIndia. Visible on this mosaic of changing practices to thediscerning eye, is a tradition of Ayurveda that has resisteddistortion and has adapted with ingenuity to effectivelysurvive in adverse circumstances. By carrying forward manypractices that were lost in the process of modernization,the Ayurvedic tradition of Swami Dattatreya still lives th-rough disciplic succession and is available for examinati-on to the sincere aspirant seeking out the soul of Ayurve-dic knowledge in the modern world. An attempt is beingmade to profile a representation of the Dattatreya traditi-on in Kerala, characterized by the completely personali-

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zed approach to diagnosis, treatment and pharmacy,based on pulse lore. The emerging diversification of me-dical practice in Ayurveda is being classified in the pro-cess to develop a perspective for understanding Ayurve-da in the status quo.

ManoharManoharManoharManoharManohar, P, P, P, P, P. R. R. R. R. Ram <IND>am <IND>am <IND>am <IND>am <IND>

The Meaning of Tradition and Innovation in the Contem-porary Practice of Ayurveda

Tradition represents knowledge transmitted from one ge-neration to another generation. What is currently disco-vered constitutes what is not traditional because it hasnot been transmitted across generations. A body of know-ledge is traditional only in degrees and has both traditio-nal and non-traditional components at any given point inits evolutionary history. Ayurveda is no exception to thisrule. Much of what is known today in the name of Ayur-veda is traditional and has been transmitted across ge-nerations over a period of more than two thousand ye-ars. However, in the wake of colonialism and the adventof the scientific method, Ayurveda has been challengedto adapt itself to changing socio-cultural conditions in anunprecedented manner. Has this trend made Ayurvedamore modern than traditional? This question can be sa-tisfactorily adressed with reference to the three tier struc-ture of traditional Ayurvedic knowledge viz., Principle (tatt-va), Theory (sastra) and Practice (vyavahara). It has beentraditionally accepted that the level of practice is the mostunstable with the maximum scope for innovation. The le-vel of theory is relatively stable with limited scope for in-novation. And the level of principle is considered to bemost stable with literally no scope for innovation. Fromthis viewpoint, Ayurveda would continue to be a livingtradition in the strict sense of the word as long as chan-ges are reasonably restricted to the realms of theory andpractice. On the other hand, major changes at the levelof principle would indicate a dying tradition. This paperis an attempt to understand the meaning of tradition andinnovation in the field of Ayurveda in the contemporaryworld. It looks at the prospects of Ayurveda continuing toflourish as a living tradition even as it makes innovativechanges to adapt itself to changing conditions in a tech-nologically advancing world.

Manyam, Bala VManyam, Bala VManyam, Bala VManyam, Bala VManyam, Bala V. <USA>. <USA>. <USA>. <USA>. <USA>Tradition and Innovation of an Ayurvedic Drug forParkinson�s Disease

Parkinson�s disease was described under the name Kam-pavata in Ayurveda. Herbal preparations made from theseed powder of Mucuna pruriens (Atmagupta, Sanskrit),which contained levodopa, were used as a treatment.Currently, levodopa is the major drug for the treatment ofParkinson�s disease. We report an innovative approachto reevaluate the efficacy and safety of this traditionalremedy applying modern techniques. The various com-ponents of the seeds were subjected to HPLC analysis to

identify and quantify the �lead� compound. Using a 6-Hydroxydopamine rat model and rotameter, Mucuna pru-riens seed powder was compared to synthetic levodopa.Dose for dose, Mucuna pruriens was twice as effectivecompared with synthetic levodopa. Using albino rats,attempts were made to determine LD50. The maximumdrug dose that could be administered as a single bolusby an oral route was 10 g/kg body wt. with no mortalityor morbidity. Translated to humans, this dosage is 14 g/kg body wt., which is not possible in a single dose. Thus,the drug can be considered literally free of any acute to-xic effects. Using a commercially developed product fromMucuna pruriens, HP-200 a dose-response evaluationof 2-week and 52-week toxicity studies in rabbits andrats were performed. Complete blood count, blood che-mistry, and urine analysis and tissue examination at ne-cropsy (gross and histological) failed to reveal any adver-se effects, establishing the safety of the drug. Absorptionof HP-200 in rats was confirmed by plasma measure-ment of levodopa. Stability studies of exposing the drugto 370C showed the drug was stable for the durationtested (2 years). In a multi-center clinical trial of HP-200,in 60 patients with Parkinson�s disease, revealed the meandose was 6ñ3 sachets (7.5 g each) per patient per day.The drug was well tolerated. To our knowledge, Mucunapruriens was the first Ayurvedic drug subjected to �mo-dern� methods of drug development such as biochemist-ry, nutrition analysis, animal model, pesticide and micro-biological analysis, and toxicological testing. It is appro-ved as Investigational New Drug by the United States Foodand Drug Administration. These studies show that the cost-effective pre-clinical and simultaneous clinical data coll-ection can be undertaken in Ayurvedic drugs and HP-200 developed from the seed powder of Mucuna pruri-ens appears to be safe and effective in the treatment ofParkinson�s disease. Further, drug development from Ay-urvedic sources is highly cost effective compared with thatof synthetic sources with a high degree of success. [Sup-ported by grants from the National Institutes of Healthand Program for Advancement of Commercial Technolo-gy.]

Maric, Sonja <D>Maric, Sonja <D>Maric, Sonja <D>Maric, Sonja <D>Maric, Sonja <D>Tibetan Medicine � 10 Years Experience in Education ofWestern Medical Doctors

The development of an education in TM for medical doc-tors originates from the collaboration of the Yuthok Insti-tute for Tibetan Medicine Milano/Italy with its Germansection and the Institute for East West Medicine in BadHomburg vdH/Germany under the roof of the GermanMedical Acupuncture Association/DÄGfA. For the last 10years medical doctors have been studying TM in a 20course programme in Bad Homburg vdH. In 2001 thefirst group passed the exams which led to a diploma ofbasic education in TM. The aim of developing an educa-tion in TM for medical doctors is the integration of TMinto the western health care system and especially to ela-borate a medical standard for the practice of TM. Thiseducational curriculum for medical doctors is unique in

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Europe.

Maric-Maric-Maric-Maric-Maric-OehlerOehlerOehlerOehlerOehler, W, W, W, W, Walburg <D>alburg <D>alburg <D>alburg <D>alburg <D>Integration of Asian Medical Systems into Modern Wes-tern Medicine

The historical and theoretical background of the mainAsian medical systems is demonstrated in a transculturalsetting. Main focus is on Chinese, Tibetan and Indianmedicine, especially their respective meaning and expan-sion in the West. The experiences with theory and practi-cal application have already a significant role in the Wes-tern medicine. Due to acupuncture�s general acceptanceand being widely spread it plays a key role among doc-tors and patients. Germany can claim over 50 years ofexperience with acupuncture as part of a �foreign� medi-cal system. Through discussions about the importance ofasian medical systems in our western medicine and health-care, its practice, teaching, and research three possibili-ties appear: alternative, complementary, integrative. In-tegration models for acupuncture are already in placeand partially tested. The inclusion of other paradigms inour medical system through a pluralistic and interdisci-plinary approach develops the expansion of the know-ledge framework.

Matin, Md. Abdul <BD>Matin, Md. Abdul <BD>Matin, Md. Abdul <BD>Matin, Md. Abdul <BD>Matin, Md. Abdul <BD>The Innovative Role of Homeopathy in the Field of Traditi-onal Medicine in Bangladesh

In the Asian countries, the alternative traditional medici-ne plays a role of major therapeutic system from the earlyperiod of history. With the passage of time, the ancientsystems of traditional medicine (like Ayurveda and Yuna-ni systems) fell behind in the race and Homeopathy tookthe place of popular therapy among the 85% of the po-pulation in the rural areas of Bangladesh. Presently thispopularity of Homeopathy exists in the whole of the sub-continent due to its similarity with and also its superiorityover the other traditional systems of medicine, and con-sequently it has taken the place of traditional medicine inthe whole region. To-day, the Homeopathy of this sub-continent plays a leading role in its development in thewhole world.

Mayanagi, Makoto <J>Mayanagi, Makoto <J>Mayanagi, Makoto <J>Mayanagi, Makoto <J>Mayanagi, Makoto <J>Research on Recently Discovered Medieval Chinese Me-dical Manuscipts

Much valuable information on ancient Chinese medicinecan be obtained from research on recently discoveredmanuscripts, including the Xiaopin Fang preserved in Ja-pan and fragments found in Dunhuang and Turfan. Forexample, a comparison of the Xinxiu Bencao manuscriptkept in the Nin-naji temple in Japan and of the ZhengleiBencao with the Dunhuang manuscript Stein 9434v re-veals some interesting writing errors in the former.

Minaii Zangii, Bagher <IR> (Aminii, Mohammad AbMinaii Zangii, Bagher <IR> (Aminii, Mohammad AbMinaii Zangii, Bagher <IR> (Aminii, Mohammad AbMinaii Zangii, Bagher <IR> (Aminii, Mohammad AbMinaii Zangii, Bagher <IR> (Aminii, Mohammad Ab-----dollahi <IR>)dollahi <IR>)dollahi <IR>)dollahi <IR>)dollahi <IR>)Teratogenic Effect Study �Trigonella foenum graecum� onEmbryonic Rat Liver

�Trigonella foenum graecum L� (fenugreek) is a dietaryvegetable which has been employed as an herbal medi-cine. Its seeds are known for their carminative, tonic andantidiabetic effect. In addition, the seeds� extract has beenused as an antineoplastic agent. The purpose of study isto investigate possibility of teratogenic effect of fenugreekaqueous extract on embryonic liver. The pregnant rats(weight 190-210g) were divided into 4 groups and trea-ted with 3 doses of Trigonella extract (0.8,1.6,3.2g/Kg)on their tenth day of pregnancy. The control group recei-ved distilled water. The animals were examined for theextract LD50 and the embryos were studied for mortalityrate as well as morphological and histological observati-ons. The result of this study showed that hepatocytes hadlost their radiate and consequentive forms and sinusoidswere dilated and blood cell classes decreased in a dos-dependent manner. Therefore (fenugreek) aqueous ex-tract could show teratogenic effects in liver at the exami-ned doses.

MirMirMirMirMir, Abdul L, Abdul L, Abdul L, Abdul L, Abdul Latif <Patif <Patif <Patif <Patif <PAK>AK>AK>AK>AK>Role of Asian Medicine in Emergency Cases

In this lecture I am going to demonstrate two cases. A.Case of sub-arachnoids hemorrhage. B. A case of ruptu-red spleen. In both the cases investigations were perfor-med pre and post Asian Medicine treatment, viz. C.T.scan. sonography, MIR Lunkar puncture etc. Asian Medi-cine approach to the above cases is explained includingscope and limitations for the same.

MonsefMonsefMonsefMonsefMonsef, Hamid R, Hamid R, Hamid R, Hamid R, Hamid Reza <IR> (Amin, Gh. <IR>; Aboutoeza <IR> (Amin, Gh. <IR>; Aboutoeza <IR> (Amin, Gh. <IR>; Aboutoeza <IR> (Amin, Gh. <IR>; Aboutoeza <IR> (Amin, Gh. <IR>; Abouto-----rabi, Hrabi, Hrabi, Hrabi, Hrabi, H. <IR>; F. <IR>; F. <IR>; F. <IR>; F. <IR>; Faramarzi, M.A. <IR>)aramarzi, M.A. <IR>)aramarzi, M.A. <IR>)aramarzi, M.A. <IR>)aramarzi, M.A. <IR>)Ethnobotany and Phytochemical Data of Medicinal Plantsin Rouin Region

An ethnobotanical study about the native medicinal plantsof Rouin region has been undertaken to record their tra-ditional indications and to evaluate their phytochemicalconstituents. The collecting of the ethnobotanical infor-mation was carried out by presenting the herbarium samp-les to the healers, and the collected data has been com-pared to the traditional and scientific resources. Amongthe collected plants, 35 specimens have valuable indica-tions in the treatment of various ailments such as Achilleafor gastrointestinal disorders, Biebersteinia for analgesicand antispasmodic, Fumaria for dermatitis, Malva for coldand respiratory disorders, Scrophularia for antibacterialeffect. In the phytochemical part, four major constituentsof plants have been investigated:alkaloids, flavonoids,tannins and saponins. The complementary study on theselected plants regarding pharmacological effects are inprocess.

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MutatkarMutatkarMutatkarMutatkarMutatkar, R. K, R. K, R. K, R. K, R. K. <IND>. <IND>. <IND>. <IND>. <IND>Community Health � Reproductive Health

Traditional Medicine has to become a part of NationalHealth Care system to play its rightful role. Ayurveda as atraditional medical system can contribute more in pre-ventive and promotive aspects in community health. In apriority area of Reproductive Child Health, cosmopolitanor modern medicine does not have much to contribute toimprove lactation or mitigate anaemia. Great and littletraditions interact closely in the area of RCH. Not only thetraditional practices are followed in the homes of villagepeople and poor people, they are practised even by ladygynaecologists and lady paediatricians in regard to theirpersonal lives. There is need to document these practicesand weave them into national and international RCH pro-grammes.

Nadkarni, Shailesh <IND>Nadkarni, Shailesh <IND>Nadkarni, Shailesh <IND>Nadkarni, Shailesh <IND>Nadkarni, Shailesh <IND>Bhasma � Speciality of Ayurveda

Ayurveda,the science of life, is based on principles thatclearly enshrine the use of natural substances for maintai-ning of health as well as setting of disease process right,�Lokapurusha Samya Siddhanta�, that talks about the si-milarities in the nature and the human body, clearly exp-lains the rationale behind the usage of the substancesavailable in the nature for the purpose of health of hu-man body and mind. The natural substances can be divi-ded into three major categories: 1. Plant kingdom, 2.Animal kingdom, 3. Khanija Dravyas, i.e. the mineralsand metals. Ayurveda advocates conversion of the mine-rals and metals into a form that can get assimilated in thebody and is known as �Bhasma�. It is important to knowthat Bhasma does not mean only an oxide or a sulphideof a substance. It means the conversion of minerals andmetals into form that is made bio-available to the bodyand hence, can impart its properties to the body tissuecells. The Alchemists of the yesteryears, starting from Na-garjuna, have described the processing of the mineralsand metals to convert it into such bio-available form. TheSeers of Ayurveda have prescribed specific tests such asRekhapoornatva, Varitaratva and so on that can ensurethe micro-fined quality of Bhasma, but it is essential intoday�s world to fix more objective parameters which willbe universally accepted and are acceptable to today�sscientific community. Hence, we feel that it is importantthat universal parameters not only for the usefulness ofthe time tested Bhasma but also for batch to batch con-sistency of the quality of the Bhasma have to be adheredto. The elaborate process of Shodhana i.e. purificationand Bhameekarana to convert the metals or minerals intheir Bhasmas not only renders otherwise toxic substancesinto non-toxic ones but also renders them bioavailablefor the tissue cells of the body. The paper proper will discussthe toxicity studies of the Bhasma of objectionable metalaccording to the modern science � lead.

Nadkarni, Shailesh <IND>Nadkarni, Shailesh <IND>Nadkarni, Shailesh <IND>Nadkarni, Shailesh <IND>Nadkarni, Shailesh <IND>Need to Recognize Ayurveda as Complete Science

�Science covers a broad field of knowledge that dealswith observed facts and relationships amongst those facts�states the World Encyclopedia while explaining the mea-ning of the word �science�. The above description fits thescience of life Ayurveda perfectly. Ayurveda not only dealswith corrective measures referred today as �treatment� ofvarious diseases but also explains the causes of the di-sease, the etiopathology as it takes place in the body anddoes and don�ts for individuala as per their body needsand physiological set up. The age old science, Ayurvedaalso explains the specialty fields known as the eight bran-ches of Ayurveda and explains in detail the usage of na-tural substances, be they from Vegetative Kingdom, Ani-mal Kingdom or Metals or minerals, for the maintenanceof health as well as curing of a disease. Explaining thetreatment methodology in absolute clarity, Ayurveda exp-lains when and what to be used to expect results. It alsodeals with prognosis of the disease, the methodical con-clusion about the cure that can be expected and the limi-tations of the treatment. Looking into these aspects fromthe correct perspective, it clearly implies that Ayurved isnot only a complete science, but, perhaps THE solutionfor today�s health problems, be they of mental or physi-cal origin. Ayurveda is not just a corrective science but isa much more comprehensive Complete Science. It is im-perative for the world scientific community as well as ad-ministrative machinery across the globe to take cogni-zance of this fact and instead of dealing in Ayurveda inpiecemeal manner, accept it as a complete science forperfect Health Care of the entire Human race.

Namboodiri, KNamboodiri, KNamboodiri, KNamboodiri, KNamboodiri, K. Krishnan <IND>. Krishnan <IND>. Krishnan <IND>. Krishnan <IND>. Krishnan <IND>Management of Diabetes mellitus � An Ayurvedic Ap-proach

Ayurvedic System of Medicine clearly defines this diseaseand its line of treatment. Diabetes mellitus is known toIndians from Vedic period onwards by the name Asrava(Prameha). They were treating this problem very effec-tively at that also. Diabetes is also known as Madhu-meha in Ayurveda. According to Ayurveda, prameha isdivided in 4 major types (and total 21 types): 1. Kaphatype (again divided into 10 types), 2. Pitta type (againdivided into 6 types), 3. Vata type (divided into 4 types),4. Juvenile diabetes for children (for unhealthy practicesof parents and/or due to the sins of past-birth) This studyevaluates the efficacy of Classical and Traditional Ayur-vedic line of treatment in above different Diabetes types.

Nanal, Vilas Madhusudan <IND>Nanal, Vilas Madhusudan <IND>Nanal, Vilas Madhusudan <IND>Nanal, Vilas Madhusudan <IND>Nanal, Vilas Madhusudan <IND>Evaluation of Manasa Prakruti � Its Relevance in Selec-tion of Career Option

Introduction: Ayurveda the indigenous health care deli-very system has a clear three tier structure: Tattwa, Shas-tra and Vyavahara. This is a living tradition. The thrust

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being on prevention failing that cure. In both states therole of Prakruti is an important consideration. Method:Evaluation of Sharira Prakruti done before then the can-didates fill a questionnaire of open ended questions, asper their answers and a personal interview the final Ma-nas Prakruti (Sattvika, Rajasika or Tamasika) is estimatedand advise on his/her future career option rendered. Re-sult: periodic follow up at the end of semester for theduration of course helps confirm the estimated Prakrutiand final placement in industry proves the validity of thefinding. Similar work is in process for the students admit-ted to the Ayurvedic colleges. Conclusion: the initial re-sults are encouraging and further work in various fieldsto be done. We have undertaken the same for a group ofengineers of railways and armed forces. This helps in re-vealing the psychological profile of the individual andhelps the management to assign proper work to him andprevent potential loss of time, money and resources.

Neumann, Josef NNeumann, Josef NNeumann, Josef NNeumann, Josef NNeumann, Josef N. <D>. <D>. <D>. <D>. <D>Tamil Medicine in the Perception of the Pietist Missionari-es of the Danish-Halle Tranquebar Mission in the First Halfof the Eighteenth Century

It is no longer possible to ignore the question of encoun-ter and cooperation between persons from different cul-tures in the nations of the Third World in connection withthe establishment and development of a system of effec-tive public medical case since the first confrontationbetween indigenous and Western medical systems andforms of therapy during colonialism. This is not merely atheoretical question. Medicine, oriented basically topractice, can only give due justice to the question of howpeople from different cultures can effectively communi-cate about their differing interpretations of sickness andhealing in the concrete situation of medical action. Me-dically oriented research on enculturation has the taskhere, by analysis of historical and contemporary situati-ons, to explore and discuss the ways in which individualsfrom different cultures perceive the health behavior andforms of therapy of the respective Others and what reper-cussions these experiences have in turn on their own un-derstanding of disease and healing. In the search for eth-nomedical-historical models of enculturation, a signifi-cant possibility for investigation arises from the fact thatPietism in Halle in the eighteenth century generated amanifold array of cultural contacts. The missionaries ofthe Danish-Halle Tranquebar Mission (1706) who de-parted together with Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg (1683-1719) did not only seek encounter with the Tamils in thedomain of religion but also perceived their culture andlifeworld in its multiple diversity. It was only in this frame-work that they confronted the conceptions of sickness andhealing common to their South Indian interlocutors. Usingthe example of the Danish-Halle Tranquebar Mission, thelecture attempts to describe the European view of themedicine of a non-European society in a particular tem-poral and cultural space. On the basis of the missionreports sent back to Halle in the period 1710-1769, itexplores (1) how the Pietist missionaries perceived Tamil

traditional medicine against the background of their ownenculturation, (2) what interests guided them, and (3) theirbehavior toward South Indian forms of therapy in theireveryday contacts.

Nouri Mugahii, Hossein <IR> (Behnam, BNouri Mugahii, Hossein <IR> (Behnam, BNouri Mugahii, Hossein <IR> (Behnam, BNouri Mugahii, Hossein <IR> (Behnam, BNouri Mugahii, Hossein <IR> (Behnam, B. <IR>); Mi-. <IR>); Mi-. <IR>); Mi-. <IR>); Mi-. <IR>); Mi-naee, Bnaee, Bnaee, Bnaee, Bnaee, B. <IR>). <IR>). <IR>). <IR>). <IR>)Comparative Study of Malva sylvestris (M.S.) and Brom-hexine HCl (B.H.) Consumption on Intraepithelial MucousGlands (IMG) of Chicken

The advantages of herbal products are at the viewpointof modern medicine. To identify the effects of (M.S) ex-tract on (IMG), this study was planned. It was administe-red to chicken orally and nebulizing, and were comparedto oral (B.H) and nebulizing normal saline. We studied 5groups of animals (six in each). In oral route, 5 ml of theextract (10%) and 5 ml of (B.H) were used every 12 hours.In nebulizing route, 1 ml of the extract (5%) and 1 ml ofnormal saline was used. A group received no drugs ascontrol. After a period of 12 days, all of the animals weresacrificed to search for (IMG) part of trachea in 4 sec-tions. After staining by H and E and PAS methods, 20slides were prepared for each chicken and studied byLM. The number of (IMG) was counted in each sample.Also, the size of mucosal glands and cilia in each groupwere measured (based on 1 to 4 plus) to compare. Theresults indicated that nebulizing of (M.S)increases the number and the size of (IMG), also the sizeof cilia, compared to other 3 groups, significantly (P <0.05). In addition, the oral (M.S) extract use resulted inan increment in number of mucous glands but not in size,significantly (P < 0.05). So we concluded that (M.S) ex-tract, in particular its nebulizing administration, has thebest mucociliary function activating role in this study.

Ortlieb, David <CDN>Ortlieb, David <CDN>Ortlieb, David <CDN>Ortlieb, David <CDN>Ortlieb, David <CDN>The Intradermal Healing Needle and the Technique Elimi-nating Pain in One Treatment

The Intradermal Healing Needle is a new and revolutio-nary addition to healing science. This new form of thera-py is based on the ancient theories of the Nei Jing andAshi points of Traditional Chinese Medicine with integra-tion from some of the needling techniques applied in Wrist/Ankle Acupuncture and cat gut therapy. Along with theancient theories the Intradermal Healing Needle also in-corporates the modern sciences of neurology, dermato-mes and piezoelectrics. The Intradermal Healing Techni-que has proven especially effective for localized pain (onetreatment for mostly all types) as well as in treating ail-ments such as organ disorders. Revolutionary also is thedesign and application of the Intradermal Healing Need-le. Doctor Zhounghua Fu invented the Intradermal Hea-ling Needle and technique. Dr. Fu, armed with ancienttext and modern science, felt that there had to be a moreeffective way of eliminating pain. So beginning six yearsago he began the development of the needle and thetechnique. This current developed method involves a sin-gle needle placed intradermally and left in position(s) for

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twenty-four hours. With this needle and technique all thepain could be eliminated with no further treatment. Alsothis technique has no side effect and a patient can conti-nue with normal daily activities. From a modern perspec-tive the Intradermal Healing Needle stimulates the bo-dies immune system for a longer period of time and di-rectly addresses the A Delta fibers which send nerve im-pulses the quickest and circumvent the other nerves mes-sages. This is accomplished by inserting the needle intothe soft connective tissue layer. The Intradermal HealingNeedle also takes advantage of the nerve columns, whichrise to the surface, by directing electrical impulses to-wards the column and down into the deeper fascia ba-lancing the ionic flow. With no previous experience a prac-titioner can learn and master the technique in a day. Todate the application of the Intradermal Healing Needlehas many clinical trails and was applied to over forty thou-sand patients. Compared to current methods of reducingpain, the Intradermal Healing Needle treatment has thepotential to promote speedy healing and lessen discom-fort. As well, patient visit times can be reduced and unne-cessary surgery can be prevented. This results in muchsaving on healthcare costs.

Ostad, Seyed Nasser <IR> (Khakinegad, BOstad, Seyed Nasser <IR> (Khakinegad, BOstad, Seyed Nasser <IR> (Khakinegad, BOstad, Seyed Nasser <IR> (Khakinegad, BOstad, Seyed Nasser <IR> (Khakinegad, B.<IR>;.<IR>;.<IR>;.<IR>;.<IR>;Sabzevari, OSabzevari, OSabzevari, OSabzevari, OSabzevari, O.<IR>).<IR>).<IR>).<IR>).<IR>)In Vitro Study of Fennel Essential Oil Teratogenicity on theRat Embryo Limb Buds

Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare, has been used as estroge-nic agents for millennia. Specifically, they have been re-puted to increase milk secretion, promote menstruation,facilitate birth, alleviate the symptoms of the male cli-macteric, and increase libido. Fennel essential oil (FEO)also possesses emnenagague and galactagogue proper-ties. Seeds of fennel are used in folk remedies for treat-ment of dysmenorrhea. This traditional usage might berelated to antispasmodic effects of FEO. Our previousexperiment confirmed this hypothesis and showed thatFEO has significant effect in dysmenorrhea (Ostad et al,2001). The use of FEO is now increasing in Iran rapidlyin these patients, however it is great concern about itspotential teratogenicity due to estrogen like activity. Limbbud mesenchymal cells, when grown in high-density cul-tures, can be differentiate into a number of cell types,including cartilage and muscle, and have been used ex-tensively for studies of in vitro chondrogenesis. The limbbuds of day 13 of rat embryo were dissociated to separa-te cells by mechanical and enzymatical methods. A 20ml of high density of cells (2x107 cells ml-1) were cultiva-ted in the DMEM+F12 medium contains FBS and antibi-otics. The cells were treated by different concentration ofFEO for 5 days in 37oC and 5% CO2. Rentinoic acidand highest volume of vehicle was used as positive andnegative control, respectively. Using alcian blue, a stainspecific for cartilage proteoglycan, teratogenic effect ofdifferent concentrations of FEO was evaluated by thismethod. 50% inhibition of differentiation was consideredas indicative of teratogenicity (Flint, 1993). Furthermorelimb bud micromass cultures were evaluated for differen-

tiation by immunocytochemical techniques using the BMP4antibody labeling kit. Results indicate by increasing do-ses the number of differentiated foci decreased but whenthese results normalized by viability of the cells, the num-ber of differentiated foci did not alter significantly com-pare to control. These results indicate that FEO is notpotentially teratogenic and may be of use in the dysme-norrhea. (Ostad et al [2001]. J. Ethnopharmacology., 76:299-304.)

PPPPPal, Madhabendra Nath <IND>al, Madhabendra Nath <IND>al, Madhabendra Nath <IND>al, Madhabendra Nath <IND>al, Madhabendra Nath <IND>Health Through Self-regulation � An Insight from Ayur-veda

Viewed in the light of modern science, the Tridosha theo-ry of Ayurveda relates to Bioequilibrium among physical,physiological and psychological functions when they ope-rate in Harmony with one another; that leads to Health.Intrinsically, �Hurry, Worry and Fury�, the three major Kil-lers, affect Bioequilibrium and Health adversely. So oneshould behave and conduct oneself neither too fast nortoo slow, but at Optimum speed, through Reasoned Thin-king, with Calm and Restraint, so as to contribute to theemergence of Bioequilibrium and Health. This is an in-depth study revealing Consciousness to be the Prime Ope-rator of Life (POL), that through application of Mind, re-gulates such Conduct, and this is what is Self-regulation,that ensures Health, denoting a state of life, where theAbility to Heal, that is, Ability to Ensure Harmony amongFunctions, remains Active and Operational.

PPPPPari, Lari, Lari, Lari, Lari, L. <IND> (V. <IND> (V. <IND> (V. <IND> (V. <IND> (Venkateswaran, Senkateswaran, Senkateswaran, Senkateswaran, Senkateswaran, S. <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>)Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effect of Phaseolus vulgarisin Experimental Diabetes

Phaseolus vulgaris L (Leguminosae), commonly knownas �kidney bean�, is a food item of mass consumption inAsian and Eastern countries. The antidiabetic, antioxi-dant effect of an aqueous extract of Phaseolus vulgarispods, an indigenous plant used in Ayurvedic medicine inIndia, was studied in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Antidi-abetic effect: Oral administration of the extract of Phase-olus vulgaris pods (PPEt) (200 mg/kg body weight) for 45days resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose,glycosylated haemoglobin, with an increase in total hae-moglobin and plasma insulin. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase were signi-ficantly decreased, where as the activities of gluconeoge-nic enzymes such as fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase andglucose-6-phosphatase were significantly increased in thediabetic liver. Antioxidant effect: The extract also causeda significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive sub-stances and hydroperoxides with an increase in reducedglutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathioneperoxidase and glutathione-S-transferase in the liver ofstreptozotocin diabetic rats, which clearly shows the anti-diabetic and antioxidant property of PPEt. The effect ofPPEt at 200 mg/kg body weight was more effective thanglibenclamide

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PPPPPenkala-enkala-enkala-enkala-enkala-Gawecka, Danuta <PL>Gawecka, Danuta <PL>Gawecka, Danuta <PL>Gawecka, Danuta <PL>Gawecka, Danuta <PL>Restoring Tradition � Recruitment of Spiritual Healers inKazakhstan

The first decade of the new independent Republic of Kaz-akhstan brought about enormous popularity of comple-mentary medicine in its various forms. The official politicsfavours national Kazakh culture, including what is under-stood as the heritage of the local traditional medicine.However, also other forms of complementary medicineare accepted or at least tolerated. This attitude stands instriking contrast to previous attempts of the Soviet regimeto destroy the so-called �superstitions�. In today�s Kaz-akhstan the practices of spiritual healers, includingshamans, are generally based on tradition. However,during the period of persecutions the continuity of traditi-on was partly interrupted. Its revival is connected with thespecial strategies for recruitment of healers from patients,chosen by an experienced shaman or other healer whoknows the meaning of some symptoms and can makethem meaningful for the others. Key figure in this analysisis an Uighur woman-shaman and her clients. The mainpurpose of the paper is to examine the role of this way ofrecruitment as the means to restore the broken continuityof tradition. On the other hand, the situation of medicalpluralism offers multiplicity of concepts and practices fromwhich even spiritual healers, seen as �keepers of traditi-on�, draw. Globalization of various medical (and reli-gious) ideas of different origins lies here in using them inhealers� strategies adopted in order to broaden the so-cial and ethnic basis of their clientele.

PPPPPrasanth, Rrasanth, Rrasanth, Rrasanth, Rrasanth, Raghavan <IND>aghavan <IND>aghavan <IND>aghavan <IND>aghavan <IND>The Technique of Pulse Examination in Ayurveda

Literature and living traditions: Pulse examination is themost important of the eight locations of investigation (aS-TasthaanapariikSaa) to be examined for diagnosing a di-sease in Ayurveda. Explicit reference to pulse examinati-on is seen only after the 13th century in Ayurvedic litera-ture. It appears that the technique of pulse examinationhas been transmitted through the living traditions ratherthan literature of Ayurveda. The art of pulse diagnosiswas mastered by rigorous training under a master andnot by study of literature. Concept and practice: The pul-se is not merely an index of cardiovascular function. Itreflects the condition of the nervous system and extendseven beyond into the realm of praaNa. Thus, it is anindex to the psycho-physical constitution of the individualand its variable states in health and disease. Even subtlechanges in the mind and body are reflected in the pulse.Like the fingerprint, each person�s pulse is unique. In thefirst stage of training, the student develops the ability torecognize the characteristic variations in his/her own pul-se in different conditions. In the next stage, the ability torecognize an individual by pulse examination is develo-ped. Then the observations are extended to varying con-ditions in health and disease till the student develops thetactile sensibility and mental sharpness to recognize thesublte variations in the pulse. The accuracy of pulse exa-

mination is dependent on the state of both the observerand the observed. The early morning hours before thesun becomes warm is considered ideal for examining thepulse. This paper is an attempt to profile the salient fea-tures of pulse examination in Ayurveda and point out itsvarious applications in diagnosis, prognosis and manage-ment of diseases.

PPPPPrema, Srema, Srema, Srema, Srema, S. <IND> (Elango, V. <IND> (Elango, V. <IND> (Elango, V. <IND> (Elango, V. <IND> (Elango, V. <IND>.; K. <IND>.; K. <IND>.; K. <IND>.; K. <IND>.; Kannan, Nannan, Nannan, Nannan, Nannan, N.....<D>)<D>)<D>)<D>)<D>)Hypoglycemic Activity of Abrahaparpam in EpinephrineInduced Hyperglycemia in Male Albino Rats

Abrahaparpam is a herbo-mineral drug used by Siddhasystem of medicine for curing diabetes. It is a compounddrug preparation containing mica (muscovite), purifiedand processed in various herbal extracts and then calci-nated. To find out the hypoglycemic effect of Abrahapar-pam, epinephrine induced hypoglycemic rats were sub-jected to treatment. Epinephrine produces hyperglycemiaby stimulating hepatic glycogen degradation. It is likelythat sub groups among diabetics will emerge in whichthe catabolic hormones (like catecholamines) will have adiffering significance with respect to their role in hepaticglycogenolysis and subsequent hyperglycemia. Anti dia-betic drugs were found to enhance liver glycogen con-tents of normal and in treated animals. It is well establis-hed that insulin can suppress hepatic glycogenolytic ef-fect in diabetics. In the present study, it is seen that thedrug Abrahaparpam is able to inhibit the hyperglycemiaproduced by the glycogenolytic effect of epinephrine inexperimental animals. This may be due to the effect ofthe drug on the glycogen metabolism in liver or by pro-moting the secretion of insulin, thereby suppressing thehepatic glycogenolysis, caused by the catabolic effect ofepinephrine, in experimental rats.

PPPPPrets, Ernst <A>rets, Ernst <A>rets, Ernst <A>rets, Ernst <A>rets, Ernst <A>The Carakasamhita � An Examination of Selected Editi-ons and Manuscripts

The aim of this paper is to present the ongoing project ofa text-critical edition of the eighth chapter of theCarakasamhita�s Vimanasthana. All available manuscriptsand editions, as well as the preserved commentaries willbe taken into account to provide a basis that is philologi-cally sound. The eighth chapter of Vimanasthana has beenchosen primarily to facilitate a better understanding ofthe tradition of debate in the early period of Indian philo-sophy as this chapter contains an important and well-known passage regarding debate. Moreover, the criticalexamination of this passage�s manuscripts and editionsas well as their reciprocal relationship should provide asignificant impulse for the future examination of the enti-re text. Even though the Carakasamhita has been publis-hed more than 40 times in the last 150 years, the occur-rence of more than 500 variants in this chapter alone,and the existence of two versions of the dialectical proofboth in the editions and various manuscripts consulted

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so far, necessitate a critical stemmatological and palae-ographic examination of the manuscripts and a carefulconsideration of the material upon which the availableeditions are based. The project will also shed light onvarious aspects of Indian medical didactics as well as thehistory of medical science and its sociology.

RRRRRaghavan, R. <IND>aghavan, R. <IND>aghavan, R. <IND>aghavan, R. <IND>aghavan, R. <IND>Application of Ayurveda in the 21st Century

As we step into the 21st century, Ayurveda is gaining glo-bal prominence in the wake of renewed interest in natu-ral approaches to healing, collectively referred to as Tra-ditional Medicine (TM) or Complementary and Alternati-ve Medicine (CAM), albeit they are not legally recogni-zed as medical systems in most parts of the world. Muchground has to be made in understanding what contribu-tions Ayurveda can make to provide health care to peo-ple who have access to sophisticated and technologicallyadvanced medical care. It is pertinent to recognize thelimitations acquired by the practitioners of Ayurveda dueto loss of tradition and changing socio-cultural conditi-ons. Indeed, there is great disparity in the expertise ofAyurvedic physicians who are moulded by age old tradi-tions and formal institutions. The fuller potential of Ayur-veda unfolds in an environment where both the physicianand the patient co-operate without compromising thebasic principles of Ayurvedic healing for petty commer-cial gains in the guise of convenience. This paper is anattempt to point out areas of strength in Ayurvedic practicethat can significantly and positivelty impact the health ofhumanity at large in the contemporary world. From pri-mary care to critical care, the potential of Ayurveda isfascinatingly wide both as frontline treatment and as acomplement to modern medicine. The conceptual fra-mework of Ayurveda gives ample scope for innovationand novel approaches to tackle new medical problems.The principles of Ayurvedic medicine can be creativelyapplied to manage diseases that were not mentioned inthe traditional nosology. A successful outcome dependson patient compliance and the physician�s ability to indi-vidualize the formulation and treatment method.

RRRRRaghava Vaghava Vaghava Vaghava Vaghava Varierarierarierarierarier, R, R, R, R, Ramesh <IND>amesh <IND>amesh <IND>amesh <IND>amesh <IND>Scope for Innovation in Ayurvedic Pharmacy

The avenues for innovation in Ayurvedic pharmacy aretwofold. One is the combination of herbs for therapeuticpurposes. The other is innovation in dosage form andpresentation. The foundational concepts of therapeuticcombinations are: 1. Every substance in this universe hasa potential medicinal value. 2. The natural resources in agiven locality are best suited for the people living there.3. A drug is the right formulation of raw materials thatcorrelates with a specific condition of an individual. 4.The scope of formulation is unlimited as every patientcreates the opportunity to discover a new formulation.The ability to use formulated drugs distingushes a physi-cian from one who has only the knowledge of raw mate-

rials. The ability to appropriately modify formulationsmakes one a skilled physician. The ability to formulatespecific drugs for each individual distinguishes the expertfrom the mediocre who can only use drugs formulated byothers. An expanding knowledge of raw materials mustgo hand in hand with accentuation of the ability to for-mulate them into drugs. In Ayurveda, herbs are contrivedinto formulae using different rationale in each situationfor achieving different purposes. They can be classifiedinto major drug, supportive drug, synergizer, detoxifiers,additives and so on. Innovative application of the con-cepts of Ayurvedic pharmacy can go a long way in de-veloping new formulations using new raw materials indifferent geographical locations for managing uniquehealth problems that are manifesting in a fast changingworld.

RRRRRahmani, Seyed Ali <IR>ahmani, Seyed Ali <IR>ahmani, Seyed Ali <IR>ahmani, Seyed Ali <IR>ahmani, Seyed Ali <IR>Familial Marriage and its Connection with CongenitalAnomalies

Because there is a high rate of familial marriage (F.M) inIran, we decide to study about it and its effect in congeni-tal disorders such as blindness (B), deafness (D) and Con-genital heart diseases (CHD). Work began with providinga special questionnaire for B and F, and research beganin B and D schools; for the CHD patients that have had aopen heart surgery , data was extracted from hospitalrecords of them. In control group from 416 families thatwas selected randomized., 91 families, about 21.87 per-cent, had F.M.; from 424 patient about 58 percent resul-ted from F.M, and about 16.5 percent had positive familyhistories. In blindnees patients, from 93 B, about 54 per-cent of patients had F.M and 44 percent had positivefamily histories. In CHD, from 75 patients about 30 per-cent had F.M. Finally the X 2 test and odds ratio wasdone, in comparison of D and B with F.M and positivehistory and control group, result was significance(P<0.001) and odds ratio for B = 4/22 and D = 4/93.In CHD, the X 2 test was done and F.M effect in CHD waspositive (P<0.001) and also odds ratio for this study was1.6.

RRRRRamashekaramashekaramashekaramashekaramashekar, T, T, T, T, Tiruvur <IND>iruvur <IND>iruvur <IND>iruvur <IND>iruvur <IND>Unique Research Methods of Traditional Systems of Me-dicine are the Need of the Day

Ayurveda, the traditional system of India is based on soundobservation, scientific analysis, critical appraisal of factscollected, intuition and wisdom. The medical principlesare a result of the above on the foundation of researchconducted for many years on thousands of patients irres-pective of religion, region, sex, age etc. After careful con-siderations of principles, practices, seers who were notbound by time or space decided that �One man�s food isanother man�s poison so how can medicine which is morepotent than food be the same for all?� When no twoindividuals (genetic dissimilarity), siblings, show equal ap-petite, likes, dislikes, physical features, emotional reac-

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tions how can same medication suit all? Individual is tobe treated, not a disease as done in the conventionalsystem of medicine The paper highlights the followingaspects in detail: 1) The fallacy of Placebo, concepts ofthis in Ayurveda; a person�s thoughts are more impor-tant, his faith in his doctor is a major step in correction ofimbalances, leading towards perfect health. 2) Medicineas per body weight seems illogical if adopted by Ayurve-dic doctors; surgical instruments, medications in Ayurve-da were tailor made for each patient. Gene therapy, ge-netic transformation not new to Ayurveda 3) Controlledrandomized study-publication bias, usually sponsored bypharmaceutical companies which have vested interest inthe outcome of the research; biased researchers may high-light only benefits, iatrogenic effects shown minimal, butin ancient days Ayurvedic seers were true scientists whoput service to mankind above all. Doctors were thoughtincarnations of God in India. 4) Illogical study pattern.Study conducted in one part of the world may be unsui-table for the patients living in other parts. Medical statis-tics based on thousands of patients for a decade or somay still be insufficient to draw conclusions, which couldbe applied universally. 5) Psychological factor is moreimportant. Mice are not miniature men. Animal experi-ments may lead research into blind alleys. Ayurveda hasstudied many animals, birds, insects in depth . 6) Iatro-genic issue. Any drug released after extensive study mayshow many iatrogenic effects, as one single drug is not apanacea for all. The paper looks at: fallacies of the pre-valent research methods, why they are illogical and unsci-entific. The second aspect is what methods could be moresuitable applicable scientific to be adopted in research oftraditional systems of medicine in general and Ayurvedain particular.

RRRRRamaswamyamaswamyamaswamyamaswamyamaswamy, N, N, N, N, N.M. <IND>.M. <IND>.M. <IND>.M. <IND>.M. <IND>Traditional Medicines and Medicinal Plants Research andDevelopment in India

All systems of medicine in India function through two so-cial streams, viz. Folk stream and Classical stream. Folkstream comprising mostly the oral traditions is practicedby the rural villages and based on inherited traditionsknown as Local Health Traditions. The classical systemcomprises of the modified and organized medicinal wis-dom with sophisticated theoretical foundations and phi-losophical explanations expressed in classical texts. Me-dicinal plants are used at the household level in a self-help mode. Practitioners of Indian System of Medicineand Health use medicinal plants in preventive, promotiveand curative applications. The Indian Systems of Medici-ne, viz. Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathic sys-tem, predominantly use plant-based raw materials in mostof their preparations and formulations. At present collec-tion of medicinal plant is from the wild, and collectionsinvolve destructive harvesting. India is rich in medicinalplants diversity. In-situ and ex-situ conservation practicesare in vogue. Systematic cultivation of many medicinalplants needs specific cultural practices and agronomicalrequirements. These are species-specific and are depen-

dent on soil, water and climatic conditions. Hence inten-sive research and development work has to be underta-ken to formulate good agricultural practices which willinclude appropriate selection and identification, propa-gation methods, cultivation techniques, harvesting, post-harvest treatments, storage, quality control and marke-ting. At present, national organizations, CSIR, DBT, ICAR,ICFRE and State Agricultural Universities, State ForestDepartments and NGOs are working on medicinal plantsimprovement and development programmes. Nationaland State Medicinal Plant Boards are being established.More details on these and the research work being doneat our centre will be presented.

RRRRRane, Sulabha <IND>ane, Sulabha <IND>ane, Sulabha <IND>ane, Sulabha <IND>ane, Sulabha <IND>To Prepare Gandhakadruti and Study the Characteristicsof its Values

A Gandhakadruti is a medicine, which is in a very smalldose of 2 or 3 drops per day. It is mentioned in a very oldand ancient book Rasaratnasamuccaya. It has got a moreimportant role in the Ayurvedic cikitsa. It is like a Suksh-ma aushadhi. It is a kalpa. The procedure of preparationis a Taila Prakriya but it is not a taila/oil. It�s a kalpa andit contains not only Gandhaka, but other Ayurvedic herbstoo. I choose this medicine because it is in a small dose.It shows great effect in many diseases and is taking a veryimportant role in Ayurvedic cikitsa. This is proved in anancient book also. I prepared Gandhakadruti accordingto the mention in the ancient book only. Then I have ta-ken it for investigation of its values. 1. Acute toxicity ofGandhakadruti on various organs of white mouse. 2. Pre-liminary toxicity. 3. LD50 value of Gandhakadruti accor-ding to the Gaytonde committee guideline in albino miceby the oral route following the method of Litchfield andWilcoxon (1949). 4. Chemical analysis of Gandhakad-ruti for findings of sulphur contents, ash value, acid so-luble ash, solubility. 5. The work in evaluation of Gand-hakadruti against M. Leprae and M. Tuberculosis is stillunder experimentation.

RRRRRaphals, Lisa <USA>aphals, Lisa <USA>aphals, Lisa <USA>aphals, Lisa <USA>aphals, Lisa <USA>The Baoshan Medical Divinations

This paper explores the logic of the iatromantic recordsexcavated at Baoshan, which throw increasing light onthe role of divination in the development of medicine inearly China. Inscribed bamboo strips from the tomb of ahigh Chu official include a series of medical divinationson his behalf during the last two years of his life (Strips197-276). The divinations span a three-year period, andinclude records of multiple sacrifices to Chu gods andancestors. The paper provides a detailed analysis of thedivination sequence, including the interactions of �crack-making� (bu) and �stalk-casting� (shi) methods and theinteractions of multiple diviners (all named in the text). Italso comments on the affinities of the Baoshan divinati-ons to Shang and Chu divination and Han case histories,and on the implications for the development of wuxing

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and yinyang theory in a medical context.

RRRRRasekh, Hamid R. <IR>asekh, Hamid R. <IR>asekh, Hamid R. <IR>asekh, Hamid R. <IR>asekh, Hamid R. <IR>Cytotoxic Effect of Trachyspermum copticum Extract on FourHuman Cancer Cell Lines

Trachyspermum copticum extract has been used for treat-ment of inflammation and other medical conditions inIranian folk medicine. Since there are suggestions for itspossible cytotoxic activities, the following study was desi-gned to assess such activity. Aqueous and ethanolic ex-tracts of the plant were used for their cytotoxic effect infour different human cancer cell lines (A-375, A-549, A-2780, and HeLa) using neutral red assay. The cells wereplaced in 96-well plates at final concentration of 25,000cell/well and were placed in cell incubator overnight af-ter which they were exposed to various concentrations ofboth extract types. Twenty four hours after exposure, themedium was aspirated and cells were incubated withneutral red solution. Three hours later absorbance wasdetermined at 540 nm. The IC50 values of ethanolic ex-tract for A-375, A-549, A-2780, and HeLa were 199,355, 156, and >1000 ug/ml, respectively. The valuesfor the aqueous extract were >1000, 560, 688, and 149ug/ml, respectively. The results indicate that A-2780 isthe most sensitive to the aqueous extract and HeLa is themost sensitive cell line to the ethanolic extract of Trachy-spermum copticum. It is suggested that the difference ofactivities is due to the presence of various active sub-stances present in the two extracts. More studies are un-derway to further determine the possible mechanisms ofaction and potential anti-tumor activities of the plant.

RRRRRasekh, Hamid R. <IR>asekh, Hamid R. <IR>asekh, Hamid R. <IR>asekh, Hamid R. <IR>asekh, Hamid R. <IR>Sub-chronic Toxicity of Teucrium polium in Rats

Teucrium Polium L. (TP) is widely used in traditional medi-cine of many countries including Iran. There are variousreports about pharmacological properties of TP such ascalcium antagonism, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, and etc.There are few reports about possible toxicological effectsof this plant. The present study was designed to evaluatethe subchronic toxicity of TP total extract in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (40 males, 40 females) were divided intofour dose groups (10 animals/dose/sex) and was gava-ged daily with either 100, 300, or 600 mg/kg of totalextract for 45 days. Control group was given normal sa-line. Body weight and food consumption was monitoreddaily. After 45 days, the animals were sacrificed and he-matological and biochemical parameters as well asweights of left kidney and liver were measured. There wasno significant difference in hematological parameters inboth sexes as compared with their respective controls. Inbiochemical parameters, a significant increase (p<0.05)was seen in both ALT and AST enzyme activities in femalerats receiving 300 mg/kg of TP. There was also a signifi-cant increase in liver weight of females rats receiving 600mg/kg. No other significant change in any other para-meter was observed (p>0.05). Present data suggests that

female rats are more sensitive to higher doses of TP andthat liver could serve as a target organ in oral toxicity ofthis extract.

RRRRRashid, Saifur <Aashid, Saifur <Aashid, Saifur <Aashid, Saifur <Aashid, Saifur <AUS>US>US>US>US>Traditional Medicine and Medical Practices in Bangladesh� An Anthropological Overview

In the recent years, interest in herbal/plant medicine andindigenous medical practices have been getting impor-tance worldwide. The role of traditional healers and theuse of local plants, herbs and roots in curing diseaseshave been getting importance worldwide. As a country ofrural societies, in Bangladesh, a large portion of the po-pulation still relies mainly on traditional practitioners andlocal medicinal plants to satisfy their primary health careneeds. Practices involving use of traditional medicines varygreatly from place to place, region to region and com-munity to community as they are influenced by factorssuch as economy, culture, mentality, philosophy and en-vironment. Studies reflect that the history of using plantsagainst various diseases can be traced to the long past inBangladesh. Herbal drugs are being used as cure va-rious illnesses in Ayurvedic, Unani, Kobiraji and other tra-ditional health practices from time immemorial. Despitethe existence and expansive use of traditional/herbalmedicine, it has yet not been officially well recognizedand established and is facing the questions of validationand standardization of phytomedicines and safety aspectsof the preparation of medicines and efficacy of healingpractices. Thus the present paper, based on an anthro-pological study conducted in three villages in differentlocations, focuses on the socio-economic background ofthe traditional medical practitioners and the people whoare using traditional medicines, cultural and religiousaspects related to health seeking behaviour, efficacy andsafety aspects of the preparation and the use of medici-ne, the process of treatment and the interrelationship ofpatient and the practitioners. The specific objective of thestudy was to examine whether non-availability of modernhealth facilities, or the higher cost involved with modernhealth system are responsible for not seeking health sup-port from the modern practitioners or not. The study fin-dings reveal that education, communication, economy,availability of modern doctor and health services and re-ligious beliefs are the major factors for using traditionalmedicine in these three selected areas. The study areasinclude: one tribal community from a coastal location,one community from a peri-urban location which is veryclose to modern health facilities. The other one is a ruralcommunity from very remote areas, where modern medi-cal facilities are not available. Interviewing, informaldiscussion, case study and observation were the maintechniques of data collection.

RRRRRengasamyengasamyengasamyengasamyengasamy, P, P, P, P, Palaniappan <IND> (Walaniappan <IND> (Walaniappan <IND> (Walaniappan <IND> (Walaniappan <IND> (Williams, Pilliams, Pilliams, Pilliams, Pilliams, PrakashrakashrakashrakashrakashGGGGG. <IND>; Gowrisankar. <IND>; Gowrisankar. <IND>; Gowrisankar. <IND>; Gowrisankar. <IND>; Gowrisankar, R. <IND>), R. <IND>), R. <IND>), R. <IND>), R. <IND>)Antibacterial Activities and Preliminary Phytochemical Ana-lyses of the Medicinal Plant Solanum trilobatum

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Antimicrobial properties of the different parts (leaves, fruits,and flowers) of the medicinal plant Solanum trilobatumwere investigated using disc diffusion method. Both coldand soxlet extractions were performed to extract antimic-robial compounds employing different organic solventssuch as ethanol, methanol, chloroform, Chloro-form:methanol (2:1), methanol:chloroform (3:1). Theantimicrobial potential of various extracts were testedagainst fifteen pathogenic microbial strains which inclu-de nine gram negative and five gram positive bacteriaand one fungal strain. The present investigation revealedthat generally all the extracts of the herbal plant showedsignificant antimicrobial properties against the various mi-crobial strains tested. The chloroform and methanol ex-tracts of fresh leaves showed higher inhibitory action andit was less in the ethanolic extract. The antimicrobial ac-tivity of soxlet extracts of fresh leaves was found to behigher than that of crude extracts. In contrast the antimi-crobial activity of the soxlet extract of fresh fruits showeda slight decrease in their degree of inhibition, when com-pared with crude extract. Higher inhibitory action wasnoticed in fresh fruits than that of dried one. The flowersof S. trilobatum showed significant antimicrobial proper-ty in Chloroform:methanol (2:1) combination rather thanin chloroform and methanolic extracts. The saponifiedlipid fraction of the leaves of the herbal plant exhibitedhigher inhibitory activity, when compared with unsaponi-fied fraction. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of theleaves of the medicinal plant was also investigated.

RRRRRoushan Zamiroushan Zamiroushan Zamiroushan Zamiroushan Zamir, F, F, F, F, Farshad <IR> (Karshad <IR> (Karshad <IR> (Karshad <IR> (Karshad <IR> (Kamalinezhad, M.amalinezhad, M.amalinezhad, M.amalinezhad, M.amalinezhad, M.<IR>; R<IR>; R<IR>; R<IR>; R<IR>; Rezaee, Sezaee, Sezaee, Sezaee, Sezaee, S. <IR>). <IR>). <IR>). <IR>). <IR>)Hepatoprotective Effect of Vitis vinifera L.

Experiments show that most synthetic drugs, although ef-fective against disease, have undesired side effects. Onthe other hand, experiments show that herbal medicinescan be used to treat disease without any specific sideeffects. That�s why there is a tendency today to use herbalmedicines instead of Synthetic drugs whenever possible.One of the plants with different variety in Iran is Vitis Vini-fera. The importance of this plant lies in the fact that thedried juice of it�s fruit is used extensively as hepatopro-tective agent in folk medicine. This prompted us to studythe hepatoprotective effects of Black currants. To this enda sample of grape juice was concentrated by using steam.The concentrated was then used in 5gr/kg, 2.5gr/kg,1.25gr/kg, 0.5gr/kg, 0.25gr/kg, 0.1gr/kg, 0.075gr/kg,0.05gr/kg and 0.01gr/kg. Concentrations in vivo onmale SD Rats and then their liver damaged with CCI4and liver enzymes SGOT and SGPT were subsequentlymeasured. Obtained results showed decrease in increa-sed enzyme with CCI4 after treating with concentrationand this result shows that the total extract of Vitis Vinifera�sdried fruits can protect hepatocytes from CCI4/inducedhepatotoxicity, and this effect maybe from scavenge freeradicals effects on hepatocytes and with this mechanisminhibits liver damage.

RüdingerRüdingerRüdingerRüdingerRüdinger, Helmut <D>, Helmut <D>, Helmut <D>, Helmut <D>, Helmut <D>Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine in Euro-pe, particularly Germany

��

Sabzevari, Omid <IR> (OSabzevari, Omid <IR> (OSabzevari, Omid <IR> (OSabzevari, Omid <IR> (OSabzevari, Omid <IR> (O�Brien, P�Brien, P�Brien, P�Brien, P�Brien, Peter Jeter Jeter Jeter Jeter J. <CDN>). <CDN>). <CDN>). <CDN>). <CDN>)Study of Phloretin Cytotoxic Mechanisms

Phloretin, a major apple flavonoid, is a dihydrochalcone.Chalcones are flavonoids with two aromatic rings and anunsaturated side chain, which are abundantly distributedthroughout the plant kingdom. They have recently provo-ked more attention because of their interesting biologicalactivities including fungicidal, antiinflammatory, antibac-terial, antimalarial, antileishmania, antimutagenic andchemoprevention activity. Phloretin has also induced apo-ptosis in B16 melanoma cells. We have investigatedphloretin and 7 other chalcones for their cytotoxic me-chanisms towards isolated rat hepatocytes. Phloretin andother chalcones induced cytotoxicity in the range of 100-400uM towards hepatocytes. The cytotoxic effectivenessof chalcones in order of increasing LD50 (2 hrs) were asfollows: 2',2-dihydroxychalcone (2',2-DHC) > 2',4-dihy-droxychalcone (2',4-DHC) > 2',3-dihydroxychalcone(2',3-DHC) > 2'-hydroxychalcone (2'-HC) > 2',5'-dihy-droxychalcone (2',5'-DHC) > 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone(2',4'-DHC) > 2',3',4'-trihydroxychalcone (2',3',4'-THC) >phloretin . All chalcones depleted hepatocyte GSH eitherby GSH oxidation to GSSG or by conjugate formationwith GSH. GSH was also depleted by chalcones in vitroduring their metabolism by liver microsomes and NADPH.3-Methylcholanthrene induced microsomes were alsomuch more effective than uninduced microsomes at ca-talyzing GSH depletion by 2',5'-DHC, 2',4'-DHC, 2',3-DHC, 2'-HC and phloretin, but not 2',3',4'-THC. The GSHdepletion was prevented by isosafrole, which suggests thatCYP1A2 may catalyze the metabolism of the chalconesto a reactive GSH intermediate. The microsomal cataly-zed GSH depletion by chalcones in order of decreasingeffectiveness were as follows: 2',3',4'-THC > 2',5'-DHC> 2',4'-DHC > 2',3-DHC > 2'-HC > phloretin. All chal-cones also resulted in a collapse of mitochondrial mem-brane potential (MMP). The chalcones that formed GSSGcaused a greater collapse in MMP and were more cyto-toxic. Our findings suggest that phenoxyl radicals causedthe GSH oxidation and may contribute to the uncouplingand collapse of the MMP.

Sadeghipour RSadeghipour RSadeghipour RSadeghipour RSadeghipour Roodsari, Hamid Roodsari, Hamid Roodsari, Hamid Roodsari, Hamid Roodsari, Hamid Reza <IR>eza <IR>eza <IR>eza <IR>eza <IR>Using Demecolcin, an Iranian Plant Extract, Vincristin andVitamin B15 in Order to Treat Leukemia

Using Demecolcin, an Iranian plant extract, Vincristin andvitamin B15, an experiment was done in order to treatleukemia, with following results. 1 � Abortion was indu-ced in healthy NMRI/Ra mice by Demecolcin and Vincris-tin. Demecolcin had a teratogenic effect when the firstinjection was given to the mice on 7th day of pregnancy.

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This indicates that the drug was able to pass through theplacental barrier. These drugs injected after weaning inimmature male mice, affect the sexual glands: becausehistological sections after maturity demonstrate inhibitionof spermatogenesis. In spite of reduction of Leydig cellsnumber, X zone of the adrenal gland nevertheless under-went involution, because of the presence of sufficientandrogen secretion. Vitamin B15 as tubage has appa-rently no appreciable teratogenic effect on sexual glandsof the mice. These mice had similar results by compari-son to those of controls. 2 � Leukemic A.K.R mice withgradual and appreciable increase of Lymphocytes weretreated with Demecolcin for one month. This resulted inreduction of the number of the Lymphocytes, with signifi-cant statistic difference by comparison to those of eithercontrols or before the experiment. When treatment wasstopped, the number of Lymphocytes was gradually in-creased but it was considerably inferior in comparisonwith those of other mice. As far as A.K.R mice are concer-ned Vincristin had similar effect with Demecolcin, in re-duction of the number of lymphocytes in AKR mice; alt-hough vitamin B15 had similar, but less effect comparedwith the above mentioned drugs, but it has a significantdifference with the control group. Result: Demecolcin andVincristin could cause reduction of the number of lym-phocytes in the leukemic mice during period of treatment.Vitamin B15 showed a minor effect under these experi-ments. As has been shown with known drugs there is noeffective treatment against leukemia in AKR mice.

Sarashetti, RSarashetti, RSarashetti, RSarashetti, RSarashetti, Rewanasiddappa <IND>ewanasiddappa <IND>ewanasiddappa <IND>ewanasiddappa <IND>ewanasiddappa <IND>Effect of a Herbomineral Product in Antitubercular Drugs-induced Hepatotoxicity

Introduction: A wide spectrum of hepatotoxicity due tonumerous modern drugs is noticed in clinical practice.An attempt is made to find an effective medicine to coun-teract antitubercular drugs (ATD) induced hepatotoxicity.A herbomineral product (Arogyavardhini vati) (AV) is con-sidered to be a potent hepatoprotective composition men-tioned in traditional Indian system of medicine (Ayurve-da). Method: experimental study was carried out on 32wistar strain albino rats divided into 4 groups of 8 each.Isoniazide (INH), rifampicin (RMP) and pyrazinamide (PZA)were administered in group I, and formulation-AV withINH, RMP and PZA in Group II. Administration of INH(ATD) served control for curative study Group III. AV wasadministered to albino rats in Group IV, which had ATDinduced hepatotoxicity for a period of 45 days. Results:Weight gains (34.1 g) and activeness, appetite, intake,hair growth improvements in Group II and IV but weightloss (38.3 g), no symptomatic improvement in Group Iand III were noted. SGOT 26+22 (163+94), SGPT 37+2(48+5) in Group II and SGOT 22+5.9 (150+31.6),SGPT 11.7+2.1(83+1.7) in Group IV were noted after45 days. But there was increase in SGOT, SGPT in GroupI and III. The increased ALP in Group II and IV, might bedue to the presence of calcium in AV. Histopathologicallydegenerative and a beginning of nacrotic changes, de-rangement of hepatocytes, absence of nulcei in some cells

were noted in Group I and III. But normal hepatocytesand cord like arrangements and regenerative changeswere noted in Group II and IV after 45 days. Conclusi-ons: Administration of formulation-AV with ATD demons-trated a significant hepatoprotective effect, and a curati-ve effect in ATD-induced hepatotoxicity without any unto-ward effect either on liver or kidney. Thus it proved to bea prophylactic as well as a curative formulation.

Sarma, Bishnu PSarma, Bishnu PSarma, Bishnu PSarma, Bishnu PSarma, Bishnu Prasad <IND>rasad <IND>rasad <IND>rasad <IND>rasad <IND>Diabetes mellitus and its Management by HerbomineralAgents (Amrycard) in N.E. Region of India

Diabetes mellitus was known to ancient Indian physiciansas �Madhumeha�. Many herbal and mineral products (in-corporated with herbs) have been described for the cureof diabetes in the ancient literature. A clinical trial wasdone with the herbomineral preparations (Amrycard) onNIDDM at Govt. Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Gu-wahati. Amrycard capsules were given in the dose of 2capsules thrice daily for a period of six months. The treat-ment with Amrycard showed a significant improvement indecreasing fasting and PP blood sugar level. The patientfelt a sense of wellbeing. Mean fasting blood sugar levelbefore treatment was 174.66 mg% and after treatmentmean blood sugar was 82.17 mg%. Mean PP blood su-gar treatment was 222.26 mg% and after treatment143.83 mg%. Glycosylated hemoglobin was 11.94 %,after 6 months of treatment a significant reduction from11.94 % to 6.78 % was observed. Indigenous drug com-binations may render encouraging results in case of dia-betes melllitus.

Scheid, VScheid, VScheid, VScheid, VScheid, Volker <GB>olker <GB>olker <GB>olker <GB>olker <GB>Chinese Medicine � Stream, Paradigm or Movement

Ever since Thomas Kuhn published his influential work onthe structure of scientific revolutions it has become com-mon place to speak of human practices that might bethought of as sciences through the language of para-digms. Kuhn�s own use of the term is far from consistentand debates continue to this date as to its utility for sci-ence studies. Nevertheless, the intuitive appeal of �para-digms�, �paradigm shifts� and �incommensurabilitybetween paradigms� to researchers interested in descri-bing scientific traditions and the relation between themhas ensured an ever widening popularity of Kuhn�s con-cepts. They are cited today not merely in scientific papersbut can be found in leaflets distributed by acupuncturepractitioners to their patients in which the differencebetween Chinese and Western medicine is explained asone between incommensurable paradigms: equally validbut not translatable into each other. My paper exploresthe utility of the paradigm concept for the history andethnography of Chinese medicine. I argue that the con-cept imports problematic background assumptions aboutthe nature of knowledge into any analysis. For this pur-pose I compare the notion of paradigm with two possiblealternatives: the notion of �movement� indigenous to cer-

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tain Western sociological research traditions and the no-tion of �scholarly streams� indigenous to Chinese dis-course on Chinese medicine. My goal is to encouragereflection among researchers as well as practitioners ofmedical traditions about the relation between medicalpractice and the social structures in which they are em-bedded and about the effect of meta-theoretical label-ling on identity, practice and the relation between medi-cal traditions.

Schwabl, Herbert <CH>Schwabl, Herbert <CH>Schwabl, Herbert <CH>Schwabl, Herbert <CH>Schwabl, Herbert <CH>An Evidence Based Approach Towards Tibetan HerbalFormulas

In order to use a Tibetan herbal formula in scientific re-search settings, the formula has to be presented as stan-dardized composition, the ingredients have to be descri-bed according to western pharmacopoeia standards (La-tin binomials), and the quality of the mixture has to beconfirmed according to the principles of GMP (good ma-nufacturing practice for pharmaceuticals). Clinical re-search with traditional botanicals can only be performedin a controlled setup (double blind, placebo controlledrandomized trials as the �gold standard�). The crucialquestion is: will a Tibetan formula work in such a doubleblind, randomized, controlled setup? To answer this ques-tion an example is presented. According to traditionalknowledge the Tibetan formula Padma 28 �increases wind,is cooling.� How can such a benefit be measured? Thefirst scientific evidence usually comprises case histories(retrospective or prospective). Then pilot studies with wes-tern doctors add further evidence, e.g. Padma 28 wasused in chronic hepatitis, chronic respiratory diseases,circulatory problems, angina pectoris. For further clinicalresearch from the so far collected evidence one promi-nent indication has to be chosen. For example for peri-pheral circulatory problems the measurement of the wal-king distance is a good indicator. Performing several cli-nical trials it was possible to accumulate clinical evidencefor the activity of the formula [Sallon 1998, Smulski 1995,Drabaek 1993]. In vitro research reveals the activity ofPadma 28 on cell protection, the prohibition of lipid oxi-dation, the inhibition of the oxidative stress reaction, andthe inhibition of inflammatory processes [Moeslinger2000, Suter 2000, Ginsburg 1999]. Conclusion: Tibet-an formulas are efficient in a controlled scientific envi-ronment on a clinical and experimental level. Standardi-zed quality and further research on the different Tibetanformulas are crucial to improve the status of Tibetan me-dicine in Europe.

SelbySelbySelbySelbySelby, Martha Ann <USA>, Martha Ann <USA>, Martha Ann <USA>, Martha Ann <USA>, Martha Ann <USA>Feminine Desire, Sexual Pleasure, and Bodily Comport-ment in the Caraka- and Sushruta-Samhitas

This paper will explore various aspects of feminine desireand pleasure as they are formulated in the two earliestextant medical manuals written in Sanskrit, the Caraka-samhita (circa first century C.E.) and the Sushruta-samhi-

ta (circa second century C.E.). I will analyze in detail theSanskrit medical writers� ideas about feminine desire, se-xual behavior, and sexual response as they relate towomanly comportment in the larger early classical con-text, but I will especially explore those factors as they comeinto play during a woman�s attempts to conceive a child.I will pay particular attention to the conflicts between awoman�s �desire� and her �desirability� as they are deli-neated throughout both texts.

Shahzad, Khurram <PShahzad, Khurram <PShahzad, Khurram <PShahzad, Khurram <PShahzad, Khurram <PAK>AK>AK>AK>AK>Viscum album � The Diversified Approaches

Viscum album discussed as symptomatology, also ancientremedy for epilepsy, clinical symptoms as given by diffe-rent authorities. Detailed consideration as emphasizedby Steiner�s anthroposophical approach. Different pro-ducts and their use in cancer; various host trees prepara-tions have diversified usage.

Sharifzadeh, Mohammad <IR> (Hadjiakhoondi, A.Sharifzadeh, Mohammad <IR> (Hadjiakhoondi, A.Sharifzadeh, Mohammad <IR> (Hadjiakhoondi, A.Sharifzadeh, Mohammad <IR> (Hadjiakhoondi, A.Sharifzadeh, Mohammad <IR> (Hadjiakhoondi, A.<IR>; Gohari, A. <IR>; Jeddi, A. <IR>; Shirali, F<IR>; Gohari, A. <IR>; Jeddi, A. <IR>; Shirali, F<IR>; Gohari, A. <IR>; Jeddi, A. <IR>; Shirali, F<IR>; Gohari, A. <IR>; Jeddi, A. <IR>; Shirali, F<IR>; Gohari, A. <IR>; Jeddi, A. <IR>; Shirali, F.....<IR>)<IR>)<IR>)<IR>)<IR>)Inhibition of Morphine Dependence by Withania somni-fera and Withania coagulans in Mice

In the present study, the effects of root extract of Withaniasomnifera and Withania coagulans on dependence tomorphine have been investigated. Animals were treatedsubcutaneously with morphine (50,50 and 75 mg/kg,first day), (75,75 and 100 mg/kg, second day), (100,100and 125 mg/kg, third day) and a last dose of morphine(50 mg/kg) was administered on the fourth day. Withdra-wal syndrome (jumps) precipitated by naloxone (5 mg/kg) which was administered intraperitoneally 2 hours af-ter the last dose of morphine, was evaluated. To study theeffects of root extracts of Withania somnifera and Witha-nia coagulans on morphine dependence, 10 injectionsof morphine for dependence and a dose of 5 mg/kg ofnaloxone for withdrawal induction were employed. Intra-peritoneal injections of different doses of Withania som-nifera and Withania coagulans (5,25,50,100 and 200mg/kg) decreased number of jumps induced by naloxo-ne in morphine dependent animals. The maximum re-sponses obtained by 200 mg/kg of either Withania som-nifera or Withania coagulans. Pretreatment of animalswith 100 mg/kg of root extracts 30 minutes before eachinjections of morphine (10 injections of each root extractsin four days) also were able to prevent withdrawal singsprecipitated by naloxone significantly. It is concluded thatthe root extracts of Withania somnifera and Withania co-agulans can probably decrease withdrawal signs in mor-phine dependent animals via interaction with post recep-tor mechanism.

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Shirazi, FShirazi, FShirazi, FShirazi, FShirazi, Farshad Harshad Harshad Harshad Harshad H. <IR>. <IR>. <IR>. <IR>. <IR>Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Mentha pulegium (Khal-vash) Aerial Parts and Leaves on Human Ovarian Carci-noma

One of the most frequently used traditional, as well asmodern, medicinal herbs is Mentha pulegium from Labi-atae Family. There are reports on the cytotoxicity of thisplant. The degree of cytotoxicity of the essential oil of thisplant was examinated on human malignant melanomaA375, and human renal adenocarcinoma ACHN cell li-nes. Neutral red assay and clonogenic assay were usedin this investigation. Above cell lines in logarithmic growthphase were exposed to different concentrations of the es-sential oil for 24 hours. Percentage of colonies in eachconcentration group compared to control has been usedfor clonogenic assay. In neutral red (N.R.) assay health ofcell membrane and lysosomes was investigated. Unfortu-natly, NR did not present a good dose-response curve forthe essential oil of this plant on any of above cell lines.According to clonogenic assay results, IC50s were 49.6ug/mL and 59.1 ug/mL, for ACHN and A375 cell lines,respectively. More detail of mechanism of action investi-gation and statistical analysis will be presented at themeeting. Our results showed the possibility of applyingthe ingredients of Mentha pulegium essential oil for treat-ment of human cancer. More specialized experiments forassessment of exact cytotoxic effect of essential oil, aswell as, clinical and animal trials for the treatment of can-cer are suggested.

Singh, TSingh, TSingh, TSingh, TSingh, Tarun <IND>arun <IND>arun <IND>arun <IND>arun <IND>Formulation and Evaluation of Aloe vera Gel using Va-rious Polymers

Aloe vera has a great scope in cosmetic and pharmaceu-tical industry because of its use in treating skin rashes,acne, burns, cuts, diabetic wounds and chronic externalulcers. So because of such a wide scope there is a needto make a stable formulation for external application. For-mulation of Aloe vera gel was done using the polymerscarbopol, H.P.M.C., guargum, and gelatin. The differentformulations are evaluated by solubility test, viscosity stu-dies, extrudability, spreadability, homogenesity and pri-mary skin care tests on human volunteers. The other che-mical analyses performed were drug content analysis, re-lease studies and the effect of pH on the formulation.Under the biological evaluation preservative challengetest was performed. After doing a comparative study ofall the physico-chemical properties of the gels, carbopolwas found to be the best gelling agent.

Sinha, Malti SSinha, Malti SSinha, Malti SSinha, Malti SSinha, Malti S. <IND>. <IND>. <IND>. <IND>. <IND>The Status of Traditional Medical Systems in India andGovernment Policy Towards These

��

Srivastava, Sharad <IND>Srivastava, Sharad <IND>Srivastava, Sharad <IND>Srivastava, Sharad <IND>Srivastava, Sharad <IND>Quality Control of Herbal Drugs � A Present Day Need

Commercial production of medicines and other productsbased on Ayurvedic, Unani and other systems of medici-ne not only increased manyfold in our country but theworld over. Increase in urbanization and large populati-on has not only created a shortage of authentic raw ma-terials but also increased the tendency of profiteering. Alarge number of manufacturing units, some with multic-rore investment, and some multinationals have enteredin the area of herbal drugs and pharmaceuticals. A ma-jority of raw materials employed by these industries are ofplant origin, the bulk of which comes from forest areas orother wild sources. The supplies are usually obtained th-rough various trade channels and are generally lackingin uniform quality. This has created serious problems withregard to the quality of the raw materials and their desi-red therapeutic effects. In addition to these, the Ayurve-dic and Unani nomenclature of drugs has been an im-portant factor for a creating lot of adulteration and/orsubstitution, thus further aggravating the problem in her-bal drug markets. The herbal drug markets are also fullof adulterants and substitutes of genuine drugs, whichmay be due to similar vernacular names of entirely diffe-rent plant taxa. The rhizomes of Curcuma amada areconsidered as genuine �Amraharidra� but other Curcumasp viz. C. zedoaria and C. aromatica are being sold inthe same name. On the basis of flolaral morphology, viz.hairs on ovary and geneculate/clavate style, etc. differentmarket samples of �Banafsha� can be identified. HPTLCalso play a key role in drug standardization, for instance,the drug �Mamira�, botanically equated to the roots ofCoptis teeta (genuine) and Thalictrum foliolosum (Substi-tute), can be differentiated by the same in having floure-scent spot at Rf 0.14 of canary yellow in C. teeta andblue at Rf 0.08 in Thalictrum foliolosum at 366nm. Simi-larly different botanical taxa used as �Ratanjot� and �Da-ruharidra� can be identified on the basis of different arne-bins and berberine content respectively. In the presentcommunication different parameters used in quality as-surance of herbal drugs would be discussed.

StollbergStollbergStollbergStollbergStollberg, Gunnar <D>, Gunnar <D>, Gunnar <D>, Gunnar <D>, Gunnar <D>Asian Medicine in Germany Today � A SociologicalApproach

Not a clash of civilisations, but a silent revolution hastaken place in the German and in West European healthsystems: Asian medical concepts have settled in the hete-rodox/complementary sectors of these systems, and haveoften surpassed traditionally established conceptions likehomoeopathy, or naturopathy. This is especially true foracupuncture, and to a much lesser degree for Ayurveda.From a sociological point of view, these developmentsfirstly form part of developing world society, and secondlyform a hybridisation of knowledge. Globalisation has of-ten been conceptualised as a global expansion of USeconomy, and of Western products like Coca Cola and

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McDonald�s burgers. In the field of medicine, the Wes-tern biomedicine expanded to become a global know-ledge since the 1850�s, indeed. But Asian medical sys-tems left their native lands for the West in several wavessince the same time. Biomedicine became dominant inmost areas of the third world, while Asian practices re-mained margined in the West. World society consists ofprocesses of going East, and of going West. In these lat-ter processes new hybrid forms of Eastern medicine emergein the West. Acupuncture and Ayurveda are interpretedfrom biomedical perspectives. They are taught by and forphysicians who have been educated in biomedicine. Ascomplementary forms of therapeutics they become co-ordinated with biomedical diagnoses, and practices. Pa-rallel, complementary and alternative forms of applicati-on can be observed. Hybrid forms of medical knowledgeand practices arise. I will outline first results of a researchproject observing these processes in Germany.

SundarSundarSundarSundarSundar, Geetha <IND>, Geetha <IND>, Geetha <IND>, Geetha <IND>, Geetha <IND>Critical Care in Ayurveda

Contrary to popular belief, Ayurveda has a major role toplay in management of emergency conditions that posean immediate threat to life. This includes instances whereAyurveda can play a frontline role and also complementmodern medicine to maximize the outcome of therapeu-tic intervention. While it is true that Ayurvedic approachto healing is generally slow and gentle, it does not meanthat Ayurveda cannot handle emergency conditions atall. Trauma care, neurological and cardiovascular emer-gencies, pre-surgical preparation, management of post-surgical complications, respiratory failure and hepaticcome are some of the areas where judicious applicationof Ayurveda can prove to be advantageous. Ayurvedacan maximize the chances of recovery and rehabilitationin many life threatening situations if it is complementedwith emergency management techniques of modern me-dicine. This paper attempts to elucidate the role of Ayur-veda in critical care with the help of selected case re-cords. In the process, the areas where Ayurveda can com-plement or be complemented by modern medicine willbe pointed out and the areas where Ayurveda can inde-pendently manage the situation will be highlighted.

Suru, PSuru, PSuru, PSuru, PSuru, Prashant Anant <IND>rashant Anant <IND>rashant Anant <IND>rashant Anant <IND>rashant Anant <IND>Srotas � Unique, Innovative Concept of Ayurveda and itsApplication in Practice, with Special Reference to Rasa-vaha Srotas

Introduction: Ayurveda,the science of life, has its own the-ory about human body. �Man is a miniature of nature�.They both are formed due to �Pancamahabhutas�. [Pan-cabhautik] �srotas� is a unique Ayurvedic concept abouthuman body, which really differs a lot from concept ofdifferent systems in the body. Discussion: Srotas play animportant role in physiological metabolism of the body.�Srotas� is one of the responsible factors in pathogenesis.�Examination of these thirteen srotasas� may lead to �di-

agnosis� and �prognosis�, too. Causative factors for vitia-tion of srotasas � (srotodushti) � and their relation betweensigns and symptoms can put us to make proper diagno-sis. With special reference to �rasavaha srotas�, we willelobarate the importance of �srotasas and their exami-nation� in case of routine practice.

Sutarjadi, HSutarjadi, HSutarjadi, HSutarjadi, HSutarjadi, H. <RI>. <RI>. <RI>. <RI>. <RI>Tradition and Innovation of Traditional Medicine in Indo-nesia

The Indonesian traditional medicines are used by the In-donesian people since centuries ago. According to Boel-man (Boelman HAC [1936]. Bijdrage tot de Geschiede-nis der Geneeskruidcultuur in Nederlandsch Oost Indie.Dissertation. Utrecht. ), there can be seen pictures of about50 species of plants carved on the walls of the old temp-les Borobudur, Penataran, Sukuh and Tegawangi, whichare used traditionally as materials for preparing medici-nal herbs by the Indonesian people until this time. Re-search and development of traditional medicine have beensupported by the Indonesian Government by makinghealth regulations supporting the study and utilization oftraditional medicines. The first Indonesian Act on Princip-les of Health (valid from 1961) and the Act on Pharmacy(valid from 1963) call for the study and proper use ofIndonesian indigenous (traditional) medicines by doingresearch on the methods of preparations, standardizati-on, looking for new resources and establishing collabo-rations with other nations (Undang-undang no.9 tahun1961 tentang Pokok-pokok Kesehatan; Undang-undangno.7 tahun 1963 tentang Farmasi). With the Decree ofthe Indonesian People�s Congress in 1993, in which itwas declared that the research, development and utiliza-tion of Indonesian traditional medicine had to be done(Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat II tentangGaris-garis Besar Haluan Negara tahun 1993), the re-search and development of the Indonesian traditionalmedicine have been accelerated. Since 1995 the De-partment of Health has established Centres for Develop-ment and Application of Traditional Medicine in 12 pro-vinces in Indonesia which have to study and utilize tradi-tional medicine for health services (Surat Keputusan Men-teri Kesehatan RI No.0584/MENKES/SK/V/1995 tentangSentra Pengembangan dan Penerapan Pengobatan Tra-disional tahun 1995). Within these last years the deve-lopment of the production and utilization of the Indonesi-an traditional medicines have been increased significant-ly. In 2002 there are 79 factories and 612 small indus-tries producing Indonesian traditional medicines in theforms of packed tea-preparations, instant health drinksand also as modern drug preparations as tablets, capletsand capsules produced from extracts of Indonesian tra-ditional herbs (Lukman Hakim [2002]. National Seminaron Indonesian Medicinal Plants XXI. Surabaya University,Surabaya.).

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SuvorovSuvorovSuvorovSuvorovSuvorov, Mikhail <RUS>, Mikhail <RUS>, Mikhail <RUS>, Mikhail <RUS>, Mikhail <RUS>Traditional Medicine in Yemen Today

The lack of modern health care facilities in Yemen, espe-cially in its rural areas, and rather high level of povertymaintain permanent demand for popular medicine, whichis much cheaper and available on the spot. This includesa wide range of means. The most common is dietetictherapy, which has always associated with seasonal healthregimes. Still of great importance are hygienic means liketraditional cosmetics, incense, tooth-cleaning sticks, etc.Various diseases are treated with the methods of herbaltherapy, almost every local plant being considered hereto have certain medicinal properties. Also widely arepracticed blood-letting and cauterization, applied to curea variety of serious diseases. Many Yemeni bone-setterspossess tremendous skills in their profession, which facthas been repeatedly reported by visiting specialists. Somemethods of popular medicine, though, stand closer tosorcery than to real medicine. The majority of today spopular physicians in Yemen have inherited medical skillsfrom their ancestors and adhere to old methods, relyingupon locally available medicinal materials. Some others,representatives of a new stage in development of traditi-onal medicine, hold degrees from renowned universities,use reference books on world medical practice, purchasenecessary materials from abroad, acquire certificates fromthe Ministry of Public Health, and open well-equippedclinics.

TTTTTajuddin <IND>ajuddin <IND>ajuddin <IND>ajuddin <IND>ajuddin <IND>Evaluation of a Polyherbal Preparation for Learning, Me-mory and Behavioural Effects in Rats

Majoon Falasafa, a unani compound formulation, con-tains 13 herbal ingredients, reputed in the traditional sys-tem of Graeco-Arab (Unani) Medicine to be of value inthe management of neurological disorders particularly inage-related cognitive deficits. As no scientific data is avai-lable to substantiate the claim, an experimental study isconducted for scientific validation of its clinical use. TheExtract of the test drug is administered to the animals peroral in the dose of 50mg/100gm b.w. corresponding toprescribed human dose in the system and for investigati-ons currently available many experimental paradigms thataffect learning and memory processes were used. All theresults were analysed and compared with plain controlstatistically whereas, piracetam and diazepam were alsoadministered as a standard nootropic and amnesic agentsfor comparative study. In the Elevated plus-maze test thetest drug showed marked decrease in transfer latency(P<0.05) and also protected the rats against amnesiceffect of diazepam considerably. In Radial arm-maze testthe percentage of successful rats was as high as 83.33%in the MF treated group and running line was also signi-ficantly decreased (P<0.05) as compared to control. InY-maze test,the drug treated animals were able to make72% of alterations in the maze exploration which wassignificant (P<0.05). In the present study the experimentsrevealed that Majoon Falasafa significantly enhanced all

the aspects of memory (short term, working, spatial wor-king and long term) which corroborates well with the ra-tionale of using it in memory impairment as suggested byUnani physicians.

TTTTTamdin, Tamdin, Tamdin, Tamdin, Tamdin, Tsewang <IND>sewang <IND>sewang <IND>sewang <IND>sewang <IND>Tibetan Medicine in Asia Today � The Renaissance it isUndergoing

Tibetan medicine is a unique holistic system of healing.This is a system of psycho-cosmo-physical healing whosephilosophy and healing technique have much to offer to-wards the worldwide campaign against disease. The im-pact of spiritual practice in Tibetan medicine and the bi-focal attitude of looking at different facets of ailments notonly through symptoms but also keeping in considerationthe causal factor, call attention to its profoundness as apanacea against the common enemy of all human beings.Since the unlawful invasion of Tibet by the Chinese RedArmy in the year 1959, Tibet has had to suffer genocide,irreparable disturbance of the flora and fauna as well asimmeasurable destruction of its culture and tradition whichdates back more than three thousand years. But despitelarge scale destruction and efforts to purge the trace ofTibet from the face of the earth, the Tibetan people underthe guidance of H.H. The Dalai Lama have emergedunscathed in the exile land to face the whole world withits unique culture and tradition as its only possession.The Tibetan Government in Exile has a well structuredjuristic hierarchy with the elected Cabinet at its apex. TheTibetan Medical and Astro Institute, which is under theExile Tibetan Government, has 43 branch clinics all overIndia and Nepal with more than 5 lakhs of patients visi-ting our clinics in a year. Out of these, only 20% constitu-te Tibetan patients whereas 80% of patients benefitingfrom Tibetan medicine are Tibetans and Westerners. Thebasic philosophy of Tibetan medicine in counseling howto stay in harmony with the external elements and seaso-nal changes, and how one has to adhere to certain dietand behavioral patterns in accordance with individual con-stitution, is a universal language, comprehensible to allthe human beings in this whole wide world.

Unschuld, PUnschuld, PUnschuld, PUnschuld, PUnschuld, Paul Uaul Uaul Uaul Uaul U. <D>. <D>. <D>. <D>. <D>Knowing Practice? The Value of Chinese Physicians� Pri-vate Manuscripts

For a long time historians of Chinese medicine have basedtheir research on printed sources. Chinese medical lite-rature of the past two millennia provided ample data forstudying issues such as the development of theories, oftherapeutic practices, and of pharmaceutical knowledge.Non-medical printed texts, novels, dramas, legal casehistories, and others have proven most helpful in acces-sing the social context of Chinese traditional medicine,including its ethical foundations. More recently, medicalanthropologists have approached contemporary Chine-se medical settings through participant observation andhave added further insights to generated a more encom-

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passing understanding of the practice of medicine inChina. And yet, the picture emerging from these approa-ches is far from complete. We have drawn attention tothe value of historical objects and images as indispensib-le sources of data not found in printed texts, and we shouldlike to draw attention to Chinese medical manuscripts ofthe 19th and early 20th centuries held in libraries in andoutside of China as documents reflecting a reality of Chi-nese medical practice not recorded in any other knowntype of sources. The present paper introduces one suchmanuscript as a most telling example. Apparently it wascompiled within a family by members of three consecuti-ve generations beginning in the 19th century and endingin the 20th century. It offers a wealth of information onphysician-patient relationships, implicit ethics, and themodernization of Chinese medicine in the final decadesof the Qing dynasty and the republican period.

WWWWWele, Asmita <IND> (Kele, Asmita <IND> (Kele, Asmita <IND> (Kele, Asmita <IND> (Kele, Asmita <IND> (Kamat, Samat, Samat, Samat, Samat, S.S.S.S.S.S. <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>). <IND>)Effect of Aloe vera Juice Treatment (Bhavana) on Toxicityof Calcinated Cypraea moneta (Kapardika Bhasma)

Introduction: Ayurvedic pharmaceutics elaborates the im-portance of intermittent trituration of calcinated products(bhasma) with herbal juice or decoction (bhavana) in pre-paration of any bhasma. Rasashastra texts do not referany bhavana to calcinated cowry shell product (kapardi-ka bhasma) yet it is practiced traditionally using Aloe verajuice. An attempt has been made to reveal the role of thistreatment in terms of toxicity of the final product. Method:Purification (shodhana) of Cypraea moneta (cowry shell)was carried out by boiling the shells in lemon juice (sveda-na) to remove surface dirt and to bring about brittlenessas per the traditional method. Then the purified shellswere calcinated in the modified heating arrangement usingmuffle furnace. These were then divided in two batchesand calcinated again with and without the treatment ofAloe vera juice. Acute oral toxicity studies were then car-ried out on albino mice. Histopathological changes (HPE)in liver, kidney and intestine for the two groups were com-pared. Results: Both the samples complied with the Ayur-vedic quality control parameters. HPE findings in the firstgroup (Aloe vera treated) revealed no change in the mor-phology of the tested vital organs. In the second group(without Aloe vera treatment) mild type of degenerativechange in the liver cells was observed. Congestion in thekidney, mainly due to increased blood flow through glo-merular apparatus, was also observed. Conclusions: Tra-ditional practice of Bhavana (trituration) of kapardikabhasma with Aloe vera juice plays an important role inthe efficacy of the product as it prevents toxic damage ofliver. Aloe vera juice might be helping to prevent formati-on of CaO in kapardika bhasma, which is responsiblefor liver toxicity. Further detailed studies coupled with ana-lytical findings in these aspects will help to elucidate theexact mechanism.

YYYYYamashita, Tamashita, Tamashita, Tamashita, Tamashita, Tsutomu <J> (Manoharsutomu <J> (Manoharsutomu <J> (Manoharsutomu <J> (Manoharsutomu <J> (Manohar, P, P, P, P, P. R. R. R. R. Ram <IND>)am <IND>)am <IND>)am <IND>)am <IND>)A Step Towards a Proper Understanding of Ayurveda as a

Living Tradition

Public interest in traditional medical systems in Asia hasbeen developing in recent years especially in the westernworld. Extensive research by international scholars hasthrown new light on traditional medical systems. Indianmedical tradition is also one of the prominent subjects ofappeal not only to scholars but also to western peoplewho pursue humane therapies. The word �Ayurveda� isgradually gaining wide recognition even outside the boun-daries of India. A pluralistic medical culture is very likelyto get established and accepted around the world. Ho-wever, these trends sometimes form over- or underesti-mation of traditional medicine due to crosscultural mi-sunderstandings. It goes without saying that a properunderstanding of traditional medicine is a necessary pre-requisite for its evaluation and application. One who isinterested in traditional medicine should acquire a suffi-cient grasp of the real image of therapies and the logicbehind them. For this reason, we have drawn up a pro-ject to make records of genuine Ayurveda as a living tra-dition. The title of our project is �Program for Archivingand Documenting Ayurvedic Medicine� (PADAM). Theacronym �PADAM� means �step� in Sanskrit. It also meansthe endpoint. By this word, we express our intention tomake a crucial first �step� for a proper understanding ofAyurveda and the other medical traditions of India. Thepurpose of our proram is to collect relevant and authen-tic materials of Indian traditional medical systems and toprovide them to the public for research and education.We started on our research project PADAM from investi-gation into the medical cultures in Kerala in August 2001.This poster offers an overview of our project in Keralawith some photographs.

YYYYYimit, Askar <PRC> (Upurimit, Askar <PRC> (Upurimit, Askar <PRC> (Upurimit, Askar <PRC> (Upurimit, Askar <PRC> (Upur, H, H, H, H, H. <PRC>; Sabit, I. <PRC>; Sabit, I. <PRC>; Sabit, I. <PRC>; Sabit, I. <PRC>; Sabit, I<PRC>)<PRC>)<PRC>)<PRC>)<PRC>)Munziq and Mushil of Abnormal Savda Regulating Apop-totic Gene Expression in Hela Cells

To research expression of p53,Fas and bcl-2 gene in Helacells treated with Munziq and Mushil (Uighur Medicine)ofabnormal Savda expression of three genes above andtheir relationship were analyzed by cell culture techniqueand RT-PCR. Results show Munziq and Mushil of abnor-mal Savda could induce high levels of p53 gene and lowlevels of bcl-2 gene expression, suggesting different ex-pression of the two genes may be a mechanism by whichthey resist disease.

Zhen, YZhen, YZhen, YZhen, YZhen, Yan <PRC> (Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>)an <PRC> (Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>)an <PRC> (Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>)an <PRC> (Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>)an <PRC> (Cai, Jingfeng <PRC>)Location for Pulse-taking in Tibetan and Han (Chinese)Medical Systems

As one of the important measures for diagnosing diseases,pulse-taking in Tibetan medical system is closely relatedto that of its Han (Chinese) counterpart from a medicalhistorical point of view. The opportune, approach, re-quirements, location and its corresponding relations with

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internal viscera, sense organs and phenological pheno-mena are basically identical with those of its counterpartsin Han medicine. This viewpoint has been universally re-cognized by medical historians. Based on their wisdom,Tibetan ancestors did make some minor changes andmodifications so as to fit the needs of the Tibetan culturalbackground, this being the natural outcome of transcul-tural communication. Medical exchanges between Tibe-tan and Chinese medical systems also reveals the samephenomena, evidenced by the basically identical approa-ches and nomenclature between the two systems. Of late,there are new ideas put forward by some scholars, reite-rating some idea different from those of the majority.Among them, the problem of the location of pulse-taking�Tshon-kan-chag� is especially prominent. By denying�Tshon-kan-chag� being the trans-pronunciation of posi-tion in Han medicine, �cun (inch)-guan (bar)-chi (cubit)�,they, instead, claim that �Tshon-kan-chag� in ancient Ti-betan language are the three words for index, middleand ring fingers, which are seen in the language beforethe Tubo dynasty. Elaborated discussion and comparisonare made between the two systems in terms of the locati-on for pulse-taking. In Han (Chinese) traditional medici-ne, as early as Wang Shuhe�s Mai jing (Classic of Pulso-logy) in the 3rd century, the title of �cun-guan-chi� hadbeen fixed at the �cun-kou� (cubit gate) at the radial ar-tery. Viewing the location of �Tshon-kan-chag� of Tibetanmedicine from a historical, phonological point of view,the latter should doubtlessly be the trans-pronunciationof �cun-guan-chi�. What�s more, even if �Tshon-kan-chag�is the term for the three fingers in ancient Tibet, this termin the field of pulsology is also derived from the Han �cun-guan-chi�, otherwise, when one uses the three fingers totake the pulse of other locations, there should be also�Tshon-kan-chag� at the neck, groin, foot and elsewhere,because pulsating arteries, as indicated by the ancientTibetan medical classics, rGyud-bzhi, sMan-dpyad Zla-ba�i rGyal-po etc., are scattered elsewhere over the who-le body. Unfortunately, this doesn�t happen in Tibetanmedicine in any case, indicating that the argument isimpractical, illogical, unreasonable, and is, therefore,unacceptable.

ZhengZhengZhengZhengZheng, Jinsheng <PRC>, Jinsheng <PRC>, Jinsheng <PRC>, Jinsheng <PRC>, Jinsheng <PRC>The Colored Illustrations of the Shiwu Bencao, a Ming-era Materia Medica Manuscript .

In this paper, the colored illustrations in the Ming-eramateria medica manuscripts Shiwu Bencao are compa-red with those found in an earlier Ming-era materia me-dica, the Bencao Pinhui Jingyao. Obviously, the illustrati-ons in the Shiwu Bencao, drawn during the Jiajing reignperiod (1522-1566), were influenced by the illustrationsin the Bencao Pinhui Jingyao. Although the illustrationsof both books were generated by artists working for theimperial court, different artists appear to have been pre-occupied with the two books. The artists responsible forthe illustrations in the Shiwu Bencao were much less versedin pharmaceutical knowledge, a fact seriously downgra-ding the value of their work.

Zhu, Jianping <PRC>Zhu, Jianping <PRC>Zhu, Jianping <PRC>Zhu, Jianping <PRC>Zhu, Jianping <PRC>Textual Research and Explanation of Qi-Huang

Huang Di is the legendary common ancestor of the nati-ons in the central plains of China, who lived in the periodof �Yang Shao Culture� (about 5000 years ago ). It is notonly the name of a person, but also the general designa-tion of a great clan or a period. And the title �Hang Di�first appeared in the inscription of Dun (a receptacle) ofMarquis Yin Qi of Chen Kingdom (reign 378-343BC ).After the Warring States, Huang Di became the top au-thority of the ancient sages. Since the main contents ofThe Yellow Emperor�s Canon of Internal Medicine, com-pleted in the Warring States, was in the form of questionsand answers between Huang Di and Qi Bo, Qi-Huang isused as the appellation for Yellow Emperor�s Canon ofInternal Medicine in later generations. As the YellowEmperor�s Canon of Internal Medicine laid the foundati-on for the development of TCM, in the Song Dynasty, QiBo and Huang Di were combinedly called Qi-Huang forthe first time in Bian Que Xin Shu by Dou Cai. And theywere also worshipped as the orthodox ancestors of medi-cine, in the shrine with new implication. Since then, Qi-Huang had extended meanings for orthodox TCM or TCMscience. For example, Bian Que Xin Shu had an accountof Qi-Huang Orthodox School of Thoughts. And Yi DengXu Yan (1652 AD ) by Pan Ji in the Qing Dynasty recor-ded �Physicians regard Qi-Huang as their ancestors�. Ho-wever, in more cases, Qi-Huang was the appellation ofTCM and TCM science. Meanwhile, new words derivedfrom Qi-Huang have their respective meanings, such as�the art of Qi-Huang� and �the theoretical principles ofQi-Huang� standing for the science of TCM or the art ofhealing, the theoretical principles. For instance, in Yi XueZhen Zhuan (1699 AD ) by Gao Shizong in the QingDynasty, there is �studying the art of Qi-Huang�. Tho-rough Knowledge of Medicine (1617 AD ) by Zhao Xian-ke in the Ming Dynasty mentions �the theoretical princip-les of Qi-Huang�. As for the �Qi-Huang physicians�, itrepresents the TCM doctors and specialists. Dan Xi ShouJing (1535 AD ) by Wu Shangmo in the Ming Dynastysays that �meeting Qi-Huang specialists�. �Qi-Huangbooks� means TCM books. It was said in Yi XueXin Wu(1732AD ) by Cheng Guopeng of the Qing Dynasty �rea-ding Qi-Huang books�. And Qi-Huang profession refersto TCM profession. Zhong Guo Yi Ji Kao (1819 AD ),written by the Japanese author Tanba Motochugu, re-cords �give up the official career and engage in Qi-Hu-ang profession�, etc. In view of what has been mentionedabove, the term Qi-Huang contains an abundant con-tent of Chinese traditional culture.

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IndexAAAAA

Aboutorabi, H. 21Ali, Mohammad 3Amin, Gh. 21Aminii, Mohammad Abdollahi 21Antypa, Urania 3Apte, Bhalchandra 3Apte, Saurabh B. 4Arora, Saroj 4Aschoff, Jürgen C. 4Asshauer, Egbert 4

BBBBB

Balzhirov, Bair G. 5Banerjee, Madhulika 5Bhalerao, Supriya 6, 18Bhatt, Narendra S. 6, 7Bode, Maarten 6Bögle, Reinhard 6, 7Brauer-Gipp, Ingrid 7

CCCCC

Cai, Jingfeng 7, 35Chantia, Alok 8Cheturvedi, Suresh 8Chopra, Ananda Samir 8Conrad, Lawrence I. 8Czaja, Olaf 9

DDDDD

Dahanukar, S.A. 6Dang, Raman 9De Michelis, Elizabeth 9De, Subrata 18Devanathan, Deva R. 10Dharmadhikari, Priya 10Dwivedi, R.B. 18

EEEEE

Elango, V. 25Erdemir, Aysegül Demirhan 10, 11

FFFFF

Faramarzi, M.A. 21Farbod, E. 11Fazeli, Mohammad Reza 11

GGGGG

Gadgil, Dilip Prabhakar 12Gahukar, Dhanraj 12Gerke, Barbara 12, 13Ghahremani, Mohammad H. 13Glausch, Janet 13Goble, Andrew Edmund 13Gohari, A. 31Gondal, Khawar 14

Govindarajan, R. 14Gowrisankar, R. 28

HHHHH

Hadjiakhoondi, A. 31Hiremath, Shobharani 14Hougham, Paul 15Hsu, Elisabeth 15Huang, Longxiang 15Hukkeri, Vijayakumar 15Huparikar, Rajendra 16

IIIII

Ijaz, Shakeel Ahmed 16Iranshahi, M. 13Ishtiaq, Muhammad 16Islam, Nurul 16Ismail, Khalid 17

JJJJJ

Jaiprakash, B. 15Jeddi, A. 31Jeevan, Ellil Parambath 17

KKKKK

Kamalinezhad, M. 29Kamat, S.S. 35Kannan, N. 25Kaur, Kamaljit 4Khakinegad, B. 24Khalil, Mohammad 17Kitada, Makoto 17Kletter, Christa 17Kondrashov, Alexej N. 18Kuczkiewicz-Fras, Agnieszka 18Kulkarni, B.A. 18Kulkarni, Bhagyashree 18Kulkarni, Pramod 19Kulkarni, Yogini R. 3

LLLLL

Latif, Abdul 19Lo, Vivienne 19

MMMMM

Mahmood, Sajid 19Manohar, P. Ram 19, 20, 35Manyam, Bala V. 20Maric, Sonja 20Maric-Oehler, Walburg 21Matin, Md. Abdul 21Mayanagi, Makoto 21Minaii Zangii, Bagher 21Mir, Abdul Latif 21Mohammadi, M. 11Monsef, H.R. 13Monsef, Hamid Reza 21Mutatkar, R. K. 22

NNNNN

Nadkarni, Shailesh 22

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Namboodiri, K. Krishnan 22Nanal, Vilas Madhusudan 22Neumann, Josef N. 23Nikolayev, Serguey 5

OOOOO

O�Brien, Peter J. 29Ortlieb, David 23Ostad, S.N. 13Ostad, Seyed Nasser 24

PPPPP

Pal, Madhabendra Nath 24Pari, L. 24Penkala-Gawecka, Danuta 25Prasanth, Raghavan 25Prema, S. 10, 25Prets, Ernst 25

RRRRR

Raghava Varier, Ramesh 26Raghavan, R. 26Rahman, S.Z. 19Rahmani, Seyed Ali 26Ramashekar, Tiruvur 27Ramaswamy, N.M. 27Rane, Sulabha 27Raphals, Lisa 27Rasekh, Hamid R. 28Rashid, Saifur 28Ravishankar, B. 18Rege, N.N. 6Rengasamy, Palaniappan 28Rezaee, S. 29Roushan Zamir, Farshad 29Rüdinger, Helmut 29

SSSSS

Sabit, I 35Sabzevari, O. 24Sabzevari, Omid 29Sadeghipour Roodsari, Hamid Reza 29Saleem, A. 19Samadi, N. 11Sarashetti, Rewanasiddappa 30Saraswathy, Jayaendra 10Sarma, Bishnu Prasad 30Scheid, Volker 30Schwabl, Herbert 31Selby, Martha Ann 31Shabani, M.G. 13Shahzad, Khurram 31Sharifzadeh, Mohammad 31Shirali, F. 31Shirazi, Farshad H. 32Singh, Tarun 32Singh, Vijender 3Sinha, Malti S. 32Srivastava, Sharad 32Stollberg, Gunnar 32

Sundar, Geetha 33Suru, Prashant Anant 33Sutarjadi, H. 33Suvorov, Mikhail 34

TTTTT

Tahseen, M. 19Tajuddin 34Tamdin, Tsewang 34Thatte, U.M. 6Tippimath, C.D. 15

UUUUU

Unschuld, Paul U. 34Upur, H. 35

VVVVV

Venkateswaran, S. 24

WWWWW

Wele, Asmita 35Williams, Prakash G. 28

YYYYY

Yamashita, Tsutomu 35Yimit, Askar 35

ZZZZZ

Zhen, Yan 35Zheng, Jinsheng 36Zhu, Jianping 36

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© 5th International Congress on Traditional Asian Medicine

Edited by: Rahul Peter DasSatz, Layout: konzept+form, HallePrinted by: Union Druck Halle GmbH

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