7 5 2 0 2 % , / , 7 b 7 (QHUJLHVSHLFKHU · 2014. 4. 28. · Direct methanol fuel cells with...

01/2014E L E K T R O M O B I L I T Ä T

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Der Mobility-Innovation-Index zur Früherkennung der Mobilitäts-Konjunktur: 3. Befragungsrunde Der »Mobility‐Innovation‐Index«, dient als Frühindikator zur Bestimmung der konjunkturellen Entwicklung im Bereich der »Mobilität«. Durch eine regelmäßige Befragung von wesentlichen Akteuren innerhalb der Automobilindustrie und weiterer relevanter Wirtschaftszweige dient der Index somit als Stimmungsbarometer zur Erfassung des Industrieklimas. Die Befragungen zum Mobility-Innovation-Index werden quartalsweise durchgeführt. Nach der bisher bereits dritten Erhebung (Q1-Q3/2013) zeichnen sich folgende Trends ab:

Trend 1: „Stimmung bei den Automobilherstellern besser als bei den Zulieferern“

Die konjunkturelle Situation der Automobilhersteller schätzen die Befragten im Vergleich zur Zulieferindustrie positiver ein. Bei beiden übersteigt die Erwartung für die kommenden sechs Monate die derzeitige Situation. Dieser Trend lässt sich bisher bei allen Erhebungsrunden erkennen. Auch hat sich in dem vergangenen Betrachtungszeitraum die Stimmung von Befragungsrunde zu Befragungsrunde weiter aufgehellt.

Trend 2: „Auf dem Weg vom Tal der Enttäuschung zum Pfad der Erleuchtung“

Eine Auswertung hinsichtlich des technologischen Standes der Elektromobilität gemäß dem »Gartner Hype Zyklus« zeigt folgende Ergebnisse: Insgesamt ist während des Betrachtungszeitraums (Q1-Q3/2013) der Prozentanteil an Meinungen, welche die Elektromobilität im Stadium »Tal der Enttäuschungen« verorten, gesunken. Hingegen zeigt die Tendenz der Auswertung, dass der Anteil an Meinungen bzgl. des »Pfads der Erleuchtung« sich deutlich zu Kosten der Phase »Tal der Enttäuschungen« verbessert hat. Insbesondere sehen bereits 46% der befragten Automobilhersteller und 25% der Automobilzulieferer, die Elektromobilität auf dem »Pfad der Erleuchtung« (Zum Zeitpunkt der Erhebung Q3).

Mobility-Innovation-Index: die ersten drei Befragungsrunde(Q1-Q3/2013) zum Stand der Elektromobilität gemäß dem »Gartner Hype Zyklus« (n=151 Q1; n=133 Q2; n=128 Q3)

Trend 3: „Konventioneller Antrieb und Hybridantriebe mit Netzanschluss bieten die größten Marktpotenziale“

Bei den Antriebssystemen sehen die Befragten der Branche bei allen drei Befragungsrundenden (Q1-Q3) immer noch das größte Marktpotenzial beim klassischen

Antriebsstrang mit Verbrennungsmotor. Was vielleicht manch einen verwundern mag: Der Hybridantrieb mit Möglichkeit der Netzaufladung (Plug-in Hybrid) sowie der batterieelektrische Antrieb mit Reichweitenverlängerer (Range Extender) gewinnen an Bedeutung. Befragten zufolge befinden sich weiter abgeschlagen der rein batterie-elektrische und der Brennstoffzellen-Antrieb mit deutlich geringerem Marktpotenzial.

Trend 4: „Schnellladeinfrastruktur und Purpose Design Fahrzeug gefragt“

Eine Auswertung der Sonderfragen ergab, dass eine großflächig verfügbare Schnellladeinfrastruktur und ein Kaufanreizprogramm für Elektrofahrzeuge die zwei zentralen Punkten für den Durchbruch der Elektromobilität in Deutschland darstellen. Bei der Frage nach dem im Jahr 2014 meist verkauften Elektrofahrzeuge sehen die Befragten das Purpose Design Fahrzeug von BMW, den BMW i3 deutlich auf Platz eins (38%), gefolgt vom Smart Fortwo Electric Drive (19%) und dem VW e-Up (18%). An den ersten Befragungsrunden haben sich jeweils rund 150 Experten aus dem Automobilbau und weiteren wertschöpfenden Industriezweigen beteiligt, vom Anlagenbau über Energieerzeugung und -versorgung und IKT bis hin zu Forschungseinrichtungen. Die Mehrzahl der Befragten kommt aus den Bereichen Forschung & Entwicklung, Innovation & Technologie oder aus strategischen Funktionen der Organisationen. Die Ergebnisse der Studie finden Sie auf unserer Internetseite: http://www.muse.iao.fraunhofer.de/de/unsere-projekte/eigenforschungsprojekte/mobility-innovation-index--mix-.html

Kontakt Florian Herrmann Fraunhofer IAO Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart [email protected] +49 711 970-2142

http://www.muse.iao.fraunhofer.de/de/unsere-projekte/eigenforschungsprojekte/mobility-innovation-index--mix-.html�

http://www.muse.iao.fraunhofer.de/de/unsere-projekte/eigenforschungsprojekte/mobility-innovation-index--mix-.html�

Inhaltsverzeichnis A dynamic model for hydrogen consumption of fuel cell stacks considering the effects of hydrogen purge operation. .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Study on operational aspects of a passive direct methanol fuel cell incorporating an anodic methanol barrier. ......... 6 Parameter optimization of PEMFC model with improved multi-strategy adaptive differential evolution....................... 6 Tortuosity characterization of 3D microstructure at nano-scale for energy storage and conversion materials. ........... 6 A redox-mediator-doped gel polymer electrolyte applied in quasi-solid-state supercapacitors. .................................. 7 Modelling of operation of a lithium-air battery with ambient air and oxygen-selective membrane. .............................. 7 Aqueous rechargeable alkali-ion batteries with polyimide anode. ............................................................................... 7 The design of a Li-ion full cell battery using a nano silicon and nano multi-layer graphene composite anode. ........... 8 Effect of interface modifications on voltage fade in 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi0.375Mn0.375Co0.25O2 cathode materials........... 8 Decision making model for lifecycle assessment of lithium-ion battery for electric vehicle - A case study for smart electric bus project in Korea. ............................................................................................................................. 8 Molecular mobility of imidazoles in molten state as a key factor to enhance proton conductivity. ............................... 8 Thermo-mechanical stability of multi-scale-architectured thin-film-based solid oxide fuel cells assessed by thermal cycling tests.................................................................................................................................................... 9 State of health estimation for lithium ion batteries based on charging curves. ............................................................ 9 Preparation and electrochemical properties of gel polymer electrolytes using triethylene glycol diacetate-2-propenoic acid butyl ester copolymer for high energy density lithium-ion batteries. .................................................... 9 Electro-thermal analysis of Lithium Iron Phosphate battery for electric vehicles. ...................................................... 10 Modeling mass and density distribution effects on the performance of co-extruded electrodes for high energy density lithium-ion batteries. ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Reversible phase transformation of titania (anatase) nanotubes upon electrochemical lithium-intercalation observed by ex situ transmission electron microscopy.............................................................................................. 10 High valence transition metal doped strontium ferrites for electrode materials in symmetrical SOFCs. .................... 11 Mn3O4 nanoparticles anchored on continuous carbon nanotube network as superior anodes for lithium ion batteries. ................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Diffusive relaxation of Li in particles of silicon oxycarbide measured by galvanostatic titrations. .............................. 11 Bidirectional converter for high-efficiency fuel cell powertrain. .................................................................................. 12 Evaluation of mechanical abuse techniques in lithium ion batteries. ......................................................................... 12 Building a "smart nail" for penetration tests on Li-ion cells. ....................................................................................... 12 Maximum power point tracking control of direct methanol fuel cells.......................................................................... 12 Influence of Li content on the structure and electrochemical performance of Li1+xNi0.25Mn0.75O2.25+x/2 cathode for Li-ion battery. ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 Aqueous lithium ion batteries on paper substrates.................................................................................................... 13 Cost and performance model for redox flow batteries. .............................................................................................. 13 Preparation and characterization of carbon-coated NaVPO4F as cathode material for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. ................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes containing pendent carboxylic acid groups and their application in vanadium flow battery.......................................................................................................................... 14 Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate: A film-forming additive for high voltage cathode material in lithium-ion batteries........ 14 Copper nitrate hydrate as novel high capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries............................................. 14 Multiphysics modeling of lithium ion battery capacity fading process with solid-electrolyte interphase growth by elementary reaction kinetics. ..................................................................................................................................... 15 Li4-xNaxTi5O12 with low operation potential as anode for lithium ion batteries. ........................................................... 15 Advanced electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12-based materials for lithium-ion battery: Synergistic effect of doping and compositing. ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Enhanced lithiation and fracture behavior of silicon mesoscale pillars via atomic layer coatings and geometry design........................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Direct methanol fuel cells with streamline graded structure under ultra-low fuel stoichiometry condition.................. 16 Influences of gas relative humidity on the temperature of membrane in PEMFC with interdigitated flow field. ......... 16 Carbon and binder free rechargeable Li-O2 battery cathode with Pt/Co3O4 flake arrays as catalyst. ........................ 16 Performance of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2/graphite batteries based on aqueous binder. .................................................... 17 A review of blended cathode materials for use in Li-ion batteries. ............................................................................ 17 Simultaneous estimation of states and inputs in a planar solid oxide fuel cell using nonlinear adaptive observer design........................................................................................................................................................................ 17 Improvement of the redox durability of Ni-gadolinia doped ceria anodes due to the use of the composite particles prepared by spray pyrolysis method. .......................................................................................................... 18 A rocking chair type all-solid-state lithium ion battery adopting Li2O-ZrO2 coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and a sulfide based electrolyte............................................................................................................................................ 18 Study of internal short in a Li-ion cell-II. Numerical investigation using a 3D electrochemical-thermal model........... 18 Electrochemical and thermal characterization of lithium titanate spinel anode in C-LiFePO4//C-Li4Ti5O12 cells at sub-zero temperatures. ............................................................................................................................................. 18 Mesoporous Li4Ti5O12 nanoclusters as high performance negative electrodes for lithium ion batteries. ................... 19 Polythiophene coordination complexes as high performance lithium storage materials............................................ 19 An improved direct current sintering technique for proton conductor - BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3: The effect of direct current on sintering process. ........................................................................................................................... 19 Enabling aqueous binders for lithium battery cathodes - Carbon coating of aluminum current collector................... 20 Self-organized amorphous titania nanotubes with deposited graphene film like a new heterostructured

TSJ 1103 01-2014 Energiespeicher 1

electrode for lithium ion batteries............................................................................................................................... 20 Electrochemical study on polypyrrole microparticle suspension as flowing anode for manganese dioxide rechargeable flow battery. ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Calendar and cycle life study of Li(NiMnCo)O2-based 18650 lithium-ion batteries.................................................... 21 Micro/nano-structure Co3O4 as high capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries and the effect of the void volume on electrochemical performance................................................................................................................... 21 Nanostructured Fe3O4@C as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. ..................................................................... 21 Microsized single-crystal spinel LAMO for high-power lithium ion batteries synthesized via polyvinylpyrrolidone combustion method. .................................................................................................................................................. 22 Ternary core/shell structure of Co3O4/NiO/C nanowire arrays as high-performance anode material for Li-ion battery. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Effects of using (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95Fe0.6Mn0.3Co0.1O3 (LSFMC), LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3-d (LNF) and LaNi0.6Co0.4O3-d (LNC) as contact materials on solid oxide fuel cells. ................................................................................................................ 22 Enhanced fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle power sharing method based on fuel cost and mass estimation.............. 23 Ex-situ experimental studies on serpentine flow field design for redox flow battery systems. ................................... 23 Studies on pressure losses and flow rate optimization in vanadium redox flow battery. ........................................... 23 Surface study of electrodes after long-term cycling in Li1.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1O2-graphite lithium-ion cells................... 23 An efficient redox-mediated organic electrolyte for high-energy supercapacitor. ...................................................... 24 Sulfur infiltrated activated carbon cathodes for lithium sulfur cells: The combined effects of pore size distribution and electrolyte molarity. .......................................................................................................................... 24 Nitrogen/phosphorus co-doped nonporous carbon nanofibers for high-performance supercapacitors. .................... 24 All-solid-state electrochemical capacitors using MnO2 electrode/SiO2-Nafion electrolyte composite prepared by the sol-gel process. ................................................................................................................................................... 25 Effect of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and micro porous layer (MPL) on thermal conductivity of fuel cell gas diffusion layers: Modeling and experiments. ............................................................................................................. 25 Effect of porosity heterogeneity on the permeability and tortuosity of gas diffusion layers in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. ................................................................................................................................................. 25 Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of dopant distribution homogeneity on the oxide ion conductivity of Ba-doped LaInO3....................................................................................................................................................... 26 Soybean-derived mesoporous carbon as an effective catalyst support for electrooxidation of methanol.................. 26 Novel sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/ polybenzimidazole blends for proton exchange membranes. ................ 26 Das störanfälligste Teil im Auto. Batteriediagnose und Überwachung. ..................................................................... 26 Low temperature preparation and characterization of (La,Sr)(Ga,Mg)O3 - d electrolyte-based solid oxide fuel cells on Ni-support by aerosol deposition.................................................................................................................. 27 The equivalence of gravitational potential and rechargeable battery for high-altitude long-endurance solar-powered aircraft on energy storage........................................................................................................................... 27 Study on hydrophobicity degradation of gas diffusion layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. ..................... 27 Li-ion battery recycling and cobalt flow analysis in Japan. ........................................................................................ 28 Electrochemical impedance modeling of gas transport and reforming kinetics in reformate fueled solid oxide fuel cell anodes. ........................................................................................................................................................ 28 Optimization of GDLs for high-performance PEMFC employing stainless steel bipolar plates. Optimierung der Gasdiffusionsschichten von PEM-Hochleistungsbrennstoffzellen mit bipolaren Platten aus rostfreiem Stahl........... 28 Influence of the reaction temperature on polyaniline morphology and evaluation of their performance as supercapacitor electrode. .......................................................................................................................................... 29 An electric vehicle's battery life model under car-following model............................................................................. 29 Influence of wet oxidation of herringbone carbon nanofibers on the pseudocapacitance effect................................ 29 Mesoporous N-containing carbon nanosheets towards high-performance electrochemical capacitors..................... 30 Highly porous graphitic materials prepared by catalytic graphitization. ..................................................................... 30 Investigation of defects generated in vertically oriented graphene. ........................................................................... 30 Application-specific parameterization of reduced order equivalent circuit battery models for improved accuracy at dynamic load. ........................................................................................................................................................ 30 Sicherer und spritziger auf dem Elektrokraftrad unterwegs. Tüfteln am E-Bike mit Allradantrieb.............................. 31 Praxistest: Mitsubishi iMiEV. ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Properties of composite membrane based on sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone): effect of functional groups in phosphotungstic acid particles prepared by sol-gel method. ................................................................................. 31 Zukunftsbatterien müssen erstmal atmen lernen. Future batteries must learn first breathing. ................................. 32 Development of a hybrid tugboat propulsion system................................................................................................. 32 Analyse zur Zellinternen Befeuchtung eines Polymerelektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzellenstapels............................ 32 Control design and power management of a stationary PEMFC hybrid power system. Regelungsentwurf und Leistungsmanagement einer hybriden PEM-Brennstoffzellen-Stromversorgung. ..................................................... 33 Selbstoptimierende Betriebsstrategien für ein hybrides Energiespeichersystem aus Batterien und Doppelschichtkondensatoren. Self-optimizing management strategies for a hybrid energy storage system based on batteries and double layer capacitors. ....................................................................................................... 33 A novel cathode structure with double catalyst layers and low Pt loading for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Eine neuartige Kathodenstruktur mit zweifachen Katalysatorschichten und geringer Pt-Belegung für PEM-Brennstoffzellen................................................................................................................................................ 34 Design strategy for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell flow-field capable of switching between parallel and interdigitated configurations. Entwurfsstrategie für das zwischen paralleler und ineinandergreifender Konfiguration umschaltbare Strömungsfeld einer PEM-Brennstoffzelle. ................................................................... 34 Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Fuel Cell Applications: Filler-Induced Effect on Water Sorption and


Transport Properties.................................................................................................................................................. 34 A stable cathode for the aprotic Li-O2 battery. Eine stabile Kathode für die aprotischen Li-O2-Batterie. .................. 35 Localized growth of Pt on Pd as a bimetallic electrocatalyst with enhanced catalytic activity and durability for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Lokalisiertes Wachstum von Pt und Pd als bimetallischer Elektrokatalysator mit verstärkter katalytischer Aktivität und Beständigkeit für Protonenaustauschmembran-Brennstoffzellen......................................................................................................................................................... 35 Nafion®/histidine functionalized carbon nanotube: High-performance fuel cell membranes. Nafion®/Histidin-funktionalisierte Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen: Hochleistungsmembranen für Brennstoffzellen. .................................... 35 High performance cathode based on carbon fiber felt for magnesium-air fuel cells. Hochleistungskathode aus Kohlenstofffaserfilz für Magnesium-Luft-Brennstoffzellen. ........................................................................................ 36 Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes with sulfonated graphene oxide fillers for direct methanol fuel cells. Sulfonierte Polyetheretherketon-Membranen mit sulfonierten Graphenoxid-Fillern für Dierektmethanolbrennstoffzellen. .............................................................................................................................. 36 Influence of cracks in the microporous layer on the water distribution in a PEM fuel cell investigated by synchrotron radiography. Untersuchung des Einflusses von Rissen in der mikroporösen Schicht auf die Wasserverteilung in einer PEM-Brennstoffzelle mittels Synchrotronstrahlung. ......................................................... 36 Cobalt selenide electrocatalyst supported by nitrogen-doped carbon and its stable activity toward oxygen reduction reaction. Cobaltselenid-Elektrokatalysator auf stickstoff-dotierter Kohle und dessen stabile Aktivität bei der Sauerstoffreduktionsreaktion......................................................................................................................... 36 Investigation of the effect of pore diameter of gas diffusion layers on cold start behavior and cell performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. .............................................................................................................. 37 In situ SEM study of a lithium deposition and dissolution mechanism in a bulk-type solid-state cell with a Li2S-P2S5 solid electrolyte. ................................................................................................................................................ 37 Preparation and properties of phosphoric acid doped sulfonated poly(tetra phenyl phthalazine ether sulfone) copolymers for high temperature proton exchange membrane application. Präparation und Eigenschaften von Phosphorsäure-dotierten sulfonierten Poly(tetraphenyl-phthalazin-ether-sulfon)-Copolymeren für PEM-Hochtemperaturmembranen. .................................................................................................................................... 37 Optimizing the electrochemical performance of water-soluble organic Li-ion battery electrodes. Optimierung der elektrochemischen Eigenschaften wasserlöslicher, organischer Lithiumionenbatterie-Elektroden. .................... 38 Investigation of a Li-O2 cell featuring a binder-free cathode via impedance spectroscopy and equivalent circuit model analysis. Untersuchung einer Li-O2-Zelle mit bindemittelfreier Kathode mittels Impedanzspektroskopie und einer Ersatzbild-Modellanalyse........................................................................................................................... 38 Investigation of an intermediate temperature molten lithium salt based on fluorosulfonyl(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide as a solvent-free lithium battery electrolyte........................................... 38 Core-shell Si-N-doped C assembled via an oxidative template for lithium-ion anodes.............................................. 39 A double-walled carbon nanotube-based glucose/H2O2 biofuel cell operating under physiological conditions. Ein Biobrennstoffzelle basierend auf doppelwandigen Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und Glukose/H2O2 bei physiologischen Betriebsbedingungen. ..................................................................................................................... 39 Cold-start of parallel and interdigitated flow-field polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell......................................... 39 One-pot synthesis of SnO2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite in ionic liquid-based solution and its application for lithium ion batteries. ........................................................................................................................... 40 SiGe porous nanorod arrays as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. ................................... 40 Designing high-capacity cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Entwurf eines hoch-kapazitiven Kathodenmaterials für Natriumionenbatterien. .......................................................................................................... 40 A novel method for measuring the effective conductivity and the contact resistance of porous electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Ein neues Verfahren zur Messung der effektiven Leitfähigkeit und des Kontaktwiederstandes poröser Elektroden für Lithiumionenbatterien........................................................................ 40 New solution to instability of spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as cathode for lithium ion battery at elevated temperature. Neue Lösung hinsichtlich der Instabilität von LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4-Spinell als Kathode für Lithiuminenbatterien bei erhöhten Temperaturen. ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Degradation and revival of Li-O2 battery cathode. Verschlechterung und Erholung von Li-O2-Batterie-Kathoden................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Interfacial side-reactions at a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode in organic carbonate-based electrolytes. Nebenreaktionen auf den Grenzflächen einer LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4-Elektrode in organischen Carbonat-basierten Elektrolyten. .............................................................................................................................................................. 41 High-performance alkaline ionomer for alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells. Alkalischer Hochleistungs-Ionomer für alkalische Austauschmembranbrennstoffzellen. .................................................................................... 41 Hydrolyzed polyoxymethylenedimethylethers as liquid fuels for direct oxidation fuel cells........................................ 42 A Robust One-Compartment Fuel Cell with a Polynuclear Cyanide Complex as a Cathode for Utilizing H2O2 as a Sustainable Fuel at Ambient Conditions................................................................................................................. 42 Production of Ni-based glassy alloy-coated bipolar plate with hydrophilic surface for PEMFC and its evaluation by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Herstellung einer mit Nickellegierungsglas beschichteter Bipolarplatte mit hydrophiler Oberfläche für PEM-Brennstoffzellen und deren Bewertung durch elektrochemische Impedanzspektrometrie. ............................................................................................................... 42 Heating strategies for Li-ion batteries operated from subzero temperatures............................................................. 43 Na4Co2.4Mn0.3Ni0.3(PO4)2P2O7: High potential and high capacity electrode material for sodium-ion batteries. Na4Co(2.4)Mn(0.3)Ni(0.3)(PO4)2P2O7: Elektrodenmaterial mit hohem Potenzial und hoher Kapazität für Natriumionenbatterien. .............................................................................................................................................. 43 Germanium as negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries. Germanium als Kathodenmaterial für Natriumionenbatterien. .............................................................................................................................................. 43


NaFe0.5Co0.5O2 as high energy and power positive electrode for Na-ion batteries. NaFe(0.5)Co(0.5)O2 als Hochenergie- und leistungspositive Elektrode für Na-Ionen-Batterien. ..................................................................... 43 Ionic liquid catalyzed electrolyte for electrochemical polyaniline supercapacitors. Durch eine ionische Flüssigkeit katalysierter Elektrolyt für elektrochemische Polyanilin-Superkondensatoren......................................... 44 Advanced thermal management - Overall CO2 reduction by a combined energy supply for an electrified vehicle and buildings. ............................................................................................................................................................ 44 Proton exchange membranes from sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) reinforced with silica nanoparticles. .......... 44 Synthesis and preparation of sulfonated hyperbranched poly(aryl ether ketone)-sulfonated linear poly(aryl ether ketone) blend membranes for proton exchange membranes. ................................................................................... 45 Development of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d cathode with an improved stability via La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-film impregnation. Entwicklung einer La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d-Kathode mit verbesserter Stabilität durch La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-Filmimprägnierung..................................................................................................................................................... 45 Numerical modeling of a non-flooding hybrid polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Numerische Modellierung einer nicht gefluteten hybriden PEM-Brennstoffzelle. ................................................................................................................. 45 Platinum/vivianite bifunction catalysts for DMFC. Bifunktioneller Platin/Vivianit-Katalysatoren für Direktmethanolbrennstoffzellen. ................................................................................................................................ 46 Performance and characterization of a Pt-Sn(oxidized)/C cathode catalyst with a SnO2-decorated Pt3Sn nanostructure for oxygen reduction reaction in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. ......................................................... 46 Highly phosphonated polypentafluorostyrene: Characterization and blends with polybenzimidazole. ...................... 46 Blends of lithium bis(oxalato)borate and lithium tetrafluoroborate: Useful substitutes for lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate in electrolytes for lithium metal based secondary batteries?................................................. 47 Keramik- und Kompositnanofasern: Erzeugung mittels Elektrospinnen und Verwendung als Elektrodenmaterialien in Lithium-Ionen-Batterien...................................................................................................... 47 Layered Li2MnO3 × 3LiNi0.5-xMn0.5-xCo2xO2 microspheres with Mn-rich cores as high performance cathode materials for lithium ion batteries............................................................................................................................... 47 Life testing of LSM-YSZ composite electrodes under reversing-current operation.................................................... 48 Development and Performance of MnFeCrO4-Based Electrodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. ................................... 48 Application of wet powder spraying for anode supported solid oxide fuel cell with a perovskite SrTi0.98Nb0.02O3-d anode. ....................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Effect of carbonization temperature on electrical resistivity and physical properties of wood and wood-based composites. ............................................................................................................................................................... 49 Development and Application of One-Sided Piezoelectric Actuating Micropump...................................................... 49 Electrochemical intercalation of Li+ into nanodomain Li4Mn5O12. Elektrochemische Li+&ndash,Interkalation in Li4Mn5O12-Nanodomänen.......................................................................................................................................... 49 Brush electroplated CoSn2 alloy film for application in lithium-ion batteries. Gestrichener elektrolytischer CoSn2-Legierungsüberzug für die Anwendung in Lithiumionenbatterien. ................................................................. 50 A Novel High-Energy Hybrid Supercapacitor with an Anatase TiO2-Reduced Graphene Oxide Anode and an Activated Carbon Cathode. ....................................................................................................................................... 50 One-Step Fabrication of Ultrathin Porous Nickel Hydroxide-Manganese Dioxide Hybrid Nanosheets for Supercapacitor Electrodes with Excellent Capacitive Performance. ......................................................................... 50 Auslegungskonzepte für die betriebsfeste Bemessung von Brennstoffzellenkomponenten in Wasserstoffumgebung. Assessment concepts for fuel cell components in hydrogeneous environment under operational loads. ...................................................................................................................................................... 50 Two-Side-Simultaneously-Observing Test System of Passive DMFC....................................................................... 51 Phase-field modeling of phase transformations in platinum-based alloy nanoparticles. Phasenfeld-Modellbeschreibung der Phasenumwandlungen in Platinlegierung-Nanopartikeln. .................................................. 51 Fracture modes in tubular LSFCO ceramic membranes under graded reducing conditions. Bruchmoden in röhrenförmigen LSFCO-Keramikmembranen unter reduzierenden Bedingungen mit Gradient. ............................... 51 High rate capability of TiO2/nitrogen-doped graphene nanocomposite as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Große Belastungsfähigkeit eines Verbundwerkstoffes als Anodenmaterial für Lithiumionenbatterien, bestehend aus TiO2 und mit Stickstoff dotiertem Graphen. ...................................................................................... 52 Fabrication of Graphite Composite Bipolar Plate for Miniature PEMFCs by Micro Planing with Multi-Cutter. ........... 52 Improved Open Circuit Voltage in Nano-Porous Silicon Based Hydrogen Fuel Cell. ................................................ 52 Prelithiation of silicon-carbon nanotube anodes for lithium ion batteries by stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP). Vorlithierung von Silicium-Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen-Anoden für Lithiumionenbatterien durch stabilisiertes Lithiummetallpulver (SLMP).................................................................................................................. 53 Electrochemical properties of poly(4,4'- diaminodiphenyl sulfone) as a cathode material of lithium secondary batteries. ................................................................................................................................................................... 53 Morphological changes in and around Sn electrodes during Li ion cycling characterized by in situ environmental TEM. Untersuchung der morphologischen Änderungen in und an Sn-Elektroden bei der zyklischen Li-Ionen-Be-und Entladung. ..................................................................................................................... 53 Absicherungskonzept für die Betriebsfestigkeit von Hochvoltspeicherbatterien für Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeuge. Safety concept for structural durability of high-voltage batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles. .................................................................................................................................................................... 54 Improving rate performance of LiFePO4 cathode materials by hybrid coating of nano-Li3PO4 and carbon. Verbesserung der Ratenleistung von LiFePO4-Kathodenwerkstoffen durch Hybridbeschichtung mit Nano-Li3PO4 und Kohlenstoff.............................................................................................................................................. 54 Electrochemical properties of free-standing Sn/SnO2/multi-walled carbon nano tube anode papers for Li-ion batteries. Elektrochemische Eigenschaften von freistehenden Sn/SnO2/mehrwandige Kohlenstoffröhrchen-Anodenfolien für Lithiumionenbatterien. .................................................................................................................... 54


Effects of CO on Performance of HT-PEM Fuel Cells. .............................................................................................. 55 Lithiumionenbatterien im Boeing B 787 Dreamliner. ................................................................................................. 55 Li-storage of Fe3O4/C composite prepared by one-step carbothermal reduction method. Li-Einlagerung in einem Fe3O4/C-Verbundwerkstoff, hergestellt mittels einstufiger carbothermischer Reduktion. ............................... 55 Composite La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3/Ag Cathode For SoFCs With Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 Electrolyte. ...................................... 56 Performance Study of Direct-Boron-Hydrogen Fuel Cells (DBFC) Applied in Micro Power Systems........................ 56 Challenges Facing Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology to Replace Combustion Engines.............................................. 56 First-principles approaches to simulate lithiation in silicon electrodes. First-Principle-Näherungen zur Simulation des Lithiumeinbaus in Siliciumelektroden. ............................................................................................... 57 Effect of Mg and Sr co-doping on the electrical properties of ceria-based electrolyte materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. ............................................................................................................................. 57 Critical film thickness for fracture in thin-film electrodes on substrates in the presence of interfacial sliding. Kritische Filmdicke hinsichtlich des Bruchs von Dünnfilmelektroden auf Substraten im Fall von Grenzflächengleiten. ................................................................................................................................................. 57 A finite element simulation on transient large deformation and mass diffusion in electrodes for lithium ion batteries. Finite-Elemente-Simulation der transienten großen Verformung und Massendiffusion in Elektroden von Lithiumionenbatterien. ........................................................................................................................................ 57 Numerische Untersuchungen interkalationsinduzierter Spannungen in Elektrodeneinzelpartikeln von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Numerical Investigation of Intercalation-Induced Stresses within Electrode Particles of Lithium Ion Batteries. ............................................................................................................................................................. 58 Validity of the Bruggeman relation for porous electrodes. Gültigkeit der Bruggemann-Relation für poröse Elektroden. ................................................................................................................................................................ 58 High-throughput ab initio screening of binary solid solutions in olivine phosphates for Li-ion battery cathodes. Ab-Initio-Screening mit hohem Durchsatz bei binären Lösungen in Olivinphosphaten für Lithiumionenbatterie-Kathoden................................................................................................................................................................... 58 Effects of Li-ion vacancies on the ionic conduction mechanism of LiMgSO4F. Einfluss der Lithiumionen-Leerstellen auf den Ionenleitungsmechanismus von LiMgSO4F............................................................................... 59 Nanoporous palladium fabricated from an amorphous Pd42.5Cu30Ni7.5P20 precursor and its ethanol electro-oxidation performance............................................................................................................................................... 59 PPy modified titanium foam electrode with high performance for supercapacitor. .................................................... 59 Potentiale des Dieselhybrids durch optimierte Betriebsstrategie............................................................................... 60 Nanoindentation of porous bulk and thin films of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d. Nanoindentation poröser dicker und dünner Filme aus La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d.................................................................................................................. 60 Flexible films derived from electrospun carbon nanofibers incorporated with Co3O4 hollow nanoparticles as self-supported electrodes for electrochemical capacitors.......................................................................................... 61 Study on Zn-PANi Battery Characteristics Used for Electric Vehicles. ...................................................................... 61 Maleic-anhydride-grafted ketjen black as the alternative carbon additive for LiFePO4 cathode. ............................... 61 Mechanical properties of amorphous LixSi alloys: a reactive force field study. Mechanische Eigenschaften von amorphen Li(x)Si-Legierungen: eine Untersuchung des reaktiven Kraftfelds............................................................ 62 Carbon-supported Pt0.75M0.25 (M = Ni or Co) electrocatalysts for borohydride oxidation. .......................................... 62 A Multivariable Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Framework for a PEM Fuel Cell System................................... 62 HYDEE - Entwicklung eines wasserstoffversprödungsresistenten austenitischen Stahles mit minimalenm Legierungsgehalt. Schlussbericht. Laufzeit des Vorhabens: 01.10.2008 bis 30.09.2012.......................................... 63 Modellierung und Simulation von Hochtemperatur-Polymerelektrolyt-Brennstoffzellen. Modeling and simulation of high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells. .................................................................................................... 63 Konzeptstudien für neuartige Lithium-Ionen-Zellen auf der Basis von Werkstoff-Innovationen (KoLiWIn). Schlusssbericht zum Teilprojekt: Neue Separatormaterialien. Projektlaufzeit: 01.07.2009 bis 30.09.2012............... 64 Untersuchungen zur synergetischen Einbindung von Polymer-Elektrolyt-Membran-Brennstoffzellen in Lebenserhaltungssysteme. Investigations to synergetic integration of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells for life support systems. ............................................................................................................................................ 64 Characterization and modeling of electrochemical energy conversion systems by impedance techniques. Kennzeichnung und Modellbeschreibung elektrochemischer Energieumwandlungssysteme durch Impedanzmethoden................................................................................................................................................... 65 Development of a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Framework for a PEM Fuel Cell System. ............................. 66 Neural Network Predictive Control of a Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. ..................................................................... 66 Charakterisierung und großtechnische Herstellung eines ferritischen Chromoxidbildners. Teilprojekt. Verbundprojekt: Entwicklung von Höchstleistungswerkstoffen für Hochtemperatur-Wärmeübertrager und Pkw-Abgasanlagen "Ferrit950". Abschlussbericht zum FuE-Förderprojekt durchgeführt im BMBF Rahmenprogramm: Werkstoffinnovationen für Industrie und Gesellschaft - WING................................................... 67 High-speed kinetic energy buffer: optimization of composite shell and magnetic bearings. ...................................... 67 Reichweite von Elektrofahrzeugen erhoehen - Foerderprojekt IKEBA. Increase the range of electric vehicles - promoted project IKEBA............................................................................................................................................ 67 New Ferrari HY-KERS battery and cabin thermal management. Die neue Ferrari HY-KERS Batterie und das thermische Management der Kabine......................................................................................................................... 68 Conformance-Test fuer IPv4-und IPv6 AUTOSAR-Stacks. IPv4 and IPv6 AUTOSAR-stacks conformance test..... 68 Entwicklung eines Batteriemanagementsystems. Developing of a battery management system ............................ 68

Schlagwortregister................................................................................................................... 69


- 001 - Verzögerungszeit - dynamisches Modell - Wasserstoff

A dynamic model for hydrogen consumption of fuel cell stacks considering the effects of hydrogen purge operation. Hou, Yongping; Shen, Caoyuan; Hao, Dong; Liu, Yanan; Wang, Hong In: Renewable Energy: An International Journal * Band 62 (2014) Seite 672-678 (7 Seiten, 18 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.08.031 The actual hydrogen consumption of a fuel cell stack varies with a fixed time delay under the step load change. For each individual stack, the delay time in the step-up load stage is generally shorter than in the step-down stage. Due to the hydrogen purge operation, transient overshoots take place intermittently after the actual hydrogen consumption reaches the steady state, and the duration and peak value of such overshoots are distributed approximately within a fixed range. Based on the performance investigation mentioned above, an improved dynamic model for hydrogen consumption of a fuel cell stack considering the effects of hydrogen purge operation is introduced in this paper. Com-pared with the previous model, the suggested model indicates a better agreement between test and simulation, es-pecially in the working condition of hydrogen purge operation. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 002 - Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle - Betriebsbedingung - Methanol

Study on operational aspects of a passive direct methanol fuel cell incorporating an anodic methanol barrier. Yuan, Wei; Deng, Jun; Zhang, Zhaochun; Yang, Xiaojun; Tang, Yong In: Renewable Energy: An International Journal * Band 62 (2014) Seite 640-648 (9 Seiten, 25 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.08.032 This paper presents an investigation concerning the effects of operating conditions on the performance of a passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). A self-developed porous metal fiber sintered plate (PMFSP) is used as the metha-nol barrier between the fuel reservoir and current collector at the anode in order to alleviate the effect of methanol crossover. The effectiveness of using this method is validated. A series of operating conditions such as operating orientation, methanol concentration, ambient temperature, forced air convection and dynamic load are evaluated. Results show that the use of a PMFSP promotes a higher cell performance during vertical operation than horizontal orientation. The effect of methanol concentration depends on the PMFSP porosity. A relatively lower porosity is fa-vorable for high-concentration operation. The cell performance gets improved when increasing the ambient tempera-ture and adopting forced air supply at the cathode. Compared with the traditional structure, the use of a PMFSP makes the fuel cell insensitive to the change of blowing intensity. In addition, the dynamic characteristics of the PMFSP-based passive DMFC are also reported. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 003 - Parameteroptimierung - evolutionärer Algorithmus - Protonenaustauschmembranbrennstoffzelle

Parameter optimization of PEMFC model with improved multi-strategy adaptive differential evolution. Gong, Wenyin; Cai, Zhihua In: Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence * Band 27 (2014) Seite 28-40 (13 Seiten, 59 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2013.07.016 Parameter optimization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) model has received considerable attention recently. In order to estimate the unknown parameters of PEMFC model faster and obtain more accurate solutions, in this paper, an improved multi-strategy adaptive differential evolution (DE) is presented for the parameter optimization problems of PEMFC model. The approach is referred to as rank-MADE, for short. In rank-MADE, the multiple muta-tion strategies of DE are adaptively selected to avoid choosing a suitable strategy for a specific problem by trial-and-error method. Furthermore, the ranking-based vector selection technique is employed in different mutation strategies to accelerate the process of parameter optimization of PEMFC model. In order to verify the performance of rank-MADE, it is applied to estimate the parameters of the Ballard Mark V FC, the SR-12 Modular PEM Generator, the BCS 500-W stack, the Temasek FC, and the WNS-FC model. In addition, rank-MADE is compared with other ad-vanced DE variants and other evolutionary algorithms (EAs). Experimental results show that rank-MADE is able to provide higher quality of solutions, faster convergence speed, and higher success rate compared with other DE vari-ants. Additionally, the V-I characteristics obtained by rank-MADE agree well with the experimental data in all cases. Therefore, rank-MADE can be an effective alternative in the field of other complex parameter optimization problems of fuel cell models. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 004 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle - Krümmung

Tortuosity characterization of 3D microstructure at nano-scale for energy storage and conversion materials. Chen-Wiegart, Yu-chen Karen; DeMike, Ross; Erdonmez, Can; Thornton, Katsuyo; Barnett, Scott A.; Wang, Jun In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 349-356 (8 Seiten, 39 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.026 A distance propagation method is presented for calculating tortuosity with relatively low computation time from three-dimensional (3D) tomographic data. Moreover, a novel concept of tortuosity distribution is developed to provide a


more comprehensive picture of inhomogeneous microstructures where tortuosity depends on the actual 3D paths. Instead of using one single tortuosity value, the tortuosity distribution both as spatial distribution map and also statis-tic histogram can provide a more complete description. The method, which can be applied to any porous medium, is tested against a diffusion-based tortuosity calculation on two 3D microstructures: a LiCoO2 cathode electrode of lith-ium ion battery measured by x-ray nano-tomography and a lanthanum strontium manganite-yttria-stabilized zirconia, solid oxide fuel cells cathode measured using focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy serial sectioning. The present method is shown to provide good-agreement with the effective diffusion-based tortuosity values. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 005 - Elektrochemie - Gel - Polymerelektrolyt

A redox-mediator-doped gel polymer electrolyte applied in quasi-solid-state supercapacitors. Yu, Fuda; Huang, Miaoliang; Wu, Jihuai; Qiu, Zhaoyuan; Fan, Leqing; Lin, Jianming; Lin, Yibing In: Journal of Applied Polymer Science * Band 131 (2014) Heft 2, Seite 39784/1-7 (7 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.39784 Methylene blue (MB) redox mediator was introduced into polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVA/PVP) blend host to prepare a gel polymer electrolyte (PVA-PVP-H2SO4-MB) for a quasi-solid-state supercapacitor. The electro-chemical properties of the supercapacitor with the prepared gel polymer electrolyte were evaluated by cyclic voltam-metry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and self-discharge measurements. With the addition of MB mediator, the ionic conductivity of gel polymer electrolyte increased by 56% up to 36.3 mS·cm-1, and the series resistance reduced, because of the more efficient ionic conduction and higher charge trans-fer rate, respectively. The electrode specific capacitance of the supercapacitor with PVA-PVP-H2SO4-MB electrolyte is 328 F·g-1, increasing by 164% compared to that of MB-undoped system at the same current density of 1 A·g-1. Meanwhile, the energy density of the supercapacitor increases from 3.2 to 10.3 Wh·kg-1. The quasi-solid-state super-capacitor showed excellent cyclability over 2000 charge/discharge cycles. © John Wiley & Sons. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 006 - Umgebungsluft - Sauerstoff - Elektrolyt

Modelling of operation of a lithium-air battery with ambient air and oxygen-selective membrane. Sahapatsombut, Ukrit; Cheng, Hua; Scott, Keith In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 418-430 (13 Seiten, 57 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.128 A macro-homogeneous model has been developed to evaluate the impact of replacing pure oxygen with ambient air on the performance of a rechargeable non-aqueous Li-air battery. The model exhibits a significant reduction in dis-charge capacity, e.g. from 1240 to 226 mAh gCarbon

-1 at 0.05 mA cm-2 when using ambient air rather than pure oxy-gen. The model correlates the relationship between the performance and electrolyte decomposition and formation of discharge products (such as Li2O2 and Li2CO3) under ambient air conditions. The model predicts a great benefit of using an oxygen-selective membrane on increasing capacity. The results indicate a good agreement between the experimental data and the model. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 007 - Polyimid - Natrium - Anodenmaterial

Aqueous rechargeable alkali-ion batteries with polyimide anode. Qin, H.; Song, Z.P.; Zhan, H.; Zhou, Y.H. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 367-372 (6 Seiten, 36 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.091 1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA)-derived Polyimide is proposed as the anode material for aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion or sodium-ion battery (ARLB or ARSB), which is based on a mechanism beyond the intercalation chemistry. Comparing with other transient oxide anode for ARLB, Polyimide has more suitable work-ing voltage, higher capacity and better structure stability. Therefore, the ARLB with Polyimide anode and LiCoO2 cathode presents a specific capacity of 71 mAh g-1 and a specific energy of 80 Wh kg-1 in 5 M LiNO3 solution at the current rate of 100 mA g-1, which is the highest among all reported ARLB system. Besides, it shows excellent cycling stability and rate capability. The ARSB system is demonstrated by Polyimide/NaVPO4F cell. It has been proved that the Polyimide anode has a good capacity performance and cycling stability in 5 M NaNO3 solution. The two aqueous rechargeable batteries with Polyimide anode both show a promising prospect in large-scale energy storage. © El-sevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 008 - Lithiumionenbatterie - Komposit - Aluminiumlötmittel

The design of a Li-ion full cell battery using a nano silicon and nano multi-layer graphene composite anode. Eom, KwangSup; Joshi, Tapesh; Bordes, Arnaud; Do, Inhwan; Fuller, Thomas F. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 118-124 (7 Seiten, 24 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.087 In this study, a Si-graphene composite, which is composed of nano Si particles and nano-sized multi-layer graphene particles, and micro-sized multi-layer graphene plate conductor, was used as the anode for Li-ion battery. The Si-graphene electrode showed the high capacity and stable cyclability at charge/discharge rate of C/2 in half cell tests. Nickel cobalt aluminum material (NCA) was used as a cathode in the full cell to evaluate the practicality of the new Si-graphene material. Although the Si-graphene anode has more capacity than the NCA cathode in this designed full cell, the Si-graphene anode had a greater effect on the full-cell performance due to its large initial irreversible capac-ity loss and continuous SEI formation during cycling. When fluoro-ethylene carbonate was added to the electrolyte, the cyclability of the full cell was much improved due to less SEI formation, which was confirmed by the decreases in the 1st irreversible capacity loss, overpotential for the 1st lithiation, and the resistance of the SEI. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 009 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Beschichtung (Überzug) - Kathodenwerkstoff

Effect of interface modifications on voltage fade in 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi0.375Mn0.375Co0.25O2 cathode materials. Bloom, Ira; Trahey, Lynn; Abouimrane, Ali; Belharouak, Ilias; Zhang, Xiaofeng; Wu, Qingliu; Lu, Wenquan; Abraham, Daniel P.; Bettge, Martin; Elam, Jeffrey W.; Meng, Xiangbo; Burrell, Anthony K.; Ban, Chunmei; Tenent, Robert; Nanda, Jagjit; Dudney, Nancy In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 509-514 (6 Seiten, 54 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.035 The effects of the coatings Al2O3, LiAlOx, ZrO2, TiO2, AlPO4, and LiPON and of the electrolyte additives 3-hexylthiophene and lithium difluoro (oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) on the voltage fade phenomenon in 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi0.375Mn0.375Co0.25O2 cathodes were investigated. Cells containing these materials or additives were cycled according to a standard protocol at room temperature between 2.0 and 4.7 V vs. Li+/Li. As expected, the cells containing either an additive or a coated cathode displayed less capacity loss than cells containing an uncoated cathode and no additive. The voltage fade phenomenon was quantified in terms of changes in the average cell volt-age (Wh/Ah). The results indicate that, within experimental error, all of the coatings and additives produced little-to-no effect on voltage fade. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 010 - Lithiumionenbatterie - Lebenszyklus - Fallstudie

Decision making model for lifecycle assessment of lithium-ion battery for electric vehicle - A case study for smart electric bus project in Korea. Thein, Sabai; Chang, Yoon-Seok In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 142-147 (6 Seiten, 28 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.078 Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is part of our everyday life. There are many automobiles invented today that operates by Li-ion batteries. The issue with batteries is that they lose capacity and reliability over time as they are charged and discharged. This paper introduces a lifecycle assessment system for Li-ion EV battery considering the condition of each battery which helps decision making. The proposed research concerns not only for the ad-hoc condition but also regular condition of the Li-ion EV battery. We apply the Markov Decision Process (MDP) with selected policies for the measurement of each stage probability. The result shows that we could monitor product aging status with the proposed algorithm. It also shows that the calculated product life span was longer than the general warranty time period. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 011 - Imidazol - schmelzflüssiger Zustand - Protonenleitfähigkeit

Molecular mobility of imidazoles in molten state as a key factor to enhance proton conductivity. Jarumaneeroj, Chatchai; Tashiro, Kohji; Chirachanchai, Suwabun In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 185-192 (8 Seiten, 32 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.126 A systematic study on alkyl urocanates related to the proton conductivity performances to clarify the role of molecular mobility and hydrogen bond in proton transfer is carried out. Depending on the methylene units, the melting (Tm) and degradation temperatures (Td) change remarkably. When methylene unit is four, C4U shows the lowest melting point (as low as 46 °C) and this suggests the favorable molecular mobility in the molten state. The short hydrogen bond distance and the short T1 relaxation time lead to a scheme of proton conductivity of C4U to be under a regular imida-zole arrangement with highly active alkyl chain molecular motion. When C4U is in molten state, the proton transfer is under vehicle mechanism clarified by Volgel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF) equation. By applying C4U as a proton con-


ductive additive in a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane without any acid dopants, the proton conductivity in the heating process up to 170 °C continuously increases to be ~104 times higher than that of the neat SPEEK. The present work not only demonstrates the thermal mobility as a key factor to govern the proton conductiv-ity but also proposes the effective proton transfer of heterocyclic compounds based on the molten state. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 012 - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle - Temperaturzyklus - zyklische Prüfung

Thermo-mechanical stability of multi-scale-architectured thin-film-based solid oxide fuel cells assessed by thermal cycling tests. Noh, Ho-Sung; Yoon, Kyung-Joong; Kim, Byung-Kook; Je, Hae-June; Lee, Hae-Weon; Lee, Jong-Ho; Son, Ji-Won In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 125-130 (6 Seiten, 30 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.101 The thermo-mechanical stability of a thin-film and nanostructure-based SOFC (TF-SOFC) is assessed by thermal cycling tests. An ultrathin bi-layer electrolyte composed of 150-nm-thick yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and 450-nm-thick gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) is successfully built on a NiO-YSZ anode support the microstructure scale of which changes from µm to nm (multi-scale architecture). The concept of multi-scale architecture in the TF-SOFC not only enables the reliable implementation of thin-film electrolytes and nanostructured electrodes to improve the critical low-temperature performance of the SOFC but also secures the thermo-mechanical stability of TF-SOFC. Competent cell performance is obtained, including a peak power density about 1.4 W cm-2 at 600 °C. The TF-SOFC survives 50 thermal cycle tests between 600 and 400 °C over 124 h without suffering a drastic failure. Although some cell output degradation is observed after the thermal cycling tests, the cell sustains a peak power density over 1 W cm-2 at 600 °C, which indicates the superior thermo-mechanical stability of the multi-scale-architectured TF-SOFC. © El-sevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 013 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Methode der kleinsten Quadrate - Lithiumion

State of health estimation for lithium ion batteries based on charging curves. Guo, Zhen; Qiu, Xinping; Hou, Guangdong; Liaw, Bor-Yann; Zhang, Changshui In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 457-462 (6 Seiten, 14 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.114 An effective method to estimate the state of health (SOH) of lithium ion batteries is illustrated in this work. This method uses an adaptive transformation of charging curves at different stages of life to quantify the extent of capacity fade and derive a time-based parameter to enable an accurate SOH estimation. This approach is easy for practical implementation and universal to chemistry or cell geometry, with minimal demand of learning. With a typical constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging method for a lithium ion battery, this approach uses an equivalent circuit model to characterize the CC portion of the charging curve and derive a transformation function and a time-based parameter to estimate SOH at any stage of life via a nonlinear least squares method to identify model parameters. The SOH estimation errors (discrepancy between estimated and experimental values, denoted as DSOH) are under 2% before the end of life in cases shown at 25 °C and 60 °C and a range of typical discharging rates up to 3C. With different sizes and chemistries, the DSOHs are all less than 3%. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 014 - Ionenleitfähigkeit - In-Situ-Polymerisation - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator

Preparation and electrochemical properties of gel polymer electrolytes using triethylene glycol diacetate-2-propenoic acid butyl ester copolymer for high energy density lithium-ion batteries. Fan, Huanhuan; Li, Hongxiao; Fan, Li-Zhen; Shi, Qiao In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 392-396 (5 Seiten, 30 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.112 Gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) composed of triethylene glycol diacetate (TEGDA)-2-propenoic acid butyl ester (BA) copolymer and commercial used liquid organic electrolyte are prepared via in situ polymerization. The ionic conduc-tivity of the as-prepared GPE can reach 5.5 × 10-3 S cm-1 with 6 wt% monomers and 94 wt% liquid electrolyte at 25 °C. Additionally, the temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity is consistent with an Arrhenius temperature behavior in a temperature range of 20-90 °C. Furthermore, the electrochemical stability window of the GPE is 5 V at 25 °C. A Li/GPE/(Li[Li1/6Ni1/4Mn7/12]O2) cell has been fabricated, which shows good charge-discharge properties and stable cycle performance compared to liquid electrolyte under the same test conditions. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 015 - Elektrofahrzeug - Wärmeerzeugung - Lithium-Eisenphosphat-Akkumulator

Electro-thermal analysis of Lithium Iron Phosphate battery for electric vehicles. Saw, L.H.; Somasundaram, K.; Ye, Y.; Tay, A.A.O. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 231-238 (8 Seiten, 41 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.052 Lithium ion batteries offer an attractive solution for powering electric vehicles due to their relatively high specific en-ergy and specific power, however, the temperature of the batteries greatly affects their performance as well as cycle life. In this work, an empirical equation characterizing the battery's electrical behavior is coupled with a lumped ther-mal model to analyze the electrical and thermal behavior of the 18650 Lithium Iron Phosphate cell. Under constant current discharging mode, the cell temperature increases with increasing charge/discharge rates. The dynamic be-havior of the battery is also analyzed under a Simplified Federal Urban Driving Schedule and it is found that heat generated from the battery during this cycle is negligible. Simulation results are validated with experimental data. The validated single cell model is then extended to study the dynamic behavior of an electric vehicle battery pack. The modeling results predict that more heat is generated on an aggressive US06 driving cycle as compared to UDDS and HWFET cycle. An extensive thermal management system is needed for the electric vehicle battery pack especially during aggressive driving conditions to ensure that the cells are maintained within the desirable operating limits and temperature uniformity is achieved between the cells. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 016 - gedruckte Batterie - Finite-Elemente-Methode - Modelluntersuchung

Modeling mass and density distribution effects on the performance of co-extruded electrodes for high en-ergy density lithium-ion batteries. Cobb, Corie L.; Blanco, Mario In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 357-366 (10 Seiten, 36 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.084 Utilizing an existing macro-homogeneous porous electrode model developed by John Newman, this paper aims to explore the potential energy density gains which can be realized in lithium-ion battery electrodes fabricated with co-extrusion printing technology. This paper conducts an analysis on two-dimensional electrode cross-sections and pre-sents the electrochemical performance results, including calculated volumetric energy capacity for a general class of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) co-extruded cathodes, in the presence of a lithium metal anode, polymer separator and liquid ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate (EC:PC:DMC) electrolyte. The impact of structured electrodes on cell performance is investigated by varying the physical distribution of a fixed amount of cathode mass over a space of dimensions which can be fabricated by co-extrusion. By systematically varying the thickness and aspect ratio of the electrode structures, we present an optimal subset of geometries and design rules for co-extruded geometries. Modeling results demonstrate that ultra-thick LiCoO2 electrodes, on the order of 150-300 µm, can garner a substantial improvement in material utilization and in turn capacity through electrolyte channels and fine width electrode pillars which are 25-100 µm wide. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 017 - Anodenwerkstoff - Lithiumionenbatterie - Anatas

Reversible phase transformation of titania (anatase) nanotubes upon electrochemical lithium-intercalation observed by ex situ transmission electron microscopy. Panda, Sovan Kumar; Lee, Sorae; Yoon, Won-Sub; Shin, Hyunjung In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 59-65 (7 Seiten, 36 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.048 In this article, microstructural changes in anatase titania (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs) upon electrochemical lithium (Li)-insertion/de-insertion using ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been reported. TiO2 NT-arrays have been fabricated by coating the wall of the pores of the nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Anatase TiO2 NT-array based anode with the wall thickness of ~14 nm shows a re-versible discharge capacity of ~175 mAh g-1 (i.e., Li-concentration (x) of ~0.53) in the second discharge cycle. The NTs are structurally intact and maintain their high crystalline quality after many repetitions of charging and discharg-ing. Reversible phase transformations from tetragonal (anatase) to orthorhombic (Li-titanate) polymorphs and back to tetragonal (anatase) in complete discharging/charging cycled TiO2 NTs are observed ex situ. Electrical conductivity of the NTs decreases a bit due to lithiation. Arrays of the anatase TiO2 NTs as anode in Li-ion secondary batteries show satisfactory cycle response and structural stability even after 50 cycles of charging/discharging. © Elsevier B.V. Re-produced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 018 - Übergangsmetalle - Sauerstoff - Elektrolyt

High valence transition metal doped strontium ferrites for electrode materials in symmetrical SOFCs. Fernandez-Ropero, A.J.; Porras-Vazquez, J.M.; Cabeza, A.; Slater, P.R.; Marrero-Lopez, D.; Losilla, E.R. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 405-413 (9 Seiten, 33 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.118 In this paper we report the successful incorporation of high valence transition metals, i.e. Cr, Mo, W, V, Nb, Ti, Zr into SrFeO3-d perovskite materials, for potential applications as symmetric electrode materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. It is observed that the doping leads to a change from an orthorhombic structure (with partial ordering of oxygen va-cancies) to a cubic one (with the oxygen vacancies disordered. These electrodes are chemically compatibles with Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (CGO) and La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-d (LSGM) electrolytes at least up to 1100 °C. Thermal annealing experiments in 5% H2-Ar at 800 °C also show the stability of the doped samples in reducing conditions, suggesting that they may be suitable for both cathode and anode applications. In contrast, reduction of undoped SrFeO3-d leads to the observation of extra peaks indicating the formation of the brownmillerite structure with the associated oxygen vacancy ordering. The performance of these electrodes was examined on dense electrolyte pellets of CGO and LSGM in air and 5% H2-Ar. In both atmospheres an improvement in the area specific resistances (ASR) values is observed for the doped samples with respect to the parent compound. Thus, the results show that high valence tran-sition metals can be incorporated into SrFeO3-d-based materials and can have a beneficial effect on the electro-chemical performance, making them potentially suitable for use as cathode and anode materials in symmetrical SOFC. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 019 - Manganoxid - Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen - Größeneffekt

Mn3O4 nanoparticles anchored on continuous carbon nanotube network as superior anodes for lithium ion batteries. Luo, Shu; Wu, Hengcai; Wu, Yang; Jiang, Kaili; Wang, Jiaping; Fan, Shoushan In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 463-469 (7 Seiten, 37 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.133 Mn3O4 nanoparticles anchored on continuous super-aligned carbon nanotube (SACNT) films are synthesized by de-composition of Mn(NO3)2. In the Mn3O4/SACNT composite electrodes, SACNT film is capable of serving as both the conductive pathway and structural scaffold, therefore no binder, extra conductive agent, or current collector is needed. The electrochemical performance of the Mn3O4/SACNT composite electrode is significantly affected by the particle size of Mn3O4. With smaller particle size, the electrode displays smaller voltage hysteresis and much im-proved reversibility and rate capability. The Mn3O4/SACNT electrodes with particle size of Mn3O4 less than 10 nm show a capacity retention of 95% after 100 cycles at 1 C and a high rate capacity of 342 mAh g-1 at 10 C (based on the total mass of the electrode), suggesting their advantages over the commercial graphite anode and potential in practical applications. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 020 - Diffusion - Finite-Elemente-Analyse - Anodenmaterial

Diffusive relaxation of Li in particles of silicon oxycarbide measured by galvanostatic titrations. Weidman, P.D.; Ahn, Dongjoon; Raj, R. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 219-230 (12 Seiten, 11 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.087 Experiments with silicon-oxycarbide, an anode material for Li-ion batteries, are compared with a rigorous solution for time-dependent diffusion profiles in spherical particles, which is supplemented by finite element analyses of cuboid shaped particles. In this way a value for the chemical diffusivity D = 1.8 × 10-18-4.2 × 10-18 m2 s-1 across the entire range of the state-of-charge is obtained. The method consists of galvanostatic titrations, where a constant current injection is followed by the measurement of the galvanic potential in open circuit relaxation, at various values of the state-of-charge. Comparison with theory shows that the relaxation time varies with the state-of-charge because the particles have variable size: small particles have short relaxations and dominate the low values of the state-of-charge. The theoretical results have additional notable features. We show that the solution for the spherical particles can be represented to a very good approximation by a single time constant of exponential relaxation. Its value is significantly slower than the results for one-dimensional solutions. The relaxation time is independent of the injection current and the state-of-charge, imparting significant generality to the results. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 021 - Schaltnetzteil - Induktionsspule - Kondensator (elektrisch)

Bidirectional converter for high-efficiency fuel cell powertrain. Fardoun, Abbas A.; Ismail, Esam H.; Sabzali, Ahmad J.; Al-Saffar, Mustafa A. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 249 (2014) Seite 470-482 (13 Seiten, 41 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.122 In this paper, a new wide conversion ratio step-up and step-down converter is presented. The proposed converter is derived from the conventional Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) topology and it is integrated with a capacitor-diode voltage multiplier, which offers a simple structure, reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI), and reduced semiconductors' voltage stresses. Other advantages include: continuous input and output current, extended step-up and step-down voltage conversion ratio without extreme low or high duty-cycle, simple control circuitry, and near-zero input and output ripple currents compared to other converter topologies. The low charging/discharging cur-rent ripple and wide gain features result in a longer life-span and lower cost of the energy storage battery system. In addition, the "near-zero" ripple capability improves the fuel cell durability. Theoretical analysis results obtained with the proposed structure are compared with other bi-direction converter topologies. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed bi-directional converter. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 022 - Lithiumion - Sicherheit - Kurzschluss

Evaluation of mechanical abuse techniques in lithium ion batteries. Lamb, Joshua; Orendorff, Christopher J. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 247 (2014) Seite 189-196 (8 Seiten, 23 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.08.066 Mechanical tests are a commonly used method for evaluating the safety performance of batteries. The mechanical blunt rod testing method, as well as sharp nail penetration, was performed on commercially available cells. Evaluation was carried out on different cell constructions as well as varying test conditions. Results obtained at ambient condi-tions were found to differ little from traditional sharp nail penetration testing. When tested at elevated temperatures it was observed that the results became heavily dependent upon the internal construction of the cell. Computed Tomo-graphy (CT) imaging confirmed this, showing differences in behavior depending on whether or not a solid core was used in the cylindrical cell construction. Pouch cells were tested as well, showing that a full penetration of the cell was necessary to initiate a failure event within the cell. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 023 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Sicherheit - Kurzschluss

Building a "smart nail" for penetration tests on Li-ion cells. Hatchard, T.D.; Trussler, S.; Dahn, J.R. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 247 (2014) Seite 821-823 (3 Seiten, 5 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.022 Nail penetration is one safety test that Li-ion cells experience in order to simulate some aspects of an internal short circuit event. To our knowledge, nail penetration is usually performed with an ordinary steel nail. Normally, the only data gathered has been a simple pass/fail result depending on whether or not the cell emitted smoke or flame, along with a thermocouple on the surface of the cell. A "smart nail" has been developed to allow the collection of tempera-ture versus time data at the point of nail penetration. This nail, in conjunction with a thermocouple on the cell surface and tabs on the ends to measure voltage, should provide some new insights into the behavior of cells during this type of abuse testing as well as aid in the developing of safer Li-ion cell chemistries. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 024 - Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle - Fuzzy-Regelung - dynamische Simulation

Maximum power point tracking control of direct methanol fuel cells. Zhang, Mingbo; Yan, Ting; Gu, Jinguang In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 247 (2014) Seite 1005-1010 (6 Seiten, 24 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.152 The performance of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is closely related to its operating conditions, and there is a specific combination of operating conditions at which the DMFC produces maximum power. Working at the maximum power point (MPP) can lower the methanol crossover rate and ancillary power consumption, improving the global efficiency of the system. The fuzzy controller proposed in this paper provides a simple and robust way to keep the DMFC working at the MPP by adjusting the operating conditions followed by the variation of the driven load in real time. Simulation shows that the fuzzy control approach can yield satisfactory results. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 025 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Elektrode - Lithium

Influence of Li content on the structure and electrochemical performance of Li1+xNi0.25Mn0.75O2.25+x/2 cathode for Li-ion battery. Liu, Yunjian; Gao, Yanyong; Dou, Aichun In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 679-684 (6 Seiten, 25 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.006 The cathode materials of Li1+xNi0.25Mn0.75O2.25+x/2 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) with different content of lithium have been synthesized in this paper. The materials with different lithium content show distinct differences in structure and charge/discharge characteristics. The layered-spinel composite structure has been detected in the Li1+xNi0.25Mn0.75O2.25+x/2 electrodes, when the lithium content is lower than 1.5. The coulomb efficiency of Li1+xNi0.25Mn0.75O2.25+x/2 electrode is increased with the content of lithium decreasing. The cyclic and rate perform-ances of layered-spinel composite electrodes Li1+xNi0.25Mn0.75O2.25+x/2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) are better than that of layered Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.5. Among the layered-spinel composite electrodes, Li1.3Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.4 electrode shows the best capacity retention (98.2% for 40 cycles) and rate capacity (102 mAh g-1 at 10 C), while that of Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.5 are 94.5% for 40 cycles and 11 mAh g-1 at 10 C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results show that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of Li1.3Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.4 electrode is lower than that of Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.5. The en-hanced cyclic and rate performances of Li1.3Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.4 cathode are attributed to the lower Rct, three-dimensional interstitial space of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 phase and the lower content of Li2MnO3 in Li1.3Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.4 cathode material. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 026 - Kohlenstoff - Lithiumion - Kohlenstoffnanoröhre

Aqueous lithium ion batteries on paper substrates. Sun, Ke; Juarez, Diego A.; Huang, Huang; Jung, Euiyeon; Dillon, Shen J. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 582-587 (6 Seiten, 17 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.114 Aqueous paper batteries were fabricated and demonstrated based on LiMn2O4 and carbon coated TiP2O7. Carbon nanotubes conformally coated commercial paper, which served as current collectors. Anode and cathode slurries penetrated these conductive substrates well. Aqueous paper batteries were tested electrochemically, exhibiting ex-cellent rate capability and reasonable cycling life. TiP2O7 dissolution accounts for the observed capacity fade. © El-sevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 027 - Wirksamkeit - Separator - Strömung

Cost and performance model for redox flow batteries. Viswanathan, Vilayanur; Crawford, Alasdair; Stephenson, David; Kim, Soowhan; Wang, Wei; Li, Bin; Coffey, Greg; Thomsen, Ed; Graff, Gordon; Balducci, Patrick; Kintner-Meyer, Michael; Sprenkle, Vincent In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 247 (2014) Seite 1040-1051 (12 Seiten, 35 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.023 A cost model is developed for all vanadium and iron-vanadium redox flow batteries. Electrochemical performance modeling is done to estimate stack performance at various power densities as a function of state of charge and oper-ating conditions. This is supplemented with a shunt current model and a pumping loss model to estimate actual sys-tem efficiency. The operating parameters such as power density, flow rates and design parameters such as electrode aspect ratio and flow frame channel dimensions are adjusted to maximize efficiency and minimize capital costs. De-tailed cost estimates are obtained from various vendors to calculate cost estimates for present, near-term and opti-mistic scenarios. The most cost-effective chemistries with optimum operating conditions for power or energy intensive applications are determined, providing a roadmap for battery management systems development for redox flow bat-teries. The main drivers for cost reduction for various chemistries are identified as a function of the energy to power ratio of the storage system. Levelized cost analysis further guide suitability of various chemistries for different applica-tions. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 028 - Kathode - Natrium - Carbonatschicht

Preparation and characterization of carbon-coated NaVPO4F as cathode material for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. Lu, Yao; Zhang, Shu; Li, Ying; Xue, Leigang; Xu, Guanjie; Zhang, Xiangwu In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 247 (2014) Seite 770-777 (8 Seiten, 30 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.018 Sodium vanadium fluorophosphate (NaVPO4F), a material candidate for sodium-ion battery cathodes, was synthe-sized via a high-temperature solid-state reaction approach. Different amounts of carbon coating were introduced in NaVPO4F to improve its electrochemical performance. The structure and morphology of the resultant cathode materi-als were examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effects of carbon coating on the elec-


trochemical performance were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge curve, cycling performance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The highest capacity achieved for this material was 97.8 mAh g-1 and the best capacity retention was 89% at the 20th cycle. Results demonstrated that appropriate amount of carbon coating could effectively improve the electrochemical performance of NaVPO4F, and carbon-coated NaVPO4F could offer promising future for sodium-ion battery cathode materials. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 029 - Membran - Keton - Vanadium

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes containing pendent carboxylic acid groups and their applica-tion in vanadium flow battery. Chen, Dongju; Li, Xianfeng In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 247 (2014) Seite 629-635 (7 Seiten, 21 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.006 Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (C-SPEEK) membranes with pendent carboxylic acid groups are prepared and first investigated for vanadium flow battery (VFB) application. The introduction of carboxylic acid groups can effec-tively improve the ion conductivities of C-SPEEK membranes, while, keep their ion selectivities. The prepared C-SPEEK membranes exhibit excellent performance under VFB operating condition. VFB single cell assembled with C-SPEEK-50 membranes shows much higher energy efficiency (85% Vs 82%) and columbic efficiency (97.3% Vs 94.6%) than that assembled with Nafion 115. The membrane keeps a stable performance after more than 180 cycles charge-discharge test, showing good stability. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 030 - Additiv - Hochspannung - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator

Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate: A film-forming additive for high voltage cathode material in lithium-ion batter-ies. Yan, Guochun; Li, Xinhai; Wang, Zhixing; Guo, Huajun; Wang, Chao In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 1306-1311 (6 Seiten, 21 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.037 Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TMSP) is investigated as a novel film-forming additive for LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cycling at high cut-off potential in LiPF6-based electrolyte. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) results reveal that TMSP oxidizes prior to the decomposition of carbonate solvents in electrolyte. When TMSP is incorporated into the electrolyte, the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 is enhanced significantly. The initial discharge capacity of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode material cycling in the electrolyte with 1% TMSP is increased from 173.4 to 191.0 mAh g-

1 compared with that without TMSP between 3.0 and 4.5 V (vs. Li/Li+) at 0.1 C (1 C = 170 mA g-1). In addition, it ex-hibits a capacity-retention of 90.9% at 1 C after 100 cycles, while that without TMSP is 77.0%. TEM, XPS, and EIS analyses confirm that the film derived from TMSP protects LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 material from eroding by HF effectively, and reduces the interface impedance. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 031 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Anodenwerkstoff - Wärmebehandlung

Copper nitrate hydrate as novel high capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Wu, Kaiqiang; Wang, Dongjie; Shao, Lianyi; Shui, Miao; Ma, Rui; Lao, Mengmeng; Long, Nengbing; Ren, Yuanlong; Shu, Jie In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 205-211 (7 Seiten, 23 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.079 For the first time, Cu(NO3)2·xH2O (x ≤ 2.5) is investigated as a new lithium storage anode material for lithium-ion bat-teries. The impressive characteristic of Cu(NO3)2·xH2O(x ≤ 2.5)/Li cell is the high initial discharge capacity reaching to around 2200 mAh g-1. To make a comparison, Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O electrodes are used as raw materials and heat-treated at 80, 120 and 160 °C. Among all the three samples, Cu(NO3)2·xH2O (x < 2.5) obtained at 160 °C shows the highest reversible capacity of 597.6 mAh g-1 and the best cycling stability after 30 cycles. The difference in electro-chemical behaviors is attributed to the variation of surface morphology, crystal water and particles size after heat-treatment at different temperatures. Besides, the thermal reaction results also show that Cu(NO3)2·xH2O (x < 2.5) obtained at 160 °C has the highest thermal stability among all the three samples after repeated cycles. The present findings can provide the fact that Cu(NO3)2·xH2O (≤2.5) may be a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 032 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Elektrolytkonzentration - Stromdichte

Multiphysics modeling of lithium ion battery capacity fading process with solid-electrolyte interphase growth by elementary reaction kinetics. Xie, Yuanyuan; Li, Jianyang; Yuan, Chris In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 172-179 (8 Seiten, 24 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.059 A pseudo two-dimensional mathematical model is developed for a lithium ion battery, integrating the elementary reac-tion based solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth model with multiple transport processes. The model is validated using the experimental data. Simulation results indicate that the operating temperature has great effect on the SEI layer generation and growth. Under different charging-discharging rates, it is found that high charging-discharging rate can intensify the battery capacity fading process. Different cooling conditions are then applied and show that enhanced surface convective cooling condition can effectively slow down the battery capacity fading. After that, the effect of electrolyte salt concentration and exchange current density are studied. It is found that raising the electrolyte salt concentration can improve the diffusion property of lithium ions, and stabilize the battery performance under lith-ium ion consumption induced resistance rising. It also suggests that improving exchange current density could greatly decrease the lithium ion battery capacity fading. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 033 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Anode - Spinell

Li4-xNaxTi5O12 with low operation potential as anode for lithium ion batteries. Xiao, C.W.; Ding, Y.; Zhang, J.T.; Su, X.Q.; Li, G.R.; Gao, X.P.; Shen, P.W. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 323-329 (7 Seiten, 38 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.131 In this work, the unique effect of the substitution of lithium ions by sodium ions in Li4Ti5O12 on the structure, crystalline size and electrochemical performance is investigated in details. The Li4-xNaxTi5O12 materials are by high temperature calcination of titania, anhydrous lithium carbonate and anhydrous sodium carbonate. It is shown from the structure analysis that the phase structure transformation is found with gradually increasing the molar ratio of sodium ions to lithium ions in the as-prepared Li4-xNaxTi5O12 samples, accompanied with the evident growth of the crystallites. Be-cause of the phase structure transformation from a cubic structure to an orthorhombic structure whose open relatively tunnel structure along the b-axis makes for the lithium ion insertion/extraction, the Li2Na2Ti5O12 sample presents the low and sloped potential plateau as expected, distinguished from the high and flat potential plateau of Li4Ti5O12. Meanwhile, the Li2Na2Ti5O12 sample delivers the good high-rate capability and cycle stability during cycling. The re-sults clarify the positive effect of the suitable substitution of lithium ions by sodium ions in Li4Ti5O12 anode material with the low operation potential for insuring the high working voltage of lithium ion batteries. © Elsevier B.V. Repro-duced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 034 - Lithiumionenbatterie - Anodenwerkstoff - Lithiumtitanat

Advanced electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12-based materials for lithium-ion battery: Synergistic effect of doping and compositing. Lin, Chunfu; Ding, Bo; Xin, Yuelong; Cheng, Fuquan; Lai, Man-On; Lu, Li; Zhou, Henghui In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 1034-1041 (8 Seiten, 34 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.120 To improve the rate performance of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), we employ a doping-compositing synergistic strategy that utilizes Cu2+ to alter intrinsic property and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to engineer extrinsic conductivity. To realize cost-effective fabrication, solid state processing is adopted in the fabrication of the composite. X-ray diffraction measure-ment combined with Rietveld refinement shows that all doped samples have a spinel structure with Fd3¯m space group without any impurities, and that both lattice parameter and occupancy of non-Li+ ions in 8a sites increase with the amount of Cu2+ dopant. Through the Cu2+ doping, the electronic conductivity and Li+ diffusion coefficient of the particles are improved by at least two orders of magnitude and four times, respectively. Through further CNTs com-positing, the electrical conduction between the particles is enhanced. Between 1.0 and 2.5 V vs. Li/Li+, the specific capacity of Li3.8Cu0.3Ti4.9O12/CNTs composite at 10 C is as high as 114 mAh g-1 with little loss after 100 cycles, whereas that of pristine one is only 11 mAh g-1. The excellent electrochemical performance can be ascribed to its higher electronic conductivity and enhanced lithium ion conductivity in the particles, as well as its improved electrical conduction between the particles. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 035 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Atomschichtabscheidung - TiO2

Enhanced lithiation and fracture behavior of silicon mesoscale pillars via atomic layer coatings and geome-try design. Ye, J.C.; An, Y.H.; Heo, T.W.; Biener, M.M.; Nikolic, R.J.; Tang, M.; Jiang, H.; Wang, Y.M. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 447-456 (10 Seiten, 42 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.097 Crystalline silicon nanostructures are commonly known to exhibit anisotropic expansion behavior during the lithiation that leads to grooving and fracture. Here we report surprisingly relatively uniform volume expansion behavior of large aspect-ratio (~25), well-patterned, n-type (100) silicon micropillars (~2 µm diameter) during the initial lithiation. The comparison results with and without atomic layer metal oxides (Al2O3 and TiO2) coatings reveal drastically enhanced solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, higher volume expansion, and increased anisotropy. Square-pillars are found to exhibit nearly twice volume expansion without fracture compared to circular-pillars. Models are invoked to qualitatively address these beneficial or detrimental properties of silicon for lithium ion battery. Our experiments and computer simulations point at the critical relevance of SEI and pristine geometry in regulating volume expansion and failure. ALD-coated ultrathin metal oxides can act as an ion channel gate that helps promote fast Li+ transport into the bulk by changing the surface kinetics, suggesting new ways of designing electrodes for high-performance lithium ion battery applications. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 036 - Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle - statistische Analyse - Stöchiometrie

Direct methanol fuel cells with streamline graded structure under ultra-low fuel stoichiometry condition. Jung, Seunghun; Wang, Chao-Yang In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 253-264 (12 Seiten, 21 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.080 Operating a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) with ultra-low fuel stoichiometry is desirable to build a compact portable power system. Through 3D computational modeling with statistical analysis, severe non-uniformity of fuel concentra-tion leading to high methanol crossover in the inlet region and poor fuel supply in the outlet region is predicted under ultra-low fuel stoichiometry condition, which causes large voltage loss or even cell shut-down. After identifying con-trolling parameters of methanol transport, this paper proposes streamline-graded structures (SGS) of the anode channel to mitigate anode fuel distribution non-uniformity and to boost cell performance and fuel efficiency together. Computational results show that streamline-graded structures achieve about 10% of voltage gain and 3% of fuel effi-ciency improvement compared to the conventional DMFC design by mitigating anode non-uniformity. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 037 - numerische Strömungssimulation - Wasserfeuchtung - Temperaturdifferenz

Influences of gas relative humidity on the temperature of membrane in PEMFC with interdigitated flow field. Jian, Qi-fei; Ma, Guang-qing; Qiu, Xiao-liang In: Renewable Energy: An International Journal * Band 62 (2014) Seite 129-136 (8 Seiten, 19 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.06.046 A fundamental understanding of the water balance of a fuel cell during operation is crucial for improving the cell per-formance and durability. The humidification in the anode or cathode has an important effect on the flow characteris-tics and cell efficiency. Three-dimensional steady mathematical model based on the electrochemical, current distribu-tion, fluid motion continuity equation, momentum and energy equation, boundary layer theory has been developed to simulate PEMFC with interdigitated flow field using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Effects on the current density and temperature differences have been simulated and analyzed respectively, when the humidification in the anode or cathode is from 0% to 100% respectively. The numerical results show that the humidification strongly influ-ences the current density and temperature difference so as to affect the cell efficiency. Under the same operation conditions and low humidification conditions, anode humidification can better enhance the performance of the battery and improve the extent of PEM humidification. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 038 - Kohlenstoff - Cobaltoxid - Ausscheidungsprodukt

Carbon and binder free rechargeable Li-O2 battery cathode with Pt/Co3O4 flake arrays as catalyst. Zhao, Guangyu; Lv, Jixian; Xu, Zhanming; Zhang, Li; Sun, Kening In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 1270-1274 (5 Seiten, 24 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.041 Pt nanoparticles modified Co3O4 flake arrays are prepared by an electrochemically assisted method and the subse-quent cool sputtering, a carbon and binder free approach. When used as the cathode catalysts of Li-O2 batteries, these porous films supply the O2 transport adequate channels by the macropores surrounded by Co3O4 flakes, which endow the cathodes stable two-phase interface in discharge/charge processes. The superior ability of Pt catalyzing O2 evolution leads the batteries showing a much lower overpotential (3.2 V) in charge process compared with those


using pristine Co3O4 arrays as catalysts (4.0 V). The enhancement of decomposing the discharging precipitate pro-motes the Li-O2 batteries' reversibility obviously, which realize more than 30 discharge/charge cycles. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 039 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Graphit - Natrium

Performance of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2/graphite batteries based on aqueous binder. Loeffler, Nicholas; von Zamory, Jan; Laszczynski, Nina; Doberdo, Italo; Kim, Guk-Tae; Passerini, Stefano In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 915-922 (8 Seiten, 44 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.018 This manuscript reports on the manufacturing and characterization of sodium carboxymethylcellulose-based, Li-ion positive electrodes with high active material mass loadings using only water as a solvent. The effect of different cal-endering forces on the aqueous processed cathode electrodes is also reported. Finally, the performance of balanced full Li-ion cells in pouch cell configuration is investigated. These Li-ion cells subjected to long-term cycling experiment displayed an average coulombic efficiency of 99.96% and retained a specific capacity of almost 70% of its initial ca-pacity after 2000 cycles. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 040 - Lithiumionenbatterie - Kathodenwerkstoff - Hybridfahrzeug

A review of blended cathode materials for use in Li-ion batteries. Chikkannanavar, Satishkumar B.; Bernardi, Dawn M.; Liu, Lingyun In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 91-100 (10 Seiten, 60 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.052 Several commercial automotive battery suppliers have developed lithium ion cells which use cathodes that consist of a mixture of two different active materials. This approach is intended to take advantage of the unique properties of each material and optimize the performance of the battery with respect to the automotive operating requirements. Certain cathode materials have high coulombic capacity and good cycling characteristics, but are costly and exhibit poor thermal stability (e.g., LiNixCo1-x-yAlyO2). Alternately, other cathode materials exhibit good thermal stability, high voltage and high rate capability, but have low capacity (e.g., LiMn2O4). By blending two cathode materials the short-comings of the parent materials could be minimized and the resultant blend can be tailored to have a higher energy or power density coupled with enhanced stability and lower cost. In this review, we survey the developing field of blended cathode materials from a new perspective. Targeting a range of cathode materials, we survey the advances in the field in the current review. Limitations, such as capacity decay due to metal dissolution are also discussed, as well as how the appropriate balance of characteristics of the blended materials can be optimized for hybrid- and elec-tric-vehicle applications. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 041 - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle - Zustandsschätzung - konzentrierte Parameter

Simultaneous estimation of states and inputs in a planar solid oxide fuel cell using nonlinear adaptive ob-server design. Vijay, Periasamy; Tade, Moses O.; Ahmed, Khaliq; Utikar, Ranjeet; Pareek, Vishnu In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 1218-1233 (16 Seiten, 20 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.050 An adaptive nonlinear observer design for the planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is presented in this work. This ob-server is based on a lumped parameter model of the SOFC and it can simultaneously estimate the inputs and the states of the system. Considering the inputs as unknown parameters is advantageous because some of the input parameters are not practically measurable in a SOFC stack. The asymptotic stability of the proposed observer is proven using the Lyapunov function method and is based on the concept of input-to-state stability for cascaded sys-tems. The simulations show that the developed observer can track the temperature and species concentration pro-files in the planar SOFC during step changes in the input variables and can simultaneously predict the input vari-ables. The adaptive observer presented is valid for a wide operating range, requires fewer variables to be measured, and is robust to fluctuations in the input variables. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 042 - Sprühpyrolyse - Hochtemperaturbrennstoffzelle - Komposit

Improvement of the redox durability of Ni-gadolinia doped ceria anodes due to the use of the composite par-ticles prepared by spray pyrolysis method. Hashigami, Satoshi; Yoshida, Hiroyuki; Ueno, Daisuke; Kawano, Mitsunobu; Inagaki, Toru In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 190-195 (6 Seiten, 11 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.073 The redox behaviors of Ni-gadolinia doped ceria (GDC) anodes with different compositions and microstructures were investigated. When the NiO-GDC composite particles prepared by spray pyrolysis were used for an anode (SP-cells), the decrease of the cell voltage during the redox cycles was smaller than that of the cell with anode using the mixed powder of NiO and GDC (Mix-cells). Current interruption and AC impedance measurements were examined before redox cycle, after 1st redox cycle, and after 10th redox cycles. The ohmic and polarization losses after 10th cycles for SP-cells were smaller than those for Mix cells. The morphology changes of the Ni-GDC anodes between before-redox cycle and after-10th redox cycles were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These results indi-cate that the use of NiO-GDC composite particles suppressed the excessive agglomerations of nickel grains during the redox cycles. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 043 - Sulfid - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Glaskeramik

A rocking chair type all-solid-state lithium ion battery adopting Li2O-ZrO2 coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and a sulfide based electrolyte. Ito, Seitaro; Fujiki, Satoshi; Yamada, Takanobu; Aihara, Yuichi; Park, Youngsin; Kim, Tae-Young; Baek, Seung-Wook; Lee, Jae-Myung; Doo, Seokgwang; Machida, Nobuya In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 943-950 (8 Seiten, 32 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.005 An all-solid-state lithium-ion battery (ASSB) using non-flammable solid electrolytes is a candidate for a next-generation battery. Although the excellent cycle performance and its high energy density are suggested in the litera-ture, a practical size battery has not been appeared yet. In this paper, we have adopted a sulfide based electrolyte, Li2S-P2S5 (80:20 mol%) to a rocking chair type lithium ion battery. The electrochemical cell consists of a Li2O-ZrO2 coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) cathode, an artificial graphite anode and the sulfide based electrolyte without any organic and inorganic liquids. The cathode charge transfer resistance is significantly reduced by the Li2O-ZrO2 coat-ing. The total cell resistance of the Li2O-ZrO2 (LZO) coated NCA adopted cell is approximately one quarter of non-treated one. A standard type single cell with the nominal capacity of 100 mAh at 25 °C is fabricated by wet printing process, and its capacity retention is approximately 80% at 100 cycles. Also, a 1 Ah class battery was constructed by stacking the single cells, and demonstrated. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 044 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Modell - Kurztest

Study of internal short in a Li-ion cell-II. Numerical investigation using a 3D electrochemical-thermal model. Fang, Weifeng; Ramadass, Premanand; Zhang, Zhengming- (John) In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 1090-1098 (9 Seiten, 17 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.004 A 3D (Three-Dimensional) electrochemical-thermal model has been developed to study internal short circuits in a 1 Ah Li-ion cell, which was inspired by the new findings from the controlled internal short tests. Noteworthy difference of the temperature profiles at the short spot were observed between a Anode-Aluminum (current collector) shorting test and a Anode-Cathode shorting test, with the former showing a temperature spike upon incurring short circuit while the later not. Modeling study reveals that the rapid temperature increase observed in the Anode-Aluminum short was the result of high rate discharge while the following sudden temperature drop was due to the lithium trans-port limitations in the solid and electrolyte phases. By contrast, in the Anode-Cathode short, such limitations were not observed as the discharge rate was much lower. The results of the present study may help design a safer Li-ion cell through the understanding of a specific internal short circuit. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 045 - Li4Ti5O12 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Elektrolyt

Electrochemical and thermal characterization of lithium titanate spinel anode in C-LiFePO4//C-Li4Ti5O12 cells at sub-zero temperatures. Zaghib, K.; Dontigny, M.; Perret, P.; Guerfi, A.; Ramanathan, M.; Prakash, J.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 1050-1057 (8 Seiten, 52 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.083 C-LiFePO4 and C-Li4Ti5O12 electrodes were studied for their electrochemical performance at sub-zero temperatures with two different electrolytes, conventional and low temperature electrolytes. 18,650-size cylindrical cell using the conventional electrolyte 1 mol L-1 LiPF6 in EC + DEC displayed a discharge capacity of 1.01 Ah, when cycled be-tween 1.0 and 2.8 V, during low 0.1 C charge-discharge rates at 25 °C with 98%. Same cell with LiPF6 in EC/DEC


electrolyte showed a discharge capacity of 0.97 Ah at 10 °C during low 0.1 C charge-discharge rates and retained more than 75% of rated capacity at 5 C-rate. However, the cell failed at 8 C-rate due to poor ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. The 18,650 cell using the low temperature electrolyte 1 mol L-1 LiPF6 and 0.2 mol L-1 LiFSI in quaternary blend of aliphatic solvents such as PC + MP + EMC + 5% FEC displayed a similar electrochemical performance at 25 °C as that of the cell with conventional electrolyte, but in contrast showed improved electrochemical performance down to -10 °C due to improvement in ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. HPPC test performed on the C-LiFePO4//C-Li4Ti5O12 18,650 cell with low temperature electrolyte indicated the cells remain functional between 0 °C and -10 °C. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 046 - Lithiumtitanat - Nano-Cluster - Mittelporosität

Mesoporous Li4Ti5O12 nanoclusters as high performance negative electrodes for lithium ion batteries. Sun, Li; Wang, Jiaping; Jiang, Kaili; Fan, Shoushan In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 265-272 (8 Seiten, 30 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.041 Porous Li4Ti5O12 nanoclusters with high surface area are synthesized by a facile solution-based method followed by low-temperature calcination. The Li4Ti5O12 nanoclusters present the key characteristics needed to serve as high-performance negative electrodes for lithium ion batteries, including nano-sized dimension of the Li4Ti5O12 clusters (50-100 nm) for short ion and electron transfer path, and high surface area (142 m2 g-1) with mesoporosity (pore di-ameter 2-6 nm) for easy access to the electrolyte and efficient ion transport. Based on these characteristics, the Li4Ti5O12 electrode delivers an initial capacity of 173 mAh g-1 at the rate of 0.5 C, comparable to its theoretical capac-ity. Excellent cycling stability at high rates is achieved in the Li4Ti5O12 electrode, offering potential to serve as a nega-tive electrode material for high rate lithium ion battery applications. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 047 - Lithium - Eisen - Sauerstoff

Polythiophene coordination complexes as high performance lithium storage materials. Mao, Ya; Kong, Qingyu; Shen, Lian; Wang, Zhaoxiang; Chen, Liquan In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 343-347 (5 Seiten, 18 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.019 Polythiophene (PTh)-based coordination complexes, polythiophene-iron (PTh-Fe) and polythiophene-iron-oxygen (PTh-Fe-O) were synthesized by chemical method and proved to be novel high-performance organometallic lithium-storage materials. Extended X-ray absorption fine structural (EXAFS) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that these complexes have layered structures. It is believed that the strong and stable Fe-S coordination creates sites of lithium storage and ensures the high specific capacity and outstanding cycle perform-ance of the PTh-based complexes. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 048 - Stromdichte - Widerstandserwärmung - Gleichstrom

An improved direct current sintering technique for proton conductor - BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3: The effect of direct current on sintering process. Jiang, Taizhi; Liu, Yajie; Wang, Zhenhua; Sun, Wang; Qiao, Jinshuo; Sun, Kening In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 70-76 (7 Seiten, 25 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.042 BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3 (BZCYYb), a promising proton conductor of poor sinterability used in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), has been densified in one hour at 850 °C by applying direct current sintering technique (DC-sintering). Un-der a constant electrical field, the current density through the specimen of BZCYYb rises rapidly when the tempera-ture increases to a certain value. In DC-sintering process, we restrict the current density when the sharp increase occurs. By limiting current density to different values for one hour, we find that current density is the most important factor in DC-sintering process. The conductivity and the grain size of BZCYYb electrolyte increase significantly with the enhanced current density, while the different initial applied electrical fields have negligible effect. The stable stage of DC-sintering process can be explained by Joule heating. Corresponding real temperature of specimens is esti-mated by applying black body radiation theory. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 049 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Aluminium - Elektrode

Enabling aqueous binders for lithium battery cathodes - Carbon coating of aluminum current collector. Doberdo, Italo; Löffler, Nicholas; Laszczynski, Nina; Cericola, Dario; Penazzi, Nerino; Bodoardo, Silvia; Kim, Guk-Tae; Passerini, Stefano In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 1000-1006 (7 Seiten, 28 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.039 In this manuscript a novel approach to enable aqueous binders for lithium ion battery (LIB) cathodes is reported. Pro-ducing LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) electrodes using sodium-carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a binder and water as a solvent, in fact, results in serious aluminum corrosion during electrode manufacturing due to the high pH of the slurry. In order to prevent the direct contact of the corrosive slurry with aluminum foil, the latter is first coated with a thin car-bon layer. The CMC-based electrodes formed on carbon coated aluminum foil show enhanced performance than those made using unprotected aluminum instead. In particular, electrodes using protected aluminum foil are able to deliver a capacity of 126 mAh g-1 at 1C rate, which is rather close to that delivered by polyvinylidene-di-fluoride (PVdF)-based electrode having the same composition. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 050 - Lithium - Graphen - Titan(IV)-oxid

Self-organized amorphous titania nanotubes with deposited graphene film like a new heterostructured elec-trode for lithium ion batteries. Menendez, Rosa; Alvarez, Patricia; Botas, Cristina; Nacimiento, Francisco; Alcantara, Ricardo; Tirado, Jose L.; Ortiz, Gregorio F. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 886-893 (8 Seiten, 41 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.019 Heterostructures composed of reduced graphene oxide and self-organized titania nanotubes (nt-TiO2) are examined as novel electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. The novelty here resides in the deposition of a graphene-like film on self-organized nanotubes and that, as compared with previous materials, the differences in behavior are sig-nificant as the heterostructure combines previously reported advantages of self-organized nt-TiO2 with those emerg-ing from the graphene composites. The preparation of this nt-TiO2/graphene hybrid electrode material is described here. The deposition of a graphene film on self-arranged amorphous nt-TiO2 was confirmed by using SEM, Raman spectroscopy and mapping of composition. Lithium test cells display capacities that can exceed 300 mAh g-1 over 100 cycles and that are therefore superior to those of bare nt-TiO2 and anatase or rutile TiO2-graphene hybrid nanostruc-tures. The excellent rate performance of these electrodes makes charge-discharge possible up to at least 300 C-rate. The impedance spectra show that the graphene-like film improves the interface properties in the hybrid electrode. In addition to the environmentally friendly nature of the active electrode material, the moderate working voltage offers an important safety advantage in that it protects the battery from the electroplating phenomena. © Elsevier B.V. Repro-duced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 051 - Mikrowaage - Manganoxid - Mikropartikel

Electrochemical study on polypyrrole microparticle suspension as flowing anode for manganese dioxide rechargeable flow battery. Zhao, Yongfu; Si, Shihui; Wang, Lu; Liao, Cui; Tang, Ping; Cao, Huijun In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 962-968 (7 Seiten, 39 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.008 Comparison study on the electrochemical behaviors of PPy microparticle suspension and PPy film in the electrolytic solution of MnSO4 + H2SO4 has been done. The cyclic voltammogram of PPy suspension is almost similar to that of PPy film, suggesting the feasibility of charge transfer between the conductive substrate and PPy particles dispersed in the solution. The electrochemical response of PPy microparticle suspension in flowing mode obviously differs from that under static state, exhibiting good charge transfer property, therefore PPy microparticle suspension is used to fabricate PPy suspension//manganese dioxide rechargeable flow battery. The present system exhibits a significant improvement on the capacity density and cycle performance in comparison with PPy-based film batteries. The dis-charge capacity density of PPy reaches 132.3 mA h g-1, and it still remains 97.2% of original value after 90 cycles. The coulombic efficiency shows no significant change with an average value of 92.1% over the experiment. More-over, the system in the flow mode shows the improved discharge current, which reaches 15 mA cm-2. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 052 - Alterung - Phasenumwandlung - Lebensdauerprüfung

Calendar and cycle life study of Li(NiMnCo)O2-based 18650 lithium-ion batteries. Ecker, Madeleine; Nieto, Nerea; Käbitz, Stefan; Schmalstieg, Johannes; Blanke, Holger; Warnecke, Alexander; Sau-er, Dirk Uwe In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 839-851 (13 Seiten, 36 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.143 An extensive set of accelerated aging tests has been carried out employing a Li-ion high energy 18650 system (2.05 Ah), negative electrode: carbon, positive electrode: Li(NiMnCo)O2). It is manufactured by Sanyo, labeled UR18650E, and is a commercial off-the-shelf product. The tests comprise both calendar life tests at different ambient temperatures and constant cell voltages and cycle life tests operating the cells within several voltage ranges and lev-els using standard test profiles. In total, 73 cells have been tested. The calendar life test matrix especially investi-gates the influence of SOC on aging in detail, whereas the cycle life matrix focuses on a detailed analysis of the in-fluence of cycle depth. The study shows significant impact of the staging behavior of the carbon electrode on cycle life. Furthermore a strong influence of the carbon potential on calendar aging has been detected. Observed relations between aging and the different influence factors as well as possible degradation mechanisms are discussed. Analy-sis of C/4 discharge voltage curves suggests that cycle aging results in different aging processes and changes in material properties compared to calendar aging. Cycling, especially with cycles crossing transitions between voltage plateaus of the carbon electrode seems to destroy the carbon structure. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permis-sion. ____________________________________________________________ - 053 - Cobaltoxid - Anodenwerkstoff - Lithiumionenbatterie

Micro/nano-structure Co3O4 as high capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries and the effect of the void volume on electrochemical performance. Zhang, Bin; Zhang, Yibo; Miao, Zhenzhen; Wu, Tianxiao; Zhang, Zhendong; Yang, Xiangguang In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 289-295 (7 Seiten, 24 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.074 Two kinds of Co3O4 samples with micro/nano-structure as high capacity anode materials for Lithium-ion Batteries are synthesized by a facile method. The structure, composition and surface morphology are analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), respectively. The XRD data indicates that the two Co3O4 materials are crystalline, single-phase without any impurity phase; the size of spheres and cubes are estimated to be 2 µm and the nanoparticles are around 100 nm. The cyclic voltammetry and discharge/charge measurements are carried out to detect the electrochemical properties. The results demonstrate that the two Co3O4 electrodes with micro/nano-structure exhibit low initial irre-versible capacity and superior cycling performance. The two Co3O4 materials with micro/nano-structure are confirmed to combine the advantages of the micro-materials and nano-materials for LIBs. Moreover, the Co3O4 spheres (s-Co3O4) exhibit more superior cycling performance than that of Co3O4 cubes (c-Co3O4) due to the larger void volume in spheres than that in cubes structure. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 054 - Magnetit - elektrochemische Eigenschaft - Anodenwerkstoff

Nanostructured Fe3O4@C as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Zeng, Zhipeng; Zhao, Hailei; Wang, Jie; Lv, Pengpeng; Zhang, Tianhou; Xia, Qing In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 15-21 (7 Seiten, 55 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.063 The active particle cracking and electrode pulverization of iron oxide anode material as a result of volume expansion during charge/discharge process cause poor reversibility and significant capacity fading in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Here, we demonstrate a facile solvothermal route to immobilize the Fe3O4 particles on the porous active carbon. The present method enables us to obtain nano-porous and mosaic structured Fe3O4@C spheres with an average size of ca. 100 nm. The porous active carbon plays an important role in the improvement of electrochemical properties of Fe3O4. It not only acts as a host for the deposition of Fe3O4 particles, but also provides void spaces for active Fe3O4 to buffer the volume expansion. The good contact between Fe3O4 and active carbon ensures the fast electron/Li-ion transport. As a result, the porous Fe3O4@C shows a high reversible specific capacity of ~1000 mAh g-

1, good cycle stability and excellent rate capability. Therefore, we believe that this composite is a potential candidate for anode material of high-energy lithium-ion battery. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 055 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Kathodenwerkstoff - Einkristall

Microsized single-crystal spinel LAMO for high-power lithium ion batteries synthesized via polyvinylpyrroli-done combustion method. Dai, Kehua; Mao, Jing; Li, Zitao; Zhai, Yuchun; Wang, Zhihui; Song, Xiangyun; Battaglia, Vince; Liu, Gao In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 22-27 (6 Seiten, 43 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.058 Microsized single-crystal Li1.08Mn1.89Al0.03O4 (LAMO) was synthesized via polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron mi-croscopy (HRTEM) characterization results indicate that the as-prepared LAMO has good crystallinity, uniform and smooth-surfaced morphology, and very low specific surface area. Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests demonstrate its excellent electrochemical performance. The capacity retentions at 30 °C and 55 °C are 98.8% and 93.3% respec-tively after 200 cycles at 1 C charge/discharge rate. Moreover, the LAMO exhibits excellent rate and low temperature performance. Even at high rates of 40 C and 60 C, the as-prepared LAMO are still able to deliver 91.2% and 85.6% capacity relative to the discharge capacity at C/5. The specific discharge capacity at -20 °C is 97.9 mAh g-1 which is 93.7% of the capacity discharging at 25 °C. To study the reason of the excellent rate performance, the potential in-termittent titration technique (PITT) tests and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were conducted and the lithium chemical diffusion coefficient (DLi+) was calculated. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 056 - Cobaltoxid - Nickeloxid - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator

Ternary core/shell structure of Co3O4/NiO/C nanowire arrays as high-performance anode material for Li-ion battery. Wu, J.B.; Guo, R.Q.; Huang, X.H.; Lin, Y. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 115-121 (7 Seiten, 34 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.040 Self-supported core/shell nanowire arrays are highly desirable for designing high-performance electrochemical en-ergy storage devices. Herein, we report self-supported ternary core/shell nanowire arrays of Co3O4/NiO/C on the nickel foam with the help of hydrothermal synthesis, chemical bath deposition and annealing carbonation methods. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the Co3O4/NiO/C core/shell nanowire arrays exhibit excellent electro-chemical performances with lower polarization, higher capacity, improved cycle life and better high-rate capability than the pure Co3O4 nanowire arrays and single NiO nanoflake arrays. The enhanced electrochemical properties are mainly ascribed to the core/shell nanowire architecture with potential synergistic contribution such as improved me-chanical stability and enhanced conductivity as well as faster ion/electron transfer. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 057 - SOFC-Brennstoffzelle - elektrischer Kontakt - Kontaktwerkstoff

Effects of using (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95Fe0.6Mn0.3Co0.1O3 (LSFMC), LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3-d (LNF) and LaNi0.6Co0.4O3-d (LNC) as contact materials on solid oxide fuel cells. Moran-Ruiz, Aroa; Vidal, Karmele; Laguna-Bercero, Miguel Angel; Larranaga, Aitor; Arriortua, Maria Isabel In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 1067-1076 (10 Seiten, 48 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.031 Three lanthanum-based perovskite ceramic compounds were studied as contact materials, (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95Fe0.6Mn0.3Co0.1O3 (LSFMC), LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3-d (LNF) and LaNi0.6Co0.4O3-d (LNC), between a Crofer22APU interconnect and a La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 (LSF) cathode. The layers were deposited using in all cases wet colloidal spray technique. Phase structures of materials were checked by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements. Electrical conduc-tivity and thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) for these selected compounds were also determined. The important properties of the resulting {interconnect/contact layer/cathode} systems; including area specific resistance (ASR), reactivity, and adhesion of contact materials to the interconnect and to the cathode were investigated. Moreover, the electrical resistance and reactivity of the system without a contact layer, {steel/LSF/LSF} system, was measured for comparison. The contact resistance is strongly influenced by the conductivity of selected contact materials, showing the lowest ASR values for {Crofer22APU/LNC/LSF} assembly. The point microanalysis on cross-section of the sys-tems, after ASR measurements, reveals that there is chromium enrichment in the contact and cathode layers which allows the formation of phases like SrCrO4 and Cr-containing perovskite in short exposure times. An adequate integ-rity and low reactivity is achieved when LNF contact coating is applied between Crofer22APU and LSF cathode with-out compromising the contact resistance of the system. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 058 - Elektrofahrzeug - Energieeffizienz - Energiemanagement

Enhanced fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle power sharing method based on fuel cost and mass estimation. Maalej, Khalil; Kelouwani, Sousso; Agbossou, Kodjo; Dube, Yves In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 668-678 (11 Seiten, 43 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.127 In this paper, we investigate an adaptive energy management and power splitting system for a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle. The battery pack is the main power source whereas the fuel cell is considered as a range extender that can-not sustain alone the vehicle traction power. In addition, the fuel cell contributes to reduce the battery pack degrada-tion by limiting its depth-of-discharge (DoD). This energy management system is based on a two layer architecture in which the upper layer computes the anticipated end-of-trip DoD using online mass estimation. The lower layer is de-signed to split the driver power demand by minimizing a cost function which includes the hydrogen/electricity cost ratio. Therefore, the best trade-off between reducing battery pack degradation and using cost effective energy is pro-vided. Furthermore, the system allows the fuel cell to operate at its maximum efficiency. Comparative study results indicate that using online mass estimation improves the overall fuel consumption efficiency whilst contributing at the same time to DoD reduction. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 059 - Wirksamkeit - Permeabilität - Kompression

Ex-situ experimental studies on serpentine flow field design for redox flow battery systems. Jyothi Latha, T.; Jayanti, S. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 140-146 (7 Seiten, 35 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.084 Electrolyte distribution using parallel flow field for redox flow battery (RFB) applications shows severe non-uniformity, while the conventional design of using the carbon felt itself as the flow distributor gives too high pressure drop. An optimized flow field design for uniform flow distribution at a minimal parasitic power loss is therefore needed for RFB systems. Since the materials and geometrical dimensions in RFBs are very different from those used in fuel cells, the hydrodynamics of the flow fields in RFBs is likely to be very different. In the present paper, we report on a fundamen-tal study of the hydrodynamics of a serpentine flow field relevant to RFB applications. The permeability of the porous medium has been measured under different compression ratios and this is found to be in the range of 5-8 × 10-11 m2. The pressure drop in two serpentine flow fields of different geometric characteristics has been measured over a range of Reynolds numbers. Further analysis using computational fluid dynamics simulations brings out the impor-tance of the compression of the porous medium as an additional parameter in determining the flow distribution and pressure drop in these flow fields. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 060 - Druckverlust - Strömung - Vanadium

Studies on pressure losses and flow rate optimization in vanadium redox flow battery. Tang, Ao; Bao, Jie; Skyllas-Kazacos, Maria In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 154-162 (9 Seiten, 12 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.071 Premature voltage cut-off in the operation of the vanadium redox flow battery is largely associated with the rise in concentration overpotential at high state-of-charge (SOC) or state-of-discharge (SOD). The use of high constant volumetric flow rate will reduce concentration overpotential, although potentially at the cost of consuming excessive pumping energy which in turn lowers system efficiency. On the other hand, any improper reduction in flow rate will also limit the operating SOC and lead to deterioration in battery efficiency. Pressure drop losses are further exacer-bated by the need to reduce shunt currents in flow battery stacks that requires the use of long, narrow channels and manifolds. In this paper, the concentration overpotential is modelled as a function of flow rate in an effort to determine an appropriate variable flow rate that can yield high system efficiency, along with the analysis of pressure losses and total pumping energy. Simulation results for a 40-cell stack under pre-set voltage cut-off limits have shown that vari-able flow rates are superior to constant flow rates for the given system design and the use of a flow factor of 7.5 with respect to the theoretical flow rate can reach overall high system efficiencies for different charge-discharge opera-tions. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 061 - Oberflächenanalyse - Elektrolyt - Wärmebeständigkeit

Surface study of electrodes after long-term cycling in Li1.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1O2-graphite lithium-ion cells. Li, Xiaobo; Xu, Mengqing; Chen, Yanjing; Lucht, Brett L. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 1077-1084 (8 Seiten, 25 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.044 Lithium- and manganese-rich layered-oxides (LMR-NMC) have potential application for electric vehicles due to the high energy density. Electrochemical measurements and ex-situ surface analysis of cells containing Li1.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1O2-based positive electrodes and graphite-based negative electrodes has been conducted. Elec-


trochemical cycling reveals significant capacity fade and voltage decrease after 1500 cycles. Ex-situ surface analysis including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) were conducted for cells with long term cycling at 30 °C. The surface analysis supports the formation of surface film on both cathodes and anodes after formation cycling. Upon long term cycling, both the cath-ode and anode surface films become thicker although more significant changes appear to be occurring to the anode. Fresh LMR-NMC powder has been stored in the presence of electrolyte, 1.2 M LiPF6 in EC/EMC 3:7, at 85 °C for 7 days. The surface film on the LMR-NMC powder after storage is similar to the surface film after cycling. The presence of the LMR-NMC powder inhibits the thermal decomposition of the electrolyte. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 062 - Doppelschichtkondensator - organischer Elektrolyt - Phenylen

An efficient redox-mediated organic electrolyte for high-energy supercapacitor. Yu, Haijun; Wu, Jihuai; Fan, Leqing; Hao, Sancun; Lin, Jianming; Huang, Miaoliang In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 1123-1126 (4 Seiten, 26 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.040 A redox-mediated organic electrolyte is prepared by adding P-phenylenediamine into lithium perchlorate/acetonitrile electrolyte for the application in activated carbon-based supercapacitor. The supercapacitor exhibits good cyclical stability, high specific capacitance of 68.59 F g-1, high energy density of 54.46 Wh kg-1 and high power density of 13.11 kW kg-1, which are higher than that of supercapacitor with a conventional organic electrolyte. The excellent performance of the supercapacitor is attributed to the quick reversible faradic reactions of the redox mediator (P-phenylenediamine), which accelerates the electronic migration, enhances the contact between the electrolyte and electrodes, and brings additional pseudocapacitive contribution for the system. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 063 - Aktivkohle - Polysulfid - Auflösung

Sulfur infiltrated activated carbon cathodes for lithium sulfur cells: The combined effects of pore size distri-bution and electrolyte molarity. Lee, Jung-Tae; Zhao, Youyang; Kim, Hyea; Cho, Won-Il; Yushin, Gleb In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 752-761 (10 Seiten, 51 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.003 In this paper, we adopted three different commercial activated carbon samples (ACs) having different particle size, specific surface area and pore size to make sulfur-carbon (S-AC) nanocomposites for rechargeable lithium sulfur batteries. The effect of the physical parameters of ACs and the combined effect of electrolyte molarity were investi-gated. The performance of the cells at two different temperatures of 25 and 70 °C were compared. For room tem-perature operation of the cells, the capacities of S infiltrated into microporous AC having smaller pore size and stronger interactions with sulfur and sulfides were lower than those of the S infiltrated into micro- and mesoporous ACs containing larger pores. In contrast, the microporous AC demonstrated higher capacity at the elevated tempera-ture due to the improved ion transport rate. The effect of electrolyte molarity on the performance of Li/S cells was found to depend on the AC pore size and particle size distributions. Increasing electrolyte molarity from 1 to 3 M demonstrated improved cell performance and reduced polysulfide dissolution in all the studied S-AC samples. How-ever, further increasing electrolyte salt concentration resulted in a high polarization and reduced cell performance in S-ACs having large particle size or smaller pores. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 064 - Superkondensator - elektrostatisches Spinnen - Kohlenstoffnanofaser

Nitrogen/phosphorus co-doped nonporous carbon nanofibers for high-performance supercapacitors. Yan, Xiaodong; Liu, Yuan; Fan, Xiaorong; Jia, Xiaolong; Yu, Yunhua; Yang, Xiaoping In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 745-751 (7 Seiten, 38 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.129 This study demonstrates a facile and effective approach to prepare nitrogen/phosphorus co-doped nonporous carbon nanofibers (N/P-NPCNFs) through the electrospinning of the polyacrylonitrile and phosphoric acid precursor solutions and subsequent thermal treatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses show that the contents of phosphorus and pyrrol-like nitrogen in N/P-NPCNFs can be tuned by controlling the amount of phosphoric acid. The maximum specific capacitance of 224.9 F g-1 is achieved at 0.5 A g-1 in 1 M H2SO4. Furthermore, the specific capacitance could still remain 155.5 F g-1 at 30 A g-1 with a high capacitance retention ratio of 70%. It is worth noting that no capaci-tance loss is observed over 8000 charge/discharge cycles, clearly demonstrating a robust long-term stability. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the synergetic effect of nitrogen and phosphorus function-alities. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 065 - Manganoxid - Festelektrolyt - Komposit

All-solid-state electrochemical capacitors using MnO2 electrode/SiO2-Nafion electrolyte composite prepared by the sol-gel process. Shimamoto, Kazushi; Tadanaga, Kiyoharu; Tatsumisago, Masahiro In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 396-399 (4 Seiten, 25 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.105 Electrode-electrolyte composites of MnO2 active material, acetylene black (AB), and SiO2-Nafion solid electrolyte were prepared using the sol-gel process to form good solid-solid interfaces. The composites were obtained by the addition of MnO2 and AB into a sol of hydrolyzed tetraethoxysilane with Nafion, and successive solidification of the precursor sol. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements show that good solid-solid interface is formed between electrodes and solid electrolytes in the composites. All-solid-state hybrid capacitors were fabricated using the composites or the hand-grinding mixture of MnO2, AB and SiO2-Nafion powder as positive electrodes, activated carbon powder as a negative electrode, and phosphosilicate gel as a solid electro-lyte. The all-solid-state hybrid capacitors using the composites exhibit larger capacitances and better rate perform-ance than the capacitors using the electrode prepared by hand-mixing of powders. Specific discharge capacitances of the capacitor with the composite are 85 F g-1 for the one with the composite electrode and 48 F g-1 for the one with the hand-mixed electrode, at 1 mA cm-2. Moreover, the all-solid-state capacitors using the composite electrode can be operated at temperatures between -30 °C and 60 °C. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 066 - thermische Leitfähigkeit - Gasdiffusion - Kontaktwiderstand

Effect of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and micro porous layer (MPL) on thermal conductivity of fuel cell gas diffusion layers: Modeling and experiments. Sadeghifar, Hamidreza; Djilali, Ned; Bahrami, Majid In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 632-641 (10 Seiten, 41 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.136 Through-plane thermal conductivity of 14 SIGRACET gas diffusion layers (GDLs), including series 24 & 34, as well as 25 & 35, and of micro porous layer (MPL) is accurately measured under different compression, ranging from 2 to 14 bar, at a nominal temperature of 60 °C. The effect of compression, PTFE loading, and of MPL on thermal conduc-tivity and contact resistance is investigated experimentally, and measurements are presented for the first time for the contact resistance between an MPL and a GDL for an MPL-coated GDL substrate. A new and robust mechanistic model is presented for predicting the through-plane thermal conductivity of GDLs treated with PTFE and is success-fully verified with the present experimental data. The model predicts the experimentally-observed reduction in thermal conductivity as a result of PTFE treatment, and provides detailed insights on the functional dependence of thermal conductivity on geometric parameters, compression, and PTFE. The model can be used in performance modeling and in design of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 067 - Permeabilität - Krümmung - Gasdiffusion

Effect of porosity heterogeneity on the permeability and tortuosity of gas diffusion layers in polymer electro-lyte membrane fuel cells. Nabovati, Aydin; Hinebaugh, James; Bazylak, Aimy; Amon, Cristina H. In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 83-90 (8 Seiten, 45 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.061 In this paper, we study the effect of porosity heterogeneity on the bulk hydrodynamic properties (permeability and tortuosity) of simulated gas diffusion layers (GDLs). The porosity distributions of the heterogeneous reconstructed samples are similar to those previously reported in the literature for Toray TGP-H 120(TM) GDLs. We use the lattice Boltzmann method to perform pore-level flow simulations in the reconstructed GDL samples. Using the results of pore-level simulations, the effect of porosity distribution is characterized on the predicted in- and cross-plane perme-ability and tortuosity. It was found that porosity heterogeneity causes a higher in-plane permeability and lower in-plane tortuosity, while the effect is opposite in the cross-plane direction, that is a lower cross-plane permeability and a higher cross-plane tortuosity. We further investigate the effect of adding poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene (PTFE) & binder material to the reconstructed GDL samples. Three fiber volume percentages of 50, 75, and 100% are considered. Overall, increasing the fiber volume percentage reduces the predicted in- and cross-plane permeability and tortuosity values. A previously reported relationship for permeability of fibrous materials is fitted to the predicted permeability values, and the magnitude of the fitting parameter is reported as a function of fiber volume percentage. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 068 - Molekulardynamik - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle - Oxid

Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of dopant distribution homogeneity on the oxide ion conductiv-ity of Ba-doped LaInO3. Yoon, Mi-Young; Hwang, Kuk-Jin; Byeon, Dae-Seop; Hwang, Hae-Jin; Jeong, Seong-Min In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 1085-1089 (5 Seiten, 23 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.054 Molecular dynamics simulations are conducted to study oxide ion conduction in Ba-doped LaInO3, a type of cubic perovskite oxide. In a previous study, we reported that the Ba dopant forms oxygen vacancies and narrow bottle-necks that function as a barrier to the movement of oxide ions. In this further study, we analyze the effects of dopant distribution on the oxide ion conductivity in Ba-doped LaInO3. The results show that the ionic conductivity of Ba-doped LaInO3 is strongly dependent on the dopant distribution. The Ba-rich region plays a crucial role in decreasing the ionic conductivity. Consequently, a homogeneous dopant distribution without a Ba-rich region is estimated to im-prove the ionic conductivity of Ba-doped LaInO3. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 069 - elektrochemischer Katalysator - Sojabohne - Methanoloxidation

Soybean-derived mesoporous carbon as an effective catalyst support for electrooxidation of methanol. Zhou, Tianbao; Wang, Hui; Ji, Shan; Linkov, Vladimir; Wang, Rongfang In: Journal of Power Sources * Band 248 (2014) Seite 427-433 (7 Seiten, 40 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.108 In this work, a low cost and nitrogen-containing carbon (CS) with mesoporous structure and high surface area is syn-thesized by carbonizing soybean. It is found that the prepared CS has excellent textural properties such as high spe-cific surface areas and large pore diameters. TEM images show that the Pt nano-sized dendrites are well formed on the surface of CS. Compared to Pt supported on Vulcan carbon XC-72, electrochemical results show that Pt sup-ported on CS possesses a higher electrocatalytic activity and better durability in methanol oxidation reaction, which are mainly attributed to the support effect of CS resulting in the unique morphology of Pt particles and high content of Pt(0). These results indicate that CS has great potential as a high-performance catalyst support for fuel cell electro-catalysis. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 070 - Protonenaustauschmembran-Brennstoffzelle - Polybenzimidazol - Seitengruppe

Novel sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/ polybenzimidazole blends for proton exchange membranes. Feng, Pengju; Liu, Zhuang; Liu, Siyuan; Li, Xiaobai; Hu, Wei; Jiang, Zhenhua; Liu, Baijun In: High Performance Polymers * Band 25 (2013) Heft 6, Seite 697-704 (8 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008313482956 A novel soluble polybenzimidazole with a pendant phenyl group (Ph-PBI) was successfully synthesized based on 4,4'-(1,4-phenylenedioxy-2-phenyl) dibenzoic acid and diaminobenzidine. A phenylated sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (Ph-SPEEK) with a similar chemical structure to Ph-PBI was selected as matrix. Ph-SPEEK/Ph-PBI mem-branes were produced by a solution method. The obtained blend membranes exhibited much higher thermal stability as well as oxidative stability and lower water uptake than the pristine Ph-SPEEK membrane. The proton conductivity of the blend membranes could be in the range of 0.0374 to 0.1456 S cm-1 at 100°C. As a result, the blend mem-branes also showed improved mechanical properties that may be related with the acid-base interactions between the two components. ____________________________________________________________ - 071 - Fahrzeugelektrik - Starterbatterie - Prüfgerät

Das störanfälligste Teil im Auto. Batteriediagnose und Überwachung. Buchmann, Isidor In: Elektrotechnik ET, Aarau * Band 64 (2013) Heft 10, Seite 70-72 (3 Seiten, 4 Bilder) Das störanfälligste Bauteil in einem modernen Automobil ist die Starterbatterie: Heute wird ca. ein Drittel aller Pannen durch die Batterie ausgelöst und oft erreichen Batterien nicht mehr das Durchschnittsalter von fünf Jahren. Während die Batterie zu Beginn der Automobiltechnik nur Beleuchtung und Zündung versorgte, sind heute zahlreiche Strom-verbraucher hinzugekommen, Start-Stopp-Systeme schließlich überschreiten die Leistungsfähigkeit der Blei-Säure-Batterie. Bei Lithium-Ionen-Starterbatterien als Alternative ist noch nicht sicher, ob den erheblich höheren Kosten auch höhere Zuverlässigkeit und Lebensdauer gegenüberstehen. Der Beitrag betrachtet zunächst Indikatoren für den Batterie-Zustand, dabei wird festgestellt, dass herkömmliche Prüfverfahren (meist Belastungstests) den Kapazitäts-verlust einer Batterie nicht erfassen können. Die elektrochemische Impedanz-Spektroskopie (EIS) steht zwar schon länger als Prüfverfahren zur Verfügung, war aber bisher mit hohen Gerätekosten, langen Testzeiten und dem Erfor-dernis von Expertenwissen zur Auswertung der Messergebnisse belastet. Der Spectro CA-12 der Firma Cadex ist ein Handgerät, das die Batterie mit einem 20-Hz- und einem 2-kHz-Signal scannt, ein spezieller Auswerte-Algorithmus bewertet die Messung und stellt das Ergebnis in verständlicher Form dar. Ein solches Gerät kann den Kapazitätsver


lust einer Batterie erkennen und liefert damit eine Entscheidungsgrundlage für den rechtzeitigen Austausch der Bat-terie nicht nur beim Automobil, sondern auch in anderen Anwendungen (z.B. bei USV-Anlagen). ____________________________________________________________ - 072 - SOFC-Brennstoffzelle - Elektrolyt - Aerosol

Low temperature preparation and characterization of (La,Sr)(Ga,Mg)O3 - d electrolyte-based solid oxide fuel cells on Ni-support by aerosol deposition. Choi, Jong-Jin; Choi, Joon-Hwan; Ryu, Jungho; Hahn, Byung-Dong; Kim, Jong-Woo; Ahn, Cheol-Woo; Yoon, Woon-Ha; Park, Dong-Soo In: IUMRS-ICA, International Union of the Materials Research Society - International Conference in Asia, 2012, in: Thin Solid Films * Band 546 (2013) Seite 418-422 (5 Seiten, 16 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.05.014 Metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells consisting of Ni support, a screen-printed Ni-Gd0.1Ce0.9O2 - d anode functional layer, aerosol-deposited dense (La,Sr)(Ga,Mg)O3 - d electrolyte, and an aerosol-deposited porous (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3 - d cathode were fabricated and characterized. Both electrolyte and the cathode maintained good adhesion after electro-chemical test of the cell at 750 °C, after the composition of anode functional layer was optimized. Microstructural analysis of powders and deposited films of electrolyte and cathode layers is presented. Maximum power density of 0.79 W/cm2 was achieved at 750 °C. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 073 - Sekundärbatterie - Luftfahrzeug - Energiespeicherung

The equivalence of gravitational potential and rechargeable battery for high-altitude long-endurance solar-powered aircraft on energy storage. Gao, Xian-Zhong; Hou, Zhong-Xi; Guo, Zheng; Fan, Rong-Fei; Chen, Xiao-Qian In: Energy Conversion and Management * Band 76 (2013) Seite 986-995 (10 Seiten, 28 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.08.023 Applying solar energy is one of the most promising methods to achieve the aim of High-altitude Long-endurance (HALE) flight, and solar-powered aircraft is usually taken by the research groups to develop HALE aircraft. However, the crucial factor which constrains the solar-powered aircraft to achieve the aim of HALE is the problem how to fulfill the power requirement under weight constraint of rechargeable batteries. Motivated by the birds store energy from thermal by gaining height, the method of energy stored by gravitational potential for solar-powered aircraft have at-tracted great attentions in recent years. In order to make the method of energy stored in gravitational potential more practical in solar-powered aircraft, the equivalence of gravitational potential and rechargeable battery for aircraft on energy storage has been analyzed, and four kinds of factors are discussed in this paper: the duration of solar irradia-tion, the charging rate, the energy density of rechargeable battery and the initial altitude of aircraft. This work can provide some governing principles for the solar-powered aircraft to achieve the unlimited endurance flight, and the endurance performance of solar-powered aircraft may be greatly improved by the application of energy storage using gravitational potential. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 074 - Protonenaustauschmembranbrennstoffzelle - Hydrophobizität - Gasdiffusion

Study on hydrophobicity degradation of gas diffusion layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Yu, Shuchun; Li, Xiaojin; Li, Jin; Liu, Sa; Lu, Wangting; Shao, Zhigang; Yi, Baolian In: Energy Conversion and Management * Band 76 (2013) Seite 301-306 (6 Seiten, 25 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.07.034 As one of the essential components of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), gas diffusion layer (GDL) is of importance on water management, as well on the performance and durability of PEMFC. In this paper, the hydropho-bicity degradation of GDL was investigated by immersing it in the 1.0 mol L-1 H2SO4 solution saturated by air for 1200 h. From the measurements of contact angle and water permeability, the hydrophobic characteristics of the pristine and immersed GDLs were compared. To investigate the causes for hydrophobicity degradation, the GDLs were ana-lyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. Further, the chemi-cal compositions of H2SO4 solutions before and after immersion test were analyzed with infrared spectroscopy. Re-sults showed that the hydrophobicity of immersed GDL decreased distinctly, which was caused by the damage of physical structure and surface characteristics. Moreover, the immersed GDL showed a worse fuel cell performance than the pristine GDL, especially under a low humidity condition. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 075 - Werkstofffluss - Materialfluss - Strömung

Li-ion battery recycling and cobalt flow analysis in Japan. Asari, Misuzu; Sakai, Shin-ichi In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling * Band 81 (2013) Seite 52-59 (8 Seiten, 10 Bilder, 4 Tabellen, 23 Quel-len) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.09.011 In this study, we investigated Li-ion batteries and the final product that contains these batteries, through chemical property research, consumer questionnaire, and flow analysis. The result from the chemical property research showed the importance in collection and recycling the Li-ion batteries as it contained approximately 20% of Co, and other various kinds of metal. The result from the consumer questionnaire survey demonstrated the tendency of small consumer electronics being discharged with small batteries remaining inside them, and suggested the fact that since the information regarding the collection for recycling of small batteries is not widely recognized, the collection of these batteries will only show little progress. It can be said that in Japan, even though the collection and recycle of small consumer electronics will progress in the future, it will yet need to establish a clearer guideline for battery removal and maintenance, and a wider recognition by both the manufacturer and consumer. From the substance flow analysis of Co centering the Li-ion batteries, became clear that between 2002 and 2010, the amount of flow is expanding in response to the demand of Li-ion batteries of mainly notebook PCs and mobile phones. On the other hand, the col-lection rate for recycling of the Li-ion batteries is sluggish being approximately 10% showing the necessity of develop a better collection and recycle system. It can be argued that number of Li-ion batteries will increase dramatically in the future in response to the spread of electric cars. The small Li-ion batteries are currently considered to be having different battery weight and Co concentration, and the examination of its battery development trend or collection and recycling system and technology also requires high caution. Additionally, keeping in mind that there will be various types of batteries developed and spread in the future, a radical discussion over battery management will be required in Japan. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 076 - Hochtemperaturbrennstoffzelle - elektrochemische Impedanzspektrometrie - Kinetik der Reformierung

Electrochemical impedance modeling of gas transport and reforming kinetics in reformate fueled solid oxide fuel cell anodes. Kromp, A.; Geisler, H.; Weber, A.; Ivers-Tiffee, E. In: Electrochimica Acta * Band 106 (2013) Seite 418-424 (7 Seiten, 43 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.136 An approach to the understanding of the gas transport properties within reformate fueled Ni/YSZ solid oxide fuel cell anodes is presented. For this purpose, a transient finite-element model is developed and implemented in the software package COMSOL. Aim of our model is the simulation of electrochemical impedance spectra of reformate fueled an-ode-supported solid oxide fuel cells. The isothermal model represents one-dimensional gas transport and reforming chemistry through the two-layer anode toward the electrolyte interface. Porous-media transport within the anode sup-port structure is represented by the Stefan-Maxwell model. Heterogeneous (catalytic reforming) chemistry on the Ni-surfaces is modeled with a global reaction mechanism. Charge-transfer chemistry at the electrode-electrolyte inter-face is modeled with a simple time-dependent rate equation. Output of the model is the transient, space-resolved prediction of the gas composition within the two-layer anode, from which impedance spectra can be simulated. As the model is capable to coherently calculate the complex coupling of species transport phenomena and reforming kinet-ics, the characteristics of the impedance spectra measured under reformate operation can be reproduced. After vali-dation against experimental data, the simulation results are used to analyze the coupling of reforming chemistry and gas transport. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 077 - Polymerelektrolytmembranbrennstoffzelle - Gasdruck - rostfreier Stahl

Optimization of GDLs for high-performance PEMFC employing stainless steel bipolar plates. Optimierung der Gasdiffusionsschichten von PEM-Hochleistungsbrennstoffzellen mit bipolaren Platten aus rostfreiem Stahl. Eom, KwangSup; Cho, EunAe; Jang, JongHyun; Kim, Hyoung-Juhn; Lim, Tae-Hoon; Hong, Bo-Ki; Lee, Jong-Hyun In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy * Band 38 (2013) Heft 14, Seite 6249-6260 (12 Seiten, 24 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.12.061 The effects of polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE) content in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) on the performance of PEMFCs with stainless-steel bipolar plates are studied under various operation conditions, including relative humidity, cell tem-perature, and gas pressure. The optimal PTFE content in the GDL strongly depends on the cell temperature and gas pressure. Under unpressurized conditions, the best cell performance was obtained by the GDL without PTFE, at a cell temperature of 65 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 100%. However, under the conditions of high cell temperature (80 °C), low RH (25%) and no applied gas pressure, which is more desirable for fuel cell vehicle (FCV) applications, the GDL with 30 wt.% PTFE shows the best performance. The GDL with 30 wt.% PTFE impedes the removal of pro-duced water and increases the actual humidity within the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). A gas pressure of 1 bar in the cell using the GDL with 30 wt.% PTFE greatly improves the performance, especially at low RH, resulting in


performance that exceeds that of the cell under no gas pressure and high RH of 100%. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 078 - Nanostruktur - Polyanilin - Superkondensator

Influence of the reaction temperature on polyaniline morphology and evaluation of their performance as su-percapacitor electrode. Kuang, Hao; Cao, Qi; Wang, Xianyou; Jing, Bo; Wang, Qiang; Zhou, Ling In: Journal of Applied Polymer Science * Band 130 (2013) Heft 5, Seite 3753-3758 (6 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.39650 The polyaniline (PANI) nanostructures of tubular, spherical, and granules morphologies were synthesized by chemi-cal oxidation approach in different reaction temperatures and used as the active electrode materials of symmetric redox supercapacitors. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques are employed for characteriza-tion of these PANIs. With the initial and reaction temperature increase, the morphology of PANI turned from block to spherical and tubular. Electrochemical properties of these PANI electrodes are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), agalvanostatic charge-discharge test, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 1M H2SO4 aqueous so-lution. The highest electrochemical properties are obtained on the PANI with tubular morphology. The initial specific capacitance of tubular, spherical, and granules PANI are about 300, 300, and 290 F g-1 at a constant current of 5 mA. Meanwhile, the retention of the tubular PANI capacitance after 500 charge-discharge cycles was 75%, whereas the spherical and granules PANI was only 35% and 57%. The results indicate that tubular PANI electrodes have potential applications as high-performance supercapacitors electrode materials. © John Wiley & Sons. Reproduced with per-mission. ____________________________________________________________ - 079 - Elektrofahrzeug - Stromverbrauch - Verkehr

An electric vehicle's battery life model under car-following model. Yang, S.C.; Li, M.; Tang, T.Q.; Lin, Y. In: Measurement * Band 46 (2013) Heft 10, Seite 4226-4231 (6 Seiten, 23 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2013.07.035 Using the electricity consumption theory, we in this paper propose an electric vehicle's battery life model. The nu-merical results illustrate that the proposed model can qualitatively describe the impacts of the micro-driving behavior on the number of times that the electric vehicle's battery can cycle under two typical traffic situations. In addition, the numerical results show that the micro-driving behavior will influence the electric vehicle's battery life, i.e., under the smooth driving behavior, the number of times that the electric vehicle's battery cycles are stable and the number of the battery cycles will be increased, so the electric vehicle's battery life can be prolonged. © Elsevier B.V. Repro-duced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 080 - anorganische Säuren - Carbonylgruppe - Chinone

Influence of wet oxidation of herringbone carbon nanofibers on the pseudocapacitance effect. Sliwak, Agata; Grzyb, Bartosz; Cwikla, Joanna; Gryglewicz, Grazyna In: Carbon * Band 64 (2013) Seite 324-333 (10 Seiten, 41 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.082 Herringbone carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were treated with concentrated HNO3 and a mixture of diluted HNO3/H2SO4 to obtain a series of oxygen enriched CNF with different oxygen group distribution, but with a similar porous texture. Oxygen functional groups were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. CNFs with a very high relative con-centration of carbonyl and/or quinone groups and hydroxyl groups were obtained by adjusting the suitable tempera-ture and time of oxidation with HNO3 and HNO3/H2SO4, respectively. The electrochemical behavior of the samples was studied in three- and two-electrode cells. The performance of oxidized CNFs-based supercapacitors working in 1 mol L-1 H2SO4 and 6 mol L-1 KOH was analyzed using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charging/discharging. The specific capacitance of the oxidized CNFs was more than twice enhanced in acidic and alkaline media compared to the pristine CNFs due to the pseudocapacitance effect. It was revealed that not only quinone groups but also hy-droxyl groups contribute into the overall capacitance through the pseudocapacitance effect. With increasing surface concentration of the C==O and C-OH groups, the capacitance values increase for the capacitors operating in both media. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 081 - elektrochemischer Doppelschichtkondensator - Elektrodenwerkstoff - Kapazität (Kondensator)

Mesoporous N-containing carbon nanosheets towards high-performance electrochemical capacitors. Hou, Linrui; Lian, Lin; Li, Diankai; Pang, Gang; Li, Jingfa; Zhang, Xiaogang; Xiong, Shenglin; Yuan, Changzhou In: Carbon * Band 64 (2013) Seite 141-149 (9 Seiten, 43 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.045 The authors developed a direct carbonization strategy to efficiently fabricate mesoporous N-containing carbon nanosheets (N-CNSs) by using polyaniline nanosheets as a carbon precursor. Physicochemical characterizations revealed that the as-synthesized N-CNSs with 5.9 wt.% N species possessed a well-developed mesoporous architec-ture with large specific surface area of 352 m2 g-1, high mesoporous volume of 0.32 cm3 g-1, and average pore size of ~5.2 nm. When further utilized as an electrode for electrochemical capacitors, the mesoporous N-CNSs delivered a large specific capacitance of 239 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1, and even 197 F g-1 at a high current load of 8 A g-1, indicating its good rate behavior. Furthermore, the capacitance degradation of ~4% over continuous 5000 charge-discharge cycles at 6 A g-1 further verified its good electrochemical stability at high rates for long-term electrochemical capacitors ap-plication. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 082 - Aktivkohle - elektrochemischer Doppelschichtkondensator - Elektrodenwerkstoff

Highly porous graphitic materials prepared by catalytic graphitization. Liu, Yuanchao; Liu, Qinglei; Gu, Jiajun; Kang, Danmiao; Zhou, Fengyu; Zhang, Wang; Wu, Yu; Zhang, Di In: Carbon * Band 64 (2013) Seite 132-140 (9 Seiten, 30 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.044 Ultrathin graphitic nanostructures are grown inside solid activated carbon particles by catalytic graphitization method with the aid of Ni. The graphitic nanostructures consist of 3-8 graphitic layers, forming a highly conductive network on the surface of disordered carbon frameworks. Owing to the ultrathin characteristic of the produced graphitic nanos-tructures, the resulted porous graphitic carbons show a high specific surface area up to 1622 m2/g. A detailed investi-gation reveals that the features of the growing graphitic nanostructures are strongly associated with the catalytic tem-perature as well as the state of Ni nanoparticles. Some well-dispersed fine Ni particles with diameter below 15 nm are found to be the key to form the ultrathin graphitic nanostructures at appropriate catalytic temperature. Also, a novel mechanism is proposed for the catalytic formation of the ultrathin graphitic nanostructures. As the electrode material of electrochemical capacitors, the porous graphitic carbon exhibits much higher high-rate capacitive performance compared to its activated carbon precursor. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 083 - Dichteänderung - elektrochemischer Doppelschichtkondensator - Elektrodenwerkstoff

Investigation of defects generated in vertically oriented graphene. Quinlan, Ronald A.; Cai, Minzhen; Outlaw, Ronald A.; Butler, Sue M.; Miller, John R.; Mansour, Azzam N. In: Carbon * Band 64 (2013) Seite 92-100 (9 Seiten, 44 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.040 Vertically oriented graphene nanosheets are promising electrode materials for electrochemical double-layer capaci-tors. The external surface area of the nanosheets allows for extremely fast response times compared to porous car-bon materials currently used. Furthermore, the high edge density increases the charge storage ability of the material. In this paper Ar+ ions were used to create a larger density of surface defects, which were then characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The results indicate a change in the density of states near the Fermi level with increased defect density, which suggests a corresponding increase in electrochemical capacitance capability. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 084 - Batteriemanagement - Ersatzschaltung - dynamische Last

Application-specific parameterization of reduced order equivalent circuit battery models for improved accu-racy at dynamic load. Waag, Wladislaw; Käbitz, Stefan; Sauer, Dirk Uwe In: Measurement * Band 46 (2013) Heft 10, Seite 4085-4093 (9 Seiten, 19 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2013.07.025 Reduced order equivalent circuit battery models are widely used for modeling batteries as a part of complex system or as a basis for battery monitoring algorithms. These models are often parameterized in frequency domain using impedance spectroscopy or in time domain by applying current profile and measuring respective voltage response. This paper shows how the frequency characteristic of a typical battery load in a given application can be considered during parameterization to improve the accuracy of the model when it is used in this application with dynamic load. The method uses impedance-based parameterization technique by adopting additional weighting coefficients to the complex nonlinear least squares (CNLS) fitting procedure without introducing any restrictions on its applicability. As an example, modeling of lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles is considered. The proposed techniques reduce the


inaccuracy of modeled dynamic battery voltage response by 40% in the considered example. © Elsevier B.V. Repro-duced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 085 - Kraftrad - Elektrofahrzeug - Prototypentwicklung

Sicherer und spritziger auf dem Elektrokraftrad unterwegs. Tüfteln am E-Bike mit Allradantrieb. Bingmann, Annika In: uni ulm intern * Band 43 (2013) Heft 324, Seite 30 (1 Seite, 1 Bild) Am Institut für Mess-, Regel- und Mikrotechnik der Universität Ulm wird zusammen mit den Industriepartnern ID-Bike, IPDD und GIGATRONIK Technologies ein rein elektrisch betriebenes Kleinkraftrad entwickelt, das durch einen zu-sätzlichen Antriebsmotor am Vorderrad agiler und vor allem sicherer werden soll. In etwa drei Jahren soll ein batte-rieversorgter Prototyp auf Teststrecken erprobt werden mit einer Geschwindigkeit von bis zu 45 Kilometern pro Stun-de und einem zusätzlichen Freiheitsgrad gegenüber herkömmlichen Elektrozweirädern. Im Entwicklungsprozess des umweltfreundlichen Zweirads sind die Ulmer Ingenieure für die Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik zuständig: Sie wollen bekannte Verfahren der Sensordatenverarbeitung, der modellbasierten Schätzung und Überwachung so-wie die Regelung komplexer Prozesse auf Elektroräder übertragen. GIGATRONIK Technologies stellt Entwicklungs-leistungen und Kompetenz im Bereich der Leistungselektronik und dem Batteriemanagement zur Verfügung. Die Firma IPDD fördert das Projekt mit vielfältigen Entwicklungsarbeiten, unter anderem einer elektrisch betätigten Fahr-bremse. ID-Bike, Hersteller des ELMOTO E-Motorrads, baut schließlich die Fahrzeug-Prototypen auf. ____________________________________________________________ - 086 - Schweiz - Energieverbrauch - Elektroauto

Praxistest: Mitsubishi iMiEV. Reichel, Roland In: EMobile plus solar. Zeitschrift für Elektrofahrzeuge und solare Mobilität * (2013) Heft 90, Seite 45-51 (7 Seiten, 24 Bilder) Ende Mai konnten wir einen Mitsubishi IMiEV für einen 14-tägigen Praxistest bekommen, ihn also erfahren, erleben und testen. Würde er sich in der hügeligen Landschaft der Fränkischen Schweiz bewähren, und wie macht er sich im Vergleich mit meinem jetzt doch über 17 Jahre alten Citroen AX electrique? Wir haben das moderne Elektroauto im Alltag im Wortsinne er-fahren und getestet und den Energieverbrauch gemessen. Elektrisch im Alltag und durch die Fränkische Schweiz, so sollte der 14-tägige Praxistest ablaufen. Gefahren werden sollte im normalen Alltag alles wie immer, Einkaufen, zum Sportplatz und zum Zahnarzt. Kurz: ein vollwertiger Ersatz des bestehenden (Elektro-)Autos. Die Übergabe war am 28.5., die Akkus wurden noch kurz nachgeladen und wir überzeugten uns, dass sie wirklich voll sind. Die Anzeige zeigte 16 Balken, also gut geladen. Der Wagen sollte sich ja im Alltag bewähren, und mit einer ganz alltäglichen Anwendung ging es los. ____________________________________________________________ - 087 - Polymerelektrolytmembranbrennstoffzelle - feste Säure - Gel

Properties of composite membrane based on sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone): effect of functional groups in phosphotungstic acid particles prepared by sol-gel method. Kim, Deuk-Ju; Lee, Bo-Mi; Nam, Sang-Yong In: IUMRS-ICA, International Union of the Materials Research Society - International Conference in Asia, 2012, in: Thin Solid Films * Band 546 (2013) Seite 431-435 (5 Seiten, 19 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.05.121 Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)/modified phosphotungstic acid containing amine group membranes was fabri-cated in order to evaluate the effect of introduced functional groups for use as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In order to resolve the inherent solubility problem of phosphotungstic acid particles, the sol-gel method was used to prepare the modified phosphotungstic acid particles, which have an insoluble property in solar solvents such as water. The sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)/phosphotungstic acid composite membrane was prepared via solution casting and evaporation of the solvent. The mechanical and thermal property performances of the mem-branes prepared for use in fuel cells were investigated using their water uptake, water retention, and proton conduc-tivity properties. The mechanical and thermal properties of the composite membranes were improved with the intro-duction of functional sites such as amine and silanol groups in the modified phosphotungstic acid. The proton con-ductivity of the nano-composite membranes at 100% relative humidity was increased due to the creation of a proton-conducting path through the amine-sulfonic acid group networks between the modified nanoparticles and the poly-mer. The functional group in the polymer matrix was also presumed to provide molecular water absorption ability, which resulted in an increase in the proton conductivity. These composite membranes can be used as a proton con-ductivity membrane for fuel cell applications. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 088 - Lithiumbatterie - Trend (Entwicklung) - Elektroauto

Zukunftsbatterien müssen erstmal atmen lernen. Future batteries must learn first breathing. Rentzing, Sascha In: VDI-Nachrichten * Band 67 (2013) Heft 50, Seite 13 (1 Seite, 1 Bild) Auf dem Gebiet der Energiespeicher stellen Batterien mit Kathoden aus Sauerstoff eine Neuerung dar, denn sie kön-nen ein Vielfaches an Energiemenge heutiger Systeme speichern und zählen als günstige Lösung für die Speiche-rung von Ökostrom und für die Elektromobilität. Für die Anode kommt Lithiummetall zum Einsatz, als Kathode dient Sauerstoff aus der Luft, der in die Batterie diffundiert, wodurch die Batterie leicht, kompakt und zu einem offenen System wird. Forschungen dazu laufen in der Projektgruppe Elektrochemische Speicher am Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie (ICT). Die Autoindustrie zeigt bereits großes Interesse an Lithium-Luft-Batterien, mit denen Reichweiten für Elektroautos von bis zu 1000 km angestrebt werden. Auch als Speicher für überschüssigen Öko-strom und Puffer für das Stromnetz erweist sich die neue Technik als vielversprechende Option. Den größten Nach-teil bildet zur Zeit noch die geringe Lebensdauer der Batterien. Beim Entladen verursachen elektrochemische Reakti-onen an der Kathode und im elektrisch leitfähigen Elektrolyt irreversible Schäden. Um das Problem zu lösen, unter-suchen die Forscher die Reaktionsvorgänge an der Kathode. Das Reaktionsprodukt Lithiumperoxid setzt sich dann an der Kathode ab. Um die Batterie wieder aufzuladen, müsste die Zelle den während des Entladens aufgenomme-nen Sauerstoff wieder in die Atmosphäre abgeben, also atmen lernen. Im Verbundprojekt Glanz (durch Glas ge-schützte Anode und Zelle) zielt man auf ein neues Separatormaterial aus Glaskeramik, das keine unerwünschten Reaktionen zulässt. An einer den Lithium-Luft-Batterien verwandten Technik arbeitet das Forschungszentrum Jülich. Hier nutzt man als Anodenmaterial Silizium. Eine weitere Forschungsrichtung verfolgt als Ziel den Lithium-Schwefel-Akku. ____________________________________________________________ - 089 - Emissionsminderung - Hilfsmotor - Hybridantrieb

Development of a hybrid tugboat propulsion system. Shiraishi, Koichi; Minami, Syunichi; Kobayashi, Kazuyuki; Kodera, Masanori In: Motortechnische Zeitschrift * Band 74 (2013) Heft Sonderheft: industrial, Medium Speed Engines, Seite 36-42 (7 Seiten, 12 Bilder) Load profiles in the marine sector normally have engines running at maximum continuous rating for days or even weeks. Tugboats are small vessels travelling at reduced load. In the paper a hybrid drive system for a tug is outlined to realize the fuel, emissions and wear savings. The hybrid propulsion system comprises an engine, an electric mo-tor/generator, high performance lithium ion batteries and an auxiliary diesel generator. There are two operating modes provided, a transit mode and a working mode. The drive system has been tested, a test device simulating the propulsion system was provided. Simulation and test as well as battery control test and integration control test are described in the paper. The layout and specification of the hybrid device is shown. Regulations and lithium ion battery control are described. The construction with the hybrid propulsion has been applied and shows a fuel consumption reduction of about 30 %. ____________________________________________________________ - 090 - Gas - Befeuchter - Polymerelektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzelle

Analyse zur Zellinternen Befeuchtung eines Polymerelektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzellenstapels. Brandau, Nils In: AutoUni-Schriftenreihe * Band 35 (2013) Seite 1-160 (160 Seiten, 111 Bilder, 97 Quellen) Berlin: Logos-Verlag Es wird das Prinzip der Zellinternen Befeuchtung eines Brennstoffzellenstapels vorgestellt. Mit diesem Konzept zur Gasbefeuchtung einer Polymerelektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzelle kann die Systemkomplexität eines Brennstoffzel-lenaggregates verringert und die Leistungsfähigkeit gesteigert werden. Die Arbeit umfasst theoretische, experimen-telle und simulative Untersuchungen, um die Machbarkeit und Grenzen der Zellinternen Befeuchtung aufzuzeigen. Die Zellinterne Befeuchtung besteht aus wasserdurchlässigen Flächen, welche unmittelbar an die aktive Fläche der Membran-Elektroden-Einheit einer Polymerelektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzelle angrenzen. Die Befeuchtungsfläche kann beispielsweise durch eine Protonenaustauschmembran ausgebildet werden. Bevorzugter Einsatzbereich der Zellinternen Befeuchtung ist der Betrieb der Brennstoffzelle mit entgegengesetzten Strömungsrichtungen der Be-triebsgase über die aktive Fläche. Die in die Brennstoffzelle einströmenden Gase nehmen während des Überströ-mens der aktiven Fläche anfallendes Produktwasser auf. Die Gase strömen anschließend mit einem höheren Was-sergehalt aus der aktiven Fläche in den Bereich der zellinternen Befeuchtungsfläche. Über die zellinterne Befeuch-tungsfläche strömen zwei Gasmassenströme: Zum einen ein trockener Gasmassenstrom in Richtung aktiver Fläche, zum anderen ein feuchter Gasmassenstrom aus der aktiven Fläche heraus. Entlang der zellinternen Befeuchtungs-fläche bildet sich ein Wasserdampfpartialdruckgradient aus, aufgrund dessen Wasser von dem feuchten Gasmas-senstrom durch die zellinterne Befeuchtungsfläche zu dem trockenen Gasmassenstrom strömt. Für eine qualitative Untersuchung der Zellinternen Befeuchtung wird ein analytisches Berechnungsmodell erarbeitet, welches den Was-sertransport durch die Befeuchtungsflächen beschreibt. Die analytische Berechnung basiert auf einem Stofftrans-portmodell. Das Modell ermittelt den durch die Befeuchtungsfläche übertragenen Wassermassenstrom in Abhängig-keit der einströmenden trockenen Gasmassenströme, deren Wasserdampfpartialdrücke und der wirksamen Übertra-gungsfläche. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Stoffübertragung neben der Theorie auch praktisch in Analogie zur Wärme-übertragung steht. Aufbauend auf einer theoretischen Herleitung wird praktisch bewiesen, dass eine mit zwei Stoff-


strömen gespeiste Stoffübertragungsapparatur eine identisch funktionale Betriebscharakteristik analog zu einem Wärmeübertrager aufzeigt. Die Zellinterne Befeuchtung wird auf experimentellem Wege, anhand aufgenommener Polarisationskurven, quantitativ analysiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass durch die Zellinterne Befeuchtung eine deutliche Leistungssteigerung von Brennstoffzellenaggregaten erreicht werden kann. ____________________________________________________________ - 091 - Polymerelektrolytmembranbrennstoffzelle - robuste Regelung - Energiemanagement

Control design and power management of a stationary PEMFC hybrid power system. Regelungsentwurf und Leistungsmanagement einer hybriden PEM-Brennstoffzellen-Stromversorgung. Wang, Fu-Cheng; Kuo, Po-Chen; Chen, Hsueh-Ju In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy * Band 38 (2013) Heft 14, Seite 5845-5856 (12 Seiten, 24 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.021 This paper develops robust control and power management strategies for a 6 kW stationary proton exchange mem-brane fuel cell (PEMFC) hybrid power system. The system consists of two 3 kW PEMFC modules, a Li-Fe battery set, and electrical components to form a parallel hybrid power system that is designed to supply uninterruptible power to telecom base stations during power outages. The study comprises three parts: PEMFC control, power management, and system integration. First, we apply robust control to regulate the hydrogen flow rates of the PEMFC modules in order to improve system stability, performance, and efficiency. Second, we design a parallel power train that consists of two PEMFC modules and one Li-Fe battery set for the uninterruptible power supply (UPS) requirement. Lastly, we integrate the system for experimental verification. Based on the results, the proposed robust control and power man-agement are deemed effective at improving the stability, performance, and efficiency of the stationary power system. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 092 - Elektrofahrzeug - Hybridfahrzeug - Superkondensator

Selbstoptimierende Betriebsstrategien für ein hybrides Energiespeichersystem aus Batterien und Doppel-schichtkondensatoren. Self-optimizing management strategies for a hybrid energy storage system based on batteries and double layer capacitors. Romaus, Christoph In: Berichte aus dem Fachgebiet Leistungselektronik und Elektrische Antriebstechnik * Band 3 (2013) Seite 1-225 (225 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, 120 Quellen) Aachen: Shaker Elektro- und Hybridfahrzeuge stellen hohe Anforderungen an die Spitzenleistung, Reichweite und Effizienz der Ener-giespeichertechnik. Ein hybrides Energiespeichersystem, welches die hohe Energiedichte von Batterien mit der ho-hen Leistungsdichte und Zyklenfestigkeit von Doppelschichtkondensatoren kombiniert, erfüllt diese Anforderungen ausgezeichnet. Durch die Hybridisierung ergeben sich Freiheitsgrade und somit Optimierungspotenziale hinsichtlich der Systemstruktur, der Bemessung der Komponenten und insbesondere des Entwurfs von Betriebsstrategien für die Leistungsaufteilung auf die beiden Energiespeicher. Anhand der Anwendungsbeispiele des autonomen Schienenver-kehrssystems RailCab und eines Elektrostraßenfahrzeugs werden Methoden zur Nutzung dieser Freiheitsgrade vor-gestellt und bewertet. Die Struktur des hybriden Energiespeichersystems wird über einen technischen Vergleich ver-schiedener Alternativen festgelegt. Eine parallele Anbindung beider Speicher an das Bordnetz über einen eigenen Leistungssteiler stellt die vorteilhafteste Variante für die betrachteten Anwendungen dar. Die Bemessung der Kom-ponenten erfolgt für das RailCab heuristisch, für das Elektrofahrzeug über eine Parameterstudie diskreter Spei-cherauslegungen und die Berechnung optimaler Strategien anhand typischer Fahrspiele. In beiden Fällen kann das Gewicht des Energiespeichers durch Hybridisierung um mindestens 30 % reduziert und gleichzeitig die Leistungs-dichte signifikant um 70-230 % gesteigert werden. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Entwicklung intelligen-ter Betriebsstrategien auf Basis mathematischer Optimierungsverfahren. Dabei werden zwei gegenläufige Zielfunkti-onen berücksichtigt. Es werden optimale und stochastische Ansätze untersucht. Mit dem im Sonderforschungsbe-reich 614 entwickelten Konzept der Selbstoptimierung werden selbstoptimierende Betriebsstrategien entworfen, die sich dadurch auszeichnen, dass sie ihr Zielsystem selbsttätig zur Laufzeit an variable Umfeld- und Systembedingun-gen anpassen. Durch die flexible Auswahl der in der jeweiligen Situation relevanten Zielausprägung wird eine Ergeb-nisqualität erreicht, die deutlich über die Qualität klassischer Strategien mit statischem Zielsystem hinausgeht. Dies wird anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen gezeigt, bei denen zum einen durch Aufbau einer Reserve für Spitzenleis-tung unvorhergesehene bzw. kritische Fahrsituationen sicher bewältigt werden, während auf unkritischen Fahrprofi-len eine hohe Effizienz und eine Verlustreduktion von bis zu 40 % gegenüber einem reinen Batteriesystem erzielt werden. Electric and hybrid-electric vehicles place high demands for peak power, energy content and efficiency on energy storage technology. A hybrid energy storage system combining the high specific energy of batteries and the high specific power and cycle stability of double layer capacitors excellently meets these demands. With two inde-pendent energy storage components, degrees of freedom and thus potential for optimization arise with regard to the system structure, the sizing of the components and particularly the design of energy management strategies for the distribution of power to both storages. The development of appropriate methods is demonstrated and rated by the examples of the autonomously operated railway system RailCab and an electric car. The structure of the hybrid en-ergy storage system is determined by technical comparison of several alternatives. For the considered applications, a parallel connection of both storages by separate power converters is particularly advantageous. Dimensioning of the components is carried out heuristically for the RailCab and by a parametric study of discrete storage sizes for the electric car, using optimal strategies and typical driving cycles. In both cases, by hybridization the weight of the stor-


age can be reduced by at least 30 % and simultaneously the specific power can be increased significantly by 70-230 %. The main focus of this thesis is on the development of intelligent energy management strategies based on mathematical optimization methods. Two competing objective functions are considered. Optimal and stochastic ap-proaches are investigated. Applying the concept of self-optimization developed in Collaborative Research Center 614, self-optimization energy management strategies are composed which are characterized by the ability to adapt their system of objectives to continuously varying surroundings and system conditions during runtime. By flexible rat-ing of the objectives relevant to the respective situation, the quality of results is distinctly enhanced compared to clas-sic strategies with static system of objectives. This is demonstrated using the application examples: By establishing a power reserve, unexpected or critical driving situations can be safely handled, while on uncritical driving profiles a high efficiency and a loss reduction up to 40 % compared to a pure battery can be achieved. ____________________________________________________________ - 093 - Protonenaustauschmembranbrennstoffzelle - Gasdiffusion - Katalysatorträger

A novel cathode structure with double catalyst layers and low Pt loading for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Eine neuartige Kathodenstruktur mit zweifachen Katalysatorschichten und geringer Pt-Belegung für PEM-Brennstoffzellen. Qiu, Yanling; Zhang, Huamin; Zhong, Hexiang; Zhang, Fengxiang In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy * Band 38 (2013) Heft 14, Seite 5836-5844 (9 Seiten, 40 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.118 A novel cathode structure (NCS) was developed, which consisted of an inner and an outer catalyst layer (CL). It showed an improved platinum (Pt) utilization (above 50%), a lowered CL/gas diffusion layer interfacial resistance, and a decreased mass transport polarization compared with the traditional cathode structure (TCS). A hydrogen/air proton exchange membrane fuel cell employing NCS yielded an output power density up to 0.76 W cm-2 with cathode Pt loading as low as 0.28 mg cm-2. The enhanced performance of NCS is attributed to synergistic effect of the two cata-lyst supports in outer CL, which provides abundant pores to relieve water flooding and facilitates heat-induced proton conductor migration from the inner to outer CL, forming a hydrophilic proton conduction network. Moreover, the thin and compact inner CL can meet the demand of rich active sites and catalyst migration toward the regions nearest to the membrane under high current densities. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 094 - Polymerelektrolytmembranbrennstoffzelle - Strömungsfeld - Parallelströmung

Design strategy for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell flow-field capable of switching between parallel and interdigitated configurations. Entwurfsstrategie für das zwischen paralleler und ineinandergreifender Konfiguration umschaltbare Strömungsfeld einer PEM-Brennstoffzelle. Santamaria, Anthony D.; Bachman, John; Park, Jae-Wan In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy * Band 38 (2013) Heft 14, Seite 5807-5812 (6 Seiten, 26 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.084 Novel water management strategies are important to the development of next generation polymer electrolyte mem-brane fuel cell systems (PEMFCs). Parallel and interdigitated flow fields are two common types of PEMFC designs that have benefits and draw backs depending upon operating conditions. Parallel flow fields rely predominately on diffusion to deliver reactants and remove byproduct water. Interdigitated flow fields induce convective transport, known as cross flow, through the porous gas diffusion layer (GDL) and therefore are superior at water removal be-neath land areas which can lead to higher cell performance. Unfortunately, forcing flow through the GDL results in higher pumping losses as the inlet pressure for interdigitated flow fields can be up to an order of magnitude greater than that for a parallel flow field. In this study a flow field capable of switching between parallel and interdigitated con-figurations was designed and tested. Results show, taking into account pumping losses, that using constant stoichiometry the parallel flow field results in a higher system power under low current density operation compared to the interdigitated configuration. The interdigitated flow-field configuration was observed to have lower overvoltage at elevated current densities resulting in a higher maximum power and a higher limiting current density. An optimal sys-tem power curve was produced by switching from parallel to interdigitated configuration based on which produces a higher system power at a given current density. This design method can be easily implemented with current PEMFC technology and requires minimal hardware. Some of the consequences this design has on system components are discussed. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 095 - Kompositmembran - Brennstoffzelle - Polymerelektrolyt

Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Fuel Cell Applications: Filler-Induced Effect on Water Sorption and Transport Properties. Mecheri, Barbara; Felice, Valeria; D'Epifanio, Alessandra; Tavares, Ana C.; Licoccia, Silvia In: Chemphyschem * Band 14 (2013) Heft 16, Seite 3814-3821 (8 Seiten, 10 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 41 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201300637 Nafion- and sulfonated polysulfone (SPS)- based composite membranes were prepared by incorporation of SnO2 nanoparticles in a wide range of loading (0÷35 wt. %). The composites were investigated by differential scanning


calorimetry, dynamic vapor sorption and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study the filler effect on water sorption, water mobility, and proton conductivity. A detrimental effect of the filler was observed on water mobility and proton conductivity of Nafion-based membranes. An increase in water mobility and proton conductivity was instead observed in SPS-based samples, particularly at low hydration degree. Analysis of the water sorption isotherms and states of water revealed that the presence of SnO2 in SPS enhances interconnectivity of hydrophilic domains, while not affecting the Nafion microstructure. These results enable the design of suitable electrolyte materials that operate in proton exchange membrane fuel cell conditions. © Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with per-mission. ____________________________________________________________ - 096 - Elektrolyt - Lithium - Kathodenwerkstoff

A stable cathode for the aprotic Li-O2 battery. Eine stabile Kathode für die aprotischen Li-O2-Batterie. Ottakam Thotiyl, Muhammed M.; Freunberger, Stefan A.; Peng, Zhangquan; Chen, Yuhui; Liu, Zheng; Bruce, Peter G. In: Nature Materials * Band 12 (2013) Heft 11, Seite 1050-1056 (7 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 55 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3737 Rechargeable lithium-air (O2) batteries are receiving intense interest because their high theoretical specific energy exceeds that of lithium-ion batteries. If the Li-O2 battery is ever to succeed, highly reversible formation/decomposition of Li2O2 must take place at the cathode on cycling. However, carbon, used ubiquitously as the basis of the cathode, decomposes during Li2O2 oxidation on charge and actively promotes electrolyte decomposition on cycling. Replacing carbon with a nanoporous gold cathode, when in contact with a dimethyl sulphoxide-based electrolyte, does seem to demonstrate better stability. However, nanoporous gold is not a suitable cathode; its high mass destroys the key ad-vantage of Li-O2 over Li ion (specific energy), it is too expensive and too difficult to fabricate. Identifying a suitable cathode material for the Li-O2 cell is one of the greatest challenges at present. Here we show that a TiC-based cath-ode reduces greatly side reactions (arising from the electrolyte and electrode degradation) compared with carbon and exhibits better reversible formation/decomposition of Li2O2 even than nanoporous gold (>98% capacity retention after 100 cycles, compared with 95% for nanoporous gold); it is also four times lighter, of lower cost and easier to fabri-cate. The stability may originate from the presence of TiO2 (along with some TiOC) on the surface of TiC. In contrast to carbon or nanoporous gold, TiC seems to represent a more viable, stable, cathode for aprotic Li-O2 cells. ____________________________________________________________ - 097 - Elektrokatalysator - Sauerstoff - Nanopartikel

Localized growth of Pt on Pd as a bimetallic electrocatalyst with enhanced catalytic activity and durability for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Lokalisiertes Wachstum von Pt und Pd als bimetallischer Elektrokata-lysator mit verstärkter katalytischer Aktivität und Beständigkeit für Protonenaustauschmembran-Brennstoffzellen. Zhang, Weimin; Wang, Meng; Chen, Jun; Romeo, Tony; Harris, Andrew T.; Minett, Andrew I. In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 73-76 (4 Seiten, 18 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.05.017 Pt on Pd nanocatalyst with hollow interior structure was synthesized by a modified galvanic replacement method. The hollow nanoparticles with rough Pt surface on Pd layer (Pt-Pd) exhibit significantly higher electrochemically active surface area when compared to that of conventional hollow Pt nanoparticles, with remarkably enhanced oxygen re-duction reaction activity and durability compared to those of as-synthesized hollow Pt catalysts and the E-TEK com-mercial Pt/C. Real-world application of the catalysts in a single fuel cell has been evaluated and found consistent with the electrochemical measurements. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 098 - Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle - Kohlenstoffnanoröhre - Nanokomposit

Nafion®/histidine functionalized carbon nanotube: High-performance fuel cell membranes. Nafion®/Histidin-funktionalisierte Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen: Hochleistungsmembranen für Brennstoffzellen. Asgari, Mahsa S.; Nikazar, Manouchehr; Molla-Abbasi, Payam; Hasani-Sadrabadi, Mohammad Mahdi In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy * Band 38 (2013) Heft 14, Seite 5894-5902 (9 Seiten, 40 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.010 Here we show preparation and characterization of a new type of composite membrane based on Nafion®/histidine modified carbon nanotube by imidazole groups (Im-CNT), for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. Due to the presence of this imidazole-based amino acid on the surface of CNT, new electrostatic interactions can be formed in the interface of Nafion® and Im-CNT. Physical characteristics of these nanocomposite membranes are investigated by water uptake, methanol permeability, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity, as well as fuel cell performance results. Especially at elevated temperatures, Nafion®/CNT-0.5% membranes exhibit higher proton conductivities plus lower methanol crossover in comparison with commercial Nafion® membranes. Power density of nanocomposite membranes reached to 61 mW cm-2 in contrast with 42 mW cm-2 for Nafion®117 (at 0.5 V and 5 M methanol concen-tration). Obtained results exposed that Nafion®/Im-CNT-0.5% membranes can be utilized as promising polyelectrolyte membranes for direct methanol fuel cell applications. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission.


- 099 - Kathode - Carbonfaser - Luft (gasförmiger Stoff)

High performance cathode based on carbon fiber felt for magnesium-air fuel cells. Hochleistungskathode aus Kohlenstofffaserfilz für Magnesium-Luft-Brennstoffzellen. Shu, Chaozhu; Wang, Erdong; Jiang, Luhua; Sun, Gongquan In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy * Band 38 (2013) Heft 14, Seite 5885-5893 (9 Seiten, 24 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.093 A series of carbon fiber felt/PTFE based gas diffusion layers (GDL) for Mg-air fuel cells were prepared by a simple method of immersing carbon fiber felt in PTFE suspension. Critical properties of the as-prepared GDL, including the surface morphology, electronic resistivity, porosity and gas permeability, have been characterized to investigate the effect of PTFE suspension concentration and PTFE content on the properties of the GDL. The micrographs indicated that the PTFE was homogenously dispersed on the carbon fiber felts and showed structure with a microporous layer. The as-prepared GDL exhibited good mechanical property, high electronic conductivity, sufficient water repellency and high gas permeability. Compared with the Mg-air fuel cell with a traditional carbon powder based cathode, the performance and the stability of Mg-air fuel cell with the carbon fiber felt based GDL are improved significantly. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 100 - Organosilan - Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle - Protonenleitfähigkeit

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes with sulfonated graphene oxide fillers for direct methanol fuel cells. Sulfonierte Polyetheretherketon-Membranen mit sulfonierten Graphenoxid-Fillern für Di-erektmethanolbrennstoffzellen. Jiang, Zhongqing; Zhao, Xinsheng; Manthiram, Arumugam In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy * Band 38 (2013) Heft 14, Seite 5875-5884 (10 Seiten, 44 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.129 Sulfonated organosilane functionalized graphene oxides (SSi-GO) synthesized through the grafting of graphene ox-ide (GO) with 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane and subsequent oxidation have been used as a filler in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes. The incorporation of SSi-GOs greatly increases the ion-exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, and proton conductivity of the membrane. With well-controlled contents of SSi-GOs, the composite membranes exhibit higher proton conductivity and lower methanol permeability than Nafion® 112 and Nafion® 115, making them particularly attractive as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). The composite membrane with optimal SSi-GOs content exhibit over 38 and 17% higher power densi-ties, respectively, than Nafion® 112 and Nafion® 115 membranes in DMFCs, offering the possibilities to reduce the DMFC membrane cost significantly while keeping high-performance. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 101 - Polymerelektrolytmembranbrennstoffzelle - Radiographie - Wassertransport

Influence of cracks in the microporous layer on the water distribution in a PEM fuel cell investigated by syn-chrotron radiography. Untersuchung des Einflusses von Rissen in der mikroporösen Schicht auf die Was-serverteilung in einer PEM-Brennstoffzelle mittels Synchrotronstrahlung. Markötter, H.; Haußmann, J.; Alink, R.; Tötzke, C.; Arlt, T.; Klages, M.; Riesemeier, H.; Scholta, J.; Gerteisen, D.; Banhart, J.; Manke, I. In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 22-24 (3 Seiten, 25 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.04.006 Water evolution in the gas diffusion layer of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell was visualized in situ by means of synchrotron X-ray radiography. Cracks in the microporous layer were identified as start points of efficient liquid water transfer paths through the gas diffusion layer. Quantitative analysis of the water flow rate through those arbi-trarily distributed cracks into the gas channel revealed that they have a strong influence on the overall liquid water transport. This could find entry into future material design and simulation. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permis-sion. ____________________________________________________________ - 102 - chemische Reaktion - Polymerelektrolytmembranbrennstoffzelle - Katalysator

Cobalt selenide electrocatalyst supported by nitrogen-doped carbon and its stable activity toward oxygen reduction reaction. Cobaltselenid-Elektrokatalysator auf stickstoff-dotierter Kohle und dessen stabile Aktivi-tät bei der Sauerstoffreduktionsreaktion. Chao, Yu-Syuan; Tsai, Dah-Shyang; Wu, An-Pang; Tseng, Ling-Wei; Huang, Ying-Sheng In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy * Band 38 (2013) Heft 14, Seite 5655-5664 (10 Seiten, 46 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.006 We have prepared durable catalysts of CoSe2/N-carbon using low-cost raw materials, measured their activities, per-oxide yields, stabilities in reducing molecular oxygen, and characterized their crystalline phases and morphology. CoSe2/N-carbon is featured with an active support, N-carbon, which by itself shows high stability as evidenced in its small activity decay. After 1000 CV cycles, the half-wave potential (E1/2) of N-carbon decreases from 0.667 V to 0.636


V in 0.5 M H2SO4. Loading of CoSe2 enhances the activity of N-carbon, when the samples were synthesized above 385 °C and formulated with the Se/Co ratio higher than 10. The higher activity is attributed to the pyrite phase of CoSe2. But the stability of pyrite CoSe2 is less than that of N-carbon. Corrosion during the stability test exposes the active sites of underlying N-carbon, which sustains the catalyst activity. Consequently the E1/2 value of the active CoSe2/N-carbon decreases moderately, from 0.711 V to 0.644 V after 1000 CV cycles. In contrast, the E1/2 value of CoSe2/C descends much more, from 0.681 V to 0.475 V. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 103 - Porendurchmesser - Fluten - Gasdiffusion

Investigation of the effect of pore diameter of gas diffusion layers on cold start behavior and cell perform-ance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Hirakata, Satoki; Mochizuki, Takashi; Uchida, Makoto; Uchida, Hiroyuki; Watanabe, Masahiro In: Electrochimica Acta * Band 108 (2013) Seite 304-312 (9 Seiten, 22 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.150 The effect of pore diameter of gas diffusion layers (GDLs) in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) on cell perform-ance was investigated at a standard operation temperature (65, 80 °C) and a subfreezing temperature (-5, -10 °C). Two types GDLs, one with a small pore diameter (2.4 µm) and the other with a large pore diameter (4.3 µm), were examined. The cell with large pore diameter showed a higher limiting current than the cell with small pore diameter in the high current density region (over 0.5 A cm-2) at 65 °C (100% RH). This was because the larger pore diameter GDL has a more open gas diffusion network. On the other hand, the cell with small pores showed a favorable anti-flooding performance. It is considered that the smaller pores were able to form smaller water droplets, which were vaporized easily due to the contact area between the supplying air and the condensed water in the separator flow channel. The cell with small pores showed superior cold start-up performance in the ramped current mode at -5 °C. The cell temperature reached 0 °C more quickly due to the earlier switching to high current density than the cell with large pores, because the air was able to diffuse smoothly from inlet to outlet due to the smaller droplets of the cell with small pores. These experiments show that the pore diameter of GDLs affects the performance significantly, both during high humidity operation and during startup from subfreezing temperatures. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 104 - Lithium - Festelektrolyt - Metalle

In situ SEM study of a lithium deposition and dissolution mechanism in a bulk-type solid-state cell with a Li2S-P2S5 solid electrolyte. Nagao, Motohiro; Hayashi, Akitoshi; Tatsumisago, Masahiro; Kanetsuku, Tsukasa; Tsuda, Tetsuya; Kuwabata, Su-sumu In: PCCP. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics - An International Journal * Band 15 (2013) Heft 42, Seite 18600-18606 (7 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 54 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp51059j In situ SEM (scanning electron microscopy) observation of a lithium deposition and dissolution process in an all-solid-state lithium metal battery using a sulfide-based SE (solid electrolyte) was carried out. We revealed visually that the morphology of lithium deposition varies with the operating current densities. At current densities higher than 1 mA/cm2, local lithium deposition triggers large cracks, leading to a decrease in the reversibility of lithium deposition and dissolution. On the other hand, at a low current density of 0.01 mA/cm2, its homogeneous deposition, which en-ables the reversible deposition and dissolution, hardly brings about the occurrence of unfavorable cracks. These re-sults suggest that homogeneous lithium deposition on the SE and the suppression of the growth of lithium metal along the grain boundaries inside the SE are keys to achieve the repetitive lithium deposition and dissolution reaction without deterioration of the SE. ____________________________________________________________ - 105 - Phosphorsäure - Copolymer - Benzol

Preparation and properties of phosphoric acid doped sulfonated poly(tetra phenyl phthalazine ether sulfone) copolymers for high temperature proton exchange membrane application. Präparation und Eigenschaften von Phosphorsäure-dotierten sulfonierten Poly(tetraphenyl-phthalazin-ether-sulfon)-Copolymeren für PEM-Hochtemperaturmembranen. Seo, Dong-Wan; Lim, Young-Don; Lee, Soon-Ho; Jang, Ho-Hyoun; Choi, Seong-Young; Jeon, Young-Tae; Ju, Hyunchul; Kim, Whan-Gi In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy * Band 38 (2013) Heft 14, Seite 6261-6267 (7 Seiten, 29 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.12.119 Phosphoric acid-doped sulfonated poly(tetra phenyl phthalazine ether sulfone) (PA-SPTPPES) copolymers were suc-cessfully synthesized by the 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylsulfone with 1,2-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)-3,4,5,6-tetraphenylbenzene (BFBTPB) and 4,4'-difluorodiphenylsulfone in sulfolane. Poly(tetra phenyl phthalazine ether sulfone)s (PTPPESs) were prepared via an intramolecular ring-closure reaction of dibenzoylbenzene of precursor and hydrazine. The sul-fonated poly(tetra phenyl phthalazine ether sulfone) (SPTPPES) membranes were obtained by sulfonation under


concentrated sulfuric acid, and followed phosphoric acid-doped by immersion in phosphoric acid. Different contents of doped and sulfonated unit of PA-SPTPPES (10, 15, 20 mol% of BFBTPB) were studied by FT-IR, 1H NMR spec-troscopy, and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The ion exchange capacity (IEC) and proton conductivity of SPTPPESs and PA-SPTPPESs were evaluated with increase of degree of sulfonation and doping level. The PA-SPTPPESs membranes exhibit proton conductivities (80 °C, relative humidity 30%) of 41.3 - 74.1 mS/cm and the maximum power densities of PA-SPTPPES 10, 15, and 20 were about 294, 350, and 403 mW/cm2. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 106 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - flüssiger Zustand - Carbongehalt

Optimizing the electrochemical performance of water-soluble organic Li-ion battery electrodes. Optimierung der elektrochemischen Eigenschaften wasserlöslicher, organischer Lithiumionenbatterie-Elektroden. Renault, Steven; Mihali, Viorica Alina; Brandell, Daniel In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 174-176 (3 Seiten, 23 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.06.008 A method for improving the electrode formulation of organic Li-ion battery active materials is reported here. By com-bining freeze-drying and carbon-coating in the liquid state, an improved morphology of the electrode and the material can be achieved. The carbon content proved to be vital for the electrochemical performance due to its high dispersion when the active material particle size decreases. Reasonable capacity (> 150 mAh/g) was shown for dilithium ben-zenediacrylate at 2C during 50 cycles. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 107 - elektrochemische Impedanzspektrometrie - Ersatzschaltung - Lithium

Investigation of a Li-O2 cell featuring a binder-free cathode via impedance spectroscopy and equivalent cir-cuit model analysis. Untersuchung einer Li-O2-Zelle mit bindemittelfreier Kathode mittels Impedanzspektro-skopie und einer Ersatzbild-Modellanalyse. Nelson, Ruben; Weatherspoon, Mark H.; Gomez, Jamie; Kalu, Egwu E.; Zheng, Jim P. In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 77-80 (4 Seiten, 15 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.04.021 Many studies of the discharge performance of traditional lithium oxygen (Li-O2) cells with binder also include electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data and equivalent circuit models (ECM) to provide additional insight on the electrochemical kinetics driving cell operation. However, no EIS and ECM data have been reported for binder-free Li-O2 cells. In this work, EIS and ECM data are analyzed and first reported for a binder-free Li-O2 cell. The EIS results are consistent with the overall discharge capacity results for a cell that is experiencing increased polarization due to cycling, and the fitted equivalent circuit accurately models the same behavior. Surface morphology is also presented for the cell and exhibits product formation on the cathode that is consistent with increased polarization. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 108 - Salzschmelze - Amide - LiFePO4

Investigation of an intermediate temperature molten lithium salt based on fluorosul-fonyl(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide as a solvent-free lithium battery electrolyte. Kubota, Keigo; Matsumoto, Hajime In: Journal of Physical Chemistry C * Band 117 (2013) Heft 37, Seite 18829-18836 (8 Seiten, 13 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 45 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp405068q The asymmetric amide anion, such as (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (fTfN¯), formed intermediate temperature molten lithium salts at 100 °C, which was the lowest among the lithium single molten salts composed of conventional halogenide, nitrate, perchlorate, and perfluoro anions. The molten Li[fTfN] was highly viscous (17 Pa·s at 110 °C, however, it was classified as a good ionic liquid by Walden plot analysis, which indicates the good-dissociation between Li+ and fTfN¯. Due to the high transport number of the lithium cation (0.94), the Li[fTfN] behaves as a single lithium-ion conducting material. The Li[fTfN] possesses an electrochemical window (5.0 V) due to the oxi-dative resistance of the perfluoro anion. The charge and discharge for a conventional composite positive electrode containing LiCoO2 or LiFePO4 was successful. In particular, LiFePO4 showed a high capacity and Coulombic effi-ciency at 0.1-5 C. ____________________________________________________________


- 109 - Lithiumionenbatterie - Elektrodenwerkstoff - Kern-Schale-Verbundwerkstoff

Core-shell Si-N-doped C assembled via an oxidative template for lithium-ion anodes. Tu, Jiguo; Hu, Liwen; Jiao, Shuqiang; Hou, Jungang; Zhu, Hongmin In: PCCP. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics - An International Journal * Band 15 (2013) Heft 42, Seite 18549-18554 (6 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 38 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp52777h The Si-NC core-shell composite was synthesized by a modified oxidative template assembly route using a facile car-bonization process. The images of the obtained Si-NC composites showed that an amorphous NC layer adsorbed stably and tightly on the nano-Si surface with an only several nanometers thickness to the formation of the Si-NC core-shell structure, which was beneficial for the electronic contact of Si nanopartides. For the SHMC-(shadow hybrid Monte Carlo)-700 anode, it could be calculated that the initial charge capacity was 986.2 mAh/g at a rate of 0.2 C. And it could still be kept at 7644 mAh/g over 100 cycles, with a little capacity loss of 0.22 % per cycle. Moreover, it was concluded that the Si-NC-700 anode could achieve a capacity of 790.8 mAh/g for the first cycle, and significantly remain at 778.2 mAh/g over 500 cycles at a rate of 0.5 C. These excellent electrochemical performances could probably be due to the N-doping generating the extrinsic defects and the absorption of Li ions, and hence result in a superior long-term cycling stability and rate capability. This suggests that the core-shell Si-NC composite is a promis-ing material for improving the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion anodes. ____________________________________________________________ - 110 - Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen - Peroxidase - Glucoseoxidase

A double-walled carbon nanotube-based glucose/H2O2 biofuel cell operating under physiological conditions. Ein Biobrennstoffzelle basierend auf doppelwandigen Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und Glukose/H2O2 bei phy-siologischen Betriebsbedingungen. Agnes, Charles; Reuillard, Bertrand; Le Goff, Alan; Holzinger, Michael; Cosnier, Serge In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 105-108 (4 Seiten, 17 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.05.018 The authors report the first example of a glucose/H2O2 biofuel cell operating at 5 mM glucose under air at 37 °C in 0.14 M NaCl. At a bienzymatic cathode, the direct wiring of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) achieves the electrocata-lytic reduction of H2O2 concomitantly produced during the oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase (GOx) in the pres-ence of O2. At the bienzymatic anode, the indirect wiring of glucose oxidase achieves electrocatalytic glucose oxida-tion while catalase removes trace of H2O2 and, in combination with GOx, traces of O2. The bienzymatic catalysis in-volved GOx at both electrodes. The biofuel cell exhibits OCV of 450 mV and maximum power output of 30 µW cm- 2 at 0.3 V in 5 mM glucose and 0.14 M NaCl at 37 °C. This represents a novel alternative to the use of copper oxidases in conventional glucose/O2 biofuel cells for implantable applications. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 111 - Polymerelektrolytmembranbrennstoffzelle - Kaltstart - Strömungsfeld

Cold-start of parallel and interdigitated flow-field polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Santamaria, Anthony D.; Bachman, John; Park, Jae-Wan In: Electrochimica Acta * Band 107 (2013) Seite 327-338 (12 Seiten, 37 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.164 Achieving cold-start of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) from temperatures less than or equal to 0 °C can be a challenge due to the freezing of byproduct water in the cathode catalyst layer (CCL). The ability to re-move water from the CCL at a rate that prevents flooding until the cell reaches temperatures above the freezing point is critical, however, they are made difficult by the low saturation pressure of air gasses below 0 °C. Under less ex-treme cold-start conditions (-10 °C to 0 °C) the water uptake of air can be considered non-negligible for specific flow rates and flow-field designs. Interdigitated flow-fields induce convective transport through the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and CCL under land areas, called cross flow, and have been shown to have enhanced water removal from under lands compared with parallel flow-fields. This study compares the cold-start performance between a parallel and interdigitated flow-field PEMFCs at various current densities. Testing of cold-start in an environmental chamber at -4 °C, -6 °C and -8 °C at current densities of 200 mA cm-2 and 400 mA cm-2 using galvanostatic control was com-pleted. Results show that an interdigitated flow-field may provide better performance under less extreme cold-start conditions than parallel flow fields. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 112 - Aggregation - Anodenwerkstoff - chemische Reduktion

One-pot synthesis of SnO2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite in ionic liquid-based solution and its application for lithium ion batteries. Gu, Changdong; Zhang, Heng; Wang, Xiuli; Tu, Jiangping In: Materials Research Bulletin * Band 48 (2013) Heft 10, Seite 4112-4117 (6 Seiten, 34 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.06.041 A facile and low-temperature method is developed for SnO2/graphene composite which involves an ultrasonic-assistant oxidation-reduction reaction between Sn2+ and graphene oxide in a choline chloride-ethylene glycol based ionic liquid under ambient conditions. The reaction solution is non-corrosive and environmental-friendly. Moreover, the proposed technique does not require complicated infrastructures and heat treatment. The SnO2/graphene com-posite consists of about 4 nm sized SnO2 nanoparticles with cassiterite structure mono-dispersed on the surface of reduced graphene oxide. As anode for lithium-ion batteries, the SnO2/graphene composite shows a satisfying cycling stability (535 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles @100 mA g-1), which is significantly prior to the bare 4 nm sized SnO2 nanocrsy-tals. The graphene sheets in the hybrid nanostructure could provide a segmentation effect to alleviate the volume expansion of the SnO2 and restrain the small and active Sn-based particles aggregating into larger and inactive clus-ters during cycling. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 113 - Adhäsion - Anodenwerkstoff - Array

SiGe porous nanorod arrays as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Yu, Jingxue; Du, Ning; Wang, Jiazheng; Zhang, Hui; Yang, Deren In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds * Band 577 (2013) Seite 564-568 (5 Seiten, 25 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.07.034 We demonstrate the synthesis of SiGe porous nanorod arrays by using ZnO nanorod arrays as a sacrificial template. A seed-assisted method was employed to synthesize ZnO nanorod arrays which were coated by SiGe layer via a co-sputtering method. After the removal of ZnO nanorod, SiGe porous nanorod arrays were achieved. When used as an anode material of lithium-ion batteries, SiGe porous nanorod arrays showed enhanced performance compared to corresponding planar electrode and bare Si porous nanorod arrays. The good contact and adhesion of the porous nanorod arrays with the current collector, and the integration of Ge that can greatly improve the conductivity and lith-ium-ion diffusivity in SiGe layer, may be responsible for the enhanced performance. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 114 - Kathodenwerkstoff - elektrochemisches Verfahren - Energiedichte

Designing high-capacity cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Entwurf eines hoch-kapazitiven Katho-denmaterials für Natriumionenbatterien. Jian, Zelang; Yu, Haijun; Zhou, Haoshen In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 215-218 (4 Seiten, 17 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.06.017 Na-rich layered oxides as cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries were designed using an electrochemical method based on Li-rich layered oxides. The materials show high specific capacity that can reach 234 mAh/g at a current of 5 mA/g. The energy density of this material (644 Wh/kg) is even higher than those of commercial cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, such as LiFePO4 and LiMn2O4. Kinetic analysis of Na+ insertion/extraction into/from the Na-rich layered oxide reveals that the Na+ diffusion coefficient is about 10- 14 cm2/s. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 115 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Kontaktwiderstand - Stromabnehmer (Kollektor)

A novel method for measuring the effective conductivity and the contact resistance of porous electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Ein neues Verfahren zur Messung der effektiven Leitfähigkeit und des Kontaktwieder-standes poröser Elektroden für Lithiumionenbatterien. Ender, Moses; Weber, Andre; Ivers-Tiffee, Ellen In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 130-133 (4 Seiten, 8 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.05.037 The performance of a porous electrode is strongly related to its electrical properties, such as the effective conductivity of the coating and the contact resistance between the coating and the current collector. This work presents a new method to measure both the effective conductivity and the contact resistance with a single measurement. No prepa-ration is necessary for this, other than cutting a disk shaped electrode and measuring the thickness of the coating. The method is applied to three different cathodes and an anode as a proof of concept. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 116 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Manganoxid - Kristallstruktur

New solution to instability of spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as cathode for lithium ion battery at elevated temperature. Neue Lösung hinsichtlich der Instabilität von LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4-Spinell als Kathode für Lithiuminenbatterien bei erhöhten Temperaturen. Li, Benzhen; Xing, Lidan; Xu, Mengqing; Lin, Haibin; Li, Weishan In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 48-51 (4 Seiten, 18 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.05.022 In this work, we proposed a new solution to the instability of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode for lithium ion battery by simply controlling discharge end-off voltage. The morphology and the crystal structure of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 before and after cy-cling at elevated temperature were characterized with XRD and SEM, and its performances as cathode of lithium ion battery were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. It is found that the cyclic stability of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 at elevated temperature is significantly improved by changing the end-off discharge voltage from 3.5 V to 4.0 V (vs. Li+/Li). After 500 cycles with 1 C rate at 55 °C, the capacity retention rate of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is only 16.8% for the end-off discharge voltage of 3.5 V, but improves to 84.9% for 4.0 V. The improved stability is at-tributed to the limitation of the reduction of Mn4 + to Mn3 + that causes the primary particle separation of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 117 - Elektrolyt - Kathode - Passivierung

Degradation and revival of Li-O2 battery cathode. Verschlechterung und Erholung von Li-O2-Batterie-Kathoden. Shui, Jiang-Lan; Wang, Hsien-Hau; Liu, Di-Jia In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 45-47 (3 Seiten, 27 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.05.020 Current non-aqueous Li-O2 cells usually could only operate for tens cycles, and electrolyte decomposition was always observed. Here it is demonstrated that, among all the cell elements, cathode is the first component to fail in our ex-periment. The passivation effect on the cathode was proven to be the reason for the loss of capacity in the cathode. However, the cathode was not permanently damaged in the failed cell and the capacity could be regenerated after the removal of the insulating layer. Thus, the cell's cycling was revived. This study presented a possibility of signifi-cantly elongating the lifespan of Li-O2 cells. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 118 - Grenzflächenreaktion - Elektrolyt - Oxidation

Interfacial side-reactions at a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode in organic carbonate-based electrolytes. Nebenreakti-onen auf den Grenzflächen einer LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O4-Elektrode in organischen Carbonat-basierten Elektroly-ten. Norberg, Nick S.; Lux, Simon Franz; Kostecki, Robert In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 29-32 (4 Seiten, 27 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.04.007 Interfacial side-reactions at a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel electrode in LiPF6/organic carbonate-based electrolyte were inves-tigated using FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy. In situ measurements at a carbon- and binder-free LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode showed formation of fluorescent species that coincides with the oxidation of NiII + in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. The ma-jority of these electrolyte oxidation products diffuse away into the electrolyte but fluorescence images of cycled LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 composite electrodes also show fluorescent residues at the surface of the electrode. FTIR and Raman spectra of the surface layer indicate formation of metal-ion doped organic and inorganic compounds upon electrolyte oxidation at potentials above 4.2 V. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 119 - Brennstoffzelle - Polysulfon - Quervernetzung

High-performance alkaline ionomer for alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells. Alkalischer Hochleistungs-Ionomer für alkalische Austauschmembranbrennstoffzellen. Zeng, L.; Zhao, T.S. In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 278-281 (4 Seiten, 12 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.07.015 An alkaline ionomer synthesized with a cross-linker, featured with long aliphatic chains of alkyl groups and inherent diamine structures, not only exhibits a high ionic conductivity (60.5 mS cm- 1), but also significantly boosts the peak power density of H2/O2 alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells to 342 mW cm- 2. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 120 - Hydrolyse - flüssiger Brennstoff - Brennstoffzelle

Hydrolyzed polyoxymethylenedimethylethers as liquid fuels for direct oxidation fuel cells. Baranton, Steve; Uchida, Hiroyuki; Tryk, Donald A.; Dubois, Jean Luc; Watanabe, Masahiro In: Electrochimica Acta * Band 108 (2013) Seite 350-355 (6 Seiten, 19 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.138 Polyoxymethylenedimethylether (POMM) fuels were investigated as alternatives to methanol for direct oxidation fuel cells (DOFCs) due to their advantageous properties, including negligible toxicity, low vapor pressure (comparable to that of pure water) and their feasibility for mass production in the future. As typical examples of the general class CH3--O--(CH2--O)n--CH3 (n = 1-8) molecules (abbreviated as POMMn), POMM2 and POMM3 were studied in detail, specifically regarding the hydrolysis kinetics and anodic oxidation on Pt-Ru alloys over a wide range of operating temperatures. It was revealed that they were stable in pure water but formed methanol and formaldehyde easily through a first order hydrolysis reaction in the presence of acidic catalysts. A facile hydrolysis reaction was demon-strated in a convertor packed with particles of the acidic ion-exchange resin Amberlite, in comparison with that in HClO4 solution. The reaction rate increased with increasing n-value but it is expected that adequate reactivity will be retained in a similar range within the family. It was revealed that the fully hydrolyzed POMMn showed anodic oxidation performance on PtRu catalysts several times higher than that of methanol, considering an equivalent electron-discharge capacity, over the temperature range from 30 °C to 90 °C. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 121 - Kathode - Brennstoffzelle - Wasserstoffperoxid

A Robust One-Compartment Fuel Cell with a Polynuclear Cyanide Complex as a Cathode for Utilizing H2O2 as a Sustainable Fuel at Ambient Conditions. Yamada, Yusuke; Yoneda, Masaki; Fukuzumi, Shunichi In: Chemistry - A European Journal * Band 19 (2013) Heft 35, Seite 11733-11741 (9 Seiten, 11 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 123 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201300783 A robust one-compartment H2O2 fuel cell, which operates without membranes at room temperature, has been con-structed by using a series of polynuclear cyanide complexes that contain Fe, Co, Mn, and Cr as cathodes, in sharp contrast to conventional H2 and MeOH fuel cells, which require membranes and high temperatures. A high open-circuit potential of 0.68 V was achieved by using Fe3[{CoIII(CN)6}2] on a carbon cloth as the cathode and a Ni mesh as the anode of a H2O2 fuel cell by using an aqueous solution of H2O2 (0.30 M, pH 3) with a maximum power density of 0.45 mW cm-2. The open-circuit potential and maximum power density of the H2O2 fuel cell were further increased to 0.78 V and 1.2 mW cm-2, respectively, by operation under these conditions at pH 1. No catalytic activity of Co3[{CoIII(CN)6}2] and Co3[{FeIII(CN)6}2] towards H2O2 reduction suggests that the N-bound Fe ions are active species for H2O2 reduction. H2O2 fuel cells that used Fe3[{MnIII(CN)6}2] and Fe3[{CrIII(CN)6}2] as the cathode exhibited lower performance compared with that using Fe3[{CoIII(CN)6}2] as a cathode, because ligand isomerization of Fe3[{M

III(CN)6}2] into (FeM2)[{FeII(CN)6}2] (M=Cr or Mn) occurred to form inactive Fe--C bonds under ambient condi-tions, whereas no ligand isomerization of Fe3[{CoIII(CN)6}2] occurred under the same reaction conditions. The impor-tance of stable Fe2±-N bonds was further indicated by the high performance of the H2O2 fuel cells with Fe3[{Ir

III(CN)6}2] and Fe3[{RhIII(CN)6}2], which also contained stable Fe2±-N bonds. The stable Fe2±-N bonds in Fe3[{CoIII(CN)6}2], which lead to high activity for the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2, allow Fe3[{CoIII(CN)6}2] to act as a superior cathode in one-compartment H2O2 fuel cells. © Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 122 - Graphit - hydrophile Oberfläche - elektrochemische Impedanzspektroskopie

Production of Ni-based glassy alloy-coated bipolar plate with hydrophilic surface for PEMFC and its evalua-tion by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Herstellung einer mit Nickellegierungsglas beschichteter Bipolarplatte mit hydrophiler Oberfläche für PEM-Brennstoffzellen und deren Bewertung durch elektroche-mische Impedanzspektrometrie. Yamaura, Shin-ichi; Katsumata, Ken-ichi; Hattori, Masatomo; Yogo, Toshinobu In: AMDI, international Conference on Advanced Materaisl Development and Integration of Novel Structured Metallic and Inorganic Materails, 3, in: Materials Transactions * Band 54 (2013) Heft 9, Seite 1324-1329 (6 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 16 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.MF201309 In this study, Ni65Cr15P16B4 glassy alloy-coated bipolar plates with a hydrophilic surface were produced and the power generation properties of a single fuel cell with such plates were investigated, SUS316L and graphite bipolar plates also being produced for comparison. The fuel cell with the glassy alloy-coated bipolar plates showed good I-V per-formance after repeated I-V scans for membrane activation as did the cell with the graphite bipolar plates. After 30 I-V scans for activation, a long-time power generation test for 100 h was conducted at a current density of 0.2 A·cm-2. As a result, it was found that the fuel cell with the glassy alloy-coated bipolar plates showed stable power generation behaviour, maintaining the cell voltage at around 0.6 V. Impedance measurements were also conducted for the cells and it was found that it was possible to understand the difference of I-V behaviour between the cells with three differ-ent bipolar plate materials by calculating the impedance parameters.


- 123 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Erwärmung - Niedrigtemperatur

Heating strategies for Li-ion batteries operated from subzero temperatures. Ji, Yan; Wang, Chao-Yang In: Electrochimica Acta * Band 107 (2013) Seite 664-674 (11 Seiten, 32 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.147 Electric vehicles (EVs) suffer from significant driving range loss in subzero temperature environments due to reduced energy and power capability of Li-ion batteries as well as severe battery degradation due to Li plating. Preheating batteries to room temperature is an essential function of an effective battery management system. The present study employs an electrochemical-thermal coupled model to simulate, for the first time, the process of heating Li-ion batter-ies from subzero temperatures. Three heating strategies are proposed and compared using battery power, namely self-internal heating, convective heating and mutual pulse heating, as well as one strategy (AC heating) using exter-nal power. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in terms of capacity loss, heating time, system dura-bility, and cost. For heating using battery power, model predictions reveal that Li-ion batteries can be heated from -20 °C to 20 °C at the expense of only 5% battery capacity loss using mutual pulse heating with high-efficiency dc-dc converter, implying considerable potential for improved driving range of EVs in cold weather conditions. Moreover, the heating time can be reduced to within 2 min by increasing cell output power using convective heating and mutual pulse heating. For external power heating, high frequency AC signal with large amplitude is a preferred choice, offer-ing both high heating power and improved battery cycle life. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 124 - positive Elektrode - Redox-Reaktion - elektrochemische Batterie

Na4Co2.4Mn0.3Ni0.3(PO4)2P2O7: High potential and high capacity electrode material for sodium-ion batteries. Na4Co(2.4)Mn(0.3)Ni(0.3)(PO4)2P2O7: Elektrodenmaterial mit hohem Potenzial und hoher Kapazität für Natri-umionenbatterien. Nose, Masafumi; Shiotani, Shinya; Nakayama, Hideki; Nobuhara, Kunihiro; Nakanishi, Shinji; Iba, Hideki In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 266-269 (4 Seiten, 10 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.07.004 Na4Co2.4Mn0.3Ni0.3(PO4)2P2O7 has been evaluated as a positive electrode for sodium-ion batteries. The novel material has two redox couples around 4.2 V and 4.6 V and can deliver the high capacity of ca. 103 mAh g- 1 at the high cur-rent density of 850 mA g- 1 (5 C). X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results show that the redox reactions of Co, Mn and Ni ions proceed simultaneously in the charge process and it is indicated the novel material provide high mixed potential by the redox reactions of Co, Mn and Ni ions. These findings suggest that the derivatives of Na4Co3(PO4)2P2O7 should be employed as high potential and high capacity electrode materials. © Elsevier B.V. Re-produced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 125 - Germanium - Elektrolyt - negative Elektrode

Germanium as negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries. Germanium als Kathodenmaterial für Natriumionenbatterien. Baggetto, Loic; Keum, Jong K.; Browning, James F.; Veith, Gabriel M. In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 41-44 (4 Seiten, 13 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.05.025 Germanium thin film electrodes show a reversible Na-ion reaction at potentials around 0.15/0.6 V. The reaction is accompanied with a reversible capacity close to 350 mAh g- 1, which matches the value expected for the formation of NaGe. The electrode capacity retention is stable over 15 cycles but subsequently declines. However, using fluoro-ethylene carbonate (FEC) electrolyte additive positively improves capacity retention and promotes the formation of a thinner SEI. Mechanical degradation due to repeated expansion/shrinkage coupled with SEI formation are the main sources of capacity decline. Preliminary XRD results do not reveal the formation of crystalline phases at full (dis)charge. The excellent charge rate up to 340 C highlights the high potential of nanosized germanium as Na-ion anode. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 126 - Zwischenschicht - positive Elektrode - Elektrodenwerkstoff

NaFe0.5Co0.5O2 as high energy and power positive electrode for Na-ion batteries. NaFe(0.5)Co(0.5)O2 als Ho-chenergie- und leistungspositive Elektrode für Na-Ionen-Batterien. Yoshida, Hiroaki; Yabuuchi, Naoaki; Komaba, Shinichi In: Electrochemistry Communications * Band 34 (2013) Seite 60-63 (4 Seiten, 17 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.05.012 O3-type NaFeO2 is a promising candidate as positive electrode materials for rechargeable Na batteries. However, its reversible range of sodium extraction is relatively narrow (x = ca. 0.4 in Na1 - xFeO2) because of the irreversible structural change, presumably associated with the iron migration into the adjacent tetrahedral sites in Na layers as we recently reported. Herein, we report that cobalt-substituted NaFeO2 demonstrates excellent electrode performance in


a non-aqueous Na cell at room temperature. NaFe0.5Co0.5O2 delivers approximately 160 mAh g- 1 of reversible capac-ity with relatively good capacity retention and excellent rate-capability in a voltage range of 2.5-4.0 V, resulting in re-versible formation of Na0.3Fe0.5Co0.5O2. The partial substitution of metal element for Fe in O3-type NaFeO2-based materials is proved to be the important strategy to suppress the irreversible phase transition, and thus improving the reversibility of sodium removal/insertion as the electrode materials. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 127 - Elektrolyt - ionische Flüssigkeit - Polyanilin

Ionic liquid catalyzed electrolyte for electrochemical polyaniline supercapacitors. Durch eine ionische Flüs-sigkeit katalysierter Elektrolyt für elektrochemische Polyanilin-Superkondensatoren. Inamdar, A.I.; Im, Hyunsik; Jung, Woong; Kim, Hyungsang; Kim, ByungChul; Yu, Kook-Hyun; Kim, Jin-Sang; Hwang, Sung-Min In: Nanomeeting, Physics, Chemistry and Application of Nanostructures, International Conference Nanomeeting, 2013 * (2013) Seite 263-266 (4 Seiten, 2 Bilder, 6 Quellen) Singapore: World Scientific http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814460187_0065 The effect of different wt% of ionic liquid "1,6-bis (trimethylammonium-1-yl) hexane tetrafluoroborate" in 0.5 M Li-ClO4+PC electrolyte on the supercapacitor properties of polyaniline (PANI) thin film are investigated. The PANI film is synthesized using electropolymerization of aniline in the presence of sulfuric acid. The electrochemical properties of the PANI thin film are studied by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The optimum amount of the ionic liquid is found to be 2 wt. % which provides better ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. The highest specific capacitance of 259 F/g is obtained using the 2 wt % electrolyte. This capacitance remains at up to 208 F/g (80% capacity retention) after 1000 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA/g. The PANI film in the 2 wt. % ionic liquid catalyzed 0.5 M LiClO4+PC electrolyte shows small electrochemical resistance, better rate performance and higher cyclability. The increased ionic conductivity of the 2 wt % ionic liquid catalyzed electrolyte causes a reduction in resistance at the electrode/electrolyte interface, which can be useful in electrochemically-preferred power devices for better applicability. ____________________________________________________________ - 128 - CO2-Emission - Elektrofahrzeug - Emissionsminderung

Advanced thermal management - Overall CO2 reduction by a combined energy supply for an electrified vehi-cle and buildings. Baltzer, Sidney; Lichius, Thomas; Gissing, Jörg; Jeck, Peter; Eckstein, Lutz In: Aachener Kolloquium Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik, 22, Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technolo-gy, 22 * (2013) Seite 411-427 (17 Seiten, 12 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 15 Quellen), Datei: Balt-zer_ika_RWTH_Aachen_University.pdf Aachen: Forschungsgesellschaft Kraftfahrwesen (fka) Increased requirements concerning the reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions demand improvements in the transport and the stationary energy supply sector. In this paper a combined energy network for individual mobil-ity and buildings is potentially analyzed under different approaches. It is shown that a reasonable amount of waste heat is still stored in a vehicle after driving which can be used for supporting the building's heating system. On the other hand, preconditioning of thermal masses like the internal combustion engine, the driver's cabin or even charg-ing an integrated heat storage system, with the heating infrastructure of buildings can reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Especially the preconditioning of highly electrified vehicles provides a high potential by not using exergy (high quality energy respectively electric energy) for cabin heating. Another approach using the combustion engine of a range extended electric vehicles (REEV) as a mobile combined heat and power generation (CHP) unit is presented. For the electric charging of the traction battery with the CHP unit the savings in primary energy consump-tion and CO2 emissions are analyzed. The results show that the CO2 emissions strongly depend on the fuel type. The use of lower carbon fuel types like LPG or CNG for propulsion clearly reduces the CO2 emissions further. The me-chanical efficiency and thermal efficiency of the ICE have also a strong impact. To increase the latter it is necessary recover heat from the exhaust gas. Depending on the target objective, a high mechanical efficiency improves the best point for CO2 emission, whereas a high fuel utilization rate is better for reducing the primary energy consumptions. ____________________________________________________________ - 129 - Nanokomposit - Sulfonierung - Siliciumdioxid

Proton exchange membranes from sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) reinforced with silica nanoparticles. Unnikrishnan, Lakshmi; Mohanty, Smita; Nayak, S.K. In: High Performance Polymers * Band 25 (2013) Heft 7, Seite 854-867 (14 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008313487392 The feasibility of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes reinforced with unmodified silica (SiO2) and modified silica (SiO2-SO3H) nanoparticles as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) was investigated here. The sulfonated membranes were characterized for degree of sulfonation, thermal stability, as well as water/methanol up-take properties. The incorporation of SiO2 increased the hydrophilic behavior thus allowing more water retention, which facilitated an easy pathway for proton transfer. However, a reduction in proton conductivity was observed. The strong -SO3H/-SO3H interaction between SPEEK chains and SiO2-SO3H led to ionic cross-linking in the membrane


structure, which compensated for this decrement in proton conductivity. The fuel cell performance study revealed the potential of SPEEK/SiO2-SO3H nanocomposite membrane to act as an efficient PEM for fuel cell application. ____________________________________________________________ - 130 - verzweigtes Polymer - Polyetherketon - Sulfonierung

Synthesis and preparation of sulfonated hyperbranched poly(aryl ether ketone)-sulfonated linear poly(aryl ether ketone) blend membranes for proton exchange membranes. Wang, Hui; Pang, Jinhui; Zhou, Fugui; Zhang, Haibo; Jiang, Zhenhua; Zhang, Shuling In: High Performance Polymers * Band 25 (2013) Heft 7, Seite 759-768 (10 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008313485103 A novel series of sulfonated hyperbranched poly(aryl ether ketone)s (S-HPAEKs) was synthesized based on different post-sulfonation reactions of fluoro-terminated hyperbranched poly(aryl ether ketone). Moreover, the blend mem-branes of S-HPAEKs with sulfonated linear poly(aryl ether ketone) (S-LPAEK) (S-HPAEK/S-LPAEK) were prepared for proton exchange membrane. All the blends could be cast into tough membranes. The structure of S-HPAEKs was characterized and the thermal stability, water uptake, and proton conductivity of S-HPAEK/S-LPAEK membranes were investigated. The results showed that S-HPAEK/S-LPAEK membranes possessed good thermal stability, better water uptake, and good proton conductivity compared with the S-LPAEK membrane, and their properties depended on the ion exchange capacity and the content of S-HPAEK in the blend membranes. ____________________________________________________________ - 131 - Sol-Gel - Epitaxialschicht - Imprägnierung

Development of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d cathode with an improved stability via La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-film impregna-tion. Entwicklung einer La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d-Kathode mit verbesserter Stabilität durch La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-Filmimprägnierung. Zhu, Xingbao; Ding, Dong; Li, Yiqian; Lü, Zhe; Su, Wenhui; Zhen, Liang In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy * Band 38 (2013) Heft 13, Seite 5375-5382 (8 Seiten, 41 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.091 Uniform, dense and continuous coatings of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-d (LSM) have been successfully deposited on dense/porous La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d (LSCF) substrates via a one-step drop-coating process using a water-based solution in order to improve the operating stability of solid oxide fuel cell cathode. The processing conditions were optimized by precise control of the composition of infiltrating solution, including chelating agents (glycine, citric acid and ethylene glycol), surfactants (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)) and pH values (5.25, 4.29, 3.01 and 2.09). Ethanol was found to improve the wetting ability of the water-based solu-tion significantly, but unfortunately causing precipitation. The symmetrical and full cells tests demonstrated that both performance and stability of LSCF cathode can be enhanced by surface modification with an optimized LSM film coating, leading to 31% reduction in cathodic polarization resistance and 45% improvement in power density (without observable degradation) for almost 350 h operation at 750 °C under a constant voltage of 0.7 V. © Elsevier B.V. Re-produced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 132 - Anionenaustausch - Elektrode - Elektrolyt

Numerical modeling of a non-flooding hybrid polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Numerische Modellierung einer nicht gefluteten hybriden PEM-Brennstoffzelle. McNealy, Benjamin E.; Hertz, Joshua L. In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy * Band 38 (2013) Heft 13, Seite 5357-5366 (10 Seiten, 31 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.081 Experimental results were recently reported regarding a novel non-flooding hybrid fuel cell consisting of proton ex-change membrane (PEM) and anion exchange membrane (AEM) half-cells on opposite sides of a water-filled, porous intermediate layer. Product water formed in the porous layer, where it could permeate to the exterior of the cell, rather than at the electrodes. Although electrode flooding was mitigated, the reported power output was low. To investigate the potential for increased power output, a physicochemical charge transport model of the porous electrolyte layer is reported here. Traditional electrochemical modeling was generalized in a novel way to consider both ion transport and reaction in the aqueous phase and electronic conduction in the graphitic scaffold using a unified Poisson-Nernst-Planck framework. Though the model used no arbitrary or fitting parameters, the ionic resistance calculated for the porous layer agreed well with the highly non-Ohmic experimental values previously reported for the entire fuel cell. Interestingly, electronic charge carriers in the scaffold were found to obviate the need for counterion presence in this unique electrolyte structure. Still, the thickness- and temperature-dependent model results offer limited prospects for improving the power output. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 133 - Vergiftung - Platin - Kohlenmonoxid

Platinum/vivianite bifunction catalysts for DMFC. Bifunktioneller Platin/Vivianit-Katalysatoren für Direktme-thanolbrennstoffzellen. Pai, Nai-Su; Chang, Po-Sheng; Yen, Shiow-Kang In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy * Band 38 (2013) Heft 13, Seite 5259-5269 (11 Seiten, 48 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.089 Bi-functional catalysts are used to solve the poisoning problem caused by carbon monoxide (CO) which is the inter-mediate of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Flower-like vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O) spheres with diameter around 10 µm are originally used as supports of Pt to form bifunction catalysts. The cyclic voltammetry in 1 M H2SO4 indi-cates that the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of Pt reduced on as-prepared vivianite (Pt/Vi) was 105 greater than 91 m2 g-1 for the commercial Pt/C. Besides, Pt/Vi reveals the less CO poisoning effects, including the greater mass activity in methanol oxidation and the lower onset potential in CO-stripping than Pt/C. These excellent perform-ances on electrolyzes are related to the chemical state of Fe3+ and the coexistence of Pt0 and Pt2+ in Pt/Vi. The for-mer activates the water and yields Fe-OHads at lower potential and the latter may offer an easy way of electron transi-tion. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 134 - SnO2 - Sauerstoff - Polymerelektrolyt

Performance and characterization of a Pt-Sn(oxidized)/C cathode catalyst with a SnO2-decorated Pt3Sn nanostructure for oxygen reduction reaction in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Samjeske, Gabor; Nagamatsu, Shin-ichi; Takao, Shinobu; Nagasawa, Kensaku; Imaizumi, Yoshiaki; Sekizawa, Oki; Yamamoto, Takashi; Uemura, Yohei; Uruga, Tomoya; Iwasawa, Yasuhiro In: PCCP. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics - An International Journal * Band 15 (2013) Heft 40, Seite 17208-17218 (11 Seiten, 10 Bilder, 37 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp52323c We have prepared and characterized a SnO2-decorated Pt-Sn(oxidized)/C cathode catalyst in a PEFC (polymer elec-trolyte fuel cell). ORR (oxygen reduction reaction) performance of Pt/C (TEC10E50E) remained almost unchanged or even tended to reduce in repeated I-V load cycles, whereas the I-V load performance of the Pt-Sn(oxidized)/C pre-pared by controlled oxidation of a Pt-Sn alloy/C sample with the Pt3Sn phase revealed a significant increase with in-creasing I-V load cycles. The unique increase in the ORR performance of the Pt-Sn(oxidized)/C catalyst was ascribed to a promoting effect of SnO2 nano-islands formed on the surface of Pt3Sn core nanoparticles. Also in a RDE (rotating disk electrode) setup, the mass activity of an oxidized Pt3Sn/C catalyst was initially much lower than that of a Pt/C catalyst, but it increased remarkably after 5000 rectangular durability cycles and became higher than that of the fresh Pt/C. The maximum power density per electrochemical surface area for the Pt-Sn(oxidized)/C catalyst in a PEFC was about 5 times higher than that for the Pt/C catalyst at 0.1 A/cm2 to 0.8 A/cm2 of the current density. In situ XANES (X-ray absorption near-edge structure) analysis at the Pt LIII-edge in increasing/decreasing potential operations and at the Sn K-edge in the I-V load cycles revealed a remarkable suppression of Pt oxidation compared with the Pt/C cata-lyst at higher potentials and no change in the Sn oxidation state, respectively, resulting in higher performance and stability of the Pt-Sn(oxidized)/C catalyst due to the SnO2 nano-islands under the PEFC operation conditions. The SnO2 nano-island decorated Pt-Sn(oxidized)/C catalyst with a Pt3Sn alloy nanostructure is regarded as a promising candidate for a PEFC cathode catalyst. ____________________________________________________________ - 135 - Polyelektrolyt - Brennstoffzelle - Leitfähigkeit

Highly phosphonated polypentafluorostyrene: Characterization and blends with polybenzimidazole. Atanasov, Vladimir; Gudat, Dietrich; Ruffmann, Bastian; Kerres, Jochen In: European Polymer Journal * Band 49 (2013) Heft 12, Seite 3977-3985 (9 Seiten, 25 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.09.002 In this study we present results of the conductivity and resistance to thermooxidative and condensation reactions of a highly phosphonated poly(pentafluorostyrene) (PWN2010) and of its blends with poly(benzimidazole)s (PBI). This polymer, which combines both: (i) a high degree of phosphonation (above 90%) and (ii) a relatively high acidity (pKa (-PO3H2 ↔ -PO3H

-) ~ 0.5) due to the fluorine neighbors, is designed for low humidity operating fuel cell. This was confirmed by the conductivity measurements for PWN2010 reaching s = 5 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 150 °C in dry N2 and s = 1 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 150 °C (l = 0.75). Furthermore, this polymer showed only 48% of anhydride formation when anneal-ing it at T = 250 °C for 5 h and only 2% weight loss during a 96 h Fenton test. These properties combined with the ability of the PWN2010 to form homogeneous blends with polybenzimidazoles resulting in stable and flexible polymer films, makes PWN2010 a very promising candidate as a polymer electrolyte for intermediate- and high-temperature fuel cell applications. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 136 - Lithiumverbindung - Borate - Elektrolyt

Blends of lithium bis(oxalato)borate and lithium tetrafluoroborate: Useful substitutes for lithium di-fluoro(oxalato)borate in electrolytes for lithium metal based secondary batteries?. Schedlbauer, T.; Rodehorst, U.C.; Schreiner, C.; Gores, H.J.; Winter, M. In: Electrochimica Acta * Band 107 (2013) Seite 26-32 (7 Seiten, 37 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.130 This work was inspired by the observation that some borates exchange their ligands that are attached to boron. Therefore, we investigated the effect of blends of two salts, lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium tetrafluorobo-rate (LiBF4) on lithium cycling on copper with solutions based on ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) (3:7, by wt.). Coulombic efficiencies of dissolution rate (D-rate) tests demonstrated an enhanced performance of LiBOB/LiBF4 blend electrolytes compared to the LiBOB-based and LiBF4-based electrolytes, increasing with in-creasing LiBF4 content. The coulombic efficiencies of the LiBOB/LiBF4 blend electrolyte with highest LiBF4 content reached almost the coulombic efficiencies of the lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) based electrolyte at high current densities in D-rate tests. Voltage drop values, conductivity measurements, and AC impedance measurements show the good performance of the LiBOB/LiBF4 blend electrolytes. The composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) of the LiBOB/LiBF4 blend electrolytes studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) becomes more simi-lar to the composition of the SEI of the LiDFOB-based electrolyte with increasing LiBF4 content. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements showed that the formation of LiDFOB from LiBF4 and LiBOB occurs already at room temperature by ligand exchange reactions at the boron atom. Therefore, we conclude that traces of LiDFOB in the LiBOB/LiBF4 blend are responsible for the good performance of blended electrolytes. © Elsevier B.V. Reprodu-ced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 137 - Elektrodenwerkstoff - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - Keramikfaser

Keramik- und Kompositnanofasern: Erzeugung mittels Elektrospinnen und Verwendung als Elektrodenmate-rialien in Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Hagen, Robin von In: Anorganische Chemie * (2013) Seite 1-243 (243 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, 307 Quellen) München: Verlag Dr. Hut Aufgrund ihrer besonderen physikalischen Eigenschaften besteht ein zunehmendes Interesse an Herstellungsverfah-ren anorganischer Nanofasern und deren Integration in elektronische und optische Bauteile. Die vorliegende Disser-tation beschäftigt sich mit der Bottom-Up-Synthese von Keramik- und Kompositnanofasern über das Elektrospinnver-fahren und deren Verwendung als Elektrodenmaterial in Lithium-Ionen-Batterien. Anhand verschiedener oxidischer- (V2O5, Li4Ti5O12) und nichtoxidischer-(SiBNC) Keramiken wurde untersucht, inwiefern sich durch die Präkursorstruk-tur, Prozessführung und das Kalzinierungsverfahren die Phasenbildungs- und Materialeigenschaften steuern lassen. Zudem wurden Kompositnanofasern bestehend aus verschiedenen Aktivmaterialien (Si, Sn, a-Li3V2(PO4)3 und LiFe1-

yMnyPO4) und Kohlenstoff erzeugt. In den verwobenen Fasernetzwerken besaß der Kohlenstoff sowohl eine struktur-fixierende als auch leitfähigkeitssteigernde Funktion und verhalf den Nanofasernetzwerken zu einer hohen mechani-schen Flexibilität aufgrund derer sie sich als selbsttragende Nanofaser-Elektroden verwenden ließen. Der Zusam-menhang zwischen Materialmorphologie, Elektrodenarchitektur und elektrochemischen Eigenschaften wurde mittels elektronenmikroskopischer- und elektrochemischer-Analysemethoden untersucht. The outstanding physical proper-ties of inorganic nanofibers cause an increasing demand of synthetic approaches and methods for nanofiber device implementation. This work covers the bottom-up synthesis of ceramic and composite nanofibers via the electrospin-ning method and their use as electrode material in lithium-ion-batteries. On the basis of different oxidic (V2O5, Li4Ti5O12) and non-oxidic (SiBNC) ceramics the influence of the precursor structure, processing and calcination-procedure on the phase formation and materials properties has been analyzed. Furthermore, several composite nan-ofibers consisting of active material (Si, Sn, a-Li3V2(PO4)3 and LiFe1-yMnyPO4) and carbon have been fabricated. In the interwoven fiber networks the carbon fulfilled a twofold function in retaining the structure by increasing the me-chanical flexibility as well as boosting the conductivity, which led to self-supporting nanofiber electrodes. The relation-ship between material morphology, electrode architecture and electrochemical performance has been analyzed by means of electron microscopic and electrochemical methods. ____________________________________________________________ - 138 - Mikrosphäre - Kathodenwerkstoff - Calcinieren

Layered Li2MnO3 × 3LiNi0.5-xMn0.5-xCo2xO2 microspheres with Mn-rich cores as high performance cathode ma-terials for lithium ion batteries. Xi, Liujiang; Cao, Chenwei; Ma, Ruguang; Wang, Yu; Yang, Shiliu; DENG, Jianqiu; Gao, Min; Lian, Fang; Lu, Zhouguang; Chung, C.Y. In: PCCP. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics - An International Journal * Band 15 (2013) Heft 39, Seite 16579-16585 (7 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 29 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp51279g Layered Li2MnO3 × 3LiNi0.5-xMn0.5-xCo2xO2 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.165) microspheres with Mn-rich core were successfully synthesized by a simple two-step precipitation calcination method and intensively evaluated as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. The XRD (X-ray powder diffractometry) results indicate that the growth of Li2MnO3-like regions is impeded due to the presence of cobalt (Co) in the material. The FESEM (field-emission scanning electron micros-


copy) data reveal the core-shell-like structure with a Mn-rich core in the as-prepared particles. The charge-discharge testing reveals that the capacity is markedly improved by adding Co. The activation of the cathode after Co doping becomes easier and can be accomplished completely when charged to 4.6 V at the C/40 rate in the initial cycle. Su-perior electrochemical performances are obtained for samples with x = 0.05 and 0.1. The corresponding initial dis-charge capacities are separately 281 mAh/g and 285 mAh/g at C/40 between 2 V and 4.6 V at room temperature. After 250 cycles at C/2, the respective capacity retentions are 71.2 % and 70.4 %, which are better compared to the normal Li-excess Li2MnO3 × 3LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2 sample with a uniform distribution of Mn element in the particles. The initial discharge capacities of both samples are approximately 250 mAh/g at a rate of C/2 between 2 V and 4.6 V at 55 °C after activation. Furthermore, the samples are investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at room and elevated temperature, revealing that the key factor affecting electrochemical performance is the charge transfer resistance in the particles. ____________________________________________________________ - 139 - Schichtablösung - Lebensdauerprüfung - Komposit

Life testing of LSM-YSZ composite electrodes under reversing-current operation. Hughes, Gareth A.; Yakal-Kremski, Kyle; Barnett, Scott A. In: PCCP. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics - An International Journal * Band 15 (2013) Heft 40, Seite 17257-17262 (6 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 35 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp52973h Durability testing of solid oxide cell electrodes in reversing-current and constant-current operation modes is pre-sented. LSM-YSZ [(La0.8Sr0.2)0.98MnO3-d-Zr0.84Y0.16O2-g] symmetric cells were tested at 800 °C in air with current den-sities of 0.5 A/cm2 and 1.5 A/cm2, with current cycle periods of 1 h and 12 h. A continuous increase in both ohmic and polarization resistance was observed, via EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), for cells tested with a re-versing current of 1.5 A/cm2, whereas cells tested at 0.5 A/cm2 showed no measurable resistance increase. The re-sistance degradation was explained by delamination in the electrode, observed by post-test SEM (scanning electron microscopy), near the interface with the electrolyte for the 1.5 A/cm2 cells, but not for those tested at 0.5 A/cm2. Cur-rent cycle period also impacted the degradation observed at 1.5 A/cm2: both the rate of resistance increase and the extent of post-test delamination decreased on going from constant current mode to a 12 h period to a 1 h period. The results indicate that lower current densities and reversing-current operation are desirable to maximize the lifetime of solid oxide cells. ____________________________________________________________ - 140 - Elektrode - Elektrodenwerkstoff - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle

Development and Performance of MnFeCrO4-Based Electrodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Stefan, Elena; Tsekouras, George; Irvine, John T.S. In: Advanced Energy Materials * Band 3 (2013) Heft 11, Seite 1454-1462 (9 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 31 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300361 Important advances have been made in SOFC development utilizing a ceramic framework based upon yttria zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes supported upon porous YSZ electrode skeletons. This ceramic framework is sintered at high tem-peratures with subsequent impregnation and low temperature processing of the active electrode materials. Here we seek to develop this impregnated electrode concept by investigating a novel scaffold material similar to the main cor-rosion product of ferritic stainless steel. The chromium rich spinel (MnFeCrO4) was used as an electrode support ma-terial, either alone or impregnated with (La0.75Sr0.25)0.97Cr0.5Mn0.5O3-d, La0.8Sr0.2FeO3-d, Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-d, CeO2 and/or Pd. In these initial studies it was found that all of the impregnated phases adhere very well to the spinel and consid-erably enhance performance and stability to a level sufficient for SOFC applications. © Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 141 - Hochtemperaturbrennstoffzelle - Strontiumtitanat - Pulversprühen

Application of wet powder spraying for anode supported solid oxide fuel cell with a perovskite SrTi0.98Nb0.02O3-d anode. Gdaniec, Pawel; Karczewski, Jakub; Bochentyn, Beata; Gazda, Maria; Molin, Sebastian; Jasinski, Piotr; Krupa, Andrzej; Kusz, Boguslaw In: Physica Status Solidi (A) - Applications and Materials Science * Band 210 (2013) Heft 12, Seite 2736-2741 (6 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201329199 Anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell with SrTi0.98Nb0.02O3-d anode, yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte and La(Ni0.6Fe0.4)O3±d cathode has been successfully fabricated and evaluated. Process of anode support fabrication has been presented. Wet powder spraying and high temperature sintering method have been studied and applied to de-posit the thin electrolyte layer.In order to improve catalytic properties of the anode, it has been impregnated with Ni. Electrical properties of fuel cells have been measured to determine their performance. The open cell voltage of 1.08 V and maximum power density at the level of 160 mWcm-2 were observed at 800 °C. © Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission.


- 142 - physikalische Eigenschaft - Thermoanalyse - elektrische Eigenschaft

Effect of carbonization temperature on electrical resistivity and physical properties of wood and wood-based composites. Kwon, Jin-Heon; Park, Sang-Bum; Ayrilmis, Nadir; Oh, Seung-Won; Kim, Nam-Hun In: Composites, Part B: Engineering * Band 46 (2013) Seite 102-107 (6 Seiten, 18 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.10.012 The effect of carbonization temperature on the electrical resistivity and physical properties of solid (ash) wood, ply-wood, and particleboard carbonized in a vacuum furnace under a gas flow of nitrogen (200 ml/min) between 400 and 1100 °C was investigated. The electrical resistivity, dimension shrinkage and weight loss of the carbonized speci-mens were extensively investigated. The electrical resistivity of specimens significantly decreased with increasing carbonization temperature. The rates of the volumetric shrinkage and weight loss of the specimens significantly in-creased with increasing the temperature. At the carbonization temperature of 1100 °C, the particleboard had the highest electrical conductivity property, followed by the plywood and solid wood, respectively. The electrical resistivi-ties of wood, plywood, and particleboard carbonized at 1100 °C were less than about 1 ohm-cm, thereby making them suitable for use as an electrode in a fuel cell, battery or electrolyzer. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permis-sion. ____________________________________________________________ - 143 - Strömung - Mikropumpe - Luftpumpe

Development and Application of One-Sided Piezoelectric Actuating Micropump. Ma, H.K.; Li, Y.T.; Su, H.C.; Luo, W.F.; Pan, T.J.; Fang, F.M.; Hsu, S.W.; Aldraihem, Osama J. In: Smart Materials Research * Band 2013 (2013) Seite 1-16 (16 Seiten, 29 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/498019 Three types of one-sided actuating piezoelectric micropumps are studied in this paper. In the first type, one-sided actuating micropump with two check valves can enhance the flow rate and prevent the back flow in suction mode to keep the flow in one direction. Furthermore, the frequency modulator is applied in the micropump to adjust and pro-mote the maximum flow rate higher than 5.0 mL/s. In the second type, valveless micropump with secondary chamber shows that the secondary chamber plays a key role in the application of the valveless micropump. It not only keeps the flow in one direction but also makes the flow rate of the pump reach 0.989 mL/s. In addition, when a noz-zle/diffuser element is used in valveless micropump, the flow rate can be further improved to 1.183 mL/s at a fre-quency of 150 Hz. In the third type, piezoelectric actuating pump is regarded as an air pump in the application of a microfuel cell system, which can increase more air inlet to improve the fuel/air reaction and further increase the per-formance of fuel cell. ____________________________________________________________ - 144 - chemische Synthese - Partikelgrößenverteilung - Elektrode

Electrochemical intercalation of Li+ into nanodomain Li4Mn5O12. Elektrochemische Li+&ndash,Interkalation in Li4Mn5O12-Nanodomänen. Ivanova, Svetlana; Zhecheva, E.; Nihtianova, D.; Mladenov, M.; Stoyanova, R. In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds * Band 561 (2013) Seite 252-261 (10 Seiten, 61 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.02.022 Elaboration of materials with nanodomain structures is a new approach for improving the electrochemical properties of electrodes for lithium ion batteries. In this study, the effects of nanodomain structure and particle size distribution on the electrochemical intercalation of Li+ in Li4Mn5O12 are examined by applying powder X-ray diffractions, TEM and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The composite structure of XRD-pure Li4Mn5O12 comprises layered- and spinel-like nanodomains. The formation of nanodomain structure, as well as the particle size distribution, is effectively controlled by applying two methods of synthesis: the oxalate and the acetate precursor techniques. The electrochemical intercalation of Li+ into the spinel compositions is analysed in model lithium cells in galvanostatic mode. The surface interaction of Li4Mn5O12 with the electrolyte solution is followed by X-ray photoelectron spectros-copy (XPS). The results obtained reveal that the capacity in the 3 V-range is determined by the extent of the non-homogeneous distribution of Mn4+, while the cycling stability is a result from the particle morphology. The interaction between electrode and electrolyte bears the impact of the particle sizes. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permissi-on. ____________________________________________________________


- 145 - Energiespeicherung - galvanische Abscheidung - negative Elektrode

Brush electroplated CoSn2 alloy film for application in lithium-ion batteries. Gestrichener elektrolytischer CoSn2-Legierungsüberzug für die Anwendung in Lithiumionenbatterien. Gnanamuthu, R.M.; Jo, Yong-Nam; Lee, Chang-Woo In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds * Band 564 (2013) Seite 95-99 (5 Seiten, 43 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.02.146 We report the application of CoSn2 alloy films deposited by brush electrodeposition as negative electrode, for the first time, in lithium-ion batteries. In this study, we prepared CoSn2 alloy film electrodes by brush electrodeposition on copper foil as a current collector. This technique is very convenient, because of its simplicity and short time process. We characterized the dense structure of the brush-plated CoSn2 alloy film electrodes by XRD, FE-SEM with EDX, and AFM studies. The initial discharge capacity of the electrodes was 336 mA h g-1 which increased to approximately 740 mA h g-1 at the 30th cycle. The charge capacity of 632 mA h g-1 at the 30th cycle corresponds to a coulombic efficiency of 85.4%. Thus, brush-plated CoSn2 alloy film is a promising electrode material for application in new-generation lithium-ion batteries. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 146 - Anatas - Hybridverbundwerkstoff - Superkondensator

A Novel High-Energy Hybrid Supercapacitor with an Anatase TiO2-Reduced Graphene Oxide Anode and an Activated Carbon Cathode. Kim, Haegyeom; Cho, Min-Young; Kim, Mok-Hwa; Park, Kyu-Young; Gwon, Hyeokjo; Lee, Yunsung; Roh, Kwang-Chul; Kang, Kisuk In: Advanced Energy Materials * Band 3 (2013) Heft 11, Seite 1500-1506 (7 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 54 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300467 A hybrid supercapacitor with high energy and power densities is reported. It comprises a composite anode of anatase TiO2 and reduced graphene oxide and an activated carbon cathode in a non-aqueous electrolyte. While intercalation compounds can provide high energy typically at the expense of power, the anatase TiO2 nanoparticles are able to sustain both high energy and power in the hybrid supercapacitor. At a voltage range from 1.0 to 3.0 V, 42 W h kg--1 of energy is achieved at 800 W kg-1. Even at a 4-s charge/discharge rate, an energy density as high as 8.9 W h kg-1 can be retained. The high energy and power of this hybrid supercapacitor bridges the gap between conventional batteries with high energy and low power and supercapacitors with high power and low energy. © Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 147 - Graphen - hydrothermale Reaktion - Manganoxid

One-Step Fabrication of Ultrathin Porous Nickel Hydroxide-Manganese Dioxide Hybrid Nanosheets for Su-percapacitor Electrodes with Excellent Capacitive Performance. Chen, Hao; Hu, Linfeng; Yan, Yan; Che, Renchao; Chen, Min; Wu, Limin In: Advanced Energy Materials * Band 3 (2013) Heft 12, Seite 1636-1646 (11 Seiten) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300580 A facile one-step hydrothermal co-deposition method for growth of ultrathin Ni(OH)2-MnO2 hybrid nanosheet arrays on three dimensional (3D) macroporous nickel foam is presented. Due to the highly hydrophilic and ultrathin nature of hybrid nanosheets, as well as the synergetic effects of Ni(OH)2 and MnO2, the as-fabricated Ni(OH)2-MnO2 hybrid electrode exhibits an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 2628 F g-1. Moreover, the asymmetric supercapacitor with the as-obtained Ni(OH)2-MnO2 hybrid film as the positive electrode and the reduced graphene oxide as the negative elec-trode has a high energy density (186 Wh kg-1 at 778 W kg-1), based on the total mass of active materials. © Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 148 - Dimensionierung - Brennstoffzelle - Betriebsfestigkeit

Auslegungskonzepte für die betriebsfeste Bemessung von Brennstoffzellenkomponenten in Wasserstoffum-gebung. Assessment concepts for fuel cell components in hydrogeneous environment under operational loads. Hahn, M.; Schreijäg, S.; Wondraczek, L.; Issler, S.; Bacher-Höchst, M. In: Die Betriebsfestigkeit als eine Schlüsselfunktion für die Mobilität der Zukunft, Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Betriebsfestigkeit, 40 * (2013) Seite 181-192 (12 Seiten, 7 Bilder, 3 Tabellen, 9 Quellen) Berlin: Deutscher Verband für Materialforschung und -prüfung (DVM) Brennstoffzellen für Kraftfahrzeuge stellen eine Möglichkeit für ein im Fahrbetrieb CO2-freies Antriebskonzept dar, als Energieträger dient dabei Druckwasserstoff. Für die Zuverlässigkeit der druckführenden Komponenten ist es erforder-lich, den Einfluss des Wasserstoffs auf die (Ermüdungs)-Festigkeit metallischer Komponenten zu berücksichtigen. Bei der Robert Bosch GmbH wurde ein Prüfkonzept erarbeitet, mit dem typische Konstruktionswerkstoffe unter Was-serstoffatmosphäre statisch und schwingend geprüft werden können. Erste Untersuchungen an zwei Werkstoffen mit sehr unterschiedlichen Gefügezuständen (ferritischer und martensitischer Stahl) zeigen einen starken Einfluss des


Wasserstoffs, wenn es durch die Beanspruchung zu plastischen Dehnungen kommt. Im Zugversuch drückt sich die-ser Effekt in einer Verminderung der Bruchdehnung (Wasserstoffversprödung) aus, und im Wöhlerversuch wird die Lebensdauer im LCF-Bereich erheblich reduziert. Im Bereich hoher Lastspielzahlen (HCF-Bereich) nimmt der Ein-fluss des Wasserstoffs auf die Schwingfestigkeit ab. Im Rahmen des Projekts "MatFuel", das bis 2015 angelegt ist, werden die Untersuchungen an weiteren Werkstoffen fortgeführt, um werkstoffspezifisch den Wasserstoffeinfluss zu quantifizieren und die Ausfallmechanismen zu ermitteln. Dabei sollen auch Schweißnähte und unterschiedliche Ober-flächenzustände (Rauheit, Eigenspannungen) einbezogen werden. Das Versuchsprogramm wird flankiert durch die Modellierung der Wasserstoffaufnahme, des --transports und des Schädigungsverhaltens, um Vorauslegungskon-zepte auf Basis von Simulationswerkzeugen zu entwickeln. Fuel cells for vehicles are engine concepts with potential of CO2-free driving. Hydrogen under pressure is used as energy carrier. For the reliability of the pressure retaining components, it is therefore necessary to consider the influence of hydrogen on the (fatigue) strength of metallic com-ponents. In this paper, possible concepts for fatigue testing in pressurized hydrogen are presented and evaluated with a focus on high numbers of cycles. Based on selected experimental results of characteristic materials, the effects on the fatigue strength as a function of load level are discussed. Finally a concept for the assessment of fuel cell components under operational loads is introduced. ____________________________________________________________ - 149 - Prüfgerät - Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle - Mikrogravität

Two-Side-Simultaneously-Observing Test System of Passive DMFC. Xu, Long-Yun; Ye, Fang; Zhang, Wei; Wu, Shuo; Zhao, Jian-Fu; Guo, Hang; Ma, Chong-Fang In: Advanced Measurement and Test III, AMT, International Conference on Advanced Measurement and Test, 3, in: Advanced Materials Research * Band 718-720 (2013) Seite 881-885 (5 Seiten) Zürich: Trans Tech Publications http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.718-720.881 http://www.scientific.net/AMR.718-720.881 In order to test passive direct methanol fuel cell and simultaneously observe anode and cathode of a fuel cell, we designed and built a test system. The test system consists of four units: temperature control unit, lighting unit, camera unit and test and data acquisition unit. With a two-floor placement design, we separated tested object and its close auxiliary components from other devices. The design is critical for changing inclination angle between outward normal of anode and gravity direction, which is important to the experiment. The control interface of the test system makes it suitable for a microgravity test system in NMLC (National Microgravity Laboratory Center). Considering the test sys-tem will be used for microgravity experiment besides routine normal gravity experiments, many specific issues have been taken into account. © Trans Tech Publications. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 150 - Nanopartikel - Phasenumwandlung - Platinlegierung

Phase-field modeling of phase transformations in platinum-based alloy nanoparticles. Phasenfeld-Modellbeschreibung der Phasenumwandlungen in Platinlegierung-Nanopartikeln. Yamakawa, Shunsuke; Asahi, Ryoji; Koyama, Toshiyuki In: ISAEM, International Symposium on Designing, Processing and Properties of Advanced Engineering Materials, 5, in: Materials Transactions * Band 54 (2013) Heft 8, Seite 1242-1249 (8 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 47 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.ME201304 A phase-field model that describes the phase decomposition and phase transformations inside platinum-based alloy nanoparticles is developed to elucidate the effects of particle size, alloy composition, and heat-treatment temperature on the microstructure formation. FePt, CoPt, NiPt, CuPt and IrPt binary alloy nanoparticles with diameters of less than 10 nm are investigated. The calculation results clearly show that surface segregation and atomic ordering are sensi-tive to the alloy components and particle size, and that the equilibrium nanostructure obtained varies according to the balance between the surface energy and chemical interaction between atomic components. Platinum-based alloy nanoparticles are expected to find applications as electrocatalysts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Thus, the pro-posed phase-field approach demonstrates its usefulness for the control of the radial distributions of each alloying component within a nanoparticle, leading to improvements in the activity and durability of the catalyst and reducing the required amount of platinum loading. ____________________________________________________________ - 151 - transkristalliner Bruch - Gasseparation - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle

Fracture modes in tubular LSFCO ceramic membranes under graded reducing conditions. Bruchmoden in röhrenförmigen LSFCO-Keramikmembranen unter reduzierenden Bedingungen mit Gradient. Nagendra, N.; Biswas, S.; Nithyanantham, T.; Bandopadhyay, S. In: Materials Research Bulletin * Band 48 (2013) Heft 6, Seite 2034-2039 (6 Seiten, 31 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.02.035 Chromium (III) oxide (Cr2O3)-doped LaSrFeO3 perovskite, La0.2Sr0.8Fe0.8Cr0.2O3-d (LSFCO), is being considered as a potential material for applications in solid oxide fuel cells, gas separation membranes, and electrochemical reactors because of its high electro-catalytic activity. Similar to other perovskites, the performance and mechanical strength of LSFCO materials are significantly affected by environment and temperature. Here, we report a fracture gradient phe-


nomenon in tubular C-ring-shaped LSFCO ceramic membranes under graded reducing conditions. The graded re-ducing condition was produced by flushing N2 on the outer side of the C-ring membranes at 1000 °C while keeping the inner side untreated. The rings were then diametrically compressed to fracture, and the resultant fracture mor-phology was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A fracture gradient with three distinct regions across the thickness of the membranes was identified on the split surfaces. In the outer region of the C-ring specimen exposed to N2, a mixed inter/transgranular fracture with a predominant intergranular pattern was observed. In the middle section of the fracture surface, a characteristic transgranular fracture of the perovskite grains was found. At the inner region of the ring, a mixed inter/transgranular fracture with a predominant transgranular pattern occurred. The mechanism of gradient fractures was attributed both to chemically induced stresses caused by oxygen diffusion and to the formation of a separate phase of oxygen-deficient perovskite in the parent perovskite. The stresses gener-ated were modeled by a point defect model. This work provides significant information on microstructure evolutions of tubular LSFCO membranes under graded reducing atmospheres. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 152 - Anodenwerkstoff - Nanokomposit - Nanopartikel

High rate capability of TiO2/nitrogen-doped graphene nanocomposite as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Große Belastungsfähigkeit eines Verbundwerkstoffes als Anodenmaterial für Lithiumionenbatte-rien, bestehend aus TiO2 und mit Stickstoff dotiertem Graphen. Cai, Dandan; Li, Dongdong; Wang, Suqing; Zhu, Xuefeng; Yang, Weishen; Zhang, Shanqing; Wang, Haihui In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds * Band 561 (2013) Seite 54-58 (5 Seiten, 41 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.01.068 TiO2/nitrogen-doped graphene nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile gas/liquid interface reaction. The structure and morphology of the sample were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scan-ning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that nitrogen atoms were suc-cessfully doped into graphene sheets. The TiO2 nanoparticles (8-13 nm in size) were homogenously anchored on the nitrogen-doped graphene sheets through gas/liquid interface reaction. The as-prepared TiO2/nitrogen-doped gra-phene nanocomposite shows a better electrochemical performance than the TiO2/graphene nanocomposite and the bare TiO2 nanoparticles. TiO2/nitrogen-doped graphene nanocomposite exhibits excellent cycling stability and shows high capacity of 136 mAh g-1 (at a current density of 1000 mA g-1) after 80 cycles. More importantly, a high reversible capacity of 109 mAh g-1 can still be obtained even at a super high current density of 5000 mA g-1. The superior elec-trochemical performance is attributed to the good electronic conductivity introduced by the nitrogen-doped graphene sheets and the positive synergistic effect between nitrogen-doped graphene sheets and TiO2 nanoparticles. © El-sevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 153 - Strömungsfeld - Komposit - Graphit

Fabrication of Graphite Composite Bipolar Plate for Miniature PEMFCs by Micro Planing with Multi-Cutter. Zhang, Shi-Wei; Wan, Zhen-ping; Shen, Yu-Qin; Ou, Yuan-Xian; Tang, Yong In: Advances in Machining and Manufacturing Technology XII, Conference on Machining and Advanced Manufactur-ing Technology, 12, in: Key Engineering Materials * Band 589-590 (2013) Seite 617-622 (6 Seiten) Zürich: Trans Tech Publications http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.589-590.617 http://www.scientific.net/KEM.589-590.617 This study explores the feasibility of using a novel process, micro planing with multi-cutter, to fabricate graphite com-posite bipolar plates of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Through the use of multi-cutter, this study succeeds in machining micro flow channels with dimensions of 0.2 mm×0.23 mm×0.4 mm (channel width × rib width × depth size) on graphite composite bipolar plate (21 mm × 80 mm × 1.5 mm), in a reaction area of 10 mm × 60 mm. The graphite composite plates fabricated by multi-cutter are tested for cell performance under varying back-pressures. Results show that the cell performance increase with the rising back-pressures and can be promoted ap-parently by decreasing the size of flow channels. © Trans Tech Publications. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 154 - Feuchtegehalt - Wasserstoffzelle - poröses Silicium

Improved Open Circuit Voltage in Nano-Porous Silicon Based Hydrogen Fuel Cell. Agarwal, Himanshu; Bhave, Tejashree M. In: Nano Hybrids * Band 5 (2013) Seite 55-64 (10 Seiten) Zürich: Trans Tech Publications http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/NH.5.55 http://www.scientific.net/NH.5.55 Hydrogen fuel cell generates electrical energy from the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen with water vapor as a by-product. Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) and Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) which are normally utilized for portable applications are not only costly due to platinum electrodes, polymer mem-brane and supply of hydrogen or methanol as a fuel but also not integrable with silicon fabrication technology. Novel fuel cell based on nanoporous silicon (PS) as Metal/nanoPS/silicon Schottky type structure is under development and


Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) upto 550 mV with Au as anode catalyst has been reported. Such fuel cell uses nanopor-ous silicon layer as proton exchange membrane. This type of structure is found to show humidity-voltaic effect i. e. generation of voltage in humid ambient. Humidity-stimulated voltage generation is facilitated by the hydrogen compo-nent of water present in the atmosphere. In the present work, our main objective was to improve Voc. We achieved Voc upto 1.118 V by restricting the pore size of nanoporous silicon to 4-5 nm and thickness of the Cu film to 100 nm. These results suggest that this type of fuel cell could be utilized to develop self-powered integrated circuit. © Trans Tech Publications. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 155 - Lithium - Metallpulver - Kohlenstoffnanoröhre

Prelithiation of silicon-carbon nanotube anodes for lithium ion batteries by stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP). Vorlithierung von Silicium-Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen-Anoden für Lithiumionenbatterien durch stabi-lisiertes Lithiummetallpulver (SLMP). Forney, Michael W.; Ganter, Matthew J.; Staub, Jason W.; Ridgley, Richard D.; Landi, Brian J. In: Nano Letters * Band 13 (2013) Heft 9, Seite 4158-4163 (6 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 31 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl401776d Stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP) has been applied during battery assembly to effectively prelithiate high ca-pacity (1500-2500 mAh/g) silicon-carbon nanotube (Si-CNT) anodes, eliminating the 20-40% first cycle irreversible capacity loss. Pressure-activation of SLMP is shown to enhance prelithiation and enable capacity matching between Si-CNT anodes and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) cathodes in full batteries with minimal added mass. The prelithiation approach enables high energy density NCA/Si-CNT batteries achieving >1000 cycles at 20% depth-of-discharge. ____________________________________________________________ - 156 - Kathodenwerkstoff - Lithium - Ammonium

Electrochemical properties of poly(4,4'- diaminodiphenyl sulfone) as a cathode material of lithium secondary batteries. Yun, Su-Ryeon; Kim, Kwnag Man; Ko, Jang Myoun; Kang, Yongku; Ryu, Kwang Sun In: Polymer Bulletin * Band 70 (2013) Heft 11, Seite 3011-3018 (8 Seiten, 6 Bilder, 13 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-013-1003-3 Doped poly(4,4?-diaminodiphenyl sulfone) (pDDS) is prepared for use as a cathode-active material of lithium secon-dary batteries by chemical oxidation method using ammonium persulfate initiator. The synthesized pDDS and doped pDDS are characterized by chemical structure analysis using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray pho-toelectron spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the doped pDDS has a typical pair of redox peaks at 3.75/3.15 V vs. Li/Li+, corresponding to charging/discharging of the lithium ion. The discharge capacity at low current rate (0.05 C-rate) achieves 31.5 and 24.3 mA h g-1 in the initial and 50th cycles, respectively. The doped pDDS also shows good cycle performance and high-rate capability, making it appropriate as a cathode material of lithium secon-dary batteries. ____________________________________________________________ - 157 - Elektrolyt - Zwischenphase - Transmissionselektronenmikroskop

Morphological changes in and around Sn electrodes during Li ion cycling characterized by in situ environ-mental TEM. Untersuchung der morphologischen Änderungen in und an Sn-Elektroden bei der zyklischen Li-Ionen-Be-und Entladung. Noh, Kyong Wook; Dillon, Shen J. In: Scripta Materialia * Band 69 (2013) Heft 9, Seite 658-661 (4 Seiten, 4 Bilder, 11 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.07.028 Sn electrodes are cycled against Li metal in situ in a transmission electron microscope in commercial liquid electro-lyte. The strain associated with the dealloying reaction is accommodated by the formation of nanoscale porosity. Sig-nificant asymmetry in the charge vs. discharge rate results from the effects of solid-electrolyte interphase formation in the confined geometry during lithiation. This layer partially dissolves during delithiation. This cyclic formation and dis-solution of solid-electrolyte interphase should contribute significantly to the capacity fade observed in Sn-based elec-trodes. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 158 - Elektrofahrzeug - Hochenergiebatterie - Betriebsfestigkeit

Absicherungskonzept für die Betriebsfestigkeit von Hochvoltspeicherbatterien für Hybrid- und Elektrofahr-zeuge. Safety concept for structural durability of high-voltage batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles. Dörnhöfer, A.; Bathe, M.; Heuler, P.; Kraus, M. In: Die Betriebsfestigkeit als eine Schlüsselfunktion für die Mobilität der Zukunft, Tagung des DVM-Arbeitskreises Betriebsfestigkeit, 40 * (2013) Seite 149-164 (16 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 11 Quellen) Berlin: Deutscher Verband für Materialforschung und -prüfung (DVM) Zur Betriebsfestigkeitsabsicherung modular aufgebauter Hochvolt-Speicherbatterien kommt ein Multilevel-Ansatz zur Anwendung. Ausgehend von Auslegungsforderungen werden die betriebsfestigkeitsrelevanten Belastungen und die daraus resultierenden, mechanischen Beanspruchungen auf Batteriesysteme bestimmt. Es wird eine Vorgehenswei-se beschrieben, die aus einem Vergleich der Eignung verschiedener Prüfstände als Kombination fahrzeugnaher und -ferner Prüfverfahren gewonnen wurde. Die Rauschprofilableitung aus Fahrzeugmessungen sowie Herausforderun-gen und Grenzen des Prüfverfahrens werden am Beispiel einer einaxialen Shaker-Prüfung aufgezeigt. Neben der experimentellen Prüfung ist für ein Absicherungskonzept auch eine virtuelle Begleitung durch FEM-Struktursimulationen unerlässlich. A multi level approach is applied for safeguarding the structural durability of modu-lar built high-voltage batteries. Based on design requirements the relevant loads and resulting mechanical stresses in battery systems will be determined. Comprising the applicability of different test benches results in the approach of combining vehicle--elated and vehicle-independent testing methods as described in the article. A noise profile deriv-able from vehicle measurements as well as challenges and limitations of the mentioned testing method are demon-strated exemplary for a monoaxial shaker test. Additionally to experimental testing also virtual support by FEM struc-tural simulations is essential for a safety concept. ____________________________________________________________ - 159 - Lithiumionenbatterie - Kathodenwerkstoff - LiFePO4

Improving rate performance of LiFePO4 cathode materials by hybrid coating of nano-Li3PO4 and carbon. Verbesserung der Ratenleistung von LiFePO4-Kathodenwerkstoffen durch Hybridbeschichtung mit Nano-Li3PO4 und Kohlenstoff. Zhao, Shi-Xi; Ding, Hao; Wang, Yan-Chao; Li, Bao-Hua; Nan, Ce-Wen In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds * Band 566 (2013) Seite 206-211 (6 Seiten, 34 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.03.041 Li3PO4 coating on the surface of LiFePO4 particles was prepared by direct dispersing LiFePO4 precursor in starch slurry with nano-Li3PO4. The existence of nano-Li3PO4 was confirmed with X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). And the particle size and morphology were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron mi-croscope analysis (TEM). The effects of the mixture coating on rate performance of LiFePO4 cathode vs Li anode at 25 °C was investigated. Li3PO4 and carbon mixing coated LiFePO4 cathode materials exhibited markedly improved rate capability relative to bare carbon-coated LiFePO4. Analyses on cell impedance showed that the Li3PO4 coating decreased the interfacial impedance. Transmission electron microscope analysis, electrochemical impedance spec-troscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammograms (CV) were carried out to explain the reason of better rate performance by Li3PO4 coating. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 160 - Lithiumionenbatterie - zyklische Voltammetrie - Nanokomposit

Electrochemical properties of free-standing Sn/SnO2/multi-walled carbon nano tube anode papers for Li-ion batteries. Elektrochemische Eigenschaften von freistehenden Sn/SnO2/mehrwandige Kohlenstoffröhrchen-Anodenfolien für Lithiumionenbatterien. Alaf, M.; Gultekin, D.; Akbulut, H. In: NanoSMat, International Conference on Surfaces, Coatings and Nanostructured Materials, 7, in: Applied Surface Science * Band 275 (2013) Seite 244-251 (8 Seiten, 13 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.12.150 Free-standing multiwalled carbon nano tube papers (buckypapers) were prepared by vacuum filtration from function-alized multi walled carbon nano tubes (MWCNTs) with controlling porosity. Double phase matrix Sn/SnO2/MWCNT nanocomposites were obtained in two steps, including thermal evaporation of metallic tin (Sn) on the MWCNT papers and RF plasma oxidation. The ratio between metallic tin (Sn) and tin oxide (SnO2) was controlled with plasma oxida-tion time. It was determined that the evaporated pure tin nano crystals were mechanically penetrated into pores of buckypapers to form functionally gradient nanocomposites. Sn/SnO2 coated on MWCNT buckypapers were used as working electrodes in assembled as coin-type (CR2016) test cells. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron mi-croscopy (SEM) were used to determine the structure and morphology of the obtained nanocomposites. In addition, the discharge/charge test, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out to characterize the electrochemical properties of these composites as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. © El-sevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 161 - Kohlenmonoxid - Brennstoffzelle - PEM-Brennstoffzelle

Effects of CO on Performance of HT-PEM Fuel Cells. Zhao, Xue-Nan; Sun, Hong; Li, Zhi-Jie In: ICEEP, International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection, 2013, in: Advanced Materials Re-search * Band 724-725 (2013) Seite 723-728 (6 Seiten) Zürich: Trans Tech Publications http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.724-725.723 http://www.scientific.net/AMR.724-725.723 High temperature proton exchange membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cell is considered as one of the most probable fuel cells to be large-scale applied due to characteristics of high efficiency, friendly to environment, low fuel requirement, ease water and heat management, and so on. However, carbon monoxide (CO) content in fuel plays an important role in the performance of HT-PEM fuel cells. Volt-ampere characteristics and AC impedance of HT-PEM fuel cell are tested experimentally in this paper, and effects of CO in fuel on its performance are analyzed. The experimental results show that CO in fuel increases remarkably the Faraday resistance of HT-PEM fuel cell and decreases the electro-chemical reaction at anode; the more CO content in fuel is, the less HT-PEM fuel cell performance is; with the in-creasing cell temperature, the electrochemical reaction on the surface of catalyst at anode is improved and the poi-sonous effects on the HT-PEM fuel cell are alleviated. © Trans Tech Publications. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 162 - Brandgefahr - Flugzeugbordnetz - gefährlicher Stoff

Lithiumionenbatterien im Boeing B 787 Dreamliner. Kaiser, Jörg In: Internationales Verkehrswesen * Band 65 (2013) Heft 3, Seite 72-73 (2 Seiten, 2 Bilder) Im Januar 2013 wurde nach einem Batteriebrand in Boston und einer Notlandung in Takamatsu ein Flugverbot für alle Boeing Dreamliner B 787 verhängt. Ursache des Verbots waren Brände der Lithium-Ionen-Batterien an Bord der Flugzeuge. Eine Entzündung von Lithiumprimärzellen oder Lithiumionenzellen war Ursache des Absturzes einer UPS-Cargo Boeing 747 im September 2010, bei dem die Crew ums Leben kam. Immer wieder gibt es auch Sicher-heitsprobleme mit Lithiumionenakkus in Mobiltelefonen, Laptops, Elektrofahrrädern und Elektroautos. Die Ursachen für diese Probleme sind vielfältig, hängen aber oft mit der hohen Energie- und Leistungsdichte der Lithiumbatterien zusammen. Im Beitrag werden die unterschiedlichen Bauweisen von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien erläutert. Für die beiden spektakulärsten Batterieausfälle vom Januar 2013 können über die Ursachen nur Vermutungen angestellt werden. Es handelte sich wahrscheinlich um singuläre Vorfälle, wie sie aus zufälligen Fertigungsfehlern entstehen können. Am Karlsruher Institut für Technologie wird i8nnerhalb des Projektes Competence-E die industrielle Fertigung von großformatigen Lithiumionenzellen untersucht. Der Einfluss von Prozessparametern auf die Zellqualität kann in einer eigenen Zellfertigungsanlage identifiziert werden. Ziel der Arbeiten ist es, die Prozesssicherheit in der Fertigung von Lithiumionenzellen zu erhöhen. ____________________________________________________________ - 163 - elektrochemische Impedanzspektrometrie - Reduktionsverfahren - Komposit

Li-storage of Fe3O4/C composite prepared by one-step carbothermal reduction method. Li-Einlagerung in einem Fe3O4/C-Verbundwerkstoff, hergestellt mittels einstufiger carbothermischer Reduktion. Das, B.; Reddy, M.V.; Chowdari, B.V.R. In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds * Band 565 (2013) Seite 90-96 (7 Seiten, 33 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.02.072 The Fe3O4/C is prepared by novel and cost effective carbothermal reduction method from commercial Fe2O3 and characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution-transmission elec-tron microscopy (HR-TEM). Li-storage behaviour of Fe3O4/C has been evaluated by galvanostatic discharge-charge cycling and cyclic voltammetry (CV) in cells with Li-metal as counter electrode in the range of 0.005-3.0 V at ambient temperature. Results show that a high initial first cycle reversible capacity of 910 (±10) mA h g-1 (~7.9 mol of Li per mole of Fe3O4) is achieved when cycled at 60 mA g-1 and remained as 740 (±10) mA h g-1 (~6.43 mol of Li) at the end of 60 cycles. In this material, conductive carbon introduced during synthesis not only adds to the conductivity to the composite, but also alleviate the volume change during cycling. The Coulombic efficiency is found to be >96% in the range of 10-60 cycles. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are carried out to complement the galvanostatic cycling data. The experimental results suggest that composite Fe3O4/C has the potential to provide large and almost stable capacity for practical applications, and good opportunity for large scale synthesis using Fe2O3, which is commercially available. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 164 - SOFC-Brennstoffzelle - Kathode - Silber

Composite La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3/Ag Cathode For SoFCs With Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 Electrolyte. Mosialek, M.; Dudek, M.; Wojewoda-Budka, J. In: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials * Band 58 (2013) Heft 1, Seite 275-281 (7 Seiten, 28 Quellen) Warsaw: Ver-sita http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0185-2 Influence of the short time external polarization of silver electrode contacted Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 electrolyte was stud-ied. Silver is moving along the Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 surface during the -0.5 V cathodic polarization at 600°C. It caused both the increase of the electrode - electrolyte contact area and the triple phase boundary length but also decrease of electrolyte and polarization resistances. Deposit of silver oxide was found at the place where the electrode polarized at the potential of 0.5 V contacted the electrolyte and around. The decrease of electrolyte and polarization resistance was smaller but more stable in this case. Composite cathodes were obtained on Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 electrolyte with the double step sintering procedure. Silver introduced into a La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3 cathode improved a performance of a La0.6Sr0:4Co0.8Fe0.2O3; Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9; Ni cell by 33%. © Versita Warsaw. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 165 - Polarisation - mobiles Gerät - Brennstoffzelle

Performance Study of Direct-Boron-Hydrogen Fuel Cells (DBFC) Applied in Micro Power Systems. Lee, Jin-Kwei; Chuang, Chai-Chin; Chang, Yung-Chung; Yeh, Chia-Hung In: ICEEP, International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection, 2013, in: Advanced Materials Re-search * Band 724-725 (2013) Seite 778-789 (12 Seiten) Zürich: Trans Tech Publications http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.724-725.778 http://www.scientific.net/AMR.724-725.778 The demand for ever more functions and higher processing speed in mobile devices has raised the energy consump-tion of such devices beyond the capability of low-energy-density and long-charging-hour lithium batteries. As an en-ergy source, fuel cells are much better than lithium batteries due to their higher energy density and faster charging speed. Of the many types of fuel cell, the DBFC appears to be the best alternative for mobile devices because of its higher energy density, better performance at low temperature and more compact structure. This research will study such DBFC parameters as the proportions of membranes, catalyst, fuel and temperature in order to achieve the best result for supplying power to mobile devices, and compare these characteristics with the popular DMFC to further develop the most suitable fuel cell for portable electronic products. © Trans Tech Publications. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 166 - Polymerelektrolytmembranbrennstoffzelle - Brennstoffzelle - Kommerzialisierung

Challenges Facing Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology to Replace Combustion Engines. Calay, R.K.; Mustafa, Mohamad Y.; Mustafa, Mahmoud F. In: ICEEP, International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection, 2013, in: Advanced Materials Re-search * Band 724-725 (2013) Seite 715-722 (8 Seiten) Zürich: Trans Tech Publications http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.724-725.715 http://www.scientific.net/AMR.724-725.715 In this paper; technological challenges and commercialization barriers for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell are presented. Initially, the criteria that must be met by the energy source of the future is presented from the point of view of the authors. Sustainability, high energy content and combustion independence are recognized as the main decisive factor of future fuels, which are all met by hydrogen, consequently the application of fuel cells as combustion free direct energy converters of the future. Fuel cell technology as an alternative to heat engines is discussed in the context of the current status of fuel cells in various applications. Finally, the challenges facing fuel cell technology to replace heat engines from the commercial and research points of view are presented and discussed supported by current trends in the industry. It is concluded that there have been several advancements and breakthrough in mate-rials, manufacturing and fabricating techniques of fuel cells since the eighties, many of these challenges which are associated with cost and durability still exist when compared with the already matured technology of internal combus-tion engines. Any effort to achieve these goals would be a significant contribution to the technology of the fuel cell. © Trans Tech Publications. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 167 - Nanodraht - Nanostruktur - Elektrodenwerkstoff

First-principles approaches to simulate lithiation in silicon electrodes. First-Principle-Näherungen zur Simu-lation des Lithiumeinbaus in Siliciumelektroden. Zhang, Qianfan; Cui, Yi; Wang, Enge In: Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering * Band 21 (2013) Heft 7, Seite 074001/1-29 (29 Seiten, 120 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/21/7/074001 Silicon is viewed as an excellent electrode material for lithium batteries due to its high lithium storage capacity. Vari-ous Si nanostructures, such as Si nanowires, have performed well as lithium battery anodes and have opened up exciting opportunities for the use of Si in energy storage devices. The mechanism of lithium insertion and the interac-tion between Li and the Si electrode must be understood at the atomic level; this understanding can be achieved by first-principles simulation. Here, first-principles computations of lithiation in silicon electrodes are reviewed. The re-view focuses on three aspects: the various properties of bulk Li-Si compounds with different Li concentrations, the electronic structure of Si nanowires and Li insertion behavior in Si nanowires, and the dynamic lithiation process at the Li/Si interface. Potential study directions in this research field and difficulties that the field still faces are discussed at the end. © IOP Institute of Physics Publishing. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 168 - Keramik - Ionenleitfähigkeit - Elektrolyt

Effect of Mg and Sr co-doping on the electrical properties of ceria-based electrolyte materials for intermedi-ate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Jaiswal, Nandini; Kumar, Devendra; Upadhyay, Shail; Parkash, O. In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds * Band 577 (2013) Seite 456-462 (7 Seiten, 33 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.06.094 Attempts have been made to synthesize a few compositions in the system Ce0.90Mg0.10-xSrxO1.90 (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06) by citrate-nitrate auto-combustion method. XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns reveal that all the samples have fluorite crystal structure similar to ceria. Microstructures of samples have been studied by scanning electron micro-scope. Ionic conductivity of singly doped and co-doped ceria has been investigated as a function of temperature by AC (alternating current) impedance spectroscopy in the temperature range 200 °C to 700 °C. Impedance plots show a significant decrease in grain boundary resistance after partial substitution of Sr in Mg-doped ceria in the intermedi-ate temperature range. Composition with x = 0.04 shows the highest ionic conductivity (2.0 × 10-2 S/cm at 700 °C) among all the samples studied. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 169 - Filmdicke - Elektrode - Bruchzähigkeit

Critical film thickness for fracture in thin-film electrodes on substrates in the presence of interfacial sliding. Kritische Filmdicke hinsichtlich des Bruchs von Dünnfilmelektroden auf Substraten im Fall von Grenzflä-chengleiten. Haftbaradaran, Hamed; Xiao, Xingcheng; Gao, Huajian In: Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering * Band 21 (2013) Heft 7, Seite 074008/1-9 (9 Seiten, 24 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/21/7/074008 It is well known that thin-film electrodes on substrates could fracture during lithium insertion/extraction above a critical film thickness. Recent studies have revealed that lithium could facilitate sliding at the interface between lithiated Si and the underlying substrate. In this paper, the authors investigate fracture in thin-film electrodes and derive the criti-cal film thickness for fracture as a function of both the fracture toughness of the film and the sliding resistance of the interface. The analysis indicates that a slippery interface due to lithiation could significantly decrease the critical thickness for fracture. © IOP Institute of Physics Publishing. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 170 - Diffusion - Finite-Elemente-Simulation - Software-Paket

A finite element simulation on transient large deformation and mass diffusion in electrodes for lithium ion batteries. Finite-Elemente-Simulation der transienten großen Verformung und Massendiffusion in Elektroden von Lithiumionenbatterien. An, Yonghao; Jiang, Hanqing In: Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering * Band 21 (2013) Heft 7, Seite 074007/1-30 (30 Seiten, 53 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/21/7/074007 Lithium-ion batteries have attracted great deal of attention recently. Silicon is one of the most promising anode mate-rials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries, due to its highest theoretical specific capacity. However, the short lifetime confined by mechanical failure in the silicon anode is now considered to be the biggest challenge in desired applications. High stress induced by the huge volume change due to lithium insertion/extraction is the main reason


underlying this problem. Some theoretical models have been developed to address this issue. In order to properly implement these models, the authors develop a finite element based numerical method using a commercial software package, ABAQUS, as a platform at the continuum level to study fully coupled large deformation and mass diffusion problem. Using this method, large deformation, elasticity-plasticity of the electrodes, various spatial and temporal conditions, arbitrary geometry and dimension could be fulfilled. The interaction between anode and other components of the lithium ion batteries can also be studied as an integrated system. Several specific examples are presented to demonstrate the capability of this numerical platform. © IOP Institute of Physics Publishing. Reproduced with per-mission. ____________________________________________________________ - 171 - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator - numerische Simulation - Phasentrennung

Numerische Untersuchungen interkalationsinduzierter Spannungen in Elektrodeneinzelpartikeln von Li-thium-Ionen-Batterien. Numerical Investigation of Intercalation-Induced Stresses within Electrode Particles of Lithium Ion Batteries. Kespe, Michael; Keller, Florian; Dörfler, Willy; Nirschl, Hermann In: Chemie Ingenieur Technik * Band 85 (2013) Heft 12, Seite 1878-1887 (10 Seiten, 10 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 25 Quel-len) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201300028 Bei der Weiterentwicklung von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien ist die Reduzierung des messbaren Kapazitätsverlustes von besonderem Interesse. Die im Verlauf der Lithiuminterkalation innerhalb des aktiven Partikelmaterials entstehenden mechanischen Spannungen die zum Bruch der Partikel führen können, wurden als eine Ursache hierfür identifiziert. Um die Größe der entstehenden Spannungen abzuschätzen, wird ein Modell für ein aktives Einzelpartikel der positi-ven Elektrode entwickelt, das aus LiCoO2 besteht und die Ausbildung einer Phasentrennung berücksichtigt. Zur Ver-allgemeinerung der Idealvorstellung eines sphärischen Einzelpartikels ist das Modell dreidimensional ausgeführt. © Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission. A challenge in the further development of lith-ium ion batteries is the reduction of the measurable capacity fade. One mechanism leading to electrode degradation is particle cracking due to the intercalation of lithium into the host material. This leads to considerable volumetric strain, and therefore, to mechanical stresses which can exceed the particle strength. In order to estimate the magni-tude of the arising intercalation-induced stresses, a numerical model was developed for a single particle consisting of LiCoO2. Special consideration was paid to the influence of phase segregation on mechanical stresses. A three di-mensional model was developed in order to cover the influence of anisotropic particles with spheroids used as model system. © Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 172 - Elektrode - Mikrostruktur - Kraftverstärkung

Validity of the Bruggeman relation for porous electrodes. Gültigkeit der Bruggemann-Relation für poröse Elektroden. Chung, Ding-Wen; Ebner, Martin; Ely, David R.; Wood, Vanessa; Edwin Garcia, R. In: Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering * Band 21 (2013) Heft 7, Seite 074009/1-16 (16 Seiten, 50 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/21/7/074009 The ability to engineer electrode microstructures to increase power and energy densities is critical to the development of high-energy density lithium-ion batteries. Because high tortuosities in porous electrodes are linked to lower deliv-ered energy and power densities, in this paper, the authors experimentally and computationally study tortuosity and consider possible approaches to decrease it. The authors investigate the effect of electrode processing on the tortu-osity of in-house fabricated porous electrodes, using three-dimensionally reconstructed microstructures obtained by synchrotron x-ray tomography. Computer-generated electrodes are used to understand the experimental findings and assess the impact of particle size distribution and particle packing on tortuosity and reactive area density. The au-thors highlight the limitations and tradeoffs of reducing tortuosity and develop a practical set of guidelines for active material manufacture and electrode preparation. © IOP Institute of Physics Publishing. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 173 - Kathodenwerkstoff - binäres Gemisch - Dichte-Funktional-Theorie

High-throughput ab initio screening of binary solid solutions in olivine phosphates for Li-ion battery cath-odes. Ab-Initio-Screening mit hohem Durchsatz bei binären Lösungen in Olivinphosphaten für Lithiumio-nenbatterie-Kathoden. Hajiyani, H.R.; Preiss, U.; Drautz, R.; Hammerschmidt, T. In: Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering * Band 21 (2013) Heft 7, Seite 074004/1-16 (16 Seiten, 80 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/21/7/074004 A promising approach to improving the performance of iron-phosphate FePO4 cathode materials for Li-ion batteries is to partly or fully substitute Fe with other metals. Here, we use high-throughput density-functional theory (DFT) calcu-lations to investigate binary mixtures of metal atoms M and M' in (Li)MyM'1-yPO4 olivine phosphates. The authors de-


termine the formation energy for various stoichiometries of different binary combinations of metals for the cases of full lithiation and delithiation. Systematic screening of all combinations of Fe and Mn with elements of the 3d transition-metal (TM) series allows us to identify trends with average band filling and atomic size. We also included compounds that verify the observed relations or that were discussed as cathode materials, particularly Ni-Co, V-Cu and V-Ni, as well as combinations with 4d TMs (Fe-Zr, Fe-Mo, Fe-Ag) and with Mg (Fe-Mg and Ni-Mg). Based on our DFT calcula-tions for each compound, the authors estimate the volume change during intercalation, the intercalation voltage, the energy density and the thermal stability with respect to reaction with oxygen. The calculations indicate that the energy density of the binary TM phosphates increases with average band filling while the thermal stability of the compounds decreases. © IOP Institute of Physics Publishing. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 174 - Ionenleitung - molekulare Simulation - Diffusionskoeffizient

Effects of Li-ion vacancies on the ionic conduction mechanism of LiMgSO4F. Einfluss der Lithiumionen-Leerstellen auf den Ionenleitungsmechanismus von LiMgSO4F. Marrocchelli, Dario; Salanne, Mathieu; Watson, Graeme W. In: Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering * Band 21 (2013) Heft 7, Seite 074003/1-10 (10 Seiten, 53 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/21/7/074003 Molecular dynamics simulations, based on polarizable interaction potentials, were performed to study the effects of Li-ion vacancies in LiMgSO4F. It was found that the diffusion coefficient of this material goes through a maximum, when 50% of the Li ions have been removed. The degree of cooperativity of the ionic conduction mechanism was monitored via the Haven ratio and found to decrease monotonically as a function of the number of Li ion vacancies in the crystal. This was explained in terms of a two-step conduction mechanism, in which a Frenkel pair has to be cre-ated first, followed by the diffusion of a Li ion to the nearest vacancy. The implications of our findings and some of the technical limitations and challenges are also briefly discussed. © IOP Institute of Physics Publishing. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 175 - Brennstoffzelle - Palladium - Ethanol

Nanoporous palladium fabricated from an amorphous Pd42.5Cu30Ni7.5P20 precursor and its ethanol electro-oxidation performance. Dan, Zhenhua; Qin, Fengxiang; Wada, Takeshi; Yamaura, Shin-ichi; Xie, Guoqiang; Sugawara, Yu; Muto, Izumi; Ma-kino, Akihiro; Hara, Nobuyoshi In: Electrochimica Acta * Band 108 (2013) Seite 512-519 (8 Seiten, 40 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.047 A fcc nanoporous palladium (NP Pd) with a pore size of ~2 nm and ligament size of ~4 nm is obtained after electro-chemical dealloying an amorphous Pd42.5Cu30Ni7.5P20 precursor in a 0.1 mol dm-3 H2SO4 solution at constant current densities of 17 mA cm-2 for 12 ks. A nanoporous Pd-P solid solution forms at lower currents. The cyclic voltammetry results reveal that NP Pd has a superior ethanol oxidation ability, about 20 times higher oxidation current than bulk Pd in the alkaline conditions. This can be attributed to the small pore sizes and fine ligaments of the NP Pd electro-catalysis. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 176 - Polypyrrol - Doppelschichtkondensator - Elektrode

PPy modified titanium foam electrode with high performance for supercapacitor. Wei, Jiatong; Wei, Susheng; Wang, Guibao; He, Xinping; Gao, Bo; Zhao, Chun In: European Polymer Journal * Band 49 (2013) Heft 11, Seite 3651-3656 (6 Seiten, 29 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.08.001 Pyrrole was polymerized on the surface of titanium foam using FeCl3 as oxidant and the as-synthesized product could be directly used as electrode for supercapacitor. The globular polypyrrole (PPy) particles were firmly loaded on the substrate with high density. The morphology study of PPy film is observed in SEM images, the XRD, FTIR and UV-vis spectra reveal the structure and crystalline of PPy nanoparticles. The electrochemical properties of PPy modi-fied electrode are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) and cycle life tech-niques. The electrochemical measurements showed such a PPy-Ti electrode had a wide working potential window, a high specific capacitance of 855 F g-1 and excellent cycle stability at a discharge current density of 1 A g-1. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 177 - Personenkraftwagen - Hybridantrieb - Dieselmotor

Potentiale des Dieselhybrids durch optimierte Betriebsstrategie. Ruf, Markus In: Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Verbrennungsmotoren und Kraftfahrwesen der Universität Stuttgart * Band 66 (2013) Seite 1-143 (143 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, 123 Quellen) Renningen-Malmsheim: expert verlag Die Reduktion des Kraftstoffverbrauchs im Individualverkehr ist sowohl aus gesellschaftlichen als auch aus wettbe-werbsbedingten Gründen wichtig. Hierbei kann neben einem Ottohybrid auch die Hybridisierung eines Fahrzeugs mit Dieselmotor ihren Beitrag leisten. Aufgrund der weiten Verbreitung von Diesel-Fahrzeugen werden diese untersucht. Außer der reinen Reduktion des Kraftstoffverbrauchs ist die Verminderung der Schadstoffemissionen ein weiteres Ziel. Zur Ermittlung dieser Potentiale wird ein Simulationsmodell für einen Dieselhybrid in Parallelanordnung erstellt, mit dem die Betriebsstrategie validiert und optimiert werden kann. Dabei wird eine strukturierte Herangehensweise zur Entwicklung einer Betriebsstrategie vorgestellt. Diese folgt modellbasierten Ansätzen und ist nach unterschiedli-chen Kriterien auslegbar. Bei einer Auslegung auf minimalen Kraftstoffverbrauch orientiert sich diese an den Wir-kungsgraden der einzelnen mechanischen und elektrischen Komponenten und maximiert dabei den gesamten Sys-temwirkungsgrad. Auf diese Weise kann ein Verbrauchsreduktionspotential im Neuen Europäischen Fahrzyklus von 16 % gegenüber dem konventionellen Fahrzeug mit Motor-Start-Stopp nachgewiesen werden. Des Weiteren ist eine auf minimale NOx-Emissionen ausgelegte Betriebsstrategie auswählbar. Diese ermöglicht eine Verminderung der NOx-Emissionen von bis zu 27%. Es stellt sich dabei allerdings ein Zielkonflikt ein, da beide Potentiale nicht gleich-zeitig erreicht werden können. Dennoch sind Umsetzungen möglich, die einen niedrigen Kraftstoffverbrauch mit ge-ringen NOx-Emissionen bestmöglich kombinieren. Wird die Batteriebelastung berücksichtigt, erweitert sich der Ziel-konflikt um eine zusätzliche Dimension, wodurch sich weitere Einschränkungen bei der Auslegung der Betriebsstra-tegie ergeben. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen zur Alterung der Traktionsbatterie ergeben, dass diese im Kun-denbetrieb bei gegebenen Randbedingungen eine Lebensdauer von zehn Jahren möglich scheinen lässt. Die mit dieser Betriebsstrategie erzielten Ergebnisse werden zudem am Motorenprüfstand validiert. Die in der Simulation ermittelten Potentiale der Kraftstoffverbrauchsreduktion können quantitativ und die der Verminderung von NOx-Emissionen qualitativ nachgewiesen werden. Die Umsetzung in einem Prototypenfahrzeug verlief zudem erfolgreich, die Vorgabe des gewünschten Gangs und der Solldrehmomente konnten realisert werden. Mit dem Dieselhybrid kann damit ein deutlicher Beitrag zum Erreichen der zukünftig geforderten Flottenverbräuche geleistet werden. The reduction of fuel consumption in individual traffic is very important by means of social and competitive purposes. Be-sides gasoline driven hybrid electric vehicles the hybridisation of vehicles propelled by a diesel engine is also rea-sonable. Vehicles with a diesel engine are investigated because of their wide spreading. In addition to the reduction of fuel consumption the decrease of emissions is a major goal. To verify the expected potentials for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle a simulation model is created that allows the validation and optimisation of energy management strategies. A structured approach to develop a configurable model based energy management stra tegy is presented. For realisation of minimal fuel consumption, the efficiency of each mechanical and electrical component is regarded in order to maximise the efficiency of the whole system. This way, a reduction potential in the New European Driving Cycle of 16 % in relation to a conventional vehicle with engine start-stop can be determined. Additionally, a mention-able decrease of nitrous oxide emissions is achievable. With a strategy for minimal nitrous oxide emissions a reduc-tion up to 27% is realisable. The mutual dependency prevents the parallel minimisation of both targets. Nevertheless, strategies for a combined reduction of fuel consumption and nitrous oxide emissions are possible. The consideration of battery ageing yields an additional restriction to the implementation of the strategy and adds a further aspect to the trade-off. Assuming a typical customer vehicle operation profile, the investigation with respect to the degradation of the battery predicts a life-time of ten years. Finally, the energy management strategies are validated operating an internal combustion engine on an dynamic engine test bench. The simulated results regarding reduction of fuel con-sumption and decrease of nitrous oxides can be verified. It was also possible to force the desired gear and the torques of internal combustion engine and electrical machine in a prototype vehicle. The hybridisation of vehicles propelled by a diesel engine can contribute significantly to reach mandatory fleet emissions in the future. ____________________________________________________________ - 178 - Mikrogefüge - Nanohärteeindruck - mechanische Eigenschaft

Nanoindentation of porous bulk and thin films of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d. Nanoindentation poröser dicker und dünner Filme aus La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d. Chen, Zhangwei; Wang, Xin; Bhakhri, Vineet; Giuliani, Finn; Atkinson, Alan In: Acta Materialia * Band 61 (2013) Heft 15, Seite 5720-5734 (15 Seiten, 51 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.06.016 In this paper we show how reliable measurements on porous ceramic films can be made by appropriate nanoindenta-tion experiments and analysis. Room-temperature mechanical properties of the mixed-conducting perovskite material La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d (LSCF6428) were investigated by nanoindentation of porous bulk samples and porous films sintered at temperatures from 900 to 1200 °C. A spherical indenter was used so that the contact area was much greater than the scale of the porous microstructure. The elastic modulus of the bulk samples was found to increase from 33.8 to 174.3 GPa and hardness from 0.64 to 5.32 GPa as the porosity decreased from 45% to 5% after sinter-ing at 900 - 1200 °C. Densification under the indenter was found to have little influence on the measured elastic modulus. The residual porosity in the dense sample was found to account for the discrepancy between the elastic moduli measured by indentation and by impulse excitation. Crack-free LSCF6428 films of acceptable surface rough-ness for indentation were also prepared by sintering at 900 - 1200 °C. Reliable measurements of the true properties of the films were obtained by data extrapolation provided that the ratio of indentation depth to film thickness was in


the range 0.1 - 0.2. The elastic moduli of the films and bulk materials were approximately equal for a given porosity. The 3-D microstructures of films before and after indentation were characterized using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy tomography. Finite-element modelling of the elastic deformation of the actual microstructures showed excellent agreement with the nanoindentation results. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 179 - Kohlenstoffnanofaser - Nanopartikel - elektrochemischer Doppelschichtkondensator

Flexible films derived from electrospun carbon nanofibers incorporated with Co3O4 hollow nanoparticles as self-supported electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. Zhang, Fang; Yuan, Changzhou; Zhu, Jiajia; Wang, Jie; Zhang, Xiaogang; Lou, Xiong-Wen David (David) In: Advanced Functional Materials * Band 23 (2013) Heft 31, Seite 3909-3915 (7 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 40 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201203844 Flexible porous films are prepared from electrospun CNFs (carbon nanofibers) embedded with Co3O4 hollow NPs (nanoparticles) and are directly applied as self-supported electrodes for high-performance electrochemical capacitors. Uniform Co3O4 hollow NPs are well dispersed and/or embedded into each CNF with desirable electrical conductivity. These Co3O4-CNFs intercross each other and form 3D (three-dimensional) hierarchical porous hybrid films. Benefit-ing from intriguing structural features, the unique binder-free Co3O4 hollow NPs/CNF hybrid film electrodes exhibit high SC (specific capacitance), excellent rate capability and cycling stability. As an example, the flexible hybrid film with loading of 35.9 mass-% Co3O4 delivers a SC of 556 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, and 403 F/g even at a very high current density of 12 A/g. Remarkably, almost no decay in SC is found after continuous charge/discharge cycling for 2000 cycles at 4 A/g. This exceptional electrochemical performance makes such novel self-supported Co3O4-CNFs hybrid films attractive for high-performance electrochemical capacitors. © John Wiley & Sons. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 180 - Elektrofahrzeug - Polyanilin - dynamische Prüfung

Study on Zn-PANi Battery Characteristics Used for Electric Vehicles. Cui, Sheng-Min; Lu, Yuan; Song, Jin-Ping; Wang, Jian-feng; Ding, Wen-Feng In: ICEEP, International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection, 2013, in: Advanced Materials Re-search * Band 724-725 (2013) Seite 1374-1378 (5 Seiten) Zürich: Trans Tech Publications http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.724-725.1374 http://www.scientific.net/AMR.724-725.1374 To study Zn-PANi (polyaniline) battery dynamic characteristics a vehicle power supply based on miniature electric vehicles was designed. And the power battery dynamic test cycle was determined according to the vehicle test cycle prescribed under GB using Land battery testing system. The power battery steady characteristics tests include bat-tery voltage test, per gram capacity test, self-discharge rate test, open circuit voltage and impedance test, cycle life test and short circuit test. Battery discharge characteristics include the relationship between discharge voltage and time, DOD(depth of discharge), the relationship between open circuit voltage, impedance and SOC in different dis-charge currents. Rationalization proposals in using Zn-PANi batteries efficiently by analyzing battery characteristics, advantages and disadvantages as power batteries are put forward. © Trans Tech Publications. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 181 - Lithiumionenbatterie - Maleinsäureanhydrid - Elektrode

Maleic-anhydride-grafted ketjen black as the alternative carbon additive for LiFePO4 cathode. Chen, Te-Kang; Qi, Xiaoding; Chen, Chuh-Yung; Chang, Chia-Chin; Chang, Wei-Che In: Electrochimica Acta * Band 107 (2013) Seite 503-508 (6 Seiten, 25 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.041 Ketjen black (KB) has a large specific surface area and is potentially more effective as the cathode conductive addi-tive. However, large KB flakes often overlay together to form thick stacks. In order to overcome this problem, maleic anhydride (MA) was grafted onto the KB surface by a plasma-induced method. Such a MA-KB additive was found to have a more homogeneous distribution in the LiFePO4 cathode, which resulted in a reduction in the electrical resistiv-ity and electrode polarization. As the consequence, greatly improved cell performance was achieved, including higher capacity, higher discharge voltage, higher rate capability, longer cycle lifetime, and a much flatter discharge curve. Detailed analysis on the discharge curves and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that although both the electrical resistivity and electrode polarization were reduced by the better distribution of the MA-KB additive, the reduction in electrode polarization was more important in cutting the capacity loss. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 182 - Blindleistung - Anodenmaterial - Raumtemperatur

Mechanical properties of amorphous LixSi alloys: a reactive force field study. Mechanische Eigenschaften von amorphen Li(x)Si-Legierungen: eine Untersuchung des reaktiven Kraftfelds. Fan, Feifei; Huang, Shan; Yang, Hui; Raju, Muralikrishna; Datta, Dibakar; Shenoy, Vivek B.; van Duin, Adri C.T.; Zhang, Sulin; Zhu, Ting In: Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering * Band 21 (2013) Heft 7, Seite 074002/1-15 (15 Seiten, 46 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/21/7/074002 Silicon is a high-capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochemical cycling of Si electrodes usually produces amorphous LixSi (a-LixSi) alloys at room temperature. Despite intensive investigation of the electrochemical behaviors of a-LixSi alloys, their mechanical properties and underlying atomistic mechanisms remain largely unex-plored. Here the authors perform molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the mechanical properties of a-LixSi with a newly developed reactive force field (ReaxFF). We compute the yield and fracture strengths of a-LixSi alloys under a variety of chemomechanical loading conditions, including the constrained thin-film lithiation, biaxial compres-sion, uniaxial tension and compression. Effects of loading sequence and stress state are investigated to correlate the mechanical responses with the dominant atomic bonding, featuring a transition from the covalent to the metallic glass characteristics with increasing Li concentration. The results provide mechanistic insights for interpreting experiments, understanding properties and designing new experiments on a-LixSi alloys, which are essential to the development of durable Si electrodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. © IOP Institute of Physics Publishing. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 183 - Elektrokatalysator - Natriumborhydrid - Platinlegierung

Carbon-supported Pt0.75M0.25 (M = Ni or Co) electrocatalysts for borohydride oxidation. Sljukic, B.; Milikic, J.; Santos, D.M.F.; Sequeira, C.A.C. In: Electrochimica Acta * Band 107 (2013) Seite 577-583 (7 Seiten, 69 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.040 Electrochemical oxidation of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) at carbon-supported platinum (Pt/C) and carbon-supported bimetallic platinum alloys (Pt0.75M0.25/C, with M = Ni or Co) is studied in alkaline media using cyclic voltammetry and linear scan voltammetry with rotating disc electrode. Main kinetic parameters (e.g., charge transfer coefficients, num-ber of electrons exchanged, standard heterogeneous rate constants and activation energies) for NaBH4 oxidation on these electrocatalysts are determined. Results indicate the highest catalytic activity of Pt0.75Ni0.25/C alloy electrocata-lyst, followed by Pt0.75Co0.25/C, while the lowest activity is observed for Pt/C electrocatalyst. The influence of electro-lyte composition and temperature on NaBH4 electrooxidation at the three materials is also explored. The good per-formance of these bimetallic alloys makes them a lower cost alternative to single Pt as electrocatalysts for the direct borohydride fuel cell anode. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 184 - dynamische Optimierung - modellprädiktive Regelung - optimale Regelung

A Multivariable Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Framework for a PEM Fuel Cell System. Ziogou, Chrysovalantou; Pistikopoulos, Efstratios N.; Voutetakis, Spyros; Georgiadis, Michael C.; Papadopoulou, Simira In: PSE, International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering, 11, in: Computer aided chemical engineering * Band 31 (2012) Seite 1617-1621 (5 Seiten, 4 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59506-5.50154-1 The aim of this work is to present an integrated framework for the on-line control of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell system using an optimization-based control methodology. The framework consists of a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) scheme and an on-line supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA). The solution of the NMPC problem is achieved by a direct optimization method which involves the use of orthogonal collocation on finite elements and represents the optimal control problem as a nonlinear programming problem (NLP). The on-line application of the multivariable controller shows that the proposed framework can accomplish the desired objectives for power fulfilment in the context of a safe operating region. Furthermore the controller exhibits excellent performance in terms of computational requirements and can follow load changes with a negligible error in its re-sponse. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 185 - austenitischer Stahl - CrNiMo-Stahl - CrNi-Stahl

HYDEE - Entwicklung eines wasserstoffversprödungsresistenten austenitischen Stahles mit minimalenm Legierungsgehalt. Schlussbericht. Laufzeit des Vorhabens: 01.10.2008 bis 30.09.2012. anonym In: BMWI-Forschungsbericht. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie * (2012) Seite 1-34 (34 Seiten, 28 Bilder, 11 Tabellen, 16 Quellen), Förderkennzeichen: 0327802A-B - 0327802D http://edok01.tib.uni-hannover.de/edoks/e01fb13/756480698.pdf Bei Fahrzeugen mit Wasserstoffantrieb (Brennstoffzelle und WasserstoffVerbrennung) sowie bei den dafür erforderli-chen Tankstellen kommt der Wasserstoff mit einer Vielzahl von Werkstoffen in Berührung. Die meisten metallischen Werkstoffe zeigen eine Beeinträchtigung der mechanischen Eigenschaften durch diesen Kontakt mit Wasserstoff. Dieses Phänomen ist allgemein als Wasserstoffversprödung" bekannt, im englischen als "hydrogen environment em-brittlement (HEE)" bezeichnet. Bei Screening-Tests wurde festgestellt, dass austenitische Chrom-Nickel-Stähle mit Nickelgehalten > 12.5% (z.B. der Stahl 1.4435) weitgehend immun gegen HEE sind, weswegen diese Werkstoffe momentan die am häufigsten verwendeten Werkstoffe für Wasserstoffanwendungen sind. Ein weiterer häufig ver-wendeter Werkstoff ist der härtbare Stahl 1.4944 (A286) mit Nickelgehalten von ca. 25%. Werkstoffe mit Nickelgehal-ten < 10%, insbesondere die im Vergleich günstigen Stähle 1.4301 mit Nickelgehalten um 8%, zeigen eine starke Wasserstoffversprödung, so dass diese Werkstoffe i.d.R. nicht eingesetzt werden. Bei Chrom-Nickel-Stählen mit Ni-ckelgehalten zwischen 10 und 12% (z.B. Stahl 1.4404 bzw. AISI316L) gibt es extrem schwankende Ergebnisse, so dass diese Werkstoffe in Ausnahmen ebenfalls eingesetzt werden. Die Preise dieser Stähle werden in erster Linie durch den sogenannten Legierungszuschlag (LZ) bestimmt. Es ist zu erkennen, dass im Jahr 2003 der LZ der Stähle 1.4301 und 1.4435 ungefähr gleich bei etwa 500 Euro/t lag. Insbesondere aufgrund des gestiegenen Nickelpreises stieg der LZ von 1.4301 auf etwa 2000 Euro/t in 2006 und der von 1.4435 auf knapp 4500 Euro/t. Dies bedeutet eine Preiserhöhung um den Faktor 4 bis 9, je nachdem, welcher Stahl betrachtet wird. Ferner ist zu erkennen, dass der LZ für 1.4435 doppelt so hoch ist wie der für 1.4301, obwohl der Unterschied im Nickelgehalt nur etwa 4% beträgt. Für automobile und stationäre Serienanwendungen sind die Preise insbesondere für 1.4435 nicht wettbewerbsfähig. Für die Zukunft der mobilen Wasserstoffanwendungen ist es daher essentiell, günstige Werkstoffe zu entwickeln, die keine Beeinträchtigung der mechanischen Eigenschaften unter dem Einfluss von Wasserstoff zeigen. Das Ziel dieses Projektes war es, einen kostengünstigen austenitischen Stahl mit einem minimalen Gehalt an Legierungselementen zu entwickeln, der für automobile und stationäre Wasserstoffanwendungen verwendet werden kann, ohne sicher-heitsrelevante Gesichtspunkte zu vernachlässigen. Dabei sollten auch den Ursachen für die ausgeprägte Streuung der mechanischen Kennwerte austenitischer Stähle bei Prüfung in Wasserstoff in Abhängigkeit des Nickelgehaltes nachgegangen werden. Gezeigt wir dazu dazu exemplarisch die Zunahme der Streuung der relativen Bruchein-schnürung in Wasserstoff und Luft für austenitische Stähle mit Nickelgehalten zwischen 8 und 13 Ma.-% Prozent. Gerade für den Bereich niedriger Gehalte von weniger als 11 Ma.-% nimmt die Streuung stark zu, was aus techni-scher Sicht einen deutlichen Nachteil darstellt. ____________________________________________________________ - 186 - Brennstoffzelle - Elektrolyse - Katalysatorvergiftung

Modellierung und Simulation von Hochtemperatur-Polymerelektrolyt-Brennstoffzellen. Modeling and simula-tion of high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Kvesic, Mirko In: Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich. Reihe Energie & Umwelt/Energy & Environment * Band 158 (2012) Seite 1-156 (156 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, 165 Quellen) Jülich: Forschungszentrum Jülich Brennstoffzellen sind elektrochemische Energiewandler, welche die chemische Energie der konstant zugeführten Reaktanten auf direktem Wege in Elektrizität umwandeln. Das am häufigsten verwendete Brenngas ist hierbei Was-serstoff, welches entweder in reiner Form durch beispielsweise Elektrolyse oder als wasserstoffreiches Gasgemisch (Reformat) durch Reformierung von etwa Diesel oder Kerosin erzeugt werden kann. Ein Nachteil von Reformat ist jedoch, dass es neben Wasserstoff auch Kohlenmonoxid (CO) enthält, welches zur einer Katalysatorvergiftung in der Brennstoffzelle führt. Da höhere Betriebstemperaturen eine größere CO-Verträglichkeit aufweisen, bietet sich der Einsatz von Hochtemperatur- Polymer-Elektrolyt-Brennstoffzellen (HT-PEFCs) an. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Modellierung und numerische Strömungssimulation von HT-PEFC-Stacks mit der Absicht, neben einem besseren Verständnis von multiphysikalischen Prozessen im Stackbetrieb eine Analyse und Optimierung von bestehenden Stackdesigns zu erreichen. Die geometrische Modellbildung basiert auf dem Porösen Volumen- Modell, welches die erforderliche Anzahl an Rechenelementen signifikant reduziert. Die elektrochemischen Modelle für Wasserstoff/Luft- und Reformat/Luft-Betrieb, welche unter anderem die CO-Vergiftungseffekte mitberücksichtigen, wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelt und in die verwendete Software Ansys/Fluent implementiert. Die dabei durchgeführten Simu-lationen ergaben die optimale Strömungskonfiguration für den Stackbetrieb hinsichtlich der homogenen Stromdichte-verteilung, welche sich positiv auf die Stackalterung auswirkt. So ließen sich homogenste Stromdichten mit der Stackkonfiguration Anode/Kathode im Gegenstrom und Anode/Kühlung im Gleichstrom beobachten. Ebenso wurde der Einfluss von Kühlungsstrategien auf die Stackleistung untersucht. Daraus konnten die lokale Temperaturvertei-lung als Folge des Kühlkonzepts sowie Temperaturpeaks im Stackinneren vorausgesagt und anhand von experimen-tellen Messungen bestätigt werden. Weiterhin wurden die Modellskalierbarkeit und damit auch die allgemeine Gültig-keit des entwickelten Modellierungs-Ansatzes nachgewiesen. Demzufolge können der verwendete Modell-Ansatz sowie die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse als hochwertige Unterstützung bei der Weiterentwicklung von HT-PEFC-Stacks angewandt werden, welche insbesondere für die Stromversorgung von elektronischen Hilfsgeräten (APUs) in Last-kraftfahrzeugen, Schiffen und Flugzeugen vorgesehen sind. Fuel cells are electrochemical energy converters that


convert chemical energy of constantly fed reactants directly into electricity. The most commonly used fuel gas in this respect is hydrogen, which is either produced in pure form by electrolysis, for example, or as a hydrogen-rich gas mixture (reformate gas), produced by reforming diesel or kerosene e.g.. However, a disadvantage of reformate gas is that it contains additional carbon monoxide (CO), which leads to catalyst poisoning in the fuel cell. Since higher oper-ating temperatures also lead to a higher CO tolerance, the use of high-temperature Polymer-Electrolyte-Fuel-Cells (HT-PEFCs) is particulary suitable for reformate operation. The aim of the presented work is the modeling and CFD-simulation of HT-PEFC stacks with the intention of gaining a better understanding of multi-physical processes in the stack operation as well as the optimization and analysis of existing stack designs. The geometric modeling used is based on the Porous Volume Model, which significantly reduces the required number of computing elements. Fur-thermore, the electrochemical models for hydrogen/air and reformate/air operation, which were taking the CO poison-ing effects into account, are developed in this work and implemented in the software ANSYS/Fluent. The resulting simulations indicated the optimal flow configuration for the stack operation in terms of the homogeneous current den-sity distribution, which has a positive effect on the stack aging. Thus, the current densities showed a strong homoge-neity regarding the stack configuration anode/cathode in counter-flow and anode/cooling in co-flow. The influence of cooling strategies was examined for the stack performance in a similar way. In the following, the local temperature distribution as well as temperature peaks within the stack could be predicted and validated with experimental meas-urements. Further on, the model scalability and thus the general validity of the developed modeling approach have been demonstrated. Consequently, the applied modeling approach as well as the obtained conclusions can be used as high-quality support in the development of HT-PEFC-stacks, which are particularly intended for the power supply for auxiliary power units (APUs) in lorries, ships and aircrafts. ____________________________________________________________ - 187 - Forschungsbericht - Forschungsprojekt - Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator

Konzeptstudien für neuartige Lithium-Ionen-Zellen auf der Basis von Werkstoff-Innovationen (KoLiWIn). Schlusssbericht zum Teilprojekt: Neue Separatormaterialien. Projektlaufzeit: 01.07.2009 bis 30.09.2012. Dehnen, Stefanie; Kaib-Haddadpour, Sima; Kaib, Thomas In: BMBF-Forschungsbericht. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung * (2012) Seite 1-20 (20 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 15 Quellen), Förderkennzeichen: 03SF0343D http://edok01.tib.uni-hannover.de/edoks/e01fb13/755741803.pdf Das Gesamtvorhaben zielte auf die Entwicklung und Charakterisierung neuartiger Zellen für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien, die damit schneller, sicherer und kleiner werden sollen. Das beinhaltet die Erhöhung der Energie- und Leistungsdich-te gegenüber dem Stand der Technik und die Erhöhung der Sicherheit durch Verwendung unkritischer Elektrolyt- und Elektrodenaktivmaterialien. Dazu wurden neue Konzepte stofflicher und architektonischer Natur erprobt und daraus die Material- und Zeiloptimierungsschritte abgeleitet. Das Ziel des Teilprojektes AP 210 bestand darin, neue anorga-nische Separatormaterialien zu entwickeln, die auf Chalkogenidotetrelatsalzen mit porösen Anionengittern basieren, welche Ionenleitung in starren Kanälen erlauben. Vor Projektbeginn lagen für die betreffende Stoffklasse nur wenige Ergebnisse im Bereich von Kaliumsalzen vor, entsprechende Lithiumverbindungen waren äußerst selten und deren Ionenleitfähigkeiten unbekannt. Diese Fehlstelle galt es auszufüllen und die Eignung der Stoffe in neuartigen Lithiu-mionenzellen zu überprüfen. Für die den Stoffen zugrunde liegende Substanzklasse der Lithium-Chalkogenido-Tetrelate haben wir den Namen "LiChT" etabliert. ____________________________________________________________ - 188 - Sauerstoff - Wasserstoff - Biomasse

Untersuchungen zur synergetischen Einbindung von Polymer-Elektrolyt-Membran-Brennstoffzellen in Le-benserhaltungssysteme. Investigations to synergetic integration of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells for life support systems. Belz, Stefan In: (2012) Seite 1-143 (143 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, Quellen) München: Verlag Dr. Hut Die Realisierung erdferner bemannter Explorationsmissionen in den kommenden Jahrzehnten hängt maßgeblich von der Entwicklung tragfähiger und effizienter Technologien und Konzepte auf dem Gebiet der Lebenserhaltungs-, En-ergie- und Antriebssysteme ab. Die synergetische Einbindung einer Polymer-Elektrolyt-Membran-Brennstoffzelle (PEFC) ermöglicht die Vernetzung von Lebenserhaltungssystem (LSS) und Energiesystem über die Infrastruktur für Sauerstoff, Wasserstoff und Wasser. Die Umsetzung erfolgt durch den Betrieb der PEFC mit verschiedenen Katho-dengasen. Das heißt, man verwendet (Kabinen-)Luft, die mit Sauerstoff aus physikochemischen oder biologischen Prozessen angereichert wird. Dies erweist sich sowohl technisch als auch aus der Systembetrachtung als vorteilhaft gegenüber dem Betrieb mit reinem Sauerstoff. Unter dem Aspekt der Sicherheitssteigerung werden ungleiche Re-dundanzen im LSS geschaffen. Zukünftige Lebenserhaltungssysteme werden voraussichtlich auch biologische Kom-ponenten enthalten, um Kohlendioxid in essbare Biomasse und Sauerstoff zu regenerieren. Die Kultivierung von Mik-roalgen wie die Spezies Chlorella vulgaris in einem Photobioreaktor (PBR) gilt hierfür als sehr aussichtsreich. Aus der synergetischen Vernetzung von PEFC und PBR in ein Luftaufbereitungssystem zur Sauerstoffregeneration resultie-ren bereits Nachschubeinsparung aufgrund von in situ Nahrungsproduktion und zusätzlich verfügbarer elektrischer Energie. Im Rahmen einer Gesamt-LSS-Analyse wurden unterschiedliche LSS-Modelle in verschiedenen Szenarien simuliert, um eine Bewertung der synergetischen Einbindung vorzunehmen. Die auf die PEFC zurückzuführende synergetische Masseeinsparung hängt vor allem von den Eklipsenzeiten einer Mission ab. Für eine künftige techni-sche Umsetzung wurden experimentelle Untersuchungen an der PEFC mit zwei Schwerpunkten durchgeführt. Der


erste Schwerpunkt umfasst die Beimischung von Sauerstoff in Luft. Dies bewirkte eine Erhöhung der Leistungsaus-beute aufgrund des Rückgangs von Diffiisionsverlusten. Bei einer Sauerstoffkonzentration von 50% im Kathodengas wurden bis zu 90% der maximalen Leistungsausbeute erzielt. Der zweite Schwerpunkt umfasst die Ausbreitung von Kontaminanten aus biologischen Prozessen. Hier muss man auf eine geschickte Verschaltung der Komponenten untereinander zurückgreifen, bevor Reaktionsprodukte in Speicher gelangen und sich in der Infrastruktur ausbreiten können und somit eine potenzielle Gefährdung für den Menschen darstellen. Um Degradationseffekte zügig detektie-ren zu können, wurde PBR-Abluft direkt als Kathodengas verwendet. Die in der PBR-Abluft vorliegenden Spurenstof-fe können dem Metabolismus der Mikroalgen, dem Nährsubstrat und dessen Abbauprodukte zugeordnet werden. Der Betrieb der PEFC mit PBR-Abluft zeigte kurz- und langfristig Leistungsverluste. Die synergetische Einbindung der PEFC in das LSS bedeutet auch die Nutzung des anfallenden Wassers als Trinkwasser. Analysen des Wassers, welches aus dem Kathodenabgasstrom kondensiert wurde, identifizierten Materialbestandteile aus der PEFC als Degradationsprodukte sowie Bestandteile des Nährsubstrats. Die Konzentrationen lagen selten über den Grenzwer-ten, so dass eine Einbindung in die Wasseraufbereitung des LSS als unkritisch angesehen wird. Auf den Ergebnis-sen aufbauend wurde ein Konzept für ein Weltraumexperiment im Columbus-Modul auf der Internationalen Raumsta-tion erarbeitet. The realisation of human exploration mission far from Earth in the coming decades will depend strongly on the development of sustainable and efficient technologies and concepts in the fields of life support, power and propulsion systems. The synergetic integration of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEFC) enables the cross-linking of the life support system (LSS) and energy system by the infrastructure for oxygen, hydrogen and wa-ter. It is realised by operation of the PEFC cathode with various gases, i.e. (cabin) air enriched with oxygen from physicochemical or biological processes. This proves to be advantageous both technically and from a system point of view, compared to operation with pure oxygen. From a safety aspect dissimilar redundancies in the LSS are created. Future life support systems are also expected to contain biological components, regenerating carbon dioxide into edible biomass and oxygen. The cultivation of microalgae such as Chlorella vulgaris in a photobioreactor (PBR) is very promising. Resupply mass savings due to in situ food production and additional available electrical energy result from the synergetic cross-linking of PEFC and PBR in an air conditioning system. For complete LSS analysis, differ-ent LSS models in different scenarios were simulated in order to evaluate the synergetic cross-linking. The synergetic mass savings attributable to the PEFC depend strongly on the eclipse times of a mission. For a Mars mission corre-sponding to NASA's Design Reference Architecture, over 5% of the equivalent system mass can be saved due to storage reduction if the PEFC and PBR are synergistically cross-linked in the transfer vehicle remaining in the Mars orbit. The result for a Moon station on the lunar equator, however, shows no synergetic mass benefits. For a future technical realisation, experimental studies on the PEFC were conducted on two main points. The first point concerns the admixture of oxygen in air. This showed an increase of power output due to the decrease of diffusion losses. At oxygen concentration of 50% in the cathode gas, up to 90% of maximum power production was achieved. The sec-ond point concerns the spread of contaminants from biological processes. Here a sophisticated interconnection be-tween the components must be conceived in order to avoid reaction products reaching storage and dispersing in the infrastructure, what may represent a potential hazard for humans. In order to quickly detect degradation effects, PBR exhaust air was used directly as cathode gas. The trace substances contained in the PBR exhaust air are of organic and inorganic nature, which could be assigned to the metabolism of microalgae, the growing medium and its decom-position products. The operation of the PEFC with PBR exhaust air showed short- and long-term power loss. The synergetic integration of a PEFC in the LSS also means the use of the accumulated water as drinking water. Analy-ses of the water, which was condensed from the cathode exhaust gas stream, showed material components of the PEFC as degradation compounds and components of the growing medium. The concentrations were seldom above the limits, so that integration in the water treatment is assessed as not critical. Based on these results, a concept for a space experiment in the Columbus module on the International Space Station was developed. ____________________________________________________________ - 189 - Festoxidbrennstoffzelle - Lithiumionenakkumulator - elektrochemische Impedanzspektrometrie

Characterization and modeling of electrochemical energy conversion systems by impedance techniques. Kennzeichnung und Modellbeschreibung elektrochemischer Energieumwandlungssysteme durch Impe-danzmethoden. Klotz, Dino In: Schriften des Instituts für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik. Universität Karlsruhe * Band 23 (2012) Seite 1-166 (166 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, 190 Quellen) Karlsruhe: Universitätsverlag Karlsruhe Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung und Modellierung elektrochemischer Energiewandler. Zwei sehr bekannte Vertreter dieser Art von Systemen sind die Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzelle (SOFC) und die Lithium-Ionen Batterie (LIB). Für den ökonomischen Erfolg dieser Systeme müssen Wirkungsgrad und Herstellungskosten weiter verbessert werden. Dafür sind Einzelzell-Modelle dieser komplexen elektrochemischen Systeme notwendig, die die entstehenden Verluste offenlegen und Verbesserungspotenzial aufdecken. Das System, das in dieser Arbeit am aus-führlichsten behandelt wird, ist die SOFC, die Kohlenwasserstoffe mit einem bisher unerreichten Wirkungsgrad in elektrische Energie umwandeln kann. Zum anderen kann sie ohne großen Aufwand als Elektrolyseur betrieben wer-den und somit elektrische Energie zur Speicherung in chemische umwandeln. Im ersten Teil wird versucht, einen umfassenden Überblick über die allgemeinen, elektrischen, chemischen und thermischen Eigenschaften elektroche-mischer Systeme zu geben mit dem Schwerpunkt auf SOFCs und LIBs. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Optimie-rung eines Systems ist die genaue Kenntnis der dabei ablaufenden Prozesse. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit werden Modelle vorgestellt. Der hier gegebene Überblick ist breitgefächert. Aufbauend auf die Standardverfahren für die Charakterisierung elektrochemischer Systeme werden dann Erweiterungen dieser Verfahren vorgeschlagen, die für eine umfassende objektive Charakterisierung benötigt werden. So ist die wahre Zelltemperatur einer SOFC ein schwer zugänglicher Betriebsparameter, der oft nur ungenau bestimmt wird. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass die Reak-


tion, die bei der Wasserstoff-Elektrolyse stattfindet, endotherm ist, hat die Zelltemperatur unter Belastung der Zelle bei der SOEC noch eine viel höhere Relevanz. Aus diesem Grund wird in dieser Arbeit eine Methode entwickelt, mit der die Zelltemperatur ohne zusätzliche Temperatursensoren nur aufgrund des dynamischen Strom-Spannungsverhaltens bestimmt werden kann. Dies wird erreicht über die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Elektrolytwi-derstands. Eine Impedanzmessung bei hoher Frequenz reicht dafür aus. Des Weiteren kann aufgrund der hohen Ansprechgeschwindigkeit dieser Technik die Dynamik der Temperaturänderung in der Zelle untersucht werden. Die Methode wurde mittlerweile für LIBs adaptiert, wobei es sogar möglich ist, den Wärmeeintrag über die Modulierung der hochfrequenten Schwingung zu realisieren. Diese Methode wird Electro-Thermal Impedance Spectroscopy (ETIS) genannt. Außerdem konnte SFEIS erfolgreich für die Untersuchung der dynamischen Widerstandsänderung einer LSC-Nano-Kathode aufgrund eines Gaswechsels angewendet werden. Eine vollständige Charakterisierung eines Systems umfasst den gesamten Frequenzbereich, in dem ein dynamisches Verhalten detektierbar ist. Für SOFCs sind die langsamsten Prozesse noch in einem Bereich, für den die elektrochemische Impedanzspektroskopie (EIS) noch sehr gut geeignet ist. Für LIBs ist dies nicht mehr der Fall, weil hier sehr langsame Prozesse wie die Fest-körperdiffusion auftreten, deren Zeitkonstanten im Sub- Millihertz-Bereich liegen. Dies erschwert eine schnelle und präzise Charakterisierung anhand von EIS. Ein sehr leistungsfähiges Zeitbereichsverfahren wird in dieser Arbeit ent-wickelt, das mit beliebigem Anregungssignal durchgeführt werden kann. Das Impedanzspektrum mit dem hier vorge-stellten Verfahren wird ausschließlich aus den gemessenen Ein-/Ausgangsdaten des Systems berechnet. Es werden keine sonstigen Annahmen getroffen. Im Anschluss an die Herleitung des Verfahrens werden Messergebnisse an einer kommerziellen LIB gezeigt, mit EIS-Messdaten verglichen und diskutiert. ____________________________________________________________ - 190 - Brennstoffzelle - dynamische Optimierung - modellprädiktive Regelung

Development of a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Framework for a PEM Fuel Cell System. Ziogou, Chrysovalantou; Voutetakis, Spyros; Papadopoulou, Simira; Georgiadis, Michael C. In: ESCAPE, European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering, 22, in: Computer aided chemical engi-neering * Band 30 (2012) Seite 1342-1346 (5 Seiten, 3 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59520-1.50127-5 The aim of this work is to demonstrate that nonlinear model based predictive control (NMPC) is a suitable approach for the efficient and optimal operation of a PEM fuel cell system. Thus, a NMPC-based framework is developed struc-tured on a simultaneous full-discretization optimization method which involves the use of orthogonal collocation on finite elements and represents the optimal control problem as a nonlinear programming problem (NLP). The purpose of the framework is to control the system behaviour under a range of operating conditions. Also the performance of the overall scheme is fine-tuned so that the resulting controller can be deployed at an on-line industrial automation environment. Results indicate that the developed NMPC framework exhibits excellent performance characteristics in terms of both computational requirements and convergence rates between successive iterations. Furthermore it is illustrated that the system can follow successfully set point changes of the load demand and compensates errors occurring from sudden disturbances in operating conditions. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________ - 191 - SOFC-Brennstoffzelle - neuronales Netzwerk - prädiktive Regelung

Neural Network Predictive Control of a Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. Hajimolana, S.A.; Hussain, M.A.; Natesan, J.; Tonekaboni Moghaddam, S.M. In: PSE, International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering, 11, in: Computer aided chemical engineering * Band 31 (2012) Seite 390-394 (5 Seiten, 7 Quellen) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59507-2.50070-6 The dynamic behavior and control of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell will be studied in this paper. The effect of fuel/air temperature and pressure will be investigated. Controlling the average stack temperature is the final objective of this study due to a high operating temperature of the system. In this case, temperature fluctuation induces thermal stress in the electrodes and electrolyte ceramics; therefore, the cell temperature distribution should be kept as constant as possible. A mathematical modeling based on first principles is developed. The fuel cell is divided into five subsystems and the factors such as mass/energy/momentum transfer, diffusion through porous media, electrochemical reactions, and polarization losses inside the subsystems are presented. Dynamic fuel-cell-tube temperature responses of the cell to step changes in conditions of the feed streams will be presented. A neural network model predictive controller (NNMPC) is then implemented to control the cell-tube temperature through manipulation of the temperature of the inlet air stream. The results show that the control system can successfully reject unmeasured step changes (distur-bances) in the load resistance. © Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission. ____________________________________________________________


- 192 - nichtrostender ferritischer Stahl - Hochtemperaturbeständigkeit - Kriechbruchfestigkeit

Charakterisierung und großtechnische Herstellung eines ferritischen Chromoxidbildners. Teilprojekt. Ver-bundprojekt: Entwicklung von Höchstleistungswerkstoffen für Hochtemperatur-Wärmeübertrager und Pkw-Abgasanlagen "Ferrit950". Abschlussbericht zum FuE-Förderprojekt durchgeführt im BMBF Rahmenpro-gramm: Werkstoffinnovationen für Industrie und Gesellschaft - WING. Brückner, Gabriele In: BMBF-Forschungsbericht. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung * (2012) Seite 1-33 (33 Seiten, 29 Bil-der, 9 Tabellen), Förderkennzeichen: 03X3520 A http://edok01.tib.uni-hannover.de/edoks/e01fb13/766293327.pdf Innerhalb des FuE-Projektes wurden gemeinsam mit weiteren Partnern neue ferritische Werkstoffe mit extrem hoher Hitzebeständigkeit, Kriechbeständigkeit und sehr guter Weiterverarbeitbarkeit entwickelt, die auf neuartigen Verfesti-gungsprinzipien basieren. Es entstand ein neuer aluminium- und ein neuer chromoxid-bildender Werkstoff, die bis zum halbindustriellen Maßstab hergestellt und verarbeitet sowie umfangreich analysiert wurden. Die neuen Werkstof-fe wurden im weiteren durch Projektpartner sowohl im Automobil- (effizientere Katalysatoren) als auch im Energiebe-reich (Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzellen) in Laborversuchen getestet und verarbeitet. Durch die verbesserten Eigen-schaften der neuen Werkstoffe werden erhebliche Vorteile in Hochtemperaturanwendungen erwartet: So können beispielsweise leistungsfähigere Brennstoffzellen sowie effizientere Katalysatoren für den Fahrzeugbereich herge-stellt werden. Hierdurch ist in entsprechenden Anwendungen eine Reduzierung von CO2-Emissionen und eine Erhö-hung der Energieeffizienz bei der Energieerzeugung möglich. In the framework of the R&D project new ferritic stainless steel grades with outstanding properties concerning heat resistance, creep resistance, formability and weld-ability were developed. The properties of the new grades are based on novel strengthening mechanisms. Two new steel grades, one forming aluminium oxides, the other forming chromium oxides, were produced on a semi-industrial scale. The material was processed to cold rolled and annealed sheets which were then intensively analysed. Both new materials were tested and processed in the laboratories of the project partners for automotive application (effi-cient exhaust system parts) as well as for new high-temperature fuel cells. Due to the improved properties of the new materials a significant advantage for high-temperature applications is expected: For example, the manufacture of highly productive high-temperature fuel cells and more efficient exhaust systems for automotive applications is here-with made possible. In consequence these would lead to a reduction of CO2 emissions. ____________________________________________________________ - 193 - Kohlenstofffaser - Verbundwerkstoff - elektrische Maschine

High-speed kinetic energy buffer: optimization of composite shell and magnetic bearings. Abrahamsson, Johan - E-Mail:[email protected]; Bernhoff, Hans; Hedlund, Magnus; Kamf, Tobias In: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, USA * vol 61 (2014) no 6, p 3012-21, 26 refs. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2013.2259782 This paper presents the design and optimization of a high-speed (30 000 r/min) kinetic energy storage system. The purpose of the device is to function as an energy buffer storing up to 867 Wh, primarily for utility vehicles in urban traffic. The rotor comprises a solid composite shell of carbon and glass fibers in an epoxy matrix, constructed in one curing. The shell is optimized using a combined analytical and numerical approach. The radial stress in the shell is kept compressive by integrating the electric machine, thereby avoiding delamination. Radial centering is achieved through eight active electromagnetic actuators. The actuator geometry is optimized using a direct coupling between SolidWorks, Comsol, and Matlab for maximum force over resistive loss for a given current density. The optimization results in a system with 300% higher current stiffness than the reference geometry with constant flux area, at the ex-pense of 33% higher power loss. The actuators are driven by semipassive H bridges and controlled by an FPGA. Current control at 20 kHz with a noise of less than 5 mA (95% CI) is achieved, allowing position control at 4 kHz to be implemented.. ____________________________________________________________ - 194 - Kraftfahrzeug - Elektroantrieb - Fahrbereich

Reichweite von Elektrofahrzeugen erhoehen - Foerderprojekt IKEBA. Increase the range of electric vehicles - promoted project IKEBA Eckardt, S. In: Elektronik automotive * (2013) Heft 11, Seite 13, 1 Seite Haar bei München: WEKA Fachmedien Die in Elektrofahrzeugen eingesetzten Lithium Ionen Batterien haben noch deutliche Reserven bezueglich der Ener-gieausnutzung und der Energieeinspeisung. Bei optimaler Ausnutzung der Kapazitaeten jeder einzelnen Batteriezelle koennte mehr Ladung eingespeist und auch wieder abgerufen werden. So koennte schon heute die Reichweite von Elektrofahrzeugen erhoeht werden. Zur Realisierung dieses Ziels arbeiten im Foerderprojekt IKEBA die Projektpart-ner ATMEL Automotive, Hella und KIT sowie die Fraunhofer Institute IIS und IZM daran, an der Optimierung der Software und Hardware von Managementsystemen, die die aufladbaren Batterien ueberwachen und regeln. ____________________________________________________________


- 195 - Elektrohybridantrieb - Fahrbatterie - Batteriemanagement

New Ferrari HY-KERS battery and cabin thermal management. Die neue Ferrari HY-KERS Batterie und das thermische Management der Kabine Astorri, F.; Dagognet, R.; Cannizzo, F.; Cardile, E. In: 22.Aachener Kolloquium Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik, Aachen, DE, 07.10.2013-09.10.2013 - Aachener Kollo-quium Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik * (2013) Seite 299-316, 18 Seiten, 12 Diagramme, 2 Graphiken, 4 Fotos Aa-chen: Eurogress Vorstellung des KERS (Kinetic Energy Recovery System) Hochleistungssystems für Hybridfahrzeuge, das in Ferrari Gran Turismo PKW als HY-KERS bekannt ist. Der Beitrag stellt das thermische Management der Hochvoltbatterie in Verbindung mit der Klimaanlage in einem indirekten Layout vor, das Gewicht und Bauraum optimiert. Die thermi-schen Anforderungen und Lastzyklen basieren auf fahrdynamischen Simulationen nach NEDC, EPA City und Ferrari Fiorano Kurs sowie auf Batteriekapazität, Anforderungen des Fahrkomforts und Kuehlanforderungen, die hier bis zu 50% der gesamten installierten Kuehlkapazität entsprechen. Es werden spezielle Algorithmen entwickelt. ____________________________________________________________ - 196 - Elektroantrieb - Kraftfahrzeugelektronik - Norm (Standard)

Conformance-Test fuer IPv4-und IPv6 AUTOSAR-Stacks. IPv4 and IPv6 AUTOSAR-stacks conformance test anonym In: Hanser Automotive * (2013) Heft Sonderbeilage eMobility, Seite 39, 1 Seite, 1 Foto Ingenieure des Fraunhofer ESK haben mit ihrer TCP/IP-Testsuite den Kommunikationsstack MICROSAR IP von Vec-tor Informatik auf RFC-Conformance getestet. Dieser AUTOSAR-Stack wird unter anderem in Elektrofahrzeugen eingesetzt. Der Dual IPv4/IPv6 AUTOSAR-Stack ermoeglicht die Kommunikation zwischen dem Elektrofahrzeug und der Ladestation. Die ISO/IEC 15118 Spezifikation definiert die Kommunikation des Fahrzeugs mit der Ladesaeule und schreibt explizit die Verwendung von IPv6 als Uebertragungsprotokoll vor. Der Test von Fraunhofer stellt sicher, dass der Stack mit jeder denkbaren IP-Gegenstelle kommunizieren kann. ____________________________________________________________ - 197 - Ausbildung - Wettbewerb - Entwicklung

Entwicklung eines Batteriemanagementsystems. Developing of a battery management system Guajardo, R.G.; Maar, J.; Houben, T.; Bens, P. In: ATZ/MTZ-Sonderausgabe * Band 115 (2011) Heft Formula Student Germany, Seite 62-69, 8 Seiten, 2 Graphiken, 7 Fotos Nachdem das Formula Student Electric Team der Universitaet Eindhoven, URE, zwei Jahre lang fuer das Batterie-managementsystem seines Rennwagens die Sammelschienen und einen grossen Teil der Verkabelung handel-sueblich erhaeltliche Produkte eingesetzt hat, beschlossen die Teammitglieder, fuer dieses Jahr ein eigenes System zu entwickeln. Dazu mussten sie genauso viel Zeit fuer die Konzeption und die Konstruktion der Batterie aufbieten wie fuer die folgende Fehlerbehebung. Der Artikel in deutscher und englischer Sprache beschreibt Hauptkomponen-ten, BMS Architektur, Hardware, Hy Board usw. ____________________________________________________________


Schlagwortregister A B Carboxymethylcellulose 039, 049 Ab-Initio-Berechnung 167, 173 Bariumzirkonat 048 Ceroxid 168 Abgasemission 177 batterieelektrisches Fahrzeug 085 Chelatierhilfsmittel 131 Abgaskatalysatoranlage 192 Batteriekapazität 032, 123 chemische Eigenschaft 075 Ableitvermögen 006, 017, 031, Batteriemanagement 084, 085, chemische Oxidation 078, 156 045, 051, 055, 107, 145, 156 091, 092, 123, 194, 195 chemische Reaktion 102 Acetat 144 Batterieprüfgerät 180 chemische Reduktion 097, 112 Acetonitril 062 Bedrucken 016 chemische Struktur 156 Acetylen 065 Befeuchter 090 chemische Synthese 112, 137, Acrylat 106 Beladungszustand 182 144, 187 Adhäsion 057, 072, 113 Belastungsbereich 095 chemische Wechselwirkung 150 Adsorption 188 Belüftung 188 chemische Zusammensetzung 074, Aerosol 072 Benzol 105 137 Aerosolabscheidung 072 Benzolverbindung 106 chemischer Abbau 074 Agglomerieren 042 Beschichtung (Überzug) 009, 159, Chinone 080 Aggregation 112 Beschichtungsverfahren 104, 131, Chrom 057, 140 Akku 086 Beständigkeit 097 Chromoxid 192 aktives Zentrum 093, 102 Betriebsbedingung 002, 024, 027, CO2-Emission 128 Aktivierungspotenzial 176 029, 037, 077, 190 Cobalt 008, 052, 075, 102, 145 Aktivkohle 054, 063, 065, 082, Betriebsbereich 041, 184 Cobaltlegierung 150 146 Betriebsfestigkeit 148, 158 Cobaltoxid 008, 030, 038, 053, Al2O3 035 Betriebskennzahlen 041 056, 115, 124, 126, 155, 172, Alkalimetallion 007 Betriebsparameter 027, 092 178 alkalisches Medium 183 Betriebstemperatur 077, 186 Cobaltphosphat 173 Alkylgruppe 119 Betriebswasser 077 Computer-Modell 036 Aluminium 044, 049 Betriebszustand 002, 024, 027, Computer-Simulation 035 Aluminiumbeschichten 049 029, 190 Computertomographie 022 Aluminiumfolie 049 Beugung (Strahl) 053 Copolymer 014, 105 Aluminiumlötmittel 008 Bewegungsgleichung 037 CrNi-Stahl 185 Aluminiumoxid 155, 192 biaxiale Beanspruchung 182 CrNiMo-Stahl 185 Amide 108 bifunktioneller Katalysator 133 Cyanid 121 Ammonium 156 bimetallischer Katalysator 097 amorphe dünne Schicht 109 binäres Gemisch 173 D amorphe Legierung 122 biologische Brennstoffzelle 110 Dampfdruck (Mechanik) 120 amorphes Silicium 182 Biomasse 188 Darstellungsmethode 004, 054 Amplitude 123 Bipolarelektrode 122 Datenanalyse 174 Anatas 017, 050, 146 Blasdüse 143 Datenerfassungssystem 149 Anfahren 103 Blindleistung 182 Dauerhaftigkeit 117 Anhydrid 135 Bor 165 DC-DC-Konverter 021 Anion 108 Borate 009, 136 Dehnung 182 Anionenaustausch 132, 165 Borverbindung 136 Dendrimer 130 Anisotropie 035 Borzusatz 122 Dendrit 069 Anode 033, 056, 154, 186 Brandgefahr 162 Diacetat 014 Anodenmaterial 007, 020, 033, Brenngas 066, 186 Dichte (Masse) 145 056, 124, 160, 167, 170, 182 Brennkraftmaschine 166 Dichte-Funktional-Theorie 173 Anodenwerkstoff 017, 031, 034, Brennstoffzelle 003, 021, 058, Dichteänderung 083 053, 054, 112, 113, 152 059, 069, 074, 087, 095, 119, Dichtefunktionaltheorie 047 anodische Oxidation 120 120, 121, 132, 135, 142, 143, Dichtefunktionstheorie 167 anodisches Oxid 017 148, 149, 154, 161, 165, 166, Dickenmessung 115 anorganische Faser 137 175, 183, 184, 186, 188, 190 Dieselmotor 177 anorganische Säuren 080 Brennstoffzellenantrieb 184, 190 Diethylcarbonat 136 Antriebsmotor 085 Brennstoffzellenstapel 001, 090, Diffusion 020, 032, 151, 170, Antriebsstrang 021 148 171, 172, 191 Applikationsentwicklung 187 Brownmilleritstruktur 018 Diffusionskoeffizient 034, 055, Arbeitsbedingung 001 Bruchfläche 151 114, 174 Arbeitsstoff 039, 040, 065, 147 bruchmechanische Prüfung 158 Diffusionsprofil 020 Arbeitstemperatur 032, 103, 191 Bruchverhalten 151, 169 Diffusionsschicht 066 Arrheniusgleichung 174 Bruchverlauf 035 Diffusivität 020, 113 Aspektverhältnis 016, 027 Bruchzähigkeit 169 Dimethylether 120 asymptotische Stabilität 041 Butylester 014 Direktmethanolbrennstoffzelle 002, Atmosphäre 018 024, 036, 098, 100, 133, 149, Atomschichtabscheidung 017, 035, C 154 Aufkohlung 142 Calcinieren 033, 046, 137, 138 Doppelschichtkondensator 062, Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit 136 Carbonatbildung 056 176 Ausbildung 197 Carbonatschicht 028, 049 Dotierung (Fremdatomzusatz) 152 Ausgangsleistung 123 Carbonfaser 099 Dotierungsmittel 168 Auslegungsparameter 177 Carbongehalt 106 dreidimensionale Struktur 004 Ausscheidungsprodukt 038 Carbonisieren 109 dreidimensionales Modell 171 austenitischer Stahl 185 Carbonsäuren 029 Druckabfall 059 automatisches Getriebe 021 Carbonylgruppe 080 Druckbeanspruchung 182 Carbothermie 163 Druckverfahren (graphische Carboxylgruppe 029 Technik) 043


Druckverlust 060 elektrochemischer Katalysator 069, entscheidender Erfolgsfaktor 011 dünne Schicht 049, 141 elektrochemischer Reaktor 151 Entscheidungsfindung 010 Dünnfilm 125, 127 elektrochemisches Messverfahren Entscheidungsmodell 010 Dünnschicht 145 097 Entwässern (Verfahrenstechnik) Durchfluss 143 elektrochemisches Verfahren 114 077 Dynamikexpansion 035, 054 Elektrode 004, 005, 008, 012, Entwicklung 197 dynamische Charakteristik 002 016, 018, 019, 025, 027, 031, Entwicklungstrend 075 dynamische Last 002, 084 035, 045, 049, 050, 053, 054, Enzym-Engineering 110 dynamische Optimierung 184, 190, 062, 065, 080, 096, 113, 132, Epitaxialschicht 131 dynamische Prüfung 180 140, 142, 144, 163, 164, 169, Ersatzschaltung 013, 084, 107 dynamische Simulation 024 171, 172, 176, 181, 183, 191 erzwungene Strömung 094 dynamisches Modell 001 Elektrodenfertigung 049 Ethanol 175 dynamisches Verhalten 015, 191 Elektrodenoberfläche 118 Ethylencarbonat 016, 125, 136 Elektrodenwerkstoff 046, 050, Ethylenglykol 112 E 078, 081, 082, 083, 106, 109, evolutionärer Algorithmus 003 Echtzeit 024 110, 115, 126, 137, 139, 140, experimentelle Daten 003, 006, Eigenschaftsoptimierung 137, 187, 145, 167, 172, 179, 187 015, 032, 066, 076 Eindrückung 178 Elektrofahrzeug 015, 040, 058, experimentelle Untersuchung 059, Einkristall 055 061, 079, 084, 085, 092, 123, 090, 188 Einlagerung (Substitution) 163 128, 158, 180, 193 Einsatzbereich 090 Elektrohybridantrieb 195 F Einzelpartikel 171 Elektrokatalysator 093, 097, 102, Fahrbatterie 195, 196 Eisen 047 150, 183 Fahrbedingung (Landfahrzeug) Eisenchlorid 176 Elektrokatalyse 069, 175 015 Eisenlegierung 150 Elektrokinetik 107 Fahrbereich 194 Eisenoxid 115, 126, 163, 178 Elektrolyse 186 Fahrerverhalten 079 Eisenphosphat 133 Elektrolysezelle 189 Fahrverhalten 079 elastische Konstante (Kristallgitter) Elektrolyt 005, 006, 008, 009, Fahrzeugdynamik 058 167 012, 016, 018, 030, 032, 044, Fahrzeugelektrik 071 Elastizitätsmodul 178 045, 046, 048, 059, 061, 063, Fahrzeugfahrversuch 177, 180 Elastoplastizität 170 065, 072, 076, 095, 096, 108, Fahrzeugheizung 128 elektrische Batterie 015 117, 118, 125, 127, 132, 136, Fahrzeugklimaanlage 195 elektrische Eigenschaft 141, 142, 139, 140, 141, 144, 146, 157, Fahrzeugtest 180 168 164, 168, 183, 187, 189 Fahrzyklus 015 elektrische Kapazität 112 Elektrolytkonzentration 032, 063 Fallstudie 010 elektrische Komponente 091 elektromagnetische Störung 021 Fermi-Niveau 083 elektrische Leistung 058 Elektromobilität 187 ferritischer nicht rostender Stahl elektrische Leitfähigkeit 017, 034, Elektromotor 177 140 057, 113, 115, 142, 179 Elektron 054, 120, 144, 183 feste Lösung 173, 175 elektrische Maschine 193 Elektronenleitung 034, 099, 132, feste Säure 087 elektrische Polarisation 107 152 Festelektrolyt 035, 043, 065, 104, elektrischer Kontakt 057 Elektronenmikroskop 055, 065, fester Zustand 034 elektrisches Feld 048 159 Festoxidbrennstoffzelle 004, 012, Elektrizität 058 Elektronenmikroskopie 004, 017, 018, 041, 048, 068, 131, 139, Elektroantrieb 194, 196, 197 028, 042, 053, 061, 074, 078, 140, 151, 168, 178, 189 Elektroauto 086, 088 137 Feuchtegehalt 154 Elektrobus 010 Elektronentransfer 046, 056 Feuchtezustand 074 Elektrochemie 005, 044, 045, 051, Elektronenübergang 133 Feuerungstechnik 166 061, 133, 146, 182 elektronische Struktur 167 Filmdicke 169 elektrochemische Analyse 072, Elektropolymerisation 127 Filz 099 137 elektrostatisches Spinnen 064, Finite-Elemente-Analyse 020 elektrochemische Batterie 114, 137 Finite-Elemente-Methode 016, 178, 124, 125, 126 Ellipsoid 171 184, 190 elektrochemische Eigenschaft 005, Emissionsminderung 089, 128 Finite-Elemente-Simulation 170 053, 054, 056, 078, 106, 127, energetisches Material 144 Flächendichte 172 144, 152, 156, 160 Energiedichte 005, 073, 092, 096, flexibler Überzug 179 elektrochemische Energie 056 114, 165, 173 Flugzeugbordnetz 162 elektrochemische Energiedirektumwandlung 166 Fluor 008, 067, 135 Impedanzspektrometrie 076, 107, energiedispersive Fluoreszenz 118 119, 163, 189 Röntgenspektrometrie 116, 145 Fluorit (Mineral) 135 elektrochemische Energieeffizienz 058 Fluorpolymer 130 Impedanzspektroskopie 025, 028, Energieeinsatz 027 flüssiger Brennstoff 120 122, 127, 159, 160, 181 Energiemanagement 058, 091 flüssiger Zustand 106 elektrochemische Oxidation 183 Energiespeicher 021, 167 Fluten 103 elektrochemische Reaktion 161 Energiespeicherung 004, 007, Folie 145 elektrochemische Überspannung 073, 145, 146 Formaldehyd 120 093 Energieverbrauch 086, 128, 165 Forschung und Entwicklung 085 elektrochemische Zelle 043, 106, Entladen (Elektrizität) 080 Forschungsbericht 187 107, 118 Entladungscharakteristik 025, 180, Fourier-Transform- elektrochemischer Entladungskennlinie 028, 052, 107, Infrarotspektroskopie 061 Doppelschichtkondensator 065, 110, 116, 126, 181 freie Energie 166 081, 082, 083, 179 Entmischung 150, 171 Frenkel-Defekt 174


FTIR-Spektroskopie 105, 118, 119, Hilfsmotor 089 J Funktionalisierung 129 Histidin 098 Jahn-Teller-Effekt 116 funktionelle Gruppe 080, 087 hochauflösende Japan 075 Funktionsgradientenwerkstoff 160, Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie Fuzzy-Regelung 024 053, 055, 163 K Fuzzy-Regler 024 hochauflösendes Kalorimetrie 095 Transmissionselektronenmikroskop Kaltstart 111 G 053, 055, 163 Kaltstartverhalten 103 galvanische Abscheidung 145 Hochdruck (Mechanik) 059 Kapazität (galvanisches Element) galvanische Batterie 079 Hochdurchsatz-Screening 173 071, 096, 144, 145, 152, 155 galvanische Sekundärbatterie 092 Hochenergie 014, 016, 029, 040, Kapazität (Kondensator) 005, 062, Gas 090 043, 052, 054, 061, 062, 146, 064, 078, 080, 081, 082, 083, Gas-Flüssigkeit-Grenzschicht 152 147, 165, 166 106, 114, 125, 127, 147, 179 Gas-Flüssigkeit-Reaktion 152 Hochenergiebatterie 158 Kapazitäts-Spannungs-Kennlinie Gasdiffusion 066, 067, 074, 077, Hochfrequenz 123 116, 117, 118, 126 093, 099, 101, 103, 111, 119 Hochspannung 030, 040 Katalase 110 Gasdruck 077 Hochtemperatur 022, 033, 121, Katalysatoraktivität 102 Gasgemisch 186 140, 141, 161, 186 Katalysatoroberfläche 161 Gaspermeabilität 099 Hochtemperaturbeständigkeit 192 Katalysatorträger 069, 093 Gasseparation 151 Hochtemperaturbrennstoffzelle Katalysatorvergiftung 186 Gasströmung 142 042, 076, 135, 141, 192 Katalyse 110 Gaszusammensetzung 076 Hochtemperaturreaktion 028 katalytische Aktivität 097, 121, Gebäudeheizung 128 homogene Mischung 135 133, 183 Gebäudemanagement 128 Homogenität 068, 186 katalytische Eigenschaft 141 gedruckte Batterie 016 Hybridantrieb 089, 177 Kathode 028, 088, 093, 099, 117, gefährlicher Stoff 162 Hybridfahrzeug 040, 092 121, 164 Gefrieren 111 Hybridverbundwerkstoff 146 Kathodenwerkstoff 009, 018, 025, Gefrierpunkt 111 Hydrat 031 028, 030, 040, 055, 096, 107, Gefügeänderung 017 Hydratation 095 114, 116, 125, 138, 156, 159, Gegenströmung 186 Hydrodynamik 059 173 Gehalt (Zusammensetzung) 161 Hydrolyse 120 kathodische Polarisation 131, 164 Gel 005, 087 hydrophile Eigenschaft 129 Kation 108, 165 geometrische Eigenschaft 115 hydrophile Oberfläche 122 Keimbildung 113 geometrische Größe 059 Hydrophobizität 074 Keramik 043, 168 geometrischer Parameter 066 hydrothermale Reaktion 147 Keramikfaser 137 Geräteentwicklung 027 hydrothermale Synthese 056 Keramikmembran 151 Gerätesicherheit 162 Hydroxylgruppe 080 Kern-Mantel-Struktur 056 Germanium 125 Hysterese 019 Kern-Schale-Verbundwerkstoff Gewichtsverlust 135, 142 109, 138 Gewichtung 084 I Kerosin 186 Gitterparameter 034 Imidazol 011, 098 Keton 011, 029 Glasfaser 193 Impedanzmessung 042, 136 Kinetik 035 Glaskeramik 043 Impedanzspektrometrie 159 Kinetik der Reformierung 076 gleichförmige Strömung 059 Impedanzspektroskopie 084 kinetischer Parameter 183 Gleichstrom 048 Imprägnierung 131, 140 Klimakammer 111 Gleitwiderstand 169 Impulserwärmung 123 Kohleelektrode 052 Glucose 110 Impulsgleichung 037 Kohlendioxidminderung 102 Glucoseoxidase 110 In-Situ-Messung 157 Kohlenmonoxid 133, 161, 186 Gradientenmethode 151 In-Situ-Polymerisation 014 Kohlensäuredimethylester 016 Granulat 078 Induktionsspule 021 Kohlenstoff 026, 038, 049, 052, Graphen 008, 050, 083, 100, Induktor (Elektrotechnik) 021 059, 063, 069, 081, 082, 109, 112, 146, 147, 152 Informationstechnik 085 121, 159, 163, 181 Graphit 039, 061, 115, 122, 132, Infrarotspektroskopie 074, 156 Kohlenstofffaser 193 153 Inkorporierung 018, 095, 100 Kohlenstoffnanofaser 064, 080, Graphitanode 019, 043 integrierter Schaltkreis 154 179 Graphitisierung 082 Interkalation 007, 144, 171, 173 Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen 019, Grenzfläche 167, 169 Ionenaustauschkapazität 098, 100, 110 Grenzflächeneinfluss 009 105 Kohlenstoffnanoröhre 026, 034, Grenzflächenreaktion 118 Ionenaustauschmembran 119 098, 155 Grenzschicht 037 Ionenbindung 129 Kohlenstoffsäure 030 Grenzstrom 048, 094, 103 Ionenkanal 035 Kommerzialisierung 166 Größeneffekt 019, 150 Ionenleitfähigkeit 014, 045, 068, Kommunikationstechnik 085 Grundmaterial 137 105, 119, 127, 168, 187 komplexes System 084 Grundwerkstoff 040 Ionenleitung 005, 174 Komposit 008, 009, 019, 025, Ionentransport (physiologisch) 046, 042, 050, 054, 065, 095, 108, H 063, 132 139, 140, 142, 146, 153, 163, Halogenid 108 ionische Flüssigkeit 108, 127 164 Härte 178 Ionomer 119 Kompositmembran 095, 098, 100 heterocyklische Verbindungen 011, Iridiumlegierung 150 Kompressionskältemaschine 195 Heterogenität 067 isolierende Dünnschicht 117 Kondensation 135 Heterostruktur 050 Isolierschicht 117 Kondensator (elektrisch) 021, 065, HF-Plasma 160 Isomerisation 121 080


Kondenswasser 103 Lebensdauer 071, 079 Luftfahrzeug 073 Konsumelektronik 075 Lebensdauerprüfung 052, 139 Luftpumpe 143 Kontaktfläche 103, 178 Lebenszyklus 010 Lufttemperatur 191 kontaktloses Messverfahren 074 Lebenszyklusbewertung 010 Lyapunov-Methode 041 Kontaktwerkstoff 057 Leerlaufspannung 114, 154, 180 Kontaktwiderstand 057, 066, 115, Leerstelle im Kristallgitter 174 M Konzentrat 002 Legierung 145 Magnesium 099, 168 Konzentrationseinfluss 002, 106, Leistungsbedarf 058 Magnesium-Luft-Brennstoffzelle 167, 170, 182 Leistungsdichte 012, 040, 062, 099 Konzentrationsprofil 041 072, 093, 098, 119, 121, 131, Magnesiumfluorid 174 konzentrierte Parameter 041 134, 141 Magnesiumphosphat 173 Korngrenze 104 Leistungseintrag 024 magnetische Kernresonanz 105 Korngröße 048 Leistungselektronik 085 Magnetit 054 Korrosion 049, 102 Leistungssteigerung 090, 187 Magnetlager 193 Korrosionsermüdung 148 Leistungsteiler 092 Makropore 038 Korrosionsprodukt 140 Leistungsverlust 059 Maleinsäureanhydrid 181 Korrosionsschutzschicht 122 Leistungsversuch 153 Mangan 051, 052, 061, 147 Kostenanalyse 027 Leitfähigkeitsmessung 135, 136 Manganit 004 Kosteneinsparung 163 Li4Ti5O12 045 Manganosit 116 Kostenfunktion 058 LiFePO4 045, 108, 114, 159, 181, Manganoxid 019, 051, 065, 115, Kostenreduktion 027 Ligament 175 116, 118, 124, 147, 172 Kraftfahrzeug 194 Ligand 121, 136 Manganverbindung 144 Kraftfahrzeugbatterie 177, 197 Linearpolymer 130 Markov-Prozess 010 Kraftfahrzeugbordnetz 058 Lithium 007, 008, 009, 014, 015, Massenproduktion 120 Kraftfahrzeugelektronik 196 016, 017, 023, 025, 030, 031, Massestrom 090 Kraftrad 085 033, 039, 044, 047, 050, 052, Materialausnutzung 016 Kraftstoffverbrauch 058, 089, 053, 054, 055, 061, 062, 096, Materialeigenschaft 052, 187 177 104, 107, 155, 156, 163, 169, Materialfluss 075 Kraftstoffzufuhr 036 171 mathematische Modellierung 177 Kraftverstärkung 172 Lithium-Eisenphosphat 015 mechanische Beanspruchung 158, Kreuzstrom 094, 111 Lithium-Eisenphosphat-Akkumulator mechanische Eigenschaft 070, Kriechbruchfestigkeit 192 015, 091 178, 185 Kristallinität 055 Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator 004, mechanische Festigkeit 151 Kristallmorphologie 102, 157 009, 013, 014, 019, 020, 022, mechanische Spannung 151, 171 Kristallphase 102, 125 023, 025, 030, 031, 032, 033, Meerrettichperoxidase 110 Kristallqualität 017 035, 039, 043, 044, 045, 046, mehrwandiges Kristallstruktur 116 047, 049, 050, 052, 054, 055, Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen 160 Kristallwachstum 033 056, 106, 115, 116, 123, 137, Membran 029, 037, 130, 151 Kristallzüchtung 033 171, 187 Membranelektrode 077 kritische Eigenschaft 099 Lithium-Ionen-Batterie 194 Membranleistung 087 kritischer Wert 169 Lithiumbatterie 006, 007, 016, Membranzelle 119 Krümmung 004, 067 034, 038, 053, 054, 084, 088, Messergebnis 071 kubische Struktur 033, 053 091, 096, 104, 108, 136, 162, Messverfahren 115 Kühlanlage 195 167 Metabolismus 188 Kühlsystemkenngröße 195 Lithiumcarbonat 033 Metalle 016, 072, 075, 104, 154 Kühlsystemregelung 195 Lithiumeisenphosphat 159 metallisches Glas 122 Kühlung 186 Lithiumiodid 174 Metalloxid 035 Kupfer 136, 145 Lithiumion 013, 015, 019, 020, Metallpulver 155 Kupferlegierung 150 022, 026, 030, 032, 033, 034, Methanol 002, 024, 036, 120, Kupfernitrat 031 035, 046, 047, 049, 050, 054, 129, 154 Kurzschluss 022, 023, 044 055, 056, 144, 156, 171 Methanoloxidation 069 Kurzschlussprüfung 180 Lithiumionen-Akkumulator 155, 157, Methode der kleinsten Quadrate Kurztest 044 Lithiumionenakkumulator 189 013, 084 Lithiumionenbatterie 008, 010, 016, Methylenblau 005 L 017, 026, 034, 040, 053, 075, Mikroalge 188 Ladegerät 196 089, 107, 109, 112, 113, 114, Mikroanalyse 057 Ladekennlinie 196 117, 118, 138, 144, 145, 152, Mikrogefüge 178 Ladestrom 196 159, 160, 169, 170, 172, 173, Mikrogravität 149 Ladungsmessung 053 174, 181, 182 Mikrohohlkugel 097 Ladungsspeicherung 083 Lithiumoxid 016, 088, 115, 116, Mikrokanal 153 Ladungstransport (elektrische 118, 172 Mikromaßstab 012 Ladung) 132 Lithiumphosphat 159, 181 Mikropartikel 051 Ladungsübertragung 005, 043, Lithiumsulfat 063, 174 Mikropumpe 143 051, 138, 183 Lithiumsulfid 063 Mikrosphäre 138 Ladungswechsel 038, 081 Lithiumtitanat 034, 046 Mikrostruktur 004, 042, 066, 095, Landschaft 086 Lithiumverbindung 106, 136, 138, 150, 152, 168, 172 Langzeitstabilität 096, 155 144 Mikrosystem 165 Langzeitverhalten 127, 131 Lithiumzusatz 167, 182 Mikrowaage 051 Lanthan 004, 057 Lösungsmittel 039, 045, 049, 087, Mischungsenthalpie 173 Lanthanoxid 178 108 Mittelporosität 046, 081 Lanthanverbindung 131, 139 Luft (gasförmiger Stoff) 099 mobiles Gerät 165 Laufzeit 011 Luftdruck 111 Mobiltelefon 075


modellbasierte Regelung 190 Niedrigtemperatur 123 Phasengrenze 164 Modellbildung 186 Nitrat 108 Phasenmodell 150 modellprädiktive Regelung 184, NMR-Spektroskopie 119 Phasenstruktur 057 190 Norm (Standard) 196 Phasentrennung 171 Modellsimulation 177, 189 Notstromversorgungsanlage 186 Phasenübergang 126 Modelluntersuchung 016, 044 numerische Methode 170 Phasenumwandlung 017, 033, Molekularbewegung 011 numerische Modellierung 132, 171, 052, 150 Molekulardynamik 068, 167, 170, numerische Simulation 171 Phenylen 062 174, 182 numerische Strömungssimulation Phenylgruppe 070 molekulare Simulation 068, 174 037, 059, 186 Phosphat 015, 030, 124 molekularer Sauerstoff 102 Nutzenergie 058 Phosphin 065, 135 monodisperse Partikel 112 Nutzleistung 002 Phosphonsäure 087 Monomer 014 Phosphor 064, 065 Morphologie (Körper) 152 O phosphorige Säure 087 Motor mit innerer Verbrennung 166, Oberflächenanalyse 061 Phosphorsäure 064, 087, 105, motorischer Wirkungsgrad 177 Oberflächenenergie 150 135 Mutation 003 Oberflächenmorphologie 031, 053, Phosphorzusatz 122 055, 099, 107, 116 Photobioreaktor 188 N Oberflächenreinigung 117 Photoelektronenspektroskopie 061, Nafion 098 Oberflächenschicht 061, 118 083, 152, 156 Nano-Cluster 046 Oberflächenstruktur 115 physikalisch-chemische Nanodraht 056, 167 offene Zelle 141 Eigenschaft 081 Nanofaser 080, 137 Ohmscher Widerstand 057, 139 physikalische Eigenschaft 095, Nanofolie 081, 083, 147 Online-Regelung 184 142 Nanohärteeindruck 178 optimale Regelung 184, 190 physiologische Lösung 110 Nanokomposit 063, 098, 112, 129, Ordnungsreduktion 084 piezoelektrischer Aktor 143 152, 160 organische Fluorverbindung 125 Pkw (Personenkraftwagen) 128 Nanomaterialien 053 organischer Elektrolyt 014, 062, Plastizität 170 Nanopartikel 019, 038, 053, 082, 096 Platin 093, 120, 133 087, 095, 097, 112, 134, 146, organischer Werkstoff 106 Platinelektrode 154, 183 150, 152, 176, 179 Organosilan 100 Platinlegierung 150, 183 Nanoporosität 157 orthorhombische Struktur 018, 033, Polarisationskurve 110 Nanoröhre 017, 050 Oxalate 144 Polyacrylnitril 064 Nanoschicht 159 Oxicarbid 020 Polyanilin 078, 081, 127, 180 Nanostäbchen 113 Oxid 004, 007, 012, 041, 042, Polybenzimidazol 070, 135 Nanostruktur 035, 050, 078, 082, 045, 050, 056, 057, 061, 068, Polydispersität 172 134, 150, 167 076, 141, 146, 147, 191 Polyelektrolyt 098, 135 Nanostrukturierung 053 Oxidation 096, 110, 118, 120, Polyetheretherketon 070, 100, Nanotechnik 137 134, 175, 183 129 Nassoxidation 080 Oxidationsbeständigkeit 070 Polyetherketon 130 Natrium 007, 028, 033, 039, 049, Oxidationsmittel 176 Polyimid 007 Natriumborhydrid 183 Oxidationsreaktion 112 Polymer 016, 087, 135 Natriumcarbonat 033 Oxidkeramik 144, 178 Polymerelektrolyt 005, 014, 095, Natriumion 033, 114, 124, 125, Oxidschichtausbildung 192 103, 132, 134, 135, 150, 186 126 Polymerelektrolytmembran 101, Natriumoxid 114, 124, 126 P 111, 184 Nebenprodukt 094, 111, 154 Palladium 097, 175 Polymerelektrolytmembran- Nebenreaktion 096 Parallelströmung 059, 094, 111 Brennstoffzelle 090, 188 negative Elektrode 046, 052, 061, Parallelstruktur 177 Polymerelektrolytmembranbrennstof 065, 125, 145, 147 paramagnetische Resonanz 144 fzelle 037, 077, 087, 091, 094, Nennleistung 019, 025, 043, 045 Parameteroptimierung 003 101, 102, 111, 134, 150, 166 Netzmodell 191 Partikelabscheidung 054 Polymerfilm 135 Neuentwicklung 187 Partikelgröße 019, 031, 063, 106, Polymerisation 014 neuronales Netzwerk 191 112, 150, 159 Polymermembran 154 nichtlineare Programmierung 184, Partikelgrößenverteilung 063, 144, Polymermischung 070, 130 190 172 Polyoxymethylen 120 nichtlineare Regelung 058 Partikelmorphologie 069 Polypyrrol 051, 176 nichtrostender ferritischer Stahl Partikeltrennung 116 Polysulfid 063 192 Passivierung 117 Polysulfon 119 nichtrostender Stahl 148 PEM-Brennstoffzelle 001, 066, Polytetrafluorethylen 066 Nickel 008, 042, 056, 082, 147 067, 103, 105, 122, 161, 190 Polythiophen 047 Nickel-Chrom-Legierung 122 PEM-Membran 098, 100, 105, 132, Polyvinylalkohol 005 Nickelhydroxid 147 161 Polyvinylpyrrolidon 005, 055 Nickellegierung 150 Perchlorat 062, 108 Porendiffusion 094 Nickeloxid 056, 116, 118, 124, Permeat 132 Porendurchmesser 046, 069, 103, 172 Perowskit 018, 057, 068, 141 Porengröße 063, 081, 175 Nickelphosphat 173 Perowskitstruktur 151 Porengrößenverteilung 063 Niederenergie 146 Peroxidase 110 Porenstruktur 178 Niedertemperatur 045, 055, 072, Peroxide 088, 102 poröse Schicht 101, 178 112, 140, 165 Personenkraftwagen 177 poröser Werkstoff 172 niedrige Kosten 021, 040, 069, Persulfat 156 poröses Material 082, 083, 115 096, 183 pH-Wert 131 poröses Medium 059, 066, 076


poröses Metall 002 Reynolds-Zahl 059 Silicate 065 poröses Silicium 154 Rietveld-Gefügefeinung 034 Silicium 109, 113, 167, 169, 170 Porosität 067, 113 Riss (Werkstofffehler) 101 Siliciumdioxid 129 positive Elektrode 039, 052, 061, Rissausbildung 169 Siliciumgermanid 113 065, 108, 118, 124, 126, 147, Rissausbreitung 169 Simulationsmodell 182 171 Rissbildung 104 simuliertes Ergebnis 015, 032, potenzielle Energie 016 Rissdichte 101 060, 076 Prädiktion 076 robuste Regelung 091 Sintertemperatur 178 prädiktive Regelung 191 Rohrkonstruktion 191 Skelett 140 Präsentationssystem 051 Rohstoff 031 SnO2 095, 112, 134, 160 Precursor 144 Röntgenabsorptions- SOFC-Brennstoffzelle 057, 072, Preisentwicklung 185 Feinstrukturanalyse 124, 125 164, 191 Propylencarbonat 016 Röntgenbeugung 114, 116, 117, Software-Paket 076, 170 Proton (Physik) 011 124, 125, 126 Sojabohne 069 Protonenaustauschmembran- Röntgendiffraktion 034, 055, 078, Sol-Gel 131 Brennstoffzelle 070, 129, 130 144, 160, 163 Solarenergie 073 Protonenaustauschmembranbrenns Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskop Sonnenstrahlung 073 toffzelle 003, 011, 074, 093, 095, ie 064, 074, 080, 152 Spannung (elektrisch) 007, 009, 097, 153 Röntgenpulverbeugung 159 013, 019, 021, 023, 036, 042, Protonenleitfähigkeit 011, 070, Röntgenstrahl 004 050, 052, 060, 141, 154, 180, 087, 093, 095, 098, 100, 129, Röntgentomographie 004, 172 181 130 rostfreier Stahl 077 Spannungs-Dehnungs-Verhalten Prototypentwicklung 085, 187 Rückmeldezeit 083 170 Prozessführung 137 Rückschlagventil 143 Spannungsbereich (elektrisch) 052, Prüfbedingung 014 Ruthenium 120 146 Prüfgerät 071, 149 Spannungsgang 084 Prüfstandsversuch 177 S Spannungszustand 182 Prüfstück 149 Salzschmelze 108 Speichersystem 027 Prüfverfahren 071, 148 Sauerstoff 006, 018, 047, 068, Spektrophotometrie 110 Pt-Katalysator 097 080, 097, 107, 134, 151, 154, Spektroskopie 047 PTFE (Polytetrafluorethylen) 077, 188 Sperrstrom 139 099 Sauerstoff- spezifische Oberfläche 069, 081, Pulverisierung 054 Hochgeschwindigkeitsspritzen 122, 082, 133, 181 Pulversprühen 141 SCADA-System 184 spezifischer Widerstand 142, 181, Schadensursache 162 Spinell 033, 116, 140 Q Schadensursachenforschung 162, Spinellstruktur 034, 144 quantitative Analyse 101 Schalentragwerk 056 Spitzenwert 001 Quarz 051 Schaltnetzteil 021 Sportwagen 195 Quervernetzung 119 Schaumstoff 176 Spritztechnik 057 Schichtablösung 139 Sprühpyrolyse 042 R Schichtdicke 115, 178 Sputterabscheidung 125 Radiographie 101 Schichtstruktur 047, 144 Sputtern 113 Raman-Spektroskopie 050 Schiffsdieselmotor 089 Stahlsubstrat 169 Raman-Spektrum 118 schmelzflüssiger Zustand 011 Stärke (Polysaccharid) 159 Randbedingung 170 Schmelzpunkt 011 Starkstrom 103, 136, 179 Rasterelektronenmikroskop 118 schnelle Fertigung 145 Starterbatterie 071 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie 106, Schrittspannung 021 stationärer Zustand 001 107, 110, 115, 116, 117, 125, Schubboot 089 statistische Analyse 036 145, 151, 152, 159, 160, 163, Schubfahrt 089 Steuerungssystem 191 172 Schubschiff 089 Steuerwerk 021 Rasterkraftmikroskopie 126, 145 Schubschifffahrt 089 Stickstoff 064, 069, 102, 109, Raumfähre 188 Schwachstrom 139, 156, 175 142, 152 Raumgruppe 034 schwarzer Körper 048 Stickstoffoxidemission 177 räumliche Verteilung 004, 170 Schwefel 063 Stöchiometrie 036, 173 Raumtemperatur 009, 063, 121, Schwefelsäure 105, 127 Störstellendichte 083 123, 126, 138, 182 Schweiz 086 Störstellenleitfähigkeit 034 Reaktionskinetik 032 Schwingfestigkeit 148 Strahlung 048 Reaktionsmechanismus 076 Schwungrad 193 Streckgrenze 182 Reaktivität (Reaktionsfähigkeit) 057, Seitengruppe 070 Strom-Spannungs-Charakteristik Rechenelement 186 Sekundärbatterie 007, 073, 136, 122 rechnerisches Ergebnis 036 156 Stromabnehmer (Kollektor) 002, Recycling-Gerät 075 Selbstoptimierung 092 019, 026, 044, 049, 113, 115, Redox-Reaktion 124 Selenid 102 145 Reduktionsverfahren 163 Separator 027 Stromdichte 005, 032, 037, 048, reduzierende Atmosphäre 151 Sicherheitsgurtversuch 023 094, 103, 104, 111, 122, 127, Regelungsentwurf 091 Sicherheitstechnik 158 134, 136, 152, 176, 179 Reinstwasser 120 Sicherheitsvorschrift 162 Stromnetz 036, 058 Rekonstruktion 067, 172 Sicherheitswesen 158 Strömung 027, 029, 051, 060, relative Feuchtigkeit 037, 077 sichtbares Spektrum 110 075, 094, 143 Relaxationszeit 020 Silber 164 Strömungsfeld 037, 059, 094, Rennwagen 197 Silberoxid 164 111, 153 Retentionsverhältnis 064 Silberphosphat 173 Strömungsfunktion 060


Strömungskanal 027, 103, 153 Titanat 017 070, 129, 130, 173 Strömungskenngröße 037 Titancarbid 096 Wärmeentwicklung 188 Strömungsrichtung 090 Titanoxid 152 Wärmeerzeugung 015 Strömungssimulation 067 Titration 020, 055 Wärmekraftmaschine 166 Strömungsverteilung 059 Topologie 021 Wärmemanagement 015, 123, 128, Strömungswirkungsgrad 060 transkristalliner Bruch 151 Wärmeprozess 011 Stromunterbrechung 091 Transmissionselektronenmikroskop Wärmeübertragung 090, 188 Stromverbrauch 079 157 Warmhaltezeit 123 Stromversorgung 186 Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie Wasserabsorption 087 Stromverteilung 037, 186 144, 152, 159 wasserabstoßende Eigenschaft Strontium 004, 168 transportables Gerät 154 099 Strontiumferrit 018 Transportphänomen 076 Wasseraufbereitung 188 Strontiumoxid 178 Transportprozess 032 Wasseraufnahme 070, 100, 129, Strontiumtitanat 141 Trend (Entwicklung) 088 130 Strontiumverbindung 131 Trinkwasser 188 Wasserdampf 154 Strukturanalyse 033 Tröpfchen 103 Wasserelektrolyse 189 Struktureinfluss 137 Übergangsmetalle 018 Wasserentzug 094 Strukturumwandlung 126 Übertragungskanal 038 Wasserfeuchtung 037 Styrol 135 Überzug (Beschichtung) 113 Wassergehalt 090 Substitution 033, 126, 168 Wasserhaushalt 037, 094 Sulfid 043, 063 U Wasserreinigung 120 Sulfone 087, 105, 156 Ultraschall 112 Wassersorption 095 sulfonierte Endgruppe 100 Ultraviolettspektrum 110 Wasserstoff 001, 058, 091, 093, Sulfonierung 070, 100, 105, 129, Umformer (Energietechnik) 092 154, 165, 166, 188 130 Umgebungsbedingung 022, 121 Wasserstoffantrieb 185 Superkondensator 005, 064, 078, Umgebungseinfluss 151 Wasserstoffbindung 011 080, 092, 127, 146, 147, 176 Umgebungsluft 006 Wasserstoffperoxid 110, 121 Surfactant 131 Umgebungstemperatur 002, 052, Wasserstoffversprödung 148, Suspension 159 163 185 Suspensionskonzentration 099 Unfallursache 162 Wasserstoffzelle 154 Synchrotronstrahlung 101, 124, unterbrechungsfreie Wassertransport 090, 101 126, 172 Stromversorgung 091 wässrige Lösung 078, 106, 121, Synergieeffekt 034, 064, 147, Untersystem 191 131 152 wässrige Phase 132 Systemintegration 091 V Werkstoffentwicklung 185 Vakuumfiltration 160 Werkstofffluss 075 T Vakuumofen 142 Werkstoffgefüge 145 TEM Validierung 076, 172, 177 Wettbewerb 197 (Transmissionselektronenmikroskop Vanadium 027, 029, 060 Widerstandserwärmung 048 ie) 097, 157 Vanadiumphosphat 028, 173 wiederaufladbare Batterie 051 Temperaturabhängigkeit 014, 078, Varianzanalyse 022 Witterungsbedingung 123 174 Ventilverlust 027 Temperaturanstieg 044 Verarbeitungseigenschaft 192 X Temperaturdifferenz 037 Verbraucher 075 XRD (Röntgenstrahlbeugung) 145, Temperatureinfluss 142, 151, 168, Verbundmembran 130 152 Temperatureinheit 149 Verbundstruktur 144 Temperaturfluktuation 191 Verbundwerkstoff 034, 137, 193, Z Temperaturmessen 189 Verdunstung 087 Zähfestigkeit 130 Temperaturprofil 044 Vergiftung 133 Zeit bis Ausfall 011 Temperaturverhalten 014 Vergleichsanalyse 114 Zeitbereich 084 Temperaturverteilung 191 Vergleichsmessung 057 Zeitbereichanalyse 189 Temperaturzyklus 012 Vergleichstest 086 Zeitkonstante 020 Tetrafluoroborate 127 Vergleichsuntersuchung 051, 058, Zeitverhalten 170 theoretisches Ergebnis 020, 021 Verkehr 079 Zelleinheit 090 Theorie-Experiment-Vergleich 132, Verkohlen 081 Zellenmodell 015 178 Verlustenergie 123 Zinkoxid 113 thermische Ausdehnung 170 vernetztes Polymer 129 Zinn 145, 157, 160 thermische Eigenschaft 045 Versagensmechanismus 117, 170, Zinnoxid 112, 160 thermische Leitfähigkeit 066 Verzögerungszeit 001 Zirkoniumphosphat 173 thermische Spannung 191 verzweigtes Polymer 130 Zirkoniumverbindung 139 thermische Zersetzung 061 Visualisierung 101 ZrO2 009 thermisches Verhalten 015 Voltametrie 097 Zugbeanspruchung 182 Thermoanalyse 142 Voltammetrie 030 Zuluft 103 Thermoelement 023 Volumenvergrößerung 112 Zustandsschätzung 041 Thermogravimetrie 074 zweidimensionales Modell 032 thermogravimetrische Analyse 105, W Zweistoffsystem 145 Thiophen 009 Wanddicke 017 Zwischenphase 032, 035, 157 Time-to-Market 011 Warenverteilung 181 Zwischenschicht 126, 132 TiO2 035 Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizient zyklische Prüfung 012, 052, 180 Titan 176 057 zyklische Voltametrie 114, 117, Titan(IV)-oxid 009, 017, 050, 096, Wärmebehandlung 031 124 146 Wärmebeständigkeit 040, 061, zyklische Voltammetrie 028, 078,



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