Abnormal dynamic functional connectivity of amygdalar...

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1 Abnormal dynamic functional connectivity of amygdalar subregions in untreated patients with first-episode major depressive disorder Lihua Qiu; Mingrui Xia; Bochao Cheng; Lin Yuan; Weihong KuangD; Feng Bi; Hua Ai; Zhongwei Gu; Su Lui; Xiaoqi Huang; Yong He; * and Qiyong Gong * Validation analysis Dynamic functional connectivity of amygdalar subregions in female MDD Given that many MDD patients were female in the current study, we conducted the primary analyses again with the females only. The demographic information for only female participants can be found in Table 1 of the main manuscript. Here, we present our preliminary findings of altered dFC of amygdalar subregions in 22 untreated, first-episode female patients with major depressive disorder compared with 33 age-matched, healthy female controls. The image preprocessing, definition of amygdalar subregions, resting-state dFC analysis and statistical analysis were the same as those in the main text. Statistical group difference maps were constructed using a general linear model (GLM) with age as covariates. The statistical significance threshold was set as P < 0.001 at the voxel level with a familywise error (FWE)-corrected P-value < 0.05 at the cluster level using SPM. Similar to the results from all patients, the female MDD patients also showed a decreased positive mean dFC between the left CM and brainstem and between the left SF and left thalamus. Further, a decreased positive mean dFC between the right SF region and brainstem and thalamus was found in female MDD patients but not in all patients. There was no significant decreased/increased negative mean dFC in female MDD patients. Both female and all MDD patients exhibited a decreased positive mean dFC between the CM/SF and brainstem and between the SF and thalamus, indicating that the brainstem and thalamus play an important role in untreated patients with first-episode MDD (P < 0.05, FWE corrected, Figure S1 and Figure S2). The detailed location and size are listed in Table S1. The present findings of altered dFC in female MDD are consistent with the results from all patients, indicating that the results from females play a major role in the main outcome. Including a large sample of male MDD patients is helpful in understanding the differences in brain functional connectivity in male patients with MDD.

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Abnormal dynamic functional connectivity of amygdalar subregions in untreated patients

with first-episode major depressive disorder

Lihua Qiu;† Mingrui Xia;

† Bochao Cheng; Lin Yuan; Weihong KuangD; Feng Bi; Hua Ai; Zhongwei Gu;

Su Lui; Xiaoqi Huang; Yong He;* and Qiyong Gong

*

Validation analysis

Dynamic functional connectivity of amygdalar subregions in female MDD

Given that many MDD patients were female in the current study, we conducted the primary analyses

again with the females only. The demographic information for only female participants can be found in

Table 1 of the main manuscript. Here, we present our preliminary findings of altered dFC of amygdalar

subregions in 22 untreated, first-episode female patients with major depressive disorder compared with

33 age-matched, healthy female controls.

The image preprocessing, definition of amygdalar subregions, resting-state dFC analysis and

statistical analysis were the same as those in the main text. Statistical group difference maps were

constructed using a general linear model (GLM) with age as covariates. The statistical significance

threshold was set as P < 0.001 at the voxel level with a familywise error (FWE)-corrected P-value < 0.05

at the cluster level using SPM.

Similar to the results from all patients, the female MDD patients also showed a decreased positive

mean dFC between the left CM and brainstem and between the left SF and left thalamus. Further, a

decreased positive mean dFC between the right SF region and brainstem and thalamus was found in

female MDD patients but not in all patients. There was no significant decreased/increased negative mean

dFC in female MDD patients. Both female and all MDD patients exhibited a decreased positive mean

dFC between the CM/SF and brainstem and between the SF and thalamus, indicating that the brainstem

and thalamus play an important role in untreated patients with first-episode MDD (P < 0.05, FWE

corrected, Figure S1 and Figure S2). The detailed location and size are listed in Table S1. The present

findings of altered dFC in female MDD are consistent with the results from all patients, indicating that

the results from females play a major role in the main outcome. Including a large sample of male MDD

patients is helpful in understanding the differences in brain functional connectivity in male patients with

MDD.

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Table S1: Regions showing significant between-group differences

Hemisphe

re

Subregio

n

dFC

metri

c

dFC

type

Region B

A

Cluste

r size

MNI

coordinat

es

Directio

n

T

valu

e

Cluste

r

pFWE-co

rr

Left CM mean positiv

e

Brainste

m

N

A

34 -9 -18 -15 Dep<N

C

-5.0

7

0.041

Left CM mean positiv

e

Brainste

m

N

A

93 -6 -33 -45 Dep<N

C

-4.9

4

0.001

Right CM mean positiv

e

Brainste

m

N

A

32 -12 -21 -3 Dep<N

C

-4.6

9

0.064

(0.021a)

Left SF mean positiv

e

L.

Thalamu

s

N

A

39 -12 -27 3 Dep<N

C

-4.9

1

0.017

Right SF mean positiv

e

Brainste

m

35 56 15 -15

-24

Dep<N

C

-4.7

0

0.009

Right SF mean positiv

e

L.

Thalamu

s

N

A

35 -18 -24

12

Dep<N

C

-4.3

0

0.043

dFC, dynamic functional connectivity; CM, centromedial; SF, superficial; BA, Brodmann area; L, left;

R, right; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; FWE, familywise error. a Uncorrected cluster P-value.

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Figure S1: Compared with female controls, female MDD patients showed a decreased positive mean

dFC between the left CM and brainstem. Colder colors represent decreased dFC in female MDD patients.

MNI coordinates: z=-15, y=-18, x=-9 (top row); z=-45, y=-33, x=-6 (bottom row).

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Figure S2: Compared with female controls, female MDD patients showed a decreased positive mean

dFC between the right SF and brainstem (top row) and between the bilateral SF region and left thalamus

(middle and bottom row). MNI coordinates: z=-24, y=-15, x=15 (top row); z=3, y=-27, x=-12 (middle

row); z=12, y=-24, x=-18 (bottom row).

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Dynamic functional connectivity of amygdalar subregions without GSR

Performing global signal regression in data preprocessing is still an open question in resting-state fMRI

studies. Previous studies have suggested that global signal regression (GSR) could reduce the effects of

non-neuronal activity, such as respiration,1-3

while simultaneously introducing widespread negative

functional connectivity with ambiguous biological interpretations.4,5

Thus, we repeated our analysis

without global signal regression in the data preprocessing.

A total of 30 first-episode, drug-naive patients with MDD (18-60 years old) and 62 age- and

sex-matched NCs (16-81 years old) were included in the analysis. The image preprocessing was similar

to that of the main manuscript, except the global mean signals as a regressor. The definitions of

amygdalar subregions, resting-state dFC analysis and statistical analysis were the same as those in the

main text. Two sample t-test was used to compare the between-group difference, and computations for

positive and negative FC were performed separately. The significance threshold was set to P < 0.001 at

the voxel level with FWE correction at the cluster level.

Compared with the controls, MDD patients demonstrated impaired dFC between the left insula and

bilateral LB and left SF, between the left LB and left posterior orbital frontal cortex, and between the left

SF and brainstem (Figure S3 and S4). The detailed location and size are listed in Table S2. No

significantly decreased/increased negative dFC was found in MDD patients without the global signal

regression.

The results without global mean regression were quite different from the results with global signal

regression. This result might indicate mixed factors in the difference in dFC between patients with MDD

and NCs. Interestingly, Yang et al.6 found that performing GSR could lead to different findings in

schizophrenic patients, indicating potential disease-related information in the GS. Thus, future studies

combining electrophysiological imaging and fMRI might provide further evidence to probe the

biological significance of the GS and its effect on dFC between psychiatric patients and NCs.

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Table S2: Regions showing significant between-group dFC differences in amygdalar subregions

without GSR

Hemisphe

re

Subregio

n

dFC

metri

c

dFC

type

Region B

A

Cluste

r size

MNI

coordinat

es

Directio

n

T

valu

e

Cluste

r

pFWE-co

rr

Left LB mean positiv

e

L.OFC

post

11 89 -21 27

-27

Dep<N

C

-5.3

1

0.033

Left LB mean positiv

e

L. Insula 13 110 -36 -18

18

Dep<N

C

-4.7

2

0.014

Right LB mean positiv

e

L. Insula 13 178 -27 12

-15

Dep<N

C

-4.6

7

0.001

Left SF mean positiv

e

Brainste

m

35 76 -9 -18 -30 Dep<N

C

-4.5

1

0.045

Left SF mean positiv

e

L. Insula 13 74 -33 -18

18

Dep<N

C

-4.2

3

0.049

dFC, dynamic functional connectivity; LB, laterobasal; SF, superficial; BA, Brodmann area; OFC,

orbital frontal cortex; L, left; R, right; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; Dep: depressive patients;

NC: normal controls; FWE, familywise error.

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Figure S3: Compared with the controls, MDD patients demonstrated impaired dFC between the left LB

and left posterior orbital frontal cortex (top row), the left LB and insula (middle row), and the right LB

and insula, which extended to the basilar ganglia (bottom row). MNI coordinates: z=-27, y=27, x=-21

(top row); z=18, y=-18, x=-36 (middle row); z=-15, y=12, x=-27 (bottom row).

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Figure S4: Compared with the controls, MDD patients demonstrated impaired dFC between the left SF

and brainstem (top row) and the left SF and left insula (bottom row). MNI coordinates: z=-30, y=-18,

x=-9 (top row); z=18, y=-18, x=-33 (bottom row).

Static functional connectivity of amygdalar subregions in MDD patients

To facilitate comparison with earlier studies of traditional static RSFC analysis, we performed traditional

static functional connectivity analysis for each amygdalar subregion by using the entire time series and

compared the different findings between the two methods.

A total of 30 first-episode drug-naive adult patients with MDD and 62 age- and sex-matched NCs

were recruited in the present study. The image preprocessing and definition of amygdalar subregions

were the same as those in the main text. Resting-state functional connectivity analysis for each

amygdalar subregion was performed by using the entire time series. Two sample t-test was used to

compare the FC difference between the MDD and NC group. The significance threshold was set to P <

0.001 at the voxel level with FWE correction at the cluster level.

Compared with the controls, MDD patients exhibited decreased positive FC between the left CM

and brainstem, the right SF and left thalamus, and the left SF and left insula (Figure S5). Compared with

the controls, MDD patients also showed increased negative static FC between the left CM and right

superior medial frontal gyrus and the right LB and right superior frontal gyrus (Figure S6). The detailed

location and size between-group differences are listed in Table S3.

Static analysis showed some similar results to the mean dFC, such as the connection of the left CM

with brainstem and superior frontal gyrus. However, dynamic functional connectivity analysis revealed

additional differences in the connectivity between the left SF and brainstem, as well as dynamic

fluctuation between the left LB and supplementary motor area (SMA), which could not be identified

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using static RSFC analysis. The present dFC results provided additional results that are complementary

to the static FC, confirming that the newly developed dFC analysis strategies might provide novel

understandings of the pathology of MDD.

Table S3: Regions showing significant between-group static FC differences in amygdalar

subregions

Hemisphe

re

Subregi

on

FC

type

Region B

A

Clust

er

size

MNI

coordinat

es

Directio

n

T

valu

e

Cluste

r

pFWE-co

rr

Left CM positiv

e

Brainstem N

A

103 12 -30

-45

Dep<N

C

-4.8

8

0.001

Left CM negativ

e

R.

Frontal_Sup_Me

dial

10 90 15 66 12 Dep>N

C

4.97 0.006

Right LB negativ

e

R. Frontal_Sup 10 57 18 72 9 Dep>N

C

4.17 0.037

Left SF positiv

e

L. Insula 13 52 -27 -27

15

Dep<N

C

-4.5

5

0.016

Right SF positiv

e

L. Thalamus N

A

45 -18 -24

12

Dep<N

C

-4.1

2

0.041

FC, functional connectivity; CM, centromedial; LB, laterobasal; SF, superficial; BA, Brodmann area; L,

left; R, right; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; Dep, depressive patients; NC, normal controls;

FWE, familywise error.

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Figure S5: Compared with the controls, MDD patients showed decreased positive FC between the left

CM and brainstem (top row), the right SF and left thalamus (middle row), and the left SF and left insula

(bottom row). MNI coordinates: z=-45, y=-30, x=12 (top row); z=12, y=-24, x=-18 (middle row); z=15,

y=-27, x=-27 (bottom row).

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Figure S6: Compared with the controls, MDD patients showed increased negative static FC between the

left CM and right superior medial frontal gyrus (top row) and the right LB and right superior frontal

gyrus (bottom row). MNI coordinates: z=12, y=66, x=15 (top row); z=9, y=-72, x=18 (bottom row).

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Dynamic functional connectivity of the whole amygdala

To assess whether our findings derived by using the subregions of the amygdala as seeds could be

detected by using the whole amygdala as ROIs, we reperformed our analysis by combining the three

amygdalar subregions as one seed.

A total of 30 first-episode, drug-naive adult patients with MDD and 62 age- and sex-matched NCs

were recruited in the present study. The image preprocessing was the same as that in the main text;

however, the seeds were defined as the whole amygdala.

Resting-state dFC analysis and statistical analysis for the whole amygdala were the same as those

in the main text. Two sample t-test was used to compare the dFC difference between the MDD and NC

group. Computations for positive and negative FC were performed separately. The significance

threshold was set to P < 0.001 at the voxel level with FWE correction at the cluster level.

We did not find any significant between-group differences in the mean or variability of the dFC

when using the whole amygdala as seeds, suggesting the necessity of dividing the amygdala into

subregions.

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Validation analyses of sliding-window widths

Given that the choice of window length remains controversial, two additional window lengths (160 s and

240 s) were used to validate the main results.

A total of 30 first-episode, drug-naive patients with MDD (18-60 years old) and 62 age- and

sex-matched NCs (16-81 years old) were included for further analysis. The image preprocessing,

definition of amygdalar subregions, and statistical analysis were the same as those in the main text,

except that the resting-state dFC analysis of the window lengths was performed by using 160 s and 240 s.

Statistical group difference maps were constructed using a GLM with age and sex as covariates. Two

sample t-test was used to compare the between-group difference. The statistical significance threshold

was set at P < 0.001 at the voxel level with a FWE-corrected P-value < 0.05 at the cluster level using

SPM.

Compared with the controls, MDD patients showed increased variability of positive dFC between

the right CM and SMA and the left LB and bilateral SMA (Figure S7) by using a sliding-window length

of 80 time points. Compared with the controls, MDD patients also showed decreased negative dFC

between the left CM and right superior medial frontal gyrus; moreover, the patients exhibited decreased

positive dFC between the left CM and brainstem, left SF and brainstem, and left SF and left thalamus

(Figure S8). The detailed location and size between-group differences using a sliding-window length of

80 time points are listed in Table S4. The location and size of between-group dFC differences in

amygdalar subregions by using a sliding-window length of 120 time points were similar to the results

using 80 time points, except there was no significant variability difference in the dFC by using a

sliding-window length of 120 time points (Table S5 and Figure S9).

The similar between-group dFC differences in amygdalar subregions by using different

sliding-window lengths (window length of 80, 100, and 120 time points) indicate that our main result is

reliable and repeatable. In addition, only 80 time points could detect the group differences in the

variability in the dFC, suggesting that short-interval dynamic FC may be more sensitive to

between-group dFC differences. Similarly, 100 time points also detect a non-significant trend toward an

increase of the variability of the positive dFC between the left LB region and right SMA in MDD

patients compared with that in NCs (P = 0.010, uncorrected, Figure S10). Consistent with our result,

Wilson et al.7 also found that short temporal windows could obtain dynamic information and that FC

variability increased with short epoch length. Since there is an increased likelihood of spurious

correlations when using shorter intervals,8 we chose 100 time points as our main analytic results.

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Table S4: Regions showing significant between-group dFC differences in amygdalar subregions by

using a sliding-window length of 80 time points

Hemisph

ere

Subregi

on

dFC

metric

dFC

type

Region B

A

Clust

er

size

MNI

coordina

tes

Directi

on

T

val

ue

Clust

er

pFWE-c

orr

Left CM mean negati

ve

R.

Frontal_Sup_M

edial

10 46 15 66 12 Dep<

NC

-4.4

5

0.047

Left CM mean positi

ve

Brainstem N

A

93 12 -30

-45

Dep<

NC

-4.6

3

0.002

Right CM mean negati

ve

Brainstem N

A

39 -12 -51

-33

Dep<

NC

-3.9

7

0.071

(0.02

1a)

Right CM variabil

ity

positi

ve

L. SMA 6 25 -9 3 48 Dep>

NC

4.0

5

0.013

Left LB variabil

ity

positi

ve

R. SMA 6 16 3 -12 63 Dep>

NC

4.0

7

0.043

Left SF mean positi

ve

Brainstem 35 52 -9 -15

-27

Dep<

NC

-4.6

4

0.013

Left SF mean positi

ve

L. Thalamus N

A

38 -12 -27

3

Dep<

NC

-4.0

3

0.037

dFC, dynamic functional connectivity; CM, centromedial; LB, laterobasal; SF, superficial; BA,

Brodmann area; SMA, supplementary motor area; L, left; R, right; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute;

Dep, depressive patients; NC, normal controls; FWE, familywise error. The coordinates represent the

position of the voxel with the highest intensity in Montreal Neurological Institute standard space. a Uncorrected cluster P-value.

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Figure S7: The group differences in the variability of the dFC in the amygdalar subregions between the

right CM and left supplementary motor area (top row) and the left LB and bilateral supplementary motor

area (bottom row) by using a sliding-window length of 80 time points. MNI coordinates: z=48, y=3,

x=-9 (top row); z=63, y=-12, x=3 (bottom row).

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Figure S8: The group differences in the decreased negative dFC between the left CM and right superior

medial frontal gyrus (top row); the group differences in the decreased positive dFC between the left CM

and brainstem (second row), left SF and brainstem (third row), and left SF and left thalamus (bottom

row) by using a sliding-window length of 80 time points. MNI coordinates: z=12, y=66, x=15 (top row);

z=-45, y=-30, x=12 (second row); z=-27, y=-15, x=-9 (third row); z=3, y=-27, x=-12 (bottom row).

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Table S5: Regions showing significant between-group dFC differences in amygdalar subregions by

using a sliding-window length of 120 time points

Hemisph

ere

Subregi

on

dFC

metr

ic

dFC

type

Region B

A

Clust

er

size

MNI

coordina

tes

Directi

on

T

valu

e

Cluste

r

pFWE-c

orr

Left CM mea

n

negati

ve

R.

Frontal_Sup_M

edial

10 46 15 66 12 Dep<N

C

-4.4

5

0.048

Left CM mea

n

positi

ve

Brainstem N

A

99 12 -30

-45

Dep<N

C

-4.6

5

0.001

Right CM mea

n

positi

ve

Brainstem N

A

41 -12 -51

-33

Dep<N

C

-4.0

1

0.062

(0.01

8a)

Left SF mea

n

positi

ve

Brainstem 35 50 -9 -15

-27

Dep<N

C

-4.6

8

0.015

Left SF mea

n

positi

ve

L. Thalamus N

A

39 -12 -27 3 Dep<N

C

-4.0

3

0.034

dFC, dynamic functional connectivity; CM, centromedial; SF, superficial; BA, Brodmann area; L, left; R,

right; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; Dep, depressive patients; NC, normal controls; FWE,

familywise error. a Uncorrected cluster P-value.

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Figure S9: The group differences in the decreased negative dFC between the left CM and right superior

medial frontal gyrus (top row); the group differences in the decreased positive dFC between the left CM

and brainstem (second row), left SF and brainstem (third row), and left SF and left thalamus (bottom

row) by using a sliding-window length of 120 time points. MNI coordinates: z=12, y=66, x=15 (top

row); z=-45, y=-30, x=12 (second row); z=-27, y=-15, x=-9 (third row); z=3, y=-27, x=-12 (bottom

row).

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Figure S10: Compared with the NC group, the MDD group showed a trend toward a decreased positive

mean dFC between the right CM and right brainstem (P = 0.024, uncorrected, top row) as well as

increased variability of the positive dFC between the left LB and right SMA (P = 0.010, uncorrected,

bottom row). MNI coordinates: z=-33, y=-51, x=-12 (top row); z=63, y=-12, x=3 (bottom row).

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Validation analyses by using FD as an additional covariate

Because the mean framewise displacement (FD) differed between the two groups (P=0.03), we

reperformed the between-group GLM tests on the dFC metrics by adding FD as a covariate to reduce the

motion effect.

A total 30 first-episode, drug-naive patients with MDD (18-60 years old) and 62 age- and

sex-matched NCs (16-81 years old) were included for further analysis. The image preprocessing,

definition of amygdalar subregions, and statistical analysis were the same. Statistical group difference

maps were constructed using a GLM with age, sex and FD as covariates. The statistical significance

threshold was set for P < 0.001 at the voxel level with a FWE-corrected P-value < 0.05 at the cluster

level using SPM.

Compared with the controls, MDD patients showed decreased positive dFC between the left CM

and brainstem and decreased negative dFC between the right LB and left orbital frontal cortex by adding

FD as a covariate (Table S6 and Figure S11).

Decreased positive dFC between the left CM and brainstem in MDD remained in the additional

analysis by using FD as an additional covariate. Furthermore, decreased negative dFC between the right

LB and left orbital frontal cortex was also found in MDD patients by adding FD as a covariate, which

was not found in the main result. However, we noticed that most of the other connections with

between-group differences occurred with reduced significance at an uncorrected cluster P < 0.05, which

might imply potential effects of the mean FD on dFC. A study with a larger sample size might overcome

this issue.

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Table S6: Regions showing significant between-group dFC differences by using FD as an

additional covariate

Hemisphe

re

Subregio

n

dFC

metri

c

dFC

type

Region B

A

Cluste

r size

MNI

coordinat

es

Directio

n

T

valu

e

Cluste

r

pFWE-co

rr

Left CM mean positiv

e

Brainste

m

N

A

73 -6 -36 -45 Dep<N

C

-4.2

5

0.006

Right LB mean negativ

e

L. OFC 11 50 -9 63 -15 Dep<N

C

4.22 0.046

FC, functional connectivity; CM, centromedial; LB, laterobasal; OFC, orbital frontal cortex; BA,

Brodmann area; L, left; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; Dep, depressive patients; NC, normal

controls; FWE, familywise error.

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Figure S11: The group dFC differences in decreased positive dFC between the left CM and brainstem

(top row) and decreased negative dFC between the right LB and left orbital frontal cortex (bottom row)

by using FD as an additional covariate. MNI coordinates: z=-45, y=-36, x=-6 (top row); z=-15, y=63,

x=-9 (bottom row).

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The correlation between the time series of the amygdalar subregions

We did not perform orthogonalization on the time series of the amygdalar subregions for two main

reasons. First, the orthogonalization might alter the dFC between the seeds and the other brain voxels

since the time series of the other voxels was not processed. Thus, the results could not reflect the

original characteristics of whole-brain dFC of the amygdalar subregions. Second, according to previous

studies, the patterns of resting-state functional connectivity exhibited both convergence and divergence

across different amygdalar subregions.9,10

Our results revealed that the dFC patterns were quite similar

between the CM and SF, which is in line with previous findings. The procedure of orthogonalization

might reduce the convergence between the subregions and thus bias the results. Here, we estimated the

similarity between the time series of these seeds for each subject by calculating Pearson’s correlation. As

expected, we found that the bilaterally symmetric subregions had the most similar brain activities

(correlation coefficients in NCs: CM, 0.61 ± 0.16; LB, 0.71 ± 0.13; SF, 0.69 ± 0.16. in MDDs: CM, 0.58

± 0.20; LB, 0.63 ± 0.12; SF, 0.65 ± 0.15). The correlations between the CM and LB were the smallest (in

NCs: 0.33-0.44; in MDDs: 0.29-0.43), while the SF exhibited relatively similar spontaneous activity

patterns to those of the other areas (in NCs: 0.43-0.63; in MDDs: 0.38-0.63) (Table S7).

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Table S7: Correlation between the time series of the seeds

In Normal Controls

In MDD

Patients

Left CM Right CM Left LB Right LB Left SF Right SF

Left CM NA 0.61 ±

0.16

0.44 ±

0.19

0.33 ±

0.19

0.58 ±

0.16

0.51 ±

0.19

Right

CM

0.58 ±

0.20

NA 0.34 ±

0.20

0.42 ±

0.18

0.43 ±

0.20

0.59 ±

0.17

Left LB 0.41 ±

0.21

0.33 ±

0.21

NA 0.71 ±

0.13

0.63 ±

0.13

0.56 ±

0.17

Right LB 0.29 ±

0.19

0.43 ±

0.16

0.63 ±

0.16

NA 0.43 ±

0.22

0.61 ±

0.14

Left SF 0.52 ±

0.16

0.38 ±

0.19

0.63 ±

0.12

0.38 ±

0.16

NA 0.69 ±

0.16

Right SF 0.47 ±

0.19

0.58 ±

0.15

0.54 ±

0.19

0.57 ±

0.15

0.65 ±

0.15

NA

CM, centromedial; LB, laterobasal; SF, superficial; MDD, major depressive disorder.

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