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293

Index

AfricaAnglophone, 12Francophone, 10–11, 12–13, 15, 22, 27Lusophone, 11, 13, 15, 22, 27–28semi-presidentialism in, 27–28, 47, 90,

134–155, 265, 266Alkatiri, Mari, 35, 129–130, 132Angola, 7, 11, 272

see also semi-presidentialism, in AfricaArgentina, 4Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 249, 254–256Armenia, 7, 42, 112, 114, 272

see also semi-presidentialism, under post-communism

AsiaCentral, 43, 104, 111, 112, 266East, 12, 22, 28, 32, 43, 117–133Eurasia, 21, 24, 28, 35semi-presidentialism in, 22, 28, 32,

117–133Austria, 2, 7, 24, 49, 69, 82–89

see also semi-presidentialism, in Western Europe

Azerbaijan, 7, 99, 273see also semi-presidentialism, under

post-communism

Bagabandi, Natsagiyn, 35, 123, 126Belarus, 5, 14, 106, 114–115, 142

see also semi-presidentialism, under post-communism

Bosnia, 12, 99, 112Brazil, 12Bulgaria, 22, 99

see also semi-presidentialism, under post-communism

Burkina Faso, 13–14, 22, 136, 142, 147see also semi-presidentialism, in Africa

Burundi, 10, 134, 136, 142, 145, 149, 150

see also semi-presidentialism, in Africa

Cameroon, 14Cape Verde, 22, 136, 142, 145–146, 147,

148

see also semi-presidentialism, in Africa

Central African Republic, 22, 42, 142, 145, 147, 149, 271

see also semi-presidentialism, in Africa

Chad, 13Chen, Shi-bian, 77, 122, 125, 127–128,

132, 174, 178–182, 187–189, 190, 267–268

Chirac, Jacques, 76, 89, 95cohabitation, 16, 29, 30, 35, 46–47, 49,

51, 55, 57, 58–59, 66, 76, 88, 89, 121, 138–140, 144–150, 161, 183, 187, 252, 266, 267, 268, 270

in Cape Verde, 145–146in France, 94–95in Mongolia, 119, 123, 125–127in Niger, 146in Sao Tome, 146, 150

Comoros, 10, 49, 134, 136, 142, 145, 150

see also semi-presidentialism, in AfricaCongo, Republic of (Congo-Brazzaville),

10, 13, 134, 136, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 149

see also semi-presidentialism, in Africa

Croatia, 22, 99, 112–113, 272see also semi-presidentialism, under

post-communismCuba, 90

de Gaulle, Charles, 14, 94, 165, 172de Valera, Éamon, 85Duverger, Maurice, 1, 2, 15, 16, 29, 30,

44, 62–63, 82–86, 90–96, 163, 210

Eanes, António Ramalho, 159, 160–161, 165–166, 169–171

East Timor, see Timor LesteEbert, Friedrich, 230, 237–238Egypt, 12, 14, 271electoral systems, 61–80, 107–110, 182,

198, 213, 236, 273

294 Index

EuropeCentral and Eastern, 12, 13, 22, 24,

26–27, 28, 32, 36, 43, 100, 102, 103, 111, 112, 123, 142, 252

Western, 12, 15, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 32, 35, 36, 67, 72, 73, 81–96, 265

Finland, 1, 24, 32, 74–75, 77–78, 82–89, 92, 166–167

see also semi-presidentialism, in Western Europe

France, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 17, 24, 27, 32, 74–76, 83–90, 93–95, 163–164, 167

see also semi-presidentialism, in Western Europe

Gabon, 13, 14, 22Georgia, 14, 22, 99, 112, 115, 271, 273

see also semi-presidentialism, under post-communism

Germany, 1, 24, 42, 45, 48, 83, 85–89, 91, 120, 145, 229–244, 267–270

see also semi-presidentialism, in Western Europe

Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 89Guinea-Bissau, 22, 42, 136, 142, 144,

145, 147, 148, 149see also semi-presidentialism, in Africa

Gusmão, Xanana, 35, 124, 125, 129–130, 132

Haiti, 10, 246–262, 267, 269–270, 273–274

Hindenburg, Paul von, 229, 238–242Hitler, Adolf, 237, 240

Iceland, 13, 17, 22, 24, 57, 69, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89

see also semi-presidentialism, in Western Europe

Ireland, 13, 17, 22, 24, 57, 82, 83, 85, 86, 89

see also semi-presidentialism, in Western Europe

Italy, 91, 93, 94

Kazakhstan, 99, 109see also semi-presidentialism, under

post-communismKenya, 1, 12, 14, 15, 132, 265

Kuchma, Leonia, 192, 195–198, 200, 203, 206, 269

Kyrgyzstan, 22, 42, 99, 112see also semi-presidentialism, under

post-communism

Lee, Teng-hui, 177–178, 180–181Lijphart, Arend, 93, 94, 95, 134, 138,

140, 145, 150, 205Linz, Juan, 16, 42, 44, 46, 47, 91, 94, 95,

98, 104, 105, 139Lissouba, Pascal, 146, 147Lithuania, 13, 22, 32, 99, 194

see also semi-presidentialism, under post-communism

Lucinschi, Petru, 211–212, 213–220, 221, 227

Ma, Ying-Jeou, 122, 174, 182–184Macedonia, 22, 99

see also semi-presidentialism, under post-communism

Madagascar, 7, 142, 145, 149, 272see also semi-presidentialism, in Africa

Mali, 13, 22, 43, 136, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 149, 273

see also semi-presidentialism, in AfricaMauritania, 136, 142, 145, 271Mexico, 12Middle East, 12, 52Mitterrand, François, 10, 76, 88, 95Moldova, 99, 113, 197, 210–228,

267–270, 272Mongolia, 12, 22, 32, 35, 36, 117–127,

131–132see also semi-presidentialism, in East

AsiaMozambique, 4, 17, 142, 145, 148

see also semi-presidentialism, in Africa

Namibia, 22, 67, 136, 142, 143, 147, 148, 150

Niger, 7, 13, 35, 36, 47, 134, 141, 142, 144, 145–146, 147, 148, 149–150, 272

see also semi-presidentialism, in Africa

Palestinian Authorities, 12Patassé, Ange-Félix, 145

Index 295

Peru, 12, 22, 45, 49, 67, 91Philippines, 5, 121Pires, Pedro Verona Rodrigues,

145–146Poland, 14, 22, 99, 200

see also semi-presidentialism, under post-communism

Portugal, 11, 22, 24, 27, 45, 85, 86, 88, 89, 156–173, 265, 267–271, 272

see also semi-presidentialism, in Western Europe

premier-presidential, see semi-presidentialism, sub-types of

president-parliamentary, see semi-presidentialism, sub-types of

Préval, André, 255–258, 260

Ramos-Horta, Jose, 125, 130Romania, 22, 99, 217

see also semi-presidentialism, under post-communism

Russia, 2, 106, 107, 109, 142, 192, 195, 205, 206, 219

see also semi-presidentialism, under post-communism

Sampaio, Jorge, 162, 166–170, 171Sao Tome and Principe, 22, 35, 142, 144,

145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 272see also semi-presidentialism,

in AfricaSartori, Giovanni, 1, 2, 3, 16, 44, 91,

94–95, 125, 130, 162, 172semi-presidentialism

in Africa, 27–28, 47, 90, 134–155, 265, 266

in Asia, 22, 28, 32, 117–133clustering of, 21–35concept of, 2–5, 15–20evolution of, 271–274under post-communism, 11–12, 22,

98–116spread of, 6–15, 22–28sub-types of, 17–20, 21–22, 29–36, 45,

51, 57, 58–59, 61, 86–87, 100–105, 116, 138–139, 140–144, 146–150, 247, 265–271, 274

in Western Europe, 81–96Senegal, 14, 22, 136, 141, 142, 143, 145,

147, 148, 150, 272, 273

see also semi-presidentialism, in Africa

Serbia and Montenegro, 115see also semi-presidentialism, under

post-communismShugart, Matthew S., and John M.

Carey, 1, 16, 17, 29–30, 45–46, 58, 61, 66, 72, 86, 91, 100, 105, 138, 141, 184, 186, 265

Silva, Anibal Cavaco, 166, 169, 170Singapore, 14, 22, 117, 121Slovakia, 14, 22, 99, 113, 115

see also semi-presidentialism, under post-communism

Slovenia, 13, 22, 99see also semi-presidentialism, under

post-communismSnegur, Mircea, 211–212, 214–215,

217–218Soares, Mário, 161, 166, 169–170,

171South Korea, 5, 9, 12, 117, 121Soviet Union, former, 7, 11, 12, 13, 22,

24, 103see also semi-presidentialism, under

post-communismSri Lanka, 4, 10, 14, 22, 91

Taiwan, 12, 14, 22, 32, 74–77, 117–122, 124–129, 131–132, 174–190, 265, 267, 268, 270

see also semi-presidentialismTandja, Mamadou, 148Tanzania, 12, 14, 22Timor Leste, 11, 22, 28, 35, 36, 117–126,

129–133, 271see also semi-presidentialism

Togo, 13, 22Touré, Amani Toumain (ATT), 145Tunisia, 14Turkey, 1, 6, 14, 271Tymoshenko, Yulia, 192, 198, 201,

203–205

Uganda, 5Ukraine, 7, 32, 34–35, 36, 99, 106,

112–114, 192–209, 267–270, 272

see also semi-presidentialism, under post-communism

296 Index

Vietnam, 12, 90Voronin, Vladimir, 215–217, 219,

221–225, 227–228

Weimar Republic, see Germany

Yanukovych, Viktor, 34, 197, 201–205

Yemen, 12, 14, 22Yugoslavia, former, 11, 12, 13, 99, 113,

115see also semi-presidentialism, under

post-communismYushchenko, Viktor, 34, 113, 193,

196–198, 201–206