Byzantinische Zeitschrift Jahrgang 38 (1938)

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Byzantinische Zeitschrift Jahrgang 38 (1938)

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  • BYZANTINISCHEZEITSCHRIFTBEGRNDET VON KARL KRUMBACHER

    MIT UNTERSTTZUNG ZAHLREICHER FACHGENOSSENINSBESONDERE VON ALBERT EHRHARDPAUL KRETSCHMER / EDMUND WEIGAND

    HERAUSGEGEBEN VON

    FRANZ DLGER

    ACHTUNDDBEISSIGSTEB BANDMIT 4 TAFELN

    > ,* ,///i :

    '

    VEKLAG CJNIJ DRCK VON B. G.TEUBNER IN LEIPZIG UND BEBLIN

    //5l 9 38

  • GEDRUCKT MIT UNTERSTTZUNGDER DEUTSCHEN FORSCHUNGSGEMEINSCHAFT

    (NOTGEMEINSCHAFT DER DEUTSCHENWISSENSCHAFT) IN BERLIN

    PlNTBD IN GBBMANY

  • INHALT DES ACHT NDDREISSIGSTBN BANDESI. ABTEILUNG Seite

    Imperial Building Records in Malalas. Von G. DOWNBY lSprachliches zurlateinischenTheophanes bersetzung desAnastasiusBibliothecarius.

    Von D. TABACHOVTTZ 16Suda, die Kriegsschriftsteller und Suidas. Von F. LAMMEBT 23Zur 2?oa-Frage. Von F. D L BB , .* 86.Der vergn gte Lexikograph. Von P. MAAS- . . 58Bemerkungen zu dem Cod. Hierosol. 38. Von J. P. PAPADOPULOS. (Mit 8 Abb. auf

    den Tafeln I u. ) '. . i 68Zu einer Hesychglosse. Von 8. G. KAPSOMENOS 70Michael Apostolios gegen Theodoros Gaza. Von J. ENOCH POWELL. (Mit l Abb. auf

    Tafel II) 71Ein deutsch-d nisches Drama aus der byzantinischen Geschichte. Von TH. NISSEN 87Der Handschriftenschreiber Joannes Skutariotes. Von A. BIEDL 96%>00*. Von D.' I. GEOBOAKAS 99Die Botschaft Petros1 III. von Antiocheia an seine Stadt ber seine Ernennung.

    Von A. MICHEL 111Zwei vermeintliche Berufebezeichnungen. Von F. DBEXL 118The ludicium Quinquevirale in Constantinople. Von C. H. COSTBB 119A propos d'un Prostagma in&Lit d'Andronic III PaleOlogue. Von ST. BOTON . . . 133II Cod. Barocc. gr. 66 e Fautore del X inno di Sinesio. Von N. TEBZAOHI. (Mit

    i Abb. auf Taf. ) 289Imperial Building Records in Malalas. Von G. DOWNEY (Schlu ) 299Georges Chrysococcis, le modecin, et son ceuvre. Von U. LAMPSIDBS 312

    ber Mains" und Minus" des Georgios Phrantzes und ber die Randnoten desangeblichen Pachomios. Von J.B.PAPADOPULOS. (Mit 2 Abb. auf Taf. III u. IV) 323

    Zu A. Delatte, Anecdota Atheniensia I. Von F. DREIL . . 3 3 2Zur stilistischen Umarbeitungstechnik des Symeon Metaphrastes. Von L ZILLIACUS 333Eine Handschrift der Weltgeschichte des Eustathios von Epiphaneia. Von P. MAAS 350Unbekannte Erz hlungen aus dem Pratum spirituale. Von TH. NISSEN . . . .351A propos d'un Prostagma ine*dit d'Andronic III PaleOlogue. Von ST. BINON

    (Forts, u. Schlu ) 377Die der Landmauer von Konstantinopel. Von A. M. SCHNBIDKB.

    (Mit l Abb. im Text.) ' 408. ABTEILUNG

    E. M i o n i, Romano il Melode. Besprochen von P. MAAS 166A. Schenk Graf von S t a u f f e n b e r g , Die r mische Eaisergeschichte bei

    Malalae. Besprochen von F. SCHEEL 157N.Ak inean , Elis us Vardapet und seine Geschichte des Armenischen Krieges.

    Besprochen von W. HENGSTENBEBQ 169H. L j u n g v i k , Beitr ge zur Syntax der sp tgriechischen Volkssprache. Be-

    sprochen von ST. v. STEPSKI 172M.Brion, Theoderich, K nig der Ostgoten. Besprochen von ST. v. STEPSEI. . . 174B. J. Kidd , The Roman Primacy to A. D. 461. Besprochen von W. ENSSLIN. . . 17881. Condanari-Michler , Zur fr h venezianischen Collegantia. Besprochen von

    G. MICKWITZ 179I. Smol i t s ch , Leben und Lehre der Starzen. Besprochen von G. STADTM LLEB . 180W. R. Zaloziecky, Die Sophienkirche in Kocstantinopel und ihre Stellang in der

    Geschichte der abendl ndischen Architektur. Besprochen von A. M. SCHNEIDER 182a*

  • IV Inhalt des achtnnddrei igsten BandesSeite\*('.$), H Z OJOXOZ . Besprochen von

    A. M. SCHNEIDER 186MICN (.,), ?

    . Besprochen von . . SCHNEIDER . .188. Demns , Die Mosaiken von S. Marco in Venedig 11001300. Besprochen von

    E.WEIGAND 189T. Bertele, Monete e sigilli di Anna^ di Savoia, imperatrice de Bisanzio. Be-

    sprochen von F. D LQER v 19$F. B r u n e t, Medecine et therapeutique byzantines. (Envres medicales d' Alexandre

    de Tralles. Besprochen von H. RAEDER . . 196N. A k i n e a n, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der armenischen Literatur. Be-

    sprochen von W. HENOSTENBERG 409G. P rzychock i , De Menandri comici codice in Patriarchali bibliotheca Con-

    stantinopolitana olim asservato. Besprochen von P. MAAS 409A.F. S e m e n o v , The Greek language in its evolution. An introduction to its

    scientific study. Besprochen von F. D LGER 412A. A b e g h i a n , Neuarmenische Grammatik. Ost- und Westarmenisch mit Lese-

    st cken und einem W rterverzeichnis. Besprochen von W. HENOSTENBERG . 418Hirmologium Athoum edendum curavit C. H e g. Besprochen von H. J. W. TILLYARD 419S. B a u d - B o v y , La chanson populaire grecque du Dodecanese. I. Lee textes.

    Besprochen von C. H EG 421 . CEuvres completes de

    Gennade Scholarios publiees pour la premiere fois par fMgr L. Pet i t ,fX. A. S ide r ides , M. Jugie. Tome VIII. Besprochen von A. EHRHARD. 432

    A. M. A n d r e a d e s f , ". - & . . , . . ,91. .. .* , . Besprochenvon F. D LGER 436

    J. B. H u s s e y , Chnrch and Learning in the Byzantine Empire 8671185. Be-sprochen von F. DREXL 437

    Acta conciliorum oecumenicornm. Tomus alter. Volumen primum. Pars prima.Edidit E. Seh war t z. Besprochen von F. GRUMEL 439

    Le Patriarcat Byzantin, Recherches de Diplomatique, d'Histoire et de Geographieeccloeiastiques. Serie I: Les Regestes des Actes du Patriarcat de Constan-tinople, Vol. I: Les Actes des Patriarches. Fase. II: Les Regestes de 715

    , 1043 par V. Grumel . Besprochen von A.MICHEL 452A. M. Schne ider , Byzanz. Vorarbeiten zur Topographie und Arch ologie der

    Stadt. Besprochen von F. D LGER 459A. H. M. J o n e , The Cities of the Eastern Roman provinces. Besprochen von

    F. D LGER 461Ei. K v a l e n , Early Norwegian Settlements on the Volga, Besprochen von

    A. VASILIEV 464T h. W h i t t e m o r e , The Mosaics of the St. Sophia at Istanbul!. U. Besprochen

    von E. WEIGAND 467C.Watz inger , Denkm ler Pal stinas. Besprochen von E.WEIGAND 471H. P. L1 o range , Studien zur Geschichte des sp tantiken Portr ts. Besprochen

    von E.WEIGAND 476P. Buber l , Die byzantinischen Handschriften. 1. Der Wiener Dioskurides und

    die Wiener Genesis. Besprochen von H. GERSTINGER 480A. A. Hackel , Das russische Heiligenbild. Die Ikone. Besprochen von 0. WULFF 483

    III. ABTEILUNGBibliographische Notizen und kleinere Mitteilungen 198. 485

  • AUTORENVERZEICHNISAbbott 538Abeghian 418Abel 518Achelis 562Adler 487Adontz 503Ahmed ibn Arabshah238

    Akinean 169. 409.487. 489. 606. 520

    Albertario 279. 585Als, d' 499. 604Aleziu 492Alfldi 230. 246. 634Alinari 661Alt 662Altaner 218Altheim $82Amaduni 513Amann, . 221. 229.236. 249

    Amantos 202 210.213. 214. 215. 254

    Amari 234Ammann, A. M. 229.612

    Amundsen 498Anagnostopulos 210Anastasievic* 209.210Andreades 436Andreotti 230. 617Andriotee 212. 602Anon. 221Apolloni 496Apostolakes 678Apostolidea 496Arabshah 238Arcamone 496Arneee 217Arnold 229Arslan 268. 275. 678Athenagoras 496Anbron 222. 609Avi-Yonah 253

    H. . 274T. S. R. B. 236

    Babinger 263Babudri 269. 613Bachtin 691Backvis 203Badcock 227Bagatti263.269.563.661

    Bagnoli 268Bai 660Bakel, van 248Balabanes 204Balzs 211Baldi 663Balducci 656Baldwin 236Baltrusaitis 272Bandini 685Baneseu 198 ff.486 ff. 492

    Baramki 264Barany-Oberschall673

    Barber 205Bardy 246. 535Barison 539Bartholomaeis, de236

    Bartolozzi 219Baschmakoff 254Baud-Bovy 217. 218.421

    Bauerrei 666Baum 667. 674Baumgart 274Baynes 198 ff. 223.239. 246. 485ff.

    Beard 241Beck, A. C. M. 666Beck, H. 605Becker 638Bees 603Beishuizen 669Belvederi 269. 561Benassi 581Beneievio 206Berchem, J. B. 606Berchem, van 241

    Bernard 536Bereu" 518Bertele 193Bertbier 662Besevliev 212. 601Besnier 230Bettini 268. 272Beutler 199. 487Bezdechi 486. 607Bidez 199. 486. 495.499. 689

    Bidlo 210Biebel 662Biedl 96 ff.Bieter 601Binon 188 ff. 208.225.877ff.491.497.498. 610. 523

    Biondi 586. 586Bissing, v. 553Blackett 218Blackwell 485Biegen 266Boak 241Boase 236Bocoridze 677Boehringer 262Bogiatzakes 492Boisacq 592Bolides 496Bolten 566Bonis 202. 508. 609.638

    oniver 566Bonner 223Boskovio 684Bossowski, v. 281Bouard 498Bouchery 486Boulanger 634Brackmann 624Brady 634Branca 282Brandi 496Bratianu241.267.628Brohier239.246.268.

    270. 274. 485. 637

    Bressan 268Brett 641Brian-ChaninoT 256Brinktrine 228. 612Brion 174Broel-Plater 247Bromberg 264Brontes 204Brooke 261Brunet 196. 284Bruns 261. 549. 576Brnyne, de 662. 664Buberl 480. 670. 671Bnchberger 632Buohkremer 268Buchthai 572Bck, de 512Bulgakov 227Baren, van 270Burger 664Burmester 513Busch 660Byvanck 670

    Qabej 499. 643Cailloie 200Calamari 689Calandra 666Cameron 263Campbell 263. 281Canard 203Cantarella 252Capelli 270Capidan 499. 647Cappelli 642Carli 628Carpenter 221. 227Cartojan 492Casel 513Caspar 248. 535Casson 261Cauvet 641Cavailera 240. 624Cecchelli 248. 271.273. 636. 661. 664.681

    Cecchini 624

    ') Die Namen der Mitarbeiter der L, II. und HL Abteilung und die Seiten-zahlen ihrer Beitrge sind durch Fettdruck hervorgehoben.

  • VIGeci 648Cesei 617Chaine 647Chantraine 499. 500Chapot 272Charanis 240Charles 685Chatzeioannes 213Chatzes 504Ghatzidakee 504Chenet 660Chevalier 222. 507.608

    Chrysostomos s. Pa-padopulos, Chrys.

    Codrington 228. 512Cohen 587Collart 494Collomp 207. 497Colombo 506Concev 542Condanari-Michler

    179. 688Condurachi 486Conti Rossini 611Coomaraswamy 547Corder 275Corso 528Costae 211Coster 119 ff. 525Costil 495Gott 680Coupry 682Conrcelle 251Conrtot 642Covotti 199Cox 263Cramer 614. 538Croce 491Crowfoot 263Crom 212Cuendet 494Cvetkov 266

    R. D. 247Dade 237Dain 489. 589Darblade 588Darko 198 ff. 284.485 ff. 543. 573

    David 541Dawkinfl 621Deanovio 216Dedering 508Deeters 499Deichmann 265. 566Delatte 495Delbrueck 272Delehaye 224. 225Del Grande 604della Corte 532

    Autorenverzeichnisdella Pergola 269Demns 189. 274Dendias 622der Nersessian 274.672. 673

    Dessanaj 204Deubner 199. 486Devambez 276Devreesse 206. 223Diamantopulos 249.509. 633. 635

    Diehl, Ch. 230. 516Diller 263Dlger, F. 36 ff.193 f. 198 ff. 209.239. 260. 412 ff.435 ff. 459 ff. 461 ff.485 ff. 488.500.531.588. 692

    Doens 228Domanovszky 620Dornseiff 533Dopsch 241Drr 220. 607Drrie 198Drries 239Downey l ff. 263.299 ff. 539

    Drachmann 495Draguet 246Drexl 118. 198 ff.200. 882. 487 f.485 ff.

    Drioton 647. 580Duchesne - Guillemin215

    Dudden s. HomesDudden

    Dudley 199Dujcev 225. 518. 636Du Manoir 507Dumozil 492Durrieu 498Dussaud 224Dvornik 592Dyobuniotes 262.509

    ficochard 650Egger 261hrhard!98ff.223.482 ff. 485 ff. 532

    Eier 588Eitrem 498Elderkin 549Engberding 228. 246Enlin 178ff. 230.231. 241. 280. 517.624

    Eptanesia 204Erdmann 236. 587

    Eustratiades 222.508. 610. 613. 537

    Faider 517Falco, de 689Falke, v. 577Falsone 217Faral 621Faris 263Fermini 560Ferrari dalle Spade280

    Ferrua 532.533.635.561. 584

    Fettich 256Feyel 682Fiechter 268Finch 219Fliehe 239. 632Florovskij 245Fogolari 268Forbes 248Forlati 690Formentini 267Franceschini 500Francovich, de 679Frasson 560Freshfield 280. 580.585

    Frey 279. 661. 684Fritz, G. 249Fritz, K. H. 685Froehner 207Froment 272Fruchtel 219. 507Fruin 249Fuad Kprl 624Fuente 573Famagalli 263

    Gabra 547Gabrieli 270Gag^ 248Gamillscheg 499Gantner 648Gaselee 231Gaster 203. 491Gautier 231Gay 210Gedeon 537Gegaj 523Gennadios 253Genzmer 280. 281Georgakas 99 ff.214. 215. 503. 504

    Georgiades 497Gorard 647Gerkan, v. 661Gerke 273. 664Gerland 230Gerola 592

    Qerstlnger 244.480 ff.

    Ghedini 212Ghica-Bude?ti 273Giannopulos 569Giardina 585Gieeecke 244Gines 280. 686Gisinger 252Glubokowsky 227Goetz 679Goldmann 631Gonzalez 506Goodchild 277Gordillo 227Gordon 263Grabar 239. 274. 288.524. 580

    Graf, E 263Graf, G. 223. 611Granic 198 ff. 282Graves 231. 494Grogoire 200. 203.205. 209. 210. 213.214. 216. 218. 222.225. 230. 231. 232.236. 239. 241. 249.258. 263. 488. 600.502. 503. 619. 626.543. 582. 583. 692

    Grekpv 530Grenier 230Greselin 568Grohmann 525Grousset 521Grujio 274. 497Grumel 221.222.282.249.274.489 ff. 452.536

    Guey 684Qfildenstnbbe, r.198 ff. 485 ff.

    Gundel 284Gndisch 623Gunnis 573Gtschow 679

    R. H. 274Haase 246Hackel 274. 483Hajmanivs*kij 530Halasi-Kun 222Halecki 250Halkin 200Hamilton 265Hammersberger 606Hansel 510Harada 586Harden 275Haeringen, van 230Hartmann, R. 238

  • Autorenverzeichnis

    Hamret 218HMoser 606Hawsherr 260Hawath 214. 491Haveeens 612Hebbelynck 206Hedley 681Heichelheim 628Hefler 246. 632Heliopulos 210Hellebrand 688

    169 ff. 198 ff. 400.418 f. 485 ff.

    Henne 210Henning 244Heniy 268. 486Hermann 211. 282.688. 689

    Herter 501Hertling 634Herzfeld 547Herzog 486Heeeler 606Hesseling 491Hensei 246. 261. 532Hl, Sir 281Hilpisch 261H5eg217.419.421 ff.Hofmann, G. 261. 638Hofmann, Eonr. 632Hohenlohe 279. 684Hohl 199Homes Dudden 239Honigmann 248. 640Hoepflner 617. 526Hopfher 203Hoppe 218. 219Hrmann 202Hrn 690Hovsepian 261Hubert 267Humbert 501. 624Hussey 437. 631

    Jacopi 263Janin 253Janssens 626Jenkins 246. 492Jerphanion, de 514.533. 636. 550. 563.680

    Jickn 263Joannidn 493Johnson 230

    Jolowioz 206Jonea 263: 461Joneecu 270Jordchescu 606Jorga 237. 266. 269.681

    Isaye 606IScak 227Jngie 222. 249. 250.251. 609

    Junyent 661Jflseen 607lyanka 284

    E. E. 239. 547Eaden 686Eahane 600Eakabadze 660Kaiinka 217Ealitennakes 692Ealligae 286. 659Ealogeropuloe 262Ealomenopnlos 620.625

    Kamps 210Eapsomenakie(-menoe) 70. 212.492

    Earapiperis 637Earst 283Eaechnitz-Weinberg667

    Ease 498Easimates 629. 686Kaufmann 649Eanpel 219Kautzech 273. 648.660. 669

    Keil 278Kereten-Thiele 635Eettler 248Eidd 178Kiefer 280Eienitz, v. 229Eieling 500Eind 283King 268. 663Eirchhoff 612Eirk 640. 651Kirsch 263. 270. 274.276. 276. 288. 666.590. 691

    Kirschbaum 260Eirwan 231Eitechelt 666Knabe 239Engel 261Eoch 229. 515Eolf, van der 203Kollwitz 261. 270

    Konidares 246Eonstantinides 506Konetantopulos 681Kprl s. Fnad K-prfilfi

    Krte 210Korzenszky 284Koschaker 685Koster 496Eraemer, A. 634Eraemer, G. J. 498.585

    Krau 262Erautheimer 269.561Erefting 611Eretschmer 211. 499Eriaras 210. 602Erimizake 493Krischen 541Ernig 270Krger, F. 203Krger, H. 586Erger, P. 251. 638Erusch 639Endryk 217Khn 246Kukules 213. 631Eorfe 199Eurilae205.228.496.514

    Eurmnles 216. 492.493. 604

    KurtzSOOEvfclen 464Eyriakidee 203

    Labriolle,de214.246LacyO'Leary,de224.246. 248

    Ladner 273Ladomersky 511Lagrange 499Laignel - Lavastine284

    Lake 288Lambert 203Lamboglia 267Lambrechts 680Lameere 202. 222.671

    Lammert 28 ff.Lamonte 236Lampe 624Lampros 202Lampsides 203.812 ff.

    Landau 231Lantechoot, van 206La Pira 686Lardenelle, de 661

    7Lasareff274.669.673Laskaris 209. 210.277

    La Sorsa 224. 498Laseus 263. 660Latonrette 532Laurens 680Laurent, M. 624Laurent, V. 692Lauziere 647Lavagnino 261. 678Lawrence 668Lazzati 199. 248Lebon 246. 506. 533Lebreton 246. 499.532

    Leclercq 206. 218.226. 245. 263. 261.266. 271. 273

    Ledroit 267Lefort 224Lefevre 586Lehmann 270Leib 200. 489Leicht 241. 628Leifer 684Lemerle 208. 266.

    279. 566Lenachan 230Leroy 200Leroy- Molinghen203

    Leschi 253. 662Levie 499Levi-Provencal 231Levy 617Lewie 242. 685Liddell 499Lietzmann 247. 532.533

    Lind 487Lindakes 493. 604Ljungvik 172Liverani 275Loenertz 238Loeschcke 267Loewe 246LOrange 269. 476Lorenzetti 268Lorenzo, di 528Lot 230Lot-Borodine 222Lousse 621Lawry 606Lowiier Clarke 261Ludeke 493Lukopalos 203Lpke 641Luzzatto 244Lykndes 223Lyonnet 604

  • Haas 58 ff. 156 f.198ff. 850. 409ff.

    McCown 584Macdonald 513McKenzie 205Mackunion 246Mader 553Maere 239Maggiulli 279Male 561Mallardo 270Mamboury 261Mandalari 542Manning 248Manteuifel 205. 498Manusakas 493Marangoni 265. 268Marcais 230. 516Marco, de 200Marcovio 268Marcnlescu 237. 259Mario 510Markoweki 205Marshall 241Martin, Ch. 223. 234.

    261. 521Martin, V. 526. 532Martiny 541Maschi 585Mattingly 241. 277.681

    Maurice 239Mazey 242Mayreder 277Mayrhofer 283Mayser 211Mazalio 569Mazon 620. 688Mazzantini 220Mazzarino 626Medea 270. 562Meer s. van der MeerMegas 492Melanophrydes 204Menges 608Menner 214Mercati, G. 496Mercati,S.t.l98ff.485 ff. 486. 508. 610

    Mercenier 228Merell 205Merial 647Merlier 217Merlin 210Mersch 512Merzagora 219Mesesnel 659Mesk 199Meunier 486Meyer, B. 649Meyer, E. 677

    Autorenverzeichnis

    Miatev 680Michaolides-Nouaros

    587Michel, A. 111 ff.227.236. 452 ff. 621

    Michl, J. 220Mickwitzl79f.242.277. 628. 631

    Miller 236. 238Millet 207. 274. 647Milne 206. 496Mingana 223Minorsky 258Minozzi 578Mioni 156. 608Mirambel 501. 502Mirkovio 266. 271.

    275. 669Misn s. NomidesModena 246Molo 261. 648Momigliano 511Monahan 227Monneret de Villard655

    Montgomery-Hitch-cock 214

    Monti 237Moore 517Moravceik 202. 205.238. 520. 537. 639

    Morey 263.276. 524.580

    Mosm 209. 244. 498.628

    Moes 239. 606. 617.630

    Mpodas 587Mt 549Malert 246Mller, Bruno Albin198

    Muller, K. A. 617Mller-Freienfels269Munier 547Muratoff 569Murray 677Mutafciev 198 ff.485 ff.

    Muyser 612

    Nagl 230. 231. 249Nallino 234Necgulescu 269Neu 564Nissen 8 7 ff. 204.221851 ff. 509

    Nitti de Vito 226Nomidee 186. 188.

    261. 541Noordegraaf 540

    Nordenfalk 570.671.672

    Norsa 241Norvin 487. 691Novak 210

    Oberhummer 254Odar 283Oellacher 245Oertel 275. 578Okunev 560Olivero 267Olivieri 283. 494Oli vier- Martin 280Olschki 252Opitz 248. 249. 506Oppenheim 228Oprescu 493Orbelli 677Oreetauo 281Orfanitsky 511Orgele 603Orkun 238Orlandos 286. 542.555. 568. 659. 569.673

    Ortiz de Urbina 534Ostrogorskij 210.239.624

    Ottlik 241Otto 206. 494Ozzbla, de 272

    B. W. P. 581Pacelli 588Paeseler 664Palanque 246Fall 523Panaiteecu 523Pantelakis 220. 507Papachristodnlos216

    Papadakes 493Papademetriu 285Papadopulos, A. A.212. 216

    Papadopulos, Chrys.246. 505. 508. 513.635. 538

    Papadopulos, J.B.8 ff. 823 ff. 489

    Papagiannopuloe621

    Paris 228Parker 230Parkes 246Parmentier 499Parzy 246Paschini 266Patzelt 241Pearce 276. 277

    Pedersen 634Peeters 206. 611Peirce 578Peppink 201Perella 541Pernot 216Pergola s. della Per-gola

    Perry 202Pesce 270Peterson 511Petit 222. 432. 609PetkoYi6198ff.274.485 ff. 572

    Petranu 261. 548Ptre 534Pezopulos 486. 488.

    504Pfeilstcker 660Phabes 210. 212Phosteropula 204Phurikes 210. 216Pighi 516Pijoan 647. 564Pink 277. 278Pirenne 231PHnval 248Poinssot 651Pollet 532Popa-Lisseanu 546Popovio 210Pourrat 229Powell 71 ff. 288.489. 507

    Praga 528Prandi 269. 661Proaux 210Prestige 227Preu 259Provost 641Priebsch 223Przychocki 201. 409Puech 246Puttrich-Reignart562. 663

    Quadri 220S. R. 631Raeder 196 f.Radojcio 266Radojkovio 243Radonio 236Raes 512. 513Rasetti 270Rasovskij 237Rava 276Rehbach 247Renard 584Renaudin 219Rhalles 282. 689

  • AutorenverzeichnisRicci 561Ricci s. Seymour

    de R.Rice 253. 960. 274.

    573Richard 205.218.220.

    508Richardeon 495Kichert 276Richmond 564Ridley 248Riemann 285Riviere 222. 227Robert 253Roberti 590Robertis, de 528Robinson 276Rodenwaldt269.669Roes 245Rohlfs 216Romanoff 253Rome 486Rosa 566Rose 205Rosenfeld 225Rosenkranz 535Rotbenhaensler 507Ronfflard 207. 209.

    497Ronssel 504Rcker 265. 515Rge 253Rupcio 250Rupprecht 510Rtten 511Ryckmans 584

    Sabine 239Sabrames 272Sala 505Salaville 229. 509Salmi 268Salvatorelli 198Sander 229Sanders 238Sandfeld 216San Nicol 281. 282Santifaller 622Santini 227Sana 266Saumagne 242. 528Sbordone 202Schaeder 584Schfer 272. 564Schaffiran 560Scheel 157 ff.Schelkle 252Schenk v. Stanffen-berg s. Stauffenberg

    ScheriUo 685

    Scherling, van 207Schir 222. 509Schiesel 252Schlee 563Schlumberger 263Schlank 253. 272.276. 569. 577. 679

    Schmeidler 521Schmidt, K. Frz. W.498

    Schmidt, L. 230Schneider. A. M.182ff.186ff.188f.253. 263. 264. 273.408. 459. 641. 548.651. 552. 559

    Schnitzer 248Schnorr v. Carolefeld588

    Schnyder 664Schoenebeck, v. 561.566. 568

    Schramm 496Schroeder 282Schnitze 612Schwabe 279Schwartz 248. 439.692

    Schweigl 228Schweinfurth 273Schwyzer 202Scott 499Segovia 511Seeberg 246Seidl 198ff. 282.485 ff.

    Se"journe 228Semenoy 412Seppelt 236. 239Serali 620Serra Vilaro 663Sesmat 283Seeton 230. 246. 247.632. 650

    Severyns 496Seymour de Ricci 614Sguros 236Shocher-Schwarz 236Siatos 622Sickle, van 525Sidrides 222. 432.509

    Sideropuln 204. 216Sieveking 528Sigalas 206. 536Simenschy 606Silva-Tarouca 248Simon 249Skeat 206. 495Skok 216. 499Slines 204

    Smolitsch 180Smothers 606Solari 680Soloviev 209. 238.497. 498. 688

    Sontis 280. 686. 686Soper 668Sophronios s.Eustra-tiades

    Sorbelli 241Sorea s. La SorsaSoteriu 274. 286. 660Soyter 211Spa&l 219. 511Spandonide 493Spindeler 612Spulber 280. 584Spyridakie 492. 493StadtmttUer 180 ff.198 ff. 228. 243.485 ff.

    Sthelin 247Stniloae 222. 609Stanojevi 210. 236.286

    Starickij 499Starr 249Stauffenberg, GrafSchenk v. 167. 239

    Steen 501Stefaneecu 239. 270.288

    Stegemann 486Steidle 249. 615Steier 199Stein 242. 280Steinberg 276Steinhausen 267Steinwenter 686. 588Sthamer 498Stepski, . 172ff.174ff. 202

    Stillwell 263Stolz 507Strittmatter 514Strzygowski 269. 647Stuhlfauth 270.624.

    672Shling 661Sutherland 277. 581Sven s 601S wart, de 219Swarzenski 577Swiencickyi 198 ff.485 ff.

    Swift 667Swoboda 267. 268.660

    Sydenham 277Sykes 231Sykntris 210. 287

    IXTabaehoTitz l ff.Tafrali 288Takaichvi 236.660.

    673Tarchi 661Tarchnievili 228Tardini 561TaSean 541Taylor 283. 680Tea 268Teilenbach 521Terzaghi 289 ff.Theiler 486Theodorides 272Thomas 231. 668Thompson 230Thomsen 641Thorpe 276Threpsiades 265Tiby 217. 504Till 224Tillema 573Tiyard 217.419 f.Tod 278Toeeca 574Tomadakes 542Tomassetti 536Treitinger 524Trempelas 218Trever 677Tria 687TriantaphyUides211. 499

    Trowbridge 199Tsebas 637Turner 205. 563Tyler 678

    Ulrich -Bansa 277Unnik, van 512

    Vacca 486Vaccari 219. 223Van der Meer 270.563

    Vanderpool Grote272

    Vari 284Yaeilie? 236. 238.464 ff. 499. 522

    Vasmer 502Vassili 230. 617. 618Vaux, de 563Venni 249Vergote 224. 608Veraadskij 234. 499Vidal 270Vincent 489Violardo 686Vismara 588Vitale 531

  • AutorenverzeichnisVlaeto 600Vogt 261Voigt 239. 524Volbach 273. 274Volkmann 239Volterra 279Voet 496Vukanovio 266

    Waage* 276Walker 277Wartenberg 203.491Watzinger 471Weber 228Wegener 498Weidhaas 272. 273.

    637Weigand 189 ff.

    198ff. 272. 467 ff.

    471ff.476ff.485ff.669. 674. 580

    Weiland 634Weisbach 260. 547Weitzmann 274Welleez 217Welz, v. 632Wenger279.281.586Werner 276Whatmough 499White, H. E. 538White, L. T. 639Whitley 227Whittemore467.680Wieacker 585. 588Wiegand 261Wijk, van 608. 542Wiiber 263Will 268Williams 249

    Willoughby 672Wilpert 271Wileon 272. 614Winter 210Winterswyl 218Wittek 202. 278Wolff, H. J. 687Wrneck 277Wulff259.272.48Bf.Wanderle 229. 262.616

    Xanalatos 242Xyngopulos286. 666.

    570. 672. 676

    Youtie 214. 223

    Zachos 559Zakrzeweki 516

    Zakythenos 498i. 5616Zaloziecky 182. 2275.680

    Zayat 249Zeiller 246Zei 573Zepos, P. J. 281.. 5686Ziad 220Ziegler 261Zilliacu8338ir.4*88Zingerle 278Zlokovio 266 638Zncchi 561Zugrav 496Zulueta, de 585Zuntz 274Zuretti 589Zuylen, vanZykan 564

  • - ?'^ :. ^^

    L ABTElIiNG

    IMPEBIAL BUILDING BECOEDS IN MALALASG. DOWNBY / PBINOETON

    Mach of the value of Malalas asr a source for Roman imperialhietory lies in bis recorde of pnblic bnilding undertakings in the Orient,which formed one of hie chief intereste; and hie records of work atAntioch, which are often unique, are of particular value because heseems to bave lived there and to have used sources J?ased ultimatelyupon local official recorde. His notices present peculiaritiee and typicalerrors, which have been investigated. No one, however, has yet under-taken a separate stndy of these problems, so that the material is stillscattered; and since there is evidence which has not yet been examined,it seems desirable to provide a brief review of the subject Such asurvey will also prove useful in the criticism of bnilding records foundin other similar sources.

    Malalas generally records building activities briefiy, in a stereotypedmanner. He sometimes mentions the locations of buildings, and thereasons for their construction; but normally bis notices consist simplyof the statement that an emperor baut a public building in a certaincity. As a eounterpart, he sometimes notes destruction or damage infires and earthquakes, with sabseqaent repair or replacement. He Beverattempts to give a picture of the topography of a city, though heoccasionally indicates the positions of bnildings in important complexesat Antioch and Constantinople.1) In the case of Antioch, there appar-ently existed a chronicle or annalistic hietory of the city compiledfrom official documents. It is not clear whether Malalas used this di-rectly or indirectly (there may have been a series of such works); butthe material obtained would have the highest value: Information con-ceming the construction of public buildings would presumably bederived often from epigraphic records, i. e. from documentary copiesof inscriptions.2)

    l) See, for example, bis detciiption of the buildinge on and near the foromof Yalens at Antioch (883, 4; 890, 14; 838, 14) and of thoee on and near anotherfomm at Antioch (397, 9); also the account of Conetantine'e buildings at Constan-tinople (319,19382, 16). References to Malalae are given by page and line ofthe Bonn edition.

    *) On the direct and ultimate sources of Malalae, eee A. Schenk v. Stanffen-berg, Die rom. Kaieergeeehichte bei Malalas. Griech. Text der Bcher IXXII n.

    Bysftat. ZeiUchrift XXXVHI l l

  • 2 I. Abteilung

    The major difficulty presented by these records, which was recog-nized by Carl Otfried Mller in bis monograpb on tbe bistory andtopograpby of Antioch1), is that Malalas sometimes says that an em-peror "built" a building when it is certain or probable, from internalor external evidence, tbat is was only repaired, completed, or enlarged;moreover, Malalas seems on occasion to have confused rulers whosenames were similar (e. g. Vespasian and Titus), attributing to one workcertainly or probably done by the other. These difficulties were alsorecognized by Richard Frster, in bis Supplement to Mller's work2),but he and Mller had to content themselves with discussing individualproblems s they arose. Wilhelm Weber discussed one of them in de-tail, from the p(tlnt of view of Malalas's sources and methods3), but biswork, the first of its kind, was necessarily limited in scope. A. Schenkv. Stauffenberg again examined these peculiarities, but this investigationformed only a part of bis more extended researches.4)

    The most striking peculiarity in Malalas's records is the way inwhich he uses to describe any kind of construction work, em-ploying it to describe indifferently original construction, repair, enlarge-ment, and completion.5) This usage might at first sight be thoughtsimply an analogy to the similar understanding of aedifico by theRomans, who consciously used the word in the same sense6); and itUntersuchungen (Stuttgart 1931), especially the summary, 507610. Malalas'sinterest in building actiyities may be appreciated by examination of the collectionof material in Stauffenberg's chapter "Die Kaiserbauten in Antiochien", 445606,which includes the material for other cities in the Orient. As ultimate sources,Stauffenberg distinguishes a Christian world-chronicle of Oriental type, the city-chronicle of Antioch, and a collection of abbreviated imperial biographies, com-parable to Eutropius, Aurelius Victor, the Epitome, etc. The nature of the mate-rial is such, however, that it is impossible to arrive at complete precision in allsuch mattere; see the valuable notes on this subject in the review of S tauft en-berg's work by W. Ensslin, Phil. Woch. 53 (1933) 769789. There is a good biblio-graphy of Malalas in G. Moravcsik, A Magyar Trtonet Bizanci Forrasai, Budapest

    934, 7072; see also K.Wolf, loannes Malalas, RE IX, 17951799 (publ. 1916).*) Antiquitates Antiochenae (Gttingen 1839).2) Antiochia am Orontes, Jahrb. d.k. deutschen Archol. Inst. 12 (1897) 103149.8) Studien zur Chronik des Malalaa, Festgabe fr A. Deissmann, Tbingen

    1927, 2066.4) See above.5j The necessary limits of a survey such s this preclude detailed discussion

    of historical and topographical matters which are not specifically related to que-stions of Malalas's sources and methods. Problems necessary for the present pur-pose will be discussed or mentioned, and it is assumed that for other matters thereader may refer to the works cited in the notes.

    e) Thes. Ling. Lat., s. v. See also P. Kretschmer, Glotta 10 (1920) 160161.

  • G. Downey: Imperial Building Records in Malalas 3

    might be supposed that in some cases Malalas's usage reflects errorarising from ignorance of the nature of the work involved. The wordoccurs so often, however, in passages in which Malalas states expresslythat rebuilding and the like were involved, that it would seem likelyin itself that some special significance attached to its use; and investi-gation shows that Malalas was conscious of its comprehensive character.He employs in the senses shown in the following passages.1)

    Diocletian , %66

  • 4 L Abteilung

    Antioch "built" the "basilica" of Rufinus (398, 8), which had beenburned in a riot under the same emperor (397, 16)*); after the earth-quake of 526 at Antioch, Theodora "built" the "basilica" of Anatolius(423, 8), whose original construction under Theodosius II Malalas de-scribes in detail (360, 7).2)

    One of the best known of the instances in which Malalas uses to describe work done to a building known to have been already inexistence is his statement (280, 12) that Antonius Pius "built" a greattemple to Zeus in Heliopolis, Wiegand's study of the architecturalevidence has shown that the temple of Zeus at Baalbek was foundedunder one of the Julian emperors, so that the notice in Malalas evi-dently refers to repair, additions, or other such work.3)or reconstruction: M ller (70) and Stauffenberg (468 469) point out that theremust have been a theatre in the city in the Seleucid period, which Caesar mighthave rebuilt; but since a Seleucid theatre is nowhere mentioned, there is no evi-dence of the possible relation of Caesar's theatre to it.

    *) On the plan of the "basilica", see my article uThe Architectural Signifi-cance of the Use of the Word s stoa and bas i l ike in Classical Literatare'1,Amer. Journ. of Arch. 41 (1937) 203 n. 3.

    2) On this building, aee further below, p. 8, and my article cited in thepreceding note, 199. Similar paesages are: Marcus Aurelius at Antioch "l^uilt" theMouseion and its Nymphaion (282, 10), which is presumabiy identical with theMouseion burned in the fire under Tiberius (235, 18; Stauffenberg 483); at Daphne,Trajan "built" a shrine of Artemis (277, 11), which is almost certainly identicalwith that which Malalas says was built by Antiochus Philadelphue (234, 5; M ller46 n. l, 6667; Stauffenberg 489); at Constantinople, Constantine "built" thehippodrome (321, 15) which had been begun by Septimius Severus (292,11; Malalashere says expressly that Severus did not finish the work); Diocletian "built" aStadium at Daphne for the Olympic games of Antiocb, and a shrine of Zeus inthe stadium (307, 5), although it seems almost certain that the emperor only re-paired or rebuilt an existing stadium (apparently dating from the Seleucid period)and that the ehrine of Zeus was originally built by Antiochus Epiphanes (M ller62, 96; Stauffenberg 489490).

    8) H. Winnefeld in Th. Wiegand, Baalbek (Berlin 1923) 146147; Stauffen-berg 314 (on this passage on the work of Pius, see further below). While it maybe argued that a passage such s this does not properly constitute evidence ofMalalas's understanding of , since he might have had no accurate knowledgeof the nature of the work at Heliopolis, a belief on his part that Pius's work wasoriginal would still betray a condition in his source which would be the cause ofsuch ignorance on the part of Malalas; and this of course forms no objection tothe Interpretation of the passages in which Malalas himself defines his use of. Further, one must always reckon with the possible effect of the loss ofinternal evidence in the abridgement which the text has suffered. An instructiveexample of this is found in the notice of the construction of the churches of theVirgin and of the Archangel Michael at Antioch by Justinian after the earthquakeof 626. The Greek text of the codex Baroccianus teils us only that Justinian and

  • G. Downej: Imperial Building Becords in Malalas 5Evidently tbe only meaning which will cover all these uses of

    is "to have to do with building operations". Malalas plainly understoodthe word in this broad sense (one might perbaps say special sense),which he and bis readers evidently topk for granted; apparently ,did not, to Malalas, necessarily convey any implication s to tbe na-ture of the work which it described.1)

    Another striking characteristic of Malalas's use of is the fre-quency and uniformity with which he repeats it in passages in whichhe enumerates a large number of operations. One such passage is bisdescription of the activities of Tiberius at Antioch. Here, in the fiftylines of the Bonn edition which are devoted to the emperor's work2), is employed seven times, participles of four times, and once. " is also employed five timee of tbe work of otherrulers whose actmties are mentioned in connection with those of Ti-berius, and participles of twice. In the fifteen lines devoted tosimilar activities by Tiberius elsewhere (235, 9 ff.), is employedfive times. On the passage on Antioch, accordingly, Weber observes8):"Ein gemeinsames Stichwort verbindet alle Teile; formelhaftleitet es jeden einzelnen Abschnitt ein, wird es f r jede neue Tatsacheangef hrt. Ist schon der Gebrauch des Wortes nicht leicht bei einemSchriftsteller so h ufig wie bei Malalas, so kommt, wenn ich recht

    Theodora "built" these churches after the earthquake (423, 1), and since there isno mention of them in the description of the earthquake in this tezt (419, 5

    '422, 8), it might be thought that they were built for the first time after theearthquake. In the Church Slavonic version of Malalas, however, the account ofthe earthquake is more complete, preserving. detaile lost from the Greek tezt; andhere it is recorded that the two churches were destroyed in the earthquake, andthat the church of Michael had been built by Zeno (Y. M. Istrin, Chronika loannaMalaly v Slavianskom perebodie, Kn. XVXVIII, Sbor. otd. Russ. iaz. i slov. Imp.Akad. Nauk [Petrograd], XCI 2 (1914) 22; I take this Information from the Eng-lieh translation of the Slavonic version by Professor Matthew Spinka, which it ishoped will soon be published).

    l) This understanding of is illustrated by the way in which Malalasoften employs the noun to mean "the work (or act) of building" (ratherthan ua structure"); the word has this meaning in 299, 23; 318, 16; 324, 8; 338, 21;360, 10, probably also in 235, 5; 276, 15, 19; 318, 4; 360, 6; 361, 18; 369, 9; 406,21(on 236, 6 and 275, 15, 19, see, however, Weber 56 n. 1); it occurs in this sensein an inscription of A. D. 635/6 at Baalbek, A. A. E. S. III 342. Thus wouldmean to Malalas "to have to with 11. On the history of see E. Krum-bacher, , Indogerm. Forsch. 26 (1909) 393421. See also the use of by Theophanes, A. M. 6064, p. 244, 7 De Boor, and the passage in which Procopiusequates and (De aed. I 6, 4). Compare also Theodoretus,H. E. I 3, l with Nicephorue Callistus, H. E. VIII (P. G. CXLVI 28).

    *) 232, 16ff.; see Weber's analysis of the passage, 4648. ) 46, cf. 40.

  • 6 I. Abteilung

    sehe, nirgends bei ihm das Wort so h ufig vor wie hier. Das ganzehat also stark formelhaften Charakter. Man kann sich dem Eindrucknicht entziehen, da ein Bautenkatalog in knappe, nur gelegentlich aus-gesponnene S tze gef gt ist." Catalogues of building operations, inwhich the works of emperors are enumerated in this mann er, are foundin the imperial hiographies of Suetonius, in the Historia Augusta,Eutropius, and in various of the chronicles and fasti.1)

    When it is realized that one of Malalas's chief interests is imperialbuilding operations in the East, that he records these with considerableregularity, and that he seldom mentions public or private buildingsconstructed by individuals, it seems evident, s Weber has pointed out,that exrt s is simply a rubric with which notices of public buildingactivities are introduced; it is plain that is used to describe allsuch activities of whatever nature, embracing repair, completion, andenlargement, s well s original construction. It is possible to under-stand this usage only if one supposes that Malalas would include allbuilding activities in ', and that he understood that the rulerwhose work was recorded was concerned with soine sort of Operation,whose nature might or might not be precisely defined.

    The conclusion indicated is of course that Malalas had some sourceor sources which recorded building activities systematically. In such acase his usage would mean simply that such lists of includedoperations of various natures, and that he reproduced the entries eitherwith or without their statements (if any) of the nature of the work.2)

    *) See Weber 50 (also 42), who cites also, among other examples, the Reagestae divi Augusti, IV 1921, the Chronographus an. 354 (see the following note),Josephus's records of the buildings of Herod (see Weber 26 n. 2) and A. von Do-maszeweki, Die Topographie Roms bei den Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Sitz.-Ber. d. Heidelberger Akad. d. Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 1916, 7. Abh. See also Weber'sfurther observations, in coonection with the Res gestae, in Princeps I (Stuttgart 1936)187189, with the valuable notes on 219*-230*. On the catalogue of the buildingsof Pius in the S. H. A., see W. H ttl, Antoninus Pius (Prag 19311936) I, 338 n. 61.

    *) Both indifference to the uature of building operations and the processesby which their nature could become obscured in literary transmission are illu-etrated by the stereotyped entries concerning building operations in the Chrono-graphus an. 354. Here the entry hoc imp. thermae Commodianae dedicatae suntappears in the entries for the reigns of both Commodus and Decius (Mommsen,Chron. Min. I 147, 6 and 34). In the same chronicle thermae Alexandrinae dedicataesunt (ibid. line 26) appears to refer actually to the reconstruction of baths builtby Nero (see Mommsen's note). Again, the same chronicle records the burning ofthe eenate, the forum of Caesar, and the basilica lulia under Carinus and Numerian(148, 18), and then says, under the reign of Diocletian, that these buildinge fabri-catae sunt (148, 22), naturally without any explanation of the nature of the work(see also Mominsen, Gesamm. Sehr, VII 557559).

  • G. Downey: Imperia} Building Records in Malalas 7This special significance of appears in passages in which

    unusual detail is given, especially when subordinate officials are asso-ciated with the work. Such passages are so few that they are auto-matically marked s exceptional by their departure from Malalas'snormal practice of naming the emperors alone s donors and Initiators;and the recordiog of the work of subordinates sometimes appears tobe associated with a certain disorder in Malalas's Information. Examplesare found in the description of Caligula's provisions for the restorationof Antioch after the earthquake there during his reign (243, 14):

    The emperor Gaius gave much money to the same city and to the survivinginhabitants. And he built ($) there near the mountain the public bath ofGaius Caesar, sending from Home to the same Antioch, that he might build(xrifffl) the public bath, the prefect Salianus, who also made (*) a greataqueduct from Daphne, hewing out the mountain and leading the waters intothe public bath built (&) by him. He also built (&ttys) temples.Furthennore the same Gaius Caesar sent two other Senators, most wealthy,whose names are these, Pontius and Varius1), in Order to guard the cityand build it (&tl ... ) with the funds granted by the sameemperor, likewise to give money from their own funds to the same city andto dwell in it. And they built () very many dwellinge from their ownfunds; and in addition to the dwellings the same Senators likewiee built() other things in the same city from their own funds, a great publicbath, the so-called Varium, down by the wall, near the river, where they alsobuilt their own dwellings near the bath, and a Trinymphon, very seemly,adorning it with statues, for the weddinge of all the maidens of the city.And from the funds which had been granted they restored () manybuilding in the same city of Antioch.Malalas does not distinguish carefully the roles of Salianus and the

    emperor. While both might have been said to have "built" the bathand the aqueduct, the emperor because he gave the money, Salianusbecause he supervised the work, the sentence-structure reveals an in-difference to any distinction which might be made; and when Malalasmentions the temples, it is impossible to discover whether their con-struction also was supervised by Salianus, or whether the emperoralone is credited with the work. Malalas's interest lies in the fact thatthe buildings were built at the emperor's command, with funds grantedby him; Salianus's part was of only minor interest.2)

    In the case of Pontius and Varius a complication seems introducedby the circumstance that they built certain buildings with their ownfunds. Malalas says they were to use both imperial funds and their

    *) On the identification of Pontius and Varius, see E. Groag, Wiener Stud. 60(1932) 202205.

    2) Cf. also Malalas's references to the baths and aqueducts built at Antiochby Caesar (5:16, 21; 346, 19), Trajan (276, 1) and Hadrian (278, 1).

  • 8 I. Abteilung

    own money; but it is suspicious that he should enumerate the workdone with the Senators7 money, while he merely says that "from thef nde which had been granted they restored many buildings". The re-petition of suggests that Malalas feit that the work wasunusual, and was at pains to describe it correctly; and it seems sthough it were the novelty of recording such work which led h im t omention only superficially that the Senators had also done work withimperial money: at the same time, however, he evidently feit con-strained to note that the emperor had granted funds for this purpose,even though he did not specify what work was done.1)

    The importance of the emperor's role is again illustrated by com-parison of Malalas's account of work done at Antioch by Theodosius IIwith the account of the same work by Evagrius, who took bis materialconcerning it from Malalas.2) Malalas records (360, 7) that Tbeodosiusbuilt a "basilica", "which the people of Antioch call that of Anatoliusbecause the Anatolius supervised the work, receiving themoney from the emperor when he became of the East;and for this reason, when he finished the same construction of the, he inscribed on it in gold mosaic this: 'The work of theemperor Theodosius', s was right". Evagrius says only3): "Anatolius,sent s of the eastern forces, built the so-called ofAnatolius, adorning it with all kinds of materials." Malalas was carefulto record the emperor's connection with the work, while Evagrius hadno interest in this; from his account alone one would suppose thatAnatolius built the building at his own initiative, even with his ownmoney.4)

    The attitude toward the part played by the ruler is indicated from1) Malalas mentione similar restoration work by Roman Senators after the

    earthquake at Antioch linder Trajan (278,20), bat the p s sage is brief and it isnot stated what funds they used.

    2) E. Patzig, Unerkannt und unbekannt gebliebene Malalas-Fragmente (Progr.,Leipzig 1891) 1720; C. E. Gleye, B. Z. 3 (1894) 627; E. Cernousov, B. Z. 27, 30 n. 2.On the plan of the building, see above, p. 4, n. 2.

    a) I 18, p. 27, 31 Bidez-Pannentier.4) In the same passage Evagrius liste public buildings erected at Antioch

    (also in the reign of Theodosius II) by the "governors" Memnonius, Zoilus, andCallistus. While no reference to such work appears in Malalas, it may have beenlost, and Evagrius may have taken this material likewise from Malalas (Patzig,loc. cit). In any case, his procedure in the case of the work of Anatolius suggestethat he may have dropped references to the patronage of the emperor in thework of the other officials. For a typical expression of the feeling toward theerection of public buildings by the emperor through the agency of officiale, seelulian, Panegyric on Constantius, 41 A.

  • G. Downey: Imperial Building Records in Malalas 9

    another point of view by Malalas's statement (235,18) that the shrineof the Muses at Antioch was "built" by Antiochus Philopator withthe funds bequeathed for this purpose by a citizen of Antioch namedMaron, who had settled at Athens. Even though Maron is creditedwith the gift, the feeling evidently is that all public buildings erectedduring a rulers reign are to be credited to him, no matter what hisactual share or initiative may have been.1)

    The personal importance of the emperor is further illustrated bythe apparent belief that the statement that an emperor "built" a build-ing in some city meant, on occasion, that he executed or initiatedthe work during a visit to the city. One of the simplest examples isthe account of the work of Constantine the Great at Antioch (317,17 ff.).Malalas describes the construction of various public buildings erectedat the emperor's ordere, and states that this work was done on anoccasion when Constantine visited the city, on the return journey froma victorious campaign against the Persians. There is, however, no evi-dence that Constantine visited Antioch after he became emperor2), andso it seems possible that the statement that is was during a visit thathe "built" the buildings represents an inference from the knowledgethat the emperor had ordered the work. Precisely this inference wasmade by the Compiler of the extracts from Malalas in the Excerptade insidiis. Malalas says, in the passage partly quoted above (360, 7),that Theodosius II "built" at Antioch a "basilica", called that of Ana-tolius, and that the emperor also gilded the Daphnetic Oate there, thiswork being done by the consularis Nymphidianus. He goes on to say & 6 , *,, xal xal

    ) It may be considered that Malalas was interested not only in public build-ings erected under imperial auspices, bat in public buildings in general. In suchcases, however, there is generally some circumstance placing a building on a par,so to speak, with imperial work, which seems to attract Malalas's interest (pos-sibly, also, such buildings would be recorded in his sources along with imperialwork). The work at Antioch of Marcius Rex, for example (see below, p. 13), andPompey (see above, p. 3, n. 2) would, to Malalas or a source which had the samepoint of view, be the equivalent of imperial work because it was done (at leastostensibly) by Roman authority. In much the same way, it is plainly Malalas'sinterest in imperial work which leads him to record the construction of a publicbath at Antioch by the citizens acting at the order of Septimius Severus, eventhough, in this case, the emperor did not furnish the money (294, 19). The erectionof so many buildings under the auspices of the emperors would make it easy toassociate their names with work with which they had in reality no connection,or only a remote one.

    ) Benjamin, "Constantinus", RE IV 10131026.

  • 10 I. Abteilung ',. There is no implication that the work was initiated by theemperor during a visit: indeed the references to Nymphidianus andAnatolius might be taken to imply that the work was not so done,especially since Malalas says that Anatolius received the money for hiswork from the emperor when he took office; but in tbe Excerpta thepassage is reproduced, in abbreviated form, s follows1): '& &-' The presence of in Malalas's accountthus appears to have led the excerptor to believe that Theodosius wasin Antioch, building the buildings, when Valentinian's death becameknown.2)

    Accordingly, seems to be something more than (or otherthan) simply a verb. It introduces and identifies records a certain kind,and appears to have connotations quite transcending its etymologicalsignificance. Its whole use is summed up in the curious statement thatClaudius (246,8).This is not so much a comical niistake s an example of the way inwhich the emperor's activities in such matters could be reduced orfitted into stereotyped categories, becoming simply a commondenominator.3)

    !) Ch. 30, p. 160, 2l De Boor.2) Malalas relates that Agrippa visited Antioch twice, on each occasion

    building various buildings (220,21; 225,3). Since he appears to have visitedAntioch only once, Stanffenberg suggests (164, cf. 150151) that Malalas inventedthe additional visit because he did not think it possible that Agrippa could havecarried out so many undertakings on one visit. Much clearer examples of theinference or invention of viaits will be discussed below; seo also Weber, p. 36 n. 2.On Malalas's accounts of Agrippa's visits to Antioch, see also M. Reinhold, MarcusAgrippa (Geneva, N. Y. 1933) 59, 84, 111, and R. Daniel, M. Vipsanius Agrippa(Diss. Breslau 1933) 44.

    3) Other examples of the stereotyped use of are found in the statementthat Aurelian, when he took the captive Zenobia to Antioch, CCVTJJ - (300, 15), and in the description of the way in whichVespaeian set up at Antioch the Cherubim which had been taken from the Templeat Jerusalem: , ' . . .. (260, 22). Even more striking is tbeway in which Malalas's account of the rebuilding of Antioch after the earthquakeof 526 opens with used without a subject (423,1). The subject is of coureethe emperor; but either Malalas did not trouble to insert his naine, or, if thepassage has suffered abridgement, the redactor considered that the emperor's namewas not of importance and could be omitted. The ultimate significance of theattitude of Malalas (and apparently his eourcee) toward the emperor and hie ie apparently to be found in the feeling re ected in pagan thought thatthe ruler had been made into a god among men, which is transformed in Christian

  • G. Downey: Imperial Building Records in Malalae 11

    Thus far attention h s been limited to the possible use and Inter-pretation of literary sources, and to the way in which the form inwhich this material was available may have contributed to Malalas'sthought into the conception that the emperor is the Viceregent of God (theChristian empire being a , of Heaven), so that both the Hellenistic rulerand the Roman and the Christian Byzantine emperor would represent the sourceand "creator" of all things on earth. From this point of view the usage of in Malalas would simply reflect the usage of the word in the LXX and the N. T.in the senaee of "create", "form" (e. g. Deut. IV 32; Eccl. XII 1; Mark. XIII 19;Rom. I 25; Apoc. IV 11; see the excellent note on the meaning of the word byJ. Massie in J. Hastings, Dict. of the Bible [New York 1903], s. v. Creature I 516),so that the ^emperor would resemble the Deity in that he participated in all thatwas created: the background of this point of view, which can only be mentionedbriefly here, is traced by N. H. Baynes, Eusebius and the Christian Empire, An-nuaire de l'Inst. de philol. et d'hist. Orient. II, 1934 (Melanges Bidez) 13 18. Theimportance of building activities s a manifestation of the emperor's function isillustrated by the regularity with which these activities were described in Byzan-tine panegyrics and imperial biographies, and the significance attached to suchwork is shown by the unusual length of some of these descriptions. For example,Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus devotes an unusually large portion of his life ofbis grandfather Basil I to a detailed description of his buildiDg activities (eh. 7894,in Theoph. Cont. 321341 Bonn), and a similar proportion appears in the de-

    ' scription of the buildings of Anastasius I in Procopiue of Gaza's panegyric of thatemperor (P.G. LXXXVII 3, 2815-2820); cf. also the life of Constantine Porphyro-genitus in Theoph. Cont., eh. 1821, 2324, 2627, 33, 42, 46, p. 449ff. Bonn.Still more significant are the direct refereoces to building activities s a mani-festation of the emperor's divine function; e. g. Manuel Palaeologus, in his funeraloration on Theodore, the despot of the Morea, writes s follows in his passage inpraise of Constantinople and of Constantine s its founder (P.G. CLVI 188), , & & ... He goes on to saythat it is useless to try to add anything to the praise of the city, 6 , && - ' &, . The s am e thoughtwith regard to the work of other emperors is expressed by Eustathius of Thessa-lonica at the close of his funeral oration on Manuel Comnenus (P. G. CXXXV, 1032)and in the life of Constantine Porphyrogenitus in Theoph. Cont. (eh. 46, p. 462 Bonn).Procopius says that it was by divine Inspiration that Justinian invented a certainengineering device at Dara (De aed. 3, 8). The title was often given bycities to the gods and heroes who were their legendary founders, and Romanemperors were often honored with the title by cities which they had either foundedor restored (e. g. after earthquakes): Trajan and Hadrian are called (Prehn, "Ktistes", RE XI 20832087). In the present place it is ofcourse possible to cite only a few of the passages which illustrate the feeling inthis matter. An investigation of the whole of the Byzantine literature in this con-nection is much to be desired; it would provide a valuable contribution to ourknowledge of the Byzantine conception of the emperor and his functions. Forexamples of references to the construction of buildings introduced in a character-istic form of excursus, see Mal. 217, 4 ff. and 218, 7 ff.

  • 12 I. Abteilungprocedures. There is, however, a farther factor which might be respon-sible for these problems, namely the origin of this material in epi-graphic records. If Malalas used a provincial or city chronicle or ahistory of Antioch, it can be assumed that such works wbuld containmaterial derived from the local archives, and that among the documentsused would be copies of inscriptions, particularly decrees and buildinginscriptions.1) Malalas occasionally gives ostensible quotations of suchinscriptions (generally incomplete), or states their contents, and io-vestigation has shown that he almost certainly followed the generalancient practice of using such epigraphic evidence through literarymedia rather than from reference to the stones themselves.2) Examina-tion of some of his Information which is not specifically ascribed toepigraphic sources will show that this could have been affected by thefactors which, it is known from other evidence, might accompany theentry of such material into literary sources and its transmission there.The question arises, then, how far these factors may have contributedto, or may have been associated with, the method and point of viewsuggested by Malalas's use of .

    Inscriptions on public buildings could falsify or exaggerate thenature of the work recorded: restoration might be described s originalwork, or the language might be ambiguous with regard to the extentof the work, or the measure of responsibility of the persons named.Certain emperors are said by ancient writers to have placed theirn am es on buildings which they repaired just s though they were theoriginal builders, without mentioning the real founders. Such chargesare so plainly malioious that it would be impossible to accept themat face value even if they could not be tested; indeed the same menare said by other writers to have acted differently, scrupulously pre-serving founders' inscriptions and refraining from mentioning their ownrestorations, and other emperors are said to have been scrupulous inperpetuating the memory of former builders.3) The accusations imply,

    l) Malalas's quotation (216,16) of the beginning of the decree by which Caesarproclaimed the autonomy of Antioch must certainly come ultimately from thelocal archives (Stauffenberg 112); there is also a Statement (443, 20) that certainInformation is taken from the acta urbis. On the use of such records s sourcesfor material concerning building operations, see Weber 50, and E. Flinck, Defastis municipalibus Ostiensibus, Eranos 24(1926) 8199; on the provincial archivessee W. Liebenam, Stdteverwaltung im rm. Kaiserreiche, Leipzig 1900, 244, 290.Cf. also Tacitus, Ann. XIII 31.

    *) My article, References to inscriptions in the Chronicle of Malalas, Tran set,of the Amer. Philol. Assoc. 66 (1935) 6572.

    *) D. R. Stuart's articlee, Imperial Methode of Inscription on Restored Bnildings:Augustus and Hadrian, Amer. Jour. of Arch. 9 (1905) 427449; The Reputed In-

  • G. Downey: Imperial Building Records in Malalas 13

    however, that falsification was not inconceivable, and that scrupulous-ness was worth mention in contrast with the opposite procedure.

    Again, officials might claim undue credit in the erection or repairof public buildings: a decree of 394 makes such action punishable slaesa maiestas1}, and Ammianus says of a contemporary city-prefect ofRome that he inscribed his name on buildings non ut veterum instau-ratWj sed conditor.2) There is the further possibility that phraseologyresponsible for misinformation might originate in inscriptions recordinglocal honorary decrees, in which enthusiasm might lead to exaggera-tion. Finally, there is the ease with which inscriptions might be mis-read. The Septizonium at Rome is known to have been the work ofSeptimius Severus, bnt Ammianus says it was built by Marcus Aurelius,plainly because his name stood at the beginning of the dedicatory in-scription, the Contents of which have been preserved.3)

    An unusually clear example of the rle which such factors mighthave played in the formation of Malalas's material is his account ofthe activities of Q. Marcius Rex at Antioch.4) Marcius, proconsul of

    fluence of the 'dies natalis1 in Determining the Inscription of Restored Temples,Transact. of the Amer. Philol. Assoc. 36 (1905) 5263; The Point of an Emperor'sJest, Glase. Phil. 3 (1908) 6964.

    l) Cod. Theod. XV l, 31 (cf. Liebenam 164).*) XXVII 3, 7 (see Stuart in Glase. Phil., cited above); for a somewhat similar

    case see Richmond, op. c. 36. Examples of similar practices are cited by F. GrossiGondi, Trattato di epigrafia cristiana, Rome 1920, 288289. In one fundare isused of the reconstruction of a church; in the others coepit is used of reconstruc-tion or enlargement. See the list of words and phrases employed to describebuilding operations in Latin inscriptions collected by R .Gagnat, Coars d'epigraphielatine4, Paris 1914, 266267. In the case of private persons and minor officials itis of coorse sometimes difficult to determine the relationship of an individaal orof gronps to work with which their names are associated in inscriptions; this iillustrated by the study of W. K. Prentice, Officials Charged with the Conduct ofPublic Works in Roman and Byzantine Syria, Transact. of the Amer. Philol. Assoc.43 (1912) 113123; see also the chapter "Information Derived from Inscriptions"in H. C. Butler, Early Churches in Syria, ed. by E. B. Smith, Princeton 1929,254259; for a more general treatment of officials connected with public works,see Liebenam, op. cit. 162164, and for the administration of imperial buildingactivities, 0. Hirschfeld, Die kaiserl. Verwaltungsbeamten2, Berlin 1905, 265272.See also Justinian, Nov. 67; and J. A. Letronne, Rec. d. inscr. gr. et lat. de l'figypte,Paris 18421848, I 227.

    8) Amm. Marc. XV 7, 3; CIL. VI 1032, 31229. For the history of the building,see S. B. Platner, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, ed. by T. Ashby,Oxford 1929, 473.

    4) Malalas 225, 7. The passage is discussed in my article Q. Marcius Rex atAntioch, Class. Phil. 32 (1937) 144151.

  • 14 I. AbteilungCilicia in 67 B. C.; visited Philip II, who was supported on the throneby the Arab emir Aziz in Opposition to his brother Antiochus XIII.While Malalas's account does not make the purpose of the visit en-tirely clear, it seems likely that Marcius demanded a "contribution" or"gift" s the price of Rome's friendship. The chief difficulty is thestatement that Marcius "built" the old palace and the old hippodrome . It is entirely incredible that Marcius should have builta palace and a hippodrome at Antioch with his own money, no matterwhat the purpose of the visit. Malalas's usage with respect to makes it possible to believe that Marcius only repaired existing struc-tures: apparently he used a part of the "gift" in repairing these im-portant buildings in Order to emphasize the support which Philip noweujoyed. The phrase suggests that Malalas's Informationcame ultimately from an epigraphic record in which Marcius's sharein the work might have been subject to misinterpretation, if, indeed,Marcius himself did not set up an inscription which claimed that hehad paid for the work.

    The implication that an epigraphic record is responsible for themisinformation seems particularly strong here. The statement thatMarcius "built" the buildings also points to the question of the extentto which Malalas's understanding of might be responsible, insuch a case, along with the epigraphic record.

    A more involved problem is presented by the account of the workof Vespasian at Antioch. Malalas relates (260, 21) that after the fallof Jerusalem Titus went to Eome, and that Vespasian carried to An-tioch and set up before a gate of the city the bronze Cherubim whichTitus had found in the Temple. Vespasian also built a theatre at Daphne,inscribing on it EX PRAEDA IVDAEA, and set up there a marblestatue of himself. He also built an odeum at Caesarea in Palestinefrom the same Jewish spoils.

    Vespasian was no longer in the East when Jerusalem feil, and afterthe victory Titus made a tour of Palestine and Syria, twice visitingAntioch.1) Thus, whether or not Vespasian ordered these operations,it is reasonably certain that the work was done by Titus. AccordinglyM ller suggested that Malalas's error arose from the circumstance thatthe work was done under the emperor's auspices2), and Stauffenbergsuggested that the entry concerning the work in the provincial chronicle,

    *) Weynand, T. Flavius Vespasianus, RE VI 2638, 27032706.2) P. 86, n. 7; see also W. Weber, Josephus und Vespasian, Stuttgart

    277-278.

  • G. Downey: Imperial Building Eecords hi Malalas 15

    from which Malalas's Information would come, opened with an intro-ductory formula somewhat in the sense of the dedication on an archat Rome, in which it is said that the Senate and the Roman peoplepresent the monument to Titus quod praeceptis patr[is] consiliisq(ue)et auspidis gentem ludaeorum domuit.. ,.1)

    It is also possible that the passage reflects the attitnde that allpuhlic works were executed at the emperor's initiative and were to bereeorded under his name, regardless of the identity of the actual Super-visor and of whether the emperor really played any direct or indirectr le. There might also appear the assumption that public works attri-buted to an emperor would have been executed by him during a visit;and here again, s in the case of Constantine, the visit is said to bemade after a victorious campaign. Finally, there is the possibility thatthe attribution to Vespasian reflects the easy confusion of the namesof the father and son (both T. Flavius Vespasianus); and this suggeststhat the use of epigraphic material may be responsible for Malalas'serror. If some or all of the account were based ultimately on an in-scription (or inscriptions) which stated that the work was executed byTitus under Vespasian's auspices, or even if the nkme of Vespasianstood first, misreading might bring about the disappearance of Titus'sname from the tradition.

    These possibilities illustrate the questions haw much the point ofview indicated by Malalas's use of $ may reflect the origin of hismaterial in epigraphic records, and how far, either instead of this orin addition to it, the immediate literary sources may be responsible:for in the present case ( s elsewhere) one must reckon with the possi-bility that part of Malalas's Information came from a biography orhistorical epitome and part from a local chronicle, or indeed that allcame from one such source.2) (To be concluded.)

    J) Stauffenberg 231. The inscription (CIL. VI 944 = Dessau 264) is reportedto have been found in the Circus Maximus.

    *) Stauffenberg believes that the notice concerning Titus's return to Romecomes from a chronicle and that the Information concerning the work at Antiochcomes from the city chronicle; see also Weber, op. cit. 277, n. 3, and Studien 60,n. 3. On contemporary conditions at Antioch, see also C. H. Kraeling, Journ. ofBibl. Lit. 51 (1932) 163.

  • SPKA.CHLICHESZUR LATEINISCHEN THEOPHANESBEESETZUNG

    DES ANASTASIUS BIBLIOTHECARIUSD. TABACHOVITZ / ESKILSTNA (SCHWEDEN)

    Anastasius Bibliothecarius verfate seine bersetzung der Chrono-graphie des Theophanes Confessor Ende des 9. Jh., ungefhr 60 Jahrenach der Entstehung des griechischen Originals.1) Er ist ans Werkgegangen mit einer nach heutigen Begriffen mangelhaften Kenntnis dergriechischen Sprache, und da er auerdem auf die sprachliche Aus-gestaltung sehr wenig Sorgfalt verwendet und sein Streben auf mg-lichst wrtliche Wiedergabe gerichtet hat, kann der bersetzung keingroer Wert fr Studien zum Latein jener Zeit beigemessen werden;in den meisten Fllen, wo der lateinische Text sprachliche und stilistischeAusdrcke aufweist, die wir in anderen sptlateinischen Dokumenten nichtwiederfinden knnen, stellt es sich bei einer Untersuchung des Originalsheraus, da A. ganz wrtlich und mechanisch bersetzt hat. Nur seltensind wir imstande nachzuweisen, da der von A. gewhlte Ausdruckauf das allgemeine Zusammengehen und Ineinanderflieen von Grie-chisch und Lateinisch"2) in der Sptzeit beruhe.

    Indem ich also hervorhebe, da Anastasius im allgemeinen dem grie-chischen Originale sklavisch folgt, mchte ich indessen die Aufmerk-samkeit auf einige unten zu nennende Flle lenken, wo A. vom Origi-nale abweicht. Dem Studium des Sptlateins und der Technik der ber-setzung byzantinischer Originale in das Latein jener Zeit drften solcheAbweichungen vielleicht zum Nutzen gereichen.

    PERIPHRASTISCHE VERBADank den Untersuchungen Lfstedts (Peregr. 207 ff.) und anderer3)

    wissen wir nun, da bei den sptlateinischen Schriftstellern ein einfachesVerbuni mit einem Hilfsverbum und zwar hufig in ganz pleonasti-scher Funktion und dem Infinitiv umschrieben werden kann. Man mu

    l) Vgl. De Boor, Theoph. II 402. 2) Lfstedt, Syntactica II 438.3) S. zuletzt Dag Norberg, In registrum Gregorii Magni studia critica, Uppsala

    1937, 23 ff.

  • D. Tabachovitz: Sprachliches zur lateinischen Theophanes bersetzung 17

    dabei einen Unterschied machen zwischen der periphrastischen Konstruk-tion, wie sie in der Volkssprache erscheint z B. die Umschreibungmit coepi, die nach Friedl nder 93 mal bei Petronius vorkommt undden Umschreibungen, die den Eindruck einer stilistischen Manier machenund wohl als eine entartete Entwicklung aus dem volkssprachlichen Ge-brauch gelten d rfen.

    Bei Anastasius sehen wir deutlich, wie beliebt solche Umschreibungenin der Sp tzeit gewesen sind, da er h ufig das einfache Verbum desgriechischen Originals in oben genannter Weise umschreibt. So hei tes 161, 20 animare coepit exercitum: & und184, 27 haesitare coepit, quid ageret: , . Einmalkommt posse vor: 185,15 prout unusquisque pretium h here poterat: xa&a . Au erdem werden bei Anastasius folgende Verba inumschreibender Funktion verwendet, ohne da dieselben von einem ent-sprechenden Ausdruck im griechischen Originale veranla t sind:

    suescere. 90, 20 placari suescunt. ferri. 225,16 esse feruntur. videri. 194,21. 261,30. 274,21. 311,6.1) cerni. 261,27. 334,25. appa-rere. 260,21 qui ... Arabum dogmata sectari apparuit. reperiri. 260,20refuga fidei, quae est in Christum, repertus est. probari. 218,17. 292,12.332,23. nosci (agnosci, dinosci). 86, 11 vicesimo septimo nihilominusimperii eius anno lulius papa Romanus agnoscitur. 155,16 veniens adNymphium amnemy ubi Tigri misceri dinoscitur. 176, 8 quae diffusae di-noscebantur. 266, 11 fecisse noscuntur. 275, 9 esse noscebantur. 279, 4 quiibidem habitasse noscebantur. 282,17 qui deo bene plaeere noscebantur.315,17 esse noscebantur.

    Mit 305,18 sicut novit (sc. ecdesiae lex) confiteri unum baptisma, unamfidem hat es eine eigene Bewandtnis. Die Umschreibung novit confiterientspricht im griechischen Texte genau ,, w hrend inallen vorher genannten F llen das Original solcher Umschreibung ent-behrt. Was die griechische Konstruktion betrifft, so ist sie keineswegsungew hnlich und Ljungvik hat in seinen Studien zur Sprache der apo-kryphen Apostelgeschichten, S. 5564, eine gute bersicht ber dasVorkommen dieser Ausdrucksweise gegeben. Er f hrt eine Stelle ausMenander an, fab. incert. 143 & ,

  • 18 I. Abteilung

    apokryphen Thomasakten der codex P gro e Vorliebe f r die Umschrei-bung mit zeigt. Ljungvik scheint mir indessen allzu gro enWert auf die Frage zu legen, wie das periphrastische Verb bersetztwerden soll. Zuweilen ist die bersetzung pflegen", die L. mi billigt,sehr ansprechend. Dagegen bezweifle ich, da man die Bedeutung desNat rlichen und Bekannten in die Ausdrucksweise hineinzulegen habe,und ich glaube nicht, da die von L. vorgeschlagene bersetzung ,ja"dazu geeignet sei, die Bedeutungsentwicklung klarer zu erfassen. Wirhaben es hier wie bei den oben angef hrten lateinischen Umschreibungenmit einer rhetorischen Ausschm ckung zu tun, wobei man nicht allzustreng den Sinn des periphrastisehen Verbums pr fen sollte. brigensscheint die Frage nicht unangebracht, ob das h ufige Vorkommen vonumschreibendem oldcc im codex P nicht auf lateinischen Einflu zur ck-zuf hren sei. Wie L. bemerkt, werden in dieser Hs auch andere Verbamit Inf. gebraucht, wo die brigen Hss ein einfaches Verb bevorzugen.So hei t es 158, l f. &,w hrend in UY die Stelle folgenderma en lautet: Man vergleiche damit den oben erw hnten Gebrauchvon suesco bei Anastasius. Auch sei bemerkt, da im lateinischen Dios-korides phraseologisches novit mehrmals vorkommt, wo sich der grie-chische Urtext keiner Umschreibung bedient.1)

    Eine andere Art von Umschreibung der Verba soll hier erw hntwerden. Ich meine solche F lle, wo ein Verb bei Theophanes von Ana-stasius mit einem den Hauptbegriff enthaltenden Substantiv oder Ad-jektiv und einem Verb, dessen Bedeutung verbla t und wenig abgegrenztist, wiedergegeben wird.2) So dient fuga labi als bersetzung von -: 141, 13. 179, 14. 186, . 278, 9. Vgl. auch 130, 29 cum fuga lapsusesset e/fectus mit den Worten des Originals , also - = fuga lapsus. Nur an einer Stelle, 214, l, finden wir eine Um-schreibung auch im Griechischen vor: % ,. GleichartigeUmschreibungen sind:

    155, l legatione funguntur: . 167, 14 fiduda fretus:&. 161, 31 cum autem inviceni conflictus agitaretur: . 166, 14 conflidum conserere. 187, 26 congressionem agere.188, 12 cowflictum aggredi: . 191,24 in conflictum aggressusest (vgl. jedoch 191,31 congredi: ). 335,4 iellum conferens.151, 11 excusationem praetendebat. 154, 20 vidores efficiuntur. 161, 34 u.162,8 ad memoriam reduccre: ,. 168,36 summa requie

    *) Svennung, Untersuchungen zu Palladius u. zur lat. Fach- u. Volksspr., Land1936, 454.

    2) Vgl. Svennung a. a. 0. 540.

  • D. Tabachovitz: Sprachliches zur lateinischen Theophaneeubersetzung 19

    potiri: . 169,27 lawdibus efferunt: . 176,25 laudibusacdamanint. 176, 30 mokstias ingermt: . 183, l molestiamperpetiens a senatu: . 188, 5 dare dorsum compelleret: -. 191, 28 paenitentiam agentes: . 333, 14 paenitentiamgerere: . 334, 30 se paenitentiam acturum: . 278, 20persecutionem patitur: . 308, 13 ad ultionem inferendam:&,. 134, 32 et naves armis circumdedit: .

    130, 35 quotquot iniuste fuerant ab Anastasio exules constituti: &. 235, 21 exukm fadunt. 282, 25 exul factus est.182, 29 quosdam reddiderunt extorres. 156, 13 laeti facti. 261, 25 tristeseffectae. 170, 7 obvii facti. 184, 28 si forte salvi existerent. 217, 20 com-mixtum efficitur m re. 221, 33 exosus effectus est: &. 221, 20 odioHabitus est: &. 273, 4 admiratione habetur: . 293, 3 su-spectui habens. 260, 23 ber effectus. 317, 5 liber factus. 233, 16 temerwiifacti. 257, 32 certus effectus. 299, 30 exilia eorum effecta sunt animalia: . 171, 19 huic efficitur proximus:

    .KONJUNKTIONEN

    Auch bei den Bindew rtern ist Anastasius bestrebt, vom Originaleabzuweichen. W hrend n mlich Theophanes S tze und Satzglieder haupt-s chlich mit ', df, koordiniert und zwar so, da sein Stil ganzmonoton wirkt, sucht A. eine gewisse Mannigfaltigkeit zu erreichen.Dabei ist zu bemerken, da A. sehr h ufig die in der klassischen Lite-ratur vorkommenden W rter vermeidet und sp tlateinische Gebilde vor-zieht. Es sind im allgemeinen W rter, die fr her einen kr ftigeren undnuancierteren Sinn gehabt haben, die aber allm hlich so verbla t sind,da sie einfach als Konjunktionen verwendet werden. Das soll im fol-genden durch Beispiele erl utert werden.

    JB wird mit praeterea, interea, porro oder sane bersetzt. Was intereabetrifft, sieht man deutlich, wie verwischt die urspr gliche Bedeutungist, z. B. an folgender Stelle (144, 7): lanuario vero mense suppositumest nomen Menae ... interea mense Martio exiliit elephans. Dasselbe wirdauch bezeugt durch intereaque = 156, 2 formidinem Persicis operatusest exercitibus. intereaque Constantinopolim lanyums remeat. Wegen derabgeschw chten Bedeutung von porro s. Hofmann, IF 43, S. 119, deraus Vitae patr. ein porro = autem zitiert, wo der griechische Text hat. Sehr h ufig kommt sane als koordinierende Partikel vor (Schmalz-Hofmann 669 f.). Es steht gew hnlich am Anfang des Satzes (40 mal),kommt aber auch als postpositive Partikel vor (10 mal).

    2*

  • 20 I. Abteilung

    Bei der bersetzung von zeigt A. eine noch ausgedehntere Ab-wechslung. So kommt seu mehrmals vor1), so auch sed et (130, 36.151,13. 175,30. 180, 2 (). 201,1. 203,26. 228,23. 282,32. 289,23.302, 12. 305, 13. 311,18), wobei sed keine adversative Bedeutung hat,sondern dazu dient, das neue Moment hervorzuheben.2) Da neque (nee)im Sp tlatein auch im Sinne von non oder ne ... quidem vorkommt,l t sich folgender Passus bei A. (282, 8) leicht erkl ren: praecepitqueidem Alim non construendas novas ecelesias nee crucem videndum, sed nequede fide a Christiane cum Arabibus dogmatizandum. Hier entspricht non...nee ... sed neque dem griechischen ... ... . Sed et wird sogargebraucht, um xai = auch" wiederzugeben: 233, 34 constituit monachumquendam Theodotum nomine, qui primo indausus fuerat in Thracensibusangusti partibus, sed et ipsum saevissimum et crudelem nimium existentem.278, 10 et veniens ad Hibinubehera hostiliter cum ducentis milibus pro-ficiscentem, sed et illum dissolvit.

    Quin et als bersetzung von koordinierendem kommt an folgen-den Stellen vor: 162,27. 172,20. 200,33. 201.4. 221,31, 257,5. 274,33.276, 21. 285, 33. 320, 1. 329, 33. Auch dl wird an einer Stelle (172, 1)mit quin et bersetzt.3)

    Noch h ufiger findet man nee non et, das sowohl in der Volks-sprache wie in der poetischen Sprache zur Anwendung kommt4), als

    bersetzung von und, obgleich nur selten, von ... und :115, 17. 146, 36. 174, 10. 198, 18. 200, 35. 203, 11. 207, 22. 210, 1.225, 2. 228, 28. 257, 33. 258, 18. 264, 25. 267, 20. 282, 34. 285, 30.292, 35. 313, 35. 323, 23. 323, 25. 329, 31. 334, 11. In derselben Weisewerden auch pariter et (111,6. 124,10. 224,6. 258,5. 299, 3)5) undsimul et (262, 2. 326,15. 329, 34. 330, 30) verwendet. Bezeichnend f rden Hang zur Variation ist 196, 29, wo pariter et... nee non et... quinet dreimaligem entspricht. Au erdem finden sich nihilominus = aeque,pariter*) et 201, 8, was Tafel veranla t hat, statt imOriginaltexte zu schreiben. Wie unn tig eine solche nderung ist, gehtschon aus dem vorigen deutlich hervor. Dann kommt hinzu, da auch193, 21 nihilominus et = xaC ist. Nihilominus ohne et entspricht adver-bialem (auch") 272, 36 und 339, 5. Nihilominus = 276, 35 und325, 19. Man bemerke auch den Pleonasmus 295, 4 et hoc quoque nihilo-minus igni tradebat: xocl .

    ) L fstedt, Peregr. 198. 2) Wegen sed vgl. L f tedt, Peregr. 179 f.3) Vgl. Schmalz-Hofm. 785: Dichterisch ist auch die abgeschw chte Bedeutung

    von quin et (iam) bei Aufz hlungen, um ein bedeutsames neues Glied einzuf hren.1*4) L fstedt, Peregr. 97. 5) Hier ber schon de Boor, Theoph. II 408 f.e) Svennung a. a. 0. 404.

  • D. Tabachovitz: Sprachliches zur lateinischen Theophanee bereetznng 21

    Zur bersetzung von dient in der Regel tarnquam. Da tarnweggelassen werden kann, darauf hat L fstedt, Sp tlateinische Studien 18,aufmerksam gemacht, indem er unter anderen Beispielen auch JordanisGetica LVI 286 rex animadvertens fdicitatem suam quam etiam filii heran-gezogen hat. Es ist ebenso unn tig, ein tarn einzusetzen, wie es dieHerausgeber getan haben, an den folgenden Anastasiusstellen: 135,20protulit aquam ad omnem utilitatem animantibus quam exercitibus. 228,4cuipraeerat ipse piissimus Imperator Constantinus quam pii principes sacer-dotwn. Ferner kommen folgende Kombinationen vor: tarn et 134,32und 138,34; tam quamque 194,3. 196,33. 226,27 und 227,37; tarn-etquamque ( ) 149,16; tarn quam nee non et 176,6und 224, 29; tarn quamquin et 201, 3.

    NEGATIONENWas die Negationen betrifft, so ist A. auch hier bestrebt, vom Ori-

    ginale abzuweichen. Um ov oder zu bersetzen, gebraucht er zu-weilen kr ftigere Negationen als non, z. B. minime (169, 32. 172,16.177, 23. 178, 3. 180. 28. 185, 23. 220,18. 258, 26. 285, 17). Ich m chtebesonders 297,31 hervorheben: (dixerunt) minime regnaturum praeter filiumeius, wo minimepraeter klassischem nonpraeter (nisi) entspricht.Andere Negationen = oder sind: nequaquam (206, 20. 309, 23),nullatenus (221, 30. 247, 16. 309, 23), nullatenus ultra (186, 20 = &),neminem ... ullatenus (179, 7), nihil omnino (324, 19 = }. Zuletztsei auf 335, 25 hingewiesen: pacem minus admisit. Auch hier hat dasOriginal .

    SCILICET. VIDELICETAnastasius liebt es, Appositionen und berhaupt n here Erkl rungen,

    z. B. Relativs tze, mit einem scilicet oder videlicet zu verzieren, w hrendder Urtext nur selten durch C oder dazu die Veranlassung gibt.Folgende Beispiele sollen zeigen, wie manieriert dieser Gebrauch beiihm ist: 238, 24 commovet Universum sibi suppositum populum, Vulgarumscilicet. 280, 13 dignam exsolvens vindictamy pro audacia scilicet. 303, 4et donaverunt invicem, Augusta videlicet et Aaron, xenia multa.

    ANAKOLUTHIE BEI EINER ZEITBESTIMMUNG135, 11 (consecutus est virum), qui experimentum hdbens Libyae loco-

    rum et maris tres tantum dies transierant ex quo Karthagine venerat. Dengriechischen Text ( - xccl &6) - hatte ich Veranlassung m meinen Studien zu Theophanes Con-

  • 22 I. Abteilung. D. Tabachovitz: Sprachliches zur latein. Theophanes bersetzung

    fessor zu er rtern, wo ich zu beweisen suchte, da die Stelle keineswegs,wie angenommen wurde, korrumpiert ist, sondern in vollem Einklangmit dem Sprachgebrauch des sp teren Griechisch steht. Was die ber-setzung des Anastasius betrifft, so vermutete ich1), da die von ihmbenutzte Hs denselben Text hatte, wie er uns jetzt vorliegt.

    Es fragt sich nun, ob wir die bersetzung des Anastasius als eineindividuelle TJnbeholfenheit aufzufassen haben oder er einen sp terenSprachzustand befolgt. Da dies letztere wahrscheinlich ist, scheint miraus der folgenden, ganz analogen Stelle Vitae patr. 5, 8, 7 audiens dete multi anni sunt quod2) te videre volui hervorzugehen. Zu beachten ist,da der griechische Urtext auch hier eine ganz andere Konstruktionhat: L & ... (Cot. 589). Schon Hofmann,IF 43, S. 94 hat diesen Passus der lateinischen Vitae patrum mit dessenVerselbst ndigung der Zeitbestimmung" bemerkt. Ich will nicht ver-suchen, eine psychologische Erkl rung dieses Sprachgebrauchs zu geben.Ein solcher Versuch w rde auf ganz unsicherem Grunde stehen. Ichhalte es aber nicht f r unwahrscheinlich, da auch andere F lle, wodie Zeitangabe auf die eine oder andere Weise aus der Satzkonstruktionsozusagen ausbricht, auf dieselbe sprachpsychologische Ursache zur ck-zuf hren sind. Also franz sisch il y a (voil ) trois jours" (vgl. Vitaepatr. 6, 3, 4 egressi sumus huc; ecce quadraginta anni sunf) oder der Nomi-nativ Mt 15,32 (Blass-Debrunner 144); Pap. Oxyrh. IX 1216,8 (BrorOlsson, Aegyptus 6, 294). Vgl. schwed. jag kommer fjorton dar omonsdag".

    DOLOSE VELLE ALIQUEM?103,18 wird folgendes gelesen: si accersitus fueris, accedere noli: in-

    cusatus enim es, et te dolose volunt imperatores..." De Boor hat hier denAusfall eines Wortes bezeichnet, und er weist darauf hin, da Theo-phaues , &, schreibt. Ist es aber ganz ausgeschlossen,da wir es an dieser Stelle mit einer elliptischen Ausdrucksweise zu tunhaben? Auch sonst werden pr gnante Ausdr cke mit velle gebraucht,wie z. B. pauds te volo, bene (male) velle alicui u. dgl.

    *) a. a. 0. 54.2) Anastasius hat zwar ex quo, aber dieser Ausdruck hat denselben Sinn wie

    quod. Da Hofmann (IF 43, S. 114) in seiner Besprechung von Salonius, Vitae pa-trum, zu glauben scheint, das ex quo in den Vitae sei ein Gr zismus, eine wort-getreue bersetzung von * des Originals, so sei darauf hingewiesen, da derGebrauch von ex quo bei Anastasius an der oben er rterten Stelle, wo die Aus-drucksweise des Theophanes ja eine ganz andere ist, entschieden gegen eine solcheAnnahme spricht.

  • SUDA, DIE KRIEGSSCH lFTSTELLE UND SUIDASF. LAMMEET / KIEL

    Die Ausf hrungen F. D lgers, Der Titel des sog. Suidaslexikons,Sitz.-Ber. M nch. Akad. 1936 H. 6, ber werden durch das be-st tigt, was uns die Geschichte des Kriegswesens ber diesen Begrifflehrt. Zun chst begegnet sudis als Schanzpfahl und Wurfgescho . Mitdem Plural sudes wird dann das aus den einzelnen sudes gebildetePfahlwerk bezeichnet. Daneben tritt, zuerst belegbar in der sp terenr mischen Kaiserzeit, die Bildung sudatum, das etwa gleichzeitig auchgriechisch als auftritt. Seit dem 7. Jh. erscheint das Kollekti-vum , zun chst im Griechischen, dann auch im Sp tlatein. Es be-zeichnet das Pfahl werk, geht aber im Griechischen, nicht jedoch imSp tlatein, allm hlich auch in die Bedeutung Graben ber. Wie D lgerS. 20 f. betont hat, ist dieser Bedeutungswandel bemerkbar in der Be-arbeitung der Taktik Kaiser Leons durch Konstantinos (10251028), istdurchgedrungen bei Niketas und bis in das Neugriechische. Ganz ver-schwunden scheint aber auch da das Urspr ngliche nicht zu -sein.H. Gregoire hat Byzantion 12 (1937) 294 Anm. l aus den Zetteln f rdas Gro e neugriechische W rterbuch neben fosse, vielmehr rigole, dieBedeutungen talus, crete und un tas de pierres aufgef hrt. Auch dasSp tlatein spricht f r ein Weiterwirken der alten Bedeutung. Das istauch nicht verwunderlich. Denn der Bedeutungswandel erkl rt sichnat rlich dadurch, da Wall bzw. Pfahlwerk und Graben in der Regelmiteinander einhergehen, ja einander bedingen. Darauf weist etwaXenophon, Ages. 22 xal , sowie Vege-tius IV 28 fossam faciunt eainque non solum vallo et sudibus sed etiamturriculis instruunt, noch besonders hin. Es handelt sich au erdem umbestimmte kombinierte, durch die Jahrhunderte praktisch und theore-tisch weitergegebene Befestigungsanlagen. Den Mitlebenden bekannt,waren sie leicht nach dem Schema pars pro toto zu bezeichnen. Daf rsei Servius' Erl uterung zur Aeneis VII 159 erw hnt: aggere" autemfossa. Auch an die landschaftliche Bezeichnung f r den deutschen Limesder Pfahl" und der Pfahlgraben" w re zu erinnern.

    Palisaden sind sehr nat rliche und verbreitete Befestigungen, wiedenn etwa Xen. an. V 2 die kleine Feste der Drilen schildert, die einen

  • 24 I.Abteilung

    Graben und Palisaden und T rme hat. Die Palisaden hei en (5) 6x6-) (15. 19. 27) ,, (21) , (26) . Wir er-leben den Brand dieses %., was im Hinblick auf die tfotfia-Stelle berden Tod des Nikephoros lehrreich ist. Polybios erz hlt uns XVIII 18, 6,da sich der griechische Soldat nur leicht mit sicherte, undvergleicht damit die viel wirksamere Lagerumwallung der R mer. berletztere haben wir die Zusammenstellung bei W. Fischer, Das r mischeLager, insbesondere nach Livius (1914) 1927. Die r mische Lager-befestigung hatte drei Teile, fossa, agger und vallum. Vallum ist, wiesuda von sudes, ein Kollektivum von valli, bei Polybios , dieSchanzpfahle. Diese geh rten, worauf wir noch zur ckkommen, zumGep ck des r mischen Soldaten. Vallum bedeutet also das Pfahlwerkan und auf dem agger, zumeist aber wird es, wie bei Fischer zu sehen,auf den agger mit bertragen. F r uns ist es sogar jetzt so, da beidem Begriffe Wall der agger im Vordergrunde steht. Das ist also die-selbe Art der bertragung, wie wenn dem sp teren Griechen beioida der Graben in den Vordergrund r ckt. Solche bertragungen

    pflegen nicht vom Fachmanne auszugehen, sondern zuerst von ferne-stehenden und oberfl chlichen Betrachtern. Da sich au erdem solcheWandlungen allm hlich vollziehen, zeigt Fischers Feststellung S. 24,da C sar im Gegensatze zu Livius noch h ufiger das Wort agger f rden Erdwall gebraucht.

    brigens ist b. c. I 28. III 63, hier neben vallum, sowie Afr. 31sogar vallus kollektiv f r Pfahlwerk verwendet. Man sieht, wie dieSprache letzten Endes immer wieder einen Menschen voraussetzt, dersie verstehen kann und will.

    Wichtig im Hinblick auf ist noch die Erkenntnis, da solcheBefestigungen nach Bedarf verst rkt wurden, wof r Fischer S. 26 einigeBeispiele gebracht hat. Nach Liv. XXXVI 16 sicherte sich Antiochos beiden Thermopylen duplici vallo fossaque et muro, also mit einer Mauermit doppeltem Wall und Graben davor. Und noch deutlicher ist ein sol-ches hellenistisches Vorwerk vor einer Mauer und sein Zweck XXXVII37bei Magnesia zu erkennen: . .. posuit castra et, ne, si extrahere tempusvellet, muniinenta Romani temptarent, fossam sex cubita altam, duo-decim latam cum duxisset, extra duplex vallum fossae circumdedit,interiore labro murum cum turribus crebris obiecit, unde facile arceritransitu fossae hostis posset. Gleichwohl wird diese ganze Anlage c. S8fin. einfach als vallum bezeichnet.

    Diese Befestigungen des Antiochos entsprechen den uid einer Befestigungskunst, f r die uns Philon V als ersterKriegsschriftsteller n here Angaben macht: einmal 82, 3242, und vor

  • F. Lammcrt: Suda, die Kriegeschriftsteller und Suidas 25

    allem 84, 3986, 2, wo er die Bedeutung der Vorwerke, ,darlegt.1) Philon verlangt f r ein drei Gr ben und zwischenihnen Pfahlwerk (, , ,), sowie die Anpflanzungvon , stachlichem Wegedorn, f r Geb cke. Der Zweck istder, die Aufstellung des eintalentigen Steinwerfers zu vereiteln und ihnau er Schu weite zu halten, sowie die durch seine Mitwirkung gef hr-licher gewordene Ann herung der Breschwerkzeuge zu verhindern. DieAnlage der Vorwerke ist also durch das aufgekommene Gesch tzwesenveranla t und bedingt. Die gesamte Anlage f hrt dann 85, 43 den Na-men , 85, 46 den .

    Es findet sich bei Aineias, der 32, 5 Katapelten nur eben nennt,aber, soweit das von ihm Erhaltene erkennen l t, noch keine Erfah-rung mit ihnen hat, noch nichts dergleichen. F r Ausfalle sammelnsich nach Philon V 94, 1320 die Truppen im . Letztereshat sich im Laufe der Jahrhunderte nicht ge ndert. Noch im 10. Jh.lehrt der Anon. De obsidione toleranda p. 319 Th.: . Kai & .

    , Die belagerte Stadt ist also durch solches Vorwerk gesichert. Aberauch die Angreifer haben es f r sich und ihre Maschinen n tig: - hei t es, der r mischen circumvallatio entsprechend,bei Philon V 96, 44. Dieser erh lt dann 97, 21 Zinnen und einenGraben; vgl. a. 103, 4. 49. Wie hier den werden wir auch die bei Belagerungen beiderseits verwendet antreffen. Trefflich for-muliert das Servius zur Aeneis XI 915 MOENIA VALLANT et qui tu-entur et qui obsident vallare dicuntur, und hnlich in der sogleich an-zuf hrenden Bemerkung zu X 120; s. a. Polybios IX 41, l3, CassiusDio XLIII 34, 3.

    Denn nat rlich sind diese Vorwerke auch den R mern bekannt.Vegetius werden wir nachher erw hnen. Servius Danielis merkt zu Verg.georg. I 264 an: VALLOS quos aliqui palos, Graeci , Homerus vocat . . . alii vallos hie quadridentes dicunt: nam vallos, quiscolopes dicuntur, ante muros poni, ut rescindit vallumet scalas ad raoenia poscit. Vergilius' milit rische Kenntnisse, abgesehenvon Motiven aus Ennius u. dgl., d rften auf Varro beruhen, von demCicero Acad. I 9 sagt: Varro aetatem patriae, descriptiones temporum,sacrorum, sacerdotum iura, be l l icam d isc ip l inam, sedem regionumlocorum, omnium divinarum humanarumque rerum nomina, genera,

    x) Vgl