C. Algorithmen der Behandlungsleitlinie Schizophrenie

Algorithmus (1: Diagnose der Schizophrenie 55

Algorithmus (1: Diagnose der Schizophrenie

Pathologische

j.\ ;-- 1" h' , h I OJ Irnorgan1sc e ""l organische Befunde ?

f"-y F2 I : SchizOlype SIOrung FO: Organische. elnschlleR-

F22: anhaltende wahnhafte lich symptomatlscher

Slllrungen psychischer Stllrungen Fl : Psychische und

F 13: voriibergehende akUle Verhaltensstllru ngen d u rch psycholische Slorungen psycholrope Substanzen F23: voriibergehende F24: induziene wahnhafte FS: Verhaltensauffallig- akute psychotische F 20: Schizophrenie Storung kelten mil korperlichen Stllrungen

Storungen oder Faktoren

56 Algorithmus C2: Somatische Abklarung

Algorithmus (2: Somatische Abklarung

Algorithmus (3: Pharmakotherapie der Schizophrenie 57

Algorithmus C3: Pharmakotherapie der Schizophrenie

Hochpotente I mittelpotente oder atyplsche Antipsychotika (gyf. Zusawnedikation)

.. Langzehbehandlung

58 Algorithmus (4: Psychosoziale Behandlung und Rehabilitation

Algorithmus (4: Psychosoziale Behandlung und Rehabilitation

Literaturverzeichnis

1. Leitlinien zur Schizophrenie

American Psychiatric Association: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Pa­tients With Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, 1997, 54:4, Supplement

Andrews S, Vaughan K, Harvey R et al: A survey of practising psychiatrists' views on the treatment of schizophrenia, Br J Psychiatry, 1986, 149:357-364

Frances A, Docherty JP, Kahn DA: Treatment of Schizophrenia. Psychiatry, 1996, 57:12B

Kissling W (Hrsg): Guidelines for relapse prevention in schizophrenia. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991

Lehmann AF, Steinwachs DM and the Co-Investigators of the PORT Project: At Issue: Translating Research into Practice: The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Treatment Recommendations. Schizophr Bull, 1998,24(1):1-0

2. Monographien zur Schizophrenie

Deister A, Moller HJ: Schizophrenie und verwandte Psychosen. Wissenschaft­liche Verlagsgesellschaft MBH, 1998

Hirsch SR, Weinberger DR: Schizophrenia. Blackwell Science Ltd., London, 1995

3. Grundlagen

Gottesmann, II, Schields J: Schizophrenia: The Epigenetic Puzzle. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982

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Hafner H: 1st Schizophrenie eine Krankheit? Epidemiologische Daten und spekulative Folgerungen. Nervenarzt, 1989, 60:191-199

Huber G, Gross G, SchUttler R: Schizophrenie. Eine verlaufs- und sozialpsy­chiatrische Langzeitstudie. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1979

Leff J, Vaughn C: Expressed emotion in families. Its significance for metal ill­ness. The Guilford Press, New York, 1985

Weinberger DR: On the Plausibility of "The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis" of Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996, Vol 14, NO. 3S

4. Diagnostik und Klassifikation

American Psychiatric Association: DSM-IV. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders. Fourth Edition, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, 1994

Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH: Internationale Klassifikation psychi­scher StOrungen. ICD-10 Kaptel V (F) Klinisch diagnostische Leitlinien, Verlag Hans Huber, Bern G6ttingen Toronto, 1991

Falkai P: Differential diagnosis in acute psychotic episode. International Clini­cal Psychopharmacology, 1996, 11 (SuppI2):13-17

McGlashan TH, Krystal JH: Schizophrenia-related disordes and dual diagno­sis. In: Gabbard GO (ed) Treatments of psychiatric disorders, 2nd edition. American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 1995, Vol 1, pp 1039-1074

Weinberger DR: Brain Disease and Psychiatric Illness: When should a psy­chiatrist order a CAT Scan? Am J Psychiatry, 1984, 141:12

5. Pharmakotherapie

5.1 Ubersichten

Beasley CM, Tollefson G, Tran P, Satterlee W, Sanger T, Hamilton S, and the olanzapine HGAD study group. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1996, 14:111-123

Fleischhacker WW, Hummer M: Drug Treatment of Schizophrenia in the 1990s. Achievements and Future Possibilities in Optimising Outcomes. Drug, 1997, 53(6):915-929

Gaebel W, Marder S: Conclusions and treatment recommendations for the acute episode in schizophrenia. International Clinical Psychopharmacol­ogy, 1996, 11 (SuppI2):93-100

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Glazer W, Kane J: Depot neuroleptic therapy: an underutilized treatment op­tion. J Clin Psychiatry, 1992, 53:426-433

Kane J: Clinical psychopharmacology of schizophrenia. In: Gabbard GO (ed) Treatments of psychiatric disorders, 2nd edition. American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 1995, Vol 1, pp 969-986

Kane J, Marder S: Psychopharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. Schi­zophr Bull, 1993, 19:287'-302

Kane JM, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA (eds) Clozapine: 1994. J Clin Psychiatry, 1994, 55 (Suppl B):1-168

Marder SR: Pharmacological treatment strategies in acute schizophrenia. In­ternational Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1996, 11 (SuppI2):29-34

Marder SR, Wirshing WC, Van Putten T: Drug treatment of schizophrenia. Overview of recent research. Schizophr Res, 1991, 4(2):81-90

Moller HJ: Review: treatment of schizophrenia. State of the art. Eur Arch Psy­chiatry Clin Neurosci, 1996, 246(5):229-234

Riederer P, Laux G, Poldinger W (Hrsg): Neuropsychopharmaka, Band 4: Neuroleptika, 2. Aufiage, Springer, Wien New York, 1998

Wyatt RJ: Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophre­nia Bulletin, 1991, 5-351

Zimbroff DL, Kane JM, Tamminga C, Daniel DG, Mack RJ, Wozniak PJ, Seb­ree TB, Wallin BA, Kashkin KB, and the sertindole study group: Con­trolled, dose response study of sertindole and haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, 1997, 154:782-791

5.2 Dosierung

Baldessarini RJ, Cohen BM, Teicher MH: Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma level in the pharmacological treatment of psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1988, 45:79-91

Davis JM, Kane JM, Marder SR et al: Dose response of prophylactic antipsy­chotics. J Clin Psychiatry, 1993, 54 Suppl:24-30

Janicak PG, Davis JM: Antipsychotic dosing strategies in acute schizophrenia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1996, 11 (SuppI2):35-40

Rey MJ, Schulz P, Costa C, Dick P, Tissort R: Guidelines for the dosage of neuroleptics. I: Chlorpromazine equivalents of orally administered neuro­leptics. Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 1989,4(2):95-104

Schooler NR: Maintenance medication for schizophrenia: strategies for dose reduction. Schizophr Bull 1991, 17:311-324

62 literaturverzeichnis

5.3 Wechsel der Medikation

Ereshefsky L, Toney G, Saklad SR et al: A loading-dose strategy for convert­ing from oral to depot haloperidol. Hosp Community Psychiatry, 1993, 44:1155-1161

Gilbert PL, Harris MJ, McAdams LA, Jeste DV: Neuroleptic Withdrawal in Schizophrenic Patients. A Review of the Literature. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1995, 52:173-188

Lesser 1M, Friedmann CT: Attitudes toward medication change among chronically impaired psychiatric patients. Am J Psychiatry, 1981, 138(6): 801-1003

Weiden PJ: Using atypical antipsychotics. Journal of Practical Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, 1995, 1:115-119

5.4 Compliance

Amador XF, Flaum M, Andreasen NC et al: Awareness of illness in schizo­phrenia and schizoaffective and mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1994, 51 :826-836

Buchanan A: Compliance with treatment in schizophrenia. Maudsley Mono­graphs 37. Psychology Press, UK, 1996

Dencker SJ, Liberman RP: From compliance to collaboration in the treatment of schizophrenia. International Clinical Psychpharmacology, 1995, 9 (Suppl 5):75-78

Dietz H, P6rksen N, Voelzke M: Behandlungsvereinbarungen - Vertrauensbil­dende Ma.Bnahmen in der Psychiatrie. Psychiatrie-Verlag, 1998

Fenton WS, Blyler CR, Heinssen RK: Determinants of medication compliance in schizophrenia: empirical and clinical findings. Schizophr Bull, 1997, 23(4):637-651

Fleischhacker WW, Meise U, Gunther V, Kurz M: Compliance with antipsy­chotic drug treatment: influence of side effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1994,89 (Suppl 382):11-15

Mayer C, Soyka M: Compliance in therapy of schizophrenic patients with neu­roleptics - an overview. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr, 1992,60(6):217-222

Weiden P, Mott T, Curcio N: Recognition and management of neuroleptic noncompliance in schizophrenia. In: Shriqul C, Nasrallah H (eds): Con­temporary Issues in the Treatment of Schizophrenia. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995,411-434

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5.5 Nebenwirkungen

Kane JM, Jeste DV, Barnes TRE et al: Report of the American Psychiatic Asso­ciation Task Force on Tardive Dyskinesia. Washington DC: American Psy­chiatric Press, 1992

Safferman A, Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Szymanski S, Kinon B: Update on the clinical efficiacy and side effects of clozapine. Schizophr Bull, 1991, 17(2):247-261

Stanton J: Weight gain associated with neuroleptic medication: a review. Schi­zophr Bull, 1995,21:461-472

5.6 Adjuvante Pharmakotherapie

Christison GW, Kirch DG, Wyatt RJ: When symptoms persist: choosing among alternative somatic treatments for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull, 1991, 17(2):217-245

Johns C, Thompson J: Adjunctive treatments in schizophrenia: pharma­cotherapies and electroconvulsive therapy. Schizophr Bull, 1995, 21:607-619

Wienberg G (Hrsg): Schizophrenie zum Thema machen. Psychiatrie Verlag, 1995

Wolkowitz OM, Pickar D: Benzodiazepines in the treatment of schizophrenia: a review and reappraisal. Am J Psychiatry, 1991, 148(6):714-726

5.7 Langzeittherapie

Burnett PL, Galletly CA, Moyle RJ, Clark CR: Low-dose depot medication in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull, 1993, 19(1):155-164

Davis JM: Maintenance therapy and the natural course of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry, 1985, 46(11 Pt 2):18-21

Gaebel W: Is intermittent, early intervention medication an alternative for neuroleptic maintenance treatment? International Clinical Psychopharma­cology, 1995, 9 (Suppl 5):11-16

Gaebel W, Frick U, Kiipcke W, Linden M, Muller P, Muller-Spahn F, Pietzcker A, Tegeler J: Early Neuroleptic Intervention in Schizophrenia: are Prodro­mal Symptoms Valid Predictors of Relapse? Brit J Psychiatry, 1993, 163 (SuppI21}:8-12

Hofmann P, Melisch B, Zapatoczky HG, Kulhanek F: Neuroleptic low-dose long-term strategy and intermittent therapy strategy in chronic schizo­phrenia - a critical review. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr, 1993, 61(6):195-200

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Kane JM, Woerner M, Sarantakos S: Depot neuroleptics: a comparative review of standard, intermediate, and low-dose regimens. J Clin Psychiatry, 1986, 47 Suppl:30-3

Marder SR, Hubbard JW, Van Putten T, Midha KK: Pharmacokinetics of long­acting injectable neuroleptic drugs: clinical implications. Psychopharma­cology, Berlin, 1989,98(4):433-439

Midha KK, Hubbard JW, Marder SR, Marshall BD, Van Putten T: Impact of clinical pharmacokinetics on neuroleptic therapy in patients with schizo­phrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 1994, 19(4):254-264

Schooler NR, Keith SJ, Severe JB, Matthews SM: Maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: a review of dose reduction and family treatment strategies. Psychiatr Q, 1995 Winter, 66(4):279-292

Schooler NR, Keith SJ, Servere JB et al: Relapse and Rehospitalization During Maintenance Treatment of Schizophrenia. The Effects of Dose Reduction and Family Treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1997, 54:463-483

6. Psychosoziale Interventionen

6.1 Obersichten/Studien

Barrowclough C, Tarrier N: Psychosocial intervention with families and their effects on the course of schizophrenia: a review. Psychol Med, 1984, 14(3):629-642

Brenner HD, Boker W, Genner R (eds): Towards a comprehensive therapy for schizophrenia. Hogrefe & Huber, Seattle Toronto Bern, 1997

Coursey RD: Psychotherapy with persons suffering from schizophrenia: the need for a new agenda. Schizophr Bull, 1989, 15:349-353

Fenton WS, Cole SA: Psychosocial therapies of schizophrenia: individual, group, and family. In: Gabbard GO (ed) Treatments of psychiatric disor­ders, 2nd edition. American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 1995, Vol 1, pp 987-1018

Hogarty GE, McEvoy JP, Munetz M et al: Dose of fluphenazine, familial ex­pressed emotion, and outcome in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psy­chiatry, 1988, 45; 797-805

Hogarty GE, Anderson CM, Reiss DJ, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald P, Javan CD, Manonia MJ and the EPICS research group: Family psychoeducation, so­cial scills training and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treat­ment of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1986, 43: 633-642

Hogarty GE, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald D: Three-Year Trials of Personal Ther­apy Among Schizophrenic Patients Living With or Independent of Family, I: Description of Study and Effects on Relapse Rates. Am J Psychiatry, 1997, 154:1504-1513

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Hogarty GE, Goldberg SC, Schooler NR, Ulrich RF: Drug and sociotherapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients: Two year relapse rates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1974, 31:603-608

Kingdon D, Turkington D, Johns C: Cognitive behavior therapy in schizo­phrenia. Br J Psychiatry, 1994, 164:581-587

Penn DL, Mueser KT: Research update on the psychosocial treatment of schi­zophrenia. Am J Psychiatr, 1996, 153 (5):607-617

Vaccaro Jv, Roberts L: Teaching social and coping skills. In: Birchwood M, Tarrier N (eds) Innovations in the psychological management of schizo­phrenia. Wiley, Chichester, 1992, pp 103-114

6.2 Psychoedukationen

Goldstein MJ: Psycho education and relapse prevention. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1995, 9 (Suppl 5):59-69

Goldstein MJ: Psycho-education and family treatment related to the phase of a psychotic disorder. Intrnational Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1996, 11 (Supp 2):77-83

6.3 Familientherapie

Barrowclough C, Tarrier N: Interventions with families. In: Birchwood M, Tarrier N (eds) Innovations in the psychological management of schizo­phrenia. Wiley, Chichester, 1992, pp 79-102

Katschnig H, Konieczna T: Types of work with relatives in psychiatry. Psy­-hiatr Prax, 1984, 11 (5):l37-143

Kuipers L, Birchwood M, McCreadie RG: Psychosocial family intervantion in schizophrenia: a review of empirical studies. Br J Psychiatry, 1992, 160:272-275

Mari JJ, Streiner DL: An overview of famIly interventions and relapse in schi­zophenia: meta-analysis of research findings. Psychol Med, 1994, 24 (3):565-578

McFarlane WR, Lukens E, Link B et al.: Multiple-family groups and psycho­education in the treatment of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995, 52:679-687

Olbrich R: Expressed emotion and the induction of schizophrenic episodes: review of the literature. Nervenarzt, 1983,54 (3):1l3-121

66 Literaturverzeichnis

7. Rehabilitation

Green M: What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatry, 1996, 153:321-330

Kopelowicz A, Liberman RP: Biobehavioral treatment and rehabilitation of schizophrenia. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 1995, 3 (2):55-64

Mueser KT, Drake RE, Bond GR: Recent advances in psychiatric rehabilitation for patients with severe mental illness. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 1997, 5 (3):123-137

Wallace CJ, Liberman RP: Psychiatric rehabilitation. In: Gabbard GO (ed) Treatments of psychiatric disorders, 2nd edition. American Psychiatric Press, Washington-DC, 1995, Vol I, pp 1019-1038

8. Versorgungsstrukturen

Gournay K, Beadsmoore A: The report of the clinical standard advisory / group: standards of care for people with schizophrenia in the UK and im­

plications for mental health nursing. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 1995, 2 ( 6):359-364

Jenkins R, Field V (eds): the primary care of schizophrenia, 2nd edition. HMSO, UK, 1996.

Munich RL, Sledge WH: Treatment settings: providing a continuum of care for patients schizophrenia or related disorders. In: Gabbard GO (ed) Treat­ments of psychiatric disorders, 2nd edition. American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, 1995, Vol I, pp 1075-1090