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Hall6.1.7 Plazade Espaaand themonument to

theconstitutionof 18126.1.8 Plazade Falla andthe GranTeatro Falla(Falla GrandTheatre)

6.2 OtherLandmarks6.2.1 Taviratower6.2.2Admiral'sHouse6.2.3 Oldcustomshouse

6.2.4 Palaciode Congresos6.2.5 Romantheatre6.2.6 Pylonsof Cdiz

6.3 City walls andfortifications

6.3.1 CityGates

6.3.2Fortress ofCandelaria6.3.3 SanSebastian6.3.4 SantaCatalina

7 Notable people bornin Cdiz and Cdiz

province

Cadiz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiz

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Cadiz is one of the oldestcontinuously-inhabitedcities in Europe.

1813 Map of Cadiz

8 Beaches9 Carnival10 Gastronomy11 Gallery12 International

relations12.1 Twin towns -Sister cities

13 See also14 References

14.1 Notes

15 Sources andexternal links

Etymology

Gadir(inPhoenician:), theoriginal namegiven to theoutpostestablished

here by thePhoenicians,means "wall,compound", or,

more generally, "walled stronghold". ThePunic dialect lent this word, along withmany others, to the Berber languages,where it was nativised as agadirmeaning"wall" in Tamazight and "fortified granary" in Tashelhiyt; it appears as acommon place name in North Africa.[2]. The name of the Israeli town of

Gedera has a similar etymology.

Later, the city became known by a similar Attic Greek name, Gdeira, . In Ionic Greek, the name is spelled slightly differently, Gdeira. This spelling appears in the histories written by Herodotus. Rarely,the name is spelled Gadera, as, for example, in the writings ofEratosthenes (as attested by Stephanus of Byzantium).

In Latin, the city was known as Gades; in modern Arabic, it is called ,Qdis. The Spanish autonym for a resident of Cadiz is gaditano.

Climate


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Satellite view ofCadiz

Map of the centralcity

Climate data for Cadiz and Jerez de la Frontera (Airport)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Averagehigh C (F)

15.9(61)

17.5(64)

20.2(68)

21.5(71)

24.6(76)

28.8(84)

33.0(91)

33.1(92)

30.2(86)

25.0(77)

20.1(68)

16.8(62)

23.9(75)

Daily meanC (F)

10.7(51)

12.0(54)

14.0(57)

15.4(60)

18.4(65)

22.0(72)

25.5(78)

25.7(78)

23.5(74)

19.1(66)

14.7(58)

11.9(53)

17.7(64)

Average lowC (F)

5.4(42)

6.6(44)

7.7(46)

9.4(49)

12.1(54)

15.3(60)

18.0(64)

18.4(65)

16.8(62)

13.3(56)

9.2(49)

7.1(45)

11.6(53)

Precipitationcm (inches)

8.9(3.5)

6.0(2.4)

4.2(1.7)

5.4(2.1)

3.7(1.5)

1.3(0.5)

0.2(0.1)

0.6(0.2)

2.2(0.9)

6.7(2.6)

8.6(3.4)

10.9(4.3)

59.8(23.5)

Avg.precipitation

days7 7 5 6 4 2 0 0 2 6 7 9 54

Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorologa[3]

Population and demographic trends

According to a 2006 censusestimate, the population of thecity of Cdiz was 130,561, andthat of its metropolitan area was629,054. Cadiz is theseventeenth-largest Spanish city.In recent years, the city'spopulation has steadily declined;it is the only municipality of the

Bay of Cadiz (the comarcacomposed of Cadiz, Chiclana, El Puerto de Santa Mara,Puerto Real, and San Fernando), whose population hasdiminished. Between 1995 and 2006, it lost more than 14,000 residents, adecrease of 9%.

Among the causes of this loss of population is the peculiar geography of Cadiz;the city lies on a narrow spit of land hemmed in by the sea. Consequently,there is a pronounced shortage of land to be developed. The city has verylittle vacant land, and a high proportion of its housing stock is relatively lowin density. (That is to say, many buildings are only two or three stories tall,and they are only able to house a relatively small number of people withintheir "footprint".) The older quarters of Cdiz are full of buildings that,because of their age and historical significance, are not eligible for urbanrenewal. Only replacement of these old buildings with high-density apartmentprojects might allow Cadiz to sustain a higher population.


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Map of Cadiz, 1886

Demographic evolution of Cadiz between 1999 and 2005

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

142,449 140,061 137,971 136,236 134,989 133,242 131,813

Source: INE (Spain) (http://www.ine.es)

Two other physical factors tend to limit the city'spopulation. It is impossible to increase the amount ofland available for building by reclaiming land from thesea; a new national law governing coastal developmentthwarts this possibility. Also, because Cadiz is built on asandspit, it is a costly proposition to sink foundations

deep enough to support the high-rise buildings thatwould allow for a higher population density. As itstands, the city's skyline is not substantially differentthan it was in medieval times. A seventeenth-centurywatchtower, the Tavira Tower, still commands apanoramic view of the city and the bay despite itsrelatively modest 45-metre height. (See below.)

Cadiz is the provincial capital with the highest rate of unemployment in Spain.This, too, tends to depress the population level. Young Gaditanos, thosebetween 18 and 30 years of age, have been migrating to other places in Spain

(Madrid and Castelln, chiefly), as well as to other places in Europe and theAmericas. The population younger than twenty years old is only 20.58% of thetotal, and the population older than sixty-five is 21.67%, making Cdiz one ofthe most aged cities in all of Spain.

Despite these trends, some are cheered by the fact that the other towns andcities surrounding the Bay of Cadiz are growing modestly, absorbing some ofthe population fleeing the capital. Improvements in roads and railways haveallowed people to commute to Cadiz for work more easily. Increasingly,outlying communities, like Puerto Real and San Fernando, are providing

bedrooms for Cadiz's workforce. In recent years, Cadiz has become more of aplace to work than a place to live.

History

The city was originally founded as Gadir(Phoenician "walled city") by thePhoenicians, who used it in their trade with Tartessos, a city-state believed byarchaeologists to be somewhere near the mouth of the Guadalquivir River,about thirty kilometres northwest of Cadiz. (Its exact location has never beenfirmly established.)


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Phoenician

sarcophagus found inCadiz, now in theArchaeological

Museum of Cdiz.The sarcophagus is

thought to have beendesigned and paid for

by a Phoenicianmerchant and made

in Greece

Votive statues ofMelqert-Herculesfrom the Islote de

Sancti Petri

Cadiz is the most ancient city still standing inWestern Europe.[1] Traditionally, its founding isdated to 1104 BC[4] although no archaeological strataon the site can be dated earlier than the ninthcentury. One resolution for this discrepancy has beento assume that Gadir was merely a small seasonal

trading post in its earliest days.

Later, the Greeks knew the city as Gadira or Gadeira.According to Greek legend, Gadir was founded byHercules after performing his fabled tenth labor, theslaying of Geryon, a monstrous warrior-titan withthree heads and three torsos joined to a single pair oflegs. As late as the early third century, a tumulus (alarge earthen mound) near Cdiz was associated withGeryon's final resting-place.[5]

One of the city's notablefeatures during antiquitywas the temple dedicated tothe Phoenician god Melqart.(Melqart was associated withHercules by the Greeks.)According to the Life ofApollonius of Tyana, thetemple was still standingduring the first century AD.

Some historians, based inpart on this source, believe that the columns of thistemple were the origin of the myth of thepillars ofHercules.[6]

Around 500 BC, the city fell under the sway ofCarthage. Cadiz became a base of operations forHannibal's[7] conquest of southern Iberia. However,in 206 BC, the city fell to Roman forces under ScipioAfricanus. The people of Cadiz welcomed the victors.Under the Romans, the city's Greek name was

modified to Gades; it flourished as a Roman naval base. By the time ofAugustus, Cadiz was home to more than five hundred equites(members of oneof the two upper social classes), a concentration of notable citizens rivaledonly by Padua and Rome itself. It was the principal city of a Roman colony,

Augusta Urbs Julia Gaditana. However, with the decline of the Roman Empire,Gades's commercial importance began to fade.

The overthrow of Roman power in Hispania Baetica by the Visigoths in 410saw the destruction of the original city, of which there remain few remnantstoday. The city was later reconquered by Justinian in 550 as a part of the

Byzantine province of Spania. It would remain Byzantine until Leovigild'sreconquest in 572, and returned to the Visigothic Kingdom.


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Defense of Cdiz againstthe English, by Francisco

de Zurbarn, 1634 (PradoMuseum, Madrid)

Inside view of Castillo

de Santa Catalina

Under Moorish rule between 711 and 1262, the city was called Qdis(Arabic,), from which the modern Spanish name Cdiz, was derived. The Moorswere finally ousted by Alphonso X of Castile in 1262.

During the Age of Exploration, the cityexperienced a renaissance. Christopher Columbus

sailed from Cdiz on his second and fourthvoyages, (see Voyages of Christopher Columbus)and the city later became the home port of theSpanish treasure fleet. Consequently, the citybecame a major target of Spain's enemies. Thesixteenth century also saw a series of failed raidsby Barbary corsairs. The greater part of the oldtown was consumed in the conflagration of 1569.In April 1587 a raid by the Englishman SirFrancis Drake occupied the harbour for threedays, capturing six ships and destroying 31others as well as a large quantity of stores (anevent popularly known as 'The Singeing of theKing of Spain's Beard'). The attack delayed thesailing of the Spanish Armada by a year.[8]

The city suffered another raid in 1596 by the Earlof Essex and Lord Charles Howard, who sackedpart of the town but were unable to hold the cityand port. Yet another unsuccessful English raidwas launched by the Duke of Buckingham in 1625

against the city, commanded by Sir Edward Cecil.In the Anglo-Spanish War Admiral Robert Blakeblockaded Cdiz from 1655 to 1657. In the Battleof Cdiz (1702), the English attacked again underSir George Rooke and James, Duke of Ormonde, butthey were repelled after a costly siege.

In the eighteenth century, the sand bars of theriver Guadalquivir forced the Spanish governmentto transfer the port monopolizing trade withSpanish America from upriver Seville to Cdiz withbetter access to the Atlantic. During this time, thecity experienced a golden age during which three-

quarters of all Spanish trade was with the Americas. It became one of Spain'sgreatest and most cosmopolitan cities and home to trading communities frommany countries, among whom the richest was the Irish community. Many oftoday's historic buildings in the Old City date from this era.

By the end of the century, however, the city suffered another series of attacks.The British blockade and siege of Cadiz between February 1797 and April1798 was, by most standards, a costly failure. Nelson, returning from his

defeat at Santa Cruz, bombarded the city in 1800. During Napoleon'sconquest of Europe, Cadiz was one of the few cities in Spain that was able to


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Easter in Cdiz

resist the French invasion.

The success of the Irish merchant community in late eighteenth-century Cadizwas due mainly to their engagement in the colonial trade. Small in numbercompared to other immigrant groups, they played a disproportionatelyprominent role in civic and ecclesiastical life, and as patrons of the arts in

their adopted city. Their success stories in Cadiz contrast starkly with the lackof opportunity available to them in Ireland. Nevertheless, they did maintainvigorous mercantile and dynastic connections with their homeland. Theiraccomplishments were all the more remarkable in that they were achievedagainst a background of fierce competition in Europe's most dynamic entreptof the day.[9] It is a connection that continutes to this day.

Cadiz was also the seat of the liberal Cortes (parliament) that fought againstoseph Bonaparte (who reigned as Joseph I) in the Peninsular War; at Cadiz

the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 was proclaimed. The citizens revoltedin 1820 to secure a renewal of this constitution; the revolution spread acrossSpain, leading to the imprisonment of King Ferdinand VII in the city of Cadiz.French forces secured the release of Ferdinand in the Battle of Trocadero(1823) and suppressed liberalism. In 1868, Cdiz was once again the seat of arevolution, resulting in the eventual abdication and exile of Queen Isabella II.The same Cadiz Cortes decided to reinstate the monarchy under King AmadeoI just two years later. In recent years, the city has undergone muchreconstruction. Many monuments, cathedrals, and landmarks have beencleaned and restored, adding to the considerable charm of this ancient city.

Diocese

Main article: Roman Catholic Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta

The diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta is a suffragan of theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville; that is, itis a diocese within the metropolitan see of Seville.It became a diocese in 1263 after its Reconquista(reconquest) from the Moors. By the Concordat of1753, in which the Spanish crown also gained therights to make appointments to church offices and

to tax church lands, the diocese of Cadiz wasmerged with the diocese of Ceuta, a Spanishconclave on the northern coast of Africa, and thediocesan bishop became, by virtue of his office,

the Apostolic Administrator of Ceuta.

Historically, the diocese counts among its most famous prelates Cardinal Juande Torquemada, a Dominican theologian and expert on canon law, who took aleading part in the Councils of Basle and Florence, and defended, in hisSumme de Ecclesia, the direct power of the pope in temporal matters. It is

Torquemada who is most closely associated with the fifteenth-century SpanishInquisition.


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Allegoric figures of themonument to the

constitution of 1812

Architecture and Major landmarks

Among the many landmarks of historical andscenic interest in Cdiz, a few stand out. The citycan boast of an unusual cathedral of various

architectural styles, a magnificent theatre, anattractive old municipal building, an eighteenth-century watchtower, a vestige of the ancient citywall, an ancient Roman theatre, and electricalpylons of an eye-catchingly modern designcarrying cables across the Bay of Cdiz. The oldtown is characterised by narrow streetsconnecting magnificent squares (plazas),bordered by the sea and by the city walls. Most ofthe landmark buildings are situated in the plazas.

Plazas and their landmark buildings

The old town of Cdiz is one of the most densely populated urban areas inEurope, and is packed with narrow streets. The old town benefits though fromseveral striking plazas, which are enjoyed by citizens and tourists alike. Theseare Plaza de Mina, Plaza San Antonio, Plaza de Candelaria, Plaza de San Juande Dios and Plaza de Espaa.

Plaza de Mina

Located in the heart of the old town, Plaza de Mina, (the most beautiful of theCdiz plazas) was developed in the first half of the nineteenth century.Previously, the land occupied by the plaza was the orchard of the convent ofSan Francisco. The plaza was converted into a plaza in 1838 by the architectTorcuato Benjumeda and (later) Juan Daura, with its trees being planted in1861. It was then redeveloped again in 1897, and has remained virtuallyunchanged since that time. It is named after General Francisco Espoz y Mina,a hero of the war of independence. Manuel de Falla y Matheu was born inNumber 3 Plaza de Mina, where a plaque bears his name. The plaza alsocontains several statues, one of these is a bust of Jos Macpherson (a pioneer

in the development of petrography, stratigraphy and tectonics) who was bornin number 12 Plaza de Mina in 1839. The Museum of Cdiz, is to be found atnumber 5 Plaza de Mina, and contains many objects from Cdiz's 3000 yearhistory as well as works by artists such as Peter Paul Rubens. The houseswhich face the plaza, many of which can be classified as neo-classicalarchitecture or built in the style of Isabelline Gothic, were originally occupiedby the Cdiz bourgeoisie.


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San Antonio Church

Plaza San Antonio in the19th century

Plaza de San Francisco and San FranciscoChurch and Convent

Located next to Plaza de Mina, this smallersquare houses the San Francisco church andconvent. Originally built in 1566, it was

substantially renovated in the 17th Century,when its cloisters were added. Originally, thePlaza de Mina formed the convent's orchard.

Plaza San Antonio

In the 19thcentury Plaza SanAntonio wasconsidered to be

Cdizs mainsquare. It is abeautiful square, surrounded by a number ofmansions built in neo-classical architecture orIsabelline Gothic style, once occupied by theCdiz upper classes. San Antonio church,originally built in 1669, is also situated in theplaza,

The plaza was built in the 18th century, and on 19 March 1812 the Spanish

Constitution of 1812 was proclaimed here, leading to the plaza to be namedPlaza de la Constitucin, and then later Plaza San Antonio, after the hermitSan Antonio.

In 1954 the city's mayor proclaimed the location a historic site. Allconstruction is prohibited.

Plaza de Candelaria

The Plaza de Candelaria is named after the Candelaria convent, situated in thesquare until it was demolished in 1873, when its grounds were redeveloped asa plaza. The plaza is notable for a statue in its centre of Emilio Castelar,president of the first Spanish republic, who was born in a house facing thesquare. A plaque situated on another house, states that Bernardo O'Higgins,an Irish-Chilean adventurer and former dictator of Chile also, lived in thesquare.

Plaza de la Catedral and the Cathedral

Main article: Cdiz Cathedral


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Monument to theConstitution of 1812

The goal of this demolition was to create a grandnew city square to mark the hundredthanniversary of the liberal constitution, which wasproclaimed in this city in 1812, and provide asetting for a suitable memorial. The work is by thearchitect, Modesto Lopez Otero, and of the

sculptor, Aniceto Marinas. The work began in1912 and finished in 1929.

The lower level of the monument represents achamber and an empty presidential armchair. Theupper level has various inscriptions surmountingthe chamber. On each side are bronze figuresrepresenting peace and war. In the center, apilaster rises to symbolize, in allegorical terms,the principals expressed in the 1812 constitution.At the foot of this pilaster, there is a female figurerepresenting Spain, and, to either side, scupturalgroupings representing agriculture andcitizenship.

Plaza de Falla and the Gran Teatro Falla (Falla Grand Theatre)

The original Gran Teatrowas constructed in 1871 by the architect Garca delAlamo, and was destroyed by a fire in August, 1881. The current theatre wasbuilt between 1884 and 1905 over the remains of the previous Gran Teatro.The architect was Adolfo Morales de los Rios, and the overseer of constructionwas Juan Cabrera de la Torre. The outside was covered in red bricks and is ofa neo-Mudejar or Moorish revival style. Following renovations in the 1920s,the theatre was renamed the Gran Teatro Falla, in honor of composer Manuelde Falla, who is buried in the crypt of the cathedral. After a period ofdisrepair in the 1980s, the theatre has since undergone extensive renovation.

Other Landmarks

Tavira tower

In the 18th century, Cdiz had more than 160 towers from which localmerchants could look out to sea for arriving merchant ships. These towersoften formed part of the merchants' houses. The Torre Tavira, named for itsoriginal owner, stands as the tallest remaining watchtower. It has a cmaraoscura, a room that uses the principal of the pinhole camera (and a specially-prepared convex lens) to project panoramic views of the Old City onto itsinterior walls. (Also see the article titled Widow's walk.)


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Admiral's House

Roman theatre

Admiral's House

The Casa del Almiranteis a palatial house, adjacent to thePlaza San Martn in the Barrio del Ppulo, which wasconstructed in 1690 with the proceeds of the lucrativetrade with the Americas. It was built by the family of the

admiral of the Spanish treasure fleet, the so-called Fleet ofthe Indies, Don Diego de Barrios. The exterior is sheathedin exquisite red and white Genoan marble, prepared in theworkshops of Andreoli, and mounted by the master, GarcaNarvez. The colonnaded portico, the grand staircaseunder the cupola, and the hall on the main floor arearchitectural features of great nobility and beauty. Theshield of the Barrios family appears on the second-floor balcony.

Old customs house

Within the plan of reforms of the walls that protect the flank of the port ofCdiz projects the construction of three identical and next buildings to eachother: the Customs, the House of Hiring and the Consulate. Of only the threeit is executed first, of neoclassic, sober style and of ample and balancedproportions. The works began in 1765 under the direction of Juan Caballeroat a cost of 7,717,200 reales.

Palacio de Congresos

Cdiz's superbly refurbished tobacco factory offers excellent internationalconference and trade-show facilities. Home to the third annual MASTConference and trade-show (12 to 14 November 2008)

Roman theatre

In 1980, in the El Ppulo district of Cdiz, therewas a fire in some old warehouses belonging to acompany called Vigorito, SA, causing catastrophicdamage. In the aftermath of the fire, an exciting

discovery was made: the remains of an ancientRoman theatre. The fire had destroyed thewarehouses revealing a layer of construction thatwas judged to be the foundations of somemedieval buildings; the foundations of thesebuildings had been built, in turn, upon muchmore ancient stones, hand-hewn limestone of aRoman character. Systematic excavations, whichstill continue, have revealed a largely intactRoman theatre.


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Pylons of Cdiz.

The theatre, constructed by order of LuciusCornelius Balbus (minor) during the first centuryBCE, is the second largest Roman theatre in theworld, surpassed only by the theater of Pompeii,south of Rome. Cicero, in "Epistulae ad Familiares"(Letters to his friends), wrote of its use by Balbo for

personal propaganda.

According to archaeologists, this discoveryconfirms the greatness of the Roman city of Gades.The ancient city had a population even greaterthan the 80,000 people who lived in Cdiz duringthe sixteenth and seventeenth century, when thecity dominated trans-Atlantic commerce, and it wasone of the most prosperous cities of the Romanempire.

Pylons of Cdiz

The Pylons of Cdizare electricity pylons of unusual design, one on either sideof the Bay of Cdiz, used to support huge electric-power cables. The pylonsare 158 metres high and designed for two circuits. The very unconventionalconstruction consists of a narrow frustum steel framework with one crossbarat the top of each one for the insulators.

City walls and fortifications

City Gates

Las Puertas de Tierra originated in the 16th century, although much of theoriginal work has disappeared. Once consisting of several layers of walls, onlyone of these remain today. By the 20th century it was necessary to remodelthe entrance to the Old City to accommodate modern traffic. Today, the twoside-by-side arches cut into the wall serve as one of the primary entrances tothe city.


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Las puertas de tierra

Arco de la Rosa

El Arcode losBlancos,is the oldgate tothe

Populodistrict,builtaround1300. Itwas theprincipalgate to the medieval town. The gate isnamed after the family of Felipe Blanco whobuilt a chapel (now disappeared) above the

gate.El Arco de la Rosa (The Rose Arch) is theold gate carved into the walls of medievalCdiz next to the cathedral. These walls andthe gate were built during the reign ofAlfonso X. The gate is named after Captain

Gaspar de la Rosa, who lived in the City in the 18th Century. The gate wasrenovated in 1973.

Fortress of Candelaria

The Baluarte de la Candelaria (fortress or stronghold of Candlemas) is amilitary fortification. Taking advantage of a natural elevation of land, it wasconstructed in 1672 at the initiative of the governor, Diego Caballero deIllescas. Protected by a seaward-facing wall that had previously served as aseawall, Candelaria's cannons were in a position to command the channelsapproaching the port of Cdiz. In more recent times, the edifice has served asa headquarters for the corps of military engineers and as the home to thearmy's homing pigeons, birds used to carry written messages over hostileterrain. Thoroughly renovated, it is now used as a cultural venue. There has

been some discussion of using it to house a maritime museum, but, at present,it is designated for use as a permanent exposition space.

San Sebastian

The Castillo de San Sebastian is also a military fortification, and is situated atthe end of a road leading out from the Caleta beach. It was built in 1706.Today the castle remains unused, although its future uses remain muchdebated...

Santa Catalina


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View of Campo del Sur fromthe beach at sunset

La Caleta beach

The Castillo de Santa Catalina is also a military fortification, and is situated atthe end of the Caleta beach. It was built in 1598 following the English sackingof Cadiz two years earlier. Recently renovated, today it is used for exhibitionsand concerts.

Notable people born in Cdiz and Cdizprovince

Esteban Piero Camacho, know as Basty, member of the Spanish bandD'NASHNia Pastori, or Mara Rosa Garca Garca,flamenco singer.Manuel de Falla, composerDaniel Giza, football striker for Fenerbahce and the national teamGeorge Meade, Union general of The American Civil WarCamarn de la Isla ,Flamenco Singer

Paco De Lucia , Flamenco GuitaristLucius Junius Moderatus, Columela, roman agronomic writer

Beaches

Cdiz, situated on a peninsula,[10] is home tosome of Spain's most beautiful beaches.

La Playa de laCaleta is the

best-loved beachof Cdiz. It hasalways been inCarnival songs,due to itsunequalledbeauty and itsproximity to theBarrio de la Via.

It is the beach of the Old City, situated between

two castles, San Sebastian and Santa Catalina. Itis around four hundred meters long and thirtymeters wide at low tide. La Caleta served as theset for several of the Cuban scenes in thebeginning of the James Bond movie Die AnotherDay.

La Playa de la Victoria, in the newer part of Cdiz, is the beach most visitedby tourists and natives of Cdiz. It is about three kilometers long, and it hasan average width of fifty meters of sand. The moderate swell and the absenceof rocks allow family bathing. It is separated from the city by an avenue; onthe landward side of the avenue, there are many shops and restaurants.


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Carnival posterA chorus singing in the

Carnival of Cdiz

La Playa de Santa Mara del Maror Playita de las Mujeresis a small beach inCdiz, situated between La Playa de Victoria and La Playa de la Caleta. Itfeatures excellent views of the old district of Cdiz.

Carnival

Main article: Carnival of Cdiz

The Carnival of Cdiz is one of the best known carnivals in the world.Throughout the year, carnival-related activities are almost constant in thecity; there are always rehearsals, public demonstrations, and contests ofvarious kinds.

The city of Cdiz is often noted for having the mosthumorous people in Spain. Consequently, the centralthemes of the carnival are sharp criticisms, often of a

political nature, clever plays on words, and theoff-beat imagination displayed in revelers' costumes,which, unlike in carnival venues elsewhere in theworld, do not emphasis the glamorous or scandalous.

The Carnival of Cdiz isfamous for the satiricalgroups called chirigotas,who perform comicalmusical pieces.Typically, a chirigota iscomposed of seven totwelve performers whosing, act and improviseaccompanied by guitars,kazoos, a bass drum, and

a variety of noise-makers. Other than the chirigotas, there are many othergroups of performers: choruses; ensembles called comparsas, who sing inclose harmony much like the barbershop quartets of African-American cultureor the mariachis of Mexico; cuartetos, consisting of four (or sometimes three)performers alternating dramatic parodies and humorous songs; and

romanceros, storytellers who recite tales in verse. These diverse spectaclesturn the city into a colorful and popular open-air theater for two entire weeksin February.

The Concurso Oficial de Agrupaciones Carnavalescas(the official associationof carnival groups) sponsors a contest in the Gran Teatro Falla (see above)each year where chirigotas and other performers compete for prizes. This isthe climactic event of the Cdiz carnival.

Gastronomy


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Tortillita decamarones

Gachas

The gastronomy of Cdiz includes stews and sweets typical of comarca and thecity.

Tocino decieloGarumAtnencebolladoCaballa asadaCaballa conbabetasPescado ensobrehsaPionate

Cazn en adoboMorena enadoboCazn enamarilloTortillita decamaronesChocos conpapasHuevas alisPapas alis(patatasaliadas)

PanizasRopaviejaPestiosPolePiriacaPan deCdiz

Gallery

Cdiz in the 19thcentury

Interior of CdizCathedral

Royal PrisonPort of the Bay ofCdiz


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House where JosMara Pemn wasborn on May 8,1897

Statue of EmilioCastelar y Ripoll,a president of thedefunct FirstSpanish Republic

Bartizanin theCastillo de SantaCatalina

Iglesia del Carmen

Carranza bridge La Caleta beach La Caleta beach Rota Beach

International relationsSee also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

Twin towns - Sister cities

Cdiz is twinned with:

Brest,

France[11]Buenos

Aires,Argentina

Cartagenade Indias,Colombia

Ceuta,Spain

Huelva,

Spain

Havana,

CubaMedway,

UK

Montevideo,Uruguay

Mstoles,Spain

Tangier,Morocco

Torrevieja,

SpainSan Juan,

Puerto RicoSanta Cruz de

Tenerife, SpainSantos, BrazilVilla Cisneros or

ad-Dajla, ,Western Sahara

Indio,

California, USA


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A Corua,Spain

See also

Battle of CadizCdiz Club de FutbolCosta de la LuzJerez de la Frontera, the largest city in the Province of Cdiz.

References

This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of

1913.This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of Greek andRoman Geography by William Smith (1856).

Notes

^ abEspinosa, Pedro(2007). EL PAIS. Hallado en Cdiz un muro de 3.000 aos

(http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Hallado/Cadiz/muro/3000/anos/elpepucul/20070930elpepicul_7/Tes)

1.

^ Lipiski, Edward (2002). written at Belgium. Semitic Languages: Outline of aComparative Grammar(http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=6387) .Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. 80 . Peeters Leeuven (published 2001). p. 575.ISBN 978-90-429-0815-4. http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=6387.

2.

^ "Valores Climatolgicos Normales. Cdiz - Jerez de la Frontera / Aeropuerto"(http://www.aemet.es/es/elclima/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=5960&k=and) . http://www.aemet.es/es/elclima/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=5960&k=and.

3.

^ Velleius Paterculus, Hist. Rom. I.2.1-3.4.^Life of Apollonius of Tyana, v.5.5.^ From the Life of Apollonius of Tyana: " ... the pillars in the temple were made ofgold and silver smelted together so as to be of one color, and they were over a cubit

high, of square form, resembling anvils; and their capitals were inscribed with letterswhich were neither Egyptian nor Indian nor of any kind which he could decipher. ButApollonius, since the priests would tell him nothing, remarked: 'Heracles of Egyptdoes not permit me not to tell all I know. These pillars are ties between earth andocean, and they were inscribed by Heracles in the house of the Fates, to prevent anydiscord arising between the elements, and to save their mutual affection for oneanother from violation.'"

6.

^ Titus Livius,Ab Urbe condita libri[1] (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10907/10907-h/10907-h.htm#book21)

7.

^ Archive copy (http://web.archive.org/web/20060427083600/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ulm/history/eng_armada.htm) at the Wayback

Machine

8.


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