Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of...

43
Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract Mechanisms of diesel particulate matter health effects are still an open issue despite numerous investigations all over the world. Therefore additionally to the mass the pa- rameters size and size distribution, number and number distribution, ultrafine parti- cles, surface, chemical composition, shape and morphology have to be analysed to find the most effective criteria for health effects. Exhaust emissions regarding these criteria from passenger cars and duty vehicles are given and possible mechanism for health effects are discussed. Additionally to the size, the deposited particle mass in the lung, the chemical composition of adsorbed material and the hydrophobic, re- spectively hydrophilic character and also the surface are considered. Due to the complex interaction of all parameters health effects cannot be concentrated on one parameter alone. It is necessary to evaluate all parameters to understand the mechanism of health effects and to be able to derive effective measures to improve the situation. If all these parameters and their relation to each other are known, the gravimetrical determination of PM from diesel engines is the most efficient and suitable way for certification purposes. Introduction The dilemma regarding the evaluation of health effects from diesel particles is that whether animal tests nor epidemiological studies are able to give a reliable background for risk assessments. The defence and lung clearance mechanism is not yet fully clear: Assuming that all particles are 0.2 μm aerodynamic diameter and a particle concentration of 100 000 Particles per cm 3 is a typical urban exposure (APEG 1999-Maynard) the daily particle intake of an adult can be calculated 100 000 x 780 000 cm3/h x 24 h x 29 = 5.4 x 10 11 /day. 3.35 x 10 11 are penetrating to the aveoli . Assumption is that all alvoeoli are ventilated equally. If alveoli number in the adult is 296 x 10 10 macrophages (ICPR 66) then number of particles deposited per alveolus is 1130 /day. Crapo (1982) estimate 2.16 x 10 10 macrophages in the human alveolar region, implying 73 macrophages per alveolus. If all particles are collected by the macrophages one macrophage ingest 1130/73 = 15 particles. An overload is estimated at 900 000 particles, when the macrophage ingest 60 % of his own volume, which is estimated to 1000 μm 3 Oberdörster demonstrated this with particles of an diameter of 50 nm with a volume of 0.000 065 μm 3 . Therefore an overload situation is far far away. Therefore a lot of parameters have to be investigated. Main conclusions The evaluation of health effects from Diesel exhaust is complex and can not be explained with one single parameter. Mass is certainly the most important criteria, which determine dose

Transcript of Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of...

Page 1: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

CCrriitteerriiaa FFoorr HHeeaalltthh EEffffeeccttss EEvvaalluuaattiioonn

OOff DDiieesseell PPaarrttiiccuullaattee MMaatttteerr DDrr.. NNoorrbbeerrtt MMeettzz

BBMMWW GGrroouupp TTrraaffffiicc aanndd EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt Abstract Mechanisms of diesel particulate matter health effects are still an open issue despite numerous investigations all over the world. Therefore additionally to the mass the pa-rameters size and size distribution, number and number distribution, ultrafine parti-cles, surface, chemical composition, shape and morphology have to be analysed to find the most effective criteria for health effects. Exhaust emissions regarding these criteria from passenger cars and duty vehicles are given and possible mechanism for health effects are discussed. Additionally to the size, the deposited particle mass in the lung, the chemical composition of adsorbed material and the hydrophobic, re-spectively hydrophilic character and also the surface are considered. Due to the complex interaction of all parameters health effects cannot be concentrated on one parameter alone. It is necessary to evaluate all parameters to understand the mechanism of health effects and to be able to derive effective measures to improve the situation. If all these parameters and their relation to each other are known, the gravimetrical determination of PM from diesel engines is the most efficient and suitable way for certification purposes. Introduction The dilemma regarding the evaluation of health effects from diesel particles is that whether animal tests nor epidemiological studies are able to give a reliable background for risk assessments. The defence and lung clearance mechanism is not yet fully clear: Assuming that all particles are 0.2 µm aerodynamic diameter and a particle concentration of 100 000 Particles per cm3 is a typical urban exposure (APEG 1999-Maynard) the daily particle intake of an adult can be calculated 100 000 x 780 000 cm3/h x 24 h x 29 = 5.4 x 1011 /day. 3.35 x 1011 are penetrating to the aveoli . Assumption is that all alvoeoli are ventilated equally. If alveoli number in the adult is 296 x 1010 macrophages (ICPR 66) then number of particles deposited per alveolus is 1130 /day. Crapo (1982) estimate 2.16 x 1010 macrophages in the human alveolar region, implying 73 macrophages per alveolus. If all particles are collected by the macrophages one macrophage ingest 1130/73 = 15 particles. An overload is estimated at 900 000 particles, when the macrophage ingest 60 % of his own volume, which is estimated to 1000 µm3 Oberdörster demonstrated this with particles of an diameter of 50 nm with a volume of 0.000 065 µm3. Therefore an overload situation is far far away. Therefore a lot of parameters have to be investigated. Main conclusions

The evaluation of health effects from Diesel exhaust is complex and can not be explained with one single parameter.

Mass is certainly the most important criteria, which determine dose

Page 2: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

response. Prerequisite is that for the number measurements a differentiation between liquid and solid aerosols must be done.

Important criteria for the evaluation of health effects are: - PM mass, size and size distribution, number and number distribution, PM concentration in ambient air, PM surface, shape, morphology, chemical composition inclusive adsorbed material and hygroscopic properties together with bioavailability PM mass emission is declining, despite increasing mileage.

A lower sulphur- content in the diesel fuel strengthen this trend. PM emission both mass and number decreases continuously.

For certification the gravimetric measurement of mass is still the most efficient and suitable procedure.

Page 3: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Criteria For Health Effects EvaluationCriteria For Health Effects Evaluation

Of Diesel Particulate MatterOf Diesel Particulate Matter

Dr. Norbert MetzDr. Norbert Metz

BMW Group Traffic and EnvironmentBMW Group Traffic and Environment

ETH-Conference on Combustion Generated Particles,

Zürich, August 18 – 20. 2003

Page 4: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Criteria for Health Effects EvaluationOf Diesel Particulate Matter

Introduction Dilemma for the Evaluation of Health Effects

PM Mass Particulate Matter Emission ( PM10 , PM2.5 , Diesel Soot)Emission Contribution of Different Sources in GermanyDevelopment of PM-Emissions from Road Transportregarding PM10 , PM2.5 , Soot (EC) and Number

Mass and Number Correlation between Mass and Number, Fuel Influence

PM Size Size Distribution ( Emission / Air Quality )

PM Surface Surface for Euro III and Euro IV Passenger Cars

PM Morphology Diesel PM, Urban Aerosol and Particles in the Lung

PM Chemistry Chemical Composition ( Diesel PM and Ambient)

Health Effects Hypothesis for Effects of PM2.5 and Diesel Soot

Summary and Conclusions

Content

BMW GroupVerkehr und UmweltMe-3802

Page 5: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

In Vitro-Test In Vivo-Test Epidemiology

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3803

Tools For Research Upon Health Effects

Ames-Test epicutaneous Case Studiessubcutaneous

Cytogenetic intratracheal Cohort StudiesTest intrapereonal

inhalativeDNA-Repair Test

Cell trans- Animal Species Teratogenic Studiesformation Test Mice (e.g. Scenar)

HamstersRats

(e.g. Fisher 344, Wistar, Sprague Dawley)

Risk Assessment for Humans

Page 6: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr und Umweltme- 3804Quelle: Mauderly J.Lovelace,Albuquerque, NM9/2000

Page 7: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr und Umweltme- 3805

Comparison Of Particle ExposedConcentration Ranges

Animal-Tests

Some Diesel-Workplaces

Near Industry

3as

Ann

ual M

ean

Near RoadsAway fromIndustry

Away from RoadsAway from Industry

Diesel Exhaust

OtherEmission Sources

Versuchs -bereich Normale Umwelt

3

LowestDose withoutEffects

µg P

artc

les

l(Soo

t)/m

3

HighestDose

LowestDose

Test-Range Ambient Air

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Page 8: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Alveolarmacrophage

Important cells of the lung on the way to particle-induced tumorgenesis.

Main function:Defence and lung clearance

Activated Alveolar Macrophage (center) Granulocyte (right upper corner)

REM Image from a lung cell

Ref.: Bruch J., Uni Essen 2003 Me-3806

Granulocyte

10 000 nm

Page 9: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr und Umweltme- 3807Ref: F.Netter

Macrophages bind with „Surfactant“ inhaled Particles in the Lung

1 = Surface ot thealveolar epithel

2 = Particles coming in the alveole

3 = Wrapping of particles

4 = Contact with themacrophage

5 = Entrance in the Cytoplasma

6 = Formation of Phagolysomes

7 = Direct Reaction

8 = Release of lytic encymes1

2

3

4

56

78

Page 10: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr und Umweltme- 3808

Hamster don´t show even with high dose tumors, with mice the reactions don´t allow clear conclusions.

Rats exposed to low dosis developed no tumors.

With high dose rats showed tumors, which are notdiesel specific. They also appeared with TiO2, elementalcarbon and other fine particles fractions.

The formation of tumors is due to the overload of the rat lung with particles.

Locations of the particle deposition and reactions in the lung,due to inhaled particles are total different in rats and humans.

Metabolismus in rats and in humans is not comparable.

Rat data can not be used therefore for risk assessmentsto estimate a danger for humans.

Questionable Relevance OfRat Test Results To Humans

Page 11: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr und Umweltme- 3809

Epidemiological Studies And Relative Risk

Howe

Hall

Garshick (88)

Boffetta (90)

Schenker

Garshick (87)

Burns

Siemiatycki

Williams

Boffetta (88)

Menck

Hall

Leupker

Ahlberg

Siemiatycki

Boffetta (88)

Hayes

Boffetta (90)

Steenland

Burns

Williams

0,1 1 10 0,1 1 10

= RR with smoker corr. = RR without smoker corr. = 95%-band

Railway worker Driver (duty veh. +busses)

Relative Risk(95% Conf.)Q:Greenbaum, D.

VDI-Fortschr.ber.

Reihe 12, Bd 348, 5/98

Page 12: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3810Greenbaum, D.VDI-Fortschr.ber.Reihe 12, Bd 348, 5/98

Relative Risk (derived from Epidemiology)Metaanalysis Summary of Bhatia

1.75

1.50

1.25

1.00

0.75

Rai

lroad

Wor

ker

Con

stru

cti o

nEq

uipm

ent

Dri v

er

Truc

k-D

river

Bus

Driv

er

Tota

l

Job

Expo

sed

Mal

es J

EM

RR = 1.33 (1.24 to 1.44)

Page 13: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr und Umweltme- 3811

Weak Points in EpidemiologyRegarding Risk Estimations

Exact exposition data are mostly unknown and later not deductible.

Collectives exposed only to diesel exhaust are not available.

Other confounders (e.g. smoking, alcohol use, drugs, etc.) are often not - or insufficient - taken into account.

Smoking as a strong carcinogen has even at low concentrationsstronger effects as particles in urban aerosols, since particles are a weak carcinogen, if at all.

Job induced nutrition and life style habits are hard to be takeninto account adequate.

Also genetic burden and illness can not be taken into account.

Therefore results of existing epidemiological studies cannot be used for risk assessments.

Page 14: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr und UmweltMe- 3812

200 nm

Shape andMorphology

Concentration [g/m3]

Mass [g/km]

Hydrophobic resp.Hydrophilic Character

Size [ µm oder nm]Size Distribution

ChemicalComposition

Number andNumber Distribution

Criteria to Characterize Diesel Particulate Matter for Health Effects Evaluations

Surface [ m2]

Page 15: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr und Umweltme- 3813

Total Suspended Particulate Matter

Particles with a size below 10 µm ( PM10 )

Particles with a size below 2.5 µm ( PM2.5 )

Particles with a size below 0.1 µm ( PM0.1 )

Ultrafine Particles (below 50 nm)

Soot Particles, Total Carbon

Organic Carbon (OC)

Elemantal Carbon (EC)

Which Particles Are Responsible for Health Effects ?

Page 16: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3814Q: Prüller, AK-ELWien, Juni 2002

PM10- Emissions225 [kt/a]in 2000

Exhaust Duty Veh. 10%

Passenger Car Wear *) 8%

Industry burning3%

Industry processes27%

Small utilities /Residential 12%

Abrasion Duty Veh. *) 3%

Offroad 13%

Passenger Car Exhaust 4%

Coarse material9%

Power Plants 11%

*) Wear: Tyre, Brake, Road

Contribution of Different Sources to PM10 Emissions in Germany in 2000

Page 17: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

PM 2.5 - Emissions 156 [kt/a] in 2000

Coarse Material1%

Small utilities/Residential

8%

Duty veh. Wear *)2%

Offroad16% Exhaust Duty Veh.

13%

Industry Burning2%

Power Plants10%

Passenger Car Exhaust

6%Passenger Car

Wear *)4%

Industry Processes38%

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3815Q: Prüller, AK-ELWien, Juni 2002

*) Wear: Tyre, Brake, Road

Contribution of Sources to PM2.5 Emissions in Germany in 2000

Page 18: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Anthropogenic PM 0.1 Emissionsin Germany in 2000

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3816Ref: Nader, TU Wien, 2002

* Wear: Tyre,Brake,Road

Industry Processes28 %

Industry Processes1 %

Small UtilitiesResidential

2 %

Off Road Machinery33 %

Power Plants3 %

Pass. Car Exhaust8 %

Pass. Car Wear*4 %

Duty Veh. Exhaust19 %

Duty Veh. Wear*2 %

in the Year 2000PM 0.1 Emissions 50 kt/year

Page 19: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

(inclusive emissions of Road Transportdue to Wear (Tyres, Brakes and Road))

Passenger CarsDuty VehiclesOffroad MachineryIndustry-IncinerationSmall Utilities /ResidentialPower PlantsIndustry-ProcessesBulk Goods Handling

PM10 Emission TrendSources in Germany

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

PM-E

mis

sion

sin

[kt]

10

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3817Q: Prüller, AK-ELWien, Juni 2002

Page 20: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

PM2.5 Emission TrendSources in Germany

0200400600800

100012001400160018002000

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

PM 2.

5 -Em

issi

ons

in [k

t] Passenger CarsDuty VehiclesOffroad MachineryIndustry-IncinerationSmall Utilities /ResidentialPower PlantsIndustry-ProcessesBulk goods Handling

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3818Q: Prüller, AK-ELWien, Juni 2002

Page 21: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Fleet Stock [1000 Vehicles]

Buses DieselLight Duty DieselHeavy Duty DieselPassenger Cars Diesel

Diesel Vehicles Trend in GermanyBMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3819Q: Prüller S.,TU Wien, AK EL2002

Page 22: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

DV-Mileage

Mileage[Billion km/a]

DV-PM-Emissions

Particulate Matter[kt/a]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1980 1990 2000 2010 20200

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

PC-PM-Emissions

PC-Mileage

Particulate Matter Exhaust EmissionsPassenger Cars and Duty Vehicles in Germany

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3820Q: Prüller S.,TU Wien, AK EL2002

Page 23: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Quelle: IFEU Heidelberg 03.09.1998

1000 Tons/year

0

10

20

30

40

50

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Passenger CarsLight Duty VehiclesHeavy Duty Vehiclesand Buses

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3821Q: IFEU ausCHC-9008.ppt

Development of PM EmissionsOf Road Transport in Germany

Page 24: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

spec

ific

Emis

sion

fact

or[g

/km

]

-64

%

-84

%

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3822Q: IFEU ausCHC-9008.ppt

Based on actual car population

Development of Diesel Passenger Car Fleet Emission Factors in Germany

Page 25: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Soot (EC) Air Quality Trend InSome German Cities

Berlin-Karl-Marx-Straße 77

Berlin-Wedding

Berlin-Charlottenburg

Berlin-Schmargendorf

Berlin-NeuköllnNansenstraße

Berlin-Friedrichshein

Düsseldorf-Mörsenbroich

Düsseldorf-Corneliusstraße

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe-3823

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

roadside

Urban background

Soot yearly average values [µg/m³]

aus H.P. Lenz, Ch. Cozzarini , S. Prüller, Bericht Emissionen und Luftqualität 1998, Stuttgart, 25.6.1998

Threshold value accord. 23.VO, §40,Abs.2, BImSchG is 8 µg/m3

Page 26: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Size Distribution Of Exhaust Gas Particles50 km/h And 120 km/h Constant Speed

10 100 10000,0E+00

5,0E+12

1,0E+13

1,5E+13

2,0E+13

2,5E+13

3,0E+13

3,5E+13dN/dln(Dp) [1/km]

0,0E+005,0E+121,0E+131,5E+132,0E+132,5E+133,0E+133,5E+134,0E+134,5E+135,0E+13

10 100 1000

dN/dln(Dp) [1/km]

530d

320d

525tds

Mobility Diameter [nm]

50 km/h 120 km/h

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3824Q: Resch,Steinparzer F.ATZ

Page 27: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe- 3825Q: Schindler. VDA-KongressFrankfurt,2000

Partikelzahl 10 13 / km Pkw 1 (Euro 1)Pkw 2 (Euro 2)Pkw 3 (Euro 3)

Pkw 4 (Euro 4)

5

4

3

2

1

0

13 / km Particle Number 10 PC 1 (Euro 1)PC 2 (Euro 2)PC 3 (Euro 3)

PC 4 (Euro 4)

10 100 100010 100 1000Particle Diameter in nm

5

4

3

2

1

0

Particle Emission Reduction Of DieselPassenger Cars In Mass And Number

Page 28: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

0

1E+13

2E+13

3E+13

4E+13

5E+13

6E+13

7E+13

8E+13

9E+13

1E+14

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07Particle Mass [g/km]

Part

iccl

eN

umbe

r[1

/km

]

ACEA-Study Passenger Cars

ACEA-Programm zur Partikelemission von Pkw gemessen mit SMPS bei 100 km/h Konstantfahrt

ACEA-Study Duty Vehicles

0

2E+14

4E+14

6E+14

8E+14

1E+15

1,2E+15

1,4E+15

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

Particle Mass [g/kWh]

Part

icle

Num

ber[

1/kW

h]

convent. Diesel-PCmodern Diesel-PC

ACEA-Programm zur Partikelemission von Nfz gemessen mit SMPS bei Konstantlast

Reduction Of Particle EmissionsMass And Number Of Diesel Vehicles

BMW GroupVerkehr und UmweltMe-3826Q: ACEA, Rep.Fine Part. Brüssel 1999, Stein J. VDA-Techn.Kongr.9/2000,Frankf.

Page 29: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Measurement on different vehicles (Audi, BMW, DC, VW) in Europe-driving cycle

Exhaust Gas Emissions120%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

0 to - 54%

-3 to -54%

-14 to -47%

CO HC + NOx Particulate Matter

Range

Basis: Normal Diesel Fuel = 100% compared with Swedish Diesel Fuel Class 1

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe-3827Ref: SchindlerVDA-Workshop 3.6.98

Passenger Car Emission ImprovementsBy Reducing Sulphur Content In Diesel Fuel From 350ppm to 10ppm

Page 30: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr und UmweltMe- 3828Q:Vogt R.,ETH-Nanopart-Conference,Zürich, 2002

Diesel car, 40 ppm S fuel, speed 100 km/h,distance 14 m, T=17-20°C, RH=56-80%

10 100 1000

Dp / nm

30 cm (1)50 cm (1)100 cm (1)0 cm30 cm (2)50 cm (2)100 cm (2)

Diesel car, 320 ppm S fuel, speed 100 km/h,distance 14 m, T=21°C, RH=53-59%

10 100 1000Dp / nm

1E+12

1E+13

1E+14

1E+15

dN/d

logD

p/ #

km

-1 100 cm (1)30 cm50 cm0 cm100 cm (2)

1E+12

1E+13

1E+14

1E+15

dN/d

logD

p/ #

km

-1

Typical Diesel Particle Size DistributionWith 320 ppm Sulfur And With 40 ppm Sulfur

Page 31: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

150nm

Dp [nm]

25°C 280°C

20 30 40 50 600.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

50nm

Dp [nm]

20 40 60 800.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

80nm

dN/ d

log

Dp,

norm

[cm

-3]

Dp [nm]

15 20 25 30 350.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

30nm

dN/ d

log

Dp,

norm

[cm

-3]

Dp [nm]

Preliminary Highway Sampling Results For Some Size Fractions In Germany

BMW GroupVerkehr und UmweltMe- 3829Ref.: Wehner, B.,Wiedensohler A.2001

Page 32: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Electrical Mobility Equivalent Diameter [nm]

80

60

40

20

0

Particle Mass [ µg/m3] Particle Number [1000 / cm3]

Winter Winter91/92 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 91/92 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01

- 16%

0.01 µm - 2 .5 µm

0.01 µm - 2 .5 µm30

20

10

- 74 %

Mass And Number Of 2.5 ParticlesIn Urban Ambient Air In Erfurt

40

Ref: Kreyling W.G. et al, Atmospheric Environm. 7/2003 in press

BMW GroupVerkehr und UmweltMe- 3830

Page 33: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr und UmweltMe-3831Cartus, IAA 1999

Dieselparticles Measured WithTransmission Electromicroscopy

Page 34: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr und UmweltMe-3832Nto-109 , BMFT1975

A typical aggregate particleconsisting of several primary particles,which diameter liesbetween 20 and 30 nm.Primary particles are strongconnected with each other.

In the lower left corner theschematic structure of a primary particle is shown.It consists out of manycarbon layers packed together.The distance of the grids isabout 0.36 nm or 3.6 Angström.

Diesel Particle With High ResolutionMagnification 400 000 With Zeiss EM100

Page 35: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr und UmweltMe-3833Q:Metz N., MTZ, et al. Richards R.J. in PM, Properties andEffects upon Health ed. B.Maynard a. HowellBIOS,1999, Page 111

200 nm

Diesel Engine, CR, 120km/h Urban Aerosol, UK DPM administered to rats, UK

2000 nm

On the way from the exhaust tailpipe into the ambient air and to the deposition in therespiratory system diesel particles tend to increase their diameter from 100-200 nm over 300-500 nm (ambient air) to 600-1000 m (alveols and interstitium)

Particle From A Diesel Engine, Particles In Ambient Air And Deposited In The Lung

Page 36: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Surface Of Diesel Aggregate ParticlesBMW GroupVerkehr und UmweltMe-3834Ref. Metz N.5.ETH-Conf.,2001

The weight of particles of a Euro 3 passenger car is0,04 g/km = 40 mg/km = 40 000 µg/km = 40 000 000 ng/km.

The weight of one aggregate particle is approximately580 * 10-9 ng.This means that in the Exhaust there are

40 000 000 ng * 1000 000 000580 ng *km

= 69 *1012 Particles /km with a Surface of 81 500 nm2 /Particle

Surface Euro 3 = 69 * 81,4 * 1015 = 5.6 m2/km.

The Surface of Particles from Euro 4 Passenger Cars is 2.8 m2/km.

Page 37: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Aggregate Particle Composition Of A Modern PC Diesel Engine

Aggregate Particle Diameter (AD) = 120 nm

Primary Particle Diameter (PD) = 25 nm

120 nm

25 nm

Gaseous HC

Soluble organic HC-Fraction OC

Sulfate SO4

Adsorbed HC

EC = Elemental Carbon

BMW GroupVerkehr und UmweltMe-3835Ref: Greenbaum D.,2/2003

Page 38: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltme-3836Q: Niessner R.München 1995

Composition Of Particulate Matter Near Kerbside In Munich, Germany

Total-Carbon

36.5%

Sulphur, Nitrate,Chloride, etc.56.2%

Silicate6.6%

PAHs0.3%

SolubleCarbon-Material10%

ElementaryCarbon26.2%

Metals0.7%

Luise Kiesselbach-Platz Winter 1992/93

Page 39: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0.1

-0.2

0.2

-0.3

0.3

-0.4

0.4

-0.5

0.5

-0.6

0.6

-0.7

0.7

-0.8

0.8

-0.9

0.9

-1.0

1.0

-2.0

2.0

-3.0

3.0

-4.0

4.0

-5.0

5.0

-6.0

6.0

-7.0

7.0

-8.0

particle diameter [µm]

Other

Metal oxide

Quartz

Silicate

Organic

Soot

Biological

Relative Abundance Of Particle Groups At Black Forest „Kleiner Feldberg“ (13.08.1997)

Umweltmineralogiecontact:Martin Ebert ([email protected] )

Stephan Weinbruch ([email protected])

num

ber [

%]

number of analyzed particles = 3653

BMW GroupVerkehr und UmweltMe-3837

Page 40: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Linear Dose Response For Inflammation And J-Shaped Response For GenotoxicSubstances

BMW GroupVerkehr und Umweltme-3838Quelle: BruchEssen,4/ 2003

Range for Risk Assessment

Range fortoxicological tests

.1 1 1 0 1 0 0

Dose response (DR) for inflammation and DNA damage for hygienic risk assessment for Quartz

J-shaped DR and threshold for a gentoxic effect from Quartz (white circles, green curve)

Linear DR for an inflammatoric effect (orange points, gray line)

Wirkung

INFLAMMATION

MutagenicDNA Damage

Response

Dose

Page 41: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Questionable Linearity Of Dosis-Response Relation

BMW GroupVerkehr und Umweltme-3839Quelle: Bruch,2003

Semi quantitative schema for different threshold curvesfor different samples

Measured:red and green linefor different aerosols

Hypothesis:Extrapolation fromhigh dose tolow dose (gray line)

Range forRisk Assessment

Range oftoxicological tests

.1 1 1 0 1 0 0

Dose

Response

Page 42: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

Hypothetical Modes of Action for Fine PM

PlaqueFormation

PlaqueRupture

PM 0.1

ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE

Trans-Endothelium

SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION

ACUTE PULMONARYINFLAMMATION

CardiacDeposition

LiverDeposition

PERSISTENTPULMONARY INJURY

Ischemia

AutonomicControl

Fibrinogen / C-Reactive

Protein

HOURSDAYS - WEEKS

YEARS

+

+

Metals EC / OC

PM 2.5

This is an abstract of a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.

BMW GroupVerkehr undme-3540Ref: Neas, EPA-ORD, RTP 2001

Page 43: Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel ... · Criteria For Health Effects Evaluation Of Diesel Particulate Matter Dr. Norbert Metz BMW Group Traffic and Environment Abstract

BMW GroupVerkehr undUmweltMe-3841

Summary and Conclusions

The evaluation of health effects from Diesel exhaust is complex and cannot be explained with one single parameter.Mass is certainly the most important criteria, which determine dose response. Prerequisite is that for the number measurements a differentiation between liquid and solid aerosols must be done.Important criteria for the evaluation of health effects are: - PM mass, size and size distribution, number and number distribution,

PM concentration in ambient air, PM surface, shape, morphology, chemical composition inclusive adsorbed material and hygroscopicproperties together with bioavailability

PM mass emission is declining, despite increasing mileage.A lower sulphur- content in the diesel fuel strengthen this trend. PM emission both mass and number decreases continuously.For certification the gravimetric measurement of mass is still the

most efficient and suitable procedure.