engine diesel perfomance

8/16/2019 engine diesel perfomance

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Gaseous and Particulate

Emissions from DieselGenerators

Dongzi ZhuDongzi ZhuDesert Research InstituteDesert Research Institute


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Dirty Diesel engine Non-road Diesel engine (contrary to Onroad)DPM higher than onroad diesel engines (HDDTs)

contributes ! DPM" #$! o% NO& %ro' all 'obile sources nation ide( P*)e&e'+t %ro' %uel %or'ulation (e,g, sul%ur content) re uire'ent" e&haust

gas a%tertreat'entNon-road Diesel Mobile.stationary sources/construction" agriculture" loco'oti0es" and 'arine 0esselsbac1-u+ generators" +u'+s" etc,

N**23 4riteria +ollutants/ PM( $,5"#6 )" NO&" 3O $" 4O" O 7"Pb

Diesel generators large e'itter o%

PM 'ost 8 # µ'" to&ic air +ollutantsNO&" +recursor o% O 7Hydrocarbon(H4)" P*H carcinogens" +recursor o% 3O*" O 74O" 3O $


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Nation ide" 9$9"666 installed units o%diesel :;


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Tested 13 diesel generators(1 !"#1 !"$ at %ampPendleton& %A& using D'

n#Plume EmissionsTesting *ystem

+uel analysis s,o-ed t,e errycan fuel ,ad differentproperties t,an t,e fuels int,e generator tan/s. 0 !"and 1 !" tan/s ,as P#2fuel.

%ommunications indicatedt,at t,e ase -astemporarily una le too tain P#2 fuel for t,egenerators and t,at -ereusing %alifornia 45 Dieselto refuel t,e generators

-,en needed.


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n#Plume Emissions Testing *ystem ( PET*$ diagram

Mi&ing Plen

Real Ti'e PM Module


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+ourier Transform nfra#'ed spectrometer

:eer-Ea'bert la / e&+onential attenuationΙ#.Ι6 trans'ission s+ectru' T" %raction o% radiationreaching detector on y-a&is ith a0enu'bers(e ui0alent to %re ,) (#.c') on the &-a&is log #6(#.T) F * absorbance

α is absor+tion coe%%icientC is concentrationL is the distance that the radiation travel through thesample i

Ι 1=Ι 0 exp(- α l)

l C A iii α =

Source

radiation

Dete


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Transmission spectrum and a sor ance spectrum

The (sa'+le) region to re+resent a NO $ concentration o7= ++', This is consistent ith the re%erence s+ectru'concentration o% 76 ++',

*n e&a'+le o% a trans'ission s+ectru' 4O $ $566 ++'

! r a

d i a t i onr e

a c h i n g d e t e c t or

Aa0enu'ber (#.c')

* b s or b an c e

3a'+le

Re%erence

Aa0enu'ber (#.c')


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H2O and CO 2 FTIR Spectra

Li-Cor LI-840 CO 2/H 2O Gas Ana !"er


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+uel# ased Emission +actors (g pollutant7/g fuel$

#$2 %

%

%

%

%

%

2

2

2

COc

HC c HC

COc

COcCOCO

COc

P c

fuel p

CMF CMF CMF CMF EF

ρ

ρ

ρ

ρ

ρ

ρ

++

=

y 8 . 9:; < .=923

' 5 8 .:>>:

6

$

9

?

#6

#$

#

#9

6 566 #666 #566 $666 $566 7666

%?


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Particle measurement

Dustrak &optica 'easure'ent intensit! o( i)*t scattered (ro'aeroso s+ aeroso concentration , 2 . µ'+ or 0 µ'

ELPI

ectrica Lo1 ressure I'pactor

'easure o( t*e nu'3er concentrationo( t*e partic es and t*eir aerod!na'icsi"e 3et1een n' and 0 µ'

GRI55 aeroso spectro'eter'easures i)*t intensit! scattered (ro' t*e aeroso +t*e si"e o( t*e partic es+ nu'3er concentration o( t*e aeroso

Photoacoustic Instrument

'easures t*e 'a)nitude o( t*e s*oc6 1a7e1*en a aser 3ea' *eats up a i)*ta3sor3in) partic e+ corre ated 1it* aeroso

3 ac6 car3on 'ass

Fi ter& Gra7i'etric C*e'ica ana !sis


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Ta le 1. n#Plume *ampling Test @atri; in %amp Pendleton& %A from 6o 19 to 10& 5 >.

Generator Test date Generator @odelours

used Engine year Engine@odel

'atedpo-er(!"$

1 117197 >+remont

@EP2 3A 5012 1::: ?6A6 %?'P 1

5 117197 > Li y @EP2 3A 31 3 1::> ?6A6 %?'P 1

3 117197 > Li y @EP2 3A 51>9 1::9 ?6A6 %?'P 1

9 a 1171>7 > Li y @EP2 >A 1:93 1::>o,n Deer

9 3:T+ 5 3

> 1171>7 > Li y @EP2 >A 33=9 1::>o,n Deer

9 3:T+ 5 3

0 1171>7 > Li y @EP2 >A 1091 1::>o,n Deer

9 3:T+ 3 3

= 1171>7 >@% ?+6"2

@EP2 >B 030 5 5o,n Deer

9 9>T+1>1 3

2 1171>7 >@% ?+6"2

@EP2 >B 2> 5 5o,n Deer

9 9>T+1>1 3

: 1171>7 >@% ?+6"2

@EP2 0B 1 1= 5 5o,n Deer

0 02T+1>1 0

1 1171>7 >@% ?+6"2

@EP2 0B 1 29 5 1o,n Deer

0 02T+1>1 0

11 1171>7 > Li y @EP2 0A :9= 1::>o,n Deer12=0+ 0

15 1171>7 >

@% ?+6"2

@EP2 0B 300 5 1

o,n Deer

0 02T+1>1 013 117107 > Li y @EP =B 12=9 n7a n7a 1

19 117107 >@% ?+6"2

@EP2 >B 5: 5 5o,n Deer

9 9>T+1>1 3

a. Unit tested fi e distinct loads only

. Unit tested cold start only.

Time series of ac/ground corrected %?5& %?& Et ylene& and 6? from %amp Pendleton 5 >71171>


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Time series of ac/ground corrected %?5& %?& Et,ylene& and 6? from %amp Pendleton 5 >71171>.

'es lts 1$C Gaseo s Emission +actors


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'esults 1$C Gaseous Emission +actors

Bs o% 4O" thylene" and NO $ all decrease ithincreasing engine loadcold start e'issions are higher than the hotstabilized" e&ce+t NO

#6 1A76 1A96 1A#66 1A

#6 1A76 1A96 1A#66 1A

4O

thylene

NO


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%ontinuedC Gaseous Emission factors #6 1A76 1A96 1A#66 1A

#6 1A76 1A96 1A#66 1A

6? 5

Propane

< e;ane

6 3

9 H4 Bs generally s'all (8 $6 g.1g %uel)

and increase 'oderately ith engine load"NH7 belo detection li'its


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Particle measurement nstrument ntercomparison C DustTra/ P@ 5.> and P@ 1

the engine e&haust is co'+osed o% s'all +articles less than$,5 µ' and ell-'i&ed


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DustTra/ s G' @@

Γριµµ ΠΜ

2. 5

/µ

3)

Mass o% +articles 'easured by


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DustTra/ s P,otoacoustic

Πηοτο Αχουστιχ ΒΧ

µγ/ µ

3 )

The relati0e %raction o% blac1 carbon to total aerosol 'ass can change as a %unction o%engine" o+erating load" and air %uel 'i&ture" ea1 correlation is e&+ected,


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ELP .503 (> stages$ s DustTra/ P@ 5.>

Ε Λ Π Ι Π Μ

0 .263

µ

/µ

3)

DustTra1 laser light a0elength o% >?6 n'" less sensiti0e to +articles 8 766 n', These t o'easuring inde+endent +ortions o% +article size distribution

Moderate correlation indicates larger +articles (766 n' to #666 n') 'easured by theDustTra1 are generally coincident ith the s'aller nano +articles 'easured by the EPI,


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. %omposite si e distri ution of engine e;,aust P@ measured y ELP and G' @@ΕΛΠΙΓΡΙΜΜ

size distributions o0erla+ indicating that both 'easure'ents are +hysically consistent EPI is 1no n to ha0e a large bias %or +articles greater than 566 n' hen sa'+ling high

concentration ( # 'g.' 7), Bor PM B calculation" EPI PM less than 6,$97 is added toDustTra1 PM $,5 'ass


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Time series of real time P@ instrument measurements from %amp Pendleton Generator

∆Τ ΠΜ2.5Γ ριµ µ ΠΜ>0.3 υµΕΧ βψΠΑΕΛΠΙ ΠΜ 0.263

Match test/ concentration +ea1s sho s ell synchronized"

No need to subtract bac1ground since source is $ orders higher,


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P@ fuel ased emission factors for 1 /"& 3 /" generators

3erial No

3erial No

EFs for the 10 kW generatorswere highest at the 100%load.


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3erial No

3erial No

P@ fuel ased emission factors for 0 /"& 1 /" generators

*ll but the #66 1A generator sho ed an

increase in PM B as load increased to >5!

#66 1A unit had the highest e'issions and sho eda steady decrease in B as increased load


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A erage P@ E+s ased on generator rated load.

ngine Rating (1A)

No substantial increases in e'issions ere seen %or the cold start tests,


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A erage lac/ car on E+s ased on generator rated load

ngine Rating (1A)

:4 B Patterns are consistent ith the total PM Bs :4 e'issions ere highest %or the #6 1A generatorso+erating at #66! load, The #66 1A generator had constant :4 e'issions %or #6!->5! loads" but

increased by a %actor o% 7 at the #66! load


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3> !" Generator#@EL (%AT 39 0%& 5 $ 1 !" Generator# PET* (L BB @EP =B& year un/no-n$ AP 95

Load 1 F 5>F > F =>F 1 F ? erall 1 F 5>F > F =>F 1 F ? erall

E+ %? 0.>3 9.=9 2. :.>: =.59 =.59 90.0> 53.2 15.=9 2.11 0.22 12. 12.39

E+ 6? 59.>2 31.== 3=.>2 30.3= 3 .29 33.: 2. > 15.:5 1>.9: 11.99 15. = 15.=:

2>.11E+ 6?5 5. 5 1.3 1.9= 1. 1.>3 1.30 >.:3 9. : 1.95 # .90 .10 5.19

E+ % 5.53 1.1: .03 .> .00 .:3 15.09 # .5> >.1: 3 .9= 51.= 11.9> 0.=0

E+ %omparison -it, %E#%E'T @EL generator test (1$


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F Load 1 5> > => 1 ? erall 1 5> > => 1 ? erall AP 95T % 77,#6 ##,> 5,$ 7,#9 $,6? =,76 5,9# 9,?6 $,5 #$,?6 # ,5 >,$= 9,>9%? 75,>9 #$,>? ,59 $, 9,$? =,>6 7$,65 $$,? #5,$= #6, $ =,6 #>,>6 #?,7

6?; =,9> 7$, > 7 ,5= 7,57 5 ,9 7?,>6 77,9> $?,75 $5,?# #=,7> #9,?5 $5,76 ?5,##P@ #,== #,5? 6,== 6,== #,>9 #,7# #,>$ $,#> 9, ? >,? ,>> ,=9 5,=?

T % 76,=7 #5,9$ 9,5= ,69 #,=6 #6,?> #$,9 -6,$5 5,#= 76, > $#,>6 ##, 5%?

7$,$= # ,7# 7,5$ 5,6# $9, $ ##,#5 9,95 $7,?6 #$,> ?,## 9,?? #?,666?; 57,> ?,>> >,?> 9>,> >=, ? 55,$> #7,== #>,66 #9,=6 #6,=? #$,$7 # ,=7P@ $,=? $,76 6,?# 6,97 #, = #, > $9,96 $5,#7 $6, ? =,79 ,= #?,=7

T % $9,#= =,$9 5,6# 7,5$ 7,67 >,=7%? 76, ? ?,5? ,#5 7,>5 5,=9 ?,#6

6?; #5#,$? ??,5# >>,$$ >7,9# > ,69 ?9,=5P@ 7,=7 #,5 6,?# 6,>$ 6,?# #,7$

@EL 15>!" o,n Deer 0 =0& 1::1

PET* 0 !" A erage (1::>&5 1&5 1&5 5$@EL 0 !" o,n Deer& 5 1

@EL 1 !" %ummins 0BT& 1:: PET* 1 !" (L BB @EP =B& year un/no-n$

E+ %omparison -it, %E#%E'T @EL generator test (5$


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P@ emission factors for 13 tested generators


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6?; emission factors for 13 tested generators


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%onclusions (5$

Bleet a0erage PM B as , =? g.1g %uel" $5! less than the *P $ esti'atesAith e&ce+tion o% the #66 1A generator" all engines sho edan increase in PM B as load increased to >5!, The #66 1Aunit had the highest PM e'issions and sho ed a steadydecrease in B as load increased, No substantial increases inPM e'issions %or the cold start tests,co'+ared ith M E o% 4 -4 RT %or si'ilar engine sizes"

hile gaseous B is co'+arable" the PM B has a 7 ti'esdi%%erence 'ight due to di%%erent 'easure'ent 'ethodologies,


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Ac/no-ledgement

ampden !u,ns& 6ic,olas 6uss aum&?li er %,ang& Da id *odeman& *e astianUppupalli& ans @ussmuller& o,n "atson

*trategic En ironmental 'esearc, andDe elopment Program pro ect funding


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