ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR THE CHINA QINBA ... · Chinese Research Academy of Environmental...

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTFOR THE CHINA QINBA MOUNTAINS

POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECT

Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

September 1996

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Implementing Agency: Chinese Research Academy of* Environmental Sciences

Legal Person: Chen Fu

Project Manager: Chen Fan

Technical Examination: Xia Qing

Final Report Compilation Chen Fan, Tian Rensheng

Researchers: Bao Quansheng, Li Min* Chen Xiaoxia, Huang Suiliang

Deng Fushan, Chen Yanqing

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EIS FOR THE CIIINA QINBA MOUNTAINS POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECr CRAES 1996

CONTENT

Overview 1

* Chapter 1 Introduction 21.1 Significance of the Poverty Reduction Project 21.2 Basis of the Report Compilation 31.3 Assessment Classification and Focal Points 31.4 Scope and Standards of the EIA 41.5 Goals of Pollution Control and Environmental Protection 61.6 Rules and Method of the EIA 61.7 Description of the EIA 7

* Chapter 2 Overview of the Loan Project 92.1 Overall Planning of the Loan Project 92.2 Feasibility of the Project Implementation 22

Chapter 3 Environmental Situation of the Project Area 23* 3.1 Geography 23

3.2 Environment 233.3 Conditions of Environmental Quality 24

Chapter 4 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment 274.1 Environmental Impact Assessment of the Project of Exploiting Lands

and Developing Agriculture 27

4.2 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment of the Rural Enterprises

Development 48

E 4.3 Environmental Impact Assessment of Rural Infrastructure Construction 48

4.4 Environmental Impact Assessment of Labor mobility and Small Loans 50

Chapter 5 Assessment on the Environmental Impact ofthe Rural Enterprises 52

* 5.1 Analysis of the Main Environmental Impact of the Rural Enterprises 52

5.2 Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment on Rural Enterprises 54

5.3 Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impact by Rural Enterprises 58

5.4 The Analysis of Typical Cases of Environment Impact

Assessment on Rural Enterprises 58

5.5 The Analysis of Typical Cases of Environment Impact Assessment

on Rural Enterprises 75

5.6 Develop the Total Quantity Control of Pollutants Discharge from

Rural Enterprises 76

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EIS FOR THE CHINA QINBA MOUNTAINS POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECT CRAES 1996

Chapter 6 Cost and Benefit Analysis of Environmental Economy 786.1 Project Investment 78

6.2 The Benefit of the Project 78

623 Environmental Protection Investment of the Project 83

Chapter 7 Plan of Environmental Management and Environmental* Monitoring and Control 85

7.1 The Environmental Management Mechanism 85

7.2 The Plan of Environmental Management and Supervision 86

7.3 The Plan of Monitoring 86

* Chapter 8 Public Participation 908.1 Way and Content of the Public Participation 90

8.2 Working Procedure of Public Participation 90

8.3 Conclusions of Public Participation 90

Chapter 9 Conclusion and Suggestion 94

Photo of project area

* Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

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EIS FOR THE CHINA QINBA MOUNTAINS POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECr CRAES 1996

Overview

Chapter 1 Emphasize on significance of the poverty reduction project, basis of the assessmentreport compilation, and rules, scope, category, and stresses of the assessment; Summarize the laws,legislation, and environmental standards that must be abided by in complementing the project;

* Describe assessment units and organization.

Chapter 2 Explain the orientation and designation of overall planning, investment scale andprogress of its complementation; Describe the technical strategy and content of labor mobility,loans in small amount, rural infrastructure, land and farmer development, rural enterprises

* development, institution building, and the project and poverty monitoring in detail; Analyzeenvironmental impacts of the project and environmental protection measures in brief todemonstrate feasibility of the project.

Chapter 3 Describe terrain and geomorphology, climate, water resources, minerals, animals,plants, and social and economic conditions of the project area to explain difficulty and urgency ofthe poverty reduction project.

Chapter 4 Predict environmental impacts of the Qinba project. Assessing mainly on emphasis* of soil erosion, fertility of soil and utility of lands. Giving out the environmental protection

countermeasures for agriculture pesticide, fertilizer and plastic film pollution.

Chapter 5 Introduce briefly the technological procedures of major products in rural enterprises,which were divided into 12 categories to assess their impacts on environment; Choose 16 ruralenterprises as representatives which have large discharge and some impact on environment todescribe them in details on such aspects as the environmental conditions, technological proceduresof projects, pollutants discharge and prediction of its impact, and pollution control measures.

e Chapter 6 Evaluate the project comprehensively with respect to investment and benefit;Analyze benefit and loss of environmental economy taking the poverty reduction project of Luobovillage, Longquan town, Yihan county, Sichuan province as example.

Chapter 7 Present environmental administration, monitoring system, organization, stuff* arrangement and planning requirement.

Chapter 8 Analyze statistically the results of public participation.

Chapter 9 Affirm feasibility and benefit of the project relating to environmental protection.

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Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Significance of the Poverty Reduction Project

The Daba Mountain Area of Qin Mountain (Qinba Mountain Area) is one of the rural areas where0 having large amount of poverty people in China. Disadvantages of this area include over 10

million of poverty population, many high and steep hills, more sloping lands and less arable lands,

heavy erosion of surface and loss of soil with 700-1600 mm annual precipitation, and lowagricultural output. Xihaigu Area in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is a region where mainlypopulated with Hui people and locates in the West of Yellow Plateau. There are frequent natural

X disasters there and nine years of drought out of ten. In both areas, residents earn less than 320RMB yuan per year with little infrastructure and poor education. The poverty peasants could notstop the vicious cycle of "low income-light development-heavy damage to resources" in theproduction pattern. There is no positive push or influence on the areas no matter how rapid thenational economy develops. This is because: Firstly, the peasants have no surplus traditional farm

* products (grain and livestock products) for low output and worse relationship between humanbeing and land. When their price rise with development of the national economy, they have to paymore money to buy necessary products instead of selling them. Secondly, when new farm productsdemanded the peasants have no money to develop them and thus to increase their income. And

0 finally, the local second and third industries development are so slow that the peasants have fewopportunities of employment, while such opportunities in other places cannot be shared by themfor lacking information and fearing risk.

Facing to the absolute poverty population with shortage of natural resources, Chinese government* has formulated the Eighth Seven-Year National Plan of Poverty Reduction aiming at making the

poverty population get warm and well fed. During the seven years from 1994 to 2000, labors,funds, and materials from both the governments and society will be centralized to implement inpoverty areas projects of land integrative development and utilization orientated by ecologicalprinciples and the market economy to improve agricultural production efficiency. Town industrieswill be developed and rural infrastructure will be improved. At the same time, surplus labor willbe organized for labor mobility. By these measures the self-closed pattern of poverty areas shouldbe broken and they could join in the development cycle of the national economy step by step.

* According to our actual demands and based on successful implementation of the Southwest ChinaPoverty Reduction Project loaned by the World Bank, the Leading Group of Poverty Reductionunder the State Council applied for listing the Qinba Mountain Area Poverty Reduction Project inthe loaning plan from the World Bank (National Development Document [1995] No.15) in March1995. After consultations of the State Planning Committee and the Ministry of Financial with the

* World Bank, the project was approved to list in the Three Years Loan Plan of ChineseGovernment from the World Bank.

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1.2 Basis of the Report Compilation

* 1.2.1 Infonnation on Feasibility Study

1.2.1.1 Report on Feasibility Study of the China Qinba Mountains Poverty Reduction Project

(March 1993).

1.2.1.2 Individual Report on Feasibility Study in Three Provinces

1.2.2 Technical Guidelines

1.2.2.1 The World Bank Operational Manual - Operational Directive 4.01: Environmental

Assessment issued by the World Bank in July 1992.

1.2.2.2 Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, the World Bank Technical Paper No. 139

(October 1993).

1.2.3 Assessment Documents

1.2.3.1 Environmental Assessment Outlines of the China Qinba Mountains Poverty Reduction

Project (Revision), Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences(June 1996).

1.2.3.2 Report on Environmental Assessment in Three Provinces, the China Qinba Mountains

Poverty Reduction Project.

* 1.2.4 Examination and Approval Documents

1.2.4.1 NEPA Reply Letter of the Advice of Examination and Approval on Environmental

Assessment of the China Qinba Mountains Poverty Reduction Project, National EPA,

Environmental Monitoring Construction [1996] No.147.

1.2.4.2 Evaluation Result of the Environmental Assessment Outline of the China Qinba

Mountains Poverty Reduction Project, Center for Evaluation of Environmental Engineering

Project at National EPA, State Environmental Evaluation Center Document [1996] No.079.

1.3 Assessment Classification and Focal Points

1.3.1 Classification for the Environmental Impact Assessment

* Class B was set to the overall environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the China Qinba

Mountains Poverty Reduction Project based on the memorandum of investigation on Three-

province projects by the project-discrimination group loaned by the World Bank. Among 807

projects, there are 10 projects in Sichuan province, 2 in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and 6

in Shaanxi province those with heavy pollution and some impact on environment and the detailed

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EIS FOR THE CHINA QINBA MOUTNTAINS POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECr CRAES 1996

EIA should be done for all of the projects.

* 1.3.2 Stress of the EIA

Natural environment: Surface water, environmental acoustics and air quality.

Ecological environment: Soil erosion, forest cover and soil fertility.

Social and economic environments: Income per capita, rural industrial structure, employment,

social technical ability, land and labor productivity.

Among 6 categories of projects EIA emphasis, there are two categories that are the land and

farmer development and rural enterprises development should pay special attention.

For land and farmer development, EIA emphasis is on agricultural ecological environment,

fertilizer and chemical, plastic film, capacity of water resource.

For rural enterprises development, EIA emphasis is on cleaner production (CP) technologies and

* end-treatment of town enterprises, and on the explore of local resource potentials and economic

benefit of the projects. Typical examples are chosen from sub-projects. Please refer to Chapter 5

for detail information on stress EIA standards relating directly to CP technologies and end-

treatment standards.

1.4 Scope and Standards of the EIA

1.4.1 Scope of the EIA

* The EIA scope includes social and economic situations, conditions of natural environment and

ecosystem, and the environmental impact after the projects implementation in 2941 villages of 361

towns in 26 counties (cities) in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Ningxia provinces covered by the Qinba

Mountains Poverty Reduction Project. See Figure !-1.

1.4.2 Standards of the EIA

1.4.2.1 All kinds of economic activities in the Project must follow the laws, legislation, and rules

of the People's Republic of China on environmental protection. For example, resources must be

* reserved during developing; water and soil must be prevented from loss; living and ecological

environments should be improved; Species must be protected; and lands should be used

reasonably.

1.4.2.2 Environmental Standards include existing standards relating to environmental quality and* pollutant discharge in the People's Republic of China.

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NINGXIA ~~~i I .|PROGJXECTr f,

AREA j NINGXIA\ Khj* ., .r#*r B7gr- ..........

. SHAANXI |-4

PROJECT E.i

* AREA £ k f (AE

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* ~~~~~~~SICHfUAN IL)

Figur ARE NW M ONT

a ~~~~~SICHUAN - {' ' t

n Wl, *^5~~~~~i- rrL'Ef ' *rV p

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* ~~~~~~Figurel1-l MAP OF THE CHINA'S QIN1A MOUNTAINSAREA

POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECT LOANED BY THE WORLD BANK

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1.5 Goals of Pollution Control and Environmental Protection

* 1.5.1 Surface Water

Surface water in project area should meet the third level of the Environmental Quality Standard of

Surface Water (GB 3838-88). But if the rivers have been planned as certain environmental

E functions by the local governments, they should be protected with goals corresponding to those

functions. Irrigation canal without drinking water function should meet the Water Quality

Standard of Farmland Irrigation (GB 5084-92). Surface water in drinking water sources shouldmeet the Hygienic Standard of Drinking Water (GB 5749-85).

* 1.5.2 Air

Air quality in the project area should meet the second level of the Air Environmental Quality

Standard (GB 3095-82). Large scale of farmlands should meet requirement of the Upper

Allowable Concentration of Air Pollutants for Crops Protection (GB 9137-88)..

1.5.3 Acoustics Environment

The Noise Standard of Urban Environment (GB 3096-93) should be met in urban inhabitant area.

1.5.4 Agricultural Ecological Environment

The goals are to protect and improve agricultural ecosystem, enhance efficiency in utilizing

farmlands and biological resources, realize sustainable development of the agriculture, and

3 optimize ecosystem in its own way.

1.6 Rules and Method of the EIA

1.6.1 Overall project EIA meets the requirement of the World Bank under relative laws and

legislation of China on EIA. Emphasis was put on environmental impacts of chemicals, fertilizers,

and plastic film uses and of ecological agriculture in small regions, which are concerned by the

World Bank.

* 1.6.2 On the basis of the EIS of three provinces, the overall project EIA was divided into three

levels.

The first level: EIA on social, economic and ecosystem environments in large regions.

* Overall EIA for the Project takes three provinces as a unit, which can fully reflect the social and

economic significance and ecosystem improvement of the Poverty Reduction Project. The role of

the project can also be demonstrated in the implementation of sustainable development and

strategy of the Middle and West China development.

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EIS FOR THE CHINA QINBA MOUNTAINS POVERTY REDUCrION PROJECT CRAES 1996

The second level: EIA on the ecological agriculture development in small regions.

This level includes mainly those projects having construction activities, of which the impact scale

and degree were determined. Measures were found to reduce the impact.

The third level: EIA on instruction projects.

Some projects with pollution were chosen to carry out case study. Prevention and control

technologies were recommended.

1.7 Description of the EIA

1.7.1 Introduction to the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES)

CRAES is one of the largest national institution in China. It has 9 departments, including thee Center for Environmental Planning and Assessment, the Institute of Water Environment, the

Institute of Ecological Environment, the Center for Environmental Engineering, the Institute of

Air Environment, the Institute of Solid Wastes , the Institute of Environmental Management, the

Institute of Environmental Standards, and the Institute of Environmental Information. There is

faculty with 500 environmental scientists and engineers, including 2 members of China

0 Engineering Academy, 30 professors and researchers, and 106 senior engineers and associate

researchers.

CRAES processes the A level of EIA certification (No. 0901) issued by the National EPA and the

A level of Environmental Project Designation Certification (No. 009406).

Since its foundation in 1980, the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences has

fulfilled the national key tasks of air pollution control techniques, water pollution control,

techniques of disposal and safe landfill of solid wastes, EIA techniques, and other aspects relating

* to environmental capacity, environmental administration, environmental plann?hg, and

environmental background level, etc. Meanwhile, it also undertook EIA tasks of many instruction

projects (including those of chemical and metallurgical industries, electric power, medicine,

construction, and textile industry). It is experienced in EIA with many successful bids such as the

China Commercial Farmland Project loaned by the World Bank and Ningbo 1.52 million tons

paper mill project funded by Singapore. It has also completed feasibility evaluation and EIA of

many regional environmental planning projects loaned by the World Bank or the Asian

Development Bank.

* 1.7.2 Organization

The EIA organization refers to Figure 1-2.

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The Povert Reduction Office (PRO) umder the State Council]

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Coordinate units The PRO of Sichuan Province The PRO of Shannxi Province The PRO of Nm *a Hui Autonomous Re ion ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~vnLelRO f hamxiPrvicelFThe ROofNinxi Hi Atoomus egon

Entrust ~~~Entrust Enrs

EIA units MRAE PZSchuan Institute of Institution of Northwest Prospecting Ningxia EnvironmentalEnvironmental Protection Designation under the Ministr of Electrict Institute Protection -

EIA outline Of EIAk outline of the EIA outline of the EIA outline of the

the overall project Sichuan vroiects IShaanxi projects, Ning*a proiects

C7

ETA ETA EA ELA,0

Preparation ETA report on the [EIA report on the EIA report oin the

Sichan r ojects {Shaanxi projects Nim *a projectsExamination Examiniation Examination

Figure 1-2 Working network 0

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Chapter 2 Overview of the Loan Project

2.1 Overall Planning of the Loan Project

2.1.1 Strategy of the Qinba Poverty Reduction Project

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Considering the causes and characteristics of poverty in the Qinba Mountains Area, the project do

not adopt single project to reduce poverty. Instead, it focuses on strengthening investment and

development. The land output and peasant income will be increased through land and farmer

development, land infrastructure, water and soil reservation, crop and farning renewal, and

* livestock breeding. Drinking water, transportation, and electric power will be enhanced by adding

infrastructure. Labor quality will be improved through fundamental education and training.

Structures of local industries and employment will be adjusted by developing town enterprises and

country fairs. Labor mobility will be encouraged to improve their abilities of management and

adaptation. By all above measures the living and production environments of poverty population

and the peasant quality should be improved in the project areas. By administration and

development in a comprehensive way, the optimum combination and output of within the project

system can be realized with full considerations of the link and integrity among projects relating to

economic benefit, infrastructure, and social service. All of these aim at helping the poverty

* population get rid of poverty and step onto a developing path. See Figure 2- 1.

2.1.2 Content of the Project

2.1.2.1 Locations of the project

Locations of the project is 129 towns under 12 counties in Sichuan province with population of

1,128,494; 201 towns under 10 counties in Shaanxi province with population of 966,620; 31

towns under 4 counties in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region with population of 235,597.

2.1.2.2 Investment of the Project

X Investment of the project is 2.988 billion RMB yuan totally (including 0.18 billion US dollars).

See Table 2-1 for detail.

Table 2-1 Investment budget unit: RMB yuan)

Sichuan Province Shaanxi Province Ningxia Region Total

* Item Amount Portion Amount Portion Amount Portion Amount Portion

Labor mobility 180313792 15.9% 131510000 14.5% 311823792 13.8%

Infrastructure 186684534 16.5% 180589987 19.9% 55266704 24.4% 422541225 18.7%

Land and farmer 532106324 47.0% 375059592 41.4% 144350586 63.7% 105156502 46.4%

X development

Rural enterprises 190528988 16.8% 178114477 19.7% 18157051 8.0% 386800516 17.1%

Institution and 30486835 2.7% 28366335 3.1% 8805198' 3.9% 67658386 3.0%

monitoring

Rural credits in 12580523 1.1% 12580523 1.4% 25161046 1.1%

* small amount

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nent Lan andfarmr Devlopm1 Soial ffairsBasic developme Ladadfre evlpeto o

of farmlandsdevelopment non-arable lands

Funds Grain I Fruit I Oil Fowls IMedicinal materials ITea-garden OrhadsTraining on monitoring Techniquesinput MubryOher Mubrygren I Economic forest IOther Infrastructure and

Labor mobility funds input -

az

Rural roads and power 0

Figure 2-1 The projects system of the Qinba Project

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2.1.2.3 Contents and scales of all projects

* 1. Labor mobility is organized between counties and provinces in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces

with 83,227 labors out of Sichuan and 68,353 out of Shaanxi.

2. Small amount of credit funds are established in Langzhong county of Sichuan and Ankang City

* of Shaanxi to support the poor engaging in trade or growing/breeding sectors with high increment

of value.

3. There are totally 177 projects on rural infrastructure. In the three provinces, 893 km of rural

roads are newly-built or rebuilt; 372,101 of rural population which suffered water shortage are

* now supplied drinking water; 764 km power line are built; Small hydropower station with total

capacity of 2,175 KW and a transformer substation are also built; Other water conservancy

facilities and methane-generating pits are under plans, which include following technical planing:

(I) Rural roads construction

The rural roads should meet the engineering technical standards set by the Transportation

Department of provinces or regions, i.e. 20km/h of velocity, 3.5m of width, the minimum radium

of 15m at corner turn, the designed bridges loading capacity are: for mobile-10 degree and for

caterpillar-50. All villages should be accessible with roads centered at towns.

(2) Drink water and irrigation

In towns and villages where water is seriously short, small water pools, family water cellars,

and facilities to get groundwater will be constructed to solve the drinking water shortage problem.

They should meet the standards of drinking water in drought areas issued by the National Water

Resource Ministry (20kg per person daily average; 30 kg per big livestock daily average; 5kg per

sheep daily average). Dams, ditches, micro-irrigation, and pools on hills will be developedaccording to water use of 5,250m3/ha by paddies, 1,290m 3/ha by dry farmlands, 40-60kg/trunk by

plants growing for 1-2 years, 60-100kg/trunk by plants growing for 3-6 years, and 100-

* 120kg/trunk for fruiting period.

A. Wells

Utility of groundwater. A well with daily water output >lm3 can meet the need of four

families (15 persons) and 20 heads of livestock. Diameter of the well is 1.Om or 1.5m and

* depth is 3.Om or 5.0m. Its walls are made of dry cubic stones with 0.4m thickness. Its plat,

fence, and draining ditch are set with cubic stones plus lime white #100.

B. Cistern poolsUse of surface water. One or more families together construct small reservoirs to supply

drinking water for 4 people and 5 heads of livestock or for 5-20 people and 6-25 heads of

livestock. The pool has capacity of 20m3 or 25-120m3 , round or square, with cubic stones

plus lime white #80. Thickness of its walls is 0.6m with surface of lime mortar #100. Its

bottom should be on stone base or constructed with concrete #150. It should, if possible, be

* closed by prefabricated plates with maintaining and exhaling access. Water from the reservoir

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ElS FOR THE CHINA QINBA MOUNTAINS POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECT CRAES 1996

is filtered by charcoal, anthracite, or quartz gravel for 24 hours and flows into clean-water

reservoir, whose capacity is designed at 25-50% of daily demand. Water pipe can use zinc-

* plating steel pipe ((DI 5mm) or plastic pipe.

C. Diversion Works

An inlet channel is constructed with flow of 0.0lcm3/s, using stones built by mud to

c prevent leakage, or using steel pipe to draw spring water and surface water to the centralized

area of residents to construct tank of water supply, and solve the problem of drinking water

of residents by pipes. The effective capacity of the tank of water supply is determined by the

number of residents and stocks, its side wall is adopted with number 80 stones built by mud,

its bottom is poured by number 150 concrete, and plastered by number 100 sand mud to

* prevent leakage. its top is closed by prefabricated hollow blank with 0.012m, and have exam

and air vent.

D. Water Raise Project

It is suitable to the hill land where residents live above the water, water source is

sufficient and water station is easy to be built.

According to the scale of water scarce of residents and stocks and capacity of water

storage of the source of surface water and Tang Ku Weir, design special station of water raise,

equipment, route and model of electric motor, at the mean time, design inlet channel through

* precipitating, filtering, disinfecting, water cleaning tank, pipe for water supply.

(3) The rural energy resources and electricity supply

After implement of the projects, the total capacity of 2,175 kW of small-scale hydroelectric

stations and a transmission line of 764 km long will be built in Sichuan and Shaanxi Province.

e Also 1,828 methane-generating pits to change the way of energy supply for residents by burning

firewood in project area.

Technical requirement:

* A. Rural power

According to the condition of mountains area, design distribution line, the various

technical require of conducting wire, insulator, gold vessel, arrangement of wire, wire pole,

wire pull and basis, table of transformer, switch, thunder prevention, wire for residents,

distance to ground and cross stride must be up to the national standard 4( Design Standard

* of Upper-air Wire )) (SDJ206-87), and 4( Low Pressure Power Technical Standard ))

(D1499-92) of P. R. China, and use advanced technique, new equipment and new materials

actively and carefully. Design of transformer substation must base on the nature, scale and

progress of project, focus on most recent plan, and consider the probability of extension

properly. The transformer station of 35 kilo volts and 10 kilo volts according to the standard

of (( Design Standard of Industrial and Domestic 35 kilo volts transformer station )) (GBJ

59-83) and ( Design standard of Industrial and Domestic 10 kilo volts or lower transformer

station )) (GBJ 53-83) of P. R. China.

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B. Methane-generating pitSelect model of methane-generating pit: Selecting mainly farmer household in poor area

to build methane-generating pit suitable for farmer use, model of pit uses national standardwater pressure or cycle type methane-generating pit.

Structure of methane-generating pit: In order to meet demand of being forced, the top of

pit uses radii ratio of 1/5 sphere, the bottom of it uses radii ratio of 1/8 reverse sphere,

* combine the two parts. Structure strength uses number 200 common concrete, construct usesthe technique of steel model poured to formn.

Air tightness: When the atmospheric pressure is 800 mm H20 in the pit, the rate of air

leakage is less than 3% within 24h. The yield of unit effective capacity of pit per day: Under

the condition meeting the demand of ferment technique and normal use, the gas yield of per

* cube capacity of pit is 0.15-0.3 per day. Normal amount of gas storage is 50% of one of gas

output a day. Strength safety coefficient K>2.5, normal use life is 20 years.

4. The projects of land and farmer development account for 50% of total investment. It can be

* predicted that their implementation can increase 64,469 ha. of growing area of rice, wheat, filmed

corn, potato, and beans, 12,101 ha. of rape, peanut, taro, gastrodia, filmed water melon, and

33,652 ha. of eucommia, ginkgo, mulberry, gallnut, orange, tea, pear, peach, jujube, quick-

growing woods, woods of conserving water and soil, and timber woods; 716,968 heads of pigs,

cattle, and sheep; 344,548 of poultry; 4,086 heads of long-hair rabbits; improve quality of low-

output farmland by 32,055 ha.; help 6,800 of peasants grow greenhouse vegetable and edible

bacteria; plant 4,540 ha. of forage grass. Meanwhile, 73,454,769 RMB yuan will be set in

technological training of the peasants, growing 30,365 ha. of seeds and young plants, breeding

stud stock, and supplying grinder and thresher machine.

(1) Development levels

This project of supporting the poor in Qinba Mountains area pays sufficiently attention to the level

of development and environmental protection measures in the program of the project.

The first layer: the layer of ecological protection, its goal is to protect ecology and control the soil

erosion, its main task is to develop forest and grassland, include the top of the mountain

(slope>15 0 ), forest top watershed, steep slope, flush pit, broken land to build water protection

forest, farmland, shelter forest, straw hedge and straw quilt for protecting slope and the low lank

* of earth between fields.

The second layer: exploitation layer. It is in the band of gentle slope (slope 5-15 0 ), and is the

main part of exploitation. According to various areas, arrange main product of economic

exploitation , for example, economic trees such as various evergreen and acidulous fruit trees, tea

mulberry, etc. Making high performance and deep exploitation, but its strength must be suitable

for forming constant agriculture. So the proportion of investment, economic benefit,

environmental influence are all key levels.

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The third layer: supporting and regulating layer: it is in slope and valley in front of mountain

(slope<5-8 0 ). Its main task is to transform middle and low farmland and develop agriculture and

stock raising. Meanwhile, extending the methane-generating pit, firewood economizer, and

product non-staple food. But exploitation layer have some difficulties to control water and soil

erosion during construction period, must prevent water and soil erosion through regulating

exploitation strength, increasing green manure, multiple crop index and straw quilt of slope. The

* following must be aimed at particular design of every project, make a macroscopic evaluate of the

effective degree of controlling water and soil erosion during every construction period, the

rationality of land use, the equilibrium of organic fertilizer, the equilibrium of water and answer

briefly the participation of the public, the benefit of investment, the social analysis.

(2) Technical program of typical project

In order to set up ecological agriculture system, in technical program of every project the

ecological defend and conservation, the technique of water and soil conservation and pollution

* prevention are considered besides meeting essential index of planting technique, so decrease its

negative effect on environment.

A. Grain Crop

* Including mainly maize, rice and yam. Introducing briefly with maize, detoxified potato as

examples.

a. Maize planting

Selecting high dry land, river dry land and supplementary irrigating land, distributing according to

various accumulate temperature, using high quality and high yield maize seeds, reclaim land

carefully, apply base manure to the subsoil, using N, P, and farm manure with fertilizer adopt

growing seedlings technique covering membrane, applying N fertilizer after planting and before

* taking remnant membrane after harvest, the suitable height above sea level for various maize is:

spring maize, above l,OOOm, spring maize raised in warm house, 600-1,000m, summer maize

below 800m.

b. Detoxified potato.

Selecting altitude above l,OOOm, slope band (<15 0 ) or terrace, cultivated land with thick soil,

after wheat, oil crops and bean harvest, planting at wide and narrow line with space every I 50m.

No planting normal potato and eggplant crops, clear weeds around and remnant branches and

* leaves, smooth the land, combine N, P, applying base manure to the subsoil and cast seeds, the

constant use of breeding potato<3 years, preventing plant diseases and pests with pesticides suchas copper, etc. Reapplying carbon ammonia, urea, diammonium phosphate, etc.

14


B. Economic crops

The type of economic crops has conspicuous the nature of region. There are rape, the rhizome of

Chinese goldthread, Chuanmingshen, the root of balloon flower, gastrodia elata in Sichuan

Province, big shelter vegetables, magic yam, gastrodia elata, sweet potato, edible mushroom, in

Shaanxi Province, and Huma, Hongcong, ground membrane watermelon in Ningxia. The

* following introduced rape in Sichuan, magic potato in Shaanxi and ground-film watermelon in

Ningxia as a representative.

a. Rape

Selecting high yield, good disease resistance, seeds suitable for the local ecological condition.

Selecting the sandy loam or loam, which possesses sun-face and gentle slope terrain, fertilized soil,

sufficient source of water and conveniently irrigated and emitted as seed bed, smooth the land.

According to the principle that applying ample fertilizer to the subsoil, applying fertilizer of

x raising secdlings early, reapplying open fertilizer, take care of and apply fertilizer for buds, apply

fertilizer rationally. During seedling period, focusing on the prevention of aphids, cabbage

caterpillars and white disease, and during flower period, focusing on the prevention bacteria, white

disease, downy mildew, during buds period, focusing on the prevention of aphids.

b. Magic Yam

Selecting plain or gentle slope which altitude lower than 1,000 meters and with loose soil, planting

in spring and autumn, reclaim the fields carefully, reapply basic fertilizer, weeding after seedling

in time, reapply organic fertilizer, urea, diammonium phosphate, etc. preventing disease and pests,

collecting after 1-2 years, the single heavier than 0.5 kg for sale after being processed, lighter than

0.5 km continue to plant.

c. Ground-film Watermelon

Selecting the fallow with sand soil which previously planted by beans and wheat, plowing deeply

and grinding carefully after the last reap. The seeds adopt fine seeds such as Beijing early follower,

number 5 of hybrid Zheng, P2, etc. Planting in single line or double line on the surface of the field.

Applying farm manure of good quality such as diammonium phosphate and urea, using rogor,

octsulferphosphorous, multi-bacteria, Tobujin, etc. to prevent the hazards diseases and pests.

C. Forest Fruits

* Many of the sub-projects of forest fruits contained in the project, and the forest fruits include

many kinds. Here we select only the project of planting mulberry to raise silkworms as a typical of

representative economic forest fruit planting project with the significance of ecological

equilibrium to introduce briefly.

* a. Raising silkworms to collecting cocoons by planting mulberry

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The total technical route is shown in Fig 2-2.

| Fine mulberry varieties ||Excellent planting L|Tiao mulberry cut in turn and|

|(Develop Tiao Mulberry variety ) technique rl harvest technique l

Diseases and pests complicated prevention

Adopt fine variety of Young silkworms specialized g silkworms table quality

silkworms combined raising raising ra

* | l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~COCO ons

Complicated protection of silkworm diseases

|Scientifically raising silkworms-improve strong silkworms|

rate and cocoons production in boxes

.Normalized bundles - improve cocoons rate

|Key techniques of X ANormalized techniques to drycoon E

* improving Keeping cocoons'

the quality of silkwonrms quality intact

* t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Technique of cocoon-dry by hot air

Fig. 2-2 Figure of technical route of planting mulberry to raise silkworms

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* Planting mulberries

Selecting small blocks at the side of lands, fields, roads, creeks and rivers whose altitudeare lower than 1,000 meters to plant in rows, in lines, in bands. It is suitable to use thetechnique of Hechuan cut in idle, which is the method of rebuilding in winters, usingmulberry by part, cutting leaves and keeping tops, protecting buds, combing collection andprotection, apply N, P, K fertilizers high effect new prevention pesticides to prevent the

* hazards of diseases and pests.

C Raising SilkwormsBy building the rooms of raising silkworms, storing the leaves of mulberries, bundles of

straw, disinfecting to raise the young silkwormns in specialized central group: In the rural* areas of mountains, it can carry on central raise in the villages and communities, it is suitable

for one season to raise the young silkworms of 100 boxes, mainly serve for farmers who raisesilkworms in his own villager nearby villages (communities). For the dispersed farmers in themountain areas , it is suitable for the specialized combined raise, whose size is typically30-60 boxes silkworms in one season. The methods for combined raise are covered byplastic membrane boxes, simple rooms in holes, and enclosed in cages and boxes.

Simply constructed canopies for strong silkworms (big silkworms): During the raise of strongsilkworms, according to the condition of season, technique, equipment, labor forces, it should

* popularize indoor simple table for raising, outdoor canopies simple table for raising, simplemobile table built by plastics nets or raising, outdoor canopies and holes for raising, etc.

It must be disinfected to prevent diseases during the period of before, in raising, and afterraises, carrying disinfecting and prevention through the whole process raising silkworms.

* Going bundles and collecting cocoons

It is necessary or popularize the fine bundles such as fold bundles and grid bundles. Thesuitable time for silkworms going to the bundles must be controlled, and the time must be after

* mature. The light density, temperature and humidity must be according to the technicalrequirement. Collecting cocoons should be at the 6-7 days after forming of the bundles, thecollection time of summer and early fall silkworms should be at the 5-6 days, late autumnsilkworms should be after 7-8 days. The collected silkworms can not be piled too thick, especiallythe cocoons which in high humidity of bundles or containing high rate of water must be spread

0 very thin in table or in big round shallow basket, whose thickness is 2-3 cocoons.

b. Planting of representative economic forest fruits

* Planting teasThe overall arrangement are the villages in the mountains area of Ba Mountain of the project,

the suitable area are below the altitude of 1,000 meters, selecting the mild acid soil. Buildingterraced field first and then build a tea garden, taking the fine variety named Zhiyangchuye as thekey variety, properly introducing the fine varieties in China, combining asexual reproduction and

* sexual reproduction, managing the tea gardens centralized, give full play to the advantage of the

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soil in the tea areas containing abundant Se and no environmental pollution, develop famous fine

tea and healthy tea, to promote farmer's benefit of planting tea. The target yield of tea production

is 1.125 ton. per ha.* Planting Chinese Chestnut

The suitable field is mild acid soil with the altitude below 1,lOOm, digging big holes (I X I

X Im) to reclaim soil and build garden. Combining the planting of fine varieties of grafting

* seedlings with the fine varieties of planting and the grafting, to plant about 900 trees per ha.

Carrying on central management to the garden for high production and stable production. The

target yield is 1.5 ton per ha.

* Planting Eucommia Ulmoides

The suitable field is below the altitude of 1,300m, planting strong seedling in reclaimed big

holes, about 3,000 trees per ha. Cutting in spring after living one year, retaining one strong

seedling to cultivate the main trunk, reinforce the management of fertilizer, the diameter more than

5cm to peel the skin adopting the technique of peeling in round and regeneration, preventing from

injuring and polluting the formation layer. Using clean membrane to bandage it while peeling,

v removing the membrane after one year. Peeling every four to five years. The trees older than 40

will be cut down and replant, the method still adopt seedling to cultivate the main trunks. The

target average yield is 0.825 ton per ha per year.

I Planting lacquer trees

The suitable field is below the altitude of 1,SOOm, selecting the fine varieties to plant, take

* High eight chi as the key variety, in altitude of 800-1,500m, below the altitude of 800m take the

Big red coat as the key variety. After seedling in spring, planting them in garden, about 90-120

thousand trees per ha. Planting the forest in properly, cutting a irrigating band along the contour

line 1.5 meters wide, digging holes in the band every 3 meters and 3.5 meters away from the

center; selecting strong seedling to plant in spring and autumn, 960 trees per ha. Cutting and

0 irrigating every early summer, reclaiming the soil every winter, applying fertilizer twice from

March to June, cutting the oil when the trees are older than 7-8. The target yield of oil is 0.225 ton

per year per ha, and the seeds in 2.25 ton per year per ha.* In the dark and humid mountains area of the Liupan Mountain around Jingyuan, afforesing

* the needle-leaf woods for use whose main variety are Chinese pines, Huangshan Pines and

Camphor pine, and afforesting soil erosion protection forests in the area of yellow-soil hills and

valleys. For narrow ditches with a "V" shape, planting bushes such as Ningtiao, mountain peach,

sand brambles, willows along the edge of the ditches, planting mountain apricots, locust trees,

ailanthus altissima on the slope and planting poplar, willow and fruit trees ( hawthorn, Chinese

prickly ash) in the bottom; for wide ditches with a "U" shape, planting trees in sharp slope

( Ningtiao, willow, Chinese prickly ash, mountain apricots, mountain peaches, etc.), building

gardens in gentle slope ( hawthorn, apricots, apples), planting forest in terraced field and irrigating

side of field.

D. Projects of Breeding

Introducing the breeding pigs, breeding bulls and breeding sheep which in the hybrid and

improved area have high meat production and high wool production, raising size in short term,

* improving the out-shed rate and commercial rate, and also provide fine organic manure for

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planting. In order to solve the herbage problem of breeding, each home must plant one half mu

herbage per capita besides protection and use the natural grazing land. Selecting the fine herbage

such as violet flower lucerne to plant.

E. Land Transform

* Land transform should base on the overall plan of land usage, according to the principle of

complicated arrange of mountains, water, fields, forests and roads, carrying on overall

arrangement, reinforce rationally to improve the use value of the farm land.

a. Paddy Field Transform

Transformning water paddy field, low paddy field and land transformed field to achieve the aim of

discharging three water ( soil water, ground water or rock layer water, surface water ), kill the four

hazards (cold, rotten, toxin, bunch ) , can discharge and irrigate, can water and dry, turn one

mature to two or three matures, the irrigation ditches typically 80-100cm, the inner three ditches

40-50 cm, the blocks of field is smooth square, showing water without mud. The channel system

in plain dam area are typically arranged with irrigation channels, creeks and rivers, line channels

and irrigation channels are paralleled, with a shape of Chinese letter, the main escape canal should

be in the low area, the ditch and valley fields in hills area and escape and irrigating canal are

* arranged according to the mountain, and ditch and valley, big round according around, small

round adopted straight or straight in parts, the main escape canal should be arranged at the side

which has a large area of accumulating water. The canals should along the mountains taking up

little or no fine field and lands to reduce the engineering and material.

Concentrated transform are of several thousand mu, using the original plow road and walk road to

stabilize and widen, depending on the principle of short distant and small area to plan the roads,

the improved area which is relatively smooth and no big vertical gradient must be rearranged the

field shape, the slot must be paralleled as possible, the most suitable size of the slots is typically

0.2 ha.

b. Drought Land Transform

Slope surface soil has the problems of sharp, surface, drought, thin and erosion, etc. So it must be

* transformed. Turning the three losing soil of water losing, soil losing, fertilizer losing to three

keeping soil of keeping water, soil and fertilizer, controlling the erosion of soil, thicken the soil

layer, reform the method of cultivating, improving the multiple seed indicators and yield per unit

area, turn two mature to three, four mature one year. The standard are: land smooth, the slopedegree reduced to less than 5 degree, soil layer 60-70cm thick. Mature soil layer is 20cm, no

particles and sands, the quality of soil are generally sandy loam to clay, the ridges is stable, the

low banks is not very high, usually about I00cm, keeping two horse band, the width of the top of

the band is 20-30cm, the outer slope of the low bank planting grass or bush to protect itself.

Having complete water system in the surface of the slope and complete ancillary equipment, three

* ditch(escape canal, back canal and along mountain canal) and three ponds (water store pond, sand

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EIS FOR TIIE CHINA QINBA MOUNTAINS POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECT CRAES 1996

sink pond , manure pond),forest, road(plowing row) complete, fertilized soil keeping surface soil,

apply organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer to improve the structure, fertilize the soil. Generally,

the production of crops can be increased more than 2,250 kg per ha by transforming the slope

surface soil, the income can be increased over 4,500 yuan. If using in developing economic forests,

and economic crops, the income can be doubled. The technical standards, technical methods of

slope field transform are the same as non-field on the whole. The non-cultivate develop has a

* higher benefit.

For the slope land has a slope degree between 7-15, can be transformed into terraced field. The

soil cubic equilibrium must be calculated in engineering. The lower layer must be stabilized after

clean the base and then build ridges, ridges and low banks are required to equal slope, the top of

* low banks is horizontal and stable. Applying fertilizer to improve soil, using organic and inorganic

fertilizer. Reclaim the soil, plowing more than 0.3m. Using the plow in time, and carry on

preserving the moisture of the autumn soil. Outside the low banks and ridges, the economic bush,

such as yellow flower, Ningtiao, mountain peach and mountain apricots can be planted to protect

the field low banks and ridges.

5. Investment in 171 projects of rural enterprises are summarized in Table 2-2.

6. There are 37 projects on institution building and poverty monitoring facilities. These projects

*: take "hardware construction" as the basis and "software construction" as the center. The

"hardware" includes offices, transportation tools, and monitoring facilities for the three provinces

project offices. The "software" is to form a effective administrative system by enforcing function

and clarifying duty, to train project administrators and establish service and support system. By

organically combination of the hardware and software, a nearly perfect operation system can be

formed and thus all functions can be transferred and realized smoothly and rapidly.

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*0 * 0* 0 *

Table 2-2 Projects on Rural Enterprises DevelopmentA B C D E I F G H I J K L Total

Sichuan ProvinceChaotian district in Guangyuan city 2 _. 3

Wangcang county 1 1 _ 2 1 6 II

Cangxi county _ 2 1 I 2 6

Tongiiang county I I 2 I 5

Nanjiang county 1 3 1 2 1 8 z

Xuanhan county 6 1 _ _ 3 _ 6 2

-Q o counity __ _ _ I1 _ _ 1 1 __ _ _ _ _6

Yilong county 2 1 1 6 0

Langzhong county I I I I _ 4Jialing district in Nanchong city 3 I_ 1 1 7 v

Nanbu county 1 I_ 1 1 5 o

Guangan county 1 I 1 1 2 6 _ _

Ningxia Hui Autonom us Region _

Xiji county 2 _ 3

Haiyuan county I I I

Jingyuan county . . 4Tongxin county . . o

Shaanxi Province

Ankang city 2 6 4 2 1 I 3 18

Ziyang county 1 4 2 _ _ 2 9

Hanyin counly 3 2 1 1 7

Ningshann countv 7 2 _ _ 2 __- _ 2 13

Xixiang county 5 1 . 2 1 9

Zhenba county I_ 1 I I 1 2 3 9

Ninggiang county 4 1 1 1 3 I 1 12

Lueyang county 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 9

Zhenan county 1 2 I 1 2 1 3 10

Zuoshui county 2 1 3__ 3Total 8 53 1 16 12 10 1 8 15 14 13 21 171 ri

Note: A-Mineral and processing; B-Side-line agricultural products processing; C-Feed processing; D-Tea processing;

E- Fruit processing; F-Handicraft industries; G-Silk mill; H-Construction materials; I-Livestock products processing;-J-Forest products processing; K-Other products processing; L-Fair markets

.


2.2 Feasibility of the Project Implementation

2.2.1 Basic conditions of the projects are ready in the areas and it is possible to implement the

projects.

I. The State policy on rural economic development and on poverty reduction are stable for a

* long time, which gives the project a strong support.

2. The project areas locate in the special poverty region of China and have become priorities in

poverty reduction policy on province level, which means the Project can get supports from

the local governments.

3. Rich experiences of the local people and leaders have been accumulated during long-term

poverty reduction practices. In addition, The implementation of the Southwest China Poverty

Reduction Project Loaned by the World Bank can serve as a useful example for the Qinba

Mountains Poverty Reduction Project.

4. Much potential exists in the efficiency and degree of resources utilization. The products of

the projects are necessary goods for life and production, so they have good economic and

social benefits.

2.2.2 The implementation of the Project is reasonable. The reasons include two following aspects:

* I. The developing strategy is used in the poverty reduction. With the advanced system of

project management introduced by the World Bank, the Project can be carried out in a

standard and scientific routine way. Therefore, it can be a demonstration project with

significance on exploring poverty reduction path, resolving problems in poverty reduction,

and quickening its reformation.

2. The project construction plays a critical role in economic development because it is

advantageous to making the peasants warm and well-fed, increasing overall strength and

economic development in the project areas, and alleviating the funds shortage.

* To summarize, the overall planning frame and technical strategy of the project is reasonable and

its contents are appropriate. So it is exactly a poverty reduction project.

.

22

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Chapter 3 Environmental Situation of the Project Area

3.1 Geography

The Project area is located in southwest and northwest parts of China, with latitude of

* 30 °18'N-37°13'N and longitude of 105°17'E-1090 36'E. It includes two geographical regions:

the Qinba Mountains Area and the Loess Plateau Area.

The Sichuan projects cover the Qinba Mountains Area with latitude of 3001 S'N-3 1031.3'N and

longitude of 105°35.6'E-108°32'E. The area includes mountains and hills. 5 counties, Chaotian,

Wangeang, Nanjiang, Tongjiang, and Xuanhan, are in mountain area while 7 counties, Cangxi,

Yilong, Langzhong, Nanbu, Jianling, Quxian, and Guangan, are in hilly area.

Shannxi projects cover ten counties in south of the Qin Mountain and north of the Daba Mountain

v with latitude of 32007'N-330 55'N and longitude of 105°29'E-109°36'E. 8 counties, Xixiang,

Zhcnba, Ziyang, Hanyin, Ankang, Ningshann, Zhenan, and Zuoshui, are in the upper reaches of

Hanjiang River. Most of the Lueyang (71%) and Ningqiang (69%) are in the upper reaches of the

Jianlingjiang River.

* Ningxia projects cover 4 counties, Xiji, Haiyuan, Tongxin, and Jingyuan, with latitude of

35°14'N- 37'13'N and longitude of 105°17'E-106°39'E. In this region, Lupan Mountain

(2,93 1m) stretches from the south to the north joining with Yueliang Mountain (2,632m), Nanhua

Mountain (2,954m) and Xihua Mountain (2,703m).

3.2 Environment

The project area includes large mountains, deep village, and steep slopes; small arable land with

thin soil layer, old pieces, little fertility (little nitrogen and phosphorus), much potassium, and poor

* ability to conserve water and soil. However, there are many uncultivated lands with potential of

full utilization.

The climates are of diversity in the area with uneven distribution of participation, which is hardly

utilized in agricultural activities. It is hard for people and livestock to find water during drought

0 seasons because of few water conservancy facilities available. The major calamity includes

drought, waterlogging, hail, windstorm, and frost, which can bring great damage to agricultural

production.

* In project area there are varieties of animals and plants and highly exploitable mineral resources.

However, the agricultural ecosystem in the project area has been seriously damaged by forest

combustion, wastelands cultivation, and overgrazing. Average income per capita in this area is

less than 320 RMB yuan, which is lower than the margin line of 434 RMB yuan set by the State in

1994. It results from narrow production way, simple economic structure, low productivity, less

* social service, and backward technology.

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Thereafter, it is necessary to apply the World Bank loans for exploring and utilizing resources,

establishing and maintaining ecological agriculture in the mountain area, and developing

commodity economy in the poverty zone.

3.3 Conditions of Environmental Quality

Most of the project area possesses good environmental quality with capacity of receiving

pollutants from the projects. Only a few regions with high density population have local industrial

pollution.

S Results of air quality monitoring in some of the project areas are shown in Table 3-1. Those of

rivers monitoring are listed in Table 3-2.

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24

Table 3-1 Monitoring results for SO2, NOx, and TSP in the roject areaso, ~~~ ~ ~~NOx TSP

Site Once Daily Five-day Once Daily average Five-day Once Daily average Five-day omeasuremcnt average average measurement average measurement average

Shaanxi ProvinceXixiang county 0.048 0.024 0.226 oLueyang county 0.111 0.027 0.239Ankang city 0.087 0.039 0.269Zhenan county 0.028 0.023 0.203Zhenba county 0.01-0.015 0.01 0.008 0.22-0.32 0.27Zuoshuo county 0-0.42 0.01-0.15 0-0.044 0-0.02 0.02-2.0 0.06-0.96Zhenan county 0.014 0.008 0.23Ziyang county 0.009-0.037 0.019-0.033 0.026 0.012-0.028 0.014-0.025 0.20 0.113-0.349 0.231

_______________ ___________________________________Sichuan ProvinceCangxi county 0.01-0.10

0.05-0.20Nanchong city 0.06-0.18 0.13 . 0.08-023 0.15

The limit value of NAAQSThe Secondlevel 0.50 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.30

C.

I,.

* 0 0 0

Table 3-2 Water quality of some rivers in the project areapH DO CODMn CODCr BOD NH3 -N non- N02 Phenol F CN Hg Cr+6 Oil SS

NH 4 +Shaanxi province

Hanjiang 7.9 8.6 2.1 1.5 0.39 0.036 0.001 0.002 0 0 0.05RiverJialingjiang 8.19 8.9 1.9 1.3 0.27 0.027 0.001 0.003 0 0.001 0.025RiverRenhe 7.74 15 0.02 0.13 0RiverJingyang 7.9 7.4 3.1 1.6 0.002River

Shechuan 7.8 2.7 2.0 1.8RiverWuyu River 8.1 1.3 2.5 1.4 1.5Qianyou 7.4 2.6 7.8 2.3 2.0River

Sichuan provinceJialingjiang 6.5- 8.4- 6.4- 0.6- 0River 8.9 11 10.5 3.6Donghe 6.5- 6.3- 5.6- 0.5- 0River 8.8 10.5 12.5 2.4Donghe 8.10 10.1 2.6 1.89 0.08 0.001 20RiverQushui 5.2 1.4RiverZhouhe 12.6 4.0River

The third level of the National Standards6.5-8.5 >=5 6 15 3 0.02 0.15 0.005 1.0 0.005 0.0005 0.05 0.05

EIS FOR THE CHINA QINBA MOUNTAINS POVERTY REDUCI'ON PROJECT CRAES 1996

Chapter 4 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment

This chapter will analysis the impact of several kinds of sub-project in the China Qinba Mountains

Poverty Reduction Project on the social economy, ecosystem and natural environment of the

project region. This chapter will give the quantitative or qualitative prediction and assessment to

* some ecosystem targets, such as the situation of soil erosion, the rate of plant cover, the impact on

soil of the applying of fertilizer, insecticide and plastic films, the ability of fighting natural

calamities of agricultural region. The prediction and assessment of the impact of the rural

enterprises development projects of township enterprises on environment will be explained detail

in the next chapter.

4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment of the Project of Exploiting Lands and Developing

Agriculture

This kind of project has an important impact on social economy ecosystem and natural

environment. It represents thal the character of the China Qinba Mountains Poverty Reduction

Project is attaching a great importance to ecological agriculture. It is one of the major kinds of this

Environmental Impact Assessment.

* 4.1.1 Analysis of Major Impact

4.1. 1.1 Impact on Natural Ecosystem

1. Planting trees to conserve water and prevent soil erosion, planting fruit trees on barren hills,

planting forage grasses and building terraced fields on the slopes will improve the situation of soil

erosion, increase the rate of plant cover, adjust the temperature and humidity of the air, purify the

air and protect wild animals.

* 2. The impact on product forces of soil is produced comprehensively by a lot of technical methods,

such as returning straws to the fields, planting green manure crops, spreading barnyard manure,

applying fertilizer, increasing the rate of forest cover and cultivating barren lands. The direct

effects are the increase of crop yields and the conservation and balance of soil fertility. Applying

excessive fertilizer or only one kind of fertilizer will cause the imbalance of nutrition and the

* reduction of crop yields.

3. Applying of insecticide has little impact on atmosphere, water, soil and living creatures. The

main harm and hazard is the acute poisoning caused by neglecting operating rules and regulations

when spraying insecticide or the acute poisoning caused by eating fruits and food polluted by

insecticide or drinking polluted water. Insecticide has big effect to prevent plant diseases and

insect pests and increase the crop yields.

4. The structure of the using of agricultural fields, such as the partition of constitution of

* cultivated lands, orchards, forests and grasslands, is becoming more reasonable. The area under

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irrigation is increasing. All these are profitable to the virtuous cycle of the ecosystem in this

region.

5. Applying of plastic films shortens the mature period of crops and increases the utilization ratio

of water. The plastic films can preserve soil fertility, help decompose the organic substances in

soil and increase the content of quick-acting nutrients. It can also improve the physicochemical

* properties of soil and reduce the hardness and unit weight of soil. It can inhibit the growth of

weeds in the fields. When applying plastic films for a long period of time, the remnant will impact

the growth of crop roots, then reduce the crop yields. At the same time, plastic films can impact

the sink of rainwater, then it will cause soil erosion.

6. The development of livestock farming supplies a lot of organic manure to farming. Straw will

be forage grasses. It will reduce the waste of resources. If we cannot adjust the balance of

grasslands and livestock and over graze, we will destroy the vegetation. On the other hand,

because fuel, feed and manure are inadequate in this region. If we expand the scope of agriculture,

e the contradiction will aggravate. Then it will cause to improperly plant, dig and graze, then will

accelerate the destroy of vegetation and soil erosion. If the folds and excrement and urine of

livestock can't be disposed properly, it will cause some hygiene problems and environmental

pollution.

* 7. Burning reclaim wasteland causes the waste of resources and air pollution. Terracing the scopes

and taking soil from other lands destroyed the vegetation of these lands. At the same time, the

structure of artificial topsoil becomes very loose, the fertility gets lower and it can cause soil

erosion easily.

4.1.1.2 Impact on Social Environment

1. Per capita area of cultivated farmland, economic forest, livestock and income increase

* 2. With the increasing of the area of cultivated lands and forests, the multiple crop index increases.

Some spare labors can obtain employment.

3. The spreading and training of advanced technology can increase the level of production

technology of farmers in this region, enhance the quality of the people. Then it brings about the

0 reasonable use of natural resources, the increasing of the ability to resist drought and flood of

agriculture. Then the economy and natural ecosystem of this region can be developed sustained.

4. With the developing of agriculture, the number of barren hills is decreasing. The landscapes

will become more beautiful

5. The transform of low and medium yield lands can increase the productivity per unit area. Then

the economic returns in this region can increase.

* 6. With the increasing of per capita income, the educational hygiene undertakings will be

28


improved. It can benefit the stability of society.

4.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment of Soil Erosion

4.1.2.1 Cause of Soil Erosion

* The soil erosion in Qinba Mountains Area has natural and anthropogenic causes.

The proportion of the area of mountains to the total area of lands in this region is very high.

Topography rises and falls sharply. There are cracks everywhere. The lands break up. Ridges

crisscross. There are ditches and gullies everywhere. Raining in a large scale in a short time can

cause the erosion of the earth surface and soil erosion. There are very few cultivated lands, so the

0 crop yield in this region is very low. Exploiting the hills, destroying the forests and cutting down

too many trees can make some hills and dunes barren and destroy the balance of ecosystem and

the soil erosion will be aggravated.

The harm of soil erosion is to reduce the soil fertility. The fertile topsoil ( layer A) is washed away

completely, subsoil ( layer B) or base-soil ( layer C) are corroded. The temperature of the surface

earth is very high, so trees and grasses survive with difficulty. Soil erosion can enhance the

riverbed but will make some negative influence the shipping. Rivers will be silted. The frequent

flood will endanger the life and property of people. At the same time, the life of reservoir could be

shortened. That will cost us a lot.

4.1.2.2 Impact Prediction and Assessment of Soil Erosion in Operating Period

The development of ecological agriculture will greatly reduce the area of soil erosion in this

region. For example, the area of soil erosion in county Liangzhong will decrease from 2,355.7

ha.(before developing) to 636.04 ha.(after developing). The area of soil erosion in Quxian will

decrease from 16,116 ha.(before developing) to 2,950 ha.(after developing). See Table 4-1 for

detail.

e Table 4-1 Soil erosion in some project areas of Sichuan province (Unit: tlkm2 a)

Region Present conditions After project

(county/city) Total area Heavy Medium Light Sum Normal (ha)

(ha) (Ž4500) (2500-4500) (1000-2500) (S 1000)

Nanjiang 90730 520.67 1428.19 1948.86 88781.15 1848.76

Quxian 21455 14876.00 580.00 660.00 16116 5339.00 2950.00

Chaotian 51215 5121.00 17925.00 12804.00 35850 15365.00 10243.00

Wangcang 116044 893.00 1634.00 464.00 2991 113053.00 775.00

Cangxi 35643 4992.24 6757.13 14598.32 26347.69 9295.31 26214.11

* Nanbu 17990 929.21 2363.30 3292.51 14697.49 2578.15

Jialing 20532 2718.00 233.00 232.00 3183 17349.00 610.00

Guang'an 163484 1054.00 1061.00 854.00 2969 13415.00 281.84

Liangzhong 26775 8138.90 15418.20 23557.1 3217.90 636.04

Note: The prediction in this table results from calculations with USA general equation for soil erosion with some modification

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The Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region supplies the

criteria that planting one ha. trees can reduce 60 ton of eroded soil each year, reclaiming one ha.

barren slopes can reduce about 50 ton of eroded soil each year. We can predict that forestry and

reclaiming can reduce about 450xl04 ton eroded soil each year.

4.1.2.3 Assessment of Soil Erosion in the Operating Period

The operating period is the essential period of inhibiting soil erosion. The program will adopt

three kinds of reclaiming method.

* 1. Terraced fields of equal height

Loosen the topsoil and form the cultivated layer. This kind of method is applied to barren slopes

where the rate of vegetation cover is less than 5%. Because of soil erosion, the weathered topsoil

will wash away with water, bed rocks are exposing. People make artificial layer for ventilating and

* storing water, then build terraced fields of equal height, plant trees and grasses to protect the

slopes.

2. Grass fence

Field plant long-life fruit trees. In the operating period, people get rid of nonobjective plants and

plant green manure crops. This method gives no chance for the topsoil to expose. It has best effect

to prevent soil erosion in the operating period.

3. Reclamation along the slopes

This method is applied to gentle scopes. It can develop artificial planting system without

destroying pro-vegetation. Because there is no embankment and grass fences may be effect the

slopes, we can not control the soil erosion.

Planting a large area of forests in the hill top can not destroy topsoil and original vegetation. We

* replant forest and form mixed forest, field plant objective trees and trees suitable to the local

conditions in slopes that has a single kind of trees. Table 4-2 shows the testing result of the other

World Bank loan project of 1992.

* Table 4-2 Results of water and soil reservation test during construction (in 1992)

Test terrn Grass fence Terraced field at equal height Reclamation along slopes

Runoffvolume(103m3 /ha) 4.47 5.18 9.29

Runoff coefficient 0.29 0.32 0.58

Soil erosion (t/km2 a) 486 700 1452

The first two methods have good effect.

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4.1.2.4 Prevention and Treatment of Soil Erosion

The factors causing soil erosion involve terraced field by changing slopes, rural roads and water

loss conservancy facilities, irrigation and overgrazing are involved .

The mitigation measures and alternative programs include:

l.Cultivation following the slow slope, not destroying the wild vegetables, the construction stage

should be chosen out of the raining season. Grow some kinds of grass at first, and then plant more

aged fruit trees. Clear the unexpected plants by yeas in the construction stage, plant the green

manure at the mean time . Fore the slope lands, should be back the cultivation to the forest..

2.The construction of water reservation facilities (irrigation canals and ditches, mountain

embankment etc.) should be proceeded in the dry season. Planting shelter forest at the moment.

3.When the orchards get dense, the distance between tree should be widen, plant the green manure

or leguminous plant. When the large scale forest has been set up, replanting as soon as possible.

Cutting should be done in dry season and it should be a plot cutting (best to refer Chinese

checkers style, and keep the distance between trees ).

3 4.Grazing strictly according to the capacity of the grazing land, and the grazing land should be

rotated periodically.

5.Design quantity of firewood forest, develop rural biogas project, spread economical stove. In

some better conditional region having some advantage. Other every source such as coal and

electric can be used popularly.

6. Adopt the measures of irrigation saving water. In some well conditional areas, spring irrigation

system can be designed, assuring the rate of seeping higher than that of spraying.

.7. On the seriously lost and eroded by water waster slope lands and mountain lands. Take the

measures both of engineering and biology to prevent from ditch eroding, slope sliding and hill

collapsing.

* 8. Do the best to avoid the cultivation following the slope, adopt the technology processes which

soil and water loss is small, in the mountain land full of rocks, accelerating the constructions of

reservation soil by building wall.

4.1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment after Changing the Condition of Land Utilization

4.1.3.1 Variation Trend of Total Construction

1. Per capita area of basic cultivated lands in this region will increase after developing. In Sichuan

0 province, it will increase from 0.55 acre(before developing) to 0.9 acre(after developing). In

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Shaanxi province, it will increase from 0.05ha(before developing) to 0.67 ha.(after developing).

In Ningxia Hui Autonomy region, it will increase from 0.084 ha.(before developing) to 0.133

ha.(after developing).

2. Per capita area of economical forest will increase after developing. In Sichuan province, it will

increase from 0.37 acre(before developing) to 1.05 acre(after developing). In Shaanxi province, it

will increase from 0.067 ha.(before developing) to 0. 133 ha. (after developing). In Ningxia, it will

increase from 0.08 ha.(before developing) to 0.09 ha.(after developing).

3. The area of barren hills and lands decreased sharply. Just taking Sichuan for instance, it will

* change from 57,053 ha. (before developing) to 49,078 ha.(after developing). See Table 4-3.

Table 4-3 Condition of land use in Sichuan province (Unit: ha)

The Present conditions = = = After p rject

* project Total Arable land Park Forest Barren Total Arable land Park Forest Barren

region area total per land land hill area total per land land hill

area capita and area capita and

land _ land

Nanjiang 90730 6756 0.077 136 41665 10796 90730 5126 0.056 136 41665 10796

* ITongjiang 69874 6193 0.067 520 39329 10687 69874 5997 0.063 574 39329 10687

Quxian 21445 7330 0.063 172 2973 5184 21455 7573 0.063 572 3423.92 4134

Xuanhan 83512 7119 0.065 229 43345 7896 83512 6660 0.058 229 43345 6085

Chaotian 51215 5342 0.092 188 15345 2278 51215 5527 0.092 1185 15345 1978

Wangcang 116044 6755 0.076 79 62293 5961 116044 7014 0.076 79 62293 4844

Cangxi 35643 5016 0.054 494 17850 3225 35643 5225 0.054 540 17850 3189

Yilong 23348 5452 0.053 6.07 8567 455 23348 5519 0.052 871 8843.1

Nanbu 17990 5371 0.057 204 4933 2653 17990 5137 0.053 454 5532.8 1461

Jialing 20532 7728 0.077 75 2631 4073 20532 7322 0.071 708 2794 3694

* Guang'an 16384 4784 0.055 187 3102 739 16384 5127 0.057 320 3102 311

Liangzhong 26775 5323 0.052 19 13037 3106 26775 5026 0.047 878 13512 1899

Total 573502 73169 0.065 2309.1 255070157053 573502 71252 0.7414 6546 257034 49078

4. The area of high yield lands and irrigated lands will increase.

5. The area of planting and forest grasses will increase. For example, the area of planting will

increase from 131,232.9 ha.(before developing) to 162,086.8 ha.(after developing), the area of

* forest grasses will increase from 341,672.1 ha.(before developing) to 345,740.1 ha.(after

developing) in Ningxia, and the area of planting will increase from 769,717.81 ha.(before

developing) to 5,384,478.77 ha.(after developing), the area of forest grasses will increase from

683,479.74 ha.(before developing) to 709,202.75 ha. (after developing) in Shaanxi. See Table 4-4.

0

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Table 4-4 Vegetative cover in Shaan i and Ningxia pr vinces (Unit: ha)

The Total Plantation area Water body area Forest and grass Fruit and grain Type of vegetationproject

region area Present After Present After Present After Present After Present Afterproject project project project project

Zhenba 157118 5264 9093 2190 2190 S6469 86469 23206 25026 mixed mixed

Ankang 183556 37303.36 37603.36 5855.1 555.51 139934.02 139534.02 463.52 563.52 broad- broad-

Ningqiang 123063 50750 54157.5 1703 1703 40600 40903 10150 13254.5 leaf leaf

Hanyin 44844.66 7432.45 8215.91 499.39 499.39 1491.12 15741.13 6657.85 6710.15 and and

Ningshaan 133269 3195 3563 1322 1322 122417 122417 337 1159 needle- needle-

Zuoshui 8437 591927 5191977 1159.7 1159.7 5425.6 5425.6 5833 6747 leaf leaf

Xixiang 139800 15372 16605 1713 1713 95097 95638 forests, forests,Ziyang 97785 21792 23966 1733 1733 60158 68585 30418 30847 fruit fruit

Lueyang 91418 8392 8392 2022 2022 58581 59531 291 291 plant, plant,

Zhen'an i48109 28290 30906 1446 1446 73308 74959 24235 25792 grass grassXiji 124026 40650.94 47734.9 239 239 50468.91 51674 91 34802.6 39958.6 land, land,

Haiyuan 259681 30303 39503 113 113 105342 106388 20167 26133 agri- agri-

Tongxin 258200 50308 58778 162036.2 163552.2 36511 40531 vegetation vegetation

* Jingyuan 41821.2 9970.93 16070.93 290 290 23825 24125 7890 11690

4.1.3.2 Environmental Impact Analysis After Changing the Condition of Landing Utilization

1. Impact on local climate

The structure change of land using will cause some influence on local climate, such as a

simulate area bring barren hills under cultivation and planting wetland pine and masson pine,

planting fruit trees surround the farmers houses will cause the temperature decreasing. It is

* clear that the local climate was getting much better and the ability of defending windstorm

will strengthen.

2. Soil erosion can be controlled.

* The contour wasteland reclaiming method will be used in the project area. Planting straw

hedge and water and soil conservation forest and forming grade vegetation structure of high forest,

bush and grass. The surface runoff resisting ability will be increased in a large scale. As the result,

the soil erosion will be avoided effectively.

3. The ability of adjusting and storing water will strengthen.

The area of barren lands in this region will decrease a lot. The area of forests will increase

sharply. The area of recently planted vegetation is 206,300 ha. If one ha forest can conserve 400

tons of water. then it can conserve 82,520,000 tons of water. This is of great use to the natural

adjusting and storing of water resources in this region. In one hand, vegetation can alleviate the

erosion of topsoil caused by storms. In the other hand, root system can fix soil, improve the

structure and increase the content of water in soil, then increase the ability of conserving water.

We also design some small ponds and small reservoirs to conserve water.

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4. Ecosystem gets more stable.

After developing, farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery have developed. Now, there are

few barren hills and lands remaining. Agriculture will develop fully. The ecosystems become

more stable.

5.Locat economy will be more prosperous.

* The crops in this region are mainly grains before developing. After developing, we plant

economic fruit trees, develop livestock raising. Every year we can supply a lot of agriculture side

line products to the society and play an important role in developing local economy.

* 4.1.4 Prediction ahd Environmental Impact Assessment of Soil Fertility

4.1.4.1 Analysis of the Current Condition of Soil Fertility

* There are eight types of soil in Qinba Mountains Areas. Most of them are yellowish-brown soil

and brown soil developed from sandstone, Mudstone and limestone, violet soil developed from

violet stone. The quality of the soil is very poor. The soil is sticky and not suitable for cultivating.

The Soil is of low fertility. The content of organic substance is very low. The soil in this region is

generally lack of N and P. Though it contains enough K, the proportion is not reasonable. See

Table

4-5.

4.1.4.2 Prediction of Soil Fertility0

Soil fertility is a comprehensive concept which shows that the property, statement of soil. In the

other word, it is the ability which converts and adjusts the physiological materials by soil. And the

level of the physiological materials which offered by soil in a certain time. Thus soil fertility is not

* only the function of soil property, but also the function of time.

The prediction of soil fertility in this report is the increasing and decreasing of the soil fertility

amount which were based on the hypothesis which the basic properties of soil fertility were steady

relatively depends on the input and output balance of energy and materials, and the adjustment of

* soil water and heat conditions.

I . Prediction of soil organic content

The organic mass content of soil will influence the soil structure and other physical and

chemical properties. It is soil conversion, adjustment ability of water, fertility, gases and heat

* which are soil needed. In the supplying of soil fertility, it is reported that 30-40% of N,60-

70% of P and 90% of K are offered by organic content. Thus, the organic fertility applying is

not only important to in the soil nutrient balance, but also important to soil transformation,

especially in the situation of unbalance of N,P and K in China.

.

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The sources of organic mass are the amount of organic roots of crop. It is about 20-25% of

the plant'organic body. In order to keep the balance of organic mass of soil, it is necessary to

use different ways which are urinate applying, green manure planting, livestock fertility and

compost made of stalks applying. Those are the most important way to avoid the soil fertility

failing.

Table 4-5 Soil conditions in the project re gion

Soil Elevation Soil layer Soil quality Acidity Fertility Utility

1. Brown earth

Eluvial brown earth <800m Very thick Heavy clay Neutral Lack phosphate Farmland

* Initiate brown earth 800-1200m Thick Medium-high Basic or Lack phosphate Farmland

I___ __ _ _ __ _ soil slightly basic

2. Yellow brown soil

Yellow brown earth <900m Very Heavy clay Slightly Low and lack Farmland

thick acidic phosphate, but rich

potassium

Yellow brown soil 1000- Thin Medium or Neutral or Low and lack Forest and

1300m heavy soil slightly acidic phosphate and grazing land

potassium

* Initiate yellow -130 0m <Im Cohesive Basic High but lack Forest and

brown soil phosphate razin land

3. Brown soil

Brown soil 1300- Thin Sand soil Neutral or High Grazing land1500m slightl acidic

Initiate brown soil >1500m rhin Lime, sand or Basic or High Forest land

earth soil slightly acidic

4. Dark brown soil The Qin Very Slightly Forest land or

Mountains thin acidic meadow

* 5. Pulpil earth Hills Very Sand soil Neutral or Low Forest land

thin slightly basic

6. Coarse bone eanh Mountains Sand & rock Low Scatter weed

Table 4-6 shows the results of amount of fertilizer applied to some typical crops in Nanjiang

County, Sichuan province before and after operating the program. Table 4-7 shows the amount of

fertilizers used in the project region of Shaanxi province.

* 2. The soil fertility prediction is much complicated to soil organic mass prediction. The research

reports point out that one third of fertilizer of absorbed fertilizer. is coming from soil, the soil

contributing rate is about 66.1-77.5%. The increasing values of fertility of soil after using N,P and

K can be represented by the amount of fertilizer. See Table 4-6 and Table 4-7.

.

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*


Table 4-6 Amount of fertilizer applied to some typical crops in Nanjiang County,

Sichuan before and after operating the prog ram

Name Current condition After developing

of growing type amount of fertilizer applied amount of fertilizer applied

* period

Crops kg/ha total amount kg/ha total

amount

Pure 100 1784 150 2699

N

wheat 190 P205 15 268 45 809

K2O 10.5 187 20.5 405

Pure 26 195 50 380

N

* potato 155 P20 5 18 135 30 228

K20 12 90 20 152

Pure 160 3501 220 4334

N

rice 160 P205 25 485 45 887

____________ ____________ K 2 0 12 233 32 630

Pure 140 1200 210 1827

N

maize 125 P205 20 172 40 348

_ K20 10 86 30 261

Pure 110 591 190 1036

N

rape 210 P205 26 140 35 191

* K20 11 59 24 131

Pure 100 40 280 l00

cotton 170 P205 10 4 45 23

K 20 10 4 30 15

0

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Table 4-7 Amount of fertilizers used in the project region of S aanxi province

County The p esent condition In the co nstruction period In the o 3eration period

name Ammonium Urea Compound Ammonium Urea Compound Ammonium Urea Compound

bicarbonate fertilizer bicarbonate fertilizer bicarbonate fertilizer

Ankang 48054 5337 6022 53000 7100 8500 54000 7800 8800

* Hanyin 13752 2725 1550 15000 3700 2100 16000 3900 2200

Ziyang 7200 3807 924 8200 5100 1200 9000 5400 1250

Ningshaan 1103 501 101 1400 640 140 1600 710 150

Zhenba 7544 2784 776 8700 3800 900 9000 4000 960

* Ninggiang 16845 3560 1522 18000 4100 1800 19000 4500 2000

Lucyang 5428 2546 660 5900 3300 880 5950 3600 930

Xixiang 33903 3714 1270 35000 4900 1700 37000 5200 1900

Zhen'an 4119 3189 2380 4300 4100 3100 4400 4300 3500

Zuoshui 2774 1726 987 2800 2100 1300 2900 2300 1450

4.1.4.3 Impact Analysis of Soil Structure

* In order to improve thc soil condition, we apply some organic manure, such as green manure. In

this way, the soil structure will change and some bad characters, such as sticky, hard and barren,

are improved. When we apply a lot of organic manure, the soil becomes more porous and can

ventilate and soak water better. The granular structure is forming gradually.

The condition of the content of N is similar to that of organic substances. In this program, the

supply of N fertilizer is abundant, so the soil will not be insufficient of N. This can be helpful to

increase the accumulation of organic substances. The content of P in Qinba Mountains Areas is

very low. If we neglect to apply more P, the cultivating of soil and soil structure will be affected.

4.1.4.4 Impact Analysis of the Sustenance of Agriculture

1. Impact on soil acidity and exchange capacity

* Applying green manure can have impact on hydrolysis acidity of soil, cation exchange capacity

and saturation of salt. After applying green manure, pH and cation exchange capacity in soil will

change a lot. Soil will change from acid to neutral. Cation exchange capacity and saturation of salt

are increasing gradually.

* 2. Impact on soil unit weight and porosity

Organic substances will accumulate in the soil after applying green manure, then the soil unit

weight and porosity will change. Generally, soil unit weight will decrease and porosity will

increase.

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3. Impact on content of N, P, K in soilIn this program, we apply a large amount of N, P, K fertilizer. It will increase the content of N, P,

K in soil and raise the soil fertility. Then the crop yield will increase accordingly.

Table 4-8 Increment of rice product from upland rice with nitro en-contained fertilizer a plication

* - Area Number of Item Control 25kg N-fertilizer per mu 50kg N-fertilizer per mu

measurement sites

Yield (kg/mu) 155.9 249.3 272.7

Low yield 5 Increment (kg/mu) 93.4 116.8

areas Increasing rate (%) 59.9 74.9

*___________ _______________ kg-grain/kg-fertilizer 3.7 2.3

Yield (kg/mu) 242.2 294.7 307.9

Medium yield 9 Increment (kg/mu) 52.6 65.7


* ____________ _______________ kg-grain/kg-fertilizer 2.1 1.7

Yield (kg/mu) 338.1 384.8 387.3

High yield 7 Increment (kg/mu) 46.7 49.2


_____________________________ kg-grain/kg-fertilizer 1 .7 0.98

Table 4-9 Grain yield as a function of application of phosphate fertilizer (Calciumimagnesium phosphate)

Fertilizer Upland rice Late rice

application Yield (kg/acre) Increment (%) Yield (kg/acre) Increment (%/o)

* 30kg/mu 155.4 34.25 150.4 34.16

20kg/mu 153.7 32.78 148.4 32.38

1Okg/mu 143.0 23.49 137.2 22.39

No fertilizer 115.8 112.1

Table 4-10 Increment of grain yield with potassi m fertilizer application

Type of Number Per acre lield (kg) Increment vs. Control Increment

grain of test K-fertilizer appl. Control Kg/mu % per kg K20

Upland rice 28 314.46 268.19 46.27 17.26 7.04

Peanut 6 152.7 121.42 31.28 25.93 7.8

Sweat potato 2 716.83 613.5 103.93 21.28 21

Wheat 4 58.63 50.27 8.36 16.63 5.3

To sum up, after applying organic manure, such as green manure and N, P, K fertilizer in this

program, pH of soil, organic substances, content of N, P, K, soil urnit weight, structure of soil, salt

saturation degree, cation exchange capacity and porosity will change accordingly. Condition is

getting to virtuous cycle. This will impel the increase of productivity and supply of nutrition. Then

* we can realize the sustained development of agriculture.

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4.1.4.5 Potential Negative Impact Analysis

The impact of spreading fertilizer on the environment is mainly caused by spreading

improperly ,especially spreading more N and P fertilizer than the requirement of the normal

growth of plants. All these make N, P fertilizer in the soil lose into water-body and other

* environment and cause many environmental problems.

]. Potential environmental problems of the project design

Qingba program mainly develop the fertilizer plan of plants, but it only develop the balance of

* spreading fertilizer. Because different organic fertilizers have different content of N and P, the

balance of fertilizer amount cannot represent the balance nutrient. For example, the pond mud and

excrement and urine of pigs, though they have the same amount, the content of N, P fertilizers and

the effect of fertilizers is different from each other greatly. So the organic fertilizer amount

balance only cannot explain the need and supply between plants and fertilizers, they cannot reflect

the true fertilizer amount. So it is not reasonable to instruct the fertilizer spreading according to

this balance. It will lead to the scarcity of N and P fertilizer in the soil and consequently decrease

the yield and quality of agriculture product, or there are more N and P fertilizers in the soil which

can easily lose into environment and cause eutrophication in lakes and rivers. At the same time, N

* fertilizer in the soil can transfer into a large amount NO3- in the good condition that can cause the

pollution of vegetable and feeding plants and ground water . The great amount of N03- will do

harm to human and livestock.

Therefore about the fertilizer amount, whether in a new rice field which comes from barren field

or in a low-yield field once planting rice or in other fields once growing other plants, the period of

construction and running should be suitable for the fertilizer of soil especially plan the spreading

amount according to the change of nutrient. But we can't always keep the same amount. Ordinarily

it is very reasonable that the amount of spreading fertilizers is very small in the early period and

the spreading amount is very large in the final period. If we spread fertilizers many times aimlessly,

it can cause the lost of fertilizers and pollute the environment.

2. Potential environment problems of construction period

* Ordinarily in the period item construction, we need to build the production base of economic trees

such as fruit trees in the barren fields, but the nutrient of soil is extremely scare in some item areas

especially non-forest areas in which water and soil lose greatly. The barren areas are mostly hills

and mountain areas. Though new production base is constructed as horizontal terraced fields, the

organic materials are very scare .In the early period there are no root-twisting and the structure of

soil is very bad and the root can't glue soil easily and ability of anti-erode is very weak, so the lose

of water and soil is very serious in the early period of reclaiming and culturing wasteland which

has very few surface plants. Nutrient is difficult to accumulate, so a large amount of fertilizers

should be spread to gather the fertilizers in the soils in the early periods. Even in some low-

* production field which located in low an horizontal areas, a large amount fertilizers should be

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spread. We must plan the amount carefully and keep balance between spreading amount and

requiring amount.

4.1.4.6 Prevention of Fertilizer Pollution

Abusing fertilizer would result in soil harden, surface water and ground water pollution, the

* prevention measure has follow:

1. Develop breeding , apply much more organic green manure, reduce the chemical fertilizer

using.

2. Apply fertilizer relational, reduce the loss of chemical fertilizer.

3. Set up the water quality monitoring point on the enclosed water body, such as the entrance of a

* lake. Control the total amount of N and P.

4. Monitor the quality of drinking source periodically.

4.1.5 Environmental Impact Assessment of Pesticide Applying

To keep on guard the plants and fruit trees high and steady production and preventing

insect ,weeds and bad effect of other living things ,we must spread some farm chemical including

insecticide, miticide, herbicide, pesticide, raticide, fungusicide, microbicide, etc. Table 4-1 1 shows

the Amount of pesticide use in Tongjiang county in Sichuan province. Different kind of pesticides

* will be used for different crops and the using amount will be quite different.

Table 4-1l Amount of pesticide use in Ton *iang county in Sichuan province

Type pest pesticide Use arnount (kg/ha)

Rice Rice blast/Rice borer Tricyclazole/Dingru pesticide 3/1.45

Wheat Wheat aphid/Powdery mildew Anti-aphid/Duojunling 0.85/2.25

Com Big smut/Lead worm Daowcnjing/Shachongshuang 2.1/3.2

Potato Smut/Pestilence Duojunling/Bordeaux mixture 2.4/1.6

Rape Aphid/Hypha core Anti-aphid/Duojunling 0.75/3.50

* Tea Caterpiller/Gibberellic BT emulsion 1.5

Chinese chestnut Star-like desease Effective enhanced rogor 8 -

Walnut Ginkgo silk moth Effective enhanced rogor 1.8

Gallnut Leaf spot Effective enhanced rogor 1.5

.

Table 4-12 shows the Amount of pesticide use in the project counties in Shaanxi province. The

pesticide will be used more and more during the advance of the project construction.

.

40

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Table 4-12 Amount of pesticide use in the project counties in Shaanxi Irovince (Unit: kg)

County Present conditions During project After project

name Organic phosphorus Polyester Organic phosphorus Polyester Organic phosphorus Polyester

Ankang 78965 20146 110000 33000 130000 39000

Hanyin 53244 14367 71000 19000 75000 21000

* Ziyang 24600 6100 32000 9000 36000 10000

Ningshaan 8700 1980 11000 2600 14000 3800

Zhenba 19000 4600 25000 6400 29000 7500

Ningq iang 80860 21250 107000 31000 120000 41000

Lueyang 8200 1900 11000 2500 13000 3700

Xixiang 86000 18000 120000 27000 140000 28000

Zhen'an 10100 2200 13000 3000 15000 3600

Zuoshui 5500 1300 7300 1900 8300 2100

X 4.1.5.1 Environmental Impact Analysis of Pesticide Applying

The pesticide spreading in the item areas has some toxic effect, when the spreading amount

surpasses the ability that environment can clean itself in this areas, it will cause some pesticide

pollution to many degrees, generally will cause surface pollution in a large areas.

I. Pollution of pesticide to the atmosphere

During the process of spreading pesticide, some tiny pesticide drops and granary will float in thee air. At the same time in the sunny weather, water-soluble pesticide may evaporate as water vapor.

The vapor of pesticide farm spreads everywhere in the spreading places that make men and

livestock in danger directly. In the windy condition, human health and livestock in the downwind

area will be impaired.

* 2. Pollution of pesticide to the waterbody

There are two ways that pesticide farm gets into waterbody, one is to get into waterbody directly,

another is to get into waterbody by precipitation. When pesticide gets into open waterbody(live

* water)such as river, irrigation canal after diluting, spreading and bio-decompose, the concentration

of pesticide will go down quickly. No serious problems will take place when the amount of farm

chemical is not very large and the toxicity is very low. When insecticide gets into close

waterbody(dead water)such as lake, hill pond, after evaporating, spreading and biocompose, the

concentration will also go down. Because the diluting process is very low and some will get into

* marine living things and underground mud, so it can make human and livestock in danger

indirectly.

3. Pollution of pesticide to the soil

When excessive pesticide is spread into soil, especially insecticide containing high toxicity and

deserving a long time, it will pollute the soil to some degrees. But the concentration of biology

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will poison the plants. In item areas there are mainly barren hills and we do not find out the trace

of farm chemical in the control of soil.

4. The effect of pesticide to the mankind

During the process of spreading pesticide, human can be poisoned easily by breath and skin

touching. It is calculated that death events of pesticide farm acute poisoning take place several

* hundred. When men drink the water which contains pesticide, they can also be poisoned easily but

the death events are very few.

After the pesticide is accumulated by marine living things and plants, it can pass through the food

chain into the human body, it is accumulated again in the human body and causes human chronic

poison(see Figure 4-1).

respiration(direct) acutepoisoning

atmosphere -__ _ _

drinkingwater(direct)

Pesticidewatraquatic living human

w ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~beings(indirect)

crops( indirect)

accumulated

Figure 4-1 Impact route of insecticide to mankind

4.1.5.2 Prevention of Pesticide Pollution

Spraying pesticide rise to the poisoning and death of person or animal, cause the poison

accumulative in the body. The prevention measure has follow:

1. Pay attention to labor protection , rigidly according to the operator rules to make up a

prescription and spray the medicine , to be cautious to use the pesticide with high toxicity such as

carbofuran, tamaron, etc.

* 2.The dosage should be just the right amount, select and cultivate the .spices with disease

resistance and spread them. Be cautious to the security period of medicine application, especially

for the fruit kinds, the medicine application should be forbidden in the harvest period ( especially

for the high-persistent pesticides such as tamaron, chlordimeform etc.).

3. Monitor the quality of drinking and mountain embankment water and the rural by-product in

* regular time. Ensure that the contain of the pesticide under the standard. Apply more organic

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fertilizer, less chemical one, that will reduce the occurrence of pest and disease, and reduce the

amount of using pesticide.

4. Select the phyto-pesticide without toxic develop biological prevention and treatment. Select

new type of pesticides which are low-toxic, low-persistent but high efficacious.

5. Utilization of pesticide must perform strictly" the national standard of pesticide utilizingsafely " ( GB 134285-89 ). Applying pesticide should carry on just as well in the windless, rainless

climate. After using, the appliance of pesticide can not be washed in the natural water, preventing

from the water resource being polluted. The wastewater after washing can not be splashed around.

Please choose the safety place and properly dealing with the appliance which has loaded pesticide

can not be used to contain rural products and other food absolutely. Enhance the education and

publicity about using pesticides secretly among the peasants, popularize some technology, so that

* the pesticide would be used secretly, properly, economically and efficiently.

4.1.6 Analysis of Using Plastic Film to Environment

Since China first introduce the technology of plastic cover cultivation, it has been widely used on

cotton, maize, rice, sweet potato, watermelon, potato plants and horticulture and becomes the most

important technical methods of developing high-yield ,high-quality, high-effect agriculture. But

there are also some problems needing to be solved.

* 4.1.6.1 Beneficial Impacts

First, we can increase the temperature, after covering the plants, in the place of 0-20cm, there have

the effect of increasing temperature which makes plants premature. Second we can keep the water,

so we can increase the water utilized rate to above 80%, to the plastic film maize, keeping water

* has the same effect as increasing 300mm precipitation in the period of growth. Another

advantageous effect of plastic film is to keep the fertilizers and decompose the organic materials

in the soil and to increase the contains of quick-effecting fertilizer. At the same time, it can also

improve the physicochemical character of soil and decrease the hardened and impervious of soil

and unit weight of soil and it can inhibit the weeds in the fields. In the project areas, the yield of

maize in the open air is 200-300 kg per mu and it increases to 400-500 kg after covering the

plastic film.

4.1.6.2 Disadvantageous Impact

After covering the plastic film for a long time, the remain left may affect the growth of plants root

system and will cause the low-yield. At the same time the plastic films affect rain water to seep

into ground, it also easily form the stream and will cause the lose of soil and water .AIl these do

not benefit the improvement of physicochemical character of soil. After being investigated by the

bureau of Government, some kinds of livestock eat plastic film wrongly and death number is

increasing except that the plant yield will decrease. If we do not'take some steps to solve this

problem, not only the grain yield will decrease but it also cause the "white disaster " nationally. To

reduce or control the pollution problem of plastic materials, it is necessary and imminent to use

* double-decompose environment-protection plastic to take the place of nowadays plastics.

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4.1.6.3 Mitigation Strategy

First, the plastic films can be retrieved by using the old ones in lace of new ones, but we can't burn

them in the retrieved place. Second we can use decomposing plastic films and they can decompose

in a very short time.

0The photo decompose experiments of Hubby province agriculture technology spreading institute

show: if covering the plastic films from the end period of March to the early period of April and

we see the result in the first ten days of July, first some leaks which appear the same size as green

bean, irregularly small holes and its size is 2-3cm, very few decompose into pieces. The main

* character: first leaks often appear when touching and having a very clear sound, the ordinary

plastic films is not easily broken into pieces. Second relatively fast decomposing takes place in

some edge of plastic film when they are in heavy sunlight and the plants grow badly. When plastic

films appear pieces and stick to the surface soil, they can become granary forms if pinching them.

* According to some research by Sichuan institution, when the amount of plastic films in the soil go

up to 1/1000, the films less than 6cmx6cm have no effect on the plant yield and the contain weight

of soil and elements. Table4-13 to 4-15 are analysis results of "small soil granule" of test field in

Shihezi Cotton Institute,

*3 Table 4-13 Ana lysis Results of "sm ll soil granule" of test field in Shihezi Cotton Institute (Uni ppm)

Element Small granule No film soil Element Small granule No film soil

A1203 S.713 7.587 Zn 75.99 69.5

Fe2O3 31515 3.103 Ga 16.05 14.37

MgO 3.713 4.362 Nb 21.02 20.32

CaO 15.48 16.67 Sn 3.842 3.606

Na2O 1.528 1.71 Ta 1.371 1.357

,Fi 2932 2613 Y 22.25 20.43

Mn 798.4 741.7 Yb 3.071 2.843

* Ba 421.3 421.5 Be 1.432 <0

Sr 600.6 715.3 Pb 51.71 - 49.59

V 71.86 66.12 La 39.45 35.62

Ni 34.07 31.18 Li 27.99 26.45

* Cu 27.94 28.44 Hydrolytic N 252 166

Co 14.43 13.59 P 1516 1438

Cr 97.56 94.59 K20 1.978 1.672

Mo 0.7491 0.7431 Total N I

Note: "Small soil granule" appeared in the test field of the Cotton Institute. The small granule, after being dried and shifted at 1-2mm

diameter, was proved to have more N, P, K, and Be, Zn, Mn, Ti. and A1203 than control.

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Table 4-14 Analysis results of aggregation of soil and degradable film

No. Location Film type Water soluble Non alcohol soluble Cyclo-hexane soluble

aggregation (%) aggregation (%) aggregation (%)

I Not degradable 23 18 72

2 Xinjiang 112 Group Xin 3 26 19 87

* 3 Xin 4 27 22 87

4 Xin 5 29 26 87

5 Small soil granule 32 9 26

6 Not degradable 26 18 50

7 Grass fibre 26 18 56

8 The Cotton Institute Jia CK 26 13 56

9 in Xinjiang Jia 4100 27 13 60

10 Jia 4099 22 12 64

11 Jia 4101 23 12 57

i 12 Dianguangshuangjie 22 18 55

13 Xin I 23 I I 55

14 Xin 2 27 17 77

15 Xin 3 30 12 56

* 16 Xin 4 25 18 55

Note: (I )Water soluble aggregation is percentage of soil aggregation with the larger, the better,

(2)Cyclohexane soluble aggregation is the portion of soil that can be solved in organic solver, which is inverse proportional to

content of heterocyclic compounds (humic acid and humus) in soil;

(3)Non alcohol-soluble aggregation is high when non-protein portion in soil is low, and vise versa.

Table 4-15 Total nitrogen and phosphorus in soil with deg adable film

No. Location Film type Total N (%) Fast-effective N (ppm) Organic substance (%) Total P (/o)

I _ Small soil granule 0.306 252 8.61 0.417

* 2 Not degradable 0.245 153 2.41 0.034

3 Grass fibre 0.254 155 2.07 0.044

4 Jia CK 0.252 161 2.03 0.038

5 Jia 4100 0.211 143 2.07 0.033

6 The Cotton Jia 4099 0.206 148 2.07 0.036

* 7 Institute in Jia4101 0.218 144 2.41 0.035

8 Xinjiang Dianguangshuangjie 194 1.88 0.035

9 Xin I 195 1.96 0.033

10 Xin 2 0.243 165 1,88 0.035

* 11 Xin 3 0.235 167 1.88 0.034

12 Xin 4 176 1.88 0.036

13 Xin 5 167 1.88 0.035

14 Mei 221-2 152 2.13 0.035

15 Mei 2-2 0.254 135 2.07 0.035

16 No film 0.263 166 2.18 0.036

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4.1.7 Impact Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem.

4.1.7.1 Increasing Production Ability of Grassland

Water is imperative for growth of livestock and grass. Many water conservancy installations will

C be built to solve drinking and irrigation problem in this project, The investment of which is

135,693,477 RMB yuan. The types and yields of grassland will improve after irrigation. The yield

of irrigation grassland is four or five times more than that of non-irrigation grassland and ten times

more than that of sandy grassland. The grass yield each mu increases to 250-300 kg from less

50kg. The yield of reed and fern can reach more than 500 kg/mu. Therefore, more sheep can be

* raised at each hectare grassland.

In order to supply enough food for livestock even if in the winter, Forage grass should be planted

at a large area.

.Planting shelter-forest can be improve the ability of fixing sand and preventing wind of grassland

and prevents desert eroding grassland. Moreover, reasonable using pesticide and chemical

fertilizer be able to reduce plant diseases and insect pests, enhance soil ability and increase the

production of grassland.

4.1.7.2 Improvement of Livestock Construction

At Ningxia Hui Autonomous, this project supports breeding beech sheep which grows well only

in this area. At west Sichuan province it supports breeding fur sheep, mutton sheep and cattle. The

construction of livestock according to grassland ecological type can make natural ecology

advantage to change economical advantage.

Economical benefit can increase about one time with equal quantity of livestock

by increasing the value of forage and improvement soil type of target region. The growth rate of

livestock will be increase as proportion of sheep, rabbit and cattle is reasonable and the proportion

of basic cow is gained suitably in this project. The case that grassland is injured because of baby

livestock eating low grass will be reduced as the structure of livestock is improved. Desertification

and salinization of grassland is prevented effectively..

4.1.7.3 Breeding Livestock Capacity of Grassland

This project aim at extending the area of grassland and planting high-quality grass, meanwhile,

herding is forbidden in the area where ecological system of grassland is weak. With the

extending of planting area of corps, trees and fruit trees, the supplies of forage are increased.

Nutritious value of forage is improved by the use of combined forage. All above can be reducedthe breeding loan of grassland. For example, at Luopo village of Longquan town of Xuanhan

county of Sichuan province when the breeding sheep project is finished, the actual load of

* grassland is 13% of the theoretical livestock load capacity.

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4.1.8 Analysis on Impact of Natural Calamities on Agricultural Production

4.1.8.1 Impact of Natural Calamities

l. Drought. Drought can occur in any time of a year but more in spring and summer, which is

* more dangerous to crop. There is 823mm precipitation in the project area, which seems to show

that it is enough for grain growing. In fact, the distribution of the precipitation is extremely uneven

temporally. The spring, when grains need water critically, is often dry and even worse the drought

continues to summer. This causes dramatic reduction of grain yield and even no product. It is also

difficult for man and stocks to find water. Therefore, drought is a restricting factor for agricultural

* development. Overcoming drought will give the successful start to the project.

2. Flood. Flood results mainly from precipitation with big intensity, large scale and long time.

Affecting factors also include season, location, vegetation, and river etc. Serious flood disaster

occurs every three years average in the project area with, however, no obvious pattern. Its

temporal and spatial distribution variation is largely due to uneven distribution of precipitation. In

summer, flood is formed and rash out farmlands.

3. Frost. Northern or northwestern cold waves come frequently to the project area in winter,

* during which the lowest temperature is far below the point that such fruit as orange can survive.

Early frost can make leaves fall and some branches die, which affect booming time.

4. Windstorm. Serious convection of the atmosphere causes thunderstorm, strong wind, hailstone,

and spout phenomena, which come swift and violent and last a very short time.

5. High temperature. Heat, as one of major factor in crop growth, must accumulate to certain

temperature and intensity before crop harvesting. But over high temperature is not adequate.

When temperature is over 35°C, thermophile crops will be inhibited or even harmful. Three-day

* hot dry wind with relative humidity less than 60% can be very dangerous to crops.

Season rice can be damaged if daily average temperature is higher than 30°C during its blooming.

Blighted grain increases when temperature is over 35°C and plump grain cannot form when over

38°C. Two-day high temperature (235°C) can reduce 5% of rice yield. In addition, high

temperature can also cause damage to flower of orange and even make flowers and fruits fall.

4.1.8.2 Anti-disaster measures

To many nature disasters, there are many methods to solve them(see Table 4-16).

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Table 4-16 Natural Disaster and Methods to Decrease Disaster

Main natural Methods of decreasing disasters

disasters

Flood and build water system, harness river, build reservoir, control the amount of water in rainy

waterlogged disaster and dry season, improve irrigating methods, affect climate

* Drought disaster artificially artificial rainfall, etc.

Wet disaster drainage system should be strengthened, drain and irrigation

Windstonn disaster improve climate prediction system, predict accurately and quickly, take some methods to

keep a lookout and reduce to the minimum lose

Low-temperature around Spring Equinox, Grain Full, Cold Dew, plants and fruit trees should be protected

disaster from low-temperature and arrange the plant scientifically and select some adaptable

plants

Freezing disaster plant protection forests around orchard, spread fertilizer on the leaf surface, mainstream

to earth up soil to keep warm.

* Disease disaster (I )comprehensive prevention and cure: put together the prevention and cure ofagriculture forest, pesticide and living beings ,quarantine plants strictly, call on people to

kill mouse

Insect disaster (2)set up and improve the monitor network of epidemic situation, inform the epidemic

Mouse disaster situation in time

Earthquake sct up and improvc the monitor system

Landslide

Mud-rock flow plant trees and grasses, renovate cultivating system , reduce surface runoff, alleviate soil

Soil erosion erosion, improve ecological environment

0 Desertification

4.2 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment of the Rural Enterprises development

0 This part will be assessed in detail in chapter 5.

4.3 Environmental Impact Assessment of Rural Infrastructure Construction

.4.3.1 Rural road

4.3. 1.1 Environmental Impact Analysis

* In this program, we will build rural road 714km and reconstruct roads 119km. Because the rural

economy is not well-developed, the rate of traffic flow is very low. So the major unfavorableimpact is concentrate on the period of construction. The impact on social economic environment

of running period is positive effect.

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EIS FOR THE CHIINA QINBA MOUNTAINS POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECr CRAES 1996

1. Advantages

(I) Working, living and contacting will become more convenient in the areas near roads. For

example, Students can go to school easily, patients can go to see the doctor without difficulty.

(2)The transportation cost of industrial and agricultural products will decrease along with

development.

(3)That will urge the contact of this region with others. Then trade, transportation and maintaining

* will develop.

2. Potential disadvantages

(I)There will be soil erosion and surface water pollution in the areas near roads. These are cause

by earth work.

* (2)Abandoning earth during construction will raise dust and pollute the air.

(3)Mechanic noises during construction will lower the quality of environmental acoustics.

(4)Occupying some lands near project will change landforms in limited scopes and reduce forests

and grasslands.

4.3.1.2 Alleviating and Preventing Countermeasure

I. Avoid excavating and building roadbed in rainy season

2. The principles of choosing route is to avoid occupying lands and pulling down houses, to give

* people convenience and not to destroy historic relics.

3. Try our best to plant glasses, flowers on both sides of the roads and restore greenery patches.

4.3.2 Drinking and Irrigating Project

4.3.2.1 Environmental Impact Analysis

The living environment and living condition of local people improved after the implementation of

this program. It has profitable impact on agricultural production and health of the people in this

* region. There are more advantages than disadvantages.

1. Advantages

(l)Solve the problems of drinking of about 400 thousand of people, enhance the quality of

drinking water. All these are good for the health of people and livestock.

* (2)Increase the areas of irrigating lands, alleviate the threaten of drought to agriculture, improve

ecological environment of original dry-farming, increase the productivity of lands, urge the

development of production.

(3)Alleviate the burden of more than 93 thousand of families caused by taking water from long

distance in dry season.

(4)Urge the development of animal husbandry and agriculture, solve the drinking problems of

more than 400 thousand of livestock.

(5)Fulfill the complete sets of principal facilities. This can help to improve the living standard.

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2. Potential disadvantages

(I)During the construction, excavation of earth and stone can destroy local surface vegetation.

* Because it can not be restored promptly, it will cause soil erosion, surface water and ground water

pollution.

(2)Utilization of ground water will have impact on the utilization ratio of water resources.

4.3.2.2 Mitigation and Preventing Measures

We should take countermeasures to remove the disadvantageous impact.

1. Avoid to construct in rainy season. That can avoid the disaster caused by washing of rainstorms.

* 2. Promptly fill up the gaps produced during the construction, plant grasses and recover vegetation

without delay, avoid soil erosion.

3. Dredge the river timely to assure that the river keeps well-pass.

4. Intensify monitoring of the environment, guarantee the quality of the source of drinking water

4.3.3 Project of Rural Energy Resources and Electricity Supply

Rural energy resources are the material bases of sustained development of rural economy.

Nowadays, most developing countries are facing the shortage of energy resources. In China, the

* main rural energy resource is the energy of living beings. So the shortage of rural energy resources

can often cause the destroy of green vegetation. Rural energy resources have close contacts with

natural resource environment. With the increasing need of living being energy, ecological

environment is deteriorating every day. These will check the development of rural economy. The

exploit and consumption of rural energy resources have great impact on environmental quality.

* The improper exploitation and utilization of natural resources will cause a series of environmental

problems in country side, such as soil erosion, soil degradation, destroy of vegetation, grassland

degradation and water area silt up. All these are connected with improper exploitation of rural

energy resources.

This program wants to use methane instead of traditional firewood and straws. There will be more

than 1,800 newly built methane tanks.

Most of the environmental impacts of this program are positive effects.

* (l()Reduce the pressures on local ecosystem, increases the rates of plant cover, impel natural

ecology to the virtuous cycle, improve the soil fertility.

(2)Reduce the consumption of household fuel and labor intensity of household chores, then reduce

air pollution.

(3)Guarantee the electricity supply of life and production, change the mode of life and production,

raise the living standard and life quality.

(4)Electricity supply will bring about the development of rural trade and service, then alleviate the

poverty of this region.

* 4.4 Environmental Impact Assessment of Labor mobility and Small Loans

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4.4.1 Major Environmental Impact Analysis of This Program

The impact of this program is mainly on social economical environment.

4.4.1.1. Advantageous Impact

I. Raise family income. It is predicted that 100 yuan of input can produce 500 yuan of output.* 2. Impel the development of local post offices.

3. The increase of family income can cause the development of local trade, education, service andbuilding industry.4. Impact on local social thoughts, introduce new way of life, get rid of traditional superstitions orblind faith, increase the status of women.

* - 4.4.1.2 Potential Disadvantageous Impact

1. The quality of export labor services is comparatively low. They can only do the work of lowincome and obtain employment with low stability. They can easily lose their jobs and have to takeanother occupation. These will cause some problems of exporting money to cover the cost ofretrieve.

2. The labor export services and the environment of physical labor with high labor intensity willcause healthy problems and industrial accidents. The economical condition of the labors will makethem not able to afford the cost of healthy problems and serious industrial accidents.

3. The increase of per capita income and rate of employment will make the region more stable.* But it will have negative effects on exporting regions. For example, women have low adaptability,

and they do not have the conscious to protect themselves. They can be exploited, bullied and theywill lose their job easily in unfamiliar environment. Some of them can be forced or induced tobecome prostitutes. Some men labors can commit crimes under suffering setbacks.

4.4.2 Mitigation and Preventing Countermeasures

I. Organize the export labor services and train them with plan. Then each of them can master oneor two skills in production.

2. Establish information networks of labor services. Make sure that each labor can do well aftertaking an occupation.

3. Enforce the law education, make the labors know how to be self-esteem and self-respect.

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Chapter 5 Assessment on the Environmental Impact of the Rural Enterprises

5.1 Analysis of the Main Environmental Impact of the Rural Enterprises

Table 5-5 Analysis of the main environmental impact of the rural enterprisesNo. Content of No. Main raw Main Analysis of the environmental impact

* items of material productsitems

granite, granite plate, good effect: develop granite resources halfbarite, light calcium add the production of construction material,

carbonate, improve resources value, increase the chances* Mining & 8 manganese barium of peasants to be employed and economic

Processing ore sulfate., income.manganese bad effect: waste residue will occupy land,products destroy local vegetation, increase dust

pollution, noise pollution and soil erosion.

marble good effect: develop the mineral resources of* plate . construction material improve the production

wall-floor and variety, improve resources value,2 construction 8 marble, bricks . increasing the chance of obtain employment,

material Shale shale bricks increase peasants' economic incomebad effect: occupy some land, increase dustpollution and noise pollution and possible soilerosion caused by mining.good effect: improve the value of the farm

Agricultural wheat, flour, products and commodity circulation,product and Potatoes, starch, improve employment, promote the

3 by-products 53 Sweet vermicelli development of the farming industry, increaseprocessing potatoes yam peasants income.

bad effect: occupy some land, produce a littlenearby dust pollution and noise pollution.

good effect: promote the development of the* corn, biographical plantation of corn, wheat rape, Chinese

4 feeding stuff I wheat bran protein. briskly ash tung seeds, improve the utilizationprocessing oil cake Feeding stuff of land and value of farm products'-income.

increasing the chance of obtain employment,bad effect: occupy some land, increase wastewater, waste gas and noise pollution.

green tea, good effect: promote tea development,tea fresh tea fine baihao improve the utilization of land, creating obtain

5 processing 16 tea, baked employment, increase peasants' income.black and bad effect: occupy some land ,increase wastegreen tea, water and noise pollution.

* . Maofeng teagood effect: promote the development of fruit

fresh fruits fresh and can, trees , raise - fruit prices, creating obtain6 processing 12 dry fruits beverage, employment, increase peasants' income.

Chinese bad effect: occupy some land ,increasechestnut wastewater, waste gas and noise pollution.

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Table 5-1 (cont.)

pigs, cows, good effect: increase the commercial value of

sheep, domestic livestock, promote the development ofanimal animal feeding stuff, create obtain employment,

7 products 15 increase peasant's incomeprocessing bad effect: occupy some laud, increase

wastewater, waste gas, waste residue and

* noise pollution

tremella, . anilive- good effect: increase the production of forestGallnut, formaldehyde, products, promote the development forestry,

forest Wood, eucommia create obtain employment, increase peasants'8 products 14 bamboo, ulmoides tea, income

processing eucommia Bamboo, bad effect: occupy some land, increase wasteulmoides, glued board water, waste gas, waste residue and noiseginkgo pollution

good effect: develop local traditional manualbamboo. handicrafts, technology and it's products, increase

* manual Silk and carpet, circulation value, create obtain employment

9 14 floss, tapestry. for handicraft mar women and children,industry la nose increase peasants' income

bad effect: need to deal with some wasteresidue after processing properly

_ good effect: promote the development ofmulberry silkworm culture, improve economiclevel, create obtain employment and increase

I10 heeling I pod sick peasants' incomebad effect: occupy some land, producewastewater, waste gas, waste residue and

* _____ noise pollution

bacteria, good effect: increase the variety and amounturonide, of commodities, promote local economic

other pharmacopedia, development, create more jobs, increaseI products 13 degradable peasants' income.

* processing plastic, bad effect: occupy some land, increase wastecarburetter,. water, waste gas, waste residue and noiseInostol, pollutionmedicine food

good effect: promote the of agriculturalproducts and industrial products and

market for commodity economy, good to the12 agricultural 21 development of agricultural production and

trade increase peasants' economybad effect: occupy some land, increase wasteand noise pollution, have some effect on local

* _____ _____ _______ sanitation and epidemic prevention.

.

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5.1.1 Farm and Animal Products Processing

The main impact on environment caused by these enterprises is waste water and organic solid

waste. The main pollutants in waste water are ss, BOD and COD. The exceed waste water

emission will possibly decrease the content of solution oxygen in the water, which will affect the

lives of aquatic animals and hydrophytes.

5.1.2 Mineral Mining and Processing

There are five aspects of impact on environment caused by mineral mining and processing. First,

* direct destroy of the ecology of the mining area and the environmental disasters including landslip,

landfall and mud-rock flow caused indirectly by the change of the original form of obsolete

mining area. Secondly, waste water pollution of ore dressing will be a problem. The suspended

matter in the waste water is generally higher than others. Some even develop toxic and harmful

contaminant. For example the systematic development of Ziyang manganese ore, manganese and

* chromium pollution the harm done to the aquatic environment by the sulfate and sulfide in the

waste in the productive process of killed barium sulfate and the hidden threat of the solidity of

caudal field dam to the downstream. Thirdly , improper pile of obsolete which will silt water

course. Fourth, dust pollution in the process of mineral power fabrication. dust pollution produced

by the boilers used by enterprises. Finally, explosion and pulverization noise.

5.1.3 Wild Resources Processing

Wild resources can be run out of because of over-utilization in order to make profit from them.

- 5.2 Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment on Rural Enterprises

Rural enterprises within the project region are mostly farm and forest products processing ones.

Besides, there are some ore processing, construction material and small chemical industrial

* enterprises. These processing enterprises are in a small scale and distributed in a relatively large

area. In the preparatory stage of each sub-project, auditing the environmental impact made by

classified items, identifying those items which have hidden impact on the environment and taking

corresponding reformation measures in general will help to evaluate the feasibility of the project

in the respective of environmental impact. The evaluation results can be seen in Table 5-2.

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Table 5-2 Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impact by Rural Enterprises

Contents of items Type of pollution Preliminary statements

waste water after flushing mainly small amount of TSS and

BOD. Able to be used in agriculture

fruit processing and without special handling

* fresh-keeping shells, peels and residues etc.(solid able to be used at feeding stuff or full.

waste) Easy to be disposed. There should be

enough area for piling dress in the

project program.

tea processing waste gas produced in the fire- usually slight impact. choose the site

* baking and burning in the process of a factory far away from residence

of drying area and not in the up wind direction

yam processing waste water after flushing, pollution mainly Tss in the waste water usually

caused by the piling of yam peels not necessary to handle it particularly .

* and rotten usually used as feeding stuff of pigs

necessary in-time measures.

Waster water produced in the job mainly BOD general suspended matter

sequences and colicnogenic strain

necessary biographical processing and

* meat processing emission when reaching required

standards

impact of strange smell on the choosing the site a factory as far away

surrounding people and district from sensitive area as possible e.g.

residence area tourist area and other

area for fun.

Xianggu mushroom small amount of solid waste (e.g. unnecessary particular handling able to

residual stems of Xianggu be used as feeding stuff

mushroom

* waste water emission mainly BOD general suspended solid

etc. necessary simple processing and

emission when reaching required

other food processing standards.

* (bean products yams choose the site a factory far away from

wild plants drink and water source or waterbody with

edible oil) complete dilution capability

the emission of bean and oil residue choose the proper way of utilizing

and others waste in the project programme e.g.

* ______________________________ used as feeding stuff

0

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Table 5-2 (cont.)

overusing wild plants pay attention to culturing wild resources

resources

Chinese medicine small amount of waste water able to be processed is a small part of the

material processing and solid waste total

overuse of local biographical small amount, unnecessary processing

* ____________ resources (and mainly cultured by hand)

waste water emission after mainly suspended mater, necessary

cleaning precipitation and emission after reaching

standards

soap material waste extraction solvent able to be recycled

solid waste piling usually able to be used as fuel fiber board

or pulpwood

embroidery and weaving no bad effect of foot

incunabulum baking fuel burning waste little effect, unnecessary handling

* reeling waste water emission of mainly BOD, necessary handling

incunabulum boiling

raw paint and tung oil burning waste emission little effect, unnecessary handling

processing dross piling able to be used as feeding stuff

strange taste effect choose the site faraway from residence

area

starch processing dross piling able to be used as fuel or pulpwood

waste water emission mainly BOD, necessary handling

bamboo products hidden threat of inflammable necessary fire fighting equipment for a

3 processing waste piling factory

bateria used culture medium piling can be buried intensively

feeding stuff dust produced in the process use well-sealed grinding machine

of grinding and sieving

* air pollutant emission mainly dust ,acid fog, ammonia, sulfide

and nitrogen oxide

solid waste emission mainly dust and gypsum

fertilizer(phosphate waste water emission emission with waste water able to be made

fertilizer) by phosphate fertilizer factories but the* hidden threat of overflowing in

evaporating ponds caused by heavy rain

are necessary to be considered

put up specific measures for dust removal

and solid waste emission in the feasibility

Istudies of the project

0

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Table 5-2 (cont.)chlorine preparation leakage in The danger of leakage exists because the

* production silkworm medicine factory mainly separate andmedicine for compound a system of chlorine preparationsilkworm(mainly disinfectingseparate chlorine water and soil pollution by no serious direct damagepreparation loading chlorine preparation beside in thefor silkworm tools environment

* disinfecting) elements accumulation effects in theenvironmentresearch on the feasibility of replacement byhydrogen peroxide

cement products air-borne dust by cement loading use canned transporting truck of well-sealedprocessing and unloading performancebarite mining and disturbance of soil, vegetation and prospecting and assessing local cultural

* processing local drainage condition by mining historical resources, animals and plants, soil,water quality and important to geographicalcharacter before construction

air borne dust pollution by completely closed production, no great effect(iron ore powder transportation grinding and on the outside environment by transportation

scouring* manganese ore noises made by mining refrain from explosion at night

powder transporting transmitting grindingtalcum powder and scouringlime ore and stone waste water after washing built settling basinmaterials soil and surface water pollution by built caudal tailings dam of well performance

the wind and water erosion of to make it sure that it can bear the impulse ofcaudal tailings, the destroy of wind and water erosion try to be away fromhabitat and scenery habitat and important nature inheritancedross necessary specific environment protection

design for the relatively larger scope althoughthere are no large-scale ore project in theregion and pure and reliable measures for themain environmental impact exist

_ dross produced with the productive method inthe process is not poisonous which can be usedfor filling ditch and paving

waste gases direct emission of hydrogen sulfide caudal gaswaste water out of 45 meter high stack; emission of gas

with dust produced by combustion furnacewhen the dust is removed with the Cyclone

barium sulfate plus wet method and emitted compliance.Water washing and acid pickling waste waterwith sodium sulfide get together and arepumped into the reactor. After catalyticreaction, sulfur is reused and the water isutilized circulated. The water handling with the

* method meet the national emission standards.damage in the process of it is necessary to put up more developedtransporting storing and using engineering control administrative control.sulfur acid sodium sulfide and stuff protection professional health and safetyhydrogen trainingtraffic jam caused by excessive the purpose of the construction of the project is

* development and bad management to change the situation of market built alongof the market roads which means roads are markets and of

Markets for traffic jam caused by the factagriculture the impact on the environmental the problem of market management has beenproducts and trade by garbage piling in the market considered completely in the project

programmethe organic garbage of the markets is buried

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5.3 Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impact by Rural Enterprises.

Sanitary production is a new worldwide trend of pollution control in recent years. It is different

fmm' prevlmo, leratimal co-itro'l im tht stw-y pT'icnkm can, vamiize ThA mirnmumj pottfioun in

design period in the process of production. Therefore all the rural enterprises included in the

project must introduce sanitary production into the program. Besides, the following measures must

be taken in the project construction.

5.3.1 Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Products Processing

* Environmental impact assessment on the project construction must be made by the processing

enterprises of fruits, meat processing, weet-silk, vermicelli and starch whose waste water emission

contains a large amount of suspended matter and BOD. Waste water handling equipment must be

built, which will make it sure that it is capability can make waste water reach emission standards

before it is emitted. For other processing projects like yam, soap material processing, waste water

settling basin must be built. The waste water can only be emitted when it settles and reaches

standards. For solid waste it can be used as feeding stuff for developing animal husbandry or

designed synthetically together with animal husbandry project.

5.3.2 Mining and Minerals Processing

Environment impact assessment on it must be made or environmental impact table must be filled

out for all those mineral mining and processing project which may cause great pollution. The

assessment must include the synthetically argumentation of choosing a site for the project,

* whether or not the production program satisfy clean production, the ecological damage of mining

spot, whether or not wastes handling project is feasible, noise pollution problem, tailings site

choosing and the construction scheme and specific feasible measures for environment pollution

prevention. For general mineral mining and processing enterprises, we can brace the angle of

gradient of obsolescent mining field, precipitate waste water, use those field for stone-crater

terrace land or plant trees and grass in obsolete mining field.

5.3.3 Wild Living Things Resources Processing

Cleaning water produced in the resources processing project must be precipitated and emitted

when compliance standards. Production scale must be strictly controlled to prevent the wild

resources from damaging excessively. And at the same time, cultivation and protection plan for

wild resources must be made.

5.4 The Analysis of Typical Cases of Environment Impact Assessment on Rural

Enterprises

Although there are many items of rural enterprises, we can find that their technological processesare similar based on the preliminary analysis and assessment. So the way of being produced and

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productive coefficient should be almost the same. Thus, we choose the relatively representative 16

rural enterprises of each item to make detailed environment impact assessment on (details in the

reports of environmental impact rural enterprises).

5.4.1 Case studies of Environment Impact Assessment in Shaanxi Province's Rural

Enterprises

The detail information of Shaanxi case studies can be found in the EIA sub-report of Shaanxi

province(Appendix I ). Two case studies of projects of mining and processing will be show here

as the representatives.

* Case Study 1

Zhenan Refined Barite Sulfate Factory

* 1 Brief Introduction

1.1 Product Scale

Main products of the plant are (1) 300t of ultra-fine barium sulfate; (2) 700t of normal barium

sulfate; (3) 4,800t by-product of sodium sulfide

1.2 Location

The supposed plant will be located at mouth of Wuyu valley, 8km of northeast direction to the

county town. There is a school in the southwest direction. Which will be removed to another

place. Total land occupation of the plant is 3ha.=

1.3 Investment And Profit

The total investment is 26,710,000 yuan RMB. The annual profit will be 7,150,000 yuan RMB

during the operation period.

.1.4 Shift And Workers

The planed employees are 524 persons. Of which there are 360 technicians. The working shift

will be three and every shift is 8 hours.

.1.5 Technological Flow

Method of black ash mirabilite will be applied because there are plentiful of barite and

mirabilite resources in the county.

* 1.5.1 Reaction Principle

Main chemical equations are:

BaSO4+2C=BaS+2C02 t

BaS+Na2SO4= BaSO4 X +Na2S

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1.5.2 Technological Flow

* The detail technological flow is showed in attached fig. 1-1

(1) Barite ore and coal are first pulverized to particles and mixed in a fixed proportion. Then the

mixture is roasted in a roasting furnace to barium sulfide;

(2) Dissolving mirabilite with hot water and regulating pH value with sodium carbonate in order

to remove iron, manganese, chromium and other impurities;

(3) Filtrating the leached liquid of barium sulfide and reacting with maribilite, filtrating the new

produced compound and washing with water, beating, washing with acid, filtrating. Some of

the filtered substances are dried in drying chamber to industrial barite sulfate and others are

dried by spray drying process to ultra-refine barite sulfate.

* (4) Concentrating the liquid from the water washing process by evaporating to 60% and slicing

to by-product sodium sulfidc.

1.6 Equipment

* The main equipment are:

pulverizer, roasting furnace, synthetic cauldron, reverse drying chamber, pump, spray drying

chamber.

1.7 Materials

Consumption of the raw materials and fuels are showed in table 1-1.

Table 1-1 consumption of the raw materials and fuels t/y

materials amount remark

* barite 16000 100%

maribilite 8000

soda 30

phosphoric acid 10 98%

* coal as a material 4000

coal as a fuel 10681

oil used for boiler heating 400

oil used for roasting 1300

oil used for drying 1000

coal used for drying 560

water 10000

electricity 32Okwh

.

60

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1.8 Pollutant And Its Control Measures

* 1.8.1 Discharged Pollutants

Discharged pollutants are showed in table 1-2.

1.8.2 Control Measures

* (1) Dust from spray drying chamber will be cleared up by cyclone plus pulsed jet cloth filter.

Table 2-2 discharged pollutants

pollutants feature amount source

waste slag 36.8t/d

slag from penetrating Fe2O3, A1203, 3% BaS, 5.64t/d lixiviation

0.5-1% SiO2

slag from dissolving maribilite 3% Na2S04, 5.336 dissolving

30% H20 t/d maribilite

* boiler slag 30g/ m3 of dust 20t/d boiler

coal slag from roasting 30g/ m3 of dust 4.8t/d roasting

furnace furnace

smoke dust 12g/ m3 of dust 2000m 3/h pulverizing

* air with dust 30g/ m3 of dust 300 m 3 /h drying

boiler smoke dust 30g] m 3 of dust 30000 m 3 /h boiler

smoke from reverse drying 6000 m 3 /h drying

chamber

smoke from spray dry 8000 m 3 /h drying

chamber

equipment noise 9OdB(A) pulverizer

(2) Dust from reverse drying chamber will be cleared up by cyclone dust collector.

* (3) Dust from roasting furnace will be cleared up by cyclone plus wet dust collector.

(4) Wastewater from the technological flow will be reused and domestic sewage will be treated by

digestion tank.

(5) The solid wastes will be used for road building.

1.9 Environmental Problems

1.9.1 Air Pollution

There are four heating equipment in the plant. Which will emit great amount of smoke dust.

Which will possibly contaminate the local environment because height of the chimney is only

40m and diffusion condition is not good.

1.9.2 Solid Waste

The solid wastes are designed to be used for road building. Which is not concrete. It is

* necessary to make a long-term disposal plan to treat it.

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1.9.3 Wastewater

* Designed utilization of the water is reasonable. But accidentally discharged wastewater has not

been considered.

1.9.4 Utilization of Heat Energy

There are four heating equipment in the plant. But heat energy from the emission has not been

reused.

1.9.5 Flood Block Engineering

There is no any flood block engineering.

* 2 Cleaning Production Design

2.1 Location And Layout

2.1.1 Location

Location of the plant in middle reach of Wuyu valley is better than location in outlet of the valley

because there are less residents living there. However, there a elevated plant base and a flood

preservation embankment to keeping the plant from being destroyed by the biggest flood in a

century are necessary

2.1.2 Layout

* The production area and living area should be distributed in the direction of north-west

direction because the valley runs the direction of east-west direction. In that way, the product

quality and the living environment will be little affected.

_ 2.2 Disposal of the slag

The stone in Zhenan county is more than earth and most building materials are bricks. But

earth used for brick ma.king is not enough. The particle of slag from the plant is very small.

Which can be used for brick making. Therefor, we recommend that four brick making machines

are bought and all the slag is used for brick making. In the case 10,000 bricks can be produced

by the plant daily and the annual profit is 300,000 yuan RMB. Certainly the slag is no more a

pollution source.

2.3 Chimney

* The chimney should be heighten to 55m. Which will expand the diffusion area and mitigate

emission concentration.

2.4 Resources use

2.4.1 Dust Removal

The are lots of dusts from raw material pulverizing and processed material grinding. Which

should be removed by shower or water screen and the raw and processed materials can be

recovered by wastewater settling. Simultaneously, the water after settling can be recycled. From

this process the raw materials and processed materials which are worth about 300,000 yuan

* RMB will be recovered.

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2.4.2 Wastewater

* Wastewater from boiler cycling will be used for the dust removal and bricks making. The

domestic sewage will be treated by digestion tank and discharged.

2.4.3 Reuse of Heat Energy

(1) Double-efficiency evaporator will replace boiling cauldrons in sodium recovery process. By

which one third of energy will be saved.

(2) 36m reverse stove will be applied and high temperature smoke (500 oC) will be recovered by

installing recovery boiler at chimney. By which 10% of the fuel consumption can be saved.

2.4.4 Change of Fuel Structure

Designed heavy oil as a fuel in the roasting and drying process can mitigate emission of sulfur

dioxides and dust. However. installation of a dry coal gas generating station will solve all fuel

* problems of the plant and mitigate air pollution.

2.5 Design of The Technological Flow

(1) Taking the place of phosphoric acid with sulfuric acid in the acid washing process, by which

the acid consumption will be reduced to lkg/l from the original 10kg/l. Simultaneously,

emission amount of hydrogen sulfide will be reduced greatly.

(2) A extra wastewater pool should be built in order to store wastewater discharged accidentally.

Case Study 2

Expanded Ankang Barite Mining Project

* 1 Brief Introduction to The Project

1.1 Barite Resources

1.1. 1 Reserves of Barite

Total reserves of barite in Ankang city is 4450,000t.

* 1.1.2 Deposit Conditions

The barite ore is distributed in 9 oreBODy. Of which the second oreBODy takes 77.72% of the

total reserves and it will be mined by the supposed project. The oreBODy is 1370m long and

5.5m thick with grade of 76.13% barium sulfate.

1.1.3 Quality of The Ore

Composition of the ore is simple and can be easily mined. Its chemical composition is showed in

table 1-1.

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Table 1-1 composition of the barite ore

composition IBaSO4 BaCO3 | CaO SiO2

content (%) 76.56 5.6 4.2 10.2

1.2 Present Stope

The present stope is located in Yejiagou village, 28km far from Ankang city and 32km far from

i Ankang railway station. Transportation of the ore mainly depends on the macadam road from

Zhangtan to Qingtao. The location is showed in attached map.

The present mine was primarily mined by the local farmers. In 1992, the Zhangtan district

government took it over from the farmer. And the mining scale was simultaneously expanded

to 20,000 ton per year.

1.3 Introduction to The Supposed Mine

1.3.1 Content of The Construction

Based on original engineering condition, the supposed Project is to buy some mining equipment

* to expand production scale and increase proficiency. The concrete content is described as

following.

(1) The mining capacity will be increased to 50,000 ton per year;

(2) Average grade of barite will be increased to 76.56% barium sulfate and some of the artificial

dressed will be over 85% barium sulfate;

(3) Based on the mining capacity above, service-life of the mine will be 21.5 year;

(4) 143 staff and workers will be on the payroll and year working days are 280 days;

(5) Investment is showed in table 1-2.

3 Table 1-2 Investment of the project yuan RMB

total investment 2464400 capital source

capital construction 2005400 loaned by the WB 987560

others 28000 local government 1476840

* flow capital 431000

1.3.2 Mining Plan

The mine will be mined in different stage. OreBODy numbered 2 and 5 will be openly mined in

the first stage.

1.3.3 Mining method And Stripping

* (1) Mining method

Supposed mining methods are: tunnel ------- well conveyer-------ditch conveyer. Mining flow of

opencast pit is: road building - stripping - blasting - dressing artificially - short distance

transporting - loading - weighting.

.

64


(2) Stripping

Stripping faces will be parallel with distribution of the ore BODy. a one-side ditches are firstly

* dug and then the stripping face goes from upper level to lower level.

After blasting of the faces, the ore will be loaded by loaders and conveyed out.

Stripping-to-ore rate of the mine will be 1:20 and the waste stone mixed to the ore is to be

controlled under 6%.

1.3.4 Consumption of Materials

Consumption of the major materials are showed in table 1-3.

Table 1-3 Consumption of the major materials

0 material Consu mption per ton yearly consumption total

unite mining stripping mining stripping

dynamite kg 0.12196 0.2099 6098 27285 33383

No.8 electric tube 0.00464 0.008077 232 1050 1282

* detonator

fire detonator tube 0.06192 0.01385 3096 1800 4896

wire m 0.0022 0.00354 110 460 570

fuse m 0.06192 0.01385 3096 1800 4896

1.3.5 Fundamental Facilities

(1) water supplying and drainage

daily water consumption of the project is 44.2 ton. There is a reservoir 600m far from the mine.

The water quality is good and can be used for the production and living. Precipitation and other

wastewater in the mine will be conducted to Wanghegou river by pipe

(2) Electricity

Electricity at the mine is available.

(3) Transportation

There is a macadam road goes outsides. The road conditions at the present are poor. But the

local government has planed to better it.

.1.3.6 Layout

The mine covers 2.44ha of land. The supposed project will use the present production and

living facilities as possible as it can. There is no any new building to be planed.

* 1.4 PoUutants And Treatment Equipment

1.4.1 Air Pollution

H2S, CO and exposure smoke from the blasting and boring blasthole are major air pollutants.

Concentration of the mixed air is 0.5mg/m 3 . Which can be self-purificated by the nature. There

is no need to be treated.

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1.4.2 Wastewater

* Wastewater is mainly from the wet operating, cooling water and living purpose. Total amount of

the wastewater is 28.7 ton per day. Which contains less suspended substances and no toxic

substances. It will be discharged outsides. Consumption of the cooling water is 12 ton per day.

Which will be recycled.

1.4.3 Solid Waste

Solid waste consisting of waste ore and tripped covers will be 135,000 ton annually. Which will

be piled at waste bank and covered with soil for planting when reach to designed height.

* 1.4.4 Noise

Noise is mainly from air compressor, rock drill and electric fan. Which noise level is usually at

95-120dB(A), especially the air compressor. Noise from which is 85 dB(A). Therefor, the air

compressor will be isolated to mitigate the noise. The workers who operate the drill will wear a

v protection ear phone.

2 Cleaning Production Audit

2.1 Mining Methods

Mining is a key link to influence eco-environment. The influence depends mostly on mining

0 methods. There are four alternatives for choosing in the plant. It is showed in table 2- 1.

Table 2-1 comparison of the four alternatives

No. 1 2 3 4

* method admit-inclined inclined groove- slope winding road opening up

shaft-inclined narrow rail transporting

groove transporting

engineering shaft and drift building narrow building surface building road

rail winding road

technological short transporting; engineering and more equipment technological

flow and less equipment, technological flow and complex flow is simple;

investment workers and is complex technological investment on

investment; simple ; long flow; huge capital

0 technological flow transporting; earthwork; more construction in

affected by investment and the maximum of

weather; more limited output the four

investment

* influence on destroy of the destroy of the great destroy of destroy of the

environment surface and plant is surface and plant the surface and surface and

less is greater plant plant is great

.

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The table above suggests that the first alternative has many advantages over the others,

especially the influence on environment. Therefor, the first alternative is recommended here.

Influences of which on the environment are mainly plant destroy and soil erosion. Landslide,

collapse and mud-rock flow are possibly caused by storms accidentally.

* 2.2 Disposal of Solid Wastes

The solid wastes of the plant are waste ore and stripped ores. The amount of which are showed

in table 2-2.

From the table 2-2 we learn that opening conditions of the nine is at a higher level.

For disposal of the waste ores, there is a valley named Chenjiagou in west side of the stope.

Where the waste ores can be collectively piled. Which will be covered with soil and planted

When the piled waste ores reach to a designed height. However, There are still some influence of

the waste ores on environment because 50,000 ton of the waste ore is a huge amount and the

* service-life is about 20 years.

Table 2-2 amount of the stripped ores

unit total mineral ore tripping ratio of stripping to ore

* annual m3 64810 12887 51923 2.7

output ton 185000 50000 135000

daily m3 231 46 185 2.7

output ton 661 179 482

output of m3 116 23 93 2.7

a shift ton 330 89 241

output in m3 1296031 244565 1028878

service-life ton 3628888 953804 2675084

Major influences of the mine are:

(1) Destroying plants and changing the original landscapes;

(2) Occupying land and changing the original landschaft;

* (3) Intensifying soil erosion;

(4) Increasing potential chance of collapses, landslide and mud-rock flow.

3 Design of Cleaning Production

3.1 Restoration of The Eco-environment

Principles of the cleaning production design is that the mining scale should be rational; plant

destroy and soil erosion should be minimum and both environment and economy develop in a

favorable way. Based on the principles, design of cleaning production during the service-life is

listed in table 3-1.

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Table 3-1 design of cleaning production yuan RMB/y

No. engineering item function investment

* 1 collective piling of waste collective piling can avoid unnecessary land 10000

ore occupation and plant destroy

2 trailing dam protecting river from jamming and mud-rock 10000

flow

* 3 drainage ditch protecting the trailing dam from being flooded 15000

4 maintaining Wanghegou detaining flood 5000

reservoir

5 environmental education protecting environment 3000

3.2 Restoration of The Eco-environment after Service

Principle of cleaning production design beyond the service-life is to restore eco-environment like

the original as possible as it can.

* The cleaning production design is showed in table 3-2.

3.3 Investment

From the table 3-1 and 3-2 we learn that the investment is yearly 150,000 yuan RMB during

the mining period.

Table 3-2 cleaning production design beyond the service life

No. engineering item key point of the design investment(yuan RMB)

1 covering of tailing site using the stripped material 80,000

as deeper covering and soil

as top covering

2 afforestration at stope the old stopes should be 25,000

reinforced and covered with

* plants

3 preservation of trees making a plan to protect the 2000

plant

5.4.2 Case Studies of Environment Impact Assessment in Sichuan Province Rural

Enterprises

The detail information of Sichuan case studies can be found in the EIA sub-report of Sichuan

* province(Appendix 2). The main conclusions are summered in Table 5-3.

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* ~* * * * * * 0 0

Table 5- 3 (1) Environmental Impact Assessment of Typical Rural Enterprises in Sichuan

Mrin raw Main Mlin Tlchnologpil Poiteve Inpact on Negaive Mirtion Measurts Monitoring C

Nlo PiWt Subproject Scale , ttal nducts Process Environment Inron Negtve Inprwt Fl- - Conchrion emarksr

I Carge Fral-tes ToWl CoL: 3 rnllion yanue, yngs. cleaning end teriimaion-- 190 penoa get job, 1, VWe vte discharge: I.Wale water procemssi EnpiDnodrnn& The ctviwuonferapl d ' mse" 1

Pra y un b"ta goooeberry. firutrae pulverzation-colloidalimon- (rnchlding 135 feaale) Y 6 V tdy into Yonghs River sedinentaion batiL fih4rouig jun TSP, SO5 cen be reduced and eoided deepoesl u O

Ftcoy Occepied lad soinee disinrection-fvoring--- incTesse income by 3.600 (or 26t per ton product); and oxidizig poot W pH, SS, COD, by treatment meartvre No and pOdabr

2,500m0

homogmrLnizaion cnung--Norurg ynua every ftmny per yer, 2.W gm from cod bumniW 2 Using he duet remover. BODt color, zmadversble evinmental machine m=

OmraOuetput: 100t develop thde yanga 5,90 mrour (Smoke duo (tfciency more thtg%) (30m Noi impat a long a ecuing design. t

Worker nd Staff reroucca in remote 2,237.3 mg/n) chixnneyi 2±&LV=iWoWgYIj9 daie paiirble ormre consntuctic

Memar:tv 330 mountains ma. increne 31Wetatsidue: 3Fruit peel rsidue used - for 11 monilo -4 tria evey synchronisma nd aid op ic Xdie iwpom of the poo, fili pel dreidue: 0671/dey nd feriien, coralasl yea fm ah beginnng of reinfocmg the enviconnientat eynderorems >'

promoe thd local ecooniio coal lbG 4.7 Vday conotrcion mterial the construction( carried out monnetw aupervisio and 0

development 4-Equipment noise:80-90d0(a) 4.Sonnd inulting to tre#ment: by the lal mtromnEial rmncit The proie2 J Z

_5 pop_m -cienner driomC morig don ) feaible.

2 Jibro Total Cot: Frsh Sweet Vetnnicelt Technological Process 125 poor labor can geijobs; J to Wt 172.5 m'/dey 1AWo2 Y5tr: diponod by two 1 mi9ionJM2tkin]i Relathvly mmall impatd on

ledceli 3 4 million yuan potto: Flat-trip rletnng-e on-flrrion.-- increse the income of (SS.COD.BODI .T-N). level biochemrisy peocasaing COD. DOD, SS environment after pohut OFactory. Iiing AnnuW Output: 5.891t product vrmniceWi precphbtion-fetnin&- poor fammly, tlize r discharged into dhe Jhnboo 2.Wame GeK: dust cellctsuni: 2Eimenl&e,tlL being alvited by man-made

Ditnict veariteli 100t AjuCOl decototimion-ahaping-bsling- pet quantity of meol River. moalto 2-4 timas very meau nd ap to control

Occupied Land: constesming pacdig potAo effedvely, reduc 2, W/t Oan ftm COl bureinr yew. ratied out by the local tten. nO nadvereable

3,350m' aneest 8.1354 the corption and wua; 2,M Nm'/dxy (TSPI SO) envwirml moruloatig envoamnesal impct The

W Dueks nad Stff peoto the eliozstion of discharged by 20m chinutuei, teton protet is fatbte a long

Memben :216 la1I lend end economicd 3 Cozld SInwad con5tr1# on aen is ropid W 0development eb,um l TO4 t

_________ _ 4 Noise aid m ndm

3 The Reo6oring TotalCot 4.138 Ftreshsweet yefow The new twllogy of.tiling non. 140 frmtrlabot,et job It Wuta Om rm cn obrrie 1. ast The new boiltr Mono Relatively unpt Suggesion:

Englnering of million yurn poto wine mple food. ret poto indlead of and hne "eeone; SOns 8V341/. NOx 80ttsa. equiped with duet rernover pH. COD, SS, BOD,. environmTent after poeus Increase the

Yllong Yellow New dded O.t rice to benw yellow wine Open a now way for the TSP 2 IV/ (effliency no tes tatm 90.) rtmperturn and dovw bing ulleviLoed by mitigoting height of t

Wine Pbat 2,0er atwet powoo utai2rtion tatWt W 50,000t/ e anaerobic and mount of tha wmu wsota meases ed ur to control chimuny fon

Occupied lbd.8.471ma lacress the vaue of the (SS COD,BOD) aerobic tretment until soafy monitored by factory' staff titan. no unsiveosble 2Wm to 30na:

New sdded Wlokora woel potto 5-7 tbncs Bo)k 5h 90/a control tre end gulaly give report to t environmernt impa t . The Decreee dt _

aid atMembers:150 Oeptv wilbe icrtseed C of dictpe)s 3.Wsnto Residue cod slug a countya Environmnal projet in faexible long a boiler's

but polution wil not be SrOft1,07 1

tA consnctaion m ieri4 di4aler's Protection Bureae SO,,TSP attertion ia paid to power troo -1

increed OVert cokes a fodder. NOx monitoring 2-4 times environmetal monttorng 4V/h to 2'/ 04. Low noise nuarlino every year by locl and manueodment. its enoughfor

Monitornng Stotiort pr5ocessinR "

4 Cargi Shale ItalCoac Shde570.000mhi Shale co. 265 labormet jobs I Dust caused bybreaking and IUrsing thoh Pc ag dujsMipakodt CarryingotWIrqudaity Rrldivoly uetliimpwrton

Brick Plant 4 milion yarm CoaLA480tra brick I (inchlding 32 female), ehottering remover (effecience: 99% ) monitoring end polution envirvonmet aid bebu,

Aniul output Procen: Shal]>Smssh-Shteted- incresan the income of the 2- iea gsm by 2 Woe gee Otbf beki brick e tource2-3 tima each yewr toiedbymitung20 million ahble bnick vW poor fmily, develop the bskmg(SOnTSP) dust colledor (effecience: 90.). dmring the conetrction rnd muoa.rntil reach coUrol

OcTupied bnd2S500m rich hte resource; provide 3. Equipmint nWoise then discharged by 35m high opertion, wih nii iti criteri no unadversble

utnhkon mnd 1aff RA>Mixed.>Permested Sodil contrucitort matia tdo - Mintng destroy boal Chimney, of wmnoke 5d du SOt tti0titOnOdntpIti The

mcnber: 265 Sliced to Raw Embry-tDry- Bate- local peopl; intrersse tdr vegetbon cover 3.Adping quolified equiopanert projec is feasiblo a long

>Production income of local tfamer. mnIatimi noiae unti reacr steto is paid to

promote the local economic control crit.ers; vrnsa montoingdevebpment 4.Take reotring meteure to Mad rmges

Wngetabort cover

5 Wa*vht M"t TUiot CoeL 6.666 PIg,, tom 13 Fro- Brhaerig.-Ca ti..& >FreeFing 450 labor from poor I,.j. h 64r tinl t.Ueingteclmique ofgroup I Monitoring the Abient ir Relatively ..aI impc on

Ptoca Msi mmneioSn yuat: projedc-ahipe, meet . Sarion Epidemec Preventing, hfrlies rat gde jobs end (DOD, ,COD.14-NI! 32, Ind coenbinl ft wae wale aid ersfe wrg 2-4 toes environmem end beng

( TbhTlchlcal Annual butchin& WbscngCounry, Clessfed DidirtfOctinf e. mamast the income: color bacillus) lrteetont; th ye during llevited by mitigaing

Refrmastinsg .000 pis Coal 6.7t/a mea Solve the Dling prolem of 2 Wt O ZUsinag doubte aystone dust coniltton os d m s,until reach control mNn 8Shdag of Ammst outp pigp in the poor ma SO: 4.43k/h. remover to tmet rho wale gm opestier.(by local criteria no alrable th

PigButching itonnmet 3,0004 Promote the development Smok DDtJ 6.414mg/i' 3.Noia: irudtion meaerooe monitoring stalrron mvironmnit impact;T The _and Cl_A d (blsclditg clmified of Evestock taiais; Eouim N 4.Promotl comprehenrive 2-Fatooy eotblish monitorin project i feasible a long a la

Med) me t t ,) Promote the loc ttsz itidt and FODIiml otilirtion techniques. lener depslneent to monitor the nedion a paid to

Occupied lnd: 2.2ha economic developmett Productdon, pi, color. COD. BOD,. SS enViromrotal moortoting

(no now added land) of watewre aid mnigemnL

New woekon und____ stsft 4S0 _ _ __

________ __

Table 5-3 (2) E ti- sAlic Ae m Iof ir rRusEnlr i Sichuan

Mdin sw Mxin Main Tro icazcsl Positavt iminpt on Negtive Mingtion Meas Monitonng

No. Pit S.obpoid .Ie M rial prodi Proces in i Negtive imPact Pin Conclion Remark

Toisng Tow Cos: Chinee gall: 3.4.5. Il20Dho% iqinud PTrVno ik n 132 ftner labon can gdt LVAV M5en A product l.vmte waler testinel: Einsion Monitoin Thue hbmfl poDutant of

Fmratry 5 milion yamm 2.356Ll poduc fohyl mghttey job. nd improV the (dirmahy relphads,hydemines.S (a).Retrieve 3.4.5- (I)Wa) Our. Smoke dust, wase wer mast be

Canicals Annual output Dimethyeiulphst: oxy Chinese l O >SuamahirWllydrolysi - imcome etc. ) einathoybuzoic aid with SOa, Methasel. TSP. etc. roverd. ASea this. the O

Factory TMBA 100t 5.71f product |nzyld rVspouston Concesitramo-> Th. pect construction 24moMg cowsed by 6th bailnr adding acid irno eatrifded 2-4 tineseach yew inteegred inuence must

(ma Project of Now added workors Hydrazine. Meihyl ehyde Dsq4n0->Powdet Tanic Acid cwt promote planting (TSP,so) wede vwar, (2)V.t

e Water pIt DO, S tr5 bd by two KWge

3.4,5. e nd aff moeitr,: b_ sCmiestic (TM3BAl -oTSic Acid Solution.> Chinese l ine. Incre 3 orx ic mdtu burned (b) Retrive eulphic cid trom COD. BOD, lydraie biochemical oxdation tPr

rimenhylosy 132 gods, XFDF(CN) Molecar Mty niewion-> 3,4,5-Trimethoxy the diverety of fonre col residue ecyi ard hydrainein on wage Dumathyl uslphae plaOCC sing mDii reach C

ideylaldehyde) Hydrochloric ed4 fotcls bhnzoe strctre. Promote locai 4.tis walr. 2-4 ties each yonc rldav province standards.

U1quld amwnia C,siO| 2 hydlWdxi7 vegetation and ocononic (c) Retiive hydrine wih adding Aft npmet n on of theEstertilatim enbstance ruscrit wiuh devtlopment kali inlo hydrahine wate eeboject. all te poludtonr

hydxtie to poduce 3A.5 - wster. etc. problenm, old sd new, cmZ

tritnelioxy-benn,yl hydaia-. (d)FbnWl tseatment of Wat be oao So. tha eubprojecd

3 Irtecullvals mid onidegion water two sg biochmcs is envrnmntaW leeible.

Utirg tli nmhyllbomsse a solvent rtnentmi aystm The emviromet monitneing

mid K Fe(CN), n oxidexer by tremii 2.Boiler mnoke duaLdusrmover mnd management most be

ofc mpouned tdrlis ad with effcecy more dIt 95% wrerghid to pt Dl conuol

oxidation, 3.4.5-trimedhoxy-bearoyi mid dichage by 30m chuney. faclti *ntl effect

hydrc3ne Itfonmed into TUBA 2A1xed wste orgnic residue:()wih coaW a of fr i(bXAa the bumrnd coal resdue 0

aw mteria ofbrickproduction -

32.pulize cleaerproduction

_]i ted~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lcmology.PO , 4, FaiaMorce envii C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4.Rifoc ovvin"t

_ 4 _ J'~ 5metnerivircuan

7~ Jmab,g Didtidt Total Cos Maize pOithed MiMi Maize dation,gm h addston 220 faru labor cgn get e'unco bY m loo Chmenp the Prm ce ofwmi- Monitori Fe negetve rmpoct From 1 d t ai-

Carbutonit 2I2 lhon yun kiuu rice, srength pasatioa. catbonition end muion: jobnmaesse the income; Impact by waste mtacial of finished goods of cstinSg Wte vte, e ounenlei view the oxidizer in 0

Fwtoty Annual Output: hio ffwe potto, castirg (I) Maim. seed of tng ri, polished Dcvelop anewwy ofceh life adhesiven the i orm of COD.BODu SS.colornoise mobprojed is fembiiable. casting

egib Casting artc kiccarusk. edheam;e, gludtousre-diltoicr st"hing, coining fo local ftner, Sindi-inisheedgoods of cating ceno-alize mode, inprove Vgtegas: Snimokedust, SO, processing 1

Adheaive: 5v3UeT sarrm ua yelow dehydrraion--casting adhesive increae the value of oadesive w,s procesd at products quality and decrease 3Used an ysn O

yellow dextrin): d of tnree doxuio (2) ewedt poto arch- scidation- agricunl end side-line fenimer household. its not wade gas size in tnriePr

I,000*Liquid Mcel fona dahyole, lquid pasaion:yeilow detrin. resorces good for qnAiy omdu Swresgth-r masiageenet, inadoty

Compound Cover peorlite metal (3)pVE1sabonized ric ad iunae emu s irouce Cleaur 'rOducion

ASmea015es pseed r%uXunrw.fhuorcet ionsa- poDthkor activites

Occupied isnd..53 ha cover errrinig burden.rritiou.Wreko MA gaff age pckai- lquid iea rover

jiembuw 220 _ _ _

a Xna mTeOe Cot2 husk of tic, husk (1) raw mateeials -bnrdenresolve a 350 poor fner iabors can I.W,v reidue 8-44lAproduct I Compreheraively ulIitin the Mouirng rth las impac on

Far4lFwctory 62 29ammon yan of coton Fse llurhraL condenaion -neutraization. pt jobs md increse the or4.llD-7,000ltdgy (I S0,) waste residue: 1) se s TSP.SO0 ravinent end ber

Annr Outpe corn cob (CeKO1) factrsobon--product-packsge income; I2Celd*1t40td a) Deide residue usedsD -ie 2)VAta waer PK coDo, alleviated by COD,aeogby

Fudrflt 5D3i Opn a new wy foe crop 3%asts add water. b). Dried reiddue used a acive FOD,. 254 tithes each yw, nmsasuresnl rnacsh control

histhatlot re-id"c. inCrese ooom of Sm

lA product carbons (11 is raied ORt by 4 no uuadversab

Occupied lo3000ml lc I Is t farmen. 4.Wase ga from boiler c)PIdwft comhprtve Envlrontremens Modorg eni tl lpe The

Wokoemsamd Staff cz re'ce promiote the agnckrictsr SOs: 32 kgh fertilizel' Sualen) p*tis femible as long as(

Member 350 v crlcopmneri Smoke dust 4D kgi ZCoal alg ued a coustuceon Eaudon is paid to

o ei~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~at.erials riomntlmntrn3.Producing sodium ceA d eot. fi

(2) eoilrliorr. (odi,ing waste Ad d

MAhnol wnter afte Mieuttalired by lasodLiummt cacbouxte)

4.use dtut rmaovqr__________________ iReduce noise with slencer -_________I__

0


5.4.3 Case Studies of Environment Impact Assessment in Ningxia Province RuralEnterprises

The detail information of Ningxia case studies can be found in the EIA sub-report of Ningxia

province(Appendix 3 ). The main conclusions are summered in Table 5-4.

* Table 5-4(1) Investigationi and Evaluation of Influence ofRural Enterprises on Environment

Nnrn d. ..ie EenY Orf Xi4i [IIKe S."r P,rFe.i'r r turt.i- d tir h.weiret xiii rr .iy wIe

Subproect' s significanoc To solvc ttc Waes and proonrsing probiem of p"tto, th1c doxinatnit crop loeal farmers

grow and create ornditiorts for the implementation of the subpro)ct as soon as perible.

Pt p ' mrire of ttie finanorx 2. Expected objcrtives, a). Tbc construriion of the sutiprojoct would bring a vcry notabic bcnofit to the poor

subproject farmers in thic projozt arca. b). 32,500 torna of potato rould be purchased each year and 15. 275 miltion yuan

would he disbursed for potato purdiasing. c). Pcr capita net inermnc would generate an increase in 234ynian in

* the project arca and the subprojter would provide job for 180 poor farmers in the projec area.

1. Lzcation of the subprojct: 2km away fron the Cat patrt of Xiji county and thrce is no seniliee protecting

larget.

2. Watcr body of reccptive sewage and ihs function: Dry setndy river, watcr budy of recptive scwatge in the city

andi flord rarrying* C. Subproyoa hckground

3. Die ncirrst distaiec to lic ricighbuttring rcsidenec. 1500 intecrs

4. Arc therc mny dvcitoprtcait acrtivitics around (lic area end whicdl typcs of tic aclivilicc arc thcsc Extcnsion of

Xiji Sheep Ftir Fl.irrncicic Factory

e 1. Mlajor prodorltion prfxcidrcr. raw ottcrial --- waling -- grounding -- sparaling -- ceixreitratio

--tblearzhiig- dc lhydratbirg -- drying -sicvmilg - -firiishw prdict.s

2. Raw imtacriI errisu,,ipdtiiit pooaio: 325,00 totts/year, coal:2031 tos /year, waicrr 270,000 crt. In. /year.

0D. Srri.rojoct corintert: 3. Metlcrl and decilterge captcily:a). Thc s-idke fro., tte boiler will be purified watl drying before teting rcieisnd

aiid irc sitorkc aniount is 201/7 X 1t05

o tn. /y,rtr b) wRste wrater frotim wasilng wvill IC riL-.ii after

dreposilioIg irettircuin itrir. drclturgc tnoiuat is 900,000 cl. in. c). Protein waste watter wdl be reail recycilkgiy

with air 1hostaiet1 aNrt utIMctrtrglr -itrirnt is i[tX.0i0 cli. ii. /year -

0 1. Poasibility of aot rig dte;i ti1, tlrucl,tn toeitorit It, ,: gir-lcir i frOi.t walste tIC r wa rIf %It r[ er IC - trsi ,I ir

flotkrn,to anid astse ivotcr woill t rotidu- rocycliiely valter dlrlxiili,ig irr.ititi tn.t

5. Pilitity it irNilirrol star ritird to be rieletl f- l.rli.riati ditdiargo -w aste wair tie]d wi.t.tr g6L Otni l

diMeoerged after tbing purifis,.

* Wh1irhti deteirirettts ion f-eir-.d trit rio1titcine,tt fir htie -rviromrr-t-iiMl prXrtirt i D ei rtitili rgc of Itle

citvrontirmiitrrl alrrietlt til trno,art aoniity PMO.

i. i.t~CtiiiOOitriiii 2. Are ilictre mi)- ri.risrrrfi INrmviu,rtirlatlnl ltrxirr iti ithe Irrofat o ot'rsl ti c tt,rr tintel 'ntrI' t Nou-in c tat,tr wSill

t-i,c -rh 0 i fli .,.i frier -r'r.ristrg -illt toi-ttt wit riO , jn.-ttitr ri.d --roke fi..r.. Irit:rI

remit Ir- r..u.n q, .1 ur tiimg -rrt itt,l it ii ruens>i.

0

71

0

.


0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Table 5 - 4(2) Investigation and Assessinent of Influence ofRural Enterprises on Environient

A. V.. r do .b,-k t.., ¢.1 it Ft.. P-4t. i.-,r . Xii .. ....... rIp b XiII er

I.SubprojoCt 3significanceTo develop pillar indurtry using k=tl flax strnw, to Iransform rusotutc superiority

inlo cesodedity orc, to chtange the poverty-stricken situatik,, improvc livirng standard and create a condition

for farmers to be bcttcr-off.

2. Expected objectivcTlte production capacity is 600 tons of flax fibre per year , nely incremental producion

iI Purxec of thc financod value is 2750, 000 yuan and profit is 622, 900 yuan. Thn auibpoject will probnote thc development.of local

subproect tconomy using local resOutem. It will betneit 13,500 poor fanners antd per capita nct income from sales of raw

material will be 62.47 yuan. After the implementation of the subproject, 125 workers will get job aid 750

farmers wiU get rid of povcrty and it will make the complement superiority of agriculture industry and trade

0 . play a full role, and further promote the development of agtriculture and raise tIc integratc benefit of the

project.

1. Location of the subproject: in the factory, there is no important protcting target required by tih $tate.

2. Water body of receptive sewage and its functlin, Dongchni ditch which is seatonable ron-off ditch

_ ~~~~~~~C. Subprojcct backgeuund3. Tlc nearest distanec to the neigJttmbring rcsidence, 1000 meters.

4. Arc thicre any dcvelopment activities around thic arca and siltct typrs arc dIsie 7 Tra"formation of dte farmland

and culivation of plastic-niuldi ortn.

1. Majr production procodur-a ftax straw -airing -di,ping -noceisltng - finised tong fibre

-- grading -'flax rctling - scutclting -dressing -' Ist tcorse flax

-flax rcsidutc-'dcflaxing--*nourislting---2nd coarsc flax

2. Raw matterial rounumption t 3000 tons of flax straw

0 ~~~~~~~D. Content of the3. -may of potlutant diseltrge and disharge a.mount: It is discearged after bing purified 12. 96 tons of SO2/year,

subproy5Et 556 tons of NOx/yer, smoke and dust, 0. 808 tons/year, waste residue from boiler: 132.-2 tons/year,

wastc flax residue1 24i0tons/year

4. Poisibility of adOpting clean production technique, production capacity of waste watw ,14700 aL m. yearly and

wists iand treatment

5. Possibilty of raquirod statndard to bo rcadsicd for polUution discharcge, Aftcr bring trcated, wastc water and wastc

gas cats be discharced aording to the rqtuired standard.

1. Which departments put forward the roquirermnt for the cnvironmental protoction? Depsrtments in charge of

environmental protection in the project county and its PMO

* E. Subero. -S y-r,eni, 2. Are there any mcaures for cnvironmcntal protection to bh taken in thc conLtruction pcrid of the sUbproject?

After bcing purified with land trcatnrnt system, waste watcr can be rcused comprchcnsivcly. Smokec and dust

are be purified with drying.

0

72

.


Tablc 5-4 (3) Investigation and Assessment of Influence ofRural Enterprises on Environment

A. N.- of a,c ,hpteolk IE.loe-, of XI) Shp FW.o Flo r-ig rxo-y 1i.0o Of I Sioet.-t to Xlii y Io.

1. Subpropct' s significanec:To sodve processing and sales problem of shcep luides tlich are the dorniant prxtuct

of local farmer househoids in livestock raising, to provide condition for the implementation of the projct.

*B Purpeawe of the firianen

subprojot 2. ExpoDctd objoctivcs: Small akmount of invcatmcnt in the subproject will bc neoded and the subproject wiU

produce dcsired result rapidly and havc a 3hort construction periteL Additional valuc of the products is vcry higi

and social benefit is vcry notabte. Technological ltevel high and risk - resistanec cpribl:ity i soruog nd

economic benfcit b grood.

* 1. Location of the subproDet. 3 kr. away from eawt of Xiji county town therc is no sensitive protocting target

2. Water body of rotcpOive sewage and its function r dry sand lake, waterbody of remptive sewage in the city and

flood carryingC Subprojct background

3. The nearcst distanec to the neighbouring residene. 1500 miters

4. Arc there any devclopment activities around the area and which types are thiesc ? Extension of Xiji Finc Stardi

Processing Factory

1. Majr production procedures. Treatment of fresh sheep hides -*re-immersion -degrensing -rcmoving

mat -tanning - pzrning & pruning - dyeing -taUiloring &. making

e -flnisfhed product

2. Raw nateriat consumption: 12)0,000 raw hides/ year, auxiliary materials; 152. 3 tOn/year , WateCr 50,000

D. CDntenl of th cut. m / year, electricity, 305,000kw/h, coal ,5003 tons/year

3ubproject 3. Way of pollutant disharge and didcargc amount: It is disghargrod after b_ing purified wvith drying, amount of

* srmoke is 51180X IOt cu. m. /year, ctrocne wastc water witl bc disdwgrgod after being trcatod with ncutralization

and second time doposit and amount of waste water in the production is 18, OOOctL m. /year

4. Poksibility of adopting clean productiDn tethnique, To ralse the rpepating atiation rate of water.

5. Puobieslity of roquired standard to bo retahctd for pollutant disdiargc: Aftcr being treated, chrome waste water

and waste ga from bollcr can bc discharged aocording to the roquired 3tandard.

1. YWlid department put forward the retquiremexnt for thc cnvironmental protection? Dctrtmnent in ctargc of

environmental protction in the projot county and its PMO

E Sbp,eoe o..e, nli

2. Arc therc any mcasures for environmental protection to be taken in the construction period of the subproject?

Smoke and dust from boiler should be purified and ctronnn wastcwatcr should be trcated with nmutrallzation.

73

.


.

Table 5- 4(4) Investigation and Assessmient of Influence ofRural Enterprises on Environment

A. N.e. 0N 1 H.,--- c.q. Nl-.e1.. I.d C I S .( - S.1 n . i-.r, -PI, r-

1. Sutbproject' s significancec,To solvc tih cimploymiient prot4ctm of woxmen in the project arca and this suibprojet is

suitable for the womnen with Low WnCuGtion level and will provide opporunity and dhamnel for womecn to gTasp

procrssing tcchniquc.

*h Purporc of tic financed

subpropect 2. Expeted obectivs, SmAll atnount of invcstment in the subprotyt vill be rnexid and the subprojoct will

produce desired resLIut rapidly and havc a stort construction perkid. Ackdtiional valuw of the products is very high

and swoial benefit La very nuthbIC, and risk-rcsistance capability is strong and eoonornrc beriefit iu got.

1. Lexation of Ihe subprojet, 3 SkiL away frorn southwest of Haiyuan oounty town there is no sensitive prsotctirg

target

2. Water brdY of rTpctlvc sewagC and its function. No sewage to be discharged.

C Subproject background

3. The nearest distance to the neghbouring rcsidence, 1000 moters.

4. Are there any dcvcloprment activitics around the arca and which typcs are ticse ? Transformation of low and

irddle-ykilding farmnland.

1. Mpisor prodttinim proldurcs, knitting wool -yan arrangement - wecaing -- Ierling -- care

3 washing -pattern cutting - trimnming -finishod procduct

2. Raw material onsurnmtion: knitting wool;108 tons/ year, ootton thread:34 tons/year

D. Content of the

subproject* S3 vay of pollutant dishrge and disdwagc amount, Dust in workshop is r-leasd in disorder

4. PousibWllty of adopainrg clan production tochnique,

5. Pousibility of required stantlad to be reached for pollutant dischage, Fored draft ventilation is carTed out

properly in workshop and working ctndition should he Improved.

1. Which departments put forward the requirement for the environmental proteetion? Dpartmncats in charge of

environmental protectihr in the project county and its PMO

r sci,751m0 r.,l 2. Ar there any ncasurus for environmental protection to be taken in the eonstruction peiod of the 3ubprojoet?

Forc,d draft ventilation and infprovemnnt of working oandition should be carried out in favor of womcn

workers.

74

.

EIS FOR THE CHINA QINBA MOULNTAINS POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECT CRAES 1996

5.5 Prevention Measures of Pollution of Rural Enterprises

The main factors causing pollution by the rural enterprises are the discharge of waste gas, water

and solid, and noise etc. The waste treatments of each enterprise should be comprehensively

considered based on the amount and the way of emission and the surroundings of its site, and

* select the best efficient plan. About this part there has been detailed recount in the chart of the

environmental impact analysis of rural enterprises, here is a summary.

5.5.1 Countermeasures of Water Pollution Control

* 1. Adopt pollution free production, do best to save the water resource improve the utilization

efficiency of the industrial recycling water, reduce the discharge of wastewater to the lowest

degree.

2. Adopt advanced treatment technology, control the discharge amount of the wastewater strictly,

perform the standards to abate the environmental pollution caused by industrial wastewater.

5.5.2 Countermeasures of Air Pollution Control

* 1. Do best to select the type of coal which contains less sulfur in order to abate the emission of

sulfur dioxides.

2. Control strictly the gas pollutants emission, using all kinds of desulfurization and dust removing

facilities, abate the sulfur dioxide and the dust emission amount of industrial boiler.J

5.5.3 Countermeasures of Solid Wastes Pollution Control

The solid wastes in the project mainly come from the coal cinder of the boiler. The cinder can be

* used as crude building materials such as making brick, also can be used for surfacing a road,

filling the puddle and so on, to reduce the cinders pilling in open air. Moreover, in the processing

of making rural by-products, the waste should be comprehensively utilized.

5.5.4 Counterrneasures of Noise Control.

Noises mainly come from all kinds of mechanical equipment, reduce the harmful effects of noises

on human health by building separated workplaces, the sound-proof wall insulation. Using the

sound absorption facilities, afforest the factory area etc.

.

.

75

.


5.6 Develop the Total Quantity Control of Pollutants Discharge from Rural Enterprises

To implement the total quantity control of pollutant is needed for assuring the achievement of "the

ninth five years" objective in environmental protection. It is the inevitable tendency in ensuring

and improving environmental quality.

.The China Qinba Mountains Poverty Reduction Project has total 171 rural enterprises, they are

distributed in 26 national focal point county assisting poverty. Because no environmental pollution

had been regarded as key standard of project selection in the distinguishing stage of the project, it

has been concerned about adopting the production process pollution-free or providing the

treatment measures necessary the discharge amount of rural enterprises. In addition to that the

rural enterprises are scattered, single project's environmental effect to water and air in the area

where they site is light is all very small.

* According to the particular conditions of rural enterprises, the following measures would be sure

to be adopted in the total amount control of pollutant discharge.

1. Require every rural enterprises implementing strictly the discharge standards of the nation or

the region and the regulation about "three works in the same time" of capital construction, every

* kind of pollutant must emit under the standard.

2. Require the new project construction on the old factories base treating the old pollution source,

assure that the total amount of discharge do not increase after the new construction.

3. Be carefully select the factories site distributed rationally, control the discharge of the factory

under the total quantity control plans of every county, not causing local pollution.

4. Develop the pollution-free production, adopt the advanced production process and treatment

* technology worldwide, reduce the discharge to the lowest extent.

5. Adjust the total quantity of emission in the region, do not surpass the regional total quantity

controlling objective.

In Shaanxi province, there are 181 enterprises called "five small" being forced to close according

to the State Council's document number 31 (1996). The "three wastes" discharge amounts of those

enterprises in the follow Table 5-5, that of the new enterprise in the Table 5-6. From the tables, we

can see that the amount discharged by new enterprises is far below that of the closed enterprises .

0

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Table 5-5 The "three wastes" discharge amount of 181 closed "fifteen small" enterprises

County Name the closed small the discharge the discharge the discharge

enterprises amount of waste amount of waste amount of waste

gas (104m3) water (104t) solid (t)

Ankang (City) 27 4100 32 11000

* Hanying 8 250 7.1 40

Ziyan 31 6400 26 65

Ningshan 190 2.9 30

Zhenba 14 480 2.6 20

Ning qiang 11 160 8.9 35

lue Xian 36 77000 96 16000

Xixiang 19 2500 17 200

Zhenan 16 3100 14 160

Zhuoshui 12 2300 18 90

* Total 181 133380 224.5 27640

Table 5-6 New rural business year's discharge amount in the project region

County Name Discharge amount Discharge amount Discharge amount

of waste gas of waste water of waste solid (t)(104MI) ( I 04t)

Ankang (City) 6692 2.30 500

Hanying 41 1.76 0

Ziyan 2700 0.97 0

0 |Ningshan 680 0.36 0

Zhenba 136 0.41 0

Ningqiang 570 0.65 0

luexian 287 0.69 310

* Xixiang 1100 0.25 260

Zhenan 1300 0.17 0 I

Zhuoshui 390 2.13 0

Total 10896 9.69 970

In general, the regional emission amount has decreased. It is helpful for the improvement of

regional environmental quality.

0

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* Chapter 6 Cost and Benefit Analysis of Environmental Economy

6.1 Project Investment

6.1.1 Composition of the Investment

.The total investment of the project is 29,888 million yuan, including essential cost 2,298,469,095

yuan, unpredictable cost and fluctuating price cost summed up to 689,530,904 yuan. 50% of

investment comes from World Bank and the other from domestic corresponding unit. The

domestic corresponding investment was classified by provincial, urban and county levels.

6.1.2 Annual Investment

The construction period of the project is 6 years, arranged like this: Ist year: 460,581,969 yuan

* (15.41% of the total); 2nd year: 616,544,696 yuan(20.63% of the total); 3rd year: 594,699,934

yuan (19.90% of the total); 4th year: 570,404,304 yuan (19.09% of the total); 5th year:

450,373,172 yuan (15.07% of the total); and 6th year: 295,395,925 yuan (9.88% of the total).

6.2 The Benefit of the Project

All the fixed capital investment will be 2,755,077,442 yuan with the calculating period of which is

20 years, including 6 years construction period and 14 years of production period. The

depreciation based on the manufacturing period is 243,5197,173 yuan. The remnant of the fixed

capital at the twentieth year will be 319,880,269 yuan.

6.2.1 The InpLut-output Analysis of the Project

The sales of the products will increase with the extension of the manufacturing year limit during

* the calculating period. Within 20 years the sales will amount to 50,177,554,621 yuan and the

operating cost is 29,925,955,048 yuan. Annual average output value will be 3,119,761,000 yuan.

The newly increased profit will be 1,061,955,000 yuan. The tax will be 203,990,000 yuan.

6.2.2 Assessment on Financial Affairs

According to the plausible research, the income ratio of the financial affairs of the project area is

24.90%. The income ratio the financial affairs of the productive project is 29.60%. Both are

higher then the social average income ratio (which is 12%). Within the 20 years calculating period,

* the accumulative net profit of the 8th year is positive. The net profit of 20 years is 3,999,141,906.

And the accumulative net cement value the 10th year is positive. The total net accumulative value

of the project is 2,270,261,933 yuan.

All data based on certain analysis is higher than the social basic discount rate which is 12%,

* meaning the great capability of preventing from risk. It can be seen on Table 6-1.

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Table 6-1 Financial Analysis Table

Range of change Income ratio within financial Net value

affairs (%) (yuan)

Income decrease 10% 18.2 1,063,246,508

Cost increase 10% 20.5 1,486,185,495

* Basic situation 24.9 2,270,261,933

6.2.3 Assessment on National Economy

According to the shadow price and port prices of some commodities of (( The methods of

economic assessment parameters of construction projects )) issued by State Commission of

Planing and the prices of the main input and output of the projects are adjusted and their

economic prices are calculated. The economic flow table is made. The income ratio of all the

economic parts is 40.00%. The accumulative net cement value of the 7th year is positive during

* the 20 years period of the project. The accumulative net value of 20 years is 490,865,178 yuan.

The accumulative net income is positive and that of the 20 years is 2,519,160,094 yuan. The net

income of and beyond the project is 37,493,884 yuan. 'Ihe retrieving period of the static

investment of the project is 5.88 years. And that of the dynamic investment of the project is 6.489

years.

6.2.4 Analysis of the newly increased productivity of the project

1. 171 processing factories are built or rebuilt when the project is carried out. Among these, there

* are 8 mining and processing factories, 8 building material processing ones, 53 processing ones for

agriculture produces and their by-products, I forage processing one, 16 tea processing ones, 12

processing ones for fresh fruits, 15 for livestock products, 9 manual enterprises, 14 for woods

products, I reeling mill, 13 for others. Besides, 21 markets for agricultural trade are built. Theprocessing and manufacturing capability within the project region will be greatly increased.

.

2. 6,375 ha. dry farm land are supported to be reformed and so are 8,309 ha. paddy fields,

23,741hectare stone-banked terrace fields. 9,476 ha. sloping fields are transformed into terrace

fields.

3. During the period of carrying out the project for forest fruits and cultivating, 12,010 ha area for

cultivating economic plants is increased. 1,882 ha. low productive tee plantation is reformed.

mulberry field will be 4,915 ha. Other forest fruits fields will be 28,655 ha. .

* 4. In the construction of animal husbandry, 312,464 pigs and 62,147 cows, 342,357 sheep, 4,086

broods of hares, 344,548 domestic animal supported to be raised by the project . Livestock

products of many kinds will be greatly increased.

5. 774 km village roads will be built and 119 km of old road will be reformed, which increasesroad-towns from 411 to 450. When the project is finished, these are roads across all towns with

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road villages increasing from 1,805 to 2,228, which can improve the transportation condition of

villages within the project region.

6. 12,061 drinking water projects for men and livestock will be built, including 6,290 man-made

wells and 965 water-storing pods, 1,237 drinking water cellar. 20,483 water conservancy projects

of small kinds are built, including 8 irrigation projects, I reservoir, 21,566 tiny irrigation cellars,

* 2,000 tiny irrigation wells, 15 machine wells. All of those basically solve the drinking problems of

52,360 people and 396,000 livestock within the project region.

7. The productivity of small power plants is increased by 2,175 kilovolts. 669 km of 10 kilovolts

transmission and transferring lines are built or reformed and so are 75 km of those of 35 kilovolts

* One transforming substation and 1,828 marsh gas pools are built.

By carrying out the project, the resource advantage is made fully use of within the project region.

And so is the labor force. The infrastructure and basic productive conditions will be much better.

The productivity and economic benefit is greatly improved, which makes the production and

living standards apparently rise.

When the project is put into production, both the nation and the people within the region can have

more income. Tax can be increased and within 20 years it can totally amount to 2,993,791,790

- yuan. In the 6th year when the project is being carried out, according to the fixed prices of 1990.

income per person in the region is increased from less than 320 yuan in 1995 to more than 500

yuan, with food per person increased from 266.6 kg in 1995 to 397 kg and the area of basic farm

land per person from 0.2 ha. in 1995 to 0.3 ha.

0 6.2.5 Assessment of Social Benefit

Carrying out the project betters the productive conditions with cultivated land, forest land, grass

land, mulberry field and tea plantation greatly increased, the commodity economy quickly

* developed, the steps of the peasants from poverty to rich quickened, which produces good benefit

of helping poor people and obvious social benefit.

1. At the end of the 6th year, the net income per person per year within the region will be

increased to 509 if calculated on the fixed prices in 1990, which is increased by 210.6 yuan. Food

* production per person is increased to 397 kg, almost 50% higher than before. Meat production per

person will be increased from 33 kg in 1995 to 42.1 kg. in 2001. The production of other

agricultural products will be increased to different extents. Carrying out the project will make the

income increase greatly and people have enough food. which is good for the social security and

unity.

2. It will make a base for the social economic continued development to carry out the employment

project. Developing the productive project will guide the people into the construction actively and

lessen the social pressure caused by the reduction of land because of population growth and low

* agricultural comparative benefit. The exploitation of land and farmers, town-village enterprises,

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markets for agricultural trade and the exportation of labor create jobs for surplus labor of the

project region. For example in Shaanxi Province, 49,300 jobs can be increased in agriculture. The

second and third estates will have 33,300 jobs for people. The development of the project and the

exportation of labor in the region can basically solve the employment problem of 118,000 surplus

labors within the region in the province. And it can also make people better informed and

knowledged. The good settlement of the rural surplus labor is good for social security.

3. The infrastructure project supports the construction of farm land irrigation facilitates, drinking

water project for men and livestock, power project and village roads etc. The irrigation facilitates

mainly refers to reservoirs of small kinds, ponds, irrigation ditches and pumping stations etc.

which do good to changing from dry farm land to paddy fields and to increasing the insurance rate

* of irrigating the original cultivated land to improve the food production. The drinking problem of

men and livestock can be solved by building diversion channels, setting up diversion pipelines,

reservoirs and pumping stations, Erecting transmission lines, and building water power station etc.

can serve the production and lives in the region, and improve the development of the 2nd and 3rd

estates. Building roads across villages and joining them with built roads of county class is

good for the project region to have a relationship with outside and to improve the transportation.

When the project is finished, the road line will be increased from 8,670 km to 9,444 kin, and the

administrative villages where roads are across will amount to 2,228, more than 70% of all in theregion. 404 tycoons can use electricity, increased by 10.98%.

* Water conservancy facilities can solve the irrigation problems of 7,680 ha. farm land and also

mitigate the difficulty of drinking water for people. The growing completion of the infrastructure

can basically satisfy the needs of people's life which a substantial base for further social

development.

4. When the project is carried out, a village system of science and technology, circulation service

is basically formed. It can be realized that each town has its own comprehensive service station,

each village has agriculture technical station and each natural village has its own model. The rural

supplying and selling system and other economic service bodies are formed into a very good

c Network. This corresponding service system is most important for scientific cultivating and

breeding, popularizing advanced and proper technology, technology education and improving

peasants scientific and technological knowledge and the quality of people. And 21 markets for

agricultural trade are built will also do good to improving the commodity ratio of agricultural

products, speeding up the development of rural commodity economy, making the rural market

* brisk and enrich the material life of people in the region, which means it is very important.

6.2.6 Ecological Benefit Assessment

This project is one of the project which goes both over-regional and sectional engineering. It is

based on the model of suiting measures to local conditions, overall planning and diversified

undertakings, When it is carried out, the development of cultivating breading will promote

agricultural products processing business, make full use of the advantages of light and heat

resources, promote better use of land and improve the probability of fighting natural calamities, all

* of which will help to change the ecological economy into a fine circle.

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The project is programmed and designed according to both of principle that in the develop rural

social economy and poverty reduction in the region become rich and that pollution must be

decreased and the environment must be protected to promote to promote the benign circle of

agricultural productive system and ecology to have a good ecological benefit.

* 1. It is reviewed by the Environmental Protection Bureau that the economic technological design

of the project is reasonable.

It can not only promote the economic development in the region, but also pays attention to

promoting the continued coordinate development of the agricultural productive system and

* ecological protection system. The project regions are mainly distributed in poor villages in

faraway mountain area. They are scattered. The construction is disperse and the constructors only

have a fluidity which will not pollute the environment. They pay attention to smooth land, land

and water preservation. They will not destroy original florae. These measures will also help

e protect and control soil erosion.

2. The measures of agriculture and the synthetic development project of cultivated field can

improve local ecological environment. The increase of amount of chemical fertilizer and farm

chemical used in the cultivated land has little negative effect on the environment because of the

* powerful service system which guide farmers to carry out the provisions and operating program.

Measures are taken to change the used agricultural membrane into the new to be sure that the old

is retrieved, or to popularize the use of degradable agricultural membrane as wide as possible to

decrease " white pollution". The reformation of coordinating the water, gas, manure and heat to

create a benign can circle of soil ecological environment and to enrich synthetically the land, The

- project of changing sloping field into terrace fields and of woods, fruits mulberry, tea and

Medicare Herb's plantation can both promote the development of the commodity economy in the

regions and also protect water and soil, reserve the source of water to improve the coverage rate of

forest, adjust the climate, purify the environment, change the situation of soil erosion and promote

the benigin circulation of environment.

3. a great amount of organic manure will be produced for agriculture in the regions with the

development of breeding which will decrease environmental pollution if retrievcd to the cultivated

field. And it can also better the soil and increase the amount of organic matter in it to improve

good circulation of the 12 natural ecological system in the regions.

4. Pay full attention to the estates with no pollution or low pollution when town village enterprises

choose what they will manufacture or process. Choose the kind of estate which is also small and

scattered. For the projects which could possibly produce waste gas, water and dregs etc., the

principle of clean program, construction and production to protect the environment must be

strictly obeyed. Waste water, waste gas pollution and dross must be strictly controlled to

compliance the national standards and to avoid the creation of new pollution source.

* 5. For the construction of infrastructure, it must be prevented from destroying the natural

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protection area when dealing with the land and making pits. Protecting slants and drain ditches

must be taken enough care of and be carried out to construct during the period with less rain.

Construction should be made along with the level line as possible as you can and surface runoff

should be prevented from washing out new earth. All kinds of measures taken make it sure that

the natural environment will not be destroyed and that the coordination of construction and

environment and a benign circulation will be promoted.

06.2.7 Comprehensive Benefit Assessment

The project produces apparent comprehensive benefit when carried. The project region covers

vast area of Sichuan Province, Shaanxi Province and Ningxia Autonomous District. There are 26

x counties, 361 towns and 2,941 administrative villages. It makes the income per person and the

elementary farm land per person of 2,330,000 poor people apparently increase, which is an

obvious benefit of helping poor people. The newly increased amount of agricultural products

including its specialties and processed products will have great effect on the further development

of the social economy. The projects mainly with biographical measures can promote the water and

soil conservancy and improve the ecological environment to make production and environment

develop coordinately, and circulate properly. The synthetically construction will better the living

conditions and productive conditions of 350,000 poor people in the project region and its

surroundings which will make it a great model of helping poor people.

6.3 Environmental Protection Investment of the Project

6.3.1 Investment

Following related items of environmlental protection investmenit of 4( The Provisions of

Environmental Protection Program of Construction Projects )) (87) National Environment No.002

of the People's Republic of China. Associated with the environmental protection measures andplan put up in this report. The environmental protection investment of the project in this respect

* will tentatively be 4%-6% of the total. It is mainly used in the items followed.

(1) (Ground film) Plastic reprocessing;

(2) The afforesting of the area of infrastructure construction (including the infrastructure of

cultivated land, roads and diversion channel etc.);

(3) The environmental administering project of rural enterprise;

* (4) Environment surveillance:

(5) Environment protection training;

(6) The environmental management.

6.3.2 Economic loss and benefit

The effect of the development of natural resources on the environment can be recognized as the

cost of developing resources within permitted range. Therefore, the cost of reducing, avoiding and

tackling the environmental effect, known as environmental protection investment, in a certain kind

v of condition, can be recognized as development lost which will be counted into the project

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investment and be analyzed economically.

* The environmental protection investment of the project is 4%-6% of the total investment, lower

than the standard of 10% of increasing and decreasing investment of financial sensitive analysis of

the project. So the investment will not affect the economic benefit of the whole project.

* 6.3.3 Comprehensive Analysis of the Loss and Benefit of the Investment

Generally, environmental protection investment can produce relatively greater environmental,

economic and social benefit. It can be explained by the example of Jinbao Vermicelli Mill of

Jialing District of Nanchong City, Sichuan Province.

6.3.3.1 Investment

Jinbao Vermicelli Mill produces 1,500 tons of vermicelli per year. The total investment is

3,400,000 yuan. About 162.7t/d waste wvater is emitted after the productive process of cleaning,

separation, fining and decolorization. This emission is made after the waste water reaches required

standards after aerobic and anaerobic biochemical processing. The waste gas of coal-fired boiler is

emitted out of a 20-meter chimney after dust removal made by dust removers. Dross of pieces of

yam after the process of pressing and baking is changed into feeding stuff to be sold. The

* investment in the waste handling equipment is about 170,000 yuan, which will be 5% of the total

amount.

6.3.3.2 Benefit

In utilizitg the three kinds of industrial waste, waste water produced biochemically is emitted after

reaching the standards, which means that the water resources can be utilized with no need to pay

for the emission. A profit of 7,322 yuan can be made from this .Waste gas after the process of dust

removal is emitted out of the 20 m shaft, which decrease the pollution of atmospheric environment.

This can reduce the diseases of local people caused by pollution. Which means the medical costof 2.000 yuan will be saved. 1,470 tons of yam dross is produced every year. The change from the

dross to feeding stuff can decrease environmental pollution and have some economic value.

Calculated at the price of 0.20/kg, the yearly benefit is 294,000 yuan. Totally we can make the

economic beneftt of 303,322 yuan per year from the environmental protection investment. If the

* cost of the maintenance of environmental protection facilities energy and transportation is

excluded out, the net benefit of the environmental protection is 151,661 yuan. Then we can

retrieve the cost of environmental protection environment within 1.12 years.

6.3.3.3 Comprehensive Assessment

303,322 yuan can be earned from the environmental protection facilities if they work properly and

the net income is 151,661. The effect on the environment and human bodies mode by wastewater,

waster gas and dross is decreased. After the environmental protection investment is compensated,

the left yearly income can be used either in expanded reproduction or in helping the poor people to

* unify the benefit of society, environment and economy.

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Chapter 7 Plan of Environmental Management andEnvironmental Monitoring and Control

The construction and application of the World Bank poverty reduction project in will give rise to

the local environmental impact. According to "Environmental Protection Law of the People's

* Republic of China " and National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), State commission

of Planning, Ministry of Finance document No.324 for environmental surveillance of People's

Bank of China and other requirements concerned with the World Bank project, the corresponding

environmental protection measures should be adopted to abate or eliminate the negative

environmental influence, set up the national environmental management system and monitoring

mechanism. Enhance the environmental management, assure that the environmental protection

measures and policies and monitoring plan are carried out effectively and protect environment

even better.

* 7.1 The Environmental Management Mechanism

7.1.1 Organizations of Management Mechanism

The plan is a large one which involve many kinds of subjects and across cities and provinces,

3 environmental protection surveillance and management need to coordinate the construction

branches closely with the environmental protection branches. The relationship of every

department is shown in Figure 7-1

State Council Leading Group

Office of Poverty Alleviation

and Development

Environmental consultants incial ,overty , * | and advisors group Alleviation and Bureau of province

Dvelopment <

Environmental

* Poverty Alleviation and Protection

Development Office of Office of county

* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~regional(city), county

Environmental Monitoring Station and

other special monitoring organizations e

* Figure7-1 Structure of Environmental management Organization

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7.1.2 Major Function

The function of departments can be divided into three levels. The assisting poverty office of the

state councils is the first level, mainly to direct the project's setting, affairs and lay down the

policy and the guiding principle coordinately. The EPA and the poverty alleviation and

development office of the province (and the consultants group, the academy of environmental

* science of the province ) belong to the second level. They are mainly in charge of the planning and

design of the project and standards' setting, in addition to the supervision and management in the

process of EIA or the project's environmental protection. The assisting poverty office and EPA of

the county and their junior brand belong to the third level. They are mainly in charge of laying

down the executive plan and of carrying out all kinds of technological standards of the project or

* of monitoring and supervising the execution of project's environmental protection measures.

The environmental protection department should be set under the province assisting poverty office

after the project set out formally, it will be in charge of the environmental protection affairs of the

c project specially. The general task of it is to organize, practice, supervise responsibly the design

and execution of the project's environmental protection.

7.2 The Plan of Environmental Management and Supervision

* In the every executive stage of the project, the contents and plan of the work of environmental

management and supervision departments of levels are shown on Table 7-1.

7.3 The Plan of Monitoring

7.3.1 Organization of Monitoring

According to the requirement of environment management and the objective of environment

monitoring, the project's environmental monitoring mechanism include the monitoring station of

* the county, local ( city ) and province and the monitoring department of the province APO. The

setting of it is shown in Figure 7-2.

7.3.2 Personnel and Equipment

.Utilize primary personnel and some pieces of equipment in the county, local, regional and

provincial environment monitoring station, set up the environment monitoring lab under cvery

level of APO, equipped with monitoring personnel.

.

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Table 7-1 Plan of Environmental Manage ent and Superv ision of the Project* work contents management executive management department

measures departmentproject setting assure that the province the Planning Commission,

project plan involve assisting poverty Financial Department,that plan of office Assisting Poverty Office,environment EPA of the provinceprotection

planning, offer the general province Assisting Poverty officedesign plan of assisting poverty and EPA of the province

environmental officeearly protection

construction compile the offer the sections APO and APO and EPA of theperiod feasibility about environmental Institute of Province

research report protection environmentalof the project Science of the

ProvinceEIA organize special APO and EPA of the province

* persons to Institute ofinvestigate and environmentalcompile the outline Science of theand report of EIA Province

carry out the assure that the Local ( city) APO and EPA of theconstruction environmental county province

standard investment and government andstrictly engineering should APO

Construction be practicedperiod organize all raise the peasents' the county APO local (city ) EPA, APO of

kinds of environmental; the provincespecial protection

* association consciousness in theregion

build a carry out the APO and the EPA of the Provinceconsultant advising and Institute of

group treatment of environmentalenvironmental science of the

* protection provincetechnology and theinvestigation andexamination of theenvironmentalprotection plan

* operating period routine Monitor Environmental EPA of the Provinceenvironmental environmental Monitor station

monitoring quality of the county,Local ( city ) andprovince

environmental supervise the effects local ( city), EPA and APO of the* law execution of every county's EPA Province

and environment rulessupervision and regulations

executed

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* IAPO of th~~~~~~~~~e Province tlSeiis* = | Consultant roup l

The Provincial Environmental The Province Monitoring; - -

Monitoring station (The Pro- Department of the Project The Province EPAvincial Agricultural Environ-mental Monitoring Station)

The County Environmental The Monitoring Departmeni The CountyMonitoring station(The County of The Province EPAFood IHygiene Monitoringstation)

.

Management(or )- - Feedback

Figure 7-2 Monitoring system

7.3.3 Monitor Items

(1) Agricultural environmental monitoring items

3 -Soil erosion ( soil erosion modulus ).

-Soil fertility ( N, P, K, organic matter).

-Soil pollution ( Cd, Cr, Pb, As, Hg, organic-phosphorus pesticide ).

-Forest land and grassland ( forest land's area, cutting amounit, grassland's

* area, rat, pest, disease, animal carrying capacity).

-Forecasting and monitoring of mud-rock-flow.

(2) Air pollution monitoring items

-Sulfur dioxides ( S02 ).

e -Nitrogen oxides ( NOx).

-Total suspended particles Matter( TSP).

-Fluoride.

(3) Water pollution monitoring Items

-Surface water:

pH, sulfate, dissolved iron, total manganese, nitrite, dissolved oxygen, CODcr, BOD5,

fluoride, total cyanide, total coliform group bacteria.

-Drinking water of man and livestock:

Color, opacity, odour and taste, volatile phenol, sulfate, fluoride, chlorinate, Tss, cyanide,

As, Se, Hg, Cr (IV), Pb, nitrate, total numbers of bacteria, total coliform group bacteria etc.

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(4) Monitoring items of rural enterprise discharge

* cyanide, Pb, Hg, organo-phosphorus pesticide sustain, Cd, F, Nitrite, total coliform group

bacteria, total number of bacteria.

7.3.4 The Requirement of Monitoring Technology

The project's environmental monitoring range covers all involved villages of 26 counties in the

region. The monitoring cycle, methods and units are shown in Table 7-3.

Table7-3 The requirement of Monitoring Technolon,* Monitoring Items Monito Monitoring Analysis Method Monitoring Units

ring FrequencyCycle

soil once a the Province Agriculturepollution year Monitoring station, the

Province Project's* ______ Monitoring Department

soil fertility once a same aboveAgricultural earMonitoring soil once a same aboveItems ollution year

forest land once a same abovemand yeargrassland

Air once a three days air monitoring same aboveEnvironment year successively methods concerned

once in "Environmentalsampling monitoring

* technologyguideline"

surface once a three days "Water and wastewater year successively water monitoring

once and analysisWater sampling methods"

* Environment Drinking once a "Living drinking the countywater of year water of standard Environmentalman and testing methods" monitoring station thelivestock county project's

monitoring departmentThe hygiene part in same as above"The National

Food hygiene operating guidelineof sanitary and anti-epidemic station

No certain special testing same as aboveperiod method concerned

Discharge in "EnvironmentalMonitoring monitoring

technology_ guideline"

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Chapter 8 Public Participation

Public participation is a necessary part of EIA on the projects loaned by the World Bank, which

requires full considerations for demands and suggestions of the organizations, community, and

local non-governmental organizations (NGO). During EIA, public participation and expertise

* consultation should be helpful to understanding of the nature and scale of social, environmental

and economic influences of the project. These works can make the project planning and designing

more reasonable and perfect and thus bringing more environmental and economic benefits.

8.1 Ways and Contents of the Public Participation

Three ways of public participation are adopted in the EIA, i.e. expert consultation, symposium,

and questionnaire. Participants of questionnaire are listed in Table 8-1.

Table 8-1 Participants of question aire

* Education Profession Age

Education Number Percentage Type Number Percentage Age span Number Percentage

Illiteracy 70 2.27 Cadras 782 25.36 <30 14.1 45.45

Promary school 771 25.00 Worker 325 10.55 31-45 1.51 34.09

Middle school 2101 68.18 Peasant 1485 48.18 46-60 560 18.18

College and over 140 4.55 Other 490 15.91 >60 70 2.27

8.2 Working Procedure of Public Participation

Public participation have been lasting throughout whole EIA process (see Figure 8- 1).

8.3 Conclusions of Public Participation

1. The investigation of public participation got extensive support from personalities of various

circles and all participants showed great enthusiasm. 3,0282 articles of questionnaires out of

3,500 were returned, accounting for 88%. The number of participants in questionnaire,

symposium, and consultation is near 5,000, of which, 58% are male and 42% female. Results

of thc investigation can primarily embody opinions and suggestions of community and NGO.

See Table 8-2 for detail.

2. In the investigation, 92% of participants support and understand the poverty reduction

projects, and 90% of them thought the projects are advantageous to the local economy. Those

who are opposite and indifferent worried about weather or not the loan allocation follows the

designed projects and the loan is really used for poverty reduction.

* 3. When asked for suggestions to the overall planning of the project, 93% of participants

90

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opponents wanted to increase the portion of rural enterprises for it is the fastest way getting

profits. The experts suggested that the weak ecosystem in the Qinba Mountain Area can only

* be improved by preventing water and soil loss, increasing area of plantation and forestry, and

thus enhancing resources for the rural enterprises. And then the social economy, ecosystem,

and natural environment can develop in a sustainable way.

* 4. Large difference was found in answers to the question of "how about existing environmental

protection facilities?". Only 70% of answers are '"Good", which showed deep concern of the

public to the present treatment of pollution in project units.

5. In places with most minority population in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, over 80% of

minority people thought their benefits and religious believes are considered and respected in

the projects, and the projects can also take advantages of the local handicraft industry and

* livestock. There are 4% wanted more investment in the rural enterprises of Ningxia.

6. Most of the public expressed deep concern in negative impacts of the projects construction

on environment and production.0

7. Some of the public wanted the project implementation to bring improvement of

environmental quality with high hopes. They also hoped the rebuilding or extension projects

can pay their debts in environmental protection.

8. During visiting investigation in typical project zonie, most of villagers have realized that one

of the reasons of poverty is water shortage and another one is over cultivation of lands. So

* they wanted to transfer paddy fields into fish pools and slope lands into orchards. We did not

support any ideas reducing farmlands, but we did approve crop rotation, fishing in paddies,

and fruit growing in wastelands and courtyards. Most of the villagers paid great attention to

how much money they can get after the approval of the loan project. They wanted more cash

at first year in order to buy necessary farm implements.

9. Some experts put forward some good suggestions on conserving water and biology resources,

* improving utilization of resources, adopting latest technologies, planning overall locations of

the projects, and building roads, etc. Constructive suggestions have been considered in the

measures of environmental protection.

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In one word, experts, community, and representatives of social organizations reached unanimity at

* that the project can change the backward situation of the Qinba Mountains Area. They hoped that

the State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty alleviation should put the project into affect as

soon as possible. Possible problems in the project can be resolved gradually in its implementation.

0Table 8-2 Statistics on the public participation

Item Option Percentage (%)

Approval 92

* What opinion do you hold on the project? Opposite 2

I don't care 6

Positive 90

What effect will the project put on thc local economy? Negative I

0 None 9

Improve 75

How will the project change your living quality? Lower 0

No effect 25

Yes 91

Is there any benefit for you to increase employment No

opportunities? Unclear 8

e Good 70

How about existing environmental protection facilities? Bad 27

No facilities

Heavy 90

How about environmental pollution aroused by the Slight 85

project? Not at al] 6

Yes 93

* Is the project designation reasonable'? No 6

I don't care

Improve 96

How will the project improve position of woman? Lower

* No change 3

Yes 80

Has the project considered the benefits of minorities? No 4

* Unclear 16

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EIS FOR THE CIIINA QINBA MOUNTAINS POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECT CRAES 1996

|Determine objective and scale of the public participation|* I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

bistribute the project booklets and HIA outline and explain characteristics of environmental impact* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

lopinions of communities around the project areas

|EIA outline|

Examination by administrating Advice of expert7s

|department of environmental protection|l

|Revise EiA outie|0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I Prepare EIA reporli

|EnvronmntI impact of the projects and mitigation measures]

|Opinions of communities | F Examination by administrating departmeni|around the project areas | |of environmental protection

3

* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~Rslso h public participaton

Figure 8-1 Public participation and working procedure

0

0

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Chapter 9 Conclusion and Suggestion

9.1 Natural and ecological environment is very poor in the project region. Per capita income isless 320 RMB yuan. Aid is imperative.

* 9.2 Land and farmer development project will make positive contribution to the regionalecological and environmental qualities. The control strategies for soil erosion and improvementtargets of soil fertility, raising the load livestock capacity of the grassland, and environmentalprotection countermeasures of prevention and control pesticide and ground film are feasible andpracticable.

9.3 The suitable development of rural enterprises will be benefit to local resources developing.The cleaning production techniques and compliance discharge techniques will keep the minimum

negative environment effects.

9.4 The living condition of 3.5 million poor people who living in the project areas and surroundareas will be improved thoroughly. The social, economic and environmental benefits aresignificant.

* 9.5 Experts, delegate of mass organization and public of the project areas believe generally thatthis project will be helpful to improve the ecological environment of Qinba mountains area andwill increase the income and make people lifted out of poverty and backwardness.

To sum up, this project is clear in objectives, benefits significant, feasible to the environment andsupported by public. It is suggested that the implement will be started earlier.

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Poor Household

*0:0

Gully

^_K~~~~~h

Water-shorted Sheep

0

Irrigation Canals aid Ponds

0

0

a ~~~~Barren Hills into Tefface

S

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