Environmental Life Cycle Evaluation of Electric Vehicles ...

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Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen

und Fertigungstechnik

Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Fertigungstechnik

Environmental Life Cycle Evaluation of Electric Vehicles and

the Significance of Traction Batteries10th International AVL Exhaust Gas and Particulate Emissions Forum

20th February, 2018 | Ludwigsburg, Germany

Felipe Cerdas, MSc., Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christoph Herrmann

Felipe Cerdas| Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of EVs and the Significance of the Battery System

February 20th 2018 | Slide 2



Data source: IEA (2012)

Electricity and heat41%

Industry20%

Other10%

Residential6%

Other_4%Aviation_10%

Water-borne_11%

Road 75%Transport

22%

1970 2010

~ 72%

Antrophogenic GHGs per sector in 2011

Road

Motivation

Challenges related to the use of motorized vehicles

Black

smoke

Ozone PM2,5

NOx

VOCs

CAPs

…

MortalityRespiratory

disease

Cardiovascular

diseasesCancer

Based on WHO 2011

Health outcomes associated with transport

related air pollutants





Motivation

The rise of Electromobility

Data source: IEA (2017)Data source: IEA (2017)Data source: IEA (2017)





Motivation

none, less or different environmental impact?

Tennen-gas (cc-by-sa-3.0)

“Zero emissions”

© Citroen

“Zero g CO2/km”





Agenda

1 LCA and its application to electromobility

2 Significance of the battery system

3 Relevance of recycling





Agenda








Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

The four steps

[Hellweg and Milá i Canals 2014]





LCA

application in the automotive industry

[figures courtesy of Volkswagen, Renault, Daimler, Audi]





EV compared to ICEs

LCA results and influencing factors

GWP

EURO

NG

Coal

Diesel

Gasoline[Hawkins et al. 2013]





[Egede 2016]

Regional electricity mix and ambient

temperature

Regional electricity mix

Scenario description

ICE

vehicle:Gasoline

EV

battery:Li-FePO4

Impact

Category:Climate change

Daily

use:Commuter Seasonal use: Even

ICEV advantageous (L)EV advantageous

ICEV= Internal combustion engine vehicle

LEV= (Lightweight) Electric vehicle

EV compared to ICEs

LCA results and influencing factors





EV compared to ICEs

Problem shifting

global warming (GWP), terrestrial acidification (TAP100),

particulate matter formation (PMFP), photochemical oxidation

formation (POFP), human toxicity (HTPinf), freshwater eco-toxicity

(FETPinf), terrestrial eco-toxicity (TETPinf), freshwater

eutrophication (FEP), mineral resource depletion (MDP)

fossil resource depletion (FDP)

GWP | TAP | FEP | PMFP | POFP | HTP | FETP | TETP | MDP | FDP

NMC-Euro

LFP-Euro

NMC-NG

NMC-COAL

DIESEL

GASOLINE

[Hawkins et al. 2013, Cerdas et al. 2018]





EV compared to ICEs

The significance of the battery system

[Hawkins et al. 2013, Volkswagen]





Significance of the Battery System

Cradle to Gate GWP of EVs

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1

Battery Engine Other powertrain Base vehicle

g CO2-eq. / km

ton CO2-eq

[Hawkins et al. 2013, Volkswage AG]





Agenda









Estimation of mass and energy content of a battery system

[Cerdas et al. 2018, LithoRec Project, Cerdas et al. 2018]

Disassembly experiments

(Projects LithoRec I and II)

Cell Mass/Energy model

(Project Benchbatt)






Estimation of mass and energy content of a battery system

[Ellingsen et al. 2013, Diekmann et al. 2017, Cerdas et al. 2018]

Aluminum

Nickel, Manganese,

Cobalt

Polyolefin (PP, PE, …)

LiPF6

Graphite

Copper

Multilayer (Ny, PP, Al)

Steel, aluminum, plastic,

copper

Electronics






Material and energy consumption of manufacturing

Author kWh/kWhbatt

Ellingsen et al. 2014 162,7 Top-down

Notter et al. 2010 0,861 Bottom-up

Zackrisson et al. 2010 125,3 Top-down

Majeau-Bettez et al. 2011 131,4 Top-down

Dunn et al. 2012 2,97 Top-down

Yuan et al. 2012 461,98 Bottom-Up

Variation of the reported energy required for the manufacturing

of battery cells






Battery LabFactory Braunschweig (BLB)







Electricity

Dry

Room

Cathode

Anode







Cathode

Anode

Electricity

Dry

Room

~ 35% to 55% ~ 45% to 60%

NMP (Solvent)

Cu – current

collector

Electrolyte

NMC






Cradle to Gate LCA results and contributions

[Cerdas et al. 2018]

Cell Manufacturing Energy

(~40% of the impact)

Cathode Material

(~ 35% of the impact)

Copper

(very little)

Copper

Cobalt

Nickel

Manganese!

~ 4,6 tons CO2-eq





Agenda








Recycling

Process chain and energy portfolio in LithoRec

[LithoRec, Cerdas et al. 2018]





Recycling

Material and energy flows in LithoRec

Discharge Disassembly Crushing Drying Air-Classification Sieving

58,3 kWh - Recycling energy

83 kg - Black mass

29,88 kg - Volatile components

39,6 kg - Plastics

124 kg - Aluminum

41,4 kg - Copper

32 kg - Steel

Battery System (346 kg) Modules (227 kg)






Recycling

Environmental Impact of Recycling






Summary

1

2

3



Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Fertigungstechnik

Environmental Life Cycle Evaluation of Electric Vehicles and

the Significance of Traction Batteries10th International AVL Exhaust Gas and Particulate Emissions Forum

20th February, 2018 | Ludwigsburg, Germany

Felipe Cerdas, MSc., Prof. Dr-Ing. Christoph Herrmann

Environmental Life Cycle Evaluation of Electric Vehicles ...

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