Evaluation of mobile storage systems for heat transport · Evaluation of mobile storage systems for...

Evaluation of mobile storage systems for heat transport

G. Storch, A. Hauer, A. Krönauer

ZAE Bayern, Walther-Meißner-Str. 6, 85748 Garching, Germany

© Bayerisches Zentrum für Angewandte Energieforschung e.V.

Outline

• Introduction• Mobile Storage Units• Case Studies: Setup• Case Studies: Results


Motivation

Cumulated waste heat in the Netherlands process industry.Source: P. Bach, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands

Obstacles :- temperature level- mismatch in availability- mismatch in place


Outline

• Introduction• Mobile Storage Units

– Principle– Energy Storage in Zeolites– Other systems

• Case Studies: Setup• Case Studies: Results


– uses public infrastructure– very flexible– higher running costs

– high initial costs– right of way ?– inflexible

Concept

chargingstation

User A

User B

+ User C, D, …

Zeo

Zeo

Zeo

Zeo

truck + container

Mobile storage units replace pipeline-bound system

• Aluminium factory• Waste incineration plant


Modified freight container:zeolite volume 18,7 m³zeolite mass 15 tbed height 0,8 mbed cross section 23,2 m²

maximum airstream 20.000 m³/h

Energy storage capacity max. 4.1 MWhCharging power max. 1 MWdischarging power max. 750 kW

Zeolite storage unit

sorbent

sorbent

sorbent

sorbentAir


Principle of sorption heat storage

water molecules

heat

adsorption desorption

adsorbentarea

Sorption processes combine• high thermal turnover (hev,H2O=2440 kJ/kg=0,68 kWh/kg)• excellent repeatability• low losses


air

heat ofcondensation

heat ofevaporation

air +vapour

air

Desorption Adsorption

• water vapour / zeolite• atmospheric pressure• zeolite pellets in fixed bed• air as carrier gas for heat- and masstransfer

Zeolite

air +vapour

heat ofadsorption

heatof desorption

charging discharging

Open sorption systems


ca. 10 kWhin 24henergy losses

220 kWtypical discharging power(25/40°C)

125 kWtypical discharging power(38/48°C)

250 kWtypical charging power(90/70°C)

1.6 MWhthereof latent heat

2.4 MWhenergy stored / unit

26 tunit total mass22 tPCM mass

Other systems ?

Alternative: PCM-Technology

Sodium acetate tri-hydrate, melting point 58°CPCM

Heat exchangerHeat carrierfluid


Outline

• Introduction• Mobile Storage Units• Case Studies: Setup

– Heat Sources– Potential Users– Parameters

• Case Studies: Results


Heat sources

Waste incineration• Steam from extraction turbine• 150°C• reduces electricity generation• Non-stop operation

Aluminium factory• Combustion of solvent-laden air • 230°C• Waste heat• Only temporarily available


Discharging III: drying applications

dryer

zeolite

AMB OUTIN

ADS

auxiliaryheating

feed

dryer

zeolite

AMB OUTIN

ADS

auxiliaryheating

feed

e.g.60°Cϕ=55%

180°Cϕ=0.03%

20°Cϕ=60%


storagecontainer

Demandsitedocking station,heat exchanger,evaporativecooler…

hot, dry airwarm water

Energy costs(considered)

Initial costs(not considered)

Mobile Storagecharging system, container,truck, wages, fuel…

System boundary


Demandsiteheat exchanger,boiler, chiller,…

electricity

Energy costs(considered)

Initial costs(not considered)

oil / gas / district heating

Utility

Reference System


≈ 0

25 km/h

55 €

28 €/h

7 km

9.3 h

2.4 MWh

4.2 €/MWh8320 h/a

waste+PCM

55 kWh

25 km/h

55 €

28 €/h

7 km

5.8 h

3.4 MWh

4.2 €/MWh8320 h/a

waste+zeo

10 km10 kmOne-way distance

00Internal heat costs

≈ 0

25 km/h

55 €

40 €/h

9.3 h

2.4 MWh

4380 h/a

alu+PCM

55 kWhAuxiliary energy / unit

40 €/hWages

55 €Transportation costs per100km

25 km/hDriving speed

5.5 hCharging time

4.1 MWhStorage capacity / unit

4380 h/aAvailability (uptime)

alu+zeoParameter

Parameter default values


Outline

• Introduction• Mobile Storage Units• Case Studies: Setup• Case Studies: Results


(Primary) Energy Flow Diagram

Chargingstation

Userusefulenergy100%

10.5%

auxiliary energy,transport

Fuel105%

waste heat

132%

Zeo

COP > 9 in terms of auxiliary energy !


0100200300400500600700800900

Zeolite Without mobilestorage

Gas boilerAuxiliary energyTransport[t

/a]

Reduction of CO2 emissions


Cost distribution

aluminium factory + sorption

internal heat costs0%

auxiliary energy

2%

invest charging station

9%

storage containers

27%

fixed costs transportation

15%

variable costs transportation

8% maintenance3%

labour36%

waste incineration + sorption

labour28%

maintenance4%

variable costs transportation

8%

fixed costs transportation

12%

storage containers

21%

invest charging station11%

auxiliary energy

2%internal heat

costs14%

Sum: 114 000 €/a Sum: 146 000 €/a


Parameter study: uptime

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500uptime charging station [h/a]

ener

gy c

osts

[€/M

Wh]

sorption PCM water oil natural gas


Summary

• Energy transportation via mobile storage systems is energetically sound

• Topics for ongoing research on zeolite systems: – successful demonstration– mechanical stability– desorption with flue gases

• Economic performance depending on ratiowages / energy costs

• Ideal application: industrial drying


Acknowledgements

We are grateful to• BMWi for financial support• our industry partners for fruitful cooperation

Thank you for your kind attention!

Questions?

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