Fallschirmjagergewehr 42 (FG42) Light Machine Gun (NAZI)
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FG 42 1
FG 42
Fallschirmjgergewehr 42
Both early (top) and late-war (bottom) variants of the FG 42.
Type Battle rifle
Light machine gun
Place of origin Nazi Germany
Service history
In service 19421945
Used by Nazi Germany
Argentina[1]
(trial purposes)
Wars World War II
Production history
Designer Louis Stange
Designed 1941
1942
Manufacturer Rheinmetall-Borsig (limited)
Heinrich Krieghoff Waffenfabrik, L. O. Dietrich (limited)
Produced 19431945
Variants Early model (original Rheinmetall-Borsig design)
Late model (Krieghoff revision)
Specifications
Weight Ausfhrung"E": 4.2 kg (9.3 lb)
Ausfhrung"G": 4.95 kg (10.9 lb)
Length Ausfhrung"E": 945 mm (37.2 in)
Ausfhrung"G": 975 mm (38.4 in)
Barrel length 500 mm (19.7 in)
Cartridge 7.9257mm Mauser
Action Gas-operated, rotating bolt
Rate of fire Ausfhrung "E": ~900 rounds/min
Ausfhrung "G": ~750 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity 740 m/s (2,428 ft/s) (SmK bullet)
Effective range 500 m
Feed system 10 or 20-round detachable box magazine
Sights Iron sights (all models); flip-up front post and folding rear diopter sight; ZFG42 or ZF4 scope
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FG 42 2
The FG 42 (German:Fallschirmjgergewehr 42 or "paratrooper rifle 42") was a selective fire battle rifle produced
in Nazi Germany during World War II. The weapon was developed specifically for the use with Fallschirmjger
airborne infantry in 1942 and was used in very limited numbers until the end of the war.
It combined the characteristics and firepower of a light machine gun in a lightweight form no larger than the
standard-issue Kar 98k bolt-action rifle. Considered one of the most advanced weapon designs of World War II,[2][3]
the FG 42 influenced post-war small arms development and ultimately helped to shape the modern assault rifle
concept.[4]
History
A GermanFallschirmjger poses with his early
model FG 42 (Ausfhrung "C") in France, 1944.
The FG 42 was used by paratroopers of the
Fallschirmjgerlehrbattalion (Paratroopers'
Teaching Battalion to try out new equipment)
during the daring raid to free Benito Mussolini in
September 1943.
At the time of the Battle of Crete (Operation Mercury), German
Fallschirmjger were equipped with the same assortment of small
arms as the Heer, carrying only pistols and hand grenades on them
during airborne jumps, with submachine guns, rifles and crew-served
weapons stored separately in containers that were dropped from the
wing of the exit craft. The German parachute harness, with a single
strap attached to the body making the paratrooper land on his hands
and knees in a forward roll, did not allow for heavier equipment such
as rifles and machine guns to be safely carried during jumps. At Crete,
long-range rifle and machine gun fire from dug-in Commonwealth
defenders (largely New Zealanders from 5 Brigade's 22nd Battalion)
inflicted heavy casualties upon the outgunned German paratroopers in
the early stages of battle as they attempted to retrieve their support
weapons from containers scattered all over the battlefield.[5]
These
early combat experiences demonstrated that standard weapons were
not ideal for airborne operations.
Development
In 1941, the German Air Force (Luftwaffe), requested a selective fire
hand-held weapon for the paratroopers; Senior Staff Air Secretary
Ossenbach at the GL/C Erprobungsstelle-6 (GL/C E-6the Luftwaffe
Weapons Development Branch at Tarnewitz near Lbeck) was
approached informally to develop this special new weapon.[5]
The
Reich Air Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium or RLM) sought to
develop a universal shoulder-fired automatic rifle that could replace the
bolt-action rifle, submachine gun, and light machine gun in the air
assault role.[2]
The proposed weapon would also simplify logistics and
provide greater firepower to the individual paratrooper.
The RLM attempted to initiate a formal weapons development program
through the Heereswaffenamt (the HWaA, or Army Ordnance
Department)responsible for German small arms developmentbut
conflicting priorities and friction with the Army (the HWaA dismissed
the undertaking as unrealistic and offered their G 41(W) semi-automatic rifle instead) led to an independent
development by theLuftwaffe. Plans were laid out to form a central authority for the new program at the Luftwaffe
testing station at Tarnewitz. The engineers on staff had acquired considerable expertise developing lightweight
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FG 42 4
Skorzeny.
The weapon system underwent continuous development. Its expedited development, remedial changes to the original
design and ever-changing Luftwaffe requirements resulted in myriad of variants.[2]
Post-war literature typically
identifies three versions, however the Germans never recognized these as distinctive models; the "Model I", "Model
II" and "Model III" were never officially referenced and period documents simply refer the weapon as the "FG 42",
and the reference was always made to the latest production model.
[10]
BD 42
The BD 42/I is a semi-automatic copy of the early model FG 42 rifle and the BD 42/II is a semi-automatic copy of
the late model both manufactured by HZA Kulmbach GmbH.
Design details
FG 42, known informally as the "early model" or
"Model I". Characteristic of the early models was
the bipod placement (hinged to the barrel collar in
front of the handguard), forged receiver, ribbed
buttstock and the sharply angled pistol grip.
German officers inspect and strip an FG 42 in
December 1943
FG 42 grip (late war model)
General configuration/layout
The FG 42 was a select-fire air-cooled weapon and one of the first toincorporate the "straight-line" recoil configuration. This layout,
combined with the side magazine, placed both the center of gravity and
the position of the shoulder stock nearly in line with the longitudinal
axis of the bore, a feature increasing controllability during burst or
automatic fire.[10]
The operating system was derived from that used in
the successful Lewis light machine gun with a gas piston-actuated
turning bolt locking mechanism.[10]
This system used pressurized
exhaust gases from the bore and channeled them through a port drilled
in the barrel into a gas cylinder located under the barrel. The rapid
build-up of propellant gases imparted rearward pressure on along-stroke piston, driving it backwards, while an extension of the bolt
carrier interacted with a helical camming slot machined into the bolt
carrier, converting this linear movement into an angular velocity and
forcing the bolt into a rotary motion, clearing the locking juts and
unlocking it near the end of the bolt carrier's travel. The weapon was
locked into battery by two lugs on the bolt head which recessed into
appropriate cavities machined into the receiver walls. Owing to its
main intended use by paratroopers, the rear sight (which necessarily
was rather high due to the straight stock design) was a flip-up
construction.[citation needed]
Receiver specifics and magazine feeding
The receiver was a sophisticated, machined alloy forging with the
magazine housing placed on the left-hand side and the ejection port on
the right. The seemingly awkward placement of the magazine housing
(horizontally to the side rather than directly beneath the receiver) allowed the bolt mechanism to extend into the
buttstock assembly, effectively reducing the overall length of the weapon as the magazine well did not interfere with
the location of the pistol grip. The pistol grip was integrated into the trigger group assembly, a separate housing
containing the trigger mechanism and fire control components, and was formed from pressed sheet metal during
fabrication from two separate halves and then welded together.[10]
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FG 42 5
The rifle fed from either a 10 or 20-round detachable box magazine.
Firing
The FG 42 fired in semi-automatic mode from a closed bolt, accomplished by delaying the release of the firing pin
(mounted on the bolt carrier and released by the front sear notch) until after the trigger had been pressed; the short
lock time, and little movement in the action during firing translated into greater single-shot accuracy.[10]
Whenoperating in the automatic mode, the sear mechanism was designed to fire from an open bolt by simultaneously
releasing both the bolt and bolt carrier. This had the advantage of preventing a phenomenon known as "cook off"
where the heat of repeated rounds being fired caused a chambered round to overheat and prematurely ignite the
powder or primer. With automatic fire selected, the bolt would remain open between bursts to provide maximum
cooling.[10]
The rotating fire selector switch was situated in the trigger group, above the pistol grip on the right side.
The change lever also served as the safety,[10]
disabling the sear mechanism when engaged.
Testing
The FG 42 was intended to fill a key niche in Nazi Germany's arsenal and was produced only in small numbers. It
was somewhat well received by paratroopers when tested, but it did have its drawbacks. The FG 42 had a 20, or
sometimes 10, round magazine that was mounted on the left side of the rifle. Though a side-mounted magazine was
common in submachine guns, the larger magazine with heavier ammunition of a full-powered rifle tended to
unbalance the weapon. In addition, muzzle rise with automatic fire was substantial and controllable bursts were
difficult. This made full-automatic fire only marginally useful. The FG 42 used a fairly sophisticated muzzle device
that did help with recoil and muzzle flash, but made blast and noise much greater than on other similar weapons. The
US M14 rifle had similar problems and attempts were made to upgrade that rifle the same way with an in-line stock
and muzzle device.
Influences/derivatives
T-44, a US-commissioned FG 42 prototype
modified for belt-feeding as a light machine gun
Some features, such as the details of the gas-operated bolt selection
process, were studied by US Army engineers after the war. These,
along with some aspects of the MG42, are commonly reported to have
been incorporated in the similarly troubled M60.
The American M41 Johnson LMG has many parallels with the
contemporary FG 42. Both had in-line stocks, fed from the left side,
and both fired from the open bolt in automatic mode and closed bolt in
semi-automatic mode. Despite these similarities, there is no evidence
that either weapon had any effect on the design of the other. As they were both seeking to solve similar problems, it
is reasonable to expect that each weapon's respective engineers approached these problems similarly but
independently, unaware of the developments of their counterparts.
Last known derivatives of the FG 42 were the Sturmgewehr 52 and M60 machine gun.
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FG 42 6
Deployment
AFallschirmjger firing the early FG 42 in June
1944
After approximately 2,000 FG 42s had been produced by Krieghoff,
supplies of the manganese steel from which the receivers were forged
were diverted to other needs; this meant a redesign was required to use
stamped sheet metal in its place. Field reports were also requesting
minor improvements, such as: relocating the bipod from the front of
the handguard to the muzzle to reduce shot dispersion; changing the
pistol grip angle to near vertical; enlarging the handguard and changing
the stock from stamped steel to wood to minimize overheating. These
changes, particularly the pistol grip change and the bipod relocation,
are clearly visible on late-model FG 42s. Both models also had a
simple flip-out spike bayonet under the barrel hidden by the bipod. In the later version the bayonet was shortened
from around 10 inches (250 mm) to around 6 inches (150 mm).
References[1][1] Julio S. Guzmn, Las Armas Modernas de Infanter a, Abril de 1953
[2] Senich, Peter: The German Assault Rifle: 19351945, page 239. Paladin Press, 1987.
[3] Miller, David:Fighting Men of World War II: Axis Forces : Uniforms, Equipment and Weapons, page 104. Stackpole Books, 2007.
[4] Bishop, Chris: The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, page 217. Sterling Publishing, 2002.
[5] Dugelby, Thomas B.:Death from AboveThe German FG42 Paratroop Rifle, page 3. Collector Grade Publications, 2007.
[6][6] Dugelby, 4
[7][7] Dugelby, 5
[8][8] Dugelby, 8
[9][9] Dugelby, 9
[10][10] Senich, 240
Bibliography
Bishop, Chris (2002). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. New York, NY: Sterling Publishing.
ISBN 1-58663-762-2.
Dugelby, Thomas B.; R. Blake Stevens (1990, 2007).Death from AboveThe German FG42 Paratroop Rifle.
Cobourg, ON: Collector Grade Publications. ISBN 0-88935-429-4.
Miller, David (2007).Fighting Men of World War II: Axis Forces : Uniforms, Equipment and Weapons.
Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0277-5.
Senich, Peter (1987). The German Assault Rifle: 1935-1945. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. ISBN 0-87364-400-X.
External links Sport-Systeme Dittrichcivilian BD 42 replica (http://www.ssd-weapon.com/BD_42.1.html)
SSD BD 42 instruction manual (http://www.ssd-weapon.com/engl_web/downloads_en/fg42_en/Operating
instructions BD42 DIN A4.pdf)Wikipedia:Link rot
Modern Firearms (http://world.guns.ru/rifle/rfl11-e.htm)
U.S WWII intelligence report on the FG 42 (http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/fg42/index.html)
Blow-forward FG 42 prototype (http://i225.photobucket.com/albums/dd297/armeiro1/6187-SAA1-1.
jpg?t=1262524338)
http://i225.photobucket.com/albums/dd297/armeiro1/6187-SAA1-1.jpg?t=1262524338http://i225.photobucket.com/albums/dd297/armeiro1/6187-SAA1-1.jpg?t=1262524338http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/fg42/index.htmlhttp://world.guns.ru/rifle/rfl11-e.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rothttp://www.ssd-weapon.com/engl_web/downloads_en/fg42_en/Operating%20instructions%20BD42%20DIN%20A4.pdfhttp://www.ssd-weapon.com/engl_web/downloads_en/fg42_en/Operating%20instructions%20BD42%20DIN%20A4.pdfhttp://www.ssd-weapon.com/BD_42.1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-87364-400-Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0277-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-88935-429-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1-58663-762-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABundesarchiv_Bild_101I-720-0344-09%2C_Frankreich%2C_Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger_mit_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gergewehr.jpg -
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Article Sources and Contributors 7
Article Sources and ContributorsFG 42 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=542105970 Contributors: **mech**, 5infBrig, Achang1, Adnan Rahman, Aldis90, Ansh666, Asams10, Avatar9n, Bartleby,
BeBoldInEdits, Ben 1993, Bender235, BloodyFox, Boris Barowski, CasbahBoy, CeeWhy2, Celarnor, ChewyLSB, Chris the speller, Cmdrjameson, Colonies Chris, Courcelles, Cprompt,
DTanner, DanMP5, Daniel Quinlan, Deathbunny, Den fjttrade ankan, Denniss, Deon Steyn, DexDor, Diagraph01, Dingo, Doc9871, DroneZone, Duncan Grieve, Dutchguy, E Wing,
Ecthelion83, Edward, Egfrith, Ekeb, EoGuy, Ergbert, Fallschirmjgergewehr 42, Ferkelparade, Gene Nygaard, Georgewilliamherbert, Get It, Gewhere, GraemeLeggett, GreenGourd, GregorB,
Greyengine5, Gunnai, Habap, Harizotoh9, Hauptmann, Hohum, Hornsignal, Identification01, Irish Duck, Jamesonellis, JidGom, Jniemenmaa, JustSomePics, Kaelri, Kalmbach, Kelly Martin,
Kevinalewis, Khazar2, Knihu, KnowledgeOfSelf, Koalorka, Kross, Kyle1278, LWF, Legaiaflame, LiDaobing, Like tears in rain, Luckyfox, MFIreland, Magus732, Mailer diablo, Mentifisto,
Mike McGregor (Can), Myself0101, Nemo5576, NuclearWarfare, Nukes4Tots, Oberiko, OldakQuill, Omkin, Ose\fio, Pandora85, Parsecboy, Phil1988, PigFlu Oink, Postcello, PranksterTurtle,Quickload, R'n'B, RainbowOfLight, RattusMaximus, Raul654, RedWolf, Riddley, Robert1947, RottweilerCS, Sahfhhdehfgdsagsd, Sakkura, Scienceinc., Sebastian R., Sforgue, Sidar, Silverxxx,
Skrunyak, Smoothie1, Some guy, Strongbow, Sun Creator, Supersquid, Surv1v4l1st, Sus scrofa, Synthetik, Tomtom9041, Trinjac, Tyrenius, Ugen64, Uiyoa, Veritas Panther, VonMacht,
Wallenska, Warlord, Wik, WikipedianMarlith, Wikiuser100, Wilhelm Wiesel, Wolfsangel, WotWeiller, Xiloynaha, ZeroOne, 161 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:FG42.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FG42.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Fab-pe at pt.wikipedia.
File:Flag of German Reich (19351945).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(19351945).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Fornax
Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-720-0344-11, Frankreich, Fallschirmjger mit FJG 42 in Stellung.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-720-0344-11,_Frankreich,_Fallschirmjger_mit_FJG_42_in_Stellung.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany Contributors: Burts, Manxruler, Martin H., 1 anonymous edits
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-567-1503A-01, Gran Sasso, Fallschirmjger vor Lastensegler.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-567-1503A-01,_Gran_Sasso,_Fallschirmjger_vor_Lastensegler.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike
3.0 Germany Contributors: Denniss, G.dallorto, Koalorka1, Martin H., Mogelzahn, Nukes4Tots, Roland zh
File:FG-42 Rifle.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FG-42_Rifle.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Trinjac
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-567-1503E-15, San Felice, Inspektion von Fallschirmtruppen.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-567-1503E-15,_San_Felice,_Inspektion_von_Fallschirmtruppen.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike
3.0 Germany Contributors: M62, Martin H.
File:FG42 Base Borden Military Museum 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FG42_Base_Borden_Military_Museum_1.jpgLicense: Creative Commons Zero
Contributors: User:JustSomePics
File:T44.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:T44.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown. Original uploader was Koalorka at en.wikipedia
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-720-0344-09, Frankreich, Fallschirmjger mit Fallschirmjgergewehr.jpg Source:
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Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany Contributors: Artur Andrzej, Burts, Fallschirmjger, Manxruler, Martin H., Noclador, Tryphon
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