Germar Rudolf - Widerstand ist Pflicht

7/31/2019 Germar Rudolf - Widerstand ist Pflicht

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Thwqhkakjxnj}thwli`qhn ..................................................... 8:G. Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh} ................................................................ 8;

K. Ehn}ml`kmlh} .................................................................... 8;9. Fbnd`kfq zk}mlhn ]qiiq xna Nhxjkhwzh}hn ................. 8;7. Zilwlhkq}qwkhg xna Ehn}mlhnzðwah ............................ 44

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9. Bghw}qh Wkmlq`knkh ....................................................... 91=7. Jwxnawhmlqh xna Jwxnawhmlq}fbnd`kfq ........................ 911=. Oxjhna}mlxq ............................................................... 9871. Zk``fðw`kmlh Ghjwkdd}ix}`hjxnj ,Keexnk}khwxnj

jhjhn Fwkqkf+ .............................................................. 943A. Fbnfwhqh} ............................................................................ 94;

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7. Hnqì}qxnj ah} Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} ............................ 9:9=. @hkahn}mlidq ................................................................ 9:=

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KKK.Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q .................................... 9:<9. Jhnhwh``h Tbwzðwdh .................................................... 9<37. _kqiqh ........................................................................... 9<9=. Xnqhw}mlìjhnh Ix}dðlwxnjhn .................................... 9<41. _x}ieehndi}}xnj ...................................................... 9;9

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H. Zkahw}qina .......................................................................... 73;K. Jwxna}áq`kmlh} .............................................................. 73;KK. Ahw ]qiiq i`} _kh` ah} Zkahw}qinah} ............................... 797KKK.Zkahw}qina kn ahw GWA .................................................. 79<KT.Iglk`dh ............................................................................ 77;

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T. Jhzi`qinzhnaxnj .......................................................... 719 Nimlqwij .......................................................................... 711




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D. ]ml`x}} .................................................................................. 71:J. Zhj ah} jwôÒqhn Zkahw}qinah} ......................................... 78;L. Inlánjh .............................................................................. 748

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kln i`} „M`bzn‐ ghhkmlnhq lighn Zkh}h`} Gh}q}h``hw%‐Ehebk%whn― Akh Nimlq ahw jhjhnzáwqkjh Lb`bmix}q%]mlkàhwxnj 83 Oilwhìnj klwhn Wilehn jhjhghn. Xna ahnnbml }qðqq Zkh}h`} hkjhnhJh}mlkmlqh akh Ghlixsqxnjhn ahw Whtk}kbnk}qhn zhkqix} ehlw i`}kwjhnahkn Lb`bmix}q%Ex}hxe zk``hn} záwh xxjhghn.

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Dðw hknhn Ðghw`hghnahn ahw Thwdb`jxnj ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh} k}qh} hknh hw}qixn`kmlh Ehk}qhw`hk}qxnj zðwakj hknh} Nbgh`swhk}h}xna ohahw inahwhn Gðwjhwhlwh ahw Zh`q hknh 973%}hkqkjh ‐Hwknnh%wxnj― i`} Gi}k} dðw hknh Knax}qwkh ixdx}mlzáqhn xna }kml }h`g}qxw Kfbnh ebwi`k}mlhw Ixqbwkqáq x fðwhn akh tbn Swá}kahnqhn xnaSwhekhweknk}qhwn ixd ahw jinhn Zh`q lbdkhwq zkwa. Xna ahnnbmlk}q h} H`kh Zkh}h`} hkjhnh Ix}}ijh akh akh _zhkdh` ahw Lb`bmix}q%Whtk}kbnk}qhn jìxglidq eimlq. Xna }hknh thlhehnqh Thwxwqhk`xnjahw Lb`bmix}q%@hxjnxnj thw`hkqhq ahn }bwj}iehn @h}hw x aheXwqhk` ai}} akh}hw „]mlixe}ml`ájhw xna Aiw}qh``hw‐8 hkn zhnkj xtkh` swbqh}qkhwq.

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Xna ahnnbml thwehnjq Zkh}h` hkn ‐Fwheiqbwkxe― ekq hknhw ‐Ji}fieehw― xna ghlixsqhq h} ligh ‐Qix}hnah tbn @hxqhn jh%jhghn akh qáj`kml kn Ix}mlzkq xna Gkwfhnix }qiwghn kn ahnFwheiqbwkhn V․U.―4 Hw zhkÒ jhzk}} ai}} akh} xnzilw k}q6 Fwhei%qbwkhn zhwahn ghnxqq xe akh @hkmlhn ahwhw x gh}hkqkjhn akh gh%whkq} qbq }kna6 }kh akhnhn nkmlq i`} Ei}}hnebwakn}qwxehnqh. Akhehk}qhn ahwhw akh kn ahn Oilwhn 9;11"18 kn Fbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhwn}qiwghn dkh`hn Fwinflhkqhn xe Bsdhw bahw zxwahn hw}mlb}}hn.Inahwh }qiwghn dwhk`kml in Ðghwin}qwhnjxnj Hw}mlôsdxnj bahw Ek}}lina`xnjhn bahw }kh zxwahn hwlánjq x}z. ” ighw Qix}hnah}qiwghn nkmlq kn ahn Fwheiqbwkhn.

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gxnj hknh} Fwinfhnzijhn} kn Ix}mlzkq xw Ðghwdðlwxnj fwin%fhw Jhdinjhnhw kn} Fwinfhnlix}: }hknh Dwhxah aiwðghw kn hknFwinfhnlix}ghqq ekq zhkÒhn @ifhn ðghwdðlwq x zhwahn }bzkhhknh Ix}}ijhn h} }hk ‐hkjhnq`kml jiw nkmlq }b ðgh` jhzh}hn ixd ahw Fwinfhn}qiqkbn x }hkn? zkw liqqhn hkn Inwhmlq ixd jxqh} Gwbqhknh akmfhwh ]xssh― }qðqhn i``h akh In}kmlq ahw Whtk}kbnk}qhnai}} Ix}mlzkq hkn Iwghkq}fbes`h| xna hkn Axwmljinj}ìjhw ziw ai} nkmlq aix ix}jh`hjq ziw akh Dhknah ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh}

x thwnkmlqhn.]hknh Hnq}mlhkaxnj Ix}mlzkq ekq ahn Nik} x thwì}}hn in%}qiqq tbn ahn Wx}}hn ghdwhkq x zhwahn `hjq xahe nilh ai}} hw akh Nik} ghtbwxjqh zi} zbl` fixe akh Hkn}qh``xnj hknh} Jh%dinjhnhn kn hknhe Qbah}ìjhw k}q. Kn Akh Nimlq ghlixsqhq hw akhWx}}hn láqqhn Ix}mlzkq zhk Qijh niml }hknhw Htifxkhwxnj jhnGxmlhnzià ghdwhkq6< Kn I``h D`ð}}h d`khÒhn kn} Ehhw dðlwq hw ix}akh} }hk nhxn Qijh }sáqhw jhzh}hn.; Dðw hknhn Wbein k}q ahw Xn%

qhw}mlkha xnzh}hnq`kml ighw Zkh}h` liq xnqhw Hka jh}mlzbwhnai}} ai} zi} hw kn Akh Nimlq ix}jhdðlwq liq jh}mlkmlq`kmlhZilwlhkq k}q. ‐H} k}q hkn zilwhw Ghwkmlq. Ohah} Zbwq aiwkn k}qzilw.―93

Zkh}h` hwál`qh Dwinmbk} Eixwkim ,xna Eixwkim} Ghwkmlq aiw%ðghw ghdknahq }kml ke Tbwzbwq x Akh Nimlq + ai}} hw ‐}hknh Exq%qhw }hknh jh`khgqh ]mlzh}qhw xna akh ehk}qhn Ekqj`khahw }hknhw Diek`kh ” ekq Ix}nileh }hknh} Tiqhw} xna }hknhw zhk inahwhn

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H} k}q xahe hknh Kwbnkh ai}} akh Zkh}h`‛}mlh ]mlkàhwxnj akh

ahe Awkqqhn Whkml xjhbwanhqh qhxd`k}ml}qh Thwnkmlqxnj}ei}mlk%nh fixe hwzálnq náe`kml akh Ehn}mlhnji}fieehw. Kn Akh Nimlq thwzhnahq hw ai} Zbwq ‐thwji}q― ixd ]hkqh 4< xna ainn nkhzkhahw. Hw gh}mlwhkgq Ek}}lina`xnjhn Hw}mlkhÒxnjhn Lánjhndìeehnah Jwxghn Hw}mlôsdxnj _zinj}iwghkq Fá`qh xna Lxn%jhw ighw fhknh Ji}fieehwn ” nbml nkmlq hknei` hkn Jhwðmlq aiw%ðghw. Ziwxe2 K}q akh}h Ix}ì}}xnj hkn zhkqhwh} hkndimlh} Thw}h%lhn bahw fônnqh akh awkqqh Ghlixsqxnj ahw Whtk}kbnk}qhn qiq}áml%

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Ji}qfb`xenh x }mlwhkghn kn ahw hw NGM} Lb`bmix}q i`} ‐xn%zilw in}qôÒkj xna gk``kj― ghhkmlnhqh. ,Eimlq ai} H`kh x hknhe Lb`bmix}q %@hxjnhw2+ Hw ziwd ahw NGM%Swbaxfqkbn tbw ix} ‐hw%dxnahnhn ]kqxiqkbnhn }hnqkehnqi`hn Hsk}bahn xna xnjìxglidqhn_xdá``hn― x gh}qhlhn.9: Hw ghfìjqh ai}} akh ‐swktiqhn @hghn ahw zhk Diek`khn }b jh}mlkmfq ekq lk}qbwk}mlhn Difqhn thwd`bmlqhn}kna ai}} h} ahw i``jhehknhn Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq }mlzhw di``hn ex}} xhwfhnnhn zb akh Difqhn ixdlôwhn xna zb akh Dkfqkbn ghjknnq.― Hw

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`bn Swbdh}}bw dðw Jhk}qh}zk}}hn}mlidqhn in ahw Xnkthw}kqáq Gb}%qbn xnqhw}mlwkhg `bgswkh} ai} Gxml i`} ‐}hlw ghzhjhna.― Hw ex}} gh}bnahw} ghhknawxmfq jhzh}hn }hkn zkh h} ahw f`hknhn Ek}li jh%ìnj axwml ai} H}}hn tbn Whjhnzðwehwn Dwô}mlhn xna }bjiw axwml ai} Fnigghwn in Zxna}mlbwd x ðghw`hghn.9; Qhk`qh hw klwhIn}kmlq ai}} ‐Lkq`hw }hknh Nkhahwìjh tbwix}}hlhna hknh Whklhtbn Qbah}eáw}mlhn bwjink}khwq liqqh xe akh “Hna`ô}xnj‛ x gh%}ml`hxnkjhn xna }kml ahw wh}q`kmlhn Oxahn x hnq`hakjhn―273 Dðl`qh

hw hknh hnjh Thwgknaxnj ekq Ek}li i`} }kh hwf`áwqh ai}} }kh zhk‐Ixdqwájh hwli`qhn liq ” _hxjnk} igx`hjhn xna ahn Qkhwhn xlh`dhn }b zkh }kh ekw jhlb`dhn lighn―279 Dðl`qh hw }kml ke ]qkmljhì}}hn i`} hw lhwix}dina ai}} Ek}li ie Hnah jiw nkmlq oðak}ml}bnahwn hknh ix}jheimlqh ]mlzkna`hwkn ziw2

Zkh}h`} Ghliwwhn aiwixd ai}} ahw Lb`bmix}q hknkjiwqkj }hk k}qhkn zhkq }mlzhwzkhjhnahwhw Xn}knn. Kn hknhe Ghwkmlq ahw Lb`b%mix}q%Fbeek}}kbn ah} X]%Swá}kahnqhn }mlwhkgq hw ,7:. ]hsqheghw

9;:;+?77

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Fb`ìgbwiqhxwh i`} hkn hnqwi`hw ]qiiq}ifq zálwhna ah} _zhk%qhn Zh`qfwkhj}6 V․U Hw ziw hkn Thwgwhmlhn ai} hknkjiwqkj k}q kn ahn Inni`hn ahw Ehn}mllhkq}jh}mlkmlqh inahw}iwqkj nkmlq nxw ke Ix}eiÒ in Jhzi`q ” ahw }mlkhwhn _il` ahw Jhqôqhqhn ”

}bnahwn kn ahw Ehqlbah xna ahe _zhmf i`} ei}}hnlidqh} fwk%

eknh``h} Xnqhwdinjhn bwjink}khwq tbe ]qiiq jhjhn zhlw`b}h ktk`h Ghtô`fhwxnj}jwxsshn. Ahw Hnq}ml`x}} ìxqhqh i`` Oxahnðghwi`` kn Hxwbsi x qôqhn? akh Ahdknkqkbn ah} Oxahn i`} _kh`%

jwxssh dðw ahn Qba ðghw}mlwkqq i``h Jwhnhn.―Ahgbwil @ks}qiaq xna inahwh Lb`bmix}q%H|shwqhn db`jhn Zkh%

}h`} Ghlixsqxnj ahw Hknkjiwqkjfhkq knahe }kh }ijhn ai} ‐_kh`

9; Ek}li Ahdbn}hmi Ek}li? I Ehebkwh bd qlh Lb`bmix}q [hiw} ,G`xhgh`` SI? Eq. Kt{Swh}} 9;;:+ ss. := 9:4.

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73

ahw Hna`ô}xnj ziw akh _hw}qôwxnj ah} jh}ieqhn oðak}mlhn Tb`%fh}.― ]kh dðlwq xahe ix} ai}} ai} ‐Qôqhn i``hw Oxahn ” xnig%lánjkj tbn I`qhw Bwq Gkàxnj Ghwxd wh`kjkô}hw In}kmlq sb`kqk%

}mlhw Hkn}qh``xnj bahw hqlnk}mlhw ]h`g}qghhkmlnxnj ” akh Swkbwk%qáq ke Wi}}hfwkhj ziw ahn Nik%Ahxq}mlìna dðlwqh.―7= Zhnnakh} zkwf`kml hknh Swkbwkqáq ziw ziwxe xnqhw`khÒ h} ainn Lkq`hw gk} kn} Dwðloilw 9;11 jhjhn akh xnjiwk}mlhn Oxahn aiwxnqhw Zkh}h` tbwxjhlhn2

]h`g}qthw}qána`kml k}q akh Ghlixsqxnj ahw Hknkjiwqkjfhkq gh}%qhndi``} Xn}knn bahw ighw bddhnfxnakj6 ohah} jh}mlkmlq`kmlh Hw%hkjnk} k}q hknkjiwqkj bahw liq hknkjiwqkjh Hkjhn}mlidqhn. Knahe

ein ahe Lb`bmix}q hknh ]bnahw}qh``xnj xzhk}q kln i`} hkn Hw%hkjnk} ahdknkhwq ai} }hml} Ek``kbnhn Ehn}mlhn hknhw gh}bnahwhnJwxssh ghqwid xna kln i`} hknh ig}kmlq`kmlh lôml}qwinjkjh Sb`kqkf hknh} ]qiiqh} ahdknkhwq zkwa akh Ahdknkqkbn }h`g}q „hknkjiwqkj‐.Ighw jhjhn akh Hknkjiwqkjfhkq ah} Lb`bmix}q x iwjxehnqkhwhnzi} whmlq hkndiml k}q dðlwq xnekqqh`giw x Tbwzðwdhn tbn Lb`b%mix}q%@hxjnxnj xna Inqk}hekqk}ex}. Ai} Swbg`he `khjq nkmlq knahw Swáek}}h }bnahwn ke Ghzhk} zkh Nbwein Dknfh`}qhkn kn }hk%

nhe Fiskqh` ‐ ]mlzkna`hw Jh}mládqheimlhw xna akh Jh}mlkmlqh―ixdjhhkjq liq.71 H} k}q hwzálnhn}zhwq ai}} ,nxw+ zhk ahw awhk Lixsq`hlw}áqh

ah} Lb`bmix}q%Whtk}kbnk}ex} kn ahw Ahdknkqkbn ah} Lb`bmix}q hnq%li`qhn }kna hknh Ahdknkqkbn akh x jwbÒhn Qhk`hn tbn Zkh}h` xna}hknhw ]mlkàhwxnj fwhkhwq zxwah tbn ahw hw injkgq }kh }hk lk}qb%wk}ml zilw. Ahw awkqqh @hlw}iq ghðj`kml ahw Ehn}mlhnji}fie%ehwn dhl`q. Ziwxe2 Fônnqh h} }hkn ai}} Ei}}hnebwah kn Ji}%

fieehwn Ekqqh ahw 9;83hw Oilwh i`} Akh Nimlq thwdi}}q zxwahfhknh ghtbwxjqh Jh}mlkmlqh ziw2 Zkh}h` ghwkmlqhq ðghw Ehn%

7= Tj`. Six` Jwxgiml} Whhn}kbn tbn Ahgbwil H. @ks}qiaq Ahn{knj qlh Lb`bmix}q? Qlh

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71 ‐Lbi|hw} Lxmf}qhw} ina Lk}qbw{― Nbwein Dknfh`}qhkn Qlh Lb`bmix}q Knax}qw{6 Wh% d`hmqkbn} bn qlh H|s`bkqiqkbn bd Ohzk}l ]xddhwknj ,Nhz [bwf? Thw}b 7333+ ]. 1=6 aq.? Akh Lb`bmix}q%Knax}qwkh. Zkh ai} @hkahn ahw Oxahn ix}jhghxqhq zkwa Skshw Eðnmlhn1. Ixdìjh 7339. Ahw zilwh Jwxna dðw akh Ghlixsqxnj ahw Hknkjiwqkjfhkq k}q h} oðak%}mlh} @hkahn ðghw ai} @hkahn inahwhw x hwlhghn xna aiekq ahn Oxahn hkn jwôÒhwh}„ebwi`k}mlh} Fiskqi`‐ x thw}mliddhn i`} ahn Nkmlqoxahn.




79

}mlhn akh `hghna kn gwhnnhnah Jwxghn jhzbwdhn bahw kn Fwhei%qbwkhn jh}qbsdq zxwahn zi} zh}hnq`kml gh}}hw xw bwkjkni`hn Ah%dknkqkbn ah} Ghjwkdd} Lb`bmix}q si}}q zi} ‐tô``kj thwgwinnq― gh%

ahxqhq. Xna ahnnbml ghlixsqhn lhxqkjh Lk}qbwkfhw xna }bjiw ai}Ix}mlzkq%Ex}hxe ai}} akh Eáw tbe Qba kn Dhxhwjwxghn}ml`kmlq xnzilw k}q.

Ighw ziwxe zhwahn akh Ji}fieehwn nkmlq kn akh bddkkh``hAhdknkqkbn ixdjhnbeehn2 Akh Inqzbwq aiwixd `khjq zbeôj`kml knahw Qiq}imlh ai}} h} fhknh dbwhn}k}mlhn Ghzhk}h aidðw jkgq ai}}h} ke Awkqqhn Whkml ohei`} Ji}fieehwn dðw Ei}}hnlknwkmlqxnjhnjhjhghn liq. Akh kn Ix}mlzkq K jhhkjqh Ji}fieehw k}q xjhjh%

ghnhweiÒhn hkn tbn ahn Sb`hn niml ahe Fwkhj xejhgixqhw @xdq%}mlxqgxnfhw6 akh Ji}fieehw kn Aimlix k}q hkn Ax}mlwixe ahw zilw}mlhkn`kml tbn ahn Iehwkfinhwn „xejhgixq‐ zxwah. Ighw }kmlhw`kml jkgq h} kwjhnazb linadh}qh Ghzhk}h dðw hknh Ehn%}mlhnji}fieehw6 h} ex}} ahqik``khwqh S`ánh dðw klwhn Gix xnaInzhk}xnjhn dðw klwh Thwzhnaxnj xna Kn}qinali`qxnj jhghn6 akhAhxq}mlhn ziwhn ahwiwqkjh Swknkskhnwhkqhw dðw fbwwhfqh} Swbqbfb``xna dðw akh }mlwkdq`kmlh Dk|khwxnj tbn i``he. Xna ahnnbml․

Ixd} Wk}kfb lkn ai}} kml dwht`hwk}ml hw}mlhknh ,ahnn ahw tô``k%jh Jìxgh in ahn Lb`bmix}q jwhnq in hknh wh`kjkô}h Ðghwhx%jxnj+ eôjh ein innhlehn hkn Swbdh}}bw `ðdqhqh ai} „Jhlhke%nk}‐ xe Ix}mlzkq xna linah`qh ahe Jhgbq Zkh}h`} xzkahwzbniml akh ‐Zilwlhkq ke ]mlzhkjhn― `khjh. Injhnbeehn ai}}hw h} zijqh }kml x áxÒhwn ai}} hw ighw xe }hknhn Wxd xna }hknhIn}qh``xnj x }mlðqhn kn }mlwkdq`kmlhn hkah}}qiqq`kmlhn Hwf`áwxn%jhn }hknhn Jìxghn ghfwádqkjq ai}} nkmlq zhnkjhw i`} }hml} Ek``k%

bnhn Oxahn zálwhna ahw Hna`ô}xnj thwnkmlqhq zxwahn xna x%ahe ai}} akh Hna`ô}xnj kn ahw Qiq Nik%Ahxq}mlìna} Sìn tbnlôml}qhw Zkmlqkjfhkq ziw i``h Oxahn kn Hxwbsi ix}xehwhn. Ekqinahwhn Zbwqhn injhnbeehn hw xnqhw}qðqh xnek}}thw}qána`kmlakh jhjhnzáwqkjh Ahdknkqkbn ah} Lb`bmix}q zkh }kh tbn Zkh}h`@ks}qiaq xna inahwhn ‐H|shwqhn― dbwex`khwq zkwa.

Ighw injhnbeehn hw liq ixml akh Tbw`h}xnjhn tbn Jhweiw Wxab`d jh`h}hn xna k}q ohn}hkq} ah} jhwknj}qhn _zhkdh`} aitbn

ðghwhxjq ai}} fhknh Ehn}mlhnji}fieehwn tbe Awkqqhn Whkml




77

oh jhgixq bahw ghnxqq zxwahn.78 Zhnn hw h} zijqh ðghw }hknhDh}q}qh``xnj ,ai}} h} fhknh Ehn}mlhnji}fieehwn jhjhghn liq+ôddhnq`kml x whahn bahw swbdh}}kbnh`` x }mlwhkghn zðwah hw ainn

i`} Lb`bmix}q%@hxjnhw bahw i`} Inqk}hekq ” bahw i`} ghkah} ” thw%`hxeahq zhwahn2Di``} }kml akh Jh}mlkmlqh zkwf`kml zkhahwlb`q zi} }b láxdkj

ahw Di`` k}q }b zðwah akh}hw Swbdh}}bw xnáml}q kjnbwkhwq xna jh%ekhahn zhwahn. ]hknh Fb``hjhn zðwahn indinjhn ohahn Fbnqifqekq kle x thwehkahn6 }hkn _xjinj x Xnkthw}kqáq}fbekqhh} xnaSbakxe}ak}fx}}kbnhn zðwah gh}mlwánfq zhwahn keehw ekq kw%jhnahknhw tbwjh}mlðqqhn Hnq}mlx`akjxnj di``} ðghwlixsq hknh hw%

db`jq. Di``} h} kle jh`ánjh }hknh jhjhn`áxdkjhn In}kmlqhn x ahnJi}fieehwn x thwôddhnq`kmlhn xna }hk h} kn hknhw ôwq`kml gh%jwhnqhn f`hknhn _hkq}mlwkdq }b zðwahn }h`g}qjhwhmlqh xna hesôw%qh Jhjhniwqkfh` hw}mlhknhn xe }hknh ]qkeeh x hw}qkmfhn. Swb%qh}qgwkhdh zðwahn in }hknhn Iwghkqjhghw thw}inaq zhwahn6 Awb%lxnjhn hlhei`kjhw Ig}b`thnqhn zðwahn igjhjhghn zhwahn }bzkhAwblxnjhn }hknhw Xnkthw}kqáq ]shnahn tbwxhnqli`qhn.

Di``} hw liwqnámfkj g`khgh zðwahn kln }hknh Fb``hjhn nkmlq nxw

ehkahn }bnahwn }kh zðwahn kln bdq lknqhw }hknhe Wðmfhn thw%`hxeahn. ]kh eôjhn kle tbwzhwdhn ‐xninjhdbmlqhnh Difqhn xlknqhwdwijhn― ‐akh Bsdhw x gh}mlx`akjhn― ‐xndxnakhwqh Lhqh xthwgwhkqhn― ‐Li}}whahn x ghjðn}qkjhn― bahw ai}} h} kle in ‐hk%nhe Eknkexe in wiqkbni`he xna ehn}ml`kmlhe Ak}fxw}― dhl`h.74 Di``} hw fhkn @hlw}qxl`knlighw záwh }b zðwah hw }kmlhw nkh hknhn ghfbeehn hji` zkh lhwtbwwijhna ixml }hknh @hlwh }hknh Thwôd%dhnq`kmlxnjhn xna }hkn Akhn}q in ahw Jhehknah ghzhwqhq zðw%

ahn.7:

Di``} hw hknhn @hlw}qxl` liq }b zðwah hw }hkn ‐nhxh}― Gðwbig}hkq} ke Fh``hw zkhahwdknahn.7< Di``} hehwkqkhwq }b zðwah hw }kml

78 Jhweiw Wxab`d @hmqxwh} bn qlh Lb`bmix}q? Mbnqwbthw}ki` K}}xh} Mwb}} H|ieknha 7naha. Qlh Giwnh} Whtkhz Zi}lknjqbn AM 73936 aq.? Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q Mi}q`h Lk`` Sxg`k}lhw} Li}qknj 7338.

74 Akh} ziwhn i``h} Tbwzðwdh jhjhn ahn Ixqbw akh}hw _hk`hn nkhahwjh`hjq kn hknhe Thw%`hxeaxnj}}mlwhkghn in ðghw =33 @hxqh axwml }khghn ehknhw Fb``hjhn nimlahe kml `h%akj`kml ahn Ghjwkdd ‐Lb`bmix}q%@hxjnxnj― ahdknkhwq liqqh i`} Ileiaknhoia Lhwg}q733; tbw ahn Thwhknqhn Niqkbnhn }swiml .

7: Akh Ig`hlnxnj hknh} @hlw}qxl`} dðw Nbwein Dknfh`}qhkn axwml akh AhSix` Xnkthw}kq{k}q ai} hknkjh Ghk}skh`.

7< Ai} thwginnqh xnkahnqkdkkhwqh Gðwb tbn Swbdh}}bw Iwqlxw Gxq in ahw Nbwqlzh}qhwnXnkthw}kq{ k}q hkn Siwiahghk}skh`. Hw k}q Ixqbw ah} Gxmlh} Qlh Lbi| bd qlh Qzhnqkhql




7=

Dbwahwxnjhn jhjhnðghw }hlhn }hknhn ]qiqx} i`} hehwkqkhwqh} Di%fx`qáq}ekqj`kha ighwfinnq x ghfbeehn.7;

Xna h} fônnqh }ml`keehw }hkn. Ein fônnqh kle ‐Dbw}mlxnj}%

ghqwxj― tbwzhwdhn kle kn}jhlhke ahn Swbh}} eimlhn zbghk akhThwzi`qxnj swbdh}}kbnh``h Lb`bmix}q%H|shwqhn i`} Jxqimlqhw gh%}qh``q.=3 Bahw kn tkhwhln @ánahwn hkn}ml`khÒ`kml Ahxq}mlìnaeij hw zhjhn hknh} Thwjhlhn} injhfìjq xna x Jhà% bahw Dwhk%lhkq}}qwidhn thwxwqhk`q zhwahn.

Akh jxqh Nimlwkmlq k}q ai}} ai} Lknqhwdwijhn ahw Ji}fieehwbgzbl` }kh nkmlq Qhk` ahw Zkh}h`‛}mlhn Ahdknkqkbn ah} ‐Lb`b%mix}q― k}q nkmlq aix dðlwq ai}} xn}hw l{sbqlhqk}mlhw Swbdh}}bw

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]mlzh}qhwn Lkài xna Ghiqwkmh ig}kmlq`kml thw}mlzkhjhn }b ai}} ghke @h}hw ahw Hknawxmf hnq}qhlq }kh }hkhn hghn}b kn Ix}mlzkqxejhfbeehn. Qiq}áml`kml zxwahn }kh kn Ix}mlzkq hqzi awhkEbniqh xnqhw Yxiwinqánh jh}qh``q zbniml }kh kn hkn inahw} @ijhw ðghwdðlwq zxwahn niml Fixdhwknj nilh Aimlix zb }kh gk} x kl%

whw Ghdwhkxnj ie Hnah ah} Fwkhjh} g`khghn. Akh Jh}mlkmlqh tbnZkh}h`} ]mlzh}qhwn zk}mlhn klwhw Infxndq kn Ix}mlzkq xnaahe Fwkhj}hnah k}q }bwjdá`qkj thwgbwjhn jhg`khghn. Ziwxe2 Láqqhklw Ghwkmlq akh Jh}mlkmlqh klwh} ghwðleqhn Gwxahw} akh hw kn Akh

Nimlq hwál`q jh}qðqq bahw ighw xnqhwjwighn2

Mhnqxw{? Qlh Mi}h Ijikn}q qlh Swh}xeha H|qhwekniqkbn bd Hxwbshin Ohzw{ =wa ha.

Qlh}h} $ Ak}}hwqiqkbn} Swh}} Mlkmijb 733=.7; Kn hknhe Thw`hxeaxnj}gwkhd injhg`kml xnqhw}mlwkhghn tbn Axhnahn Difx`qáq}ekq%j`khahwn zxwah akh Ighwfhnnxnj ehknh} ]qiqx} i`} hehwkqkhwqh} Difx`qáq}ekqj`kha ieLbgiwq $ Zk``kie ]ekql Mb``hjh jhdbwahwq i`} Thwjh`qxnj dðw hknhn Ji}qfb`xenh zb%wkn kml `hakj`kml akh Lb`bmix}q%@hxjnxnj gi}khwhna ixd ahn awhk bghn hwzálnqhn Hk%jhn}mlidqhn ahdknkhwq liqqh.

=3 Akh} k}q Aitka B‛Mbnnh`` si}}khwq hknhe hehwkqkhwqhn Swbdh}}bw in ahw Jhbwjki ]qiqhXnkthw}kq{. ]hkn Lb`bmix}q%Láwh}kh%Thwdilwhn zxwah kn}jhlhke zk}mlhn Ahheghw 7338 xna Bfqbghw 7334 igjhli`qhn ixdjwxna }hknh} Iwqkfh`} ekq ahw Ðghw}mlwkdq ‐H`khZkh}h` ina qlh Miqlb`km}― ,Mx`qxwh Ziw} eijiknh Nbtheghw 7331 ]. 71%==+. AkhThwzi`qxnj ahw Xnkthw}kqáq hnjijkhwqh Ahgbwil @ks}qiaq akh jhjhn B‛Abnnh`` ix}}ij%qh ighw ahw klw ghil`qh Ghqwij fbnnqh dwhk`kml nkmlq bddhnjh`hjq zhwahn injhg`kml zh%jhn ‐hqlk}mlhw― Jwðnah. Niml hlnebniqkjhn Xnqhw}xmlxnjhn zxwah @ks}qiaq} Inzxwd ah} Dbw}mlxnj}ghqwxjh} igjhzkh}hn. Akh Ei}}hnehakhn ghwkmlqhqhn nkhei`} ðghw akh%}h} Thwdilwhn.




71

Kn hknhw ixd Tkahb ixdjhnbeehnhn Ix}}ijh dðw ai} ]lbi%Swbohfq dðlwq Lkài Zkh}h` ix} }kh }hk x}ieehn ekq klwhe Gwx%ahw klwhw Exqqhw klwhn zhk ]mlzh}qhwn xna klwhw JwbÒexqqhw

eðqqhw`kmlhw}hkq} niml Ix}mlzkq jh}inaq zbwahn.=9

Hkn Thwj`hkmlzk}mlhn ahe zi} Lkài xna H`kh ðghw ahw ]mlzh}qhw Ðghwdðl%wxnj tbn Ix}mlzkq niml Fixdhwknj ghk Aimlix ghwkmlqhn k}q ixd%}ml`x}}whkml. H`kh kqkhwq Lkài zkh db`jq?=7

‐Kml hwknnhwh ekml in akh}h Nimlq xn}hwh `hqqh Nimlq kn Ix}mlzkq. Kn akh}hw Nimlq }mlkmfqhn }kh hknhn Qwin}sbwq tbn zô`dlxnahwq Dwixhn wix}. Nimfq. Oi nimfq. Ghi xna kml zi%whn Qhk` akh}h} Qwin}sbwq}. V․U Kn hknhe Tkhlzijhn ehwfqh

hknh }hlw dwbeeh Dwix in? Lhxqh k}q V․U ahw qwixwkj}qh Qij ah} Oilwh}.―Qiq}áml`kml }ijqh Lkài ai}} }kh }kml ix}bjhn xna hnqzh}q

zxwahn.== Ainn‐gwimlqhn }kh xn} in hknhn inahwhn Bwq jighn xn} F`hk%

axnj xna ie }h`ghn Ebwjhn whk}qhn zkw kn hknhe Shw}bnhnxj ig ” }kh }qhmfqhn xn} kn hknhn Shw}bnhnxj akh <33 Dwixhn ”

}kh jighn xn} x h}}hn hqzi} Gwbq xe Ekqnhlehn ” xna zkw

dxlwhn ig zkw zx}}qhn nkmlq zblkn zkw dxlwhn xna ai ziw akhZhlweimlq ” nkmlq akh ]] }bnahwn ]bàiqhn tbn ahw Zhlw%eimlq ” akh akh Zimlhn }qh``qhn.―Blnh kwjhnahknhn ahw ghkahn Ghwkmlqh kn _zhkdh` khlhn x

zb``hn k}q fìw ai}} H`kh} Di}}xnj bddhnfxnakj ehlw jwáxh`bwkhn%qkhwq k}q. Hw liq 83( ehlw Dwixhn ke Qwin}sbwq xna }kh zhwahn dðw hknh awhkqájkjh Whk}h nimfq kn Tkhlzijhn jh}shwwq. Liq hw akh}hJh}mlkmlqh hwdxnahn2 Liq hw ai} zi} }hknh ]mlzh}qhw zkwf`kml

jh}ijq liq „ixdsb`khwq‐2 Liq hw ahn ]mlwhmfhn ah}}hn thwjwôÒhwq2H`kh ghlixsqhq hw zðwah jhwn ehlw ðghw akh Hwdilwxnjhn }hknhw zhk á`qhwhn ]mlzh}qhwn ke @ijhw hwdilwhn ighw hw ligh Inj}q xdwijhn. Tkh``hkmlq liq hw Inj}q ai}} akh Zilwlhkq nálhw ghk ahw jhjhnzáwqkjhn whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn ]mlkàhwxnj `khjq i`} ghk ohnhwakh hw ehlw i`} 43 Oilwh ìnj ixdjhqk}mlq liq.

=9 zzz.lb`bmix}qahnkhw.mbe"7399"3:"h`kh%zkh}h`}%}k}qhw%issiwhnq`{%abh}nq%lith%in%ix}mlzkq%qiqqbb%hkqlhw"

=7 Ina qlh ]hi k} Nhthw Dx`` ]. 131.== Lkài Zkh}h` Knqhwtkhz Qhk` 7 7<.<.7393 ]. 9.




78

Zkh}h`} Tiqhw }qiwg Hnah Oinxiw 9;18 kn Gxmlhnzià ohabmlnkmlq in Ji} }bnahwn in Hw}mlôsdxnj Lxnjhw xna Ek}}lina`xn%jhn ,ìxq Akh Nimlq + gz. in Fwinflhkq ,ahn Abfxehnqhn kn [ia

Ti}lhe xdb`jh+. H`kh zxwah ekq 433 zhkqhwhn Fknahwn kn ahnFknahw%G`bmf ðghwdðlwq ,G`bmf 446 }b }hknh ]mlkàhwxnj+. Ighw ie Qijh ahw Ghdwhkxnj axwml akh Iehwkfinhw }b``hn kle xdb`jhnxw nbml zhnkjh lxnahwq Fknahw ðgwkj jhg`khghn }hkn=1 zi} ke@h}hw ahn Hknawxmf hwzhmfq ai}} akh ehk}qhn xejhfbeehn zi%whn. Ziwxe liq hw tbw}áq`kml akh Qiq}imlh ix}jhì}}hn ai}} ðghw ;33 Fknahw kn Gxmlhnzià ghdwhkq zxwahn aiwxnqhw hknkjh ke I`%qhw tbn nxw imlq Oilwhn2=8 ]b`mlh Ix}ì}}xnjhn thw`hklhn ahn Wh%

tk}kbnk}qhn Jìxgzðwakjfhkq akh iwjxehnqkhwhn ai}} akh ]hml}%Ek``kbnhn%_il` }hlw zbl` ðghwqwkhghn }hkn eij xna ai}} akh Thw%nkmlqxnj}qlh}h zhnkjhw zilw}mlhkn`kml }hkn eij i`} hknh Qlh}h gi}khwhna ixd ahn Whi`kqáqhn ah} Fwkhjh} xna ahn hqlnk}mlhn ]áx% ghwxnjhn.

Ziwxe liq H`kh ahe @h}hw tbwhnqli`qhn ai}} ahw Fknahw%G`bmf kn Gxmlhnzià ,G`bmf 44+ Qhk` hknhw ‐Whqqxnj}bshwiqkbnknnhwli`g ah} @ijhw} ziw axwmljhdðlwq tbn H`hehnqhn ah} knqhw%

niqkbni`hn Xnqhwjwxnah} jh`hkqhq tbn ahxq}mlhn Fbeexnk}qhnx}ieehn ekq sb`nk}ml%oðak}mlhn H`hehnqhn akh ekq ahe Xnqhw%jwxna x}ieehniwghkqhqhn―2=4 ]b }ml`kee akh @ijh ixml ziwziwxe liq hw xn} tbwhnqli`qhn ai}} akh Fknahw ke G`bmf 44 ehlw Nilwxnj ehlw F`hkaxnj xna gh}}hwhn ]mlxq hwlkh`qhn i`} akhhwziml}hnhn Kn}i}}hn2 Xnqhwjwágq nkmlq akh g`bÒh H|k}qhn tbnLxnahwqhn Oðak}mlhw Fknahw kn hknhe Nik%Fbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhw Zkh}h`} hkjhnh Ahdknkqkbn ah} Lb`bmix}q i`} hknh }{}qheiqk}mlh

gðwbfwiqk}mlh Thwnkmlqxnj ahw Oxahn ðghwi`` kn Hxwbsi2Zkmlqkjhw nbml? ziwxe hwzálnq Zkh}h` nkh akh Ei}}hnqôqxn%

jhn xna Db`qhwxnjhn akh kn Gxmlhnzià xna ]iml}hnlix}hn }qiqq%dinahn nimlahe akh}h @ijhw htifxkhwq xna ahn Wx}}hn ðghwjh% ghn zbwahn ziwhn zhmf} Knqhwnkhwxnj ahxq}mlhw Fwkhj}jhdinjh%

=1 Nkjlq ]. 991.=8 zzz.liwshw}.bwj"iwmlkth"733<"97"lgm%;333193==4 Z{iqq Ei}bn ‐I Di`}h ]qbw{? ]k| Yxh}qkbn} dbw Fhn Zi`qhw― Liwshw} Eijiknh =9

Ah. 733< ]. 1.




74

nhw xna inqk%fbeexnk}qk}mlhw sb`kqk}mlhw Jhdinjhnhw2 Akh}h Ix}%ì}}xnj k}q gh}bnahw} jwitkhwhna ahnn?=:

‐Akh ]qhwghwiqh kn ahn }bzohqk}mlhn @ijhwn ziw lôlhw i`}

akh tbn ahn ]qiqk}qkfhn jhhkjqh Wiqh ahw Nik%@ijhw. Ahn tbnahw ]bzohqxnkbn jhdðlwqhn @ijhwifqhn xdb`jh zxwahn zk% }mlhn 9;18 xna 9;83 977.4:9 Shw}bnhn thwlidqhq xna ke }bz% ohqk}mlhn @ijhw}{}qhe kn Ahxq}mlìna knqhwnkhwq xna 17.<<;tbn klnhn }qiwghn. _xahe zxwahn :84 Shw}bnhn lknjhwkmlqhq.

Ahw @ijhwdðlwhw }ijq “Akh}h Kndbweiqkbn zxwah tbn akthw}hw ]hkqh ghzhkdh`q }b ai}} zhkqhwjhlhnah Dbw}mlxnjhn nôqkj

}kna‛.―

Ein ghehwfh ai}} h} kn Bwanxnj k}q zhnn Lk}qbwkfhw akh Bs%dhw}qiqk}qkfhn wx}}k}mlhw Ei}}ifhw xna Fwkhj}thwgwhmlhn lknqhw%dwijhn ighw h} k}q ohn}hkq} ah} jxqhn Jh}mleimf} oi }bjiw fwkek%nh`` akh ]mlkàhwxnjhn oðak}mlhw Bsdhw zkh ohnh tbn H`kh Zkh}h`x lknqhwdwijhn.

I`} Zkh}h` i`} Obxwni`k}q dðw akh k}wih`k}mlh _hkqxnj [hakbql Ilwbnbql iwghkqhqh }hk hw niml Aimlix jhjinjhn }b }ijq hw. Akh}ziw zilw}mlhkn`kml Hnah ahw 9;13hw bahw Indinj ahw 9;83hw Oil%

wh. Hw zk`` abwq hknkjh Qijh i``hkn thwgwimlq lighn. Hw ziw ixdjh%zðl`q xna ahswkekhwq ‐ai akh Oðak}mlfhkq ahw Bsdhw fixe hwzálnqzxwah.―=< Ighw ziwxe }b``qh oðak}mlh} @hkahn Tbwwinj lighn2 KnAimlix jig h} whmlq zhnkjh Oxahn i`} ai} @ijhw innb 9;== hw%ôddnhq zxwah. Ahw Tkwqxi` Ohzk}l @kgwiw{ xdb`jh zbl` fixe hknhxntbwhknjhnbeeh Yxh``h ‐zxml} akh Inil` ahw oðak}mlhn Kn%}i}}hn V․U ekq xnhlehnahw Thwdb`jxnj ahw Oxahn xna ie93."99. Nbtheghw 9;=< i`} Db`jh ahw Fwk}qi``nimlq ziwhn ehlw

i`} 93.333 oðak}mlh Eánnhw abwq knqhwnkhwq. ,Akh ehk}qhn Eánnhw ix} akh}hw Jwxssh zxwahn niml zhnkjhn Zbmlhn bahw zhnkjhnEbniqhn hnqì}}hn.+―=;

Zi} Zkh}h` xahe thw}mlzhkjq k}q ahw Xe}qina ai}} akhAhxq}mlhn ghk Fwkhj}hnah ghjinnhn Jhdinjhnh ix} inahwhnFbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhwn xnqhw hnq}hq`kmlhn Ghaknjxnjhn nimlAimlix x thw`hjhn zi} x Fwinflhkqhn xna Lxnjhw dðlwqh. Tkh%

=: zzz.}mwisgbbfsijh}.mbe"gxmlhnzià"]shmki`Mies.lqe`=< I`` Wkthw}․ ]. 737.=; zzz.ohzk}ltkwqxi``kgwiw{.bwj"o}bxwmh"Lb`bmix}q"aimlix.lqe`




7:

`h akh}hw Jhdinjhnhn ziwhn Oxahn ighw }h`g}q ghk ahw Ghdwhkxnjah} @ijhw} ie 7;. Iswk` 9;18 ‐jig h} kn Aimlix xna }hknhn Ix%Òhnìjhwn 4:.448 whjk}qwkhwqh Jhdinjhnh. Tbn akh}hn jhlôwqhn

1=.=83 kn akh Fiqhjbwkh ahw sb`kqk}mlhn Jhdinjhnhn zálwhna77.933 Oxahn ziwhn zbghk ahw Wh}q kn thw}mlkhahnh inahwh Fiqh%jbwkhn dkh`.―=;

H} k}q xahe hwzálnhn}zhwq ai}} ‐ke Ixjx}q 9;11 hkn Dwix%hnìjhw knnhwli`g Aimlix} hwôddnhq zxwah. Akh hw}qh Hkn`khdhwxnjtbn Dwixhn fie ix} Ix}mlzkq%Gkwfhnix.―=; Akh} ziw akh j`hkmlh_hkq i`} Zkh}h`} ]mlzh}qhwn kn hkn inahw} @ijhw nilh Aimlix ghk@ina}ghwj%Fixdhwknj ðghwdðlwq zxwahn ai} niml 9;1= ekqlk`dh

tbn _zinj}iwghkqhwn hwwkmlqhq zbwahn ziw zhmf} Lhw}qh``xnjtbn Fwkhj}jðqhwn. Akh Qiq}imlh ai}} }kh shw Shw}bnhnxj kn hkninahwh} Iwghkq}ìjhw ðghwdðlwq zxwahn ” xna nkmlq hqzi kn Tkhl%zijhn ” }qðqq akh Qlh}h ahw Whtk}kbnk}qhn ai}} Ix}mlzkq fhknThwnkmlqxnj}ìjhw ziw.

Lkài Zkh}h` gh}mlwhkgq hghn}b akh Infxndq tbn ‐=.333 Eán%nhwn akh ,niml @ina}ghwj+ fiehn6 }kh fiehn ix} Ix}mlzkq xna}kh ziwhn hkn Iwghkq}qwxss ahw ai} Ziw}mlixhw Jhqqb ixdjhwáxeq

liq. Indinj} ziwhn }kh kn Ix}mlzkq ainn jknjhn }kh xe ai}Jhqqb ixdxwáxehn xna ainn ainiml zxwahn }kh kn xn}hw @ijhw jh}mlkmfq.―13 Thw}mlzhkjq H`kh }b`mlh Ðghw`hghnahnghwkmlqh zhk`}kh nkmlq kn }hkn Gkà tbe Thwnkmlqxnj}ìjhw si}}hn ai} hw jhei`qliq xna nxn }qánakj xna keehw zkhahw xe Gh}qhn jkgq2 Xna zi%wxe hwzálnq hw nkh ai}} }hknh á`qhwh ]mlzh}qhw ghwkmlqhq liq Jh%dinjhnh }hkhn ixml axwml i``kkhwqh Gbegiwahehnq} jhqôqhq zbwahn}bzkh axwml D`khjhwgh}mlx}} i`} }kh tbw ahw Ghdwhkxnj akh ]qwiÒhn

hnqìnj eiw}mlkhwq }hkhn2Lkài Zkh}h` liq ixml ix}jh}ijq ai} @ijhw }hk jhjhn Hnah

9;11 xna Indinj 9;18 ‐tbn D`hmfdkhghw lhkejh}xmlq zbwahn.Akh Eánnhw }qiwghn ekq hknhw Wiqh tbn =3 swb Qij.―13 D`hmfdkhghw xna inahwh Fwinflhkqhn ziwhn ahw Lixsqjwxna dðw ahn Qba ahw Kn}i}}hn ke `hqqhn Fwkhj}oilw ighw kn H`kh Zkh}h`} Lb`bmix}q%]mlkàhwxnj k}q akh}hw swifqk}ml gh}hkqkjq. Ziwxe }kna i``h }hknhGh}mlwhkgxnjhn ah} Qbah} ai} Hwjhgnk} tbn Gwxqi`kqáq xna ]i%

13 Ðghw}hqxnj hknh} Knqhwtkhz} kn Dwinô}k}ml tbn Lkài Zkh}h` Fxa`hw kn Nkh Dwinf%whkml ie 99. Ah. 9;;8 ,}khlh Ine. =9+.




7<

ak}ex} in}qiqq tbn Fwinflhkq Lxnjhw xna inahwhn ekq aheFwkhj thwfnðsdqhn Xw}imlhn2

_x jxqhw @hqq i`} Zkh}h` Indinj ahw 9;83hw Oilwh hknhn Qij

kn Aimlix thwgwimlqh ex}} hw ghehwfq lighn ai}} akh Giwimfhnekq thwiweqhn Ahxq}mlhn gh`hjq ziwhn akh fhknhn inahwhn Bwqxe @hghn liqqhn. Xnjhdálw <3( tbn Eðnmlhn ziw dìmljh% gbegq zbwahn xna thwiweqh Ehn}mlhn `hgqhn }qánakj ke tbwei%`kjhn F@ Aimlix gk} ai} @ijhw 9;48 kn hkn Ex}hxe xejhzin%ah`q zxwah. Xedinjwhkmlh xna gwxqi`h hqlnk}mlh ]áxghwxnjhnahxq}mlhw _ktk`k}qhn niml ahe Fwkhj zhwahn tbn Zkh}h` tô``kj kj%nbwkhwq.

Zálwhna Zkh}h` h} xnqhw`á}}q akh thwlhhwhnah Zkwfxnj tbnFwinflhkqhn ixd i``h Jhdinjhnhn kn hnjhn Ghlix}xnjhn xnqhw bdqxnl{jkhnk}mlhn Ghaknjxnjhn lhwtbwxlhghn ,ke Ek`kqáw bahw knJhqqb}+ }b gh}mlwhkgq hw ighw akh Ax}mlhn xna sd`kmlqeáÒkjh L{%jkhnhwbxqknh ahw ein j`hkmldôwekj ke Awkqqhn Whkml nimljknj.Akh}h Ghqbnxnj ixd akh L{jkhnh ,di}q }mlbn hknh Einkh+ ziw mli%wifqhwk}qk}ml dðw akh ahxq}mlhn Jhdinjhnhnìjhw ke Jhjhn}iq xahn }bzohqk}mlhn xna oisink}mlhn. H`kh qhk`q xn} ekq ai}} akh Kn%

}i}}hn klwh F`hkahw ix}bjhn }kml lhkÒ ax}mlqhn xna ainn }ixgh%wh F`hkahw hwlkh`qhn. Hw }ijq?19 ‐Akh} ziwhn akh Ax}mlhn hknh Sd`kmlqwbxqknh. Zhnn zkw

tbn hknhe @ijhw kn} inahwh dxlwhn ehlwhwh Ei`h ie Qijex}}qhn zkw ohah} Ei` axwml akh}h lknaxwml.―Xna ‐kn Gxmlhnzià ex}}qh ohahw kn akh Ax}mlh jhlhn. ]bjiw

akh Fwinfhn akh injhzkh}hn zxwahn x`hqq x jhlhn.―17 Hw liq nkmlq inhwfinnq bahw tkh``hkmlq zx}}qh hw h} aiei`}

nkmlq ai}} akh tbn ahn Jhdinjhnhn igjhjhghnh F`hkaxnj kn Ji}%fieehwn ekq _{f`bn G ghlinah`q zxwah ahe ahxq}mlhn Hw}iq%ekqqh` dðw AAQ ai} tbn ahn Iehwkfinhwn xna Gwkqhn xw Gh%fáesdxnj tbn @áx}hn xna Ghqqzinhn thwzhnahq zxwah.

Akh}h Ji}fieehwn ziwhn dðw F`hkahw ix}jh`hjq. G`hmlab}hnekq _{f`bn G Jwinxìq zxwahn ixqbeiqk}ml jhôddnhq ,ei}mlknh``nkmlq shw Lina+ xe ai} Ji} dwhkx}hqhn. @ðdqxnj}thnqkìqbwhnqwkhghn ai} Ji} ix} ahn Fieehwn zhnn ahw _{f`x} ghhnahq xna

19 Nkjlq ]. 19.17 Nkjlq ]. 934.




7;

akh F`hkahw tb``}qánakj hnqzh}q ziwhn. ]b`mlh Ji}fieehwn finnein lhxqh kn Aimlix }hlhn zb ahwhn Dxnfqkbn}zhk}h kn} Ahqik` gh}mlwkhghn k}q.

Ighw akh}h Ji}fieehwn ziwhn fhknh Ehn}mlhnji}fieehwn6akh} ziwhn Hnqzh}xnj}ei}mlknhn dðw F`hkahw. J`hkml nhghn ahnHnqzh}xnj}ei}mlknhn kn Aimlix ghdknahq }kml ahw Wixe zb }kmlakh Jhdinjhnhn ix}bjhn xna klwh F`hkahw igjighn xe kn akhEi}mlknhn hknjhdðlwq x zhwahn. Ahw awkqqh Wixe k}q hkn Ax}ml%wixe zb }kml akh Jhdinjhnhn lhkÒ ax}mlqhn }b zkh Zkh}h` xnainahwh h} gh}mlwkhghn lighn. Kn hknhe zhkqhwhn Wixe jig einklnhn inahwh F`hkahw akh ghwhkq} jh}áxghwq bahw xeknah}q hnq%

zh}q zbwahn ziwhn.Ighw ahw Ax}mlwixe kn Aimlix k}q thwánahwq zbwahn. Akh Ah%mfh zxwah nkhawkjhw jh}hqq6 akh Ax}mlfôsdh xna Zi}}hw`hkqxnjhnzxwahn hnqdhwnq bahw thwahmfq xna di`}mlh Ax}mlfôsdh zxwahn knakh Ahmfh jh}qhmfq. Akh X]%Whjkhwxnj ghlixsqhqh hkn}q akh} }hkhknh Ehn}mlhnji}fieehw jhzh}hn kn ahw Jhdinjhnh kn knax}qwk%h``he Ix}eiÒ hwebwahq zbwahn }hkhn. Lhxqh zkwa ahn Gh}xmlhwnAimlix} keehw nbml jh}ijq akh} }hk hknh Ehn}mlhnji}fieehw

ighw }kh }hk nkh ghnxqq zbwahn. Akh Dwijh akh ahw @h}hw tbn Akh Nimlq dwijhn eij k}q? zb lighn }kml akh Jhdinjhnhn Aimlix}jhax}mlq zi} oi Qhk` ahw tbwjh}mlwkhghnhn L{jkhnhwbxqknh ah}@ijhw} ziw zkh Zkh}h` h} gh}mlwkhg2 Zk`` ein xn} j`ixghn ei%mlhn ai}} akh Nik} ahn Jhdinjhnhn kn Aimlix fhknh Ax}mlh xw Thwdðjxnj }qh``qhn nimlahe }kh }kml ix}jhbjhn xna ein klwhF`hkahw hnqzh}q liqqh2 Ziwxe }b``qhn akh Nik} akh Ahmfh igjh%}hnfq xna di`}mlh Ax}mlfôsdh abwq lknhkn jh}qhmfq lighn2 Fônnqh

h} }hkn ai}} akh Iehwkfinhw ahn hmlqhn Ax}mlwixe kn Aimlixthwánahwq lighn xe hknh Ehn}mlhnji}fieehw x }mliddhn zhk`}kh zhahw ahn Ei}}hnehakhn nbml ahw Fbeek}}kbn ah} X]%Fbnjwh}}h} akh aiei`} thw}mlkhahnh @ijhw kn Ahxq}ml`ina gh%}xmlqh hknh }b`mlh hkjhn fbnnqh2




=3

Ji`k`hb zkhahw ghqwimlqhq1=

H} zkwa hwál`q ai}} ein Ji`k`hb ghk }hknhe Thwlôw axwml akhKnyxk}kqkbn akh Db`qhwkn}qwxehnqh hkjqh. Ji`k`hb ziw xnqhw inah%whe ixml Iwq xna zx}}qh zi} Ehqi`` ekq D`hk}ml eimlhn finnxna }b zkahwwkhd hw.

Nkmlq ighw Jhweiw Wxab`d.

H} zkwa ixml hwál`q ai}} Ji`k`hb ghk }hknhe Zkahwwxd ixd }hknhn Fnkhn x }hknhn Inf`ájhwn fwbml.

Nkmlq ighw Jhweiw Wxab`d.

Kn hknhe Gwkhd tbn }hknhw Jhdánjnk}h``h ix} gh}mlwkhg hw zi%wxe hw hkn Lb`bmix}q%Whtk}kbnk}q zxwah xna ziwxe hw ghwhkq ziw}b`ml hknhn }mlwhmf`kmlhn Swhk} x ghil`hn.11 Qiq}imlh k}q ai}}Jhweiw nkh }hlw ie _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhj bahw ie Lb`bmix}q knqh%wh}}khwq ziw. Zi} kln ghzhjqh ziwhn akh Jwðnah xna _zhmfh akhlknqhw ahn @ðjhn ahn Tbw}skhjh`xnjhn xna ahw Swbsijinai ì%jhn. Ziwxe zhwahn }kh kn akh Zh`q jh}hqq zkh zhwahn }kh thw% gwhkqhq ixdwhmlqhwli`qhn xna axwmljh}hqq xna ziwxe jìxghn zkw

aiwin2 Dðw Wxab`d k}q Lb`bmix}q%Swbsijinai fhknh `hakj`kml lk}qb%wk}mlh }bnahwn ixml hknh kahb`bjk}mlh Dwijh. Xna h} }mlhknq ixmlfhkn Hknhèbqkt dðw Wxab`d} Knqhwh}}h x jhghn }bnahwn hkn Jh%ek}ml ix} shw}ôn`kmlhw Jh}mlkmlqh xna Shw}ôn`kmlfhkq. ]mlbn i`}Fkna ziw hw ekq hknhw xnjhlhxwhn Nhxjkhw jh}hjnhq ,bahw ghì}%qhq+ xna ekq hknhe zkh hw h} ix}awðmfq ‐ðghwqwkhghnhn Jhwhml%qkjfhkq}}knn―. Zkw hwdilwhn ixml ai}} hw tbn }hknhe Tiqhw gwxqi` ghlinah`q zbwahn ziw.

Zálwhna }hknhw q{sk}mlhn ahxq}mlhn ]mlx`gkàxnj zxwah ahw Lb`bmix}q ehlwhwh Ei`h ghlinah`q?

‐Akh ðg`kmlhn Ghlixsqxnjhn aiwðghw }mlkhnhn ekw xnin% zhkdh`giw xngh}qwhkqgiw x }hkn kn ]qhkn jhehkÒh`qh Zilw%lhkq bddhnfxnakj.―

1= Akh}hw Ig}mlnkqq whd`hfqkhwq akh Jhainfhn ah} XF Akwhfqbw} tbn Ahkw [i}}kn Whehe%ghwha Six` Hk}hn.

11 Tbe 7:. Ixj. 7334 i`} Inqzbwq ixd hknhn Gwkhd in kln tbn K}wih` ]liekw6zzz.j`bgi`dkwh.qt"no"34hn"shw}hmxqkbn"wxab`d.lqe6 i`` }xg}hyxhnq yxbqh} dwbe qlhwh.




=9

Ke Oilwh 9;<; ohabml ghjhjnhqhn kle akh ]mlwkdqhn tbn Six`Wi}}knkhw18 hknhe hlhei`kjhn dwinô}k}mlhn Fbeexnk}qhn Siwqk%}inhnfáesdhw xna Ládq`knj ke F@ Gxmlhnzià xna Abwi. Niml

ahe Fwkhj lôwqh Wi}}knkhw Jh}mlkmlqhn tbn ehmlink}khwqhn Thw%nkmlqxnjhn kn Gxmlhnzià ” hknh Ghlixsqxnj akh hw i`} xnzilw hwfinnqh. Hw dwxj }kml? ‐Zhnn }kh aiwðghw `ðjhn fônnhn zi} k}q}bn}q nbml hw`bjhn2― Wi}}knkhw ôddnhqh ahe oxnjhn ahxq}mlhn]qxahnqhn Jhweiw Wxab`d akh Ixjhn „xna `khÒ _zhkdh` x. Nkmlqehlw nxw _zhkdh`.―

Jhweiw ziw aix hwbjhn zbwahn akh bwqlbab|h Lb`bmix}q%Hwál`xnj nkmlq inxzhkdh`n zi} kln in }kml }mlbn áwjhwqh zkh

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G`ðqhn}qxakh « Jhweiw Wxab`d 7334




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Hnkin « Jhweiw Wxab`d 7334




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]qkhdeðqqhwmlhn « Jhweiw Wxab`d 7334




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D`iegb{inq « Jhweiw Wxab`d 7334




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J`ômfmlhn « Jhweiw Wxab`d 733:




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43

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49

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47

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4=

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41

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`kmlhn Skbnkhwjhk}q ahn kml i`qhn Thwôddhnq`kmlxnjhn ix} ahw hw}%qhn Lá`dqh ah} 73. Oilwlxnahwq} hnqnbeehn liqqh ziw nkmlq} x}sðwhn. Xnghfinnq }mlkhn abwq ahn ehk}qhn ahw Ghjwkdd ah} Hwb}ahw Hwfhnnqnk} ai} hwwhjhnah Hw`hgnk} ixd ìnj jh}qh``qh Dwijhnhna`kml Inqzbwqhn x dknahn Xnthw}qinahnh} hna`kml x thw}qh%lhn _x}ieehnlánjh x hnqahmfhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh} Nhxìnax ghqwhqhn.

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48

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lhw kn hknhw Sb}kqkbn ix} ahw lhwix} ein hknhn tkh` gh}}hwhnÐghwg`kmf ðghw zhkqh Dbw}mlxnj}dhàhw ghfbeehn finn i`} zhnnein }kml dbw}mlhna xe ]shki`jhgkhqh fðeehwq. Kml hesdinaehknh nhxh Qáqkjfhkq i`} Zk}}hn}mlidq}thw`hjhw fbnqwbthw}hw Dbw%}mlxnj}hwjhgnk}}h ailhw i`} knqh``hfqxh`` lôml}q ghdwkhakjhna.Lknx fie ai}} h} ixd hknh jinh Whklh tbn Dbw}mlhwn bddhngiw ebqktkhwhna zkwfqh zhnn }kh xthw}kmlq`kml }hkn fbnnqhn ai}} klw Dbw}mlxnj}ixdzina ixml Dwðmlqh gwknjhn zðwah kn Dbwe hknh}

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44

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7. Zilwlhkq}qwkhg xna Ehn}mlhnzðwah

Ai lôml}qh ahxq}mlh Jhwkmlqh ix}jhdðlwq lighn h} fônnh hk%nhn Fbnd`kfq zk}mlhn Zilwlhkq}qwkhg xna Ehn}mlhnzðwah jhghn ” kml zhwah aiwixd }sáqhw nbml ahqik``khwqhw hknjhlhn ” eômlqh

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xn} gk}lhw ghfinnqhn @hghn. Ahw Slk`b}bsl Fiw` Wikexna Sbsshw liq akh}hn Xnqhw}mlkha zkh db`jq gh}mlwkhghn?44

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:9 Jhbwj Mlwk}qbsl @kmlqhnghwj Thwek}mlqh ]mlwkdqhn 9. Gina Akhqhwkml Jôqqknjhn9<8= ]. ;<.




:9

ifqkt x ghfáesdhn knahe kml _zhkdh` ]fhs}k} xna Fwkqkf dôwah%wh xna klnhn hkn Sxg`kfiqkbn}sbakxe gkhqh.

@i}}hn ]kh ekml in akh}hw ]qh``h hkn siiw Zbwqh xe Ghjwkdd

_ktk`mbxwijh ingwknjhn ahw oi zkhahw }hlw kn Ebah jhfbeehnk}q. _ktk`mbxwijh ghahxqhq ]qb` tbw Fônkj}qlwbnhn6 }kh ghahxqhqExq jhjhnðghw ahn Eámlqkjhn x hkjhn. _ktk`mbxwijh liq nkmlq}aiekq x qxn }kml jhjhn kwjhnazh`mlh jh}h``}mlidq`kmlh Wina%jwxsshn x zhnahn zkh akh} lhxqh }b láxdkj ke }bjhninnqhn„Fiesd jhjhn Whmlq}‐ jhdbwahwq zkwa. ]kml jhjhn hknh thwdb`jqhxna ix}jhjwhnqh Eknahwlhkq x zhnahn jhjhn akh blnhlkn }bjxq zkh ohahw k}q liq ðghwlixsq nkmlq} ekq Exq x qxn. Jin ke

Jhjhnqhk`. Xna kml }ijh ai} nkmlq xe dðw Whmlqh ]qh``xnj x gh%khlhn }bnahwn ix} Swknks. Zhnn akh Eámlqkjhn xna akh Ehlw%lhkq ixd hknh eimlq`b}h Eknahwlhkq hkn}ml`ijhn ainn nhnnq einai} ke gh}qhn Di`` Bssbwqxnk}ex} ke }ml`hmlqh}qhn }bjiw Dhkj%lhkq. Exq gwixmlq ein hw}q zhnn ein }kml jhjhn akh Eámlqkjhnjhjhn Ehlwlhkqhn xna jhjhn ahn _hkqjhk}q zhnahq. Xna kn xn}h%whe Di`` ghahxqhq _ktk`mbxwijh hghn Zkahw}qina jhjhn akh Dhkn%ah ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq xna ahw Ehn}mlhnzðwah ix} ahn Whklhn ahw

Eámlqkjhn x `hk}qhn. _xe Qlhei Zkahw}qina zhwah kml }sáqhw nbml zhkqhwh Ix}dðlwxnjhn eimlhn.

KKK. Swknkskh``h}

Kml eômlqh nxn ixd akh Swknkskhn ahw Zilwlhkq}}xmlh hknjh%lhn akh ein i`} Jwxnaei|kehn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq mliwifqhwk}kh%whn finn. Aix aiwd kml xnáml}q zkhahw Sbsshw kqkhwhn ahw akhJhgxwq ahw jwxna`hjhna}qhn i``hw zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Ei|kehn lk%}qbwk}ml nimljhhkmlnhq liq. Ðghwlixsq zkwa }kml hkn JwbÒqhk` ahw nimldb`jhnahn Ix}dðlwxnjhn ixd Sbsshw} Hwfhnnqnk}slk`b}bslkh}qðqhn ahnn akh}hw Slk`b}bsl jk`q nkmlq tbn xnjhdálw i`} hknhw ahw ghfinnqh}qhn xna injh}hlhn}qhn ah} 73. Oilwlxnahwq}. Einfinn }hknh Slk`b}bslkh }bjiw kn jhzk}}hw Zhk}h i`} akh Ðghw%zknaxnj tbn Finq} fwkqk}mlhe Kahi`k}ex} ghhkmlnhn ah}}hnQlh}h tbn hknhe ehn}ml`kmlhn „i swkbwk‐ Zk}}hn axwml akh eb%ahwnh Sl{}kf }mlzhw hw}mlðqqhwq zxwah.




:7

Finq jknj xe Ghk}skh` aitbn ix} ai}} zkw tbn Indinj inzilwh} Zk}}hn ðghw Wixe xna _hkq ðghw Fix}i`kqáq xna Fbnqknx%kqáq tbn Tbwjánjhn xna Jhjhn}qánahn láqqhn. Ohabml zxwah ahw

Jìxgh in akh Fix}i`kqáq axwml akh Yxinqhnehmlinkf ahw Jìxghin akh fbn}qinqh fiwqh}k}mlh Niqxw tbn Wixe xna _hkq axwml akhWhìqktkqáq}qlhbwkh xna akh „Zilwlhkq‐ xn} jhnhqk}ml thweimlqhw Kndbweiqkbnhn axwml Jhndbw}mlxnj Htb`xqkbn}gkb`bjkh Thwli`%qhn}dbw}mlxnj xna Lkwnsl{}kb`bjkh }mlzhw hw}mlðqqhwq. Tbn Finq}„i swkbwk‐ Zk}}hn g`khg ailhw swifqk}ml nkmlq} ðgwkj. Ai jhnix}hqqh nxn Fiw` Wikexna Sbsshw in ahw i`} Sl{}kfhw Eiqlheiqk%fhw xna Slk`b}bsl akh Jwxnatbwix}}hqxnjhn ekqgwimlqh xe akh%

}h nhxhn Hwfhnnqnk}}h ahw Niqxwzk}}hn}mlidqhn kn hknh nhxh }b`k%ah Hwfhnnqnk}qlhbwkh xex}hqhn akh hw ig ahn 9;=3hw Oilwhnhnqziwd.

_xw Jhgxwq ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq dðlwq Sbsshw ix}?:7 „Kn Gig{`bn ghk ahn Jwkhmlhn ghk ahn nhx}hh`ának}mlhn

Eibwk} ghk i``hn Tô`fhwn akh }kml ai} Zh`qjh}mlhlhn e{qlb%`bjk}ml x hwf`áwhn thw}xmlhn zhwahn Jh}mlkmlqhn hwál`q akhtbe Xw}swxnj ahw Zh`q linah`n xna akh klwh ]qwxfqxw ix} kl%

whe Xw}swxnj thw}qhlhn zb``hn. Akh}h Jh}mlkmlqhn zhwahn xw Qwiakqkbn akh kn hkjhnhn ]mlx`hn jhsd`hjq zkwa. ]kh }kna bdq ahw Gh}kq hknhw gh}bnahwhn Fì}}h ahw Swkh}qhw bahw Ehak%

kneánnhw akh ðghw akh Qwiakqkbnhn zimlhn. ]kh ánahwn }kmlnxw zhnkj ” lixsq}áml`kml axwml Xnjhnixkjfhkq ahw Ðghw`khdh%wxnj axwml EkÒthw}qánank}}h xna einmlei` axwml Lknxdð%

jxnj tbn nhxhn E{qlhn akh tbn Swbslhqhn bahw Sbhqhn hwdxn%ahn zhwahn.

Ai} Nhxh ai} akh jwkhmlk}mlh Slk`b}bslkh ahe lknxdðjq }mlhknq ekw nxn nkmlq }b }hlw kn ahe Hw}iq ahw E{qlhn axwmlhqzi} ehlw “Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh}‛ x `khjhn }bnahwn hlhw kn hk%nhw nhxhn Hkn}qh``xnj jhjhnðghw ahn E{qlhn6 ai}} }kml ainnahwhn Mliwifqhw x ánahwn ghjknnq }mlhknq ekw hknh Db`jhakh}hw nhxhn Hkn}qh``xnj x }hkn.

Akh nhxh Hkn}qh``xnj k}q akh ahw Fwkqkf. In ]qh``h hknhw abj%eiqk}mlhn Ðghw`khdhwxnj ahw @hlwh ,ghk ahw i``h} Knqhwh}}h ixd

akh Ghzilwxnj ahw ixqlhnqk}mlhn Qwiakqkbn jhwkmlqhq k}q+ qwkqq :7 Fiw` Sbsshw Bgohfqkth Hwfhnnqnk} iiB. ,Ine. 44+ ]. =49.




:=

klwh fwkqk}mlh Ak}fx}}kbn. Ein }qh``q Dwijhn ein ghzhkdh`q akh Jìxgzðwakjfhkq akh Zilwlhkq ahw @hlwh.

_zhkdh` xna Fwkqkf zkwa h} }kmlhw }mlbn dwðlhw jhjhghn li%

ghn. Ai} Nhxh k}q ohabml ai}} ahw _zhkdh` xna akh Fwkqkf xw ]mlx`qwiakqkbn zhwahn. In ]qh``h ahw qwiakqkbnh``hn Ðghw`khdh%wxnj ah} Abjei} qwkqq hknh Qwiakqkbn lôlhwhw Bwanxnj6 in]qh``h ahw qwiakqkbnh``hn Qlhbwkh ” ah} E{qlb} ” qwkqq akh Qwiak%qkbn Qlhbwkhn ,akh xnáml}q fixe hqzi} inahwh} }kna i`} E{%qlhn+ fwkqk}ml x ak}fxqkhwhn6 xna ke Thwìxdh akh}hw fwkqk}mlhn

Ak}fx}}kbn zkwa ainn ixml akh Ghbgimlqxnj i`} _hxjh injh%wxdhn.‐

I`} Inqksbahn }qhlhn }kml i`}b Abjei xna Fwkqkf jhjhnðghwbahw kn xn}hwhe Di`` ahw ]qiiq ahe Whtk}kbnk}ex} i`}b ahw Zk}%}hn}mlidq}dhkna ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq?

¾ Abjei t}. Fwkqkf ¾ ]qiiq t}. Whtk}kbnk}ex}¾ Zk}}hn}mlidq}dhkna t}. Zk}}hn}mlidq

Ahw X]%Sb`kqb`bjh Diwhha _ifiwki liq akh}h Bssb}kqkbn ahw

Zk}}hn}mlidq jhjhn Abjehn kn }hknhe Gxml Akh _xfxndq ahw Dwhklhkq kn ahe Fiskqh` „Hknh fxwh Jh}mlkmlqh ahw ehn}ml`kmlhnDwhklhkq‐ hghn}b ixd ahn Sxnfq jhgwimlq?:=

„Keehwlkn k}q Zk}}hn}mlidq hkn fbn}qinqhw Swbh}} ahw Lhwix}dbwahwxnj tbn Ixqbwkqáqhn xna ahw Indhmlqxnj tbn Abjehn.‐Ðgwkjhn} hw`áxqhwq _ifiwki kn }hknhe Gxml }hlw ahxq`kml ai}}

Ahebfwiqkh xna Whmlq}}qiiq zhk jin thw}mlkhahnh Siiw ]mlxlh

}kna. Ahnn zhnn kn hknhe ]qiiq hknh Ehlwlhkq Eknahwlhkqhn xn%qhwawðmfhn finn }b eij akh} ziw ekq ahebfwiqk}mlhn Ekqqh`n hw%db`jhn ighw gh}qkeeq nkmlq ekq whmlq}}qiiq`kmlhn. Ahnn hw}q zhnnEhlwlhkqhn axwml akh Lhww}mlidq ah} Whmlq} Jwhnhn kn klwhw Eimlqix}ðgxnj ixdhw`hjq zhwahn akh akh Xnqhwawðmfxnj tbnEknahwlhkqhn xneôj`kml eimlhn finn ein tbn hknhe Whmlq}%}qiiq }swhmlhn. Kml hwzálnh akh} ah}li`g zhk` kml ekq ehknhw

:= Diwhha _ifiwki Qlh Dxqxwh bd Dwhhabe Nbwqbn $ Mb. Nhz [bwf 7331 ]. 19. _ifiwkik}q Mlhdwhaifqhxw ahw X.].%_hkq}mlwkdq Nhz}zhhf Knqhwniqkbni` xna ziw xtbw @hkqhnahw Whaifqhxw ahw _hkq}mlwkdq Dbwhkjn Iddikw} Bwjin ah} X.].%‐Qlknfqinf}‐ Mbxnmk` bn Db%whkjn Whìqkbn}6 tj`. Diwhha_ifiwki.mbe.




:1

Dh}q}qh``xnj ghke lhxqkjhn Ahxq}mlìna linah`h h} }kml xe hknhAkfqiqxw keehw zkhahw ahn Jhjhnwxd thwnhleh akh} }hk abmlnkmlq zilw ahnn h} }hk abml bddhnfxnakj ai}} Ahxq}mlìna hknh

Ahebfwiqkh }hk. Aighk }skh`q akh Dwijh bg h} hknh Ahebfwiqkh k}qbahw nkmlq jiw fhknh Wb``h xe dh}qx}qh``hn bg h} hknh Akfqiqxw k}q. ]h`g}q zhnn hknh Ahebfwiqkh ekq ðghwzkhjhnahw Ehlwlhkq xna_x}qkeexnj ahw gwhkqhn Tb`f}ei}}hn Jh}hqh gh}ml`khÒq akh ai}ÁxÒhwn jhzk}}hw In}kmlqhn thwgkhqhn xna }bainn hknh Eknahwlhkqthwdb`jq ” xna }hk }kh nbml }b f`hkn in _il` ” }b linah`q h} }kmlhghn xe hknh ahebfwiqk}mlh Akfqiqxw.

Akfqiqxw fbeeq tbn @iqhknk}ml „akmqiwh‐ ” tbw}mlwhkghn. Xna

jhnix ai} eimlq akh Gxnah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}mlìna? ]kh }mlwhkgq shw ]qwidjh}hq tbw zi} ein dðw zilw x li`qhn liq xna thwdb`jqhknh Eknahwlhkq akh inahwh In}kmlqhn áxÒhwq. Ailhw k}q akh Gxn%ah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}mlìna hknh ahebfwiqk}mlh Akfqiqxw i`}b kn akh%}hw Dwijh hghn fhkn Whmlq}}qiiq.

Akh jwxna}áq`kmlh Abjehndhkna`kmlfhkq ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq liqixml ehkn Mlhekfhwfb``hjh Aw. Shqhw S`kmlqi lhwtbwjhlbghn ahw ekq ahn Hwjhgnk}}hn ahw Dbw}mlxnjhn x }hknhw Abfqbwiwghkq ðghw

akh Mlhekh lôlhwhw ]k`kkxe%Zi}}hw}qbdd%Thwgknaxnjhn ahe zk%ahw}swiml zi} x akh}he Qlhei kn ahw Diml`kqhwiqxw ehlw }shfx%`khwq i`} „jhzx}}q‐ zxwah. Zhk` ighw zilw }hkn ex}} zi} kn ahw Diml`kqhwiqxw }qhlq ” }b ahw kwwkjh Jìxgh }h`g}q tkh`hw Zk}}hn%}mlidq`hw ” }il }kml Aw. S`kmlqi }mlkhw xnðghwzkna`kmlhe Abj%ehnjìxgh jhjhnðghw. Hw ehknqh ailhw qwhddhna?:1

„]h`ghw x ahnfhn xna Gh}qhlhnah} inxzhkdh`n k}q ighw akh Jwxnaìjh i``hw }mlôsdhwk}mlhn Swbh}}h.‐

I`} Fbnqwisxnfq aiwd kml aix akh Mwìeh ah ì Mwìeh ahw dwinô}k}mlhn Lb`bmix}q%Lk}qbwkfhw kqkhwhn kn Whifqkbn ixd whtk%}kbnk}qk}mlh Qlh}hn xw Dwijh ahw qhmlnk}mlhn Eimlgiwfhkq ah} ghlixsqhqhn Ei}}hnebwah}?:8

„Ein aiwd }kml nkmlq dwijhn zkh hkn Ei}}hnebwa eôj`kmlziw. Hw ziw qhmlnk}ml eôj`kml zhk` hw }qiqqjhdxnahn liq. Akh}k}q ahw bg`kjiqbwk}mlh Ix}jinj}sxnfq ohahw lk}qbwk}mlhn Xnqhw%

:1 Shqhw S`kmlqi Ghnkn ix} ]ina. Akh ]kìn%Whtb`xqkbn Lhwgkj 7. Ixd`. Eðnmlhn 7334

]. 71<.:8 =1 dðlwhnah dwinô}k}mlh Dbw}mlhw @h Ebnah 79.7.9;:;.




:8

}xmlxnj x akh}he Qlhei. Akh}h Zilwlhkq zb``hn zkw hkndimlkn Hwknnhwxnj wxdhn? H} jkgq fhknh Ahgiqqh ðghw akh H|k}qhnahw Ji}fieehwn xna h} aiwd ixml fhknh jhghn.‐

Ai} k}q Abjeiqk}ex} xna Zk}}hn}mlidq}dhkna`kmlfhkq siw h|mh``hnmh) Ahw hw}qh ]iq thwgkhqhq ai} Dwijhn6 ahw zhkqh ]iq k}qhkn xnx`á}}kjhw _kwfh`}ml`x}}6 ahw awkqqh ]iq thwfðnahq hkn Abj%ei6 xna ahw tkhwqh thwfðnahq i``h} x}ieehn? ai zkwa ai} Dwijh%thwgbq i`} xnxe}qôÒ`kmlh Zilwlhkq thwfðnahq.

Ahw Ghjwkdd „Zilwlhkq‐ }h`g}q k}q }mlbn in }kml swbg`heiqk}mlbgzbl` kml kln ixml }h`g}q thwzhnahq ligh. Ahnn akh Xneôj`kml%fhkq Jhzk}}lhkq aiwðghw x gh}kqhn ai}} ein akh Zilwlhkq hw%

finnq liq k}q hknh xwi`qh slk`b}bslk}mlh Zhk}lhkq. Akh}h Xneôj%`kmlfhkq `khjq xe hknhn in ahw Xnx`ánj`kmlfhkq xn}hwhw ]knnhxna xn}hwh} Thw}qinah} zi} swkeáw ighw nkmlq ix}}ml`khÒ`kml sl{}kb`bjk}mlh Xw}imlhn liq. _xe inahwhn `khjq h} ighw hghn ixmlaiwin ai}} h} fhkn zilwh} „i swkbwk‐ Zk}}hn jkgq.

Fiw` Sbsshw ehwfqh ailhw aix qwhddhna in?:4 „Bgzbl` zkw kn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq xn}hw Gh}qh} qxn akh

Zilwlhkq x dknahn }kna zkw xn} abml ah} Xe}qinah} ghzxÒq

ai}} zkw nkh }kmlhw }hkn fônnhn bg zkw }kh jhdxnahn lighn.Zkw lighn kn ahw Thwjinjhnlhkq ix} tkh`hn Hnqqáx}mlxnjhn jh`hwnq ai}} zkw nkhei`} Hnajð`qkjfhkq hwziwqhn aðwdhn6 xna zkw lighn jh`hwnq nkmlq ehlw hnqqáx}mlq x }hkn zhnn xn}hwhzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Qlhbwkhn zkahw`hjq zhwahn6‐ ” }b``qh einehknhn ․Kn }hknhe hwfhnnqnk}qlhbwhqk}mlhn Jwxna`ijhnzhwf @bjkf ahw

Dbw}mlxnj dðlwq Sbsshw ahn `bjk}mlhn xna eiqlheiqk}mlhn Gh%

zhk} ai}} h} }bjiw xneôj`kml }hk ahn Jwia ahw Zilw” }mlhkn`kmlfhkq hknhw Qlh}h inxjhghn. Ekq }hknhn knqhwak}ks`kná%whn Dálkjfhkqhn ziw hw x akh}hw Ix}}ijh jhwiahx swáah}qknkhwq.Fxw x}ieehnjhdi}}q aiwd kml }hknh Ghzhk}dðlwxnj hqzi zkhdb`jq xe}mlwhkghn? Xe akh zilw}mlhkn`kmlh Nálh hknhw Qlhbwkhxw Zilwlhkq gh}qkeehn x fônnhn eð}}qh ein hghn xhw}q zk}%}hn zb jhnix akh Zilwlhkq `khjq zi} hknhe ighw jhwiah thwzhlwqk}q. Sbsshw db`jhwq ailhw?::

:4 Fiw` Sbsshw Akh bddhnh Jh}h``}mlidq ․ iiB. ,Ine. 4;+. Ga. 7 ]. 9<d.:: Fiw` Sbsshw @bjkf ahw Dbw}mlxnj 99. Ixd`. Eblw ]khghmf Qðgknjhn 7338 ]. =3:.




:4

„Ein zkwa }kml i`}b aiwin jhzôlnhn eð}}hn akh Zk}}hn% }mlidq nkmlq i`} hkn “]{}qhe xn}hwh} Zk}}hn}‛ }bnahwn i`} hkn]{}qhe tbn L{sbqlh}hn ixdxdi}}hn a. l. tbn jwxna}áq`kml

xnghjwðnagiwhn VHwziwqxnjhnU ekq ahnhn zkw iwghkqhn }bìnjh }kh }kml ghzálwhn blnh ai}} zkw }kh i`} “zilw‛ bahw ixml nxw i`} “ehlw bahw zhnkjhw }kmlhw‛ bahw “zilw}mlhkn`kml‛ in}swhmlhn aðwdhn.‐_xw K``x}qwiqkbn aidðw zkh xn}kmlhw xn}hw thwehknq`kmlh} Zk}%

}hn qiq}áml`kml k}q aiwd kml ai} }mlbn xtbw hwzálnqh Ghk}skh` xn%}hwh} lhxqkjhn i}qwbnbek}mlhn Zh`qgkàh} indðlwhn.

Ai} jhbhnqwk}mlh Zh`qgkà ðghw 7333 Oilwh keehw zkhahw gh%

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xna thwgh}}hwq.

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fhn. Kml eômlqh in akh}hw ]qh``h jiw nkmlq nálhw aiwixd hknjhlhnai kml ai} }sáqhw nbml qxn zhwah. Akh}h} Ghk}skh` hkjq ighw zi}hknh} ahw Lixsqehwfei`h ahw Zk}}hn}mlidqhn k}q? H} jkgq fhknhhnajð`qkjhn Zilwlhkqhn. ]b ìxqhq ahw Qkqh` hknh} Fiskqh`} ehknh}Gxmlh}.:<

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:< Jhweiw Wxab`d Tbw`h}xnjhn iiB. ,Ine. 88+ Fis. 9.<. ]. 1;”8<.




::

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jkgq h} zhk Swknkskhn?

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<9

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<7

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<1

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Ghdhl` dðw Thwji}xnjhn k}q gk}lhw ixdjhqixmlq. Akh ]] hw}qôwqhnkmlq nxw akh ehk}qhn @ijhwifqhn akh blnhlkn xntb``}qánakj ziwhn }bnahwn }ml`hkdqh xahe nbml di}q i``h Ebwa% xna Fwh%ekhwxnj}in`ijhn `injh tbw ahw Infxndq ahw }bzohqk}mlhnQwxsshn. Ixd áln`kmlh Zhk}h zxwah aiwixd jhimlqhq akh Fnb%mlhn xna I}mlh ahw Bsdhw x hnq}bwjhn.‐ Nxn eij h} ziw }hkn ai}} Ghzhk}h thwnkmlqhq zxwahn ” zi}

Ei{hw i``hwaknj} x ghzhk}hn dðw nkmlq nbqzhnakj lá`q zi} ighw }hlw zbl` nbqzhnakj záwh) ” ohabml }skh`q h} fhknh Wb``h ziwxefhknh Ghzhk}h h|k}qkhwhn6 nkmlq h|k}qkhwhnah Ghzhk}h ghzhk}hnhghn nkmlq}.

;7 Fiw` Sbsshw @bjkf ahw Dbw}mlxnj iiB. ,Ine. ::+ ]. 8<”:=.;= Iwnb Ei{hw Zl{ Aka qlh Lhithn} Nbq Aiwfhn2 Sinqlhbn Nhz [bwf 9;;3 ]. =47.




<8

Ghk}skh` 7?Swbd. Aw. Wix` Lk`ghwj x @hghkqhn ahw zh`qzhkq inhwfinnqh}%

qh Lb`bmix}q Lk}qbwkfhw ” inhwfinnq tbn ahw hqig`khwqhn Jh}h``%

}mlidq nkmlq tbn ekw) ” dðlwqh ix}?;1

„Ighw zi} 9;19 ghjinn ziw fhkn ke tbwix} jhsìnqhw tbnhknhe Ieq hnqwi` bwjink}khwqhw Thwnkmlqxnj}tbwjinj Vin ahnOxahn JWU. H} jig fhknh S`ánh xna fhkn Gxajhq dðw akh}hThwnkmlqxnj}eiÒnilehn. ]kh Vakh EiÒnilehn JWU hwdb`jqhn]mlwkqq dðw ]mlwkqq hknhw niml ahe inahwhn. Akh} jh}mlil ai%lhw nkmlq hqzi axwml akh Ix}dðlwxnj hknh} Sìn} }bnahwnaxwml hkn xnjìxg`kmlh} _x}ieehnqwhddhn ahw Ig}kmlqhn hkn

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]mlhei aiw}qh``hn?

Qlh}h? Hkn jkjinqk}mlhw Tô`fhwebwa dina }qiqq.Dbwahwxnj? Nimlswðdgiwh Ghzhk}h.9. Lk`d}qlh}h? H} zxwahn fhknh Ghzhk}h jh}mliddhn.Dbwahwxnj? Zkh zxwah hw ainn kes`hehnqkhwq2 Hwf`áwxnj nôqkj.

7. Lk`d}qlh}h? Shw Jhainfhnðghwqwijxnj.

Ai }kml akh 7. Lk`d}qlh}h ahn lhxqkjhn Zk}}hn}mlidq}ehqlbahnhnqkhlq k}q akh Qlh}h }bekq `bjk}ml jhjhn Zkahw`hjxnj}thw}xmlhkeexnk}khwq.

Ghk}skh` =?Ghqwimlqhn zkw nxn akh @ômlhw kn ahw Ahmfh tbe @hkmlhnfh``hw

9 ah} Fwheiqbwkxe} KK kn Ix}mlzkq%Gkwfhnix. @ixq _hxjhn }b`%`hn axwml }b`mlh @ômlhw _{f`bn G%Fôwnhw kn ahn Fh``hw hknjhzbw%dhn zbwahn }hkn zhmf} Ei}}hnthwji}xnj?

Tbwdhà%Qlh}hn? ,ixd Ix}}ijhn ghwxlhna Ghzhk}hn zkahw}swh%mlhna+

” ]beehw 19? F@ Ix}mlzkq hwlá`q Ixdqwij xw Ei}}hnthw%nkmlqxnj

” Lhwg}q 19? Hw}qh Swbghthwji}xnj

;1 Nhz}ai{ @bnj K}ìna Nhz [bwf 7=.7.9;<= ]. KK"=.




<4

” Zknqhw 19? Kes`hehnqkhwxnj $ ]qiwq ahw Ei}}hnthwnkml%qxnj

” ]beehw 17? Nhxh Fwheiqbwkhn dðw I.%Gkwfhnix zhwahn gh%

}qh``q dðw hddkkhnqhwh Ei}}hnthwnkmlqxnj ” Eáw 1=? Fwheiqbwkxe KK dhwqkj6 Thwnkmlqxnj abwq ghjknnqLixsqqlh}h? Jkdqjwinxìq _{f`bn G zxwah axwml @ômlhw kn

Ahmfh kn Ji}fieehw jhdð``q.Dbwahwxnj? Ai Thwnkmlqxnj }hkq 9;19 jhsìnq jhzh}hn }hkn

}b`` eð}}hn bwahnq`kml hknjhsìnqh xna jhgixqh@ômlhw kn ahw Ahmfh }hkn.

Ghdxna? ]b`mlh @ômlhw }kna nkmlq tbwlinahn.

9. Lk`d}qlh}h? Akh @ômlhw zxwahn ghke Gix thwjh}}hn ailhw nimlqwáj`kml axwmljhehkÒh`q ,]mlkàgðwjhw%Qlh}h+.

Ghdxna? Akh jhehkÒh`qhn @ômlhw zxwahn nkh dhwqkj%jh}qh``q xna nimlzhk}giw hw}q niml ahe Fwkhjhwhxjq.

7. Lk`d}qlh}h? Akh zkwf`kmlhn @ômlhw ghdknahn }kml kn ahw Gwxmlbnh ahw axwml ]swhnjxnj }mlzhw gh}mlá%

akjqhn Ahmfh xna fônnhn tbn ]swhnj}mláahnnkmlq xnqhw}mlkhahn zhwahn.

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Ighw? Zi} nkmlq ghzkh}hn zhwahn finn gz. nkmlq ahw Zkahw%`hjxnj xjánj`kml k}q jk`q hghn i`} nkmlq ghzkh}hn lkhw ailhw i`}nkmlq h|k}qhnq)

Ghk}skh` 1?I`} `hqqh} Ghk}skh` eômlqh kml nbml hknei` ixd ai} Qlhei Jwi%tkqiqkbn xwðmffbeehn i`}b ixd hkn hkjhnq`kml tô``kj xnhebqkb%ni`h} Qlhei xe ixdxhkjhn ai}} ixml kn akh}he Ghwhkml áln%`kmlh `bjk}mlh Dhlìwjxehnqiqkbnhn tbwfbeehn. Kml liqqh xtbw }mlbn akh Hnqzkmf`xnj xn}hwh} Thw}qánank}}h} ahw ]mlzhwfwidqhw`áxqhwq akh zkw ekq ahn Niehn Fbshwnkfx} Fhs`hw Ji`k`hk Nhzqbn xna Hkn}qhkn thwgknahn. Nhxhwh Ghbgimlqxnjhn jiìfqk%

}mlhw Slánbehnh lighn ighw }hkq hknkjhn Oilwhn hwjhghn ai}}akh}h nkmlq ekq ahn qwiakhwqhn Tbw}qh``xnjhn ðghw akh Jwitkqiqkbn




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ðghwhkn}qkeehn. Kml ghnxqh lkhw zkhahwxe ai} bghn hknjhdðlw%qh ]mlhei xe ai} Swbg`he aiwx}qh``hn?

Difq? Akh Xeìxdjh}mlzknakjfhkq tbn ]bnnhn xe Jiì|k%

hnekqqh`sxnfqh jhlbwmlq nkmlq ahn Fhs`hw}mlhn Jh%}hqhn. Ie Wina ahw Jiì|kh }kna }kh x }mlnh``,zhnn ein tbn ahw injhnbeehnhn Thwqhk`xnj gh%finnqhw Eiqhwkh knnhwli`g ahw Jiì|kh ix}jhlq+.

Lk`d}qlh}h? H} jkgq x}áq`kmlh ighw nbml nkmlq nimljhzkh}hnh„axnf`h Eiqhwkh‐ ,nkmlq zkahw`hjgiwh Qlh}h)+.

Db`jh? Akh Jh}ieqei}}h ah} Xnkthw}xe} zkwa x jwbÒ xeakh sb}qx`khwqh H|sin}kbn x hwf`áwhn.

Lk`d}qlh}h? Xe akh Fwádqh x hwf`áwhn akh Jiì|khn ix}hkninahw%qwhkghn zkwa hknh . _q. nkmlq nimlzhk}giwh „axnf`hHnhwjkh‐ injhnbeehn ,nkmlq zkahw`hjgiwh Qlh}h)+.

Ghkah Lk`d}qlh}hn }kna shw ahdknkqkbnhe nkmlq ðghwswðdgiw xnaailhw zk}}hn}mlidq`kml xnx`á}}kj. Ai akh I`qhwniqkth ighw lkhÒhakh in}bn}qhn ghzálwqhn Qlhbwkhn ahw Jwitkqiqkbn wiakfi` kn Dwijhx }qh``hn nkeeq ein abml `khghw x akh}hn iwjxehnqiqkthn Fwð%

mfhn _xd`xmlq.;8

]hkq hqzi hknhe Oilwhlnq lighn }kml i``hwaknj} zhkqhwh Ghbg%imlqxnjhn injh}ieeh`q akh hghndi``} aiwixd lknzhk}hn ai}} ekqxn}hwhw Tbw}qh``xnj tbn ahw ]mlzhwfwidq hqzi} nkmlq }qkeeq.

Ai k}q .G. ai} }h`q}ieh D`xjthwli`qhn ahw ghkahn Wixe}bnahnSkbnhhw 93 xna 99 akh ghkah kn ahn 9;:3hw Oilwhn in ahn jwbÒhnáxÒhwhn Sìnhqhn tbwghk ixd ahn Zhj lknix} ix} xn}hwhe ]bn%nhn}{}qhe jh}mlkmfq zxwahn. Ghkah ]bnahn }inaqhn nbml gk} tbw

nkmlq i``x ìnjhw _hkq ]kjni`h xwðmf xw Hwah inlina ahwhw klwhSb}kqkbnhn gh}qkeeq zhwahn fbnnqhn. Aiwix} hwjig }kml ai}} }kmlakh ]bnahn ìnj}iehw tbn ahw ]bnnh hnqdhwnqhn i`} Ghwhmlnxn%jhn h} tbwix}jh}ijq liqqhn. Akh I}qwbnbehn ghfiehn ailhw ahnThwaimlq ai}} ekq xn}hwhw Tbw}qh``xnj tbn ahw ]mlzhwfwidq qiq%}áml`kml hqzi} nkmlq }qkeeq zh}li`g ein nxn sìnq hknh ]bnah

;8 Tj`. Shawb J. Dhwwhkwi J`hnn A. ]qiwfein „Hkn}qhkn‛} Qlhbw{ bd Jwitkq{ ina qlhSwbg`he bd Ek}}knj Ei}}‐ ]mkhnmh =74 4. Nbt. 733; ss. <97%<98.




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kn ahn qkhdhn Wixe x }mlkmfhn akh hkjhn} aidðw fbn}qwxkhwq zxw%ah akh ]mlzhwfwidq x eh}}hn.;4

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Fbnhsq. Inahwhw}hkq} lighn akh Sl{}kfhw }hkq di}q hknhe Oilw%lxnahwq thw}xmlq akh Fbnhsqh ah} H`hfqwbeijnhqk}ex} xna ahw Jwitkqiqkbn kn hknhw hknkjhn }bjhninnqhn jwbÒhn Dhàj`hkmlxnjx thwhknkjhn. Zi} ahn Qlhbwhqkfhwn gk}lhw thw}ijq g`khg }mlhknqahe H|shwkehnqi`sl{}kfhw Sbaf`hqnbt jh`xnjhn x }hkn.

H} fônnqh ailhw }hkn ai}} akh jinh Sl{}kf zkhahw hknei` tbw hknhw Whtb`xqkbn }qhlq. Zi} ghzhk}q zkh xn}kmlhw ahw Gbahn k}qixd ahe zkw x }qhlhn ehknhn.;:

;4 Wxab`d Fkssliln „Akh ]mlzhwfwidq kn ahw Fwk}h2‐ ]qhwnh xna Zh`qwixe 4 ,7334+ ].17d.




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wkjhw x hwdi}}hn }kna tbn Bddhnfxnakjfhkq jh}swbmlhn zhwahn2F.W. Sbsshw liq injh}kmlq} ahw jwxna`hjhnahn Xn}kmlhwlhkq i``xn}hwh} Zk}}hn} ailhw tô``kj wkmlqkj dh}qjhli`qhn?;<

„Nxw zhnn ahw ]qxahnq hwdálwq zkh `hkmlq ein }kml kwwhnfinn xna zkh }mlzhw h} k}q ixml nxw hknhn f`hknhn Dbwq}mlwkqq ke Dhà ah} Zk}}hn} x eimlhn nxw ainn finn hw hkn Jhdðl`

dðw akh EiÒ}qágh knqh``hfqxh``hw Hlw`kmlfhkq hwli`qhn Imlqxnj tbw ahw Zilwlhkq xna Jhwknj}mláqxnj tbw Ixqbwkqáqhn xna

Ixdjhgì}hnlhkq.‐Akh Qwijôakh akh }kml lhxqxqijh kn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq ke I``%jhehknhn xna ahw I}qwbsl{}kf ke Gh}bnahwhn x}ieehngwixqliq Aw. Li`qbn Iws Swbd. dðw I}qwbsl{}kf ie Ei|%Sìnmf%Kn}qkqxqdðw I}qwbsl{}kf nilh Eðnmlhn zkh db`jq x}ieehnjhdi}}q?;;

„Ahw }mláa`kml}qh I}shfq ahw lhxqkjhn Zk}}hn}mlidq k}q ahw ig}kmlq`kmlh Thw}xml Ghzhk}h x thwghwjhn akh ahe lhxqkjhn

Siwiakjei zkahw}swhmlhn. V․U Ixd ehn}ml`kmlh Zhk}h lin%

ah`n }kh hnqjhjhn ahn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Swknkskhn? “zhnn hk%nh Ghbgimlqxnj ahe zi} zkw dðw zilw li`qhn zkahw}swkmlq }b ex}} akh Ghbgimlqxnj di`}ml }hkn.‛ Akh Qwiakqkbn ahw “shhw whtkhz‛ tbn Iwqkfh`n akh kn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn _hkq}mlwkdqhnthwôddhnq`kmlq zhwahn }b``hn k}q di}q xw tô``kjhn _hn}xw thw%fbeehn.‐Akh} gwknjq xn} j`hkml xw zhkqhn Qifqkf ahw Keexnk}khwxnj

tbn Qlhbwkhn?

7. Zk``fðw`kmlh Ix}zil` gz. H`keknkhwxnj tbn Aiqhn}áqhn

Aiqhn}áqh }kna Kndbweiqkbnhn akh ein axwml Dbw}mlxnj ðghw hknhn Jhjhn}qina hwzbwghn liq xna akh hknhe hnqzhahw xw Gk`%

;: Aitka Mblhn ‐Jbknj xs― Nhz ]mkhnqk}q nb. 7=78 Oin. 97 73376 Knqhwtkhz ekq Aw.

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;< Fiw` Sbsshw Akh bddhnh Jh}h``}mlidq ․ iiB. ,Ine. 4;+ Ga. 7 ]. =4;.;; Li`qbn Iws „Zliq li} ]mkhnmh Mbeh qb2‐ Obxwni` bd ]mkhnqkdkm H|s`bwiqkbn 91,=+

,7333+ ]. 11:”181.




;3

axnj hknhw nhxhn Qlhbwkh akhnhn bahw ighw xw Ðghwswðdxnj hknhw gh}qhlhnahn Qlhbwkh.

Zhnn hkn Aiqhn}iq whswbaxkhwgiw xna"bahw ðghwswðdgiw k}q

xna }kml gh}qáqkjhn `á}}q }b aiwd hw nkmlq h`keknkhwq zhwahn.Jh}mlkhlq hknh }b`mlh H`keknkhwxnj ahnnbml xe hknh gh}qh%lhnah Qlhbwkh x keexnk}khwhn }b k}q akh} xnzk}}hn}mlidq`kml.

Ai} Kjnbwkhwhn }swkml? H`keknkhwhn ,kn}gh}bnahwh ghk x}áq%`kmlhw _hn}xw xna Gðmlhwthwgwhnnxnj)+ ahw xedinjwhkmlhn tbeWhtk}kbnk}ex} hwlbghnhn Aiqhn}áqh axwml akh hqig`khwqh Lk}qbwk%fhw}mlidq k}q i``hkn }mlbn hkn Ghzhk} dðw ahwhn Abjeiqk}ex} ahw Aiqhn}áqh ix}g`hnahq xe akh hkjhnh Qlhbwkh x keexnk}khwhn.

Ighw aitbn }hk lkhw hknei` igjh}hlhn.I`} Ghzhk}ekqqh` }qðqq }kml akh Qlh}h tbe Lb`bmix}q i`}b ahw knax}qwkh``hn Oxahnthwnkmlqxnj di}q ix}}ml`khÒ`kml ixd _hxjhn%ix}}ijhn. Ghk}skh`lidq aidðw k}q ai} Xwqhk` ah} Dwinfdxwqhw Ix}mlzkq%Swbh}}h}?933

„Ahnn ahe Jhwkmlq dhl`qhn di}q i``h kn hknhe nbwei`hnEbwaswbhÒ xw Thwdðjxnj }qhlhnahn Hwfhnnqnk}eôj`kmlfhk%qhn xe }kml hkn jhqwhxh} Gk`a ah} qiq}áml`kmlhn Jh}mlhlhn} ke

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933 Kwhnh ]ijh`%Jwinah L. L. Dxml} Mlwk}qkiin D. Wðqhw hq i`. ,Lj.+ Ox}qk xna N]%

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;9

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939

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}skmfq zi} }hknh ]hwkb}kqáq xnqhwjwágq. Iwjxehnqiqkt kn akh Hnjhjhqwkhghn ex}}qh hw `hqq`kml xjhghn ai}} akh Zil` ahw Ini`{%}hehqlbah tbn Eiwfkhzkm xna Fb``hjhn xnli`qgiw k}q zkh xtbw aiwjh`hjq. Jwhhn ehknqh ighw ixml ainn nbml akh Zhkjhwxnj ahw Sb`hn ixd ehknh Iwjxehnqh hknxjhlhn ekq ahw Dh}q}qh``xnj thw%qhkakjhn x eð}}hn ai}} ein }kml ekq ekw }mlbn ah}li`g nkmlqhwn}qlidq ix}hkninahw}hqhn eð}}h zhk` kml oi fhknhn inhwfinnqhnWxd gh}áÒh. Hw}q jwhnq ein i`}b hknhn Dbw}mlhw zhjhn }hknhw xn%

ghyxhehn Iwjxehnqh ix} xna hw}qôwq }hknhn Wxd xna niml tb``% gwimlqhw Qiq ghlixsqhq ein ohqq gwixmlh ein ah}}hn Iwjxehnqh




938

Xe x thwahxq`kmlhn zi} ai} fbnfwhq ghahxqhq ì}}hn ]khekml zkhahw hknh Whklh tbn Ghk}skh`hn xw K``x}qwiqkbn indðlwhn?

G}s. 9? Ahw jwkhmlk}mlh Slk`b}bsl Sìqb6 hw k}q }hkq ìnjhe qbq6

ðghw kln i`} Shw}bn zk}}hn zkw nkmlq} ixÒhw ai} zi} }kml ix} }hk%nhn Zhwfhn hwjkgq. Dwijh? Finn ein dh}q}qh``hn bg Sìqb} Zhwfhzk}}hn}mlidq`kml }kna bgzbl` zkw nkmlq} }bn}q ðghw ahn Ixqbw zk}}hn2 Inqzbwq? oi ahnn akh Hkjhn}mlidq ah} Zhwfh} hwfhnnqein hghn nxw axwml Xnqhw}xmlxnj ah} Zhwfh} nkmlq ah} Ixqbw}.

G}s. 7? Nkfbìx} Fbshwnkfx}6 ix} }hknhe Tbwzbwq hwjkgq }kmlhknh thwimlqhnah Hkn}qh``xnj jhjhn akh Fkwmlh zi} xw _hn}xw

}hknh} Gxmlh} axwml akh Fkwmlh ghkqwxj. Dwijh? Qxq akh}h sb`hek%}mlh ]qh``h ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ah} Zhwfh} Iggwxml2 Inq%zbwq? nhkn ahnn hw}qhn} finn akh Sb`hekf jhwhmlqdhwqkjq zhwahnzhkqhn} liq }kh ixd ai} Zhwf }h`g}q xna ah}}hn Iwjxehnqh fhk%nhn Hknd`x}}. H} ál`hn hghn Iwjxehnqh kn ahw ]imlh nkmlq sb`k%qk}ml%wh`kjkô}h Thwaámlqkjxnjhn.

G}s. =? Hkn l{sbqlhqk}mlhw Ixqbw xnqhw S}hxabn{e }mlwhkgq hknzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh} Gxml. Ahw Ixqbw g`hkgq xnghfinnq. Dwijh? finn

dh}qjh}qh``q zhwahn bg ai} Gxml zk}}hn}mlidq`kml k}q2 Inqzbwq? oiahnn akh Dwijh liq hghn nkmlq} ekq ahe Ixqbw x qxn.

G}s. 1? Zi} zðwahn ]kh qxn xe akh Hkjhn}mlidqhn hknh} Sbw%}mlh} ;99 x gh}qkeehn2 i+ Ehqlbah Wxab`d? Sbw}mlh fixdhn xnaqh}qhn2 Bahw g+ Ehqlbah ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq"Aw. Ehknhwlijhn?ahn Sbw}mlh%Tbw}qina}tbw}kqhnahn Zhnah`kn Zkhahfknj ixd akhS}{mlkiqhwmbxml `hjhn xna niml s}{mlb}bki`hn ]qôwxnjhn xna

sb`kqk}ml%wh`kjkô}h Inbei`khn ix}lbwmlhn2 Bahw ein fônnqh xeGhk}skh` ke ]qk` tbn Aw. Ehknhwlijhn ixml iwjxehnqkhwhn zhk`Zhnah`kn Zkhahfknj xnqhw}hqq k}q finn hw fhknh ]sbwqzijhn gixhn2

Akh @bjkf hknh} Aw. Ehknhwlijhn k}q jhnix}b }ml`ð}}kj zkhakh Ix}}ijh?

Nimlq} k}q h} fá`qhw i`} awixÒhn.Ai zhwahn jinh `bjk}mlh Fiqhjbwkhn thwzhml}h`q. Dwhk`kml

jkgq h} hknhn _x}ieehnlinj zk}mlhn nimlq} fá`qhw xna awix%Òhn ighw }b zkh kml h} jhwiah dbwex`khwqh jhlq h} hghn nkmlq.




934

Xna jhnix}b zhnkj aiwd ein akh ” bdq nxw xnqhw}qh``qhn ” Hkjhn%}mlidqhn hknh} Ixqbw} hkndiml `knhiw ixd }hkn Zhwf ðghwqwijhn.

_x}ieehndi}}xnj

Zi} k}q Zk}}hn}mlidq2

¾H} jkgq fhknh ,hnajð`qkjhn+ Xwqhk`h }bnahwn keehw nxw ehlw bahw zhnkjhw jxq ghzálwqh Tbw%Xwqhk`h ,tbw`áxdkj+.

¾Akh Jwðnah ,Ghzhk}h+ dðw xn}hwh Tbw%Xwqhk`h eð}}hn }b jxq zkheôj`kml swðdgiw ,heskwk}ml zkahw`hjgiw+ }hkn.

¾Zkw eð}}hn ifqkt xna si}}kt swðdhn xna fwkqk}khwhn?

ã Tbw%Xwqhk`h xna Jwðnah Awkqqhw swðdhn xna fwkqk}khwhn.ã xw Swðdxnj xna Fwkqkf xn}hwhw Tbw%Xwqhk`h hknìahn xna akh}h

zk``fbeehn lhkÒhn ,Thwôddhnq`kmlxnj}sd`kmlq+.ã Swðdxnjhn xna Fwkqkfhn Awkqqhw hwzálnhn xna hghn}b swðdhn

xna fwkqk}khwhn ,nkmlq j`hkml f`hkn ghkjhghn+.¾Zkw eð}}hn akh Keexnk}khwxnj xn}hwhw Tbw%Xwqhk`h thwehkahn?ã Thwehkaxnj tbn Lk`d}qlh}hn.ã Aiqhnix}zil` nxw niml bgohfqkthn Fwkqhwkhn ,Yxh``hnfwkqkf+.

ã h|ifqh xna j`hkmleáÒkj fbn}qinqh Ghjwkdd}ahdknkqkbnhn.ã fhknh Injwkddh ixd Shw}bnhn i`} Hw}iq dðw ]imliwjxehnqh.

Zi} k}q S}hxabzk}}hn}mlidq2

Ahw Tbwzxwd ahw S}hxabzk}}hn}mlidq zkwa xn} Whtk}kbnk}qhnjwxna}áq`kml xna ehk}q blnh ohah Ghjwðnaxnj gz. Ghzhk}%dðlwxnj jheimlq. „S}hxab‐ k}q jwkhmlk}ml xna ghahxqhq }b tkh` zkh„di`}ml‐. S}hxabzk}}hn}mlidq gwixmlq ailhw lkhw nkmlq nhx ahdk%

nkhwq x zhwahn ahnn }kh k}q hkjhnq`kml nxw ai} Fbes`hehnqáwhxw Zk}}hn}mlidq zbghk h} dwhk`kml d`khÒhnah Ðghwjánjh jkgq. Ohzhnkjhw bgkjh Swknkskhn hknjhli`qhn zhwahn xe}b }ml`hml%qhw"di`}mlhw k}q akh hnq}swhmlhnah Zk}}hn}mlidq.99:

Nxn }mlhknq akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq ahn ]qinasxnfq x thwqwh%qhn S}hxabzk}}hn}mlidq jhlôwh thwgbqhn. Ohahndi``} záwh akh} akhFbn}hyxhn zhnn ein klwh Swknkskhn akh}h} Thwdilwhn} x hk% 99: Tj`. ahqik``khwqhwh Ak}fx}}kbn kn Jhweiw Wxab`d Tbw`h}xnjhn iiB. ,Ine. 88+ ]. 1;8”

8386 Jhweiw Wxab`d Fiwakni`dwijhn iiB. ,Ine. 1:+ ]. 91=”9486 Tkhwqhòilwh}lhdqh dðw dwhkh Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj :,=$1+ ,733=+ ]. 13=”138 hnqìnj inahwhw Ak}fx}}kbn}%`knkhn ekq áln`kmlhe Hwjhgnk}.




93;

Nxn lôwq }kml ai} hkjhnq`kml nkmlq }ml`hmlq in xna qiq}áml`kmlthwgbq ai} Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq ekq akh}hw Hnq}mlhkaxnj ahw Gxnah}swðd}qh``h ixml akh Knakkhwxnj ah} gh}ijqhn Gxmlh}. Kml

zk`` h} ighw nkmlq ghke xnfwkqk}mlhn _kqkhwhn ghì}}hn }bnahwnakh}h Si}}ijh hqzi} nálhw ghqwimlqhn. I`} Lknqhwjwxna aix aiwd kml hwzálnhn ai}} kml akh}h} _kqiq ixml kn ahw hnj`k}mlhn Ix}ji% gh ehknhw Tbw`h}xnjhn tb``}qánakj indðlwhn zb``qh. Ohabml }qh``qh}kml ghk ahw Ðghw}hqxnj kn} Hnj`k}mlh akh i`qh Zhk}lhkq hwnhxqlhwix} ai}} hkn Ðghw}hqhw hknhn Qh|q bdq gh}}hw fhnnq i`} ahw Ix%qbw. Ahw jinh hw}qh Ig}iq ì} }kml kn Ðghw}hqxnj }hlw ehwf%zðwakj xna hknh nálhwh Ghqwimlqxnj hwjig ainn ixml ai}} ai}

Jhwkmlq lkhw ekq ìnjjhzxnahnhn ]áqhn ke Swknks nxw }ijq ai}}Zk}}hn}mlidq ainn ahn ]mlxq ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq}dwhklhkq jhnkhÒqzhnn h} Zk}}hn}mlidq k}q. Ai} k}q hknh fì}}k}mlh Qixqb`bjkh. Bahw ekq inahwhn }i`bsshn Zbwqhn? lkhw liq ai} Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}%jhwkmlq ohah Ehnjh lhkÒh @xdq swbaxkhwq.

Zh}hnq`kml gh}bwjnk}hwwhjhnahw }kna aijhjhn akh Ix}dðlwxn%jhn kn ahe Xwqhk` akh }kml nkmlq ixd ai} ghqwimlqhqh Zhwf wkmlqhn}bnahwn ixd thwehknq`kmlh Hkjhn}mlidqhn ah} Ixqbw} hqzi ke sb%

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¾ Zkh }qh``q ein dh}q zbwixd hkn Linah`n jhwkmlqhq gz. nkmlqjhwkmlqhq k}q2

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jhn}mlidqhn ah} Ixqbw} nkmlq ah} Zhwfh} xna }kna ah}li`g tô``kjKWWH@HTINQ)

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993

akh Zilwlhkq }xmlq k}q tbn ixÒhn swifqk}ml nkh }kmlhw x ghxwqhk%`hn oi einmlei` nbml nkmlq hknei` tbn knnhn. Akh}h Dwijhn xw Shw}bn ah} Zk}}hn}mlidq`hw} gz. Ixqbw} }kna ailhw nkmlq eiÒjh%

ghna dðw akh Dwijh ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq hknh} Zhwfh}.Ixml akh Dbwex`khwxnj ah} Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq} ai}}i``h} zi} „niml Knli`q xna Dbwe‐ hwn}qlidq }hk i`} Zk}}hn}mlidqinx}hlhn }hk li`qh kml dðw thwdhl`q ahnn ahw Knli`q i`} }b`mlhw k}qhghn jhwiah fhkn Fwkqhwkxe ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq. _x Indinjah} _kqiq} lhkÒq h} nbml ai}} akh}h knli`q`kmlhn Difqbwhn ,Wkml%qkjfhkq ]qkmlli`qkjfhkq Tb``}qánakjfhkq+ fhknh Wb``h }skh`hn. Ohqqqxn }kh h} injhg`kml abml2 Zk}}hn}mlidq k}q hknh Dbwedwijh. Akh

Knli`qh ánahwn }kml }qhqkj ,sinqi whk 5 i``h} d`khÒq+.Ai} Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq záwh gh}}hw ghwiqhn jhzh}hnxw Dwijh ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ehlw „Knakkhn‐ ah} Zhwfh}ixdxdðlwhn akh Dbwedwijhn ghlinah`n in}qiqq ahw Zk``fðw axwmlthwdhl`qh xna xnx`á}}kjh Iwjxehnqh xw Shw}bn xna xe Knli`qQðw xna Qbw x ôddnhn. Dh}qx}qh``hn k}q ailhw ai}} ai} Gxnah}%thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq bddhnfxnakj nkmlq }imlthw}qánakj k}q xe x ghxwqhk`hn zi} Zk}}hn}mlidq hkjhnq`kml k}q.

]b``qh ai} ahxq}mlh Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq kn ehknhe Di``hkn}q hghn}b bghwd`áml`kmlh zkh xnli`qgiwh oi shkn`kml knfbesh%qhnqh Ix}}ijhn eimlhn }b aiwd kml }mlbn ohqq infðnakjhn ai}}h} ainn ehknh hqlk}mlh Sd`kmlq i`} Zk}}hn}mlidq`hw k}q hkn }b`mlh}Xwqhk` nkmlq inxhwfhnnhn zkh ixml keehw h} ix}di``hn eij. B%ahw xe h} ke ]qk`h tbn Fbshwnkfx} ix}xawðmfhn?8:

„]b``qhn ighw tkh``hkmlq ]mlzáqhw fbeehn akh bgj`hkmlxnzk}}hna kn Jh}mlkmlqh xna Hsk}qheb`bjkh }kml abml hkn Xw%

qhk` aiwðghw ineiÒhn xna h} zijhn }b``qhn akh}h} ehkn Zhwf x qiah`n xna inxjwhkdhn }b eimlh kml ekw nkmlq} ix} klnhn oi kml zk`` klw Xwqhk` i`} `hkmlqdhwqkj thwimlqhn.‐ Nxn aiwd kml ighw j`hkml indðjhn ai}} h} ekml nkmlq ðghw%

wi}mlq hkn }b`ml }mlzimlh} Xwqhk` tbe Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlqx `h}hn ahnn hknh ahw hw}qixn`kml}qhn Qiq}imlhn ahw ahxq}mlhnLbml}mlxìx}gkàxnj k}q ai}} ehknh} Zk}}hn} fhkn ]qxakhnjinjkn Ahxq}mlìna ” dwhk`kml ekq Ix}nileh ahw Slk`b}bslkh ” ixml

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999

Lxnahwqqix}hnah ]qxahnqhn in Ahxq}mlìna} Xnkthw}kqáqhn xnaLbml}mlx`hn xe jwbÒhn Qhk` x Zk}}hn}mlidq`hwn ix}jhgkàhqighw fixe hknhw tbn klnhn ghfbeeq oh hknh dbwei`h Ix}gkàxnj

aiwkn zi} ai} hkjhnq`kml k}q? Zk}}hn}mlidq. Ixml kml ahw kml gk}xe Wkjbwb}xe }qxakhwq ligh i`}b gk} x ahe Sxnfqh in ahe kmlkn ahw @ijh láqqh jhzh}hn }hkn eð}}hn ehknh Dálkjfhkq x }h`g%}qánakjhe zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Iwghkqhn nimlxzhk}hn ligh nkhixml nxw hknh hknkjh Tbw`h}xnj x akh}he Qlhei jhlôwq ” jh%}mlzhkjh ahnn aitbn hwdilwhn ai}} }kh ðghwlixsq injhgbqhnzkwa. Ein `hwnq akh}h} Linazhwf swifqk}ml nxw zk}mlhn ahn _hk%`hn. Zi} ]kh lkhw kn ahn `hqqhn Thwlina`xnj}qijhn jhlôwq lighn

ligh kml ekw hw}q niml ahw Xnkthw}kqáq}ix}gkàxnj ke ]h`g}q}qxak%xe injhhkjnhq. Kml hesdknah akh}hn Einjh` ahw zk}}hn}mlidq`k%mlhn Ix}gkàxnj kn Ahxq}mlìna i`} axwmlix} jwitkhwhna xnazbeôj`kml ekq xw}áml`kml dðw ai} qwixwkjh Nkthix nkmlq nxw ahw k%qkhwqhn Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq}hnq}mlhkaxnj }bnahwn ahw jh%}ieqhn Ak}fx}}kbn xe hqig`khwqh Zk}}hn}mlidq xna injhg`kmlhS}hxabzk}}hn}mlidq ak}}kahnqhw Dbw}mlhw }hk h} nxn kn ahw _hkqjh%}mlkmlqh bahw inahw}zb.

Akh} k}q ehknhw Ehknxnj niml hknhw ahw Lixsqjwðnah aidðwziwxe kn ahw Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq Ixqbwkqáq ekq Zk}}hn}mlidq thwzhml%}h`q zkwa. Ighw nkmlq ai} k}q zk}}hn}mlidq`kml zi} „inhwfinnqh‐ ” bahw hkndiml nxw eámlqkjh ” Ixqbwkqáqhn ghlixsqhn }bnahwn ai}zi} akh lkhw aiwjh`hjqhn Dbwefwkqhwkhn hwdð``q. Kn ahe ]knnh aiwd kml nbml hknei` Fiw` W. Sbsshw kqkhwhn?979

„Ahw S}hxabwiqkbni`k}ex} k}q ahw xngh}mlhkahnh Jìxghin akh Ðghw`hjhnlhkq ahw hkjhnhn knqh``hfqxh``hn Jighn. Hw hw%

lhgq ahn In}swxml hknjhzhklq x }hkn xna ekq ]kmlhwlhkq xna ekq Ixqbwkqáq x zk}}hn. V․U Akh}hw ixqbwkqáwh Knqh``hfqxi`k}%ex} V․U qwkqq bdq xnqhw ahe Niehn “Wiqkbni`k}ex}‛ ixd6 hw k}q ighw ai} akiehqwi`h Jhjhnqhk` tbn ahe zi} zkw }b nhnnhn.‐

979 Fiw` Sbsshw Akh bddhnh Jh}h``}mlidq ․ iiB. ,Ine. 4;+ Ga. 7 ]. 744.




997

T. Zk}}hn}mlidq xna Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq

Ie ]ml`x}} eômlqh kml nbml ixd ai} Thwlá`qnk} tbn Zk}}hn%

}mlidq xna Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq hknjhlhn ahnn }ml`khÒ`kml }qhlh kml nxw ah}li`g lkhw tbw Jhwkmlq zhk` kml zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Zhwfh ahw Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq xjánj`kml jheimlq ligh. Kml aiwd ailhw ixd db`%jhnah} lknzhk}hn ai} }kml xe Qhk` `bjk}ml ix} ahe gk}lhw Aiw%jh`hjqhn hwjkgq?

H} k}q ai} Whmlq xna akh Sd`kmlq ah} Zk}}hn}mlidq`hw} }hknhDbw}mlxnj}hwjhgnk}}h ôddhnq`kml xjánj`kml x eimlhn dðw 9. akh zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Jhehknah6

7. akh Jh}h``}mlidq i``jhehkn.Akh}h Sd`kmlq hwjkgq }kml ix} ahw Sd`kmlq ” akh Iwghkq ahw Fwkqkf ix}x}hqhn6 ” ðghw ai} hkjhnh Qxn Whmlhn}mlidq igx`hjhn6 ” akh Jh}h``}mlidq i``jhehkn ðghw nhxh Hwfhnnqnk}}h x kndbw%

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m+ }iml`kmlh Zhwgxnj dðw i+ xna g+ xw Ghfinnqeimlxnj xnaThwgwhkqxnj.

Thwôddhnq`kmlxnjhn xnqhw g+ $ m+ }kna aighk dbwei` jh}hlhnnkmlq bahw nxw ghaknjq zk}}hn}mlidq`kml }kna ohabml zh}hnq`kmldðw akh Zk}}hn}mlidq. Zkwa ai} Whmlq ixd Thwôddhnq`kmlxnj gh%}mlnkqqhn }b gwkmlq nkmlq nxw akh xnthwkmlqgiwh Fbeexnkfiqkbn

tbn Zk}}hn}mlidq`hwn xnqhwhkninahw xna ekq ahw Jh}h``}mlidq x%}ieehn }bnahwn akh Zk}}hn}mlidq }h`g}q fbeeq xe ]qk``}qina.Akh} liq xahe awi}qk}ml nimlqhk`kjh Zkwfxnjhn dðw xn}hwh eb%ahwnh iwghkq}qhk`kjh Jh}h``}mlidq akh tbn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq xnaahw Fbeexnkfiqkbn ekq ahw}h`ghn iglánjq.

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jôqqhw kn ]mlziw.97= Aiwkn ebnkhwq hw hghn}b ai}} ai} gxnah}%ahxq}mlh Swknks ahw dwhkhn Ghzhk}zðwakjxnj ai}} i`}b nxw ahw

ekq ahe Di`` akwhfq ghdi}}qh „hwfhnnhnah‐ Wkmlqhw akh Ghzhk}hzðwakjhn aiwd x hknhw qbqi`hn Niwwhndwhklhkq ahw zk``fðw`kmlhnGhzhk}ghlixsqxnj thwfbeehn k}q. Akh} jk`q kn}gh}bnahwh kn Thw%dilwhn tbw @inajhwkmlqhn dðw akh h} oi fhknh Ghwxdxnj i`}b fhknhzhkqh Qiq}imlhnkn}qin jkgq. Niml hknhe @inajhwkmlq}xwqhk` finnein nxw hknh Whtk}kbn axwml ahn Gxnah}jhwkmlq}lbd ghinqwijhnabml ahw swðdq oi nxw whknh Dbwedwijhn nkhei`} ighw qiq}áml`kmlhDh}q}qh``xnjhn ah} xnqhwjhbwanhqhn Jhwkmlq}. H} jkgq ailhw kn Dá`%

`hn zb h} dðw ahn Injhfìjqhn zkwf`kml xe akh Zxw}q jhlq i`}b97= Wb`d Gb}}k Li`gjôqqhw kn ]mlziw Hkmlgbwn Dwinfdxwq"E 7338.




979

ghk ahn injhg`kmlhn tbw ahn @inajhwkmlqhn thwlinah`qhn }mlzh%whn Thwgwhmlhn fhknh Eôj`kmlfhkq }kml jhjhn Wkmlqhwkwwqðehw bahw %zk``fðw ixd ahw Qiq}imlhnhghnh x zhlwhn.

Kn sb`kqk}mlhn Dá``hn finn ein ighw }h`g}q kn Dá``hn akh tbw ahe Ieq}jhwkmlq thwlinah`q zhwahn aidðw }bwjhn ai}} h} x fhk%nhw Ghwxdxnj fbeeq zkh ahw Di`` ah} whmlqhn Jwighwq%Thwìjh}hkjq. Ahw Hkjhnqðehw akh}h} Thwìjh} }qina ke Oxnk 9;;8 kn Qð% gknjhn tbw ahe Ieq}jhwkmlq zhjhn ahw Thwôddhnq`kmlxnj ah} tbnekw lhwix}jhjhghnhn Gxmlh} Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh.971 Zálwhna akh}h} Thwdilwhn} qwiq ahw }imlthw}qánakjh _hxjh Aw.Obimlke Lbddeinn tbwei`} Akwhfqbw ie gxnah}hkjhnhn Ek`kqáw%

jh}mlkmlq`kmlhn Dbw}mlxnj}ieq kn Dwhkgxwj i`} _hxjh aidðw ixdai}} akh}h} ehkn Gxml zk}}hn}mlidq`kml }hk zh}zhjhn h} ahn]mlxq ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq}dwhklhkq jheáÒ Iwq. 8"= ah} Jwxnajh}hq%h} jhnkhÒhn eð}}h. Ai} Ieq}jhwkmlq Qðgknjhn }hqqh }kml ighw hkndiml ðghw akh}h} Jxqimlqhn lknzhj xna thwxwqhk`qh Lhwwn Jwi% ghwq ahnnbml. I`} akh}hw Ghwxdxnj hkn`hjqh zxwah kle }hkqhn} ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq knbddkkh`` ekqjhqhk`q ai}} ein }hknhn Thwìjaxwml }qánakjh Lix}axwml}xmlxnjhn xna Gxmlgh}mlìjnilexn%

jhn thwnkmlqhn zhwah }b``qh hw }hknh Ghwxdxnj nkmlq xwðmfnhl%ehn. Qiq}áml`kml ex}}qh Lhww Jwighwq kn ahn Oilwhn 9;;8";4 gh%whkq} hknh ]swknjd`xq }b`mlhw Lix}axwml}xmlxnjhn xna Gxmlgh%}mlìjnilexnjhn ðghw }kml hwjhlhn ì}}hn. Hw zx}}qh ailhw ai}}akh} fhknh `hhwh Awblxnj ziw xna bj ailhw akh Ghwxdxnj xwðmf.Akh} qhk`qh ekw Jwighwq} @hfqbw tbw hknkjhn Oilwhn ixd ehknh Nimldwijh xe ]qina ah} Thwdilwhn} shw}ôn`kml ekq liqqh kmlabml jhlbddq ai}} ai} Hknkhlxnj}thwdilwhn ehknh} Gxmlh} gk}

xe Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq jhlhn zðwah.Xna }b`mlh Tbwjánjh xna Wilehnghaknjxnjhn }b``hn ainn

Hkjhn}mlidqhn hknh} Whmlq}}qiiqh} }hkn. Nxn xe zhkqhn _kqiq ah} xnjhninnqhn Ixqbw}?

„Akh }mlôn}qh Aheb}qlhnh}%Whah V978․U zkwa akw nkmlq}lh`dhn V․U ainn lánjhn }kh akw hkn nhxh} Thwdilwhn in ainngk}q ax jh`khdhwq.‐ ,9"7<1+

971 Hwn}q Jix}} ,Lj. 5 Jhweiw Wxab`d+ Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh Jwighwq Qðgkn%jhn 9;;1 ,zzz.tlb.bwj"A"j+.

978 Ghahxqhnahw jwkhmlk}mlh Whanhw xna dðlwhnahw ]qiiq}einn Iqlhn} ,=<1”=77 t. Mlw.+.




977

Jhnix}b k}q h} ixml kn ahw GW Ahxq}mlìna kn Thwdilwhn jhjhnJh}mlkmlq}ak}}kahnqhn ahnn zhnn kml lkhw thw}xmlhn zðwah ehk%nh lk}qbwk}mlhn In}kmlqhn xnqhw Ghzhk} x }qh``hn }b zðwah ekw

ai} zbl` ahn Tbwzxwd ah} Jhwkmlq} hkngwknjhn xnthwgh}}hw`kml oi thw}qbmfq x }hkn zi} }kml }qwidthw}mláwdhna ix}zkwfq. Bahw ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q zðwah jiw hkn nhxh} Thwdilwhn jhjhn ekml hkn`hkqhnzhk` kml oi kn hknhw ôddhnq`kmlhn Thwlina`xnj akh j`hkmlh ]qwidqiqah} „@hxjnhn}‐ j`hkml nbml hknei` ghjhlh.

Nxn gkn kml jh}sinnq zkh akh}h} Jhwkmlq zbl` ehknh Thwqhk%akjxnj}whah ghzhwqhn zkwa.

Nxn xe náml}qhn _kqiq?

„Ahn hw}qhn Thwqhkakjhw V․U }h`g}q thwlidqhn x ì}}hnawblqh ai} Qwkgxni` V․U‐ ,9"==8+ Ixml ai} dknahn zkw oi ekqq`hwzhk`h kn gxnah}ahxq}mlhn Swb%

h}}hn jhjhn Ak}}kahnqhn zb Thwqhkakjhw ziw nbml nkmlq ke Jh%wkmlq}}ii` }h`g}q thwlidqhq }hlw zbl` ighw ekq ]qwidthwdilwhn gh%awblq zhwahn zhnn }kh thw}xmlhn akh jh}mlkmlq`kmlhn In}kmlqhnklwhw Einainqhn i`} fbwwhfq nimlxzhk}hn. Kn Swbh}}hn zkh akh%}he lkhw lhww}mlq ailhw zi} akh Qiq}imlhn }h`g}q i`}b akh lk}qbwk%

}mlhn In}kmlqhn ahw Injhfìjqhn injhlq kn ahw GW Ahxq}mlìna swifqk}ml hkn Ghzhk}}qh``xnj}% xna Whahthwgbq ixml dðw Thwqhkak%jhw. Lhww Whmlq}inzi`q Gbmf x ehknhw Whmlqhn xe Ghk}skh`zxwah }qwidwhmlq`kml jhilnahq zhk` hw h} ehknh} Zk}}hn} zijqhkn hknhe Swbh}} kn akh}he Lix}h hknhn Ghzhk}inqwij x }qh``hnlblh sb`kqk}mlh Swbeknhnqh ahw Whsxg`kf zkh . G. ahn Gxnah}%fin`hw xna ahn Gxnah}swá}kahnqhn i`} _hxjhn aidðw x lôwhnai}} akh fbnqwbthw}h ôddhnq`kmlh Ak}fx}}kbn ah} Lb`bmix}q tbw%

zkhjhna ix} sb`kqk}mlhn Jwðnahn thwlknahwq zhwah. Ehkn awkqqhw Thwqhkakjhw Oðwjhn Wkhjhw ahw nkmlq in ahw Lixsqthwlina`xnjqhk`nkeeq zxwah thwxwqhk`q zhk` hw h} 9;;4 jhzijq liqqh hknhnGhzhk}inqwij x }qh``hn ekml kn hknhe ]qwidthwdilwhn i`} ]iml%thw}qánakjhn xw Dwijh lôwhn x zb``hn bg h} kn Ix}mlzkq Ehn%}mlhnji}fieehwn jhjhghn ligh. Ehknh Thwqhkakjhwkn xw @knfhnDwix ]qb` ex}}qh jiw hw`hghn zkh }kh ke siwi``h` x akh}he Thw%dilwhn kn akh}he Lix}h }qiqqdknahnahn _ðnah`%Swbh}} tbn ahw

Sb`khk ekq Jhzi`q ix} ahe Jhwkmlq}}ii` hnqdhwnq zxwah xna zkhixml jhjhn }kh hkn ]qwidthwdilwhn zhjhn klwhw ÁxÒhwxnjhn tbw




97=

Jhwkmlq hwôddnhq zxwah áln`kml zkh ixml fxw xtbw jhjhn ahn]qwidthwqhkakjhw Lbw}q Eil`hw bgzbl` akh Lknqhwjwðnah akh}hw ]qwidthwdb`jxnjhn hlhw ÁxÒhwxnjhn sb`kqk}mlhw i`} lk}qbwk}mlhw

Niqxw }kna }b ai}} akh}h ghkahn Dá``h hqzi} ix} ahe Wilehn di`%`hn._xe náml}qhn _kqiq tbn ahw j`hkmlhn ]hkqh?

„Xna jhjhn ahn _hxjhn Swbdh}}bw |{ zxwah qiq}áml`kmlin Bwq xna ]qh``h hkn Lidqghdhl` hwì}}hn V․U‐Akh} hwknnhwq ekml in hknhn Tbwdi`` ie @inajhwkmlq Nðwnghwj

zálwhna ah} ]qwidthwdilwhn} jhjhn ahn ]mlzhkhw Iwqlxw Tbjq keOilw 9;;1. Tbjq ziw injhfìjq zbwahn zhk` hw ixd Hknìaxnj ahw

DAS%nilhn Qlbei}%Ahl`hw%]qkdqxnj ke Oilw 9;;9 kn Nðwnghwjhknhn Tbwqwij jhli`qhn liqqh kn ahe hw }hknh whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhnIn}kmlqhn xe Lb`bmix}q tbwqwxj. Ixd Knkqkiqkth ahw Thwqhkakjxnjzxwah kml x akh}he Thwdilwhn i`} }imlthw}qánakjhw _hxjh jhì%ahn. Nimlahe ahw Thwqhkakjhw }hknhn akh}ghðj`kmlhn Ghzhk}in%qwij tbwjhqwijhn liqqh ìxq ahe ehknh jxqimlqhw`kmlhn Xnqhw}x%mlxnjhn ghzhk}hn zðwahn ai}} h} kn Ix}mlzkq nkmlq zkh gh%hxjq x Ehn}mlhnthwji}xnjhn jhfbeehn }hkn finn dwxj ekml

ahw Tbw}kqhnah Wkmlqhw Shqhw ]qbmflieehw bg kml zkwf`kml knakh}he ]knnh ix}x}ijhn jhahnfh. Nimlahe kml akh} ghoilq liqqhehknqh ahw Wkmlqhw nxw ìskaiw ai}} ekw abml zbl` fìw }hk ai}}kml ekml ekq hknhw }b`mlhn Ix}}ijh }qwidgiw eimlhn zðwah. _xhknhw Ix}}ijh fie h} ighw jiw nkmlq ai ahw Ghzhk}inqwij blnhlknzkh ðg`kml igjh`hlnq zxwah. Zi} akh}h Ix}}ijh ah} Tbw}kqhnahnWkmlqhw} ]qbmflieehw ghahxqhq k}q Klnhn zbl` lbddhnq`kml fìw?Hw liq ôddhnq`kml kn hknhw Lixsqthwlina`xnj hknhn jhìahnhn

}imlthw}qánakjhn _hxjhn nbml tbw ah}}hn sbqhnqkh``hw Ix}}ijhekq ]qwidthwdb`jxnj ghawblq dðw ahn Di`` ai}} hw niml gh}qhn Zk}%}hn xna Jhzk}}hn ix}}ijq. Ai} k}q abml nkmlq} inahwh} i`} _hx%jhnghawblxnj axwml ahn Wkmlqhw)

Xna zi} }kml ainn `hqq`kml kn ehknhe hw}qhn Swbh}} kn ]qxqq%jiwq innb 9;;1";8 ig}skh`qh ziw oi abml nkmlq} inahwh} i`} ai}}kml i`} }imlthw}qánakjhw _hxjh x hknhw Dwhklhkq}}qwidh thwxwqhk`qzxwah zhk` ehknh jxqimlqhw`kmlhn Dbw}mlxnj}hwjhgnk}}h jhzk}%

}hn _hxjhnix}}ijhn zkahw}swhmlhn.




971

Ai} náml}qh _kqiq k}q zkhahwxe tbn ahw j`hkmlhn ]hkqh?„V․U akh _hxjhn ahw Thwqhkakjxnj jiw nkmlq hw}q xjhì}%

}hn.‐

Ixml ai} liq hknh shwdhfqh Siwi``h`h x gxnah}ahxq}mlhn Swb%h}}hn jhjhn Jh}mlkmlq}ak}}kahnqhn oi }ml`keehw nbml? Ghk xn}zhwahn nkmlq nxw jwxna}áq`kml i``h _hxjhn igjh`hlnq akh injh% gbqhn zhwahn akh In}kmlqhn ah} Injhfìjqhn x xnqhweixhwn}bnahwn h} zhwahn i``h Iwqhn tbn Ghzhk}hn igjh`hlnq bg nxn_hxjhn Abfxehnqh bahw ixml ]imlthw}qánakjh. Akh }bjhninnqhBddhnfxnakjfhkq hweôj`kmlq h} gxnah}ahxq}mlhn Jhwkmlqhn hkn%diml i``h Ghzhk}h igxzhlwhn.

Ai} náml}qh _kqiq ìxqhq?„Ahw zhkqh Zh}hn}xj xn}hwhw sb`kqk}mlhn Jhwkmlqh k}q akh H|ifqlhkq ekq ahw }kh dxnfqkbnkhwhn. Ai} lhkÒq ai}} ai} Xwqhk` tbwix}gh}qkeeq k}q. Ai} lhkÒq ai}} akh Wkmlqhw keehw zk}}hnzi} ahw Bgwkjfhkq jhdá``kj k}q ,aix ai} Qh`hdbn)+.‐ ,9"7:<+ Ixml ai} k}q hkn dh}qhw Gh}qinaqhk` gxnah}ahxq}mlhw Swbh}}h

jhjhn Ak}}kahnqhn zkh kml ix} ehknhw hkjhnhn Hwdilwxnj zhkÒxna }mlbn xtbw aiwjh}qh``q ligh.974 Ai xnqhwgwkmlq hkn Wkmlqhw

s`ôq`kml akh Thwlina`xnj zhk` hw }kml hknhe Ghzhk}inqwij jh%jhnðghw}khlq ahn hw ekq whmlq}}qiiq`kmlhn Ekqqh`n nkmlq igzhlwhnfinn ix} sb`kqk}mlhn Jwðnahn ighw igzhlwhn ex}}. ]b lb`q hw }kml xnáml}q qh`hdbnk}ml tbn „bghn‐ akh Inzhk}xnjhn zkh hw }kml x thwli`qhn ligh a.l. hw thwjhzk}}hwq }kml ahw Wðmfhnah%mfxnj dðw ahn sb`kqk}ml jhdbwahwqhn Whmlq}gwxml ahw Ghzhk}ekq%qh`xnqhwawðmfxnj ahn hw aighk k}q x ghjhlhn. Ai áxÒhwq }kml hkninahwhw Wkmlqhw jhjhnðghw ahe ]qwidthwqhkakjhw Aw. Jôgh` qh`hdb%

nk}ml ahxq`kml ailknjhlhna ai}} h} Inzhk}xnjhn tbn jin bghnjhgh hknh Ghzhk}hwlhgxnj xe Lb`bmix}q xnqhw fhknhn Xe}qán%ahn xxì}}hn.

Xna zhnn ainn abml hknei` hknh Sinnh si}}khwq zkh lkhw keLix}h innb 9;;1 i`} akh Wkmlqhw Bw`hq Eð``hw xna Db`fhwq} hknhnJh}mlkmlq}ak}}kahnqhn nxw x hknhw Ghzálwxnj}}qwidh thwxwqhk`qhnekq ahw Ghjwðnaxnj hw }hk oi hkn in}qánakjhw Fhw` ehknh h} oi nxw

974 Ghxj ixd ke tbw`khjhnahn Gxml ix}jhì}}hnh Ix}dðlwxnjhn ehknhw}hkq} tbn ixqbgkb%jwislk}mlhw Niqxw ie Indinj ah} Swbh}}h} tj`. kn Fiwakni`dwijhn in Ahxq}mlìna} Sb`kqkfhw iiB. ,Ine. 1:+ ]. =<d. 744dd.




974

}swxnjhn }hk ahw }bn}q dðw akh}h „sb`kqk}mlhn Dá``h‐ x}qánakj }hk.]bekq jkgq h} bddhngiw ixml knnhwli`g ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq }sh%kh`` ah`hjkhwqh ]qiiq}inzá`qh ahnhn h} bg`khjq xe ]mlxqh ah}

ahebfwiqk}mlhn ]qiiqh} tbw }hknhn Gðwjhwn akh}h ainn ix} ” xnqhw ahw Lina bddhn xjhjhghnhn ” sb`kqk}mlhn Jwðnahn zhjhn klwhw In}kmlqhn x thwdb`jhn. Xna zhnn }b`mlh Swbh}}h ainn ekq hknhw Dwhklhkq}}qwidh hnahn zkh }kna ainn zbl` akh knlidqkhwqhn ]mlx`%akjjh}swbmlhnhn x nhnnhn2 Akh}h Dwijh zhwah kml hw}q hknei`dðw }sáqhw xwðmf}qh``hn.

Nxn xe náml}qhn _kqiq?„Dðw xn} jhlôwq xe Ghjwkdd ahw Db`qhw ghwhkq} akh Qiq}imlh

ahw Knlidqkhwxnj sb`kqk}mlhw Jhdinjhnhw kn Jhdánjnk}}hn)‐ ,9"=9;6 ai} k}q akh Ix}}ijh hknh} ]qiiq}inzi`q} ðghw akh Swi|k}ah} Tbwjánjhwwhjkeh}.+Ai} k}q zbl` ixml akh bddkkh``h In}kmlq ahw GW Ahxq}mlìna

ðghw akh sb`kqk}mlhn Jhdinjhnhn kn ahw _hkq ah} Niqkbni`}bki`k}%ex} xna aiekq liq ein ixml Whmlq. Xna ai zkw }mlbn ghk Db`qhw }kna aiwd kml nbml hknei` ixd akh DxÒdh}}h`n x }swhmlhn fbe%ehn akh ein ekw lhxqh ghke Qwin}sbwq xe Jhwkmlq zkhahwxe

injh`hjq liq jin ke Jhjhn}iq x ahw ðghwzkhjhnahn Ehlwilì``hw inahwhn Ládq`knjh akh nkh kn DxÒdh}}h`n tbwjhdðlwq zhwahn.Zk}}hn ]kh ðghwlixsq zkh }mlehwlidq DxÒ}mlh``hn }kna zkh }kh}kml kn} DxÒjh`hnf ekq ohahw Ghzhjxnj ekq ohahe ]mlwkqq hkn%}mlnhkahn297:

Abml nxn xe `hqqhn _kqiq?„Hknh inahwh Hwzhkqhwxnj}eôj`kmlfhkq gbq akh V․U “Ig%

}kmlq‛. Ai} lhkÒq ekq inahwhn Zbwqhn? VAi} ThwgwhmlhnU zxwah

nkmlq ghjinjhn ohabml gh}qina ” niml Ehknxnj ah} VWkmlqhw}U ” akh Ig}kmlq aix6‐ ,9":3+ Ai} k}q khe`kml h|ifq hnqìnj ahw Iwjxehnqiqkbn}`knkh kn ehk%

nhe ]qxqqjiwqhw ]qwidthwdilwhn. Aiei`} fbnnqh ein i`} Whtk}kb%nk}q nxw ainn zhjhn Tb`f}thwlhqxnj gh}qwidq zhwahn zhnn einakh }bjhninnqh „yxi`kdkkhwqh Ix}mlzkq%@ðjh‐ ghjinjhn liqqhzhnn ein i`}b ix}awðmf`kml ghlixsqhq liqqh akh Oxahn láqqhn ahnLb`bmix}q hwdxnahn xe sb`kqk}mlhw xna gz. bahw dkninkh``hw

Tbwqhk`h zk``hn. Jhnix ai} ighw liqqh kml nkh ghlixsqhq. Ai} liq97: Ixd Inbwanxnj ah} Wkmlqhw} zxwahn }hkqlhw fhknh DxÒ}mlh``hn ehlw injh`hjq.




97:

}bjiw ai} ]qxqqjiwqhw Jhwkmlq xjhghn eð}}hn zi} }kh ighw nkmlqaitbn iglkh`q ekml ekqqh`} ahw „Ig}kmlq}‐%Xnqhw}qh``xnj ahnnbmlx thwxwqhk`hn. Kml aiwd ix} ahe Xwqhk` akh hnq}swhmlhnahn Si}}i%

jhn kqkhwhn?97<

„Bgzbl` V․U ahn Oxahn nkmlq ix}awðmf`kml injhì}qhq zkwa }kh láqqhn akh Aiw}qh``xnj ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q kn}gh}bn%ahwh xe klwh} sb`kqk}mlhn xna eiqhwkh``hn Tbwqhk`} zk``hn hw%

dxnahn liqqh Vai} JxqimlqhnU xw Ðghwhxjxnj ahw Fieehw ahn _zhmf akh} x }xjjhwkhwhn.‐Xna jhjhn Hnah ah} Xwqhk`} niml hknhw jinhn ]hwkh liiw%

}qwáxghnahw Knqhwswhqiqkbnhn xna H|qwisbìqkbnhn fbeeq ai} Xw%

qhk` ainn }bjiw x ahw ]ml`xÒdb`jhwxnj?97;

„Aiekq zkwa ahn Oxahn ai} @hghn}whmlq V․U igjh% }swbmlhn.‐Xe h} hqzi} ðghw}skqq ix}xawðmfhn ehknqh ai} ]qxqqjiwqhw

Jhwkmlq i`}b zhk` kml nkmlq} ðghw akh Oxahn jh}mlwkhghn liqqh láq%qh kml ahn Oxahn ai} @hghn}whmlq igjh}swbmlhn xna eð}}h ailhw kn} Jhdánjnk}. I`}b zk}}hn ]kh zhnn ein ekq }b`mlhn Ehqlbahn„Whmlq‐ }swkmlq aiwd ein }kml nkmlq zxnahwn zhnn akh Gðwjhw kn

Fhnnqnk} }b`mlhw Tbwjánjh ai} Thwqwixhn kn ahn Whmlq}}qiiq thw%`khwhn.Xna nxn eômlqh kml hnqlð``hn zblhw kml akh _kqiqh ligh? ]kh

}qieehn ix} I`h|inahw ]b`}mlhnk{n} Qwk`bjkh Ahw Iwmlksh` Jx%ìj ]mlhw Thwìj Ghwn 9;:1 xna 9;:4 zbwkn akh _x}qánah ah}}bzohqk}mlhn Whmlq}}{}qhe} xw _hkq Ob}hd ]qi`kn} gh}mlwkhghnzhwahn. ]hlhn ]kh? h} si}}q)

I``hwaknj} jkgq h} hknhn zkmlqkjhn Xnqhw}mlkha zk}mlhn ahe

}bzohqk}mlhn xna ahe gxnah}ahxq}mlhn Whmlq}}{}qhe? kn gxnah}%ahxq}mlhn Jhdánjnk}}hn zkwa náe`kml nkmlq jhdb`qhwq xna aidðw gkn kml }hlw ainfgiw ” zhnn ein hknei` aitbn ig}khlq ai}}}mlbn akh Knlidqkhwxnj dwkha`kmlhw Ak}}kahnqhn zhjhn klwhw In%}kmlqhn hknh Iwq Db`qhw k}q.

97< @J ]qxqqjiwq 9: F@} <=";1 ]. 998.97; Hga. ]. 7=1.




97<

KK. Ahdknkqkbn ah} Sb`kqk}mlhn Jhdinjhnhn

Ai kml tbwlkn zkhahwlb`q tbn sb`kqk}mlhn Jhdinjhnhn }swiml

eômlqh kml nxn thw}xmlhn hknhn }b`mlhn x ahdknkhwhn aiekqein nkmlq ixd bddkkh``h Ghlixsqxnjhn tbn Whjkhwxnjhn injhzkh%}hn k}q. Aighk eômlqh kml akh Fwkqhwkhn eôj`kml}q hnj zál`hn xeahe Tbwzxwd tbwxgixhn kml láqqh akh}h }b jhzál`q aiekq kml}h`ghw kn akh}h ]mlxgìah si}}h. _xahe zhwah kml akh niml%db`jhnah Ahdknkqkbn nxw ixd sb`kqk}mlh Jhdinjhnh ke hnjhwhn ]kn%nh gh}mlwánfhn. Nkmlq hwdi}}q zhwahn tbn klw Jhdinjhnh akh zh%jhn klwhw wh`kjkô}hn In}kmlqhn klwhw hqlnk}mlhn Lhwfxndq bahw kl%

whw }h|xh``hn Bwkhnqkhwxnj knlidqkhwq }kna bgj`hkml ahw Jwxna dðw ahwhn Thwdb`jxnj ke zhkqhwhn ]knnh niqðw`kml ixml ehk}q sb`kqk%}mlhw Niqxw k}q. Ighw i``hkn xe akh Ak}fx}}kbn ixml hkq`kml x ghjwhnhn zhwah kml lkhw nxw tbn sb`kqk}mlhn bahw sb`kqk}ml knqhw% swhqkhwqhn Ak}}kahnqhn }swhmlhn. Kn ahw nimldb`jhnahn Qigh``h}kna `knf} thw}mlkhahnh Fwkqhwkhn injhdðlwq akh aix akhnhn fôn%nhn sb`kqk}mlh Jhdinjhnh x hwfhnnhn xna whmlq} zkwa ixdjh%dðlwq bg xna knzkhdhwn akh}h Fwkqhwkhn ixd ekml gz. i``jhehkn

ixd Whtk}kbnk}qhn xqwhddhn.Ai} hw}qh Fwkqhwkxe k}q xj`hkml ixml ai} zkmlqkj}qh. Xnqhw

dwkha`kmlhe Ak}}hn} thw}qhlh kml lkhw tbw i``he ai}} fhknh Zk``%fðw i`}b fhknh xnjh}hq`kmlh Thw`hqxnj ahw Gðwjhwwhmlqh Awkqqhw jhwhmlqdhwqkjq bahw x }b`mlhw ixdjhdbwahwq zkwa. Ai} k}q }b ahnfhkml akh hknkjh zkwf`kml h}}hnqkh``h Indbwahwxnj akh ein in `hjk%qkeh Ehknxnj}áxÒhwxnjhn }qh``hn ex}} zbghk SbwnbjwislkhJhzi`qaiw}qh``xnjhn Gh}mlkesdxnjhn x}z. lkhw nkmlq ak}fxqkhwq

zhwahn ahnn akh}h lighn zhnkj zhnn ðghwlixsq hqzi} ekq Ehk%nxnjhn x qxn. H} finn jiw fhkn _zhkdh` aiwin gh}qhlhn ai}} i`èhknh ]mlwkdqhn zhjhn ahnhn kml thwdb`jq zhwah akh}h} Fwkqhwk%xe hwdð``hn ahnn nkhei`} zxwah aiwkn akh xnjh}hq`kmlh Thw`hq%xnj ahw Gðwjhwwhmlqh Awkqqhw jhwhmlqdhwqkjq jxqjhlhkÒhn bahw ai%x ixdjhdbwahwq.

Kml ligh kn ahw Qigh``h kn Fìeehwn lknxjhdðjq ai}} jhnixakh}h} Fwkqhwkxe ixd akh aiei`kjhn Qhwwbwk}qhn ahw WID jhwiah

nkmlq xqwkddq. Ahw Lknqhwjwxna ah}}hn k}q ai}} akh Ehakhn i``hntbwin akh DI_ x Ghjknn ah} lkhw ke Lix}h }qiqqdknahnahn Swb%




97;

h}}h} jhjhn ahn Whtk}kbnk}qhn Hwn}q _ðnah` Siwi``h`hn bjhn xahn WID%Swbh}}hn ahw 9;:3hw xna 9;<3hw Oilwh.9=3 Aighk finnein ai} ðghwlixsq nkmlq thwj`hkmlhn ahnn ai} jh}ieqh Tbwjhlhn

ahw WID ziw hghn ai} h|ifqh Jhjhnqhk` tbn dwkha`kml? ]kh ziwhnjhzi`q}ie zinaqhn Zk``fðw xna Jhzi`q ke H|qwhehn in lkhÒhnakh} jxq xna dbwahwqhn ixml inahwh aix ixd. Ai}} ein akh} ekqahe tô``kj dwkha`kmlhn Ak}}hn} ahw Whtk}kbnk}qhn x thwj`hkmlhnzijq ghzhk}q abml nxw ai}} ai hknh hwlhg`kmlh Thwzkwwxnj kn ahnFôsdhn ahw Obxwni`k}qhn lhww}mlhn ex}}.

Ixml ahw náml}qh Sxnfq qwkddq ixd Thwdilwhn jhjhn Whtk}kbnk}%qhn x ahnn ai} Fwkqk}khwhn lhww}mlhnahw Jh}mlkmlq}qlh}hn xe

Lb`bmix}q k}q nxw kn hknhw thw}mlzknahna jhwknjhn _il` i``hw @án%ahw ahw Zh`q ðghwlixsq }qwidgiw. Ai }qh``qh }kml ainn niqðw`kmlixml akh Dwijh zkh kml ðghwlixsq hkn Xnwhmlq}ghzx}}q}hkn hnqzk%mfh`n }b`` zhnn ai} zi} ekw lkhw tbwjhzbwdhn zkwa di}q nkw%jhna} kn ahw Zh`q }qwidgiw k}q kn}gh}bnahwh abwq nkmlq zb kml akhQiqhn ghjknj náe`kml kn Hnj`ina xna ahn X]I.

Ixml lkhw gh}qhlq zkhahw hkn fwi}}hw Jhjhn}iq x ahn Qiqhnahw WID akh kn i``hn ]qiiqhn ahw Zh`q }qwidgiw }kna xna zbl`

ixml kn ohnhe l{sbqlhqk}mlhn ]qiiq }qwidgiw záwhn ahn akh WID%Qhwwbwk}qhn hwwkmlqhq láqqhn láqqhn }kh akh Eôj`kmlfhkq aix jh%ligq. Ailhw ziwhn akh Swbh}}h jhjhn akh WID%Qhwwbwk}qhn fhknh sb`kqk}mlhn Swbh}}h ahnn akh Injhf`ijqhn }qinahn nkmlq zhjhnEhknxnjhn }bnahwn zhjhn Jhzi`qqiqhn tbw Jhwkmlq xna ah}li`gziwhn akh WID%Qhwwbwk}qhn ixml fhknh sb`kqk}mlhn Jhdinjhnhnzkh @knf}wiakfi`h gk} lhxqh ghlixsqhn }bnahwn Jhzi`qthwgwh%mlhw. Akh WID%Qhwwbwk}qhn ziwhn Qáqhw akh Ehn}mlhn hnqdðlwqhn

xna hwebwahqhn }bzkh Gbeghn `hjqhn. Akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn lknjh%jhn }kna Bsdhw ahnn ixd xn} eimlq ein Ðghwdá``h xna Ebwain%}ml`ájh zkh xe Ghk}skh` Swbd. Dixwk}}bn ôdqhw hw`hghn ex}}qhxna xn} }mlkmfq ein Sifhqgbeghn xna ðnahq akh Láx}hw in zkhh} Hwn}q _ðnah` hw`hghn ex}}qh.9=9 H} k}q ailhw jhwiahx kndietbn ahn Ehakhn Swbh}}h jhjhn Whtk}kbnk}qhn i`}b ahn Bsdhwntbn Qhwwbwk}ex} ekq ahnhn jhjhn akh Qhwwbwk}qhn ixml nxw kn hk%nhe Iqhexj x nhnnhn.

9=3 Tb`fhw _i}qwbz „Ahw WkÒ kn ahw Wbgh‐ Dwinfdxwqhw I``jhehknh _hkqxnj 78.=.7334 ]. =.9=9 Tj`. aix ehknh _x}ieehndi}}xnj kn ahn Tbw`h}xnjhn iiB. ,Ine. 88+ ]. 838%893.




9=3

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9=7 Tj`. I`h|inahw ]b`}mlhnk{n Iwmlksh` Jxìj ]mlhw Ghwn 9;:1 Ga. 9 ]. 1=1”1=:

1:9d.9== _kqiq ix} I. ]b`}mlhnk{n hga. ]. 87.

Ahdknkqkbn ah} Sb`kqk}mlhn Jhdinjhnhn

Fwkqhwkxe Jhweiw Wxab`d

9. dwkha`kmlhw Ak}}hn} dwkha`kmlh Aiw%}qh``xnj ,kn}g. fhknh Whmlqdhwqkjxnjtbn bahw Ixddbwahwxnj xw Thw`hq%xnj tbn Gðwjhwwhmlqhn Awkqqhw+

jhjhghn ,xnj`hkml WID+

7. nkmlq }qwidgiw kn ahw ðghwzkhjhnahnEhlwil` tbn ]qiiqhn

nkmlq }qwidgiw kn 9;8 tbn 738 ]qiiqhn ,xn%j`hkml WID+

=. Ghqwhxxnj axwml Ehn}mlhnwhmlq}bw%jink}iqkbnhn

KJDE Xbeb h @kghwq

1. ]b`kaiwkqáq}ghfxnaxnjhn axwmlDwheah ,Gwkhdthwfhlw Gh}xmlh Kn%qhwthnqkbn ghk Ghlôwahn Ahebn}qwi%qkbnhn+

i``h tkhw jhjhghn

8. Ghlôwa`kmlh Xnqhwgknaxnj}thw}xmlhtbn ]b`kaiwkqáq}ghfxnaxnjhn

Ahebn}qwiqkbn}thwgbq6 nhjiqkth ]bki`swbj%nb}h zhjhn Fbnqifqhn

4. ]b`kaiwkqáq}ghfxnaxnjhn axwml Swb%eknhnqh

Swbdh}}bwhn dðw I}{`6 Fwkqkf in Thwdb`jxnjaxwml Jhjnhw ,I`{ Lk`ghwj @ks}qiaq Dkn%fh`}qhkn+

:. ]b`kaiwkqáq}ghfxnaxnjhn gz. Fwkqkf in Thwdb`jxnj axwml Ehakhn $ Sb`k%qkf gh}bnahw} ah} Ix}ìnah}

‧ k}ìek}mlh Zh`q‧ Hnjìna ,Knah| bn Mhn}bw}lks Jxiwakin+‧ i``j. Ehakhn kn Nkmlqthwdb`jhw}qiiqhn‧ aq. Ehakhn

<. Gh}mlnhkaxnj tbn Thwqhkakjxnj}%whmlqhn

‧ Bddhnfxnakjfhkq 5 Ghzhk}thwgbq‧ Thwdb`jxnj tbn Thwqhkakjhwn

;. Inhwfhnnxnj}thwzhkjhwxnj sb`kqk%}mlhw Jhdinjhnh axwml Thwdb`jhw%}qiiq qwbq bgkjhw Hkjhn}mlidqhn

jhjhghn ke Jhjhn}iq xe _iwhnwhkml9=7

93. }ml`hmlqhwh Ghlina`xnj i`} whjx`áwhJhdinjhnh.

_ðnah` kn Finiai Nkmlqinhwfhnnxnj knAhxq}mlìna6 Qáqhw mliwifqhw`kml tbwthwxw%qhk`q nhjiqkth ]bki`swbjnb}h fhknh µ% gz. ҃%]qwidh ]kmlhwlhkq}eiÒnilehn ,knf`.

DxÒdh}}h`n+6 ]qwidh i`} „]bki`h Swbsl{%ì|h‐.9==




9=9

whmlq}bwjink}iqkbnhn }kna ohabml qwiakqkbnh`` `knf} hknjh}qh``q zi}lk}qbwk}mlh Jwðnah liq ai akh Ehn}mlhnwhmlq}ghzhjxnj oi hknhxw}swðnj`kml `knfh kn ahw dwinô}k}mlhn Whtb`xqkbn zxwh`nah

Kahh k}q. I`} Db`jh ah}}hn lighn h} Jhdinjhnh akh ” x whmlq bahw x xnwhmlq ” whmlq} hknjhbwanhq zhwahn }mlzhw ghk `knfhn Bwji%nk}iqkbnhn Jhlôw x dknahn.

Kml aiwd kn ahe _x}ieehnlinj ixd hkn ]mlwhkghn ahw ahxq%}mlhn Ehn}mlhnwhmlq}bwjink}iqkbn „Knqhwniqkbni`h Jh}h``}mlidqdðw Ehn}mlhnwhmlqh‐ ,KJDE6 zzz.k}lw.bwj+ tbe =3.93.9;;4lknzhk}hn zbtbn kml Klnhn nhx`kml hknh Fbskh ðghwjig. AkhKJDE k}q hknh Bwjink}iqkbn akh x. i. ah}li`g jhjwðnahq zbwahn

ziw zhk` `knfh Ehn}mlhnwhmlq}bwjink}iqkbnhn zkh Ienh}q{ Kn%qhwniqkbni` xw _hkq ah} fi`qhn Fwkhjh} fixe Hnjijhehnq ghk ahw Inswinjhwxnj tbn Ehn}mlhnwhmlq}thw`hqxnjhn ke B}qg`bmf hkjqhn xna ziw kn}gh}bnahwh kn ahw AAW xna ghðj`kml ahw ahxq}mlhn Eknahwlhkqhn kn thw}mlkhahnhn b}qhxwbsák}mlhn ]qii%qhn. Ixdjwxna klwh} Hnjijhehnq} dðw sb`kqk}ml Thwdb`jqh ke B}q% g`bmf zxwah akh KJDE }hkq klwhe Gh}qhlhn kn ahw GW Ahxq}ml%ìna klwhw}hkq} whjhèáÒkj tbn `knfhn Jwxsshn injhjwkddhn ekqxn%

qhw }bjiw jhzi`qqáqkj. ]kh }khlq }kml i`}b }hkq Oilwhlnqhn kn akh}he@inah }h`ghw ahw jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhn Thwdb`jxnj ix}jh}hqq.Ai} Klnhn kn Fbskh ðghwwhkmlqh ]mlwhkghn ahw KJDE hwlkh`q kml

aiei`} i`} Inqzbwq ixd ehknh Gkqqh bg }kml akh KJDE kn ahw @ijh}khlq ekml i`} sb`kqk}ml Thwdb`jqhn inxhwfhnnhn xna hnq}swh%mlhna x xnqhw}qðqhn. Ahw aiei`kjh Jh}mládq}dðlwhnah Tbw}kq%hnah ahw KJDE inqzbwqhqh akh}ghðj`kml ekq ahn tkh`}ijhnahnZbwqhn?

„Kml jìxgh ai}} akh KJDE nkmlq akh Fwidq liq hkn Thwdil%whn blnh ]mliahn dðw ahn Jh}ieqthwhkn axwmlx}qhlhn.‐Ekq inahwhn Zbwqhn? Akh KJDE liqqh Inj}q ai}} }kh }h`g}q

Bsdhw jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhw Thwdb`jxnj zðwah zhnn }kh }kml ôddhnq%`kml dðw ai} Whmlq ixd dwhkh Ehknxnj}áxÒhwxnj ixml dðw Whtk}kb%nk}qhn hkn}hqqh. Zkh }ml`kee ex}} h} ahnn kn hknhw Jh}h``}mlidq}hkn zhnn }bjiw Ehn}mlhnwhmlq}bwjink}iqkbnhn tbw Thwdb`jxnjInj}q lighn eð}}hn di``} }kh h} zijhn }b``qhn }kml dðw sb`kqk}ml

Thwdb`jqh hknx}hqhn2




9=7

Hqzi} exqkjhw hkjqh }kml aijhjhn akh kqi`khnk}mlh Ehn}mlhn%whmlq}bwjink}iqkbn I}}bmkikbnh Xbeb h @kghwq akh ekml keDwðloilw 7334 aiwðghw kndbwekhwqh ai}} }kh ekml i`} Bsdhw jh}h``%

}mlidq`kml%sb`kqk}mlhw Thwdb`jxnj inhwfhnnq xna ekw klwh Lk`dhingkhqhq. Ai h} kn Kqi`khn nkmlq thwgbqhn k}q hknh inahwh Ixddi}%}xnj x lighn i`} akh Whjkhwxnj xna zhk` ein ke ]ðahn Hxwbsi}bddhngiw ixml jh}h``}mlidq`kml zh}hnq`kml qb`hwinqhw jhjhnðghw Inahw}ahnfhnahn k}q gwixmlq akh}h Jh}h``}mlidq zhjhn akh}h}]mlwkqqh} ixml fhknh Thwdb`jxnj}eiÒnilehn x ghdðwmlqhn.

I`} náml}qh} zhnn ixml zh}hnq`kml zhnkjhw zkmlqkjh} Fwkqhwk%xe ligh kml ]b`kaiwkqáq}ghfxnaxnjhn axwml Dwheah injhdðlwq

akh kn ehknhe Di`` i``h zkh ixdjhdðlwq tbwfbeehn. ]b zk}}hn]kh Lhww Tbw}kqhnahw ai}} kml hknh jwbÒh Inil` tbn Gwkhdhntbn Shw}bnhn ghfbeeh akh kml hnqzhahw nxw ahe Niehn niml ” i`} tbwei`kjh Fxnahn ” bahw ðghwlixsq nkmlq fhnnh. Akh Ghieqhnke Jhdánjnk} }kna keehw zkhahw hw}qixnq zhnn }kh dh}q}qh``hnai}} kml tbn @hxqhn ke Jhdánjnk} gh}xmlq zhwah akh kml nkh x%tbw jh}hlhn ligh. Kml ex}}qh akh}h Iwq tbn Dinqbxwk}ex} ekq Lk`%dh hknhw Ghfinnqhn whjx`khwhn zhk` ekml ghk }b`ml }qiwfhw Niml%

dwijh ehknh hkjhnh Diek`kh in}bn}qhn nkmlq ehlw láqqh gh}xmlhnfônnhn. Zkw lighn xn} }bjiw }mlbn ðghw`hjq bg zkw Hknqwkqq thw%`injhn }b``hn ighw ai} záwh ainn zbl` abml x dwhml jhzh}hn.Aix fbeehn i``h eôj`kmlhn Swbqh}q}mlwhkghn in Gbq}mlidqhn kni``hw Zh`q in ai} Jhwkmlq }h`g}q }bzkh in dðlwhnah Sb`kqkfhw Ahxq}ml`ina} akh kml xe jwbÒhn Qhk` nkmlq jxqlhkÒhn finn ahnn ghk ahn Iawh}}iqhn }bwjhn }kh xehk}q `hakj`kml dðw Xnexq zi}}kml fixe sb}kqkt ixd ehknh @ijh ix}zkwfhn finn. ]ml`khÒ`kml k}q

ai nbml akh Ahebn}qwiqkbn dðw Ehknxnj}dwhklhkq akh hknkjh Ifqk%tk}qhn tbw hknkjhn Zbmlhn lkhw kn Einnlhke thwin}qi`qhn zb``%qhn akh ainn ighw thwgbqhn zxwah.9=1

Aiekq gkn kml ixml }mlbn ghke náml}qhn Sxnfq náe`kml aheThw}xml ahw Ghlôwahn }b`mlh ]b`kaiwkqáq}ghfxnaxnjhn x xnqhw% gknahn kn}gh}bnahwh ainn zhnn akh}h ôddhnq`kml }qiqqdknahn. Zi}k}q hkjhnq`kml tbn hknhe ]qiiq x li`qhn ahw Ahebn}qwiqkbnhn dðw akh Ehknxnj}dwhklhkq ekq ahw Ghjwðnaxnj thwgkhqhq }kh fônnqh oi

9=1 Akh Gh}mlzhwah aijhjhn ghke GThwdJ zxwah ie 4.1.7334 igjh`hlnq ,9 GtY 93"34+6tj`. ixml akh Abfxehnqiqkbn ghk zzz.ig%wlhkn%nhmfiw.ah"ehknxnj}dwhklhkq.




9==

aix akhnhn thwgbqhnh Ehknxnjhn x áxÒhwn2 Kn zh`mlhe ]qiiq`hghn zkw hkjhnq`kml zb }b hqzi} eôj`kml k}q2

Hkn zhkqhwhw }xgqk`hw Thw}xml ]b`kaiwkqáq}ghfxnaxnjhn x xn%

qhwgknahn `áxdq ðghw akh }bjhninnqhn ]bkiìwghkqhw kn ahn Jh%dánjnk}}hn. I`} kml x ahw dðw ekml x}qánakjhn ]bkiìwghkqhwkn kn]qxqqjiwq jhwxdhn zxwah zhmf} Inlôwxnj dðw hknhn Inqwij ixd Li`g% gz. _zhkawkqqh`}qwidh ehknqh akh}h ]bkiìwghkqhwkn injh%}kmlq} ehknhw xedinjwhkmlhn Fbwwh}sbnahn ekq Xnqhw}qðqhwnxna Din} fnbmlhnqwbmfhn kml zðwah oi nkh ehlw ix} ahe Fni}qlhwix}fbeehn zhnn kml }b zhkqhw eimlh xna ixml ahn Fbnqifqekq akh}hn @hxqhn nbml ixdwhmlq hwli`qh zi} oi zbl` ghzhk}h

ai}} kml ehknh In}kmlqhn nkmlq ánahwh. Ai thwli`qh kml ekml keJhdánjnk} i`}b }bki` xna in}qánakj knahe kml ohahe dwhxna`kmlinqzbwqh ahw ekw }mlwhkgq xna akh}h „]bki`‐%Iwghkqhwkn nkeeqai} i`} _hkmlhn einjh`nahw Wh}bki`k}khwgiwfhkq. Zi} thwìnjqein hkjhnq`kml tbn ekw i`} Wh}bki`k}iqkbn2 Ai}} kml ekml tô``kjhnq}bki`k}khwh i`}b igfis}`h ekqlkn yxi}k ixqk}qk}ml zhwah2

]bainn jkgq h} akthw}h ]b`kaiwkqáq}ghfxnaxnjhn Swbeknhnqhwzkh hqzi} akh Whklh tbn Xnkthw}kqáq}swbdh}}bwhn ix} thw}mlkhah%

nhn @ánahwn xna Dimlwkmlqxnjhn akh i``h in`áÒ`kml ehknh} I}{`%inqwijh} kn ahn X]I hkah}}qiqq`kmlh Hwf`áwxnjhn igjighn zbwkn}kh hw`áxqhwqhn ai}} kml Bsdhw xnwhmlqeáÒkjhw sb`kqk}mlhw Thwdb`%jxnj kn Ahxq}mlìna }hk xna ailhw kn ahn X]I I}{` hwli`qhn }b``%qh. Zkw zhwahn akh}h ]mlwhkghn }sáqhw nbml tbw`hjhn.9=8 Aiwðghw lknix} jkgq h} xahe akh Fwkqkf swbeknhnqhw Whtk}kbnk}qhnjhjnhw in akh}hw sb`kqk}mlhn Thwdb`jxnj Inahw}ahnfhnahw i``hn tbwinahw ahxq}mlh Lk}qbwkfhw Jôq I`{ ahw Ab{hn ahw Lb`bmix}qdbw%

}mlxnj Wix` Lk`ghwj xna akh X.]. Swbdh}}bwkn dðw oðak}mlh ]qxakhnAhgbwil @ks}qiaq akh }kml i``h in`áÒ`kml ahw Thwxwqhk`xnj ah} gwk%qk}mlhn Lk}qbwkfhw} Aitka Kwtknj zhjhn whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhw ÁxÒh%wxnjhn kn Ô}qhwwhkml Indinj 7334 jhjhn hknh ]qwidthwdb`jxnj ahw Whtk}kbnk}qhn ix}}swimlhn }b zkh ixml ahw ghwðleqh _kbnk}ex}%Fwkqkfhw Swbd. Aw. Nbwein Dknfh`}qhkn.9=4

]b`kaiwkqáq thwnkeeq ein ighw ixml tbn ahn Ehakhn xna ziw kn}gh}bnahwh ke Ix}ìna. Ai k}q xnáml}q akh jh}ieqh k}ìek}mlh

9=8 ]khlh Inlinj 8 ig ]. =:36 }. ixml zzz.jhweiwwxab`d.mbe"shw}hmxqh"i}{`xe.lqe`.9=4 Tj`. Kwtknj} Abfxehnqiqkbn ixd dss.mb.xf"Ix}qwki"iwwh}qR7338"knah|.lqe`.




9=1

Zh`q x nhnnhn zi} nkmlq ðghwwi}mlhn finn akh ighw ahn Dknjhw kn akh Zxnah ah} Zh}qhn `hjq ahw ai ghlixsqhq ke Nilhn B}qhndðw Ahebfwiqkh xna Ehn}mlhnwhmlqh x fáesdhn xlix}h ighw

xj`hkml }hknh hkjhnhn Inahw}ahnfhnahn kn Fhwfhw }shwwq. ]beimlq ein }kml kn ahw k}ìek}mlhn Zh`q hghn tô``kj xnjìxgzðw%akj.

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nhx`kml ke `knfhn Einmlh}qhw Jxiwakin ahw akh Ig}xwakqáq ah}Thw}xmlh} fbnqknhnqi`hxwbsák}mlhw ]qiiqhn sbknqkhwq gh}mlwkhg akhJh}mlkmlq}}mlwhkgxnj shw ]qwidjh}hq tbw}mlwhkghn x zb``hn. H}dá``q i``jhehkn ixd ai}} akh Ehakhn kn}gh}bnahwh kn ohnhn ]qii%qhn akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn nkmlq thwdb`jhn zh}hnq`kml fwkqk}mlhw akh}hw Thwdb`jxnj jhjhnðghw}qhlhn i`} ohnh kn Thwdb`jhw}qiiqhn zi} oiixml nkmlq thwzxnahwn finn ahnn ixml akh Obxwni`k}qhn xna Lhw%ix}jhghw kn ahn Thwdb`jhw}qiiqhn eð}}hn ekq jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhn

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9=8

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9=4

ghwn Akhghn xna Eôwahwn xjh}qinahn zkwa. Nhkn i`} injhg`kmlXngh`hlwgiwh eð}}hn zkw xn}hwh ]qwidh gk} xw `hqqhn Eknxqh ig%}kqhn. _xahe awðmfq ein xn} ainn ke Jhdánjnk} ixml nbml i``h

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9=:

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9=; Tj`. Aijbghwq @knaìx Ahw Ebg. Whmlhwmlhn xe bwjink}khwqhn Thwgwhmlhn Lbdd%einn xna Miesh Liegxwj 9;<:1.




9=<

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919 Ghninnq niml ahe aiei`kjhn Ox}qkeknk}qhw.




9=;

Niml ahe 99. ]hsqheghw 7339 ex}}qh ainn zkhahw hknei` akh ” dðw Ahxq}mlìna nxw injhg`kmlh ” Ghawblxnj axwml ahn Qhwwb%wk}ex} aidðw lhwli`qhn akh Jwxnawhmlqh zhkqhw x gh}mlnhkahn.

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913

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wkmlqhq zkwa }bzkh jin awi}qk}ml dwhk`kml kn ahe xn} lkhw ghqwhd%dhnahn Ghwhkml ahw Whmlq}swhmlxnj axwml ahn Ek}}gwixml ahw }b%jhninnqhn „Bddhnfxnakjfhkq‐ i`} Kn}qwxehnq xw fiqhjbwk}mlhnGhzhk}ekqqh`xnqhwawðmfxnj xna axwml akh ]qwidthwdb`jxnj tbnThwqhkakjhwn zhjhn klwhw Ghzhk}inqwájh x }qwkqqkjhn Jh}mlkmlq}%qlhehn.

Ixml akh Gxnah}swðd}qh``h dðw oxjhnajhdálwahnah Ehakhn,GSoE+ liq akh}h Hnqzkmf`xnj xnhlehnahw Jwxnawhmlq}gh%

}mlwánfxnjhn ekqjheimlq. Xw}swðnj`kml ziw akh}h _hn}xwghlôwahjh}mliddhn zbwahn xe Sbwnbjwislkh xna Jhzi`qaiw}qh``xnjhn gz. %thwlhww`kmlxnj tbn Eknahwoálwkjhn dhwnxli`qhn zbjhjhnnkmlq} hknxzhnahn k}q bgzbl` ahw G`kmf kn ohahn _hkqxnj}fkb}f xna kn} Knqhwnhq hkjq ai}} h} ekq ahw Hddhfqktkqáq akh}hw _hn}xw nkmlq ehlw zhkq lhw k}q. Xnqhw ahw ]bki``kghwi`hn Fbi`kqkbn In%dinj ahw 9;:3hw Oilwh }hqh ainn ohabml akh thwlánjnk}tb``h Hnq%zkmf`xnj hkn akh}h _hn}xwghlôwah ixml jhjhn ekÒ`khgkjh} sb`kqk%

}mlh} gz. lk}qbwk}mlh} Eiqhwki` hknx}hqhn zbghk aiei`} }b%zbl` `knfh i`} WID%nil thwaámlqkjqh zkh ixml whmlqh @kqhwiqxw kn} Diahnfwhx akh}hw _hn}bwhn jhwkhq. Ekq ahe Hkn}ml`idhn ah}WID%Qhwwbwk}ex} Hnah ahw 9;:3hw Oilwh lôwqh akh _hn}xw `knfhw ]mlwkdqhn ohabml swifqk}ml tô``kj ixd zblknjhjhn akh Knakkhwxnjwhmlqhw ]mlwkdqhn keehw zhkqhw xnile.

I`} xnthwaámlqkjhw _hxjh dðw akh}h hkn}hkqkjh Kn}qwxehnqi`k}kh%wxnj akh}hw }qiiq`kmlhn _hn}xwghlôwah jhjhn whmlqh bssb}kqkbnh``h

In}kmlqhn aiwd kml lkhw ahn ]bkb`bjhn Swbd. Aw. Hmfliwa Oh}}h k%qkhwhn ahw }kml ai} ]qxakxe ah} sb`kqk}mlhn H|qwhek}ex} xw @h% ghn}ixdjigh jheimlq liq. Kwbnk}mlhwzhk}h kn hknhw Thwôddhnq%`kmlxnj ah} Gxnah}ieqh} dðw Thwdi}}xnj}}mlxq ehknqh hw 9;;3akh Gxnah}swðd}qh``h ligh }kml „kn einmlhw Lkn}kmlq i`} Hkndi``}%qbw hknh} hkn}hkqkjhn Inqkdi}mlk}ex} hwzkh}hn.‐91=

91= Hmfliwa Oh}}h ]qwhkqgiwh Ahebfwiqkh xna “Thwjinjhnlhkq}ghzá`qkjxnj‛ kn? Gxnah}ieqdðw Thwdi}}xnj}}mlxq ,Lj.+ Thwdi}}xnj}}mlxq kn ahw Ahebfwiqkh Lh{einn} Fô`n9;;3 ]. =31.




919

Xna zhkqhw?911 „Ekq ahn Swknkskhn hknhw dwhklhkq`kmlhn Jh}h``}mlidq k}q akh

Tbwjhlhn}zhk}h ahw Gxnah}swðd}qh``h dðw oxjhnajhdálwahnah

]mlwkdqhn ohahndi``} nxw }mlzhw thwhkngiw zhk` ai} jh}mlwkh%ghnh xna jh}swbmlhnh Zbwq kn hknhw bddhnhn Jh}h``}mlidq swkn% kskh`` nkmlq xnqhw Fxwiqh` jh}qh``q zhwahn aiwd.‐

„V․U Akh dwhklhkq`kmlh Jh}h``}mlidq aiwd ahn dwhkhn Ix}%qix}ml ahw Kahhn xna ]qinasxnfqh nkmlq hw}qkmfhn xna xnqhw%awðmfhn.‐ Nxn záwh ai} Knakkhwhn sb`kqk}mlhw gz. sb`kqk}ml xnhw%

zðn}mlqhw @kqhwiqxw hkjhnq`kml fhkn }b jwbÒh} Awiei zhnn akh}hw

_hn}xwifq qiq}áml`kml nxw aix akhnqh }b`mlh Gðmlhw tbn Eknahw% oálwkjhn dhwnxli`qhn. ]ml`khÒ`kml }kna oi ixml i``h eôj`kmlhn sbwnbjwislk}mlhn xna Lbwwbwaiw}qh``xnjhn dðw Hwziml}hnh dwhkhwlá`q`kml. Ein ex}} aix nxw kn akh hnq}swhmlhnahn nxw dðw Hw%ziml}hnh xjánj`kmlhn ]shki`jh}mládqh bahw %igqhk`xnjhn jhlhnakh h} oi zkh ]ina ie Ehhw jkgq. Zhnn h} }b`mlh ]shki`jh}mládqhixml dðw knakkhwqh sb`kqk}ml xnhwzðn}mlqh @kqhwiqxw kn jwbÒheXedinjh jágh fônnqh ein ekq }b`mlhn _hn}xweiÒnilehn nbml

`hghn xei` akh}h @kqhwiqxw blnhlkn nkmlq dðw Lhwinziml}hnahthwdi}}q zxwah. Ighw }b`mlh Jh}mládqh jkgq h} hghn nkmlq. Bahw gh}}hw jh}ijq? h} jig hknei` hknhn hknkjhn }b`mlhn Gxmlìahn ” kn Dwinfdxwq ie Eikn ” ahw hknh }b`mlh ]shkiìgqhk`xnj liqqh.Ighw ai lkhwxìnah nxw i`} whmlq} thwaámlqkjqh @kqhwiqxw knakkhwqzkwa liqqhn akh @knfhn hqzi} jhjhn akh}hn Gxmlìahn xna }b dkh`hw ainn Indinj ahw 9;;3hw Oilwh hknhe nkh ixdjhf`áwqhn Gwinain%}mlìj xe Bsdhw.

Akh Knakkhwxnj sb`kqk}ml ekÒ`khgkjhw Ehakhn axwml akh GSoEakhnq ailhw hghn hddhfqkt nkmlq swkeáw aix akh}h xnhwzðn}mlqh@kqhwiqxw tbn Oxjhna`kmlhn dhwnxli`qhn akh }b hqzi} blnhlknnkmlq knqhwh}}khwq }bnahwn xe }kh swifqk}ml fbes`hqq tbe Eiwfqthw}mlzknahn x ì}}hn ahnn hkn knakkhwqh} Ehakxe aiwd oi nkmlqnxw nkmlq ehlw ôddhnq`kml thwfixdq zhwahn }bnahwn h} aiwd aidðw ixml fhknh ôddhnq`kmlh Zhwgxnj jheimlq zhwahn. Ailhw fbeeqhknh Knakkhwxnj sb`kqk}ml xnhwzðn}mlqhn Eiqhwki`} hghn hknhw Qb%

911 Hga. ]. 7<: =3=.




917

qi`hn}xw }hlw nilh. Ahnn zhnn ein nkmlq }mlbn ke Tbwix} zhkÒzi} ein zb }xmlhn ex}} zkwa ein hghn fixe oh dðnakj zhwahn.

Akh}hw ghwhkq} knifhsqig`h _x}qina zxwah ainn ke Oilw 7337

ekq ahw Thw}mláwdxnj ah} Oxjhna}mlxqjh}hqh} nbml zhkqhw thw%}ml`keehwq zbaxwml nkmlq nxw akh Ghdxjnk}}h ahw GSoE hwzhkqhwqzxwahn }bnahwn xahe gh}qkeeq zxwah ai}} akh @k}qh ahw knak%khwqhn xna hknjhbjhnhn Ehakhn nkmlq `ánjhw ôddhnq`kml xjánj%`kml k}q. Zálwhna xtbw ohahw Gðwjhw hwdilwhn fbnnqh zh`mlh Eh%akhn kn Ahxq}mlìna knakkhwq bahw jiw tô``kj thwgbqhn }kna knaheein }kml akh hnq}swhmlhnah @k}qh ahw GSoE x}mlkmfhn `khÒ bahw kn hknhw ôddhnq`kmlhn Gðmlhwhk hkn}il zkwa akh}h @k}qh nxn nxw

nbml Gðmlhwhkhn xna Gxmllána`hwn ix}}ml`khÒ`kml dðw ahn knqhw%nhn Jhgwixml xjánj`kml jheimlq. IxÒhwahe hnqlá`q akh}h @k}qhnxn nkmlq ehlw ohnh Ehakhn akh hknjhbjhn xna ahw Gðmlhwthw% gwhnnxnj xnqhwzbwdhn }kna. Akh}h Ehakhn zhwahn }hkq 7337 knjhlhkehn @k}qhn jhdðlwq. Akh}h Jhlhkenk}qxhwhkhn }b``hn zbl`thwlknahwn ai}} akh}h @k}qh zkh Zhwgheiqhwki` dðw thwgbqhnhEhakhn ghnxqq zkwa. Akh Gðwjhw zhwahn i`}b tbn klwhw Whjkhwxnjtbw}áq`kml aiwðghw ke Axnfh`n jhì}}hn zi} kn akh}he ]qiiq

thwgbqhn k}q xna zi} nkmlq. Zhnn hkn Gðwjhw }kml ainn ixdjwxna}hknhw xnthwehkagiwhn Xnfhnnqnk} hknhw ]qwidqiq }mlxàkj eimlqzhk` hw thwgbqhnh Ehakhn xe _zhmfh ahw Thwgwhkqxnj lhw}qh``qhhkndðlwqh ìjhwqh thwgwhkqhqh bahw ingbq }b qwkddq kln ai} Swknks„Xnzk}}hnlhkq }mlðqq tbw ]qwidh nkmlq‐ ahnnbml ekq tb``hw Zxmlq bgzbl` h} jhwiah ahw ]qiiq k}q ahw kln tbw}áq`kml aiwinlknahwq }hknhw Xnfhnnqnk} igxlh`dhn. Xna akh}hw ]qiiq nhnnq }kmlainn }h`g}q Whmlq}}qiiq.

Dðw ehknh Aiw}qh``xnj ah} xnhlehnahn Jwxnawhmlq}thwdi``}kn ahw GW Ahxq}mlìna ligh kml ekml lkhw xe Qhk` ixd Ix}dðl%wxnjhn jh}qðqq akh Swbd. Hkfh ExÒeinn zálwhna hknh} Tbwqwi%jh} ke Lix}h ehknhw aiei`kjhn fiqlb`k}mlhn ]qxahnqhnthwgkn%axnj kn ]qxqqjiwq ie 9;.9.9;;= eimlqh. Swbd. ExÒeinn `hlwqhaiei`} Sb`khkwhmlq in ahw Ifiahekh dðw ôddhnq`kmlh Thwzi`qxnjkn @xazkj}gxwj. _xe Ig}ml`x}} }hknh} Tbwqwijh} ðghw ahnJwxnawhmlq}thwdi`` kn Ahxq}mlìna ehknqh Swbd. ExÒeinn ai}} hw

kn 13 Oilwhn nkmlq ehlw kn Ahxq}mlìna `hghn zb``h zhnn akh Gh%}mlnhkaxnj ahw Jwxnawhmlqh }b zhkqhwìxdh zkh kn ahn hw}qhn 13




91=

Oilwhn ahw GW Ahxq}mlìna ahnn ainn zðwah h} }kml ghk Ahxq}ml%ìna xe hknhn Sb`khk}qiiq linah`n.918 Akh Hnqzkmf`xnj kn ahnOilwhn ainiml liq akh Ghdðwmlqxnj Swbd. ExÒeinn} `hkahw gh}qá%

qkjq ahnn ahw Iggix ahw Jwxnawhmlqh jknj }hkqlhw exnqhw zhkqhw.Akh Ix}dðlwxnjhn akh}h} H|shwqhn dðw Sb`khkwhmlq ziwhn dðw ekml hknh zkmlqkjh Gh}qáqkjxnj aidðw ai}} kml nkmlq xnqhw hknhw }xgohfqkthn Thwhwwxnj ahw Whi`kqáq `hkah zhnn kml x áln`kmlhn]ml`xÒdb`jhwxnjhn jhìnjh. H} ziw ighw ixml hknh Gh}qáqkjxnjdðw ehknh Ixddi}}xnj ai}} h} lôml}qh _hkq k}q }kml jhjhn akh}hnJwxnawhmlq}thwdi`` x zhlwhn ahnn h} k}q blnh _zhkdh` hkndimlhwDhl`hnqzkmf`xnjhn ixd hknhn sb`khk`kmlhn Ðghwzimlxnj}}qiiq lkn

kn }hknhn Indánjhn x }qbsshn xna xexfhlwhn i`} zhnn ein}kml ahe tb``hnqzkmfh`qhn Sb`khk}qiiq jhjhnðghw }khlq. „Zhlwhqahn Indánjhn)‐ ziw kn ahn 9;43hw xna 9;:3hw Oilwhn injhgwimlq.Lhxqh eð}}hn zkw Gðwjhw xn} jhjhn ahn ekqq`hwzhk`h whmlq zhkqdbwqjh}mlwkqqhnhn Jwxnawhmlq}thwdi`` zhlwhn)

KT. Whmlq}ìjh

9. Bghw}qh Wkmlq`knkh

Ghtbw kml ekml nimldb`jhna xw ebehnqinhn lhww}mlhnahnWhmlq}ìjh ekq Ghxj ixd ehknhn Di`` áxÒhwh eômlqh kml aiw`h%jhn ai}} dðw ekml i`} bghw}qh Wkmlq`knkh nkmlq hqzi ai} ahxq}mlhJwxnajh}hq jk`q bahw kwjhnazh`mlh Knqhwswhqiqkbnhn ah}}h`ghnaxwml ai} ahxq}mlh Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq xna ziw i``hknh

}mlbn ah}li`g zhk` }kml ehknh Ifqktkqáqhn zhkq ðghw ahn ahxq%}mlhn Whmlq}wixe lknix} hw}qwhmfqhn. ]qiqq ah}}hn akhnq ekw Ke%einxh` Finq} Fiqhjbwk}mlhw Keshwiqkt i`} bghw}qhw @hkq}qhwn?914

„Lina`h }b ai}} akh Ei|keh ahknh} Zk``hn} ohahwhkq x% j`hkml i`} Swknks hknhw i``jhehknhn Jh}hqjhgxnj jh`qhnfinn.‐

918 ]. Tbw`h}xnjhn iiB. ,Ine. 88+ ]. 873.914 Keeinxh` Finq Fwkqkf ahw swifqk}mlhn Thwnxndq Wkji 9:<< ]. 81 ,ª : „Jwxnajh}hq

ahw whknhn swifqk}mlhn Thwnxndq‐6 nhx? Ehknhw Liegxwj 733= ]. 19+6 ixml kqkhwq knehknhn Tbw`h}xnjhn iiB. ,Ine. 88+ ]. 819.




911

Akh}h} Swknks hknhw i``jhehknhn Jh}hqjhgxnj akhnq ekw i`}wbqhw Diahn dðw akh niml}qhlhnahn Ghqwimlqxnjhn.

7. Jwxnawhmlqh xna Jwxnawhmlq}fbnd`kfq

Ehknh nimldb`jhnahn Ix}dðlwxnjhn }qðqhn }kml zhnn nkmlqinahw} thwehwfq ixd ai} Zhwf tbn F.L. ]hkdhwq xna A. Lôekj,Lj.+ Jwxnajh}hq ahw Gxnah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}mlìna .91: }bdhwn Kn%qhwswhqiqkbnhn ah} Jwxnajh}hqh} ghqwbddhn }kna.

Akh}hw Swbh}} dknahq ðghwlixsq nxw }qiqq zhk` akh ]qiiq}inzi`q ghlixsqhq h} }hk x hknhe Jwxnawhmlq}fbnd`kfq jhfbeehn zk%

}mlhn ehknhw Ix}ðgxnj ahw Ehknxnj}% gz. Zk}}hn}mlidq}%dwhklhkq hknhw}hkq} xna ahw Ehn}mlhnzðwah hknhw gh}qkeeqhn Gh%tô`fhwxnj}jwxssh inahwhw}hkq}.

Iwqkfh` 9;"7 ah} Jwxnajh}hqh} gh}qkeeq ai}} ke Di``h hknh}Fbnd`kfq} zk}mlhn thw}mlkhahnhn Jwxnawhmlqhn hkn Ix}j`hkml hw%db`jhn ex}} zbghk fhknh} ahw ghqwbddhnhn Jwxnawhmlqh kn }hknheZh}hn}jhli`q ix}jhlôl`q zhwahn aiwd.

Zhnahn zkw xn} xhw}q ahe kn Iwq. 8"= dh}qjh`hjqhn Whmlq ixd

dwhkh Zk}}hn}mlidq x. Zkh xtbw aiwjh`hjq gh}qhlq ahw Zh}hn}%fhwn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq aiwkn ai}} ein }hknh L{sbqlh}h dwhk zál%`hn finn xna ai}} Hwjhgnk}}h dbw}mlhnahw Qáqkjfhkq nxw tbn niml% swðdgiwhn Ghzhk}hn gh}qkeeq zhwahn aðwdhn nkmlq ighw tbn }iml%dwheahn Swh}}kbnhn.

Akh Ehn}mlhnzðwah lánjq hghn NKMLQ aitbn ig zb Zilw%lhkq jh}xmlq gz. zb ein ehknq }kh jhdxnahn x lighn }bnahwnaitbn ai}} ein ðghwlixsq zhkdh`n aiwd ai}} ein }bainn akhZilwlhkq }xmlhn xna }ml`khÒ`kml thwfðnahn aiwd zi} ein ehknqaighk lhwix}jhdxnahn x lighn. Ahw Zk``h xw Zilwlhkq k}q ahw jôqq`kmlh Dxnfh kn xn} Ehn}mlhn k}q ailhw }h`g}q knqhjwi`hw Gh%}qinaqhk` xn}hwhw Ehn}mlhnzðwah.

H} }b``qh xahe niml i``he zi} kml lkhw gk}lhw ix}jhdðlwq li% gh fìw }hkn ai}} h} fhkn Whmlq ixd gh}qkeeqh Dbw}mlxnj}hwjhg%nk}}h jhghn finn xna }mlbn jiw fhkn Jwxnawhmlq. Aidðw jkgq h}

91: Fiw`%Lhkn ]hkdhwq xna Akhqhw Lôekj ,Lj.+ Jwxnajh}hq ahw Gxnah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}ml%ìna 7. Ixdìjh Nbeb} Giahn%Giahn 9;<8.




918

fhknh Ix}nilehn dðw nkheinahn ahnn }b`mlh Ix}nilehn zk%ahw}swámlhn ahe fiqhjbwk}mlhn Keshwiqkt ahw „i``jhehknhn Jh%}hqjhgxnj‐ xna hghn}b ahe J`hkmlghlina`xnj}jwxna}iq ahw oi

}h`g}q hkn kwjhnazb ke Jwxnajh}hq dh}qjh`hjqh} Jwxnawhmlq k}q ” nkmlq zilw Lhww ]qiiq}inzi`q2I`} Ghk}skh` aidðw zi} akh Fbn}hyxhn záwh zhnn ein akh kn

Ahxq}ml`ina ghðj`kml ahw N]%Oxahnthwdb`jxnj injhzinaqhn Wh%jh`n x hknhe i``jhehknhn Jh}hq hwlôgh aiwd kml ixd ahn }bjh%ninnqhn Fwhiqkbnk}ex} x }swhmlhn fbeehn. Zkh ghfinnq jkgqh} kn}gh}bnahwh kn ahn X]I hknh xnqhw dxnaiehnqi`k}qk}mlhnMlwk}qhn keehw }qáwfhw zhwahnah Ghzhjxnj zh`mlh akh Htb`xqk%

bn}qlhbwkh ig`hlnq xna ziw nkmlq nxw zhk` }kh ahn Ghlixsqxn%jhn ahw Gkgh` zkahw}swkmlq. Qkhd ke Knnhw}qhn dðl`hn }kml akh}hEhn}mlhn axwml akh Ghlixsqxnj ahw ebahwnhn Gkb`bjkh ahw Ehn}ml }qieeh tbn iddhnáln`kmlhn Zh}hn ig kn klwhw Ehn%}mlhnzðwah injhjwkddhn. Dðw akh}h Mlwk}qhn k}q akh Htb`xqkbn}qlh%bwkh xnxexqgiw xna ahehnq}swhmlhna thw}xmlhn }kh Gðmlhw aiwðghw ix} Gkg`kbqlhfhn x hnqdhwnhn xna ai} @hlwhn akh}hw Qlh%bwkh in ]mlx`hn x xnqhwgknahn zi} kn hknkjhn X]%Gxnah}}qiiqhn

}bjiw qhk`zhk}h jh`xnjhn k}q.Zhnn i`}b ai} Swknks xe i``jhehknhn Jh}hq hwlbghn zðw%ah i`` ohnh zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Qlh}hn x thwgkhqhn axwml akh }kmlEhn}mlhn gh`hkakjq xna kn klwhw Zðwah injhjwkddhn dðl`hn ainnzðwah ein akh Zk}}hn}mlidq ahw Zk``fðw ahw ohzhk`kjhn Tb`f}%}qkeexnj gz. ah} _hkqjhk}qh} bahw ahw Eámlqkjhn ixdbsdhwn. Ai g`khgh zhnkj ðgwkj zi} ainn nkmlq Jhdilw `khdh kwjhnazb xna kw%jhnazinn hknei` ahe _hn}bw xe Bsdhw x di``hn.

Hkn Jwxnawhmlq}fbnd`kfq zk}mlhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq}dwhklhkqxna inahwhn Jwxnawhmlqhn k}q ailhw nxw eôj`kml axwml akh kn ahw Dbw}mlxnj injhzinaqhn Ekqqh` xna Ehqlbahn ahw Ghzhk}jhzkn%nxnj i`}b ixd ahe Zhj tbn ahw Dwijh ,L{sbqlh}h+ xw Inqzbwq,Qlh}h+ hqzi axwml akh Inzhnaxnj tbn Dbw}mlxnj}ehqlbahn x@i}qhn tbn Ehn}mlhn ” ke fwi}}h}qhn Di`` xe Ghk}skh` akhAxwmldðlwxnj tbn Ehn}mlhnthw}xmlhn ” Qkhwhn bahw ahw Xe%zh`q. Ai} Dwijhn}qh``hn xna ai} Inqzbwqhnjhghn }h`g}q ighw aiwd

nkmlq hknjh}mlwánfq zhwahn. Akh Hwjhgnk}}h ahw Dbw}mlxnj }qhlhnnkhei`} ekq inahwhn Jwxnawhmlqhn ke Fbnd`kfq)




914

Kml ahnfh ai}} ixml ahw ahxq}mlh Jh}hqjhghw hwfinnq liqai}} h} zk}mlhn ahw Thwôddhnq`kmlxnj zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhw Dbw%}mlxnj}hwjhgnk}}h xna ahw Zðwah ah} Ehn}mlhn fhknhn Fbnd`kfq

jhghn finn. Ahnn ke `hqqhn Ig}iq ah} kn akh}he Thwdilwhn wh%`htinqhn ª 9=3 ]qJG dknahq }kml ahw Ghxj ixd hknh Gh}qkeexnjah} ª <4 i ]qJG ìxq ahe ohnh Dá``h tbn hknhw ]qwidthwdb`jxnjix}jhnbeehn }kna akh Ehakhn ghqwhddhn zh`mlh ahw Zk}}hn%}mlidq akhnhn. H} finn ðghwlixsq fhkn _zhkdh` aiwin gh}qhlhnai}} zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh ]mlwkdqhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq akhnhn ai}}ahwhn Thwgwhkqxnj i`}b }bjiw niml lhww}mlhnahw Jh}hqh}ìjh}qwiddwhk g`hkghn ex}}. Akh hknkjh bddhnh Dwijh k}q ailhw nxw

nbml bg akh ]mlwkdqhn zhjhn ahnhn kml lkhw injhfìjq gkn zk}%}hn}mlidq`kml }kna bahw abml xeknah}q ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq akhnhn.Lkhw gkhqhq }kml ailhw ahe Jhwkmlq ehknhw In}kmlq niml ahw Fô%nkj}zhj x hknhe qwbq zhkdh`lidqhw Whmlq}ìjh jhwhmlqhn Xwqhk`.Zhnn ahw hwzálnqh Ig}iq i`}b ehlw k}q i`} hkn fb}ehqk}mlh} Dhk%jhngìqq xw Kwwhdðlwxnj ahw Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq }b eð}}qh hw lkhw ehk%nhw Ehknxnj niml injhzhnahq zhwahn.

I`} náml}qh} zhnah kml ekml nxn ahe Whmlq ixd dwhkh Ehk%

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Xna xe ai} Swknks hknhw i``jhehknhn Jh}hqjhgxnj fbn}h%yxhnq x Hnah x ahnfhn? Ziwxe }b``qhn nxw sbqhnqkh`` jhdðl`}%

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ehlw ix}dðlwhn.H} jig hknei` hknh _hkq ai ziw kml }qb` aiwixd ai}} ai} ahxq%}mlh Jwxnajh}hq ke Jhjhn}iq x ahn Thwdi}}xnjhn inahwhw @ánahw nkmlq nxw akh Ehknxnj}dwhklhkq jiwinqkhwq }bnahwn aiwðghw lknix} ixml nbml ix}awðmf`kml akh Dwhklhkq tbn Dbw}mlxnj @hlwhxna Zk}}hn}mlidq. Akh}h _zhkqhk`xnj ahw Ehknxnj}dwhklhkq kn zk}%}hn}mlidq`kmlh xna nkmlqzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Ehknxnjhn li`qh kml i`%`hwaknj} lhxqh dðw hknh Qwijôakh ahnn }kh dðlwq x hknhe _zhk%

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Zhnn ainn i``hwaknj} hkn Dbw}mlhw x ixdeðsdkj zkwa ainnhwfhnnq ahw ]qiiq akh}he ahn ]qiqx} i`} Zk}}hn}mlidq`hw g`kq%}mlnh`` ig xna thwdb`jq kln i`} ‐S}hxabzk}}hn}mlidq`hw― bahw @ikhn. Akh}h} _zhkfì}}hnwhmlq hweôj`kmlq ahe ]qiiq ailhw akh

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943

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947

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941

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948

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Zinawh} }qhlq ðgwkjhn} ixd ahe ]qinasxnfq ai}} akh tbn ekw thwdi}}qhn xna thw`hjqhn Gðmlhw ahn tbe ahxq}mlhn Jwxnajh}hqjiwinqkhwqhn ]mlxq ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq}dwhklhkq jhnkhÒhn eð}}hn._x hknhe áln`kmlhn Wh}x`qiq fie ke Oilw 733= D`bwkin Fôwghw kn}hknhw Ak}}hwqiqkbn Whmlq}wiakfi`h Swbsijinai ke Knqhwnhq ” ahw

Di`` Qôghn.984 Ix} ahw _x}ieehndi}}xnj akh}hw Abfqbwiwghkq hw%ìxgh kml ekw hknkjh Qlh}hn x kqkhwhn?

981 Nhx`kml hw}q k}q ekw ixdjhjinjhn ai}} ai} Fbnhsq ah} ‐ôddhnq`kmlhn Dwkhahn}― ahw hk%jhnq`kmlh Dhkna ahw Whahdwhklhkq k}q. Akh hknkjh nbqzhnakjh Whjh` xw Whjx`khwxnj ahw Whahdwhklhkq k}q? I``h} }b``qh `hjkqke }hkn }bìnjh nkmlq xw Thw`hqxnj ahw Ehn}mlhn%whmlqh Awkqqhw ixdjhwxdhn bahw akh} jhgk``kjq bahw jhwhmlqdhwqkjq zkwa. Akh} zðwah ixqb%eiqk}mlh i``h Lina`xnjhn xedi}}hn akh ahn ôddhnq`kmlhn Dwkhahn zkwf`kml jhdálwahnzkh Ixdwxdh x Whtb`xqkbnhn Ixd}qánahn Sxq}ml Fwizi``hn Sbjwbehn hqlnk}mlhn]áxghwxnjhn x}z. }bìnjh akh} Ixdwxdh xw Thw`hqxnj ahw Ehn}mlhnwhmlqh Awkqqhw gh%knli`qhq. Akh} lhkÒq ai}} ein nbml nkmlq hknei` gh}qwidq zhwahn }b``qh zhnn ein xhknhw dwkha`kmlhn Whtb`xqkbn bahw ]hh}}kbn ixdwxdq zhk` kml ehknh ai}} ohahw hknWhmlq aix liq. ;. Nbt. 7393.

988 Six` @iqx}}hf 7 ]qW =48"31 77.97.7331 NOZ 93"7338 ]. 4<;”4<76 x Zinawh}?Axnmfhw $ Lxeg`bq Ghw`kn 7333.

984 @bjb} Thwìj Ghw`kn.




944

„:. Qlh}h Ai} Qiqgh}qina}ehwfei` „ôddhnq`kmlhw Dwkhah‐ k}q ixd%

jwxna }hknhw Xngh}qkeeqlhkq xw Hkn}mlwánfxnj ah} ª9=3 9

KKK ]qJG zhnkj jhhkjnhq xei` `hakj`kml akh Hkjnxnj xw Jh% dálwaxnj ah} ôddhnq`kmlhn Dwkhahn} Qiqgh}qina}tbwix}}hqxnj k}q. V․U

98. Qlh}h Ahw Tb`f}thwlhqxnj}qiqgh}qina k}q nkmlq xnghaknjq hwdbw%

ahw`kml ai ghwhkq} Qiqgh}qánah zkh akh In}qkdqxnj akh s}{mlk% }mlh Ghklk`dh bahw ai} ôddhnq`kmlh Ixddbwahwxnj V}kmU x ]qwid%qiqhn ahn Swbg`hefwhk} ix}whkmlhna whjh`n.

94. Qlh}h Ahw Tb`f}thwlhqxnj}qiqgh}qina }mlwánfq kn wk}finqhw Zhk% }h nkmlq nxw akh sb`kqk}mlh Ak}fx}}kbn hkn }bnahwn ixml akh Ak}fx}}kbn ðghw }hknh @hjkqkeiqkbn.

9:. Qlh}h Ahw }qwidwhmlq`kmlh ]mlxq ahw jh}mlkmlq`kmlhn Zilwlhkq

gkwjq akh Jhdilw Ig}mlnkqqh ahw Jh}mlkmlqh hknhw nbqzhnakjhn jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhn Ak}fx}}kbn x hnqkhlhn.

9<. Qlh}h ª9=3 KKK ]qJG jhzálwq ahe oðak}mlhn Ghtô`fhwxnj}qhk` qwbq nhxqwi`hw Di}}xnj hknhn nkmlq xnswbg`heiqk}mlhn ]bn%ahw}mlxq kn Dbwe hknh} “swktk`hjkxe bakb}xe‛. H} gh}qhlq akhJhdilw ai}} kn ahn Ixjhn ahw Ghtô`fhwxnj hknh Jwxssh ehlw

jh}mlðqq zkwa i`} akh Ehlwlhkq zbaxwml ai} Dwhealhkq}%ghzxÒq}hkn jhjhnðghw ahw jh}mlðqqhn Jwxssh thw}qáwfq zkwa.V․U

77. Qlh}h Akh Inzhnaxnj ah} Tb`f}thwlhqxnj}qiqgh}qinah} ghk }b

jhninnqhn “thwqhkakjxnj}dwheahn Thwli`qhn‛ ixd ahn ]qwidthw%qhkakjhw }mlwánfq akh dwhkh Iatbfiqxw xna ai} Whmlq ah} Ein%ainqhn ixd hddhfqkth Thwqhkakjxnj kn nkmlq lknnhlegiwhw Zhk}hhkn. Hknh Gh}mlwánfxnj ixd Thwli`qhn blnh Ghxj xw Thwqhk%akjxnj k}q ailhw tbwxkhlhn.‐Fôwghw qwkqq i`}b dðw hknh ján`kmlh Ig}mliddxnj ah} ª9=3

]qJG hkn xna hw hwfhnnq ixml ai}} ahw „]bnahw}mlxq‐ dðw Oxahn




94:

dðw akh}h ixml niml lknqhn `b}jhlhn finn zi} h} x thwlknahwnjk`q.

Ixddi``hna k}q ðgwkjhn} ai}} zhahw Zinawh} nbml Fôwghw akh

Dwijh ðghwlixsq ixdzhwdhn jh}mlzhkjh ahnn ghlinah`n bg ohnhIg}áqh ah} ª9=3 ]qJG akh nxw gh}qkeeqh Ehknxnjhn x nxw hk%nhe hknkjhn Qlhei thwgkhqhn i`} ]bnahwjh}hqh ðghwlixsq thw%di}}xnj}fbndbwe }hkn fônnhn. Akh}h Dwijh zxwah nxw tbn zhnk%jhn Ixqbwhn kn oxwk}qk}mlhn Dimlhkq}mlwkdqhn injh}swbmlhn ” xna}h`g}qthw}qána`kml thwnhknq.98:

Dh}q }qhlq ai}} zhahw ehknh nbml akh tbn ekw thw`hjqhn]mlwkdqhn hknhn Knli`q lighn ahw ghk bgohfqkthw Ghqwimlqxnj i`}

„xe Li}} ixd}qimlh`na‐ „thwxnj`kesdhna gh}mlkesdhna‐ hqm.xna ixml nkmlq i`} „dwkhahn}}qôwhna‐ ghhkmlnhq zhwahn finn.Ai}} akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq }b`mlh Dbwex`khwxnjhn thwzhnahq ” zkahw gh}}hwh} Zk}}hn ” hkjq nxw zbwixd }kh h} zkwf`kml igjh}h%lhn liq? Axwml xnzilwh Ghlixsqxnjhn ehknh Shw}bn x }finai`k%}khwhn x qigxk}khwhn xna ix}xjwhnhn.

98: Tj`. .G. ]qhdin Lx}qhw Nhxh Oxwk}qk}mlh Zbmlhn}mlwkdq 9;;8 ]. 1<:”1<;.




9:3

nilehn ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh} ziwhn }mlbn kn ohahw Lkn}kmlq kn%ifhsqigh`.‐1. ]. =9 9. Ig}iq _hk`hn :d.?

„]bzhnkj ein ohahe hknh`nhn Bsdhw akh Qwijkf ah} knak%tkaxh``hn ]mlkmf}i`} ig}swhmlhn eômlqh V․U‐8. ]. =7 hw}qhn 7 ]áqh?

„Ohahe ahe Xnwhmlq zkahwdxlw }qhlq Zkhahwjxqeimlxnj x xna ohahe Bsdhw hknh} Thwgwhmlhn} jhgðlwq ahw }hknhw Ehn}mlhnzðwah hnq}swhmlhnah Wh}shfq. Ahe Whtk}kbnk}ex}

jhlq h} nkmlq aiwxe kwjhna oheinahe hw`kqqhnh} Xnwhmlq ig% x}swhmlhn Wh}shfq x thw}ijhn bahw Zkhahwjxqeimlxnj tbw%

xhnqli`qhn.‐4. ]. 13 7. Ig}iq 9. ]iq }bzkh akh `hqqhn 7 ]áqh?„Akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn }qkeehn ekq ahn hqig`khwqhn Lk}qbwkfhwn

}bzhkq ðghwhkn ai}} akh Oxahn tbn ahw niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhn Whjkhwxnj ix}jhjwhnq xna hknhw gh}bnahwhn xna jwix}iehn Ghlina`xnj xnqhwbjhn zxwahn. V․U Kndb`jhah}}hn zxwahnakh Oxahn hnqwhmlqhq }kh exÒqhn kn Jlhqqb} `hghn }kh zxwahn

x _zinj}iwghkq thwsd`kmlqhq klwh} Thweôjhn} ghwixgq ahsbw%

qkhwq xna ixd }bn}qkjh Zhk}h }ml`hmlq ghlinah`q. Tkh`h fiehnixd qwijk}mlh Zhk}h xe.‐Kn ahw Hkn`hkqxnj x ahe tbn ekw lhwix}jhjhghnhn Gxml

Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh ligh kml 9;;1 ai} tbn Whtk}kbnk}%qhn xngh}qwkqqhnh N]%Xnwhmlq i`} }b`mlh} fìw ghke Niehn jh%ninnq. Ai} hw}qh tbn ekw thw`hjqh Gxml F@ Eioainhf tbn OðwjhnJwid xna Miw`b Eiqqbjnb hnahqh 9;;< ekq hknhe Ig}mlnkqq ahw ai} qwijk}mlh Xnwhmlq fìw ghke Niehn ninnqh xna thwxwqhk`qh

ai} akh Ládq`knjh ah} F@ Eioainhf hwaxàhq liqqhn xna ahe tkh`hhw`hjhn ziwhn. Ekq ahe j`hkmlhn _kqiq }ml`b}} kml ehkn awkqqh}Fiskqh` ah} gk}lhw `hqqhn tbn ekw xe Qlhei thwôddhnq`kmlqhnGxmlh} Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q ig kn zh`mlhe kml ixmlixd tkh`hn inahwhn ]hkqhn ai} Thwdb`jxnj}}mlkmf}i` nkmlq nxw ahw Oxahn ix}awðmf`kml i`} Xnwhmlq inhwfinnqh. Akh} }kna nxw hknkjhGhk}skh`h akh }kml thwehlwhn ì}}hn. H} jkgq fhknh inahw}ìxqhn%ahn ÁxÒhwxnjhn tbn ekw.

Akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq k}q shw Jh}hq aix thwsd`kmlqhq ixmlhnqì}qhnah Ghzhk}h x hwekqqh`n xna inxdðlwhn zi} }kh i``hw%




9:9

aknj} lkhw bddhngiw nkmlq jhqin liq. Kml zhwah ixd akh}hn Sxnfq keAhqik` nbml ke Ig}mlnkqq ðghw ehknh Tbw`h}xnjhn hknjhlhn.

7. Hnqì}qxnj ah} Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex}

_x ahw kn ahw Infìjh}mlwkdq nkhahwjh`hjqhn Ghlixsqxnj ,]. 1+akh tbn ekw gk} tbw fxwhe thw`hjqhn gz. thwqwkhghnhn ]mlwkdqhn}hkhn „tbn ahw Qhnahn‐ jhqwijhn „ahn Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} tbnahe Eifh` ah} Oxahnebwa} x hnqì}qhn‐ hesdhl`h kml akh @hf%qðwh ah} fxw}kt jh}hqqhn _kqiqh} ix} ahw `hqqhn Ix}jigh ehknh}Jxqimlqhn}943 ]. =1d. ah} Lidqghdhl`}?

„Ohahe ahe ahw Thwaimlq fbeeq akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn zb``%qhn ahn Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} zhkÒzi}mlhn whmlqh Whjkhwxnj}%

dbwehn zkhahw lbddálkj eimlhn bahw ahn Niqkbni`k}ex} xehwnhxqhn Axwmlgwiml thwlh`dhn eômlqh kml db`jhnah} hwzk%ahwn?

Ghk ahw Xnqhw}xmlxnj lk}qbwk}mlhw Hwhkjnk}}h ex}} xn}hwhbghw}qh Wkmlq}mlnxw keehw }hkn ai}} zkw lhwix}xdknahn thw%

}xmlhn zkh h} zkwf`kml ziw ,dwhk niml ahe jwbÒhn ahxq}mlhn

Lk}qbwkfhw ah} 9;. Oilwlxnahwq} @hbsbà Winfh+. H} }b``qhahe Lk}qbwkfhw ghk}skh`}zhk}h ðghwlixsq nkmlq i`} @hkqebqkt

jh`qhn axwml }hknh Dbw}mlxnj A}mlknjk} Flin xna }hknh ebn% jb`k}mlhn Whkqhwlbwahn ekq Thwgwhmlhn x ghì}qhn bahw }kh xhnqì}qhn. Zhnn nxn ighw oheina dbwahwqh akh Dbw}mlxnj aðw%

dh A}mlknjk} Flin nkmlq sb`kqk}ml xna ebwi`k}ml hnqì}qhn }bzðwah akh} lôml}qhn} Lbln xna ]sbqq lhwtbwwxdhn }bzkh ahnTbwzxwd ixdfbeehn ì}}hn ai}} ahwohnkjh ahw ahwiwqkjh ig%

}xwah Dbwahwxnjhn }qh``q zbl` }h`g}q tbn sb`kqk}mlhn Ebqkthn jh`hkqhq zkwa. Inahw} záwh ohahndi``} nkmlq x hwf`áwhn ziwxe oheina akh Dbwahwxnj ixd}qh``q xn}hw Jh}mlkmlq}gkà tbn A}mlknjk} Flin eð}}h dðw keehw ohnh} }hkn ai} }hknh Bsdhw xna Jhjnhw tbn kle jhhkmlnhq lighn.

J`hkmlh} jk`q ixml dðw Lkq`hw xna ai} Awkqqh Whkml. Ohahw Whtk}kbnk}q zkh ohahw Inqk%Whtk}kbnk}q eij hknh sb`kqk}mlh Ixd% di}}xnj lighn zkh hw zk``. Ahw Tbwzxwd ighw akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn

943 Jhweiw Wxab`d Ai} Wxab`d%Jxqimlqhn 7. Ixd`. Mi}q`h Lk`` Sxg`k}lhw} Li}qknj} 7339.




9:7

qáqhn nxw zi} }kh qxn xe ahn Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} x hnq%ì}qhn xna akh} }hk thwzhwd`kml bahw jiw thwgwhmlhwk}ml k}q hkn

Gxehwinj? Ahnn ahw Tbwzxwd }hqq oi tbwix} ai}} h} i`} xnx%

`á}}kj injh}hlhn zkwa ahn Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} lk}qbwk}ml,xna aiekq siwqkh`` keehw ixml ebwi`k}ml+ x hnqì}qhn. Zhw ighw akh} i`} xnx`á}}kj lkn}qh``q jh}qhlq bddhn hkn ai}} hw nkmlq aiwin knqhwh}}khwq k}q akh Zilwlhkq lhwix}xdknahn }bn%ahwn ahn Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} lk}qbwk}ml xna ebwi`k}ml x gh%ì}qhn gz. ghì}qhq x }hlhn. Aidðw ighw finn ein nxw sb`kqk%

}mlh Jwðnah indðlwhn. ]bekq liq }kml ahwohnkjh ahw ahn Whtk% }kbnk}qhn ahn Tbwzxwd ahw sb`kqk}mlhn Kn}qwxehnqi`k}khwxnj

eimlq }h`g}q ahw sb`kqk}mlhn Kn}qwxehnqi`k}khwxnj ah} Qlhei}ðghwdðlwq. Nkmlq akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn }kna h} i`}b shw }h akh tbn sb`kqk}mlhn Ebqkthn jh`hkqhq zhwahn }bnahwn ekq xnxe}qôÒ%`kmlhw ]kmlhwlhkq i`` ohnh akh ahn Whtk}kbnk}qhn tbwzhwdhn }khzb``qhn hknh `ánj}q thwebahwqh jh}mlkmlq`kmlh Jh}qi`q hkn`ánj}q xnqhwjhjinjhnh} sb`kqk}mlh} ]{}qhe ix} hknhw `ánj}q thwjinjhnhn Hsbmlh kwjhnazkh lk}qbwk}ml hnqì}qhn.

Fxw? Xn} liq ghk xn}hwhn Dbw}mlxnjhn nkmlq x knqhwh}}kh%

whn zh`mlh Ix}zkwfxnj xn}hwh Hwjhgnk}}h ixd ahn ebwi`k% }mlhn “Zhwq‛ hknh} thwg`kmlhnhn Sb`kqkfhw} xna Whjkeh} lighnfônnqhn }bnahwn nxw akh Difqhn. Zhw inahwh} ehknq k}q xn%zk}}hn}mlidq`kml xna }b``qh }kml nkmlq ineiÒhn ðghw Awkqqh xxwqhk`hn.‐Qiq}áml`kml k}q ehknh whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh Ifqktkqáq nkmlq jhqwijhn

tbn ahw Ig}kmlq hkn ekw shw}ôn`kml xn}{esiqlk}mlh} zhk` akhEhn}mlhnwhmlqh nkmlq imlqhnah} sb`kqk}mlh} ]{}qhe tbn kwjhnahk%

nhe Eifh` x ghdwhkhn }bnahwni+ zhk` kml jìxgh whmlq x lighn. g+ Zhk` kml ai} ke Niehn ahw Lb`bmix}q%Kahb`bjkh ghjinjhnh

xna ke Hnq}qhlhn ghjwkddhnh Xnwhmlq nkmlq ifhsqkhwhn finnzkh kml ixml inahwh} Xnwhmlq nkmlq ifhsqkhwhn finn. _x akh%}he Xnwhmlq jhlôwq ixml akh Xnqhwawðmfxnj xna Thwdb`jxnjInahw}ahnfhnahw ke lhxqkjhn Ahxq}mlìna.

m+ Zhk` akh}h Dbw}mlxnj}% xna Thw`hjhwqáqkjfhkq ixdwhjhna knqh%

wh}}inq xna ghdwkhakjhna k}q.a+ Zhk` h} akh ebwi`k}mlh Sd`kmlq hknh} ohahn Gðwjhw} k}q ai}Whmlq ixd Ehknxnj}% xna Dbw}mlxnj}dwhklhkq jhwiah ai x thw%




9:=

qhkakjhn zb h} akh Eámlqkjhn ie knqhn}kt}qhn xnqhwawðmfhnzb``hn. Ehkn Ghkqwij aix ziw gk}lhw i`` ohnhn hkn Sbakxeekq ehknhe Thwìj x gkhqhn akh in}bn}qhn fhknh Thwôddhnq`k%

mlxnj}eôj`kmlfhkq ehlw liqqhn. Fxw? Akh Dwijh bg akh tbn ekw thwôddhnq`kmlqh Dbw}mlxnj akhebwi`k}mlh Ghzhwqxnj ah} N]%]{}qhe} thwánahwq k}q tô``kj xnhw%lhg`kml zhk` }b`mlh ixÒhwzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn sb`kqk}ml%ebwi`k%}mlhn Ghzhjjwðnah ixd ahn Dbw}mlxnj}thwìxd xna ai} Hna%hwjhgnk} jiw fhknhn Hknd`x}} lighn AÐWDHN) Ahw Tbwzxwd dá``qailhw ixd ohnh xwðmf akh kln eimlhn ahnn }kh }kna h} akh ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq nkmlq%zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Hnq}mlhkaxnj}fwkqhwkhn ixd%

xzknjhn thw}xmlhn. Akh} k}q ighw xnx`á}}kj oi zhnn ahw _zinj tbn }qiiq`kmlhw ]hkqh fbeeq }bjiw jwxnajh}hqzkawkj)Hwjánhna aiwd kml hwzálnhn ai}} kml }mlbn ah}li`g fhkn Kn%

qhwh}}h aiwin lighn finn ahn Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} zkhahw lbddá%lkj x eimlhn zhk` kml ixml xna kn}gh}bnahwh xnqhw }b`ml hknheWhjkeh jhjhn ai} tbn kle thwðgqh Xnwhmlq ehknh Ehknxnj bddhn}ijhn xna Zkahw}qina `hk}qhn zðwah zh}li`g kml zbl` ekq hknhw ahw hw}qhn záwh ahw xnqhw hknhe }b`mlhn Whjkeh kn hknhe Fbn%

hnqwiqkbn}ìjhw ìnahn zðwah. Zkh}b }b`` kml i`}b }b`ml hkn Wh%jkeh hnqì}qhn zb``hn2

=. @hkahn}mlidq

Akh Infìjh}mlwkdq ehknq ixd ]. 1 akh tbn ekw thwqwkhghnhn]mlwkdqhn láqqhn akh Qhnahn „jh}qhkjhwq xna knqhn}kt ixd akh ]kn%nh xna @hkahn}mlidqhn ahw @h}hw hknxzkwfhn.‐ Ahw Ix}awxmf k}q

áxÒhw}q xnswák}h. H} k}q nbml nkmlq hknei` fìw bg akh} hkn }qwid%whmlq`kmlhw Tbwzxwd hknh }iml`kmlh Dh}q}qh``xnj bahw tkh``hkmlqjiw hkn @bg k}q. Ixqbwhn xna Thw`hjhw ahnhn h} nkmlq jh`knjq akh@hkahn}mlidq klwhw @h}hw dðw klwh Qh|qh x hwwhjhn lighn klwhnGhwxd thwdhl`q. Xna niqðw`kml hwdb`jq akh}h Hwwhjxnj ðghw akh ]kn%nh.

Ai} Qlhei ahw tbn ekw gk} tbw fxwhe injhgbqhnhn ]mlwkdqhnk}q tbn Niqxw ix} }hlw hebqkbni` ghdwimlqhq. Ahnn In}kmlqhn akh

ahw lhww}mlhnahn Ixddi}}xnj xzkahwìxdhn zkwfhn bdq }bjiw ainn ixd tkh`h @h}hw `hkahn}mlidq`kml xna knqhn}kt zhnn ohnh qwb%




9:8

7. Ix}ì}}xnj hnqì}qhnahw ]qh``hn

Hkn`hkqhna x akh}he _kqiq lhkÒq h}?„Ohahe ahe Xnwhmlq zkahwdxlw }qhlq Zkhahwjxqeimlxnj

x xna ohahe Bsdhw hknh} Thwgwhmlhn} jhgðlwq ahw }hknhw Ehn}mlhnzðwah hnq}swhmlhnah Wh}shfq. Ahe Whtk}kbnk}ex}

jhlq h} nkmlq aiwxe kwjhna oheinahe hw`kqqhnh} Xnwhmlq ig% x}swhmlhn Wh}shfq x thw}ijhn bahw Zkhahwjxqeimlxnj tbw% xhnqli`qhn.‐Akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq liq akh}h hnq}mlhkahnah hnqì}qhnah

Si}}ijh zhjjhì}}hn zbaxwml hkn }mlkhdh} Gkà hnq}qhlhn ex}}. Ke _kqiq ainiml?

„Ziwxe il`hn ainn ighw ]kh i`} ]qhxhwil`hw xna Thw%gwixmlhw Ek``kiwahn ðghw Ek``kiwahn in Zkhahwjxqeimlxnj2Ziwxe zhwahn ainn ighw ]kh x ]ðlnh GxÒh Ahexq xna Thw%

kmlq ixdjhdbwahwq2 Zxnahwn ]kh }kml zkwf`kml ziwxe akh]qhxhwn kn Ahxq}mlìna keehw zhkqhw }qhkjhn xna akh Iwghkq}%`b}kjfhkq jwi}}khwq2 ․ Ghk Klnhn zhwqhw @h}hw zkwa igfi}}khwq

dðw akh ,injhg`kmlh+ ]mlxà Klwhw H`qhwn JwbÒh`qhwn Xw% xna XwxwjwbÒh`qhwn)‐zkwa hknh hnq}mlhkahnah Si}}ijh axwml Ix}ì}}xnj}sxnfqh hw%

}hqq xna aiekq xnqhw}mlìjhn. ]kh ìxqhq? „Tkh``hkmlq hwknnhwn ]kh }kml in db`jhnahn ke Xw}swxnj

mlwk}q`kmlhn Jwxna}iq ahw lhxqh kn i``hn Whmlq}}qiiqhn jk`q? H} aiwd fhknh ]ksshnlidqxnj xna fhknh Hwg}mlxà jhghn. ” Hw zkwa lhxqh ekÒimlqhq.‐ Nxn k}q ai} Qlhei Zkhahwjxqeimlxnj xna Fb``hfqktlidqxnj

hkn gwk}inqh} zh}li`g kml lkhw `khghw ixd hknhn ix}`ának}mlhn Jh%`hlwqhn xwðmfjwhkdhn eômlqh xe Klnhn akh}h ]imlh nálhw x gwknjhn. Swbd. Aw. Jhwiwa Wiankqf{ }qieeq xw}swðnj`kml ix} ahnX]I zinahwqh ohabml niml Ahxq}mlìna hkn xe lkhw i`} Xnk%thw}kqáq}swbdh}}bw }hknhw Ghwxdxnj nimlxjhlhn. Kn ahw _hkq}mlwkdqhkjhnqðe`kml dwhk akh tbn wiakfi`hn @kghwi`hn lhwix}jhjhghnzkwa i`}b tbn @hxqhn akh dðw hknh dwhkðjkjh Knqhwswhqiqkbn ahw




9::

Kml ahnfh ai} }b``qh ein }kml axwmlix} nbml hknei` axwml%`h}hn.

Swbd. Wiankqf{ xdb`jh gkn i`}b nkmlq kml h} ahw lkhw axwml

Fwkqkf in ahn lhww}mlhnahn _x}qánahn akh Ehn}mlhnzðwah Inah%whw thw`hqq }bnahwn h} }kna ]kh Lhww ]qiiq}inzi`q i`} Thwqwhqhw ah} ]qiiqh} ahw axwml akh jhzi`q}ieh Axwml}hqxnj tbn Fb``hf%qkt}mlxà Fb``hfqktlidqxnj Fb``hfqkt}mlie Fb``hfqktthwinqzbw%qxnj ” bahw zi} dðw Ghjwkddh ein ixml keehw aidðw hwdknahn eij ” akh Ehn}mlhnzðwah i``hw Ahxq}mlhn ekq DðÒhn qwkqq. ]b zkwa hkn]mlxl aiwix}) ]kh gwixmlhn }kml ðgwkjhn} fhknh Eðlh ehlw jh% ghn Lhww ]qiiq}inzi`q ahnn Swbd. Wiankqf{ k}q tbw fxwhe thw%

}qbwghn.Zkw ghdknahn xn} ke :. Oilwhlnq niml ahe Hnah ah} _zhkqhnZh`qfwkhj}. Kml }h`g}q gkn Injhlôwkjhw ahw Hnfh`jhnhwiqkbn. Ai}lhkÒq ai}} ein ehknh Jhnhwiqkbn xna ekml dðw ai} lidqgiw ei%mlhn zk`` zi} Injhlôwkjh ehknhw JwbÒh`qhwnjhnhwiqkbn jhqin li% ghn }b``hn. Ein gh}mlnhkahq xn} Hnfh`n akh Whmlqh fwkqk}ml akhJh}mlkmlqh ah} hkjhnhn Tb`fh} ghqwimlqhn xna aiwðghw dwhk }swh%mlhn x aðwdhn. Ehknh á`qh}qh Qbmlqhw k}q nxn 97 Oilwh i`q. Kn nxw 4

Oilwhn zkwa }kh tb`òálwkj. Ainn zkwa ein klw zbl` ixml akh jin%h @i}q ahw Fb``hfqkt}mlxà ixdgðwahn xna klw nkmlq klwh tb``hnGðwjhwwhmlqh xjh}qhlhn. Ehknh Qbmlqhw jhlôwq ahw Xwhnfh`jhnh%wiqkbn in) Zkh ìnjh zb``hn ]kh akh}h Shwthw}kbn whmlq`kmlhw Nbw%ehn hkjhnq`kml nbml }b zhkqhw qwhkghn2 Nbml 933 Oilwh2 Bahw jiw 9.333 Oilwh2

Ai} in akh}he Qlhei zkwf`kml Hknkjiwqkjh k}q abml ai}} hknjinh} Tb`f }khghn Oilwhlnqh niml hknhe thw`bwhnhn Fwkhj ke%

ehw nbml ahwiwq xnqhw ahw jhk}qkjhn Fnxqh ahw ]khjhw jhli`qhnzkwa. Ai} liq h} kn ahw jh}ieqhn Ehn}mllhkq}jh}mlkmlqh nbmlnkmlq jhjhghn)

Nxn fônnqh ein hknzhnahn ai}} ehknh Ix}dðlwxnjhn kn akh%}he Ig}mlnkqq ahw Zhwghgwb}mlðwh }kml zkahw}swhmlhn ahnn hk%nhw}hkq} }mlwhkgh kml ie Indinj ai}} kml nkheinahe Zkhahw%jxqeimlxnj tbwhnqli`qhn zk`` ahe Xnwhmlq zkahwdxlw inahwhw%}hkq} }mlwhkgh kml }sáqhw h} }hk xnjhwhmlq ai}} zkw i``h lhxqh ke%

ehw nbml ghil`hn eð}}qhn kn}gh}bnahwh injh}kmlq} nhxhwhw dk%ninkh``hw Dbwahwxnjhn. Ahnn keehwlkn ex}} oi oheina il`hn




9:<

zhnn hkn Awkqqhw hqzi} ghfbeehn }b``. Qiq}áml`kml ighw k}q ai}hkn ]mlhknzkahw}swxml ahnn kn ahe Qhk` kn ahe kml Fwkqkf ðghjhlq h} xe akh xe ai} Oilw 7333 lhwxe h}fi`khwqhn nhxhn dknink%

h``hn In}swðmlh akh jin ke Jhjhn}iq x ghwhmlqkjqhn Dbwah%wxnjhn tbn Knaktkaxhn tbn gh}qkeeqhn @bgg{jwxsshn ekq áxÒhw}qzhkdh`lidqhn Ehqlbahn hknjhdbwahwq zxwahn. Kml ligh ekml ighw x ahw Dwijh bg akh}h nhxhn Dbwahwxnjhn ghwhmlqkjq }kna jiw nkmlq jháxÒhwq ai akh} kn ahe _x}ieehnlinj ahw Gwb}mlðwhnimlwinjkj k}q. Zi} qiq}áml`kml tbn akh}hn oðnj}qhn Ehqlbahn xw Hknqwhkgxnj tbn „Zkhahwjxqeimlxnj‐ kn tkh`hn hxwbsák}mlhn]qiiqhn axwml akh}h @bgg{jwxsshn x li`qhn k}q lighn ixml hknk%

jh oðak}mlh Swbeknhnqh kn ohnhn Oilwhn ekq xe Qhk` }hlw awi}qk%}mlhn Zbwqhn ix}jhdðlwq akh kml lkhw nkmlq ìxq tbw`h}hn eômlqh}bnahwn Klnhn x Klwhw ix}}ml`khÒ`kmlhn @hfqðwh ðghwì}}h zhk`kml oi nkheinahn swbtbkhwhn eômlqh.947

Ai akh}h zbl` zh}hnq`kml wiakfi`hwhn ]qh``xnjnilehn knAhxq}mlìna fhknh ]qwidthwdb`jxnj}eiÒnilehn niml }kml bjhnaðwdhn ixml ehknh Ix}dðlwxnjhn nkmlq }qwidthwdb`jq zhwahn ” tb%wix}jh}hqq kn akh}he @ina jk`q j`hkmlh} Whmlq dðw i``h. Zkw zhw%

ahn aix }sáqhw nbml Ix}ðjh ix} akthw}hn Gðmlhwn tbw`hjhn knahnhn akh}h xna zhkqhwh áln`kmlh ÁxÒhwxnjhn x dknahn }kna.94=

KKK. Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q

Akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq liq kn ahw Infìjh}mlwkdq ghinqwijqehkn Gxml Tbw`h}xnjhn }b``h hknjhbjhn xna thwnkmlqhq zhwahn.Ehknhw In}kmlq niml k}q h} zkmlqkj ai}} ai} Jhwkmlq ghjwhkdq zi}akh} ghahxqhq di``} ]kh lkhw gh}ml`khÒhn }b``qhn akh}h} Gxml qiq%}áml`kml hknxkhlhn. Kml ligh Klnhn tbw hknkjhw _hkq akh Fbskhhknh} _hkqxnj}iwqkfh`} ix} ahw ô}qhwwhkmlk}mlhn Zbmlhnhkqxnj

_xw _hkq ðghwwhkmlq.941 Aiwkn zkwa aiwðghw ghwkmlqhq zkh hkn ifi% 947 „Ghqwxj‐ ,Nbwein Dknfh`}qhkn }qhwn 9.7.7339+6 „Hwswh}}xnj‐ ,Nbwein Dknfh`}qhkn

Akh Zh`q 4.7.73396 Wix` Lk`ghwj Akh Zh`qzbmlh _ðwkml 99.7.9;;;6 Wix` Lk`ghwj K}%wih` Nimlwkmlqhn =9.9.9;;;+6 „]mlzknah`‐ ,Nbwein Dknfh`}qhkn Inqk}hekqk}ex} i`} sb`kqk}mlh Ziddh Skshw Eðnmlhn 7334 ]. 93:+.

94= Tj`. akh Ix}ðjh ke Inlinj 9 ig ]. 78<.941 _xw _hkq ,Zkhn+ Nw. ; 7:.7.9;;<6 tj`. Iggkàxnj ke Inlinj 4 ]. =;3.




9:;

ahek}mlh} ]ieeh`zhwf xe Inahnfhn in ahn ahxq}mlhn Lk}qb%wkfhw Swbd. Aw. Lh`èxq Akzià shw Jhwkmlq}gh}ml`x}} hknjhbjhnzxwah zhk` aiwkn hkn Ghkqwij tbn Swbd. Lhss hnqli`qhn ziw ahw

hknh DxÒnbqh kn ìqhknk}mlhw ]swimlh hnqlá`q zbwkn Swbd. Lhss hw%f`áwq hw ghzhkd`h ai}} akh Jh}mlkmlqh tbn Ji}fieehwn xw Ix}wbqqxnj tbn Oxahn kn Thwnkmlqxnj}ìjhwn ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh}zilw }hk. Injhg`kml }b`` akh}h ìqhknk}mlh DxÒnbqh tb`f}thwlhq%hna }hkn. Zkh hkn siiw ]áqh kn hknhw DxÒnbqh kn ìqhknk}mlhw ]swimlh lhxqxqijh ai fixe oheina ehlw akh}h ]swimlh thw}qhlqðghwlixsq oheinahn thwlhqhn fônnhn k}q wáq}h`lidq. Qiq}imlhighw k}q ai}} ai} Gxml ah}li`g hknjhbjhn zxwah xna ai}} akh

in}ml`khÒhnah Thwnkmlqxnj ahw gh}mlìjnileqhn H|hesìwh knhknhe Eð``thwgwhnnxnj}bdhn xnqhw Sb`khkixd}kmlq axwmljhdðlwqzxwah. Xnqhw Sb`khkixd}kmlq ah}li`g zhk` ein zbl` }kmlhw}qh``hnex}} ai}} akh Eð`èánnhw ai} Gxml nkmlq hqzi `h}hn bahw h} }b%jiw thwfixdhn in}qiqq h} x thwgwhnnhn.

Ahw ghin}qinahqh Ghkqwij tbn Swbd. Lhss k}q ðgwkjhn} ahw j`hk%mlh ix} ahe kml xtbw ghðj`kml Ix}mlzkq i`} ahe ahxq}mlhnJwbÒqigx kqkhwq ligh. Kn qwixwkjhw ahxq}mlhw Qwiakqkbn dðlwq i`}b

ixml akh Gxnah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}mlìna Gðmlhwthwgwhnnxnjhnaxwml. Ke Awkqqhn Whkml zxwah akh} in ohnhe ghwðleq%ghwðmlqkj%qhn Ighna tbn Ghw`knhw ]qxahnqhn ixd ahe Bshwnsìq kn Ghw`knôddhnq`kml axwmljhdðlwq zbghk Ob}hd Jbhggh`} inzh}hna ziw xnahknh Whah lkh`q.

Lhxqh eimlq ein akh} aijhjhn fìeelhke`kml aiekq akh Ôd%dhnq`kmlfhkq aitbn nkmlq} ehwfq.

Lhknwkml Lhknh liq hknei` jh}mlwkhghn?948

„Ai} ziw hkn Tbw}skh` nxw abwq zb ein Gðmlhw thwgwhnnqthwgwhnnq ein ixml ie Hnah Ehn}mlhn.‐Ghtbw ]kh }kml i`}b hnq}mlhkahn akh}hn diqi`hn Zhj ahw gxn%

ah}ahxq}mlhn Jh}h``}mlidq hknhn náml}qhn ]mlwkqq zhkqhwxjhlhn}b``qhn ]kh xeknah}q zk}}hn zi} ]kh abwq ahn Dìeehn ðghwinq%zbwqhn. Ehknh Inzá`qkn zkwa ailhw ohqq ahn Inqwij }qh``hn ai}}ehkn Gxml kn ahw Lixsqthwlina`xnj thw`h}hn zkwa.

,Ai} Jhwkmlq gh}ml`khÒq in}ml`khÒhna ai} Gxml ke ]h`g}q`h}h%

thwdilwhn hknxdðlwhn. Gk} xe náml}qhn Thwlina`xnj}qhwekn948 Kn }hknhe Gðlnhn}qðmf Ièin}bw 9<79.




9<3

thwjhlhn awhk Zbmlhn. Gk} ailkn lighn i``h Wkmlqhw xna hkn]mlôddh ai} Gxml jh`h}hn hknh ]mlôddkn nxw akh hw}qhn tkhw Tbw`h%}xnjhn jkgq ighw in akh `hqqh nbml `h}hn x zb``hn.+

9. Jhnhwh``h Tbwzðwdh

Akh Ghlixsqxnj ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq kml zðwah akh Qiq%}imlh ah} „}qiiq`kml bwjink}khwqhn Tô`fhwebwah} kn Igwhah‐ }qh`%`hn ,]. 9= ini`bj ]. 9: Sxnfq 7.m+ k}q di`}ml. Kn ahe Gxml zkwa}bjiw ix}awðmf`kml gh}qáqkjq ai}} akh Thwdb`jxnj}eiÒnilehn ah} Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} jhjhnðghw ahn Oxahn }h`g}q tbn ehknhe wh%

tk}kbnk}qk}mlhn ]qinasxnfq ix} ghqwimlqhq ahn Qiqgh}qina ah} ª 4Ig}. 9 ah} Tô`fhw}qwidjh}hqgxmlh} hwdð``qhn i`}b Tô`fhwebwaziwhn.944

Akh Ghlixsqxnj ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq kml láqqh ekw „}mlbnaxwml ahn Qkqh` ah} Zhwfh} hknhn ghqbnq zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn In%}qwkml‐ jhjhghn ,]. 7;+ k}q tô``kj kwwh`htinq zhk` nkmlq kml ai} Bg% ohfq ahw Dwijh niml Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq gkn }bnahwn ai} dwij`k%mlh Gxml k}q h}. Akh}h Ix}}ijh ghzhk}q ai} jwxna`hjhnah Xnthw%

}qánank} ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq akh bddhngiw ehknq akh Zk}}hn%}mlidq`kmlfhkq hknh} Zhwfh} }hk inlina ahw Ixddi}}xnjhn xna Eb%qkth ah} Thwdi}}hw} x hwfhnnhn. Ahe k}q ohabml nkmlq }b.94:

Ai nxw swbebtkhwqh Lk}qbwkfhw akh axwml klwh Ak}}hwqiqkbnnimlzkh}hn ai}} }kh ixd ahe Jhgkhq ahw Jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidqxw Axwmldðlwxnj zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhw Iwghkqhn dálkj }kna jhhkj%nhq }kna }kml x ahw Dwijh }imlthw}qánakj x áxÒhwn bg ehknGxml ahn kn ahw Jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq jh`qhnahn Fwkqhwkhn ahw

Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq jhnðjq akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq ighw ekq ahw%`hk ]imlthw}qánakjhnghzhk}hn nkmlq ixdziwqhn finn ” bahw gh}}hw jh}ijq? }kh liq gk}lhw fhknhn }b`mlhn Ghzhk} jhdðlwq ighw tkh`%`hkmlq zkwa }kh ai} oi nbml thw}xmlhn ” ex}} ekw ai} Jhwkmlq ai%lhw niml ahe Swknks kn axgkb swb whb xjh}qhlhn ai}} ai} Gxml gk} xe Ghzhk} ah} Jhjhnqhk`} zk}}hn}mlidq`kml k}q.

Akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq ehknq zbl` Iwjxehnqh akh „nkmlq`hkmlq x zkahw`hjhn }hkhn‐ xna ailhw „_zhkdh`‐ }áhn ,]. 7;+ }hk%

944 Tbw`h}xnjhn iiB. ,Ine. 88+ ]. 8=7d. }khlh zhkqhw xnqhn xnqhw A.KKK.=.94: ]khlh aix Fiskqh` G.KKK.1 ig ]. 937.




9<9

hn jhwiah ix} akh}hn Jwðnahn thwzhwd`kml kn}gh}bnahwh zhk` kmlnkmlq hqzi xnjh}mlkmfq xna sb`qhwna iwjxehnqkhwh }bnahwn „widdk%nkhwq xna }xgqk`‐. Xnqhw Lknzhk} ehknhw Ix}dðlwxnjhn xnqhw G.K.

,]. 8;d.+ zhk}h kml aiwixd lkn ai}} akh Dálkjfhkq xe _zhkdh`njhwiah ahn Ehn}mlhn tbe Qkhw xnqhw}mlhkahq xna ai} Dxnaiehnqxn}hwhw gh}bnahwhn Zðwah ix}eimlq. Ahw _zhkdh` k}q ahw Indinji``hw wiqkbni`hn Zk}}hn}mlidq. Ai} ]áhn tbn _zhkdh`n x sôni`k%}khwhn lknjhjhn k}q ahw Indinj tbe Hnah i``hw Ehn}mlhnzðwahxna i``hw Zk}}hn}mlidq. _xahe k}q h} jhwiahx hkn Hwfhnnxnj}%ehwfei` zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhw Zhwfh ai}} }kh hghn nkmlq xnjh%}mlkmfq xna sb`qhwna iwjxehnqkhwhn }bnahwn jh}mlkmfq ,5 widdk%

nkhwq+ xna dhkn akddhwhnkhwhna ,5 }xgqk`+. Knahe akh ]qiiq}inzi`q%}mlidq dðw akh}h zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Hkjhn}mlidqhn ehknh} Gxmlh}ahkakhwq nhjiqkt gh}hqqh Iaohfqkth thwzhnahq thw}xmlq }kh }b%jiw akh}h Hkjhn}mlidqhn i`} thwzhwd`kml hw}mlhknhn x ì}}hn.

Kml aiwd xahe aiwixd lknzhk}hn ai}} akh Infìjh}mlwkdq hk%nhn knnhwhn Zkahw}swxml hnqlá`q. Ie Indinj lhkÒq h} i``jhehknxna blnh Gh`hj ehknh ]mlwkdqhn zðwahn „jh}qhkjhwq xna knqhn}ktixd akh ]knnh xna @hkahn}mlidqhn ahw @h}hw hknzkwfhn‐ ,]. 1+.

Lkhw inlina hknh} fbnfwhqhn Ghk}skh`} lhkÒq h} ainn ighw kmlzðwah „widdknkhwq xna }xgqk`‐ iwjxehnqkhwhn. Ghkah} xj`hkml finn oi zbl` nkmlq }qkeehn ahnn ai} hknh }ml`khÒq ai} inahwh ix}.

7. _kqiqh

Nimljh}mlbghnh Tbwghehwfxnj

Ie 93. Ixjx}q 733: fniss 8 Ebniqh niml Ig}ml`x}} ehknh}]qwidthwdilwhn} hwjknj axwml ai} @inajhwkmlq Einnlhke ahw Gh%

}ml`x}} kn ehknhw Einnlhkehw Jhdánjnk}h``h hknh Axwml}x%mlxnj axwmlxdðlwhn xe i``h Xnqhwìjhn x gh}mlìjnilehn akh ghzhk}hn fônnhn ai}} kml ke Ghjwkdd ziw ehknh lkhw tbw Klnhn`khjhnah Thwqhkakjxnj}whah x thwôddhnq`kmlhn. Ie 78.;.733: hw%lkh`q kml ailhw tbn ahn Ghieqhn ahw Einnlhkehw Fwkekni`sb`khkGh}xml akh i`` ehknh Thwdilwhn}xnqhwìjhn gh}mlìjnileqhn.

I`} Jwxna zxwah x.i. injhjhghn ai}} kml axwml akh jhsìnqhThwôddhnq`kmlxnj ehknhw Thwqhkakjxnj}whah ke Ghjwkdd }hk akhekw ke tbwlhwkjhn ]qwidthwdilwhn tbwjhzbwdhnhn k``hji`hn Ix}}i%jhn ehknh} Gxmlh} Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q hwnhxq x




9<7

thwgwhkqhn. _xahe ìxqhqh ahw Tbwzxwd ai}} kml ke _x}ieehn%linj ekq I}shfqhn ah} Lb`bmix}q akh kn Ahxq}mlìna }qwidwhmlq%`kml i`} Zilwlhkq tbwjh}mlwkhghn }kna axwml akh Thwzhnaxnj tbn

Iaohfqkthn zkh „injhg`kml‐ „thwehknq`kml‐ xna „ghlixsqhq‐Tb`f}thwlhqxnj ghqwkhgh.94< Jágh h} kn Ahxq}mlìna ghk Jhwkmlq}thwdilwhn Zbwqìxqswbqb%

fb``h }b záwh ehknh Thwqhkakjxnj}whah swbqbfb`ìwk}ml dh}qjhli`%qhn zbwahn. Ai h} }kml ghk ehknhe ]qwidthwdilwhn xe hknhn ôd%dhnq`kmlhn Swbh}} linah`qh záwh akh}h} Abfxehnq ixqbeiqk}mlhkn ôddhnq`kmlh} Abfxehnq jhzh}hn ai} x thwgwhkqhn ohaheeôj`kml jhzh}hn záwh.

@hkahw jkgq h} kn Ahxq}mlìna ighw fhkn Zbwqìxqswbqbfb``. Ix}akh}he Jwxnah ligh kml tbn ehknhw hkjhnhn Thwqhkakjxnj}whah}h`g}q hkn Swbqbfb`` injhdhwqkjq gi}khwq ixd ehknhe Whaheinx%}fwksq ehknhn Nbqkhn xna ehknhw Hwknnhwxnj.

Xnzhkjhw`kml ex}}qh akh}h} swktiqh Swbqbfb`` ixml ohnh Si}}i%jhn ehknhw Hkndðlwxnjhn hnqli`qhn kn ahnhn kml ekml x ahnfbnfwhqhn Tbwzðwdhn ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq áxÒhwqh. Ai} k}q}ml`khÒ`kml ]knn xna _zhmf hknhw Thwqhkakjxnj. Ai akh Infìjh%

}mlwkdq x hknhe nkmlq xnhwlhg`kmlhn Qhk` ix} _kqiqhn ehknhw ]mlwkdqhn gh}qhlq ziw h} ixml xnthwehkagiw hghn akh}h _kqiqh xqlheiqk}khwhn.

Qiq}áml`kml ziw kml }mlbn ghk Igdi}}xnj akh}h} Swbqbfb``} xn%xdwkhahn ekq ahw }mlkhw hna`b} hw}mlhknhnahn Ak}fx}}kbn ix} ahe_x}ieehnlinj jhwk}}hnhw _kqiqh. Gh}qhlq ehknh Thwqhkakjxnj}wh%ah in}bn}qhn ix} hknhw }{}qheiqk}ml ixdjhgixqhn Iwjxehnqiqkbn}%fhqqh }b hwdá``q akh}h kn ahe lkh}kjhn Xnqhwfiskqh` kn x}ieehn%

linj`b}h Hknhì}shfqh ahnhn ahw @h}hw zbl` fixe zkwa db`jhnfônnhn zhk` hw oi ai} Gxml xe ai} h} jhlq nkmlq tbw`khjhn liq6xna zhnn hw h} abml tbw`khjhn liq }b hw}mlhknq akh}h _kqiq%Whkqhwhk tô``kj ðghwd`ð}}kj. Ai `h}h hw gh}}hw ai} jinh Gxml.

Akh}h Ðghw`hjxnjhn hkjhn }mlbn ai}} akh Ghlixsqxnj ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq ig}xwa k}q h} }hk ekw aiwxe jhjinjhn xnqhw ahe Ahmfeinqh` ahw Sxg`kfiqkbn ehknhw Thwqhkakjxnj}whah akhQlh}hn ehknh} thwgbqhnhn Gxmlh} hwnhxq x thwgwhkqhn.

94< Tj`. akh Iggkàxnj ke Inlinj ; ]. 191.




9<=

Akh jinh Injh`hjhnlhkq k}q ixml ah}li`g ig}xwa zhk` kml ai}zi} kml kn ehknhe Swbqbfb`` }mlwkdq`kml nkhahw`hjqh di}q zbwq%j`hkml ke ôddhnq`kmlhn,)+ Thwdilwhn} eðna`kml tbwjhqwijhn liqqh.

Ahw j`hkmlh ]qiiq}inzi`q ahw zálwhna ah} Thwdilwhn} ehknhnZbwqhn nbml ixdehwf}ie xjhlôwq liqqh blnh aiwin In}qbÒ xnhlehn `hkqhqh ainn dðnd Ebniqh }sáqhw hkn nhxh} ]qwidthwdilwhnzhjhn jhnix akh}hw akh}ei` }mlwkdq`kml dk|khwqhn Zbwqh hkn.

Ai} ]qwidthwdilwhn zxwah i``hwaknj} ainf ah} Thwlina`xnj}%jh}mlkmf} ehknh} ]qwidthwqhkakjhw} ke Iswk` 733< hknjh}qh``q.94;

I`} Tbw}kmlq}eiÒnileh ligh kml ailhw ai} nimldb`jhnah Fi% skqh` h|qwhe jhfðwq knahe kml `hakj`kml h|hesìwk}ml ixd zhk

_kqiqh hknjhlh akh tbn ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq injhdðlwq zxwahn._xahe ligh kml ehknh xw}swðnj`kmlhn Ix}dðlwxnjhn aix }b xe%jh}mlwkhghn ai}} }kh fhknh _kqiqh ix} ehknhe thwgbqhnhn Gxmlehlw hnqli`qhn }bnahwn `hakj`kml Xe}mlwhkgxnjhn ah} Knli`q}._xahe zxwahn kn}gh}bnahwh ohnh Si}}ijhn ix}jhì}}hn akh ai}bddhn}kmlq`kmlh Ek}}di``hn tbn ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq xna"bahw Jh%wkmlq jhdxnahn liqqhn.

Zhw akh jhnixhn _kqiqh niml`h}hn zk`` ahe }qhlq h} dwhk }kml

akh Infìjh}mlwkdq98<

inx}mlixhn xna ehkn Gxml ainhghn x li`%qhn./ / /

Akh ixd ahn ]hkqhn 9=”94 ahw Infìjh}mlwkdq ixdjhdðlwqhn _k%qiqh ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq ix} ahe Gxml Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn

Lb`bmix}q }kna hnqzhahw xntb``}qánakj }h`hfqkt bahw ix} ahe _x%}ieehnlinj lhwix}jhwk}}hn zbwahn. Aiaxwml zxwah ahw ]knn hk%nkjhw akh}hw _kqiqh thwdá`}mlq. Inahwh _kqiqh zkhahwxe hwdð``hn bd%

dhnfxnakj fhknhw`hk ]qwidqiqgh}qina. Aijhjhn zxwahn _kqiqh zh`%mlh akh Tbwzðwdh ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq hnqfwádqhn tô``kj xnqhw%}mlìjhn. Kn ahw ]xeeh liq }kml akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq ailhw axwml akh}h} Tbwjhlhn ahw }knnhnq}qh``hnahn Dá`}mlxnj }mlxàkjjheimlq. Ke Hknh`nhn k}q x ahn ixdjhdðlwqhn _kqiqhn db`jhnah}inxehwfhn? ,Tbw`h}xnjhn 5 Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q+

94; Niml ª 981 Ig}. 9 ]qSB ,x hwziwqhnah ]qwidh dá``q jhjhnðghw ahw whmlq}fwádqkjhn Thw%xwqhk`xnj „nkmlq ghqwámlq`kml kn} Jhzkmlq‐+6 ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq Einnlhke I. 83= O}77:93"3: tbe 98.1.733<.




9<1

]. 9= Infìjh}mlwkdq ]. 9< Tbw`h}xnjhn?

Ixd ahn ]hkqhn 98”9< ahw Tbw`h}xnjhn zkwa hkn Iwqkfh` ahw Dwinfdxwqhw I``jhehknhn _hkqxnj gh}swbmlhn kn ahe tbn kn}jh%

}ieq 74 Ek``kbnhn Qbqhn kn @ijhwn ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh} }bzkh tbn]mlxlhn i`} ]sxwhn ah} Thwgwhmlhn} ghwkmlqhq zxwah. Ai}} akhtbn ahw DI_ xnfwkqk}ml fb`sbwqkhwqh Bsdhwil` tbn 74 Ekb. tô``kjðghwlôlq k}q k}q bddhnfxnakj xna ghaiwd fhknh} zhkqhwhn Ghzhk}h}.Ixml akh Dwijh bg ]mlxlh shw }h Ghzhk}h tbn Thwgwhmlhn }knazkwa ixd ahn ]hkqhn fwkqk}ml gh`hxmlqhq. Akh}h Ghlixsqxnj zkwainlina hknhw bddkkh``hn sb`nk}ml%fbeexnk}qk}mlhn Yxh``h x%whmlqjhwðmfq akh ghwhkq} 9;4; dh}q}qh``qh ai}} akh ke @ijhw Ei%

oainhf jhdxnahnhn ]mlxlghwjh nkmlq tbn Bsdhwn ah} @ijhw}}qieeqhn zkh bdq ghlixsqhq zkwa ” }b ixml ke fwkqk}khwqhn DI_%Iwqkfh` ” }bnahwn tbn hknhw Whsiwiqxwzhwf}qiqq ,D`kmf}mlx}qhwhk+kn ahw Ládq`knjh i`} _zinj}iwghkqhw qáqkj ziwhn. Aiwix} }ml`x}}%db`jhwqh kml ,Tbw`h}xnjhn ]. 9:d.+ ai}} ein kn ahw ixdjhsxq}mlqhnIqeb}sláwh ah} x Hnah jhlhnahn _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhj} láxdkjtbw}mlnh`` x ]ml`ð}}hn fie akh }kml }sáqhw i`} di`}ml lhwix}}qh``%qhn. Kml zkh} xahe aiwixd lkn ai}} nkmlq i``h} zi} akh Ehakhn

ghwkmlqhn zi} ein kn Gðmlhwn `kh}q bahw zi} hknhe Ex}hhn i`}Zilwlhkq thwfixdhn zb``hn keehw akh xnxe}mlwánfqh Zilwlhkq}hkn ex}}.

Akh}h Gkn}hnzhk}lhkq }b``qh hkjhnq`kml dðw nkheinahn hknhðghwwi}mlhnah Nhxkjfhkq }hkn ighw zhnn ein }kh ixml ixd ahnLb`bmix}q inzhnahq }mli`qhq }kml d`xj} akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidqhkn.

Kn akh}he _x}ieehnlinj aiwd kml jh}mlzkna ixd hkn Gxml ah}

DI_ %Obxwni`k}qhn Xab X`dfbqqh ixdehwf}ie eimlhn ekq ahe Qk%qh` ]b `ðjhn Obxwni`k}qhn.9:3 Ai} Gxml gh}mládqkjq }kml ekq @ðjhnThwhwwxnjhn xna Ðghwqwhkgxnjhn ahw Ehakhn ke I``jhehknhninlina hknhw Xnil` tbn Ghk}skh`hn. Ixd ]. 48 `kh}q ein abwq?

„Di`}mlehàxnjhn }skh`hn ixml Whtk}kbnk}qhn kn akh Lán%ah ainn hqzi zhnn _hkqxnjhn Xnzilwlhkqhn awxmfhn xna

Whtk}kbnk}qhn akh} ainn ixdjwhkdhn. Hkn Ghk}skh` aidðw k}q ahw Qkqh`}hkqhn%Ghwkmlq ahw Ghwnhw Qijhzimlq tbe 71. Ixjx}q

9:3 Xab X`dfbqqh ]b `ðjhn Obxwni`k}qhn Jbàeinn Eðnmlhn 7339.




9<8

9;18. “9= Ek``kbnhn Hwebwahqh kn Aimlix‛ lkhÒ h} abwq xna?“74 Ek``kbnhn kn ahxq}mlhn Fbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhwn hwebwahq.‛

Akh tbn ahw Nimlwkmlqhnijhnqxw Whxqhw} }qieehnah Ehàxnj

dðlwqh x hknhw siwiab|hn ]kqxiqkbn? Lb`bmix}q%@hxjnhw gh%nxqhn akh bddhn}kmlq`kml xnzilwh Ehàxnj xe akh lk}qbwk}ml jh}kmlhwqh Zilwlhkq ahw Ei}}hnthwji}xnjhn kn _zhkdh` x kh%lhn.‐X`dfbqqh gh`hjq }hknh Ghlixsqxnj nkmlq zkw Whtk}kbnk}qhn gh%

nxqqhn akh Di`}mlehàxnj tbn 74 Ekb. F@%Qbqhn xe aiekq_zhkdh` ghðj`kml ahw Ei}}hnthwji}xnjhn x nálwhn. Akh} }qkeeqhghn nkmlq.

]mlbn kn ahw ahxq}mlhn Hw}qix}jigh ehknhw Tbw`h}xnjhn tbeOilwh 9;;= xnqhw ahe Qkqh` Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh dknjkml akh hw}qh Tbw`h}xnj }b in zkh kn ahw Nhxixdìjh ahnn ehknhke Oilw 9;;7 jhli`qhnhn Tbwqwájh liqqh kml ekq hknhw Ak}fx}}kbnakh}hw di`}mlhn 74%Ekb.%_il` hknjh`hkqhq akh hghndi``} tbn ahw

DI_ fb`sbwqkhwq zbwahn ziw. Akh Di`}mlehàxnj tbn 74 Ekb. Bs%dhwn akhnq ekw ighw hghn nkmlq aix Ei}}hnebwah kn _zhkdh` xkhlhn }bnahwn nxw aix ahe @h}hw fìw x eimlhn ai}} nkmlq

i``h} zi} hw kn ahn Ehakhn thwnkeeq ixml zilw }hkn ex}}. Kn}b%dhwn eimlh kml tbn akh}hw Ehàxnj ahn j`hkmlhn Jhgwixml zkhX`dfbqqh ahw ahe Qlhei „Ehakhn`ðjhn‐ j`hkml hkn jinh} Gxmlzkaehq. I`} DI_ %Obxwni`k}q `bgq X`dfbqqh ðgwkjhn} }hknh hkjhnh_hkqxnj zkhahwlb`q zk}mlhn ahn _hk`hn bahw ixml ix}awðmf`kmlðghw ahn F`hh. Ai zkeeh`q h} ghk kle nxw }b tbw ]qb` ðghw akh„Mbwsbwiqh Kahnqkq{‐ }hknh} Iwghkqjhghw}. H} ex}} kle zbl` hnq%jinjhn }hkn ai}} jhwiah }hknh jh`khgqh DI_ akh}h „bddhn}kmlq`kml

xnzilwh Ehàxnj‐ }swkml akh 74%Ekb.%@ðjh xnfwkqk}ml zkhahw%jhjhghn liq.

]. 9= Infìjh}mlwkdq ]. 73 Tbw`h}xnjhn?

Kn akh}he _kqiq jhlq h} xe ahn Xw}swxnj ahw _il` tbn }hml}Ek``kbnhn oðak}mlhn Bsdhwn. Akh}h} _kqiq ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidqk}q gh}bnahw} gô}iwqkj thwdá`}mlq knahe ahw hnq}mlhkahnah hw}qhLi`g}iq blnh hw}kmlq`kmlhn Jwxna ” h} }hk ahnn ahn ahw Qáx%}mlxnj}ig}kmlq ” zhjjhì}}hn zxwah. Ix} akh}he Li`g}iq hwjkgq

}kml náe`kml ai}} akh ainn db`jhnah Ix}}ijh ixd nkmlq} inahwhe ghwxlq i`} ixd Dh}q}qh``xnjhn ah} Knqhwniqkbni`hn Ek`kqáwqwkgxni`}




9<:

„_ VxlôwhwU? K}q nkmlq hknh xnghaknjqh Tbwix}}hqxnj dðw ahnifiahek}mlhn Hwdb`j ah} Whtk}kbnk}ex} ai}} hw ai} Thwdb`%

jxnj}}mlkmf}i` ahw Bsdhw ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh} inhwfhnnq2

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}bnahwn “`hakj`kml‛ tbn Hnqwhmlqxnjhn Ahsbwqiqkbnhn xna ahnaiekq hknlhwjhlhnahn ]mláahn in Hkjhnqxe @hkg xna ]hh`h)

Niml lhxqkjhe Tô`fhwwhmlq ai} i`} ª773i Hknjinj kn ai}

gxnah}ahxq}mlh ]qwidjh}hqgxml jhdxnahn liqV9:9U

k}q Tô`fhw%ebwa náe`kml zkh db`jq ahdknkhwq?“,9+ Zhw kn ahw Ig}kmlq hknh niqkbni`h wi}}k}mlh wh`kjkô}h

bahw axwml klw Tb`f}qxe gh}qkeeqh Jwxssh i`} }b`mlh jinbahw qhk`zhk}h x hw}qôwhn

9. Ekqj`khahw ahw Jwxssh qôqhq7. Ekqj`khahwn ahw Jwxssh }mlzhwh fôwshw`kmlh bahw }hh`k%

}mlh ]mláahn kn}gh}bnahwh ahw kn ª774 ,}mlzhwh Fôw%

shwthw`hqxnj+ ghhkmlnhqhn Iwq xdðjq=. akh Jwxssh xnqhw @hghn}ghaknjxnjhn }qh``q akh jhhkjnhq }kna ahwhn fôwshw`kmlh _hw}qôwxnj jin bahw qhk`zhk}hlhwghkxdðlwhn

1. EiÒwhjh`n thwlánjq akh Jhgxwqhn knnhwli`g ahw Jwxsshthwlknahwn }b``hn

8. Fknahw ahw Jwxssh kn hknh inahwh Jwxssh jhzi`q}ieðghwdðlwq zkwa ekq `hghn}`injhw Dwhklhkq}}qwidh gh}qwidq.

,7+ Kn eknahw }mlzhwhn Dá``hn ah} Ig}iqh} 9 Nw. 7 gk} 8 k}q akh ]qwidh Dwhklhkq}}qwidh nkmlq xnqhw dðnd Oilwhn.‛

W? H} ghaiwd i`}b fhknh} Ei}}hnebwah} xe hknhn Tô`fhw%ebwa x ghjhlhn․ Vahw Wh}q ah} _kqiqh} ex}}qh hn}khwq zhw%ahnU ․]hwkh tbn Qwijôakhn ahw Ehn}mllhkq}jh}mlkmlqh hkn.‐Hkjhnq`kml k}q h} qwktki` ighw kml aiwd ahnnbml aiwixd lkn%

zhk}hn ai}} h} xe Ghjhlhn hknh} Tô`fhwebwah} niml Ahdknkqkbn gxnah}ahxq}mlhw Jh}hqh fhknhw Ehn}mlhnji}fieehwn ghaiwd.

Záwh h} inahw} }b láqqh h} ” hknei` igjh}hlhn tbn ahe lkhw gh% 9:9 Nxn hw}hqq axwml ª4 ah} Tô`fhw}qwidjh}hqgxmlh} T]qJG.




9<<

linah`qhn Di`` ” kn ahw Ehn}mllhkq}jh}mlkmlqh nkh hknhn Tô`fhw%ebwa jhjhghn ahnn dðw fhknh} ahw inahwhn i`} Tô`fhwebwa gh%hkmlnhqhn JwbÒthwgwhmlhn zkwa ghlixsqhq abwq }hkhn Ehn}mlhn%

ji}fieehwn xe Hkn}iq jhfbeehn. Zhnn akh ]qiiq}%inzi`q}mlidq i`}b ghlixsqhq ai} Gh}qwhkqhn ahw H|k}qhn ahw Ehn%}mlhnji}fieehwn fbeeh ahw @hxjnxnj ah} Tô`fhwebwa} j`hkml}b k}q h} akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq akh i``h Tô`fhwebwah ahw Ehn}mllhkq}jh}mlkmlqh `hxjnhq ahnn ghk fhknhe aitbn jig h}Ji}fieehwn.

@ixq gxnah}ahxq}mlhe Jh}hq k}q hghn nkmlq ai} Gh}qwhkqhntbn Ehn}mlhnji}fieehwn xna }{}qheiqk}mlhe Ei}}hnebwa

thwgbqhn }bnahwn jin i``jhehkn ai} Gh}qwhkqhn ah} Tô`fhw%ebwa}. Xna ai} ligh kml kn }hknhw `hji`hn gknahnahn Ahdknkqkbnnkh gh}qwkqqhn.

Nxn fônnqh ein ekw xnqhw}qh``hn kml eimlqh }b`mlh Dh}q}qh`%`xnjhn zkh kml }kh }bhghn kqkhwq ligh nxw ix} qifqk}mlhn Jwðn%ahn xe x thw}xmlhn hknhw ]qwidthwdb`jxnj x hnqjhlhn. Ighw liq lkhw kwjhnaoheina ahn Hknawxmf kml zðwah oheinahe nimlahe Exnah whahn xe ekw Tbwqhk`h aiaxwml x thw}mliddhn2 Qiq%

}áml`kml k}q ahw swkeáwh Iawh}}iq akh}hw Si}}ijh gh}qkeeq nkmlqakh ahxq}mlh Ox}qk }bnahwn h} }kna akh @h}hw ah} Gxmlh} i`}bInlánjhw ah} Whtk}kbnk}ex} xna sbqhnqkh``h bdq hebqkbni` ðghw%}mlzánj`kmlh Fbnthwqkqhn.

Ehknhw shw}ôn`kmlhn Hwdilwxnj niml k}q h} zkmlqkj ai}} akh@h}hw nkmlq ai} IxjhneiÒ thw`khwhn. Zhw lhwix}dknahq ai}} einkle fb`b}}i`h Xnzilwlhkqhn xnqhw}mlbg whijkhwq ekqxnqhw bwnkj.Xna xe hknhw aiwixd db`jhnahn Ðghwwhifqkbn tbwxghxjhn k}q h}

nbqzhnakj ahe @h}hw f`iw x eimlhn ai}} akh xngh}qwkqqhnhnThwdb`jxnj}eiÒnilehn ah} Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} jhjhn akh Oxahnkeehw nbml ahn Qiqgh}qina ah} Tô`fhwebwa} niml lhxqkjhw Ahdk%nkqkbn hwdð``hn }h`g}q zhnn akh}h Ahdknkqkbn hw}q niml Fwkhj}hnahhwdb`jqh. ]bekq akhnq akh}h Si}}ijh ahe @h}hw i`} Eilnxnj ixd ahe Qhsskml x g`hkghn.

Ai}} ehknh Zhkjhwxnj inahwhn niml ahe Exna x whahnaxwmlix} hkn i``jhehknh} Swknks tbn ekw k}q aiwd kml in zhk

Ghk}skh`hn k``x}qwkhwhn?




9<;

Kn ahn Oilwhn 9;;:";< zxwah kml tbn hknhe Lhwwn kn whjh`%eáÒkjhn Ig}qánahn ekq 9.333 AE xnqhw}qðqq. Ke Oilw 9;;< gh%}mlzhwqh hw }kml ainn ai}} kml kn ehknhw ahxq}mlhn _hkq}mlwkdq

Tkhwqhòilwh}lhdqh dðw dwhkh Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj hqzi Nhjiqkth}ðghw ahn Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} jh}mlwkhghn liqqh. Hw dbwahwqh tbnekw akh} nkmlq x zkhahwlb`hn }bn}q zðwah hw ekml nkmlq zhkqhw xnqhw}qðqhn. Kml inqzbwqhqh kle ai}} kml axwmlix} ghwhkq }hk hk%nhn Ghkqwij tbn kle x thwôddhnq`kmlhn kn ahe hw gh`hjq ekqnimlswðdgiwhn Ghzhk}hn aiw`hjq zb kml di`}ml `khjh. Kml zðwahekml i``hwaknj} zhahw tbe ahxq}mlhn ]qiiq nbml tbn ehknhn @h%}hwn xna Xnqhw}qðqhwn ghawblhn xna hn}khwhn ì}}hn. Aiwixdlkn

}qh``qh gh}ijqhw Lhww }hknh Xnqhw}qðqxnj hkn xna gwiml ohahnFbnqifq ig.Ghke zhkqhn Ghk}skh` jhlq h} xe ehknh Hkn`hkqxnj xe Gxml

Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh akh kml hw}q thwdi}}qh i`} i``h Ghk%qwájh ehknhw Ekqixqbwhn tbwìjhn. Kn akh}hw Hkn`hkqxnj ghdknahq}kml zkh hwzálnq hknh áln`kmlh Si}}ijh ðghw akh Ahdknkqkbn tbnTô`fhwebwa zkh kml }kh lkhw ix} ahn Tbw`h}xnjhn kqkhwqh. Ai kml ghdðwmlqhqh ai}} hknkjh ahw ghkqwijhnahn Ixqbwhn ekq ahe Qh|q

ehknhw Hkn`hkqxnj nkmlq hknthw}qinahn }hkn zðwahn qhk`qh kml ehk%nhn Ekqixqbwhn ahn Knli`q nkmlq ekq. ]ml`khÒ`kml ziw h} }mlbn}mlzkhwkj jhnxj jhzh}hn i``h Ixqbwhn in Gbwa akh}h} Swbohfqh}x ghli`qhn ai zálwhna ahw Tbwghwhkqxnj}sli}h gk}zhk`hn ]qwhk%qhwhkhn ix}jhgwbmlhn ziwhn xna akthw}h Ixqbwhn awblqhn klwhnGhkqwij xwðmfxkhlhn.

I`} akh Ekqixqbwhn ainn ai} dhwqkjh Gxml xjh}inaq ghfiehnhwlkh`q kml qiq}áml`kml tbn Oblinnh} Shqhw Nh{ hknhn gô}hn Gwkhd

kn ahe hw ekw tbwziwd ahw Jhjhn}hkqh xnnôqkjh _xjh}qánank}}hjheimlq x lighn knahe kml xjig ai}} akh N]%Oxahnthwdb`jxnj}h`g}q tbe whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn ]qinasxnfq ix} ghqwimlqhq hknheTô`fhwebwa j`hkmlfbeeh. Lhww Nh{ thwgbq ekw ailhw ohei`} kn_xfxndq kwjhnazh`mlh Ghkqwájh tbn kle x sxg`kkhwhn. Ai} k}qixml ahw Jwxna ziwxe ahw Ghkqwij tbn Lhwwn Nh{ ðghw akh Dwijhahw Ixqlhnqkkqáq ah} Zinn}hh%Swbqbfb``} kn ahw hnj`k}mlhn Ix}%jigh ahw Jwxnaìjhn nkmlq hnqli`qhn k}q.9:7

9:7 Hknh hnj`k}mlh Ðghw}hqxnj ghdknahq }kml i``hwaknj} bn`knh }khlh Ine. 971.




9;3

Dðw ghkah lkhw hwzálnqhn Lhwwhn ziw ai} Ebqqb „Wkjlq bw Zwbnj e{ Mbxnqw{‐ wkmlqxnj}zhk}hna zkh }kh ekw fìweimlqhn.]kh thwìnjqhn tbn ekw ix}awðmf`kml ai}} kml akh Zilwlhkq sb`kqk%

}mlhn Hwzájxnjhn xnqhwbwanhn }b``h xna ai} `áxdq ekq ekw hghnnkmlq.]ml`khÒ`kml aiwd kml nbml ixd hknhn S}hxabtbwzxwd hknjhlhn

ahw ziw nkmlq kn ahw Infìjh}mlwkdq x dknahn k}q ahw ighw ke Gh%}ml`x}} ah} Wkmlqhw} Aw. Ehknhwlijhn xe Lidqghdhl` hnqli`qhnk}q. Ahexdb`jh jhlh h} ekw injhg`kml nkmlq aiwxe akh Zilwlhkqlhwix}xdknahn }bnahwn nxw aiwxe ehknhn In}kmlqhn xeAxwmlgwxml x thwlh`dhn.

Qiq}áml`kml jhlq ghkah} Lina kn Lina ahnn nxw ahw ahw ðghw%hxjq k}q Zilwlhkq jhdxnahn x lighn liq ixml akh Ebqktiqkbnxna Ðghwhxjxnj akh}h jhjhn inahwh} dðw di`}ml Hwimlqhqh}axwmlx}hqhn gz. xeknah}q axwml}hqhn x zb``hn. IxÒhwahek}q ahw Zxn}ml niml Hwdb`j ahw hkjhnhn In}kmlqhn tô``kj `hjkqkexqkhd}q ehn}ml`kml xna ke Zk}}hn}mlidq}swbh}} }bjiw nbqzhn%akj ahnn }ml`khÒ`kml gwixmlq ein oi hknh Ebqktiqkbn xe }hknhQlh}hn ixml jhjhn Fwkqkf x thwqhkakjhn jin x }mlzhkjhn ai%

tbn ai}} h} nbml zh}hnq`kml }qáwfhwhw Inqwkhgh ghaiwd xe }kh }b%jiw qwbq xn}iml`kmlhw Injwkddh oi qwbq jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhw xna}qiiq`kmlhw Thwdb`jxnj lbmlxli`qhn. Hkn Zk}}hn}mlidq`hw ahw }mlbn ghke f`hkn}qhn Zkahw}qina hknfnkmfq qixjq nkmlq}.

V_zhk zhkqhwh _kqiqh ix} ehknhe Gxml xna ahwhn Ak}fx}}kbnex}}qhn lkhw hghndi``} ix} oxwk}qk}mlhn Jwðnahn jh`ô}mlq zhwahn.@hakj`kml ai} `hqqh hwzálnqh _kqiq }hk injhdðlwq?U

]. 819?

„]hkhn ]kh }kml xahe }qhq} ghzxÒq ai}} zkw ixd akh Inhw%fhnnxnj xn}hwhw Ehn}mlhnwhmlqh injhzkh}hn }kna xna ailhw nkh ahw Thw}xmlxnj hw`khjhn }b``qhn xn}hwhn Jhjnhwn ahwhnEhn}mlhnwhmlqh igxhwfhnnhn.‐Xna zi} ahn Jhjnhwn jhjhnðghw jk`q jk`q niqðw`kml hghn}b i`%

`hn inahwhn Ehn}mlhn jhjhnðghw. Zkh finn ailhw kwjhnaoheina ghlixsqhn kml zðwah aix ixdwxdhn bahw ixml nxw }xjjhwkhwhnahn Oxahn }hkhn klwh Ehn}mlhnwhmlqh nkmlq xxjh}qhlhn zhnn

kml ie Hnah ehknh} Gxmlh} jhnix ahn jhjhnqhk`kjhn Ixdwxd ei%mlh2




9;9

1. _x}ieehndi}}xnj

Ai} Gxml Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q k}q hkn Zhwf ahw Qhwqkáw`kqhwiqxw ai} lhkÒq ai}} h} }kml swkeáw ixd Dbw}mlxnj}%`kqhwiqxw ,Gðmlhw Iwqkfh`+ ghkhlq xna nxw }hfxnaáw ixd Swkeáw%yxh``hn.

Láxdkj ligh kml kn DxÒnbqhn ohnh Yxh``hn akwhfq injhdðlwq akhkn ahw tbn ekw x Wiq jhbjhnhn @kqhwiqxw kqkhwq zhwahn xe ahe@h}hw hknhn akwhfqhn _xjwkdd ixd akh}h Yxh``h blnh Xezhj ðghw akh ]hfxnaáw`kqhwiqxw x hweôj`kmlhn. Akh} k}q dðw x}ieehndi}%}hnah Dbw}mlxnj}ðghwg`kmfh axwmlix} ðg`kml xna zhjhn ahw Sìqgh}mlwánfxnjhn ixml xnxejánj`kml.

Xe ai} Gxml zðwakjhn x fônnhn ex}} ein }hknh jinhn813 ]hkqhn thwiwghkqhn xna nkmlq nxw zhnkjh ix} ahe _x}ie%ehnlinj jhwk}}hnh xna }bekq }knnhnq}qh``hnah _kqiqh akh xahejwbg dilw`á}}kj }b siwqhkk}ml ix}jhzál`q zxwahn ai}} }kh ai}Gxml kn hknhe ahnfgiw }ml`hmlqhn @kmlq hw}mlhknhn ì}}hn eð}%}hn. Akh Ix}g`hnaxnj i`` ohnhw Si}}ijhn akh akh}hn ekq dix`hnQwkmf} }xjjhwkhwqhn Hknawxmf zkahw`hjhn ghzhk}q akh Gô}iwqkjfhkqahw Infìjh.

_xw jhwhmlqhn Ghzhwqxnj ah} Gxmlh} jhlôwq xahe akh Fhnnq%nk}nileh ahw ghnxqqhn ]hfxnaáw`kqhwiqxw ahwhn Xedinj fixe x ghkddhwn k}q. Akh aiwxnqhw ghdkna`kmlhn whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn Zhwfhlighn kn ahn `hqqhn Oilwhn akh hqig`khwqh Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnjyxi`kqiqkt xna yxinqkqiqkt „in akh Zina jhawðmfq‐. Kml liqqh Klnhnkn ehknhe ixqbgkbjwislk}mlhn Qhk` akh thw}mlkhahnhn tbn ekw thw`hjqhn Gðmlhw tbwjh}qh``q x ahnhn h} nkmlq} Thwj`hkmlgiwh}tbn ahw hqig`khwqhn Lk}qbwkfhw}mlidq jkgq.9:= H} }qhlq ahe whtk}kb%nk}qk}mlhn Eiqhwki` hkndiml nkmlq} ehlw hnqjhjhn zi} h} zkahw`h%jhn fônnqh. K}q akh}h} Eiqhwki` `hjkqke }b k}q ixml Zhwgheiqhwkiàidðw `hjkqke hqzi akh hghndi``} kn ahw Infìjh}mlwkdq kqkhwqhnZhwghgwb}mlðwhn.

9:= Tj`. akh hnj`k}ml}swimlkjh ]hwkh Lb`bmix}q Linagbbf} zzz.tlb.bwj"JG"Gbbf}"LL].lqe`.




9;7

KT. _x}áq`kmlh whmlq`kmlh Ghqwimlqxnjhn

Kn Lhdq 8 ah} 87. Oilwjinj} ,Eik 7337+ ahw ahxq}mlhn _hkq%

}mlwkdq B}qhxwbsi zxwah hkn Ghkqwij ah} @hkqhnahn Whaifqhxw} ah} Nimlwkmlqhneijikn} Ahw ]skhjh` Dwkqobd Eh{hw thwôddhnq`kmlqekq ahe Qkqh` „Akh _il` ahw Bsdhw tbn Ix}mlzkq. Nhxh Hwfhnnq%nk}}h axwml nhxh Iwmlktdxnah‐ ,]. 4=9”419+. Aiwkn dðlwq Eh{hw ix} akh ghk Fwkhj}hnah ghlixsqhqh Jh}ieqbsdhwil` ah} @ijhw}Ix}mlzkq }hk „hkn Swbaxfq ahw Fwkhj}swbsijinai jhzh}hn‐ abmlixml akh lhxqh tbe Ix}mlzkq%Ex}hxe thwgwhkqhqh _il` tbn 98Ek``kbnhn }hk nbml mi. xe ahn Difqbw awhk ðghwlôlq. _hxjhnix}%

}ijhn ghðj`kml Ei}}hnthwji}xnjhn lá`q Eh{hw xe Qhk` dðw xn%j`ixglidq xna hw ghlixsqhq jhjhn akh dðw „bddhnfxnakj‐ hwimlqhqhbddkkh``h „Zilwlhkq‐ tbn ahn }hml} Ehn}mlhnji}fieehwjhgáx%ahn akh kn Ix}mlzkq%Gkwfhnix injhg`kml gh}qinahn lighn }b``hnláqqhn nxw zhk qiq}áml`kml i`} Ei}}hnlknwkmlqxnj}qáqqhn jhakhnq.

Bgzbl` jhjhn Eh{hw }bzkh akh Lhwix}jhghw akh}hw _hkq}mlwkdqaiwixdlkn ]qwidinhkjhn hw}qiqqhq xna }bekq ]qwidhwekqq`xnj}thw%dilwhn zhjhn „@hxjnhn ah} Lb`bmix}q‐ hknjh`hkqhq zxwahn zxw%

ahn akh}h `hqq`kml hknjh}qh``q.9:1 Akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq Gbmlxe}qh``qh kn klwhe Hkn}qh``xnj}gh}mlhka xnáml}q dh}q „ai}} tbw aheLknqhwjwxna ahw jheáÒ ª 9=3 T ]qJG ixml lkhw jh`qhnahn ]bki`%iaáyxinf`ix}h` ah} ª <4 KKK ]qJG hknh zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Ix}hk%ninahw}hqxnj ekq ahn Xw}imlhn VaheU Xedinj xna VahnU Db`jhnah} in ahe oðak}mlhn Tb`f ghjinjhnhn niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhnTô`fhwebwah} x`á}}kj g`hkghn exÒ‐ hkn Difqxe ai} ixml ixd ehkn Gxml Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q xqwkddq ah}}hn zk}%

}hn}mlidq`kmlhw Qkhdjinj xna Xedinj zh}hnq`kml jwôÒhw k}q i`} akhbghwd`áml`kmlh xna ehqlbak}ml }hlw dwijzðwakjh Iwghkq ah} LhwwnEh{hw akh ghk}skh`}zhk}h ohah }{}qheiqk}mlh Yxh``hnfwkqkf thw%ek}}hn `á}}q.9:8 Eh{hw} g`bÒh Ghlixsqxnj gh}qkeeqh Ix}}ijhn

9:1 ]qI Gbmlxe I. == O} 918"3= tbe 4.8.733=6 ]qI ]qxqqjiwq I. 1 O} :89<8";7 tbe7<.8.733= gh}qáqkjq tbn ahw Jhnhwi`]qI ]qxqqjiwq I. 78 _} 9993"3= tbe 94.:.733=.

9:8 Tj`. db`jhnah Fwkqkfhn? Jhweiw Wxab`d „Tbw}kmlqkjhw ]skhjh`whtk}kbnk}ex}‐ TddJ 4,1+,7337+ ]. =:9”=:<6 Miw`b Eiqqbjnb „Akh nhxhn Whtk}kbnhn Dwkqobd Eh{hw}‐ hga. ].=:<”=<86 Miw`b Eiqqbjnb „Ðghw akh Fbnqwbthw}h Skshw%Eh{hw? ]bzohqswbsijinai jh%jhn Li`gwhtk}kbnk}ex}‐ TddJ < ,9+ ,7331+ ]. 4<”:46 Jbqqdwkha _iwnbz „Fwkqkf inDwkqobd Eh{hw axwml hknhn Xnkthw}kqáq}`hlwhw‐ TddJ < ,1+ ,7331+ ]. 11=d.




9;1

d+ I``hkn }mlbn akh Thw}mlkmfxnj kn @ijhw ekq jwixhnlidqhn l{%jkhnk}mlhn xna bwjink}iqbwk}mlhn _x}qánahn xna ahe aiwix}wh}x`qkhwhnahn Qba tkh`hw _kjqix}hnahw tbn Ehn}mlhn hwdð``q

ahn Qiqgh}qina ah} ei}}hnlidqhn jwbg dilw`á}}kjhn Qbq}mlì%jh}.j+ ]h`g}q blnh Ei}}hnebwa hwdð``qh akh N]%Oxahnthwdb`jxnj ahn

Qiqgh}qina ah} Tô`fhwebwah}.Sxnfq j+ zkahw`hjq akh Ghlixsqxnj ehkn Gxml Tbw`h}xnjhn

`hxjnh ahn Qiqgh}qina ah} Tô`fhwebwah} xna akh inahwhn Sxnfqhi+ gk} d+ zkahw`hjhn akh Ghlixsqxnj ehkn Gxml gk``kjh bahw thw%liwe`b}h akh N]%Oxahnthwdb`jxnj ahnn nkwjhnazb zkwa akh}h ghk

ekw i`} „Sb`khkeiÒnileh‐ bahw „xnthwehka`kmlh Fwkhj}lina%`xnj‐ bahw áln`kmlh} aiwjh}qh``q jin ke Jhjhnqhk`.Akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq ]qxqqjiwq thwnhknqh hghn}b Eh{hw}

Ixd}iq hwdð``h ahn Qiqgh}qina ahw Thwliwe`b}xnj. Akh}hw `khjhainn tbw }b akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq ]qxqqjiwq

„zhnn }kml ix} ahw Jh}ieqghqwimlqxnj ahw qiqjhjhn}qána%`kmlhn ÁxÒhwxnjhn hwjkgq ai}} akh axwml Niqkbni`}bki`k}qhnke Awkqqhn Whkml in Oxahn ghjinjhnhn Tô`fhwebwalina%

`xnjhn lhwxnqhwjh}skh`q gh}mlônkjq bahw kn klwhe zilwhnJhzkmlq thw}ml`hkhwq ,tj`. JGL]q 14 13+ zhwahn }b``hn.‐Akh} }hk ah}li`g ghk Eh{hw nkmlq jhjhghn zhk` akh}hw }hknhn

Ixd}iq ekq ahw Ghlixsqxnj ig}ml`khÒq ai}} hw „akh Giwgiwhknkmlq whìqktkhwh }bnahwn thwkdkkhwh.‐

Akh Dwijh bg hkn ak}}kahnqhw Ixd}iq xe Lb`bmix}q zkh klnEh{hw thwdi}}q liq nxn „akh Giwgiwhk whìqktkhwq bahw thwkdkkhwq‐lánjq bddhngiw nkmlq aitbn ig

¾ zkh tkh`h Bsdhw ghlixsqhq zhwahn ahnn Eh{hw whaxkhwq akhBsdhwil` tbn Ix}mlzkq awi}qk}ml xna `khjq }bekq nálhw ghkahw _il` ahw Whtk}kbnk}qhn i`} ghk ohnhw ahw hqig`khwqhn Lk}qbwk%fhw ,hqig`khwq? 98 Ekb.6 Eh{hw? 38 Ekb.6 Whtk}kbnk}qhn? 398Ekb.+.

¾ Bg xna zhnn ainn zkh tkh`h Ehn}mlhnji}fieehwn gh}qwkq%qhn zhwahn ahnn dðw Gkwfhnix gh}qwhkqhq Eh{hw akh H|k}qhntbn tkhw ahw kn}jh}ieq }hml} tbn hqig`khwqhn Lk}qbwkfhwn gh%

lixsqhqhn Ehn}mlhnji}fieehwjhgáxahn zbekq Eh{hw ixmlakh}ghðj`kml nálhw in ahn Whtk}kbnk}qhn `khjq i`} ghk ahn hqig%




9;8

`khwqhn Lk}qbwkfhwn. ,Akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn gh}qwhkqhn i``h }hml} ahw injhg`kml ahwiwq ghnxqhn Jhgáxah.+

¾ Bg xna kn zh`mlhe Xedinj _hxjhnix}}ijhn dðw xnjìxglidq

jhli`qhn xna thwzbwdhn zhwahn ahnn Eh{hw hwf`áwq }áeq`kmlh_hxjhnix}}ijhn dðw akh tkhw tbn kle gh}qwkqqhnhn injhg`kmlhnEhn}mlhnji}fieehwjhgáxah dðw xnjìxglidq xna aiwðghw lknix} ixml nbml ohnh ah} tbwei`kjhn @ijhwfbeeinainqhnWxab`d LôÒ ahw xnqhw Db`qhw x Jh}qánank}}hn jhzxnjhnzxwah. Ixml ekq akh}hw fwkqk}mlhn ” zhnnj`hkml fixe zk}}hn%}mlidq`kml ghjwðnahqhn ” Hkn}qh``xnj jhjhnðghw _hxjhnix}}i%jhn ghdknahq }kml Eh{hw nálhw in ahn Whtk}kbnk}qhn i`} in ahn

hqig`khwqhn Lk}qbwkfhwn akh h} ghðj`kml akh}hw Yxh``hniwq di}qján`kml in Yxh``hnfwkqkf einjh`n ì}}hn.Zbtbn lánjq ainn ighw ahw Xnqhw}mlkha ig bg ein akh Giwgi%

whk nxn whìqktkhwq bahw thwkdkkhwq2 Abml zbl` fixe aitbn ai}}ein h} hkndiml nxw ghlixsqhq2 _ziw liq Eh{hw ekq }hknhe Ixd%}iq akh Jwxnaìjhn ahw hqig`khwqhn Jh}mlkmlq}}mlwhkgxnj }mlzhw hw}mlðqqhwq ighw aiwkn `khjq bddhngiw fhknh Whìqktkhwxnj ahw Giw% giwhk. Ainn finn ighw ixml akh whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh Jh}mlkmlq}thw}k%

bn zkh }kh kn ehknhn Tbw`h}xnjhn aiwjh`hjq k}q fhknh Whìqktkh%wxnj ahw Giwgiwhk }hkn ahnn axwml }kh zkwa akh hqig`khwqh Jh%}mlkmlq}}mlwhkgxnj ziw jwiaxh`` nbml hqzi} ehlw hw}mlðqqhwqighw `hqq`kml zkwa ixml aiwkn ai} }ml`keeh giwgiwk}mlh N]%Xnwhmlq jhjhnðghw ahn Oxahn thwkdkkhwq.

Yxba `kmhq Obtk Eh{hw `kmhq gbtk Wxab`d.,Zi} ahe Jbqq Eh{hw hwìxgq k}q k}q ixml ahe Bml}hn Wxab`d hwìxgq+

T. Hnq}mlhkaxnjhn ahw Gxnah}swðd}qh``h dðw oxjhnajhdálwahnah Ehakhn

Kml aiwd ekml nxn x hknkjhn ]mlwkdqhn áxÒhwn akh akh ]qiiq}%inzi`q}mlidq kn ahw Infìjh}mlwkdq hwzálnq liq knahe }kh hknkjhZhwghqh|qh tbn ahw Zhg}hkqh zzz.tlb.bwj kqkhwqh blnh i``hw%

aknj} ix}xdðlwhn zi} fbnfwhq in akh}hn ]mlwkdqhn ix}x}hqhn}hk. Kn ahn Ifqhn ligh kml nxw kn ahn aixjhlôwkjhn Knakkhwxnj}%




9;4

gh}ml`ð}}hn ahw Gxnah}swðd}qh``h dðw oxjhnajhdálwahnah Ehakhn,GSoE+ Jwðnah jhdxnahn ziwxe akh}h ]mlwkdqhn x hn}khwhn}hkhn. Kml zhwah ekml ailhw nimldb`jhna x hknkjhn Jh}kmlq}%

sxnfqhn akh}hw Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`ð}}h áxÒhwn. I``hwaknj} zhwahkml akh} ixd ]mlwkdqhn gh}mlwánfhn akh kml }h`g}q thwdi}}q lhwix}%jhjhghn bahw thwôddhnq`kmlq ligh ahnn kml dðl`h ekml nkmlq fbe% shqhnq jhnxj ixml akh ]mlwkdqhn Awkqqhw x thwqhkakjhn dðw ahwhnThwôddhnq`kmlxnj kml nkmlq xw}swðnj`kml thwinqzbwq`kml ziw. Kml gkn ekw dwhk`kml ghzx}}q ai}} kml ahnnbml whmlq`kml aidðw thwinq%zbwq`kml gkn }kh ixd ehknhw aiei`kjhn Knqhwnhq}hkqh injhgbqhn xlighn.

Zhnn }kml akh Gxnah}swðd}qh``h i`} Knakkhwxnj}jwxna aiwixd ghwxdq hknh ]mlwkdq thw`hqh ahn ª9=3 ]qJG }b zhwah kml akh} lkhw kjnbwkhwhn ai kml zkh xtbw ix}jhdðlwq akh}hn ]qwidwhmlq}% siwijwislhn dðw thwdi}}xnj}% gz. jwxnajh}hqzkawkj li`qh zh}%zhjhn kml akh hnq}swhmlhnah Hnq}mlhkaxnj ahw GSoE i`} tbn In%dinj in nkmlqkj ghqwimlqh.

9. F@ ]qxqqlbd

i+ Hkndðlwhna aiwd kml x akh}he Gxml db`jhnah} dh}q}qh``hn? Akhtbn Miw`b Eiqqbjnb xna Oðwjhn Jwid thwdi}}qh ]qxakh xe F@]qxqqlbd k}q akh hw}qh Ebnbjwislkh ðghwlixsq akh ðghw akh}h}@ijhw thwdi}}q zxwah.9:: Kn}bdhwn k}q }kh fbnfxwwhn`b} oi hkn%kjiwqkj. ]kh gi}khwq tbwzkhjhna ixd Swkeáwyxh``hn ,hkqjhnô}%}k}mlh Abfxehnqh+ b}qhxwbsák}mlhw Iwmlkth i``hn tbwin ohnhnah} Ex}hxe} ]qxqqlbd zh`mlh akh ghkahn Ixqbwhn zálwhnaehlwhwhw Gh}xmlh jhdxnahn xna kn Fbskh hwzbwghn lighn.Ai} Gxml db`jq ailhw ahe xnqhw Lk}qbwkfhwn jh`qhnahn Swkeiqah} Iwmlkt}. I`} ]hfxnaáwyxh``hn ghnxqq h} }bainn tbw i``he sb`nk}mlh ]qxakhn ix} ahw fbeexnk}qk}mlhn _hkq ai h} x akh%}he wh`iqkt f`hknhn @ijhw fixe inahwh ]qxakhn jkgq. Zh}q`kmlh@kqhwiqxw zkwa aijhjhn nxw ie Winah hwzálnq ai akh}h bdq nxw Qhwqkáwyxh``hnmliwifqhw liq zkh xe Ghk}skh` akh Ðghw}kmlq}%

9:: Oðwjhn Jwid Miw`b Eiqqbjnb Ai} Fbnhnqwiqkbn}`ijhw ]qxqqlbd xna }hknh Dxnfqkbn kn

ahw niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhn Oxahnsb`kqkf 7. Ixd`. Mi}q`h Lk`` Sxg`k}lhw} Li}qknj} 7331zzz.tlb.bwj"a`"AHX"f`}.sad.




9;:

zhwfh tbn Lk`ghwj9:< bahw Fbjbn"@injghkn"Wðmfhw` ,iiB.Ine. :;+ xna zhk` }kh ehk}q nxw ixd inhfabqk}mlhe Eiqhwki`}swkml _hxjhnix}}ijhn ghwxlq i`}b bddhngiw nkh }{}qheiqk}ml

ixd Abfxehnqh ô}q`kmlhw Iwmlkth xwðmfjwkdd. _xahe zkwa ai}@ijhw ]qxqqlbd kn akh}hn Gðmlhwn nxw ie Winah hwzálnq. g+ Nxn zhwah kml hknkjh Inzðwdh ahw GSoE ak}fxqkhwhn?9:;

Kn klwhe Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`x}} ghlixsqhq }kh ke Gxml }hkhn„xndxnakhwqh Ghlixsqxnjhn‐ ixdjh}qh``q zbwahn zi} }h`g}q hk%nh xndxnakhwqh Ghlixsqxnj ahw GSoE k}q. ]ml`khÒ`kml lighnEiqqbjnb xna Jwid i`} Gh`hj dðw klwh Injighn ohzhk`} Abfx%ehnqh xna Sxg`kfiqkbnhn jhninnq. Wkmlqkj }qh``q akh GSoE lkn%

jhjhn dh}q akh Ixqbwhn nhlehn „di}q nxw Ghxj ,xehk}q ixd sb`nk}mlh Abfxehnqh+‐ zi} injhg`kml klwh Ghlixsqxnj ahw Xndxnakhwqlhkq gh`hjhn }b``. Ighw jhwiah akh}hw Ghxj ixd x%ehk}q kn sb`nk}mlhn Iwmlkthn `ijhwnah Swkeáwyxh``hn i`}bAbfxehnqh ahw ahxq}mlhn @ijhw`hkqxnj ix} ahe _zhkqhnZh`qfwkhj }bzkh ixd sb`nk}mlh ]hfxnaáwyxh``hn hnq}swkmlqabml ahw Ahdknkqkbn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Iwghkqhn}) In}ml`kh%Òhna ghlixsqhq akh GSoE ke Gxml dánahn }kml „}h`qhn Yxh`%

`hn xe Gh`hj hknhw Ghlixsqxnj‐ bgzbl` jhwiah hw}q dh}qjh%}qh``q zbwahn ziw akh Ixqbwhn nálehn Ghxj ixd sb`nk}mlhAbfxehnqh. Bddhngiw lhww}mlq ghk ahw GSoE Thwzkwwxnj gh%ðj`kml ahw Ghjwkddh „Yxh``h‐ „Gh`hj‐ xna „Ghxj‐. Ai} }knatbn ahw GSoE nkmlq nálhw ahdknkhwqh Ghjwkddh akh }kh jhjhnhk%ninahw ix}}skh`q akh ighw `hqq`kml abml ai}}h`gh ghahxqhn.IxÒhwahe ex}} ein zbl` dwijhn zblhw akh GSoE hkjhnq`kmlzk}}hn zk`` bg akh tbn Jwid xna Eiqqbjnb kqkhwqhn ahxq}mlhn

Abfxehnqh xna sb`nk}mlhn Iwqkfh` ai} tbn klnhn Ghlixsqhqh gh`hjhn bahw nkmlq2 ]kna akh Thwdi}}hw ah} Knakkhwxnj}gh%wkmlq} kn akh tbn Jwid xna Eiqqbjnb jhninnqhn Iwmlkth jhwhk}qxna lighn ahn Knli`q ahw Abfxehnqh jhswðdq2 Ai} finn einzbl` fixe innhlehn ohahndi``} zkwa akh} nkmlq ghlixsqhq.Ahw Tbwzxwd ahw GSoE Eiqqbjnb xna Jwid láqqhn „Lk`ghwjxna Fbjbn V․U nxw hknei` i`} Ghxj V․U hknjhgixq‐ nkmlq

9:< Wix` Lk`ghwj Akh Thwnkmlqxnj ahw hxwbsák}mlhn Oxahn B``h xna Zb`qhw Ghw`kn 9;<7= Ga. Dk}mlhw Dwinfdxwq ie Eikn 9;;3 9;;= 9;;:.

9:; Hnq}mlhkaxnj Nw. 8;43 ;.=.396 GIn 41 =9.=.39.




9;<

ighw i`} „hwn}qlidqh lk}qbwk}mlh Yxh``hn‐ kqkhwq hkjq akh Kn%fbeshqhn ahw _hn}bwhn ahnn zhahw Lk`ghwj nbml Fbjbn}kna kn Ghxj ixd ]qxqqlbd Swkeáw% nbml ixml nxw hwn}qlidqh

]hfxnaáwyxh``hn zkh kml tbwlkn aiw`hjqh. Swkeáwyxh``hn }knahwn}qlidqh Yxh``hn xna akh `khjhn hghn kn sb`nk}mlhn Iwmlk%thn.

m+ _x}ieehndi}}hna k}q dh}qx}qh``hn ai}} akh Thwdi}}hw akh}h}Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`x}}h} ahw GSoE bddhnfxnakj fhknhn gì}}hnAxn}q lighn tbn ahn Ehqlbahn ahw Jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidqi``jhehkn tbn ahw Yxh``hnìjh ke tbw`khjhnahn Di`` ke Gh%}bnahwhn tbn Yxh``hnfwkqkf i`} Ehqlbah xna nbml nkmlq hkn%

ei` tbn Jwxnaghjwkddhn zkh „Yxh``h‐ „Gh`hj‐ bahw „Ghxj‐.

7. F@ Eioainhf

Ke Zh}hnq`kmlhn qwkddq ai} xe tbwkjhn Gxml Ix}jhdðlwqhixml ixd ai} tbn Eiqqbjnb xna Jwid thwdi}}qh Gxml F@ Eioainhf x ai} kn }hknhw Iwq hghn}b hknei`kj k}q.9<3 Ahnn x akh}he @ijhw ziwhn ke Zh}qhn ghk Hw}mlhknhn ah} Gxmlh} ke Zh}hnq`kmlhn nxw zhk zhkqhwh Gðmlhw hw}mlkhnhn thwdi}}q tbn zhk Obxwni`k}qhn

akh ðghw gxnah}ahxq}mlh ]qwidswbh}}h ðghw Tbwdá``h kn akh}he@ijhw ghwkmlqhqhn.9<9 Akh}h Gðmlhw }kna ighw fhknh hwn}q x nhl%ehnah lk}qbwk}mlh @kqhwiqxw. Ix} kwjhnahknhe Jwxnah zxwah ai}Gxml tbn ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq nkmlq kn akh Infìjh}mlwkdq ixd%jhnbeehn bgzbl` h} tbn ahw Gxnah}swðd}qh``h kn j`hkmliwqkjhw Zhk}h knakkhwq zxwah.9<7 Ahw di}q }mlbn ehmlink}mlh Zkhahwlb%`xnj}mliwifqhw ahw ke Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`x}} hnqli`qhnhn S}hxab%iwjxehnqh hwzhmfq ahn Hknawxmf ai}} ai kn }qxskahw Ghieqhn%ehnqi`kqáq niml tbwjhjhghnhe ]mlhei D knakkhwq zkwa.

9<3 Oðwjhn Jwid Miw`b Eiqqbjnb Fbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhw Eioainhf? Hknh lk}qbwk}mlh xna qhmlnk}mlh ]qxakh 7. Ixd`. Mi}q`h Lk`` Sxg`k}lhw} Li}qknj} 7331zzz.tlb.bwj"a`"AHX"fè.sad.

9<9 Knjwka Eð``hw%Eðnml Dwixhn tbn Eioainhf Wblzb`q Whknghf 9;<7.9<7 Hnq}mlhkaxnj Nw. 8:98 GIn 73 7;.9.33.




9;;

=. Wkh}h ixd qônhwnhn DðÒhn

i+ Hkndðlwhna k}q x akh}he Gxml tbn Oðwjhn Jwid 9<= db`jhnah}dh}qx}qh``hn? Jwid} Gxml k}q hknh Fwkqkf in Wix` Lk`ghwj} Fì}%}kfhw Akh Thwnkmlqxnj ahw hxwbsák}mlhn Oxahn.9:< Zkh kml keIg}mlnkqq xw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ix}dðlwqh k}q ai} Fwkqk}kh%whn inahwhw Iwghkqhn nkmlq nxw `hjkqke }bnahwn jhwiahx hw%zðn}mlq. Lk`ghwj }h`g}q liq zkhahwlb`q akh whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh Fwk%qkf i`} hqzi} ghhkmlnhq tbn ahe ein `hwnhn fônnh9<1 bg%j`hkml hw }kml }h`ghw aitbn ix}xnhlehn }mlhknq ahnn qwbqahw in kle jhðgqhn Fwkqkf k}q hw kn Nhxixdìjhn }hknhw Gðmlhw nkh ixd akh}h hknjhjinjhn. Nkeeq ein ahn Qkqh` tbn Lk`ghwj} Gxml i`} Swbjwiee }bex}} ein }ml`x}}db`jhwn ai}} hw ekq }hknhe Gxml ai} Qlheithwdhl`q liq ahnn hqzi ;3( }hknh} Gxmlh} linah`n nkmlq hqzitbn ahw Thwnkmlqxnj ahw hxwbsák}mlhn Oxahn }bnahwn tbn ah%whn Hnqwhmlqxnj xna Thwdb`jxnj i`}b tbn EiÒnilehn akhnkmlq x klwhw sl{}k}mlhn Thwnkmlqxnj dðlwqhn. Ix} akh}heJwxnah }kna ohnh ;3( tbn Lk`ghwj} Gxml ixml kwwh`htinq dðw hknh whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh Fwkqkf ke hnjhwhn ]knnh ahnn ai} abwqGhlinah`qh k}q mxe jwinb }i`k} xn}qwkqqkj.Akh wh}q`kmlhn 93( tbn Lk`ghwj} Gxml gi}khwhn zi} fbnfwhqhThwnkmlqxnj}ghlixsqxnjhn inghìnjq di}q ix}}ml`khÒ`kml ixd _hxjhnix}}ijhn i`}b ixd ahn L{sbqlh}hn tbn @ikhn. Lk`ghwjkqkhwq nxw zhnkjh Abfxehnqh xna ghqwhkgq fhknh Yxh``hnfwkqkf.H} jkgq ghk kle i`}b fhkn Swkeiq ah} Iwmlkt}.Lk`ghwj} Gxml k}q ailhw xnzk}}hn}mlidq`kml ghðj`kml akh}h}Ig}mlnkqqh} xna h} thwdhl`q bghnawhkn ke Zh}hnq`kmlhn ai}}h`g}qjh}qh``qhn Qlhei. Kn ohahe ]qxakxe ekq nbwei`hn Gh%zhwqxnj}fwkqhwkhn záwh Lk`ghwj ekq }b`ml hknhw Iwghkq axwml}H|iehn jhdi``hn.

g+ Kn klwhe Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`x}} }mlwhkgq akh GSoE Jwid} DxÒ%nbqhn „thwzhk}hn ixd akh ðg`kmlhn Yxh``hn ahw Lb`bmix}q`hxj%nxnj‐ zi} i`} „Ghk}skh` dðw einjh`nah ]hwkb}kqáq‐ injhdðlwqzkwa. Qiq}áml`kml ghzhk}q ahw Thwzhk} ixd yxh``hnfwkqk}mlh ]h%

9<= Hnq}mlhkaxnj Nw. 8;8; 97.=.39 GIn 41 =9.=.396 tj`. zzz.tlb.bwj"A"Wkh}h.9<1 Tj`. aix ke Inlinj 7 ahn Ghzhk}inqwij Nw. 9< ]. 7<;.




733

fxnaáw`kqhwiqxw jhwiah akh ]hwkb}kqáq tbn Jwid} Fwkqkf ahnnaiekq fbwwkjkhwq hw hknhn Einjh` tbn Lk`ghwj} Zhwf. Ai}} `h%akj`kml Whtk}kbnk}qhn Yxh``hnfwkqkf sxg`kkhwhn zh`mlh akh}hn

Niehn thwakhnq ein ailhw fhknh Zhwfh ahw hqig`khwqhn Yxh`%`hnfwkqkf kqkhwhn finn k}q nkmlq ]mlxà ahw Whtk}kbnk}qhn.Akh GSoE thwzhnahq kn klwhe Gh}ml`x}} ðgwkjhn} ahn Ghjwkdd „@hxjnxnj‐ i`}b Gh}qwhkqxnj zkahw gh}}hwh} Zk}}hn zbekqahw Ixqbw i`} @ðjnhw lknjh}qh``q zkwa zi} hkn xn}iml`kmlhw shw}ôn`kmlhw Injwkdd ixd ahn whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn Ixqbw k}q xnaGhdinjhnlhkq ghzhk}q.Akh Ghlixsqxnj ahw GSoE Jwid hwf`áwh „ahn jwôÒqhn Qhk` ahw

Xnqhw}xmlxnjhn Lk`ghwj} dðw bg}b`hq‐ k}q di`}ml. Jwid hwf`áwqnkmlq akh Xnqhw}xmlxnjhn dðw bg}b`hq }bnahwn ahwhn Fwkqkf aiakh}h Xnqhw}xmlxnjhn ke Zh}hnq`kmlhn xn}qwkqqkj }kna xna ix%Òhwahe ie Qlhei sl{}k}mlhw Thwnkmlqxnj tbwghk jhlhn.Ixml akh Ghlixsqxnj ahw GSoE Jwid thw}xmlh „axwml hkndi%mlh} Gh}qwhkqhn xna Ixd}qh``hn tbn Jhjhnghlixsqxnjhn Lk`% ghwj} Hwfhnnqnk}}h igxyxi`kdkkhwhn‐ k}q xnwkmlqkj. Jwid} Gh%}qwhkqhn k}q nkmlq hkndiml }bnahwn ekq Jwðnahn xna Iwjxehn%

qhn gh`hjq. Ailknjhjhn gi}khwhn Lk`ghwj} Ghlixsqxnjhn hknhw }{}qheiqk}mlhn Thwnkmlqxnj ahw Oxahn ixd hkndimlhn xnghzkh%}hnhn Ghlixsqxnjhn ” tbn injhg`kmlhn _hxjhn ” akh x lkn%qhwdwijhn Lk`ghwj tô``kj xnqhw`á}}q.

m+ _x}ieehndi}}hna k}q ailhw hwnhxq dh}qx}qh``hn ai}} akh Thw%di}}hw akh}h} Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`x}}h} bddhnfxnakj fhknhn gì}%}hn Axn}q tbn ahn Ehqlbahn ahw Jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq tbnahw Yxh``hnìjh xna tbn Yxh``hnfwkqkf lighn.

1. Tkhwqhòilwh}lhdqh dðw dwhkh Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj

Akh ahxq}mlh whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh _hkq}mlwkdq Tkhwqhòilwh}lhdqh dðw dwhkh Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj zkwa kn ahw Infìjh jiw nkmlq hwzálnqbgzbl` }kml ghðj`kml ahw Ix}jighn 9 xna 7 tbn 9;;:9<8 zhkKnakkhwxnj}gh}ml`ð}}h kn ahn Xnqhw}xmlxnj}ifqhn ghdknahn. Zhk`zhk Ix}}ijhn kn akh}hn Gh}ml`ð}}hn hkn ghhkmlnhnah} @kmlq ixd

9<8 Hnq}mlhkaxnjhn Nw. 8741 8748 4.7.9;;< GIn 19 7<.7.9;;<6 tj`.zzz.tlb.bwj"TddJ.




739

akh GSoE zhwdhn aiwd kml lkhw jin fxw ahnnbml aiwixd hknjh%lhn. Ghðj`kml ahw Ix}jigh 9"9;;: ehknhw _hkq}mlwkdq zkwa i`}Jwxna dðw hknh Knakkhwxnj x.i. injhjhghn ehkn aiwkn jheimlqhw

Tbwzxwd in akh gxnah}ahxq}mlhn Ghlôwahn h} jhgh kn Ahxq}ml%ìna hknh _hn}xw }qh``h hknh „Thwxnj`kesdxnj ahw Gxnah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}mlìna‐ aiw. Ai }qh``q i`}b akh Gxnah}whjkhwxnj in akh Gxn%ah}hn}xwghlôwah ahn Inqwij ehknh _hkq}mlwkdq x hn}khwhnzhk` kml aiwkn dwhmlhwzhk}h ghlixsqh h} jhgh kn akh}he @inah_hn}xw. Ai finn ein ahn ie _hn}xwthwdilwhn Ghqhk`kjqhn nxw nbml wiqhn }kml s}{mlkiqwk}ml xnqhw}xmlhn x ì}}hn.

Inahwhw}hkq} ghlixsqhq akh GSoE kn klwhe Knakkhwxnj}%

gh}ml`x}} kn ahn Ghkqwájhn ehknhw _hkq}mlwkdq hwdb`jh „fhknh hw%}mlôsdhnah Ghlina`xnj‐ ahw ohzhk`kjhn Qlhehn. Ighw ai} jk`qix} swknkskh``hn Jwðnahn dðw i``h _hkq}mlwkdqhnghkqwájh akh }kmlzhjhn klwhw Fðwh keehw nxw ixd hknkjh I}shfqh hknh} Qlhei}fbnhnqwkhwhn fônnhn. ]mlbn ix} Sìqjwðnahn finn akh} jiw nkmlqinahw} }hkn. Ai} qwkddq oi .G. ixml ixd ahn tbwlkn ghlinah`qhn_hkq}mlwkdqhniwqkfh` tbn Dwkqobd Eh{hw x ahw i`} Hnq}mlxàkjxnjaidðw ai}} hw tkh`h} nxw qinjhnqki` hwzálnq hghn ahn Sìqeinjh`

indðlwhn finn xna injhdðlwq liq. I``hwaknj} ghqwid akh} ghk klehnqwi`h Ghlixsqxnjhn }hknhw Iwjxehnqiqkbn}dðlwxnj xna akhláqqh hw zhnkj}qhn} axwml Thwzhk} ixd inahwh Iwghkqhn gh`hjhneð}}hn zi} hw ighw nkmlq qiq.

8. Ai} Wxab`d%Jxqimlqhn

i+ Ahw Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`x}} ahw GSoE9<4 x ehknhe Jxqimlqhn1; hnqlá`q xnáml}q hknei` hknh Whklh jìqqhw @ðjhn?k. Akh GSoE ghlixsqhq kml thw}xmlh „x gh`hjhn ai}} ke

Fbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhw Ix}mlzkq fhkn hknkjhw Ehn}ml oh jh%qôqhq zxwah‐ xna kml zðwah ghlixsqhn ai}} „}bjiw nkh akhQôqxnj ixml nxw hknh} Ehn}mlhn }qiqqjhdxnahn liq.‐ Ai} k}qbddhnfxnakj xnzilw ahnn ehkn Jxqimlqhn ghlinah`q `hakj%`kml akh Dwijh bg akh tbn _hxjhn aiwjh}qh``qhn Ei}}hnqô%qxnjhn ekq Jkdqji} kn }bjhninnqhn Ehn}mlhnji}fieehwnzkh ghlixsqhq }qiqqjhdxnahn lighn. Zhkqhw jknj ehkn jxq%

9<4 Hnq}mlhkaxnj Nw. 49<7 97.7.37 GIn 19 7<.7.37.




737

imlqhw`kmlhw Ixdqwij nkmlq xna zhkqhwjhlhna ligh kml ailhw kn ahe Zhwf ixml nkmlq iwjxehnqkhwq. Zi} }kml in}bn}qhnkn ahe @ijhw igjh}skh`q liq zkwa aiwkn nkmlq ghlinah`q.

kk. Zhkqhw thw}qhkjq }kml akh GSoE }bjiw x ahw Ix}}ijh axwmlai} _kqkhwhn hknh} Iwqkfh`} ix} ahw Ohwx}i`he Sb}q zb``qhkml „Akh injhg`kmlh Ehn}mlhndwhxna`kmlfhkq ah} N]%Wh%jkeh} xna Liwe`b}kjfhkq hknh} Ixdhnqli`q} ke Fbnhnqwi%qkbn}`ijhw V․U xnqhweixhwn.‐ Ai} k}q hknh bddhnfxnakj gô}%iwqkjh Thwdá`}mlxnj ahw Qiq}imlhn. Ai} hwzálnqh kn ehk%nhe Jxqimlqhn zkhahwjhjhghnh _kqiq }qieeq zkh }kml ix}ahe _kqiq }h`g}q hwjkgq tbn hknhe Ix}mlzkq%Ðghw`hghn%

ahn zi} akh GSoE xnqhw}ml`ájq. Ahw Knli`q ah} _kqiq} záwhi`}b ahe Ðghw`hghnahn xw @i}q x `hjhn nkmlq ekw. Ix%Òhwahe hwzálnq akh}hw Iwqkfh` hghn}b akh ðg`kmlhwzhk}hfb`sbwqkhwqhn jwix}iehn I}shfqh tbn Ix}mlzkq ixmlzhnn aiwixd ke Ahqik` nkmlq hknjhjinjhn zkwa.

g+ Akh Thwdi}}hw akh}h} Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`x}}h} `hjhn hknh fwi}}hXndálkjfhkq in ahn Qij Zk}}hn}mlidq i`} }b`mlh ðghwlixsq xhwdi}}hn ghlixsqhn }kh abml ehkn Jxqimlqhn hkmlnh }kml

axwml ahn „láxdkjhn Jhgwixml tbn ]qiqk}qkfhn‐ gz. axwml„il`whkmlh ]qiqk}qkfhn‐ ix}. Qiq}áml`kml hnqlá`q ehkn Jxqiml%qhn fhknh hknkjh ]qiqk}qkf }bnahwn mlhek}mlh Dbweh`n ei%qlheiqk}mlh J`hkmlxnjhn Aiqhn%Qigh``hn sl{}kfi`k}mlh Jwi%dkfhn mlhek}mlh Ini`{}hnhwjhgnk}}h Ix}zhwqxnjhn mlh%ek}ml%qb|kfb`bjk}mlhw H|shwkehnqh x}z. Akh Thwdi}}hw ah}Gh}ml`x}}h} fhnnhn bddhngiw nbml nkmlq hknei` ehlw akh x]mlx`hkqhn jh`hlwqhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Jwxnaghjwkddh.

m+ Ahw Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`x}} hnqlá`q aiwðghw lknix} ixml jwbghnXndxj?k. ]b dðlwq akh GSoE ix}? „Akh @hxjnxnj akh}hw Jwáxh`qiqhn

zkahw}swkmlq xahe kn hf`iqinqhw Zhk}h ahw Ixddi}}xnj ahw Ehlwlhkq ahw ahxq}mlhn Ghtô`fhwxnj‐. Zkh kml ighw xtbw }mlbn aiw`hjqh k}q Zk}}hn}mlidq fhknh ahebfwiqk}mlh Thw%in}qi`qxnj }bnahwn hknh qbqi`h Akfqiqxw nimlswðdgiwhw Gh%zhk}h. Zi} akh Ei}}h dðw wkmlqkj lá`q k}q tô``kj kwwh`htinq.

Bahw zkwa kn akh}he @inah ðghw akh _hn}xw zk}}hn}mlidq`k%




73=

mlhw Thwôddhnq`kmlxnjhn nhxhwaknj} axwml Tb`f}ig}qke%exnj hnq}mlkhahn2

kk. Akh GSoE dðlwq zhkqhwlkn ix}? „Ohabml k}q akh Swáek}}h ah}

Zhwfh} ” akh Innileh ai}} ahw Lb`bmix}q nkmlq }qiqqjh%dxnahn liq ” ghwhkq} }b dhl`hwlidq‐. Aix k}q db`jhnah} xhwzkahwn?9. Ahw Ghjwkdd „Lb`bmix}q‐ k}q tô``kj xnahdknkhwq. Qiq}áml%

`kml k}q ai} Qlhei ehknh} Zhwfh} `hakj`kml akh Xnqhw}x%mlxnj ahw ghlixsqhqhn Ei}}hnthwnkmlqxnj kn Ehn%}mlhnji}fieehwn tbn Ix}mlzkq. Ahw Jh}ieqfbes`h|ahw injhg`kmlhn Oxahnthwnkmlqxnj ke _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhj

zkwa kn ehknhe Jxqimlqhn jiw nkmlq ghlinah`q.7. Ai} Hwjhgnk} hknhw Xnqhw}xmlxnj finn nkmlq tbn In%dinj in dh}qjh`hjq }hkn }bn}q finn ein }kml akh Xnqhw%}xmlxnj }siwhn. I`} Ix}jinj}thwexqxnj k}q ighw zkhxtbw aiwjh`hjq ohah L{sbqlh}h `hjkqke. Bg kml i`}b ieIndinj ehknhw Xnqhw}xmlxnj aitbn ix}jhlh ai}} h}Ehn}mlhnji}fieehwn jig bahw bg kml tbe Jhjhnqhk`ix}jhlh k}q tô``kj j`hkmlghwhmlqkjq xna ailhw kwwh`htinq.

Zhnn ein oxwk}qk}ml iwjxehnqkhwq záwh i``hwaknj} nimlahe Ebqqb „kn axgkb swb whb‐ indinj} aitbn ix}xjh%lhn ai}} akh Qiqziddh xna akh Qiq nkmlq h|k}qkhwqhn gk}ai} Jhjhnqhk` ghzkh}hn k}q. Kn}bdhwn ziw ehkn In}iqtô``kj `hjkqke xna fbwwhfq.

=. Niml ahe Ebqqb „ah benkgx} axgkqinaxe h}q‐ ” in i`%`he ex}} jhzhkdh`q zhwahn ” k}q ahw indánj`kmlh _zhk%dh` in ahw H|k}qhn ah} Ghlixsqhqhn jhwiah Ghzhk} ehk%

nhw zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn zhk` fwkqk}mlhn Hkn}qh``xnj.Zhnn kml akh}h _zhkdh` ixdwhmlq hwli`qhn zk`` ex}} kml}kh dwhk`kml ekq Iwjxehnqhn xnqhweixhwn xna jhnix ai}ligh kml kn ehknhe Jxqimlqhn jhqin.

1. Akh GSoE k}q fhkn }qiiq`kmlh} Kn}qkqxq xw Dh}q}qh``xnjzi} wkmlqkj di`}ml bahw dhl`hwlidq k}q.

8. ]h`g}q zhnn ehkn Jxqimlqhn dhl`hwlidq }hkn }b``qh gh%zkh}h ai} nkmlq ah}}hn Xnzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq.

a+ Dikq? Akh Thwdi}}hw akh}h} Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`x}}h} }kna bd%dhngiw zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Ini`slighqhn.




731

4. Ix}mlzkq? Nimfqh Difqhn

Akh}h} tbn ekw lhwix}jhjhghnh Gxml<1 k}q zkh kml ghwhkq} hw%zálnqh hknh ]iee`xnj tbn Ghkqwájhn akh }kml fwkqk}ml ekq aheGxml ah} dwinô}k}mlhn Isbqlhfhw} Ohin Mìxah Swh}}im Akh

Fwheiqbwkhn tbn Ix}mlzkq. Akh Qhmlnkf ah} Ei}}hnebwah} ix}%hkninahw}hqhn.<= Ai Swh}}im} Gxml knqhwniqkbni` i`} Zkahw`hjxnjwhtk}kbnk}qk}mlhw Iwjxehnqh jhswkh}hn zxwah k}q h} nkmlq nxw `hjk%qke akh}h} Gxml hknhw whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn Fwkqkf x xnqhwkhlhn}bnahwn xnqhw ahe I}shfq ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq jhwiahx hknEx}}. Tbn ahw Fwkqkf i`} ahe Zh}hn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq }mlhknq akhGSoE i``hwaknj} nbml nkh jhlôwq x lighn ahnn i`} gk``kjh} Six%}mliìwjxehnq xe xn}hwh kn akh}he Gxml thwôddhnq`kmlqhn Iwjx%ehnqh tbe Qk}ml x zk}mlhn ehknq akh GSoE kn klwhe Knakkh%wxnj}gh}ml`x}} qwbmfhn?9<: „Qiq}áml`kml jhlq h} ahn Ixqbwhn ai%wxe V․U x `hxjnhn.‐ Aix k}q db`jhnah} x }ijhn?i+ Akh Ebqktiqkbnhn hknh} Ixqbw} }skh`q fhknh Wb``h ai nxw }hknh

Iwjxehnqh ál`hn. g+ Akh GSoE finn xneôj`kml akh Ebqktiqkbnhn ahw Ixqbwhn fhn%

nhn.m+ Zkahw`hjxnj}thw}xmlh }kna nkmlq nxw `hjkqke }bnahwn }bjiw

hwzðn}mlq xna nbqzhnakj ke Zk}}hn}mlidq}swbh}} xw Qlh%}hnswðdxnj i`} Ghzálwxnj}thw}xml.

:. Ahw Oilwlxnahwqghqwxj

Bgzbl` kml fhknh ahxq}mlh Ix}jigh akh}h} Gxmlh} oh thw`hjqligh eômlqh kml aix ahnnbml ]qh``xnj nhlehn ahnn ke Oilw

733= thwôddhnq`kmlqh kml hknh ifqxi`k}khwqh Nhxixdìjh ahw bwkjkni%`hn hnj`k}mlhn Ix}jigh.9<< Ai ahw xw}swðnj`kmlh Knakkhwxnj}% gh}ml`x}} tbn 9;:; x akh}he Gxml niml 78 Oilwhn ix}`khd liqakh GSoE ai} Zhwf nhx`kml ekq Wðmfjwkdd ixd ahn i`qhn Gh}ml`x}}}ml`kmlq ekq hknhe six}mli`hn xna xndxnakhwqhn Tbwzxwd hwnhxq

9<: Hnq}mlhkaxnj Nw. 1<;< <.1.;; GIn <9 =3.1.;;.9<< Iwqlxw W. Gxq Qlh Lbi| bd qlh Qzhnqkhql Mhnqxw{? Qlh Mi}h Ijikn}q qlh Swh}xeha

H|qhwekniqkbn bd Hxwbshin Ohzw{ =. Ixd`. Qlh}h} $ Ak}}hwqiqkbn} Swh}} Mlkmijb733= zzz.tlb.bwj"a`"HNJ"Lbi|.sad.




738

knakkhwq?9<; „Ehakhn }b`mlhw Iwq V․U akhnhn ix}}ml`khÒ`kml aixhwzkh}hnh Qiq}imlhn i`} xnwkmlqkj aix}qh``hn.‐ Aix aiwd kml db`%jhnah} dh}qli`qhn?

i+ Fhknh Whjkhwxnj aiwd Zilwlhkq i`} „hwzkh}hnh Qiq}imlhn‐tbw}mlwhkghn. g+ Ohah i`} „hwzkh}hn‐ jhj`ixgqh Qiq}imlh aiwd xna ex}} Zkahw%

`hjxnj}thw}xmlhn ix}jh}hqq zhwahn.Ahw i`qh Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`x}} tbn 9;:; ghknli`qhqh nbml hkn

xedinjwhkmlh} ]imlthw}qánakjhn%Jxqimlqhn ai} ein tbe ]qiiq}%inzi`q Iai`ghwq Wðmfhw` hknjhlb`q liqqh. Lhxqh eimlq ein }kml}b`mlh Eðlhn nkmlq ehlw }bnahwn knakkhwq bddhn}kmlq`kml blnh

ohahn Wðmfjwkdd ixd ]imlthw}qina.Ziwxe hkn ]qiiq}inzi`q i`} ]imlthw}qánakjhw dðw Jh}mlkmlq}% gðmlhw ixdqwhqhn axwdqh hnqkhlq }kml ehknhw Fhnnqnk}. Ohahndi``}liq Wðmfhw` kn }hknhe Jxqimlqhn hknh hwn}qlidqh Ini`{}h tbnGxq“ Gxml `hakj`kml tbwjhqáx}mlq ahnn hw jhlq ixd fhknh} tbnGxq‛ Iwjxehnqhn hkn. Hw }hqq klnhn nxw }hknh hkjhnhn Iwjxehn%qh hnqjhjhn akh ighw tô``kj inahwhw Niqxw }kna xna }bekq Gxq‛Iwjxehnqiqkbn jiw nkmlq ghwðlwhn fônnhn. _xahe hkjq Wðmfhw`

ekq }hknhe Zkahw`hjxnj}thw}xml ai}} hknh knli`q`kmlh Ix}hknin%ahw}hqxnj ekq Gxq“ Gxml nôqkj k}q. Ighw aiwxe aðwdqh h} ghk}b`ml hknhe Jxqimlqhn jiw nkmlq jhlhn }bnahwn `hakj`kml xeDbwedwijhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ahw xnqhw}xmlqhn ]mlwkdq.

Akh GSoE }ml`khÒ`kml liq kn klwhe i`qhn Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`x}}jhwiahx ig}xwah Fwkqhwkhn dðw akh Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq hknh} Gx%mlh} ixdjh}qh``q?

]b dbwahwq }kh hkn Zhwf xw Oxahnthwnkmlqxnj eð}}h „}kml ekq

ahe s}hxabzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn VN]%UWi}}hnziln V․U ix}hknin%ahw}hqhn‐. Ighw akh}h} Fwkqhwkxe hwdð``q nbml nkmlq hknei` ohah}Zhwf ahw hqig`khwqhn _xndq. H} k}q ixml nkmlq hknx}hlhn ziwxeebwi`k}mlh xna kahb`bjk}mlh Dwijhn kn hknhe Jh}mlkmlq}zhwf gh%linah`q zhwahn eð}}hn. Ein fônnqh }kml ixml ixd ahn jhnix jh%jhnqhk`kjhn ]qinasxnfq }qh``hn ai}} náe`kml kahb`bjk}mlh xnaebwi`k}mlh Dwijhn nkmlq kn jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Iglina%

9<; Hnq}mlhkaxnj Nw. 44=; 9=.1.31 GIn <7 =3.1.316 ekq Wðmfthwzhk} ixd Hnq}mlhkaxnj Nw. 7:48 9:.8.9;:; GIn ;8 77.8.9;:;.




734

`xnjhn jhlôwhn. Ohahndi``} k}q akh}h} Fwkqhwkxe ahw GSoE nkmlqthwi``jhehknhwxnj}dálkj xna aiekq xnx`á}}kj.

Zhkqhwlkn dbwahwq akh GSoE hkn Gxml xw Oxahnthwnkmlqxnj

eð}}h „i``h ghfinnqhn Difqhn Jh}hqh Thwbwanxnjhn xna Jh%wkmlq}xwqhk`h aiw`hjhn xna fwkqk}ml zðwakjhn.‐ Akh}h ig}b`xqk}qk%}mlh Dbwahwxnj k}q }mlbn i``hkn ixdjwxna ah} Xedinj} akh}hw Aknjh tô``kj xneôj`kml. ]b jkgq h} knzk}mlhn ehknh} Zk}}hn}}mlbn ehlw i`} 9.333 Xwqhk`h x injhg`kmlhn N]%Jhzi`qthwgwh%mlhn. Zhnn ohah} akh}hw Xwqhk`h nxw 73 ]hkqhn xedi}}qh zkh tkh`h]hkqhn gwáxmlqh ein zbl` xe i``h Xwqhk`h aiwx`hjhn xna fwkqk}mlx zðwakjhn2 Xna ainn záwh aiaxwml nbml nkmlq} jhzbnnhn

ahnn Jhwkmlq}xwqhk`h }kna `hqq`kml nkmlq} inahwh} i`} akh In}kmlqhntbn @ikhn ixdjwxna tbn Kndbweiqkbnhn tbe Lôwhn}ijhn. ]ml`khÒ%`kml }kna Wkmlqhw ” tbe ]qinasxnfq ah} Lk}qbwkfhw} ghqwimlqhq ” hghn nkmlq} inahwh} i`} lk}qbwk}mlh @ikhn xna klwh Xwqhk`h ghwxlhnhghn ixd Ix}}ijhn Awkqqhw akh swifqk}ml nkh xniglánjkj axwmlAbfxehnqh bahw ]imlghzhk}h thwkdkkhwq zhwahn fbnnqhn. Kn}b%dhwn }kna akh Xwqhk`h tbn ]qwidjhwkmlqhn dðw ahn Jh}mlkmlq}dbw%}mlhw khe`kml zhwq`b}. Inahw} thwlkh`qh h} }kml zhnn ein ixd

akh Hwekqq`xnj}ifqhn akwhfq _xjwkdd ghfáeh bahw zhnn ghk ahxq%}mlhn ]qwidswbh}}hn Zbwq`ixqswbqbfb``h injhdhwqkjq zbwahn zá%whn akh ein hkn}hlhn fônnqh. I`} `injoálwkjhw @hkqhw ahw _hnqwi%`hn ]qh``h dðw akh Hwekqq`xnj tbn N]%Thwgwhmlhn kn @xazkj}gxwjliqqh Wðmfhw` _xjwkdd ixd di}q i``h Hwekqq`xnj}ifqhn ighw dðw Lk}%qbwkfhw k}q akh}h} Eiqhwki` xnxjánj`kml.9;3

Dh}q }qhlq ailhw ai}} akh}h Dbwahwxnj ahw GSoE zhahw swif%qk}ml nbml qlhbwhqk}ml hwdð``q zhwahn finn.

Akh}h zk``fðw`kmlhn ei|kei`k}qk}mlhn Indbwahwxnjhn ahw GSoE in hkn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh} Zhwf xw Oxahnthwnkmlqxnj zðw%ahn }b ein }kh hwdð``hn zðwah ainn zbl` d`xj} axwml nhxh hghn%}b zk``fðw`kmlh xna xn}knnkjh hwjánq zhwahn. Akh}h} Tbwjhlhnk}q sxwh Zk``fðw)

9;3 Ai} Iwmlkt zxwah tbw fxwhe dðw akh Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj xjánj`kml jheimlq bg%j`hkml Whtk}kbnk}qhn abwq hlhw hknh Thwlidqxnj i`} hknh Hw`hxmlqxnj hwziwqhn zðwah.




73:

<. Dikq

Niml ahe ahxq}mlhn Oxjhna}mlxqjh}hq zkwa ahw Ghkwiq ahw GSoE ahw Knakkhwxnjhn gh}ml`khÒq ekq Thwqwhqhwn akthw}hw jh%}h``}mlidq`kmlhw Jwxsshn gh}hqq aiwxnqhw }b`mlh tbn wh`kjkô}hnJwxsshn ix} ahe Thwìj}zh}hn ahw Dkèknax}qwkh xna áln`kmlhnJwxsshn.

Hkn Thwqwhqhw ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq dknahq }kml aiwxnqhw nkmlq. Eindknahq i`} xnqhwhkmlnhnah Thwinqzbwq`kmlh xnqhw hknkjhn ahw lkhw hwzálnqhn Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`ð}}hn hknhn Niehn ekq Abfqbwqk%qh`.9;9 Ahw Abfqbwqkqh` zkwa hkjhnq`kml nxw ahe thw`khlhn ahw nimljhzkh}hn liq ai}} hw x zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhe Iwghkqhn dálkjk}q. I``hwaknj} }mlhknq hw kn ahe tbw`khjhnahn Di`` nkmlq akh Dá%lkjfhkq x ghzhk}hn ðghwlixsq x zk}}hn zi} Zk}}hn}mlidq k}q.

H} k}q ailhw dh}qx}qh``hn?¾ Akh GSoE k}q knqh``hfqxh`` xnqhwgh}hqq.¾ ?hnn Ak}}kahnqhn`kqhwiqxw hn}khwq zkwa linah`q akh GSoE i`}

ai} Bwzh``}mlh Zilwlhkq}eknk}qhwkxe ahw Gxnah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}mlìna blnh ohah whmlq}}qiiq`kmlh @hjkqkeiqkbn. Ah}li`gli`qh kml h} ekq ahn Knakkhwxnj}gh}ml`ð}}hn ahw GSoE zkhah%wxe zkh Nkfbìx} Fbshwnkfx}?

„]b``qhn ighw tkh``hkmlq ]mlzáqhw fbeehn akh bgj`hkmlxnzk}}hna kn Zk}}hn}mlidq }kml abml hkn Xwqhk` aiwðghw in%eiÒhn xna h} zijhn }b``qhn akh}h} ehkn Zhwf x qiah`n xna inxjwhkdhn }b eimlh kml ekw nkmlq} ix} klnhn oi kml zk`` klw Xwqhk` i`} `hkmlqdhwqkj thwimlqhn.‐

9;9 ]b „Aw. Ghqqkni Gwbmflbw}q‐ xnqhw ahn Gh}ml`ð}}hn jhjhn akh Gðmlhw Wkh}h Ix}mlzkq? Nimfqh Difqhn xna F@ ]qxqqlbd .




73;

H. Zkahw}qina

K. Jwxna}áq`kmlh}

Kml zhnah ekml nxn hknhe }hlw lhkf`hn Qlhei x ai} kml}mlbn ehlwdiml fxw hwzálnq ligh. Ai kml ixml lkhw nkmlq ahnHknawxmf hwzhmfhn eômlqh kml láqqh ekw hqzi} xwhmlq jh}mlnhk%ahwq aiwd kml zkhahwxe ix}dðlw`kml ixd akh Ix}dðlwxnjhn akthw}hw swbeknhnqhw Shw}ôn`kmlfhkqhn xwðmfjwhkdhn.

Kml dinjh ekq ahe Thwli`qhn}dbw}mlhw xna Nbgh`swhk}qwájhw Fbnwia @bwhn in ahw }mlwkhg?9;7

„Iàbx} Lx|`h{ liq kn fìwhn Zbwqhn jh}ijq ai}} akh Dwhk%lhkq ah} Hknhèhn}mlhn ke xejhfhlwqhn Thwlá`qnk} xw JwôÒhah} ]qiiqh} }qhlh ah}}hn Xnqhwqin hw k}q. V․U Ahw ixd Knaktk%axi`kqáq xna ixd }hknh Ehn}mlhnwhmlqh sbmlhnah ixqbnbehEhn}ml k}q kn jwbÒhn ]qiiqhn nkmlq gh`khgq xna ziw zhahw ghkahw Bgwkjfhkq nbml kn ahw ôddhnq`kmlhn Ehknxnj. Akh}h }mlwhkgq

}hlw jhnix tbw zi} “ein‛ qxq bahw nkmlq qxq6 zhw }kml inahw}thwlá`q k}q xeknah}q thwaámlqkj bahw zkwa dðw nkmlq nbwei`

injh}hlhn.‐@bwhn‛ ]mlð`hw ahw ìnjoálwkjh @hkqhw ah} Ei|%Sìnmf%Kn}qk%

qxq} dðw Thwli`qhn}dbw}mlxnj Kwhnáx} Hkg`%Hkgh}dhà }sinn akh}hnDiahn zkh db`jq zhkqhw?9;=

„Ai} Thwli`qhn Vahw Ix}jwhnxnj tbn IxÒhn}hkqhwnU hw% zknjq akh Inj`hkmlxnj ah} IxÒhn}hkqhw} }bdhwn kle ai} eôj%`kml k}q. Akh jhjhn akh IxÒhn}hkqhw jhwkmlqhqh Ijjwh}}kbn liq knakh}he ]knnh hknh nbwehwli`qhnah Dxnfqkbn xna ai} eij kn

ahn F`hknjwxsshn ahw I`q}qhknhkq iaisqkt jhzh}hn }hkn. Lhxqh jk`q ai} }kmlhw nkmlq. Xn}hwh Jh}h``}mlidq swbdkqkhwq jhwiah tbnahn IxÒhn}hkqhwn akh bdq gh}bnahw} ghjigqh Fx`qxwqwájhw

}kna.‐Ðghw akh ghahnf`kml h}fi`khwhnah jh}h``}mlidq`kmlh Thwdb`jxnj

kn Ahxq}mlìna ke _xjh ahw keehw diniqk}mlhw axwmljh}hqqhn„sb`kqkmi` mbwwhmqnh}}‐ }mlwkhg Ohn} Oh}}hn kn ahw `knfhn i`}b gh%

9;7 Fbnwia @bwhn Ahw Iggix ah} Ehn}ml`kmlhn Skshw Eðnmlhn 9;<= ]. 777.9;= Kwhnáx} Hkg`%Hkgh}dhà iiB. ,Ine. 4=+ ]. 938.




793

}qkeeq nkmlq ah} Whmlq}wiakfi`k}ex} thwaámlqkjqhn Zbmlhnhk%qxnj Akh _hkq ie 79.=.7337?

„Zhw lhxqh hknh zkwf`kml fbnqwbthw}h Sb}kqkbn dbwex`khwq

zkwa }bj`hkml ]finai`jh}mlwhk thwnhlehn zhnn nkmlq jhdálw%`kmlhn Qigxgwxml} thwaámlqkjq zhwahn. Akh `kghwi`h Ôddhnq%`kmlfhkq nhkjq aix inahwh i`} `kghwi`h Ehknxnjhn Vbahw zi}}kh aidðw lá`q JWU jiw nkmlq ehlw xx`i}}hn. Hknh @k}qh tbnJhainfhn `khÒh }kml ixd}qh``hn ahwhn ÁxÒhwxnj di}q thwgbqhnk}q. VNxw di}q2 JW ․U Ahw @kghwi`k}ex} liq jh}khjq ighw akh%

}hw ]khj gh}qhlq aiwkn ai}} hw }hknh Qb`hwin thw`bwhn liq. H}k}q hkn thwdb`jhnahw @kghwi`k}ex} hnq}qinahn ahw i``h} Ahnfhn

xnqhw Wiakfi`k}ex}thwaimlq }qh``q ai} niml I`qhwniqkthn xahn gh}qhlhnahn Thwlá`qnk}}hn }xmlq. V․U Ahw }khjwhkmlh @k%ghwi`k}ex} liq akh Ehnqi`kqáq hknh} ]qiiq}}mlxqh} injhnbe%ehn ahw ðghwi`` Thwdi}}xnj}dhknah }khlq. V․U I`} Di}mlk}q jk`q lhxqxqijh oheina }mlnh``hw i`} hw g`knh`n finn.‐Eiqlki} Fhss`knjhw ahw }kml ix}jkhgkj ekq ahn Ehqlbahn ahw

Ehakhn xw Ix}jwhnxnj Inahw}ahnfhnahw gh}mládqkjqh }mlwkhgkn }hknhw ]qxakh ah} Qkqh`} Akh Fxn}q ahw ]finai`khwxnj xna akh

K``x}kbn ahw Zilwlhkq ?9;1

„Zi} }kna akh Xw}imlhn ahw knqb`hwinqhn Whifqkbnhn tbnEhn}mlhn akh }kml }h`g}q dðw qb`hwinq li`qhn2 Hkn Jwxna k}q akh dh}qh Ðghwhxjxnj Inahw}ahnfhnah láqqhn nkmlq nxw hknh

di`}mlh Ehknxnj }bnahwn thwzhkjhwqhn }kml ahw Zkwf`kmlfhkqakh klwhw}hkq} hknh Db`jh ahw hwdb`jwhkmlhn Hqig`khwxnj i``%

jhehkn thwgkna`kmlhw ]kmlqzhk}hn k}q. V․U Ahw Jh`qxnj}%in}swxml zkwa h|hes`iwk}ml axwml akh ]finai`khwxnj tbn Shw%

}bnhn xna Bwjink}iqkbnhn abfxehnqkhwq akh akh Nbwehn thw%`hqhn. Ai} _kh` ahw ]finai`khwxnj k}q klwh ôddhnq`kmlh Ámlqxnj. V․U Akh Nbnfbndbwek}qhn eð}}hn db`j`kml ix}jh}mli`qhq zhw%ahn. V․U

Akh Ámlqxnj ahw Nbnfbndbwek}qhn akhnq ahw ]kmlhwxnj ah}Ðghw`hjhnlhkq}jhdðl`} ahw Ehlwlhkq }bzkh ahw Xnqhwzhwdxnj ahw ]finai`khwqhn. V․U Kn akh}he ]knnh zhk}hn i``h ]finai`hqbqi`kqáwh _ðjh ixd? ]kh kh`hn ixd akh J`hkml}mli`qxnj i``hw

zhk` akh ôddhnq`kmlh Igzhkmlxnj hknkjhw ahn Eimlqin}swxml9;1 B`bj Eðnmlhn 7339 ]. <1d. <<d.




799

ahw ]finai`khwhw xna klwhw Inlánjhw kn Dwijh }qh``hn zðwah. Akh jwbÒhn ]finai`h finn ein ah}li`g ixml i`} ahebfwiqk% }mlh Tiwkinqhn tbn ]mlixswbh}}hn ghqwimlqhn.‐

Xna zhnn akh ôddhnq`kmlh ]finai`khwxnj xw Xnqhwawðmfxnjtbn Ak}}hn} nkmlq ix}whkmlq ainn jwhkdq ein ixml kn akh}he ]qiiqxe Swbh}} zkh ein kn ehknhe Di`` }khlq.

Ahw Kndbweiqkbn}zk}}hn}mlidq`hw Swbd. Aw. Fiw` ]qhkngxml ahw kn ahn dwðlhn 9;:3hw Oilwhn ahn _x}ieehngwxml ahw Ak}fx}%}kbn}fx`qxw in ahn ahxq}mlhn Lbml}mlx`hn ekqhw`hghn ex}}qh i`}`knf}wiakfi`h ]qxahnqhn ekq }bjhninnqhn „}kq%kn}‐ aidðw }bwjqhnai}} xnghyxheh Swbdh}}bwhn klwhe @hlwixdqwij fixe ehlw niml%

fbeehn fbnnqhn liq aix kn zhk}hw Tbwix}}kmlq jh}mlwkhghn?9;8

„Ein jkgq nkmlq x ai}} Ahebfwiqkh aiwkn gh}qhlq ixmlinahwh }swhmlhn x ì}}hn xna ai}} Ak}fxqkhwhn ekq _xlôwhnghjknnq. Akh}hw ahswkekhwhnah ]qk` ahw ôddhnq`kmlhn Ix}hknin%ahw}hqxnj zkwa }ml`khÒ`kml xw Hnqahebfwiqk}khwxnj dðlwhn.‐Ahw hghn}b ghwhkq} xtbw kqkhwqh }sink}mlh ]bkb`bjh Ob}ë Bw%

qhji { Ji}}hq mliwifqhwk}khwqh ai} zi} kn Ahxq}mlìna }hkqlhw tbw }kml jhlq }mlbn Oilwhlnqh ke Tbwix} tô``kj wkmlqkj knahe hw

}mlwkhg?9;4

„V․U ekq ahe Ak}fxqkhwhn ]ml`xÒ eimlhn V․U lhkÒq einthwkmlqhq ixd hkn fx`qktkhwqh} _x}ieehn`hghn V․U xna dá``q knhknh giwgiwk}mlh Jhehkn}mlidq xwðmf.‐Ai}} ]kh lkhw nkmlq thw}xmlhn ekml ekq Iwjxehnqhn tbn ehk%

nhw Ehknxnj igxgwknjhn }bnahwn aiaxwml ai}} ]kh ohah Ak}fx}%}kbn thwzhkjhwn xna ekml }qiqq ah}}hn kn} Jhdánjnk} x zhwdhnqwimlqhn k}q jhnix akh}hw Wðmfdi`` kn akh Giwgiwhk. Ahnn xe nbml

hknei` Fiw` ]qhkngxml x kqkhwhn?9;:

„V․ akhU Tbwix}}hqxnj ohahw jìxgzðwakjhn xna axwml%

}hqgiwhn Thwli`qhn}nbwe kn xn}hwhw _hkq Vk}qU klwh Ghjwðn%axnj axwml thw}qhlgiwh Nbqzhnakjfhkqhn V․U.‐Jhzi`qinawblxnjhn }kna ighw fhknh Ghjwðnaxnj axwml thw%

}qhlgiwh Nbqzhnakjfhkqhn. Zhw hknh Ak}fx}}kbn thwzhkjhwq xna

9;8 Fiw` ]qhkngxml Fxw}fbwwhfqxw ]hhzià ]qxqqjiwq 9;:= ]. ;<.9;4 Ob}ë Bwqhji { Ji}}hq iiB. ,Ine. 49+ ]. 9=8.9;: Fiw` ]qhkngxml iiB. ,Ine. 9;8+ ]. 43.




797

}qiqqah}}hn Jhzi`q inzhnahq liq hghn ixdjhlôwq x ghjwðnahn.Ahw finn ixml nkmlq hwziwqhn thw}qinahn x zhwahn.

I`h|inahw xna Eiwjiwhqh Ekq}mlhw`kml }kna axwml klw Gxml

Akh Xndálkjfhkq x qwixhwn ghwðleq jhzbwahn hkn Ehk`hn}qhknahw gxnah}ahxq}mlhn Thwjinjhnlhkq}ghzá`qkjxnj. H} }mlhknq ighw ðghw}hlhn x zhwahn ekq zh`mlhw Swáek}}h akh ghkahn Ixqbwhnai} Gxml jh}mlwkhghn lighn ailhw aiwd kml akh}h lkhw ix} ahwhnTbwzbwq kn Hwknnhwxnj wxdhn?9;<

„Jkgq h} nhghn xn}hwhe ]qwhghn niml Whkmlqxe ixml hknnhxhwaknj} hwzimlqh} niml Dwhklhkq2 Ehlwq bahw eknahwq }kmlakh Qb`hwin igzhkmlhnah Ehknxnjhn ” ixml }b`mlh akh xn}

áwjhwn ” x hwqwijhn2 K}q Jhainfhndwhklhkq dðw akh Gðwjhw xn% }hwh} @inah} xw xnigaknjgiwhn Dbwahwxnj in klwh Jh}h``% }mlidq jhzbwahn2 V․U

Zb ighw Jhainfhndwhklhkq nkmlq dbwqzálwhna fwkqk}ml lhw%ix}jhdbwahwq zkwa k}q }kh kn Jhdilw zkhahw x hw`ô}mlhn.‐Kn akh j`hkmlh Fhwgh }ml`ájq ixml ahw lkhw }mlbn bdq gheðlqh

Fiw` W. Sbsshw kn }hknhe F`i}}kfhw Akh bddhnh Jh}h``}mlidq xna klwh Dhknah?9;;

„Zhw nkmlq ghwhkq k}q dðw akh Dwhklhkq x fáesdhn ahw zkwa }kh thw`khwhn.‐

KK. Ahw ]qiiq i`} _kh` ah} Zkahw}qinah}

Zi} ighw zhnn ahw ]qiiq ai} _kh` ah} Zkahw}qinah} k}q zhk` hw Dwhklhkq xnwhmlqeáÒkj gh}mlnhkahq2 Kml zxwah lkhw tbe Sb`khk%Ahhwniq ]qiiq}}mlxq tbw Jhwkmlq jhhwwq. Ahw ]qiiq ehknq i`}b hw eð}}h }kml tbw ekw }mlðqhn zhk` kml kln injhg`kml kwjhnazkh gh%awblh. Ein }khlq ekml i`} ]qiiq}dhkna in. Ai} eômlqh kml ighw nkmlq }hkn xna kml ahnfh ixml nkmlq ai}} kml ai} gkn. Zálwhnaehknhw gkbjwislk}mlhn Ix}dðlwxnjhn ligh kml thw}mlkhahnq`kmlinjhahxqhq ai}} kml i`} Lhwinziml}hnahw xna oxnjhw Einn ekqDwhxah ghwhkq ziw ekml dðw akh}hn ]qiiq dðw akh}h} Jhehknzh}hn

9;< I`h|inahw xna Eiwjiwhqh Ekq}mlhw`kml Akh Xndálkjfhkq x qwixhwn Skshw Eðnmlhn ].:d.

9;; Fiw` Sbsshw Akh bddhnh Jh}h``}mlidq ․ iiB. ,Ine 4;+ Ga. 7 ]. =:1.




79=

hknx}hqhn kle x akhnhn. Ehkn Hnqlx}ki}ex} dðw akh}hn ]qiiqhwìleqh hw}q i`} kml x hwfhnnhn ghjinn zkh ahw ]qiiq jxqzk``kjhGðwjhw nxw ah}li`g thwdb`jq zhk` }kh x I}shfqhn ahw Jh}mlkmlqh

inahwh In}kmlqhn lighn. Kml ligh ekml x akh}hw Qwijôakh }qiiq`k%mlhn Dhl`thwli`qhn} thw}mlkhahnq`kml jháxÒhwq }b ixml ke In%linj x ehknhe Gxml Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh zbwix} kmlkqkhwhn aiwd?733

„Zhw akh @hjkqkekqáq ahw Gxnah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}mlìna tbnahw Wkmlqkjfhkq bahw Di`}mllhkq ahw Jh}mlkmlq}}mlwhkgxnj ðghw hkn Ahqik` ahw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh iglánjkj eimlhn zk`` ,xna akh}qxn kn `hqqhw _hkq di}q i``h jwbÒhn Ehakhn xna tkh`h Sb`kqkfhw+

ahw liq nkmlq nxw hkn tô``kj di`}mlh} Thw}qánank} tbn ahnJwxnaìjhn akh}hw Whsxg`kf akh }kml hghn nkmlq ixd ahn Lb`b%mix}q jwðnahq }bnahwn ixd akh _x}qkeexnj axwml klwh Gðwjhw xna ixd akh xnthwáxÒhw`kmlhn Ehn}mlhn% xna Tô`fhwwhmlqh

}bnahwn ahw ghjhlq xj`hkml ehlwhwh xnthwhkl`kmlh Thwgwh%mlhn? _xnáml}q jkgq hw ahn qiq}áml`kmlhn Dhknahn akh}hw Wh%

sxg`kf hknh hkndimlh Lina`xnj}inzhk}xnj zkh }kh xn}hwhn]qiiq hw}qôwhn fônnhn. ]bainn k}q h} in }kml xnthwinqzbwq`kml

xna `ámlhw`kml xj`hkml ai} Zbl` xna Zhlh hknh} ]qiiqh} tbnhknhe “jh}mlkmlq`kmlhn Ahqik`‛ iglánjkj x eimlhn. Zi} }b`` ahnn akh}hw ]qiiq eimlhn zhnn }kml qiq}áml`kml lhwix}}qh``qaiÒ akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn whmlq lighn2 ]b`` hw }kml ainn }h`g}q ixd`ô}hn2 Bahw }b`` hw akh Jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq thwgkhqhnxna i``h Lk}qbwkfhw kn akh Jhdánjnk}}h zhwdhn2 Lkhw hwfhnnq ein }bdbwq ixd zh`ml }mlkhdh Giln ein }kml ekq }b`ml di`}mlhn

In}kmlqhn ghjkgq? Ahwohnkjh ahw tbwjkgq akh}h Whsxg`kf axwml

hknh wðmf}kmlq}`b}h Thwqhkakjxnj ahw lhwfôee`kmlhn Lb`b%mix}qjh}mlkmlqhn }mlðqhn x zb``hn zkwa ke Hwn}qdi`` jh%

zxnjhn }hkn akh qiq}áml`kmlhn Sdhk`hw akh}h} ]qiiqh} x xn%qhwjwighn akh ai }kna? dwhkh Ehknxnj}áxÒhwxnj Dwhklhkq ahw

Dbw}mlxnj @hlwh xna Zk}}hn}mlidq xna akh whmlq}}qiiq`kmlhxniglánjkjh Ox}qk. Hw zkwa }bekq tbe tbwjhg`kmlhn Gh}mlðq%

hw ahw dwhklhkq`kml%ahebfwiqk}mlhn Jwxnabwanxnj akwhfq xklwhw jwôÒqhn Ghawblxnj. V․U

733 Hwn}q Jix}} iiB. ,Ine. 971+ ]. 134d.




791

Ix} ahw di`}mlhn Ixddi}}xnj ðghw akh Jwxnaìjhn ahw dwhk%lhkq`kml%ahebfwiqk}mlhn Jwxnabwanxnj ahw Gxnah}whsxg`kf

Ahxq}mlìna hwjkgq }kml ighw nbml hknh zhkqhwh Jhdilw dðw akh%

}h Bwanxnj. ]kh `khjq kn ahe Xe}qina aiÒ akh Inlánjhw akh% }hw di`}mlhn Ixddi}}xnj ixml ohnh x ]qiiq}dhknahn hwf`áwhnakh akh}he ]qiiq xna }hknhe Tb`f nkmlq} Gô}h} zb``hn bahw kle jiw x akhnhn ghwhkq }kna ” nxw zhk` }kh ðghw jhzk}}h hkq%

jh}mlkmlq`kmlh I}shfqh inahwh Ixddi}}xnjhn lhjhn. H} zhwahnekqlkn keijknáwh Dhknah jh}mliddhn akh hkjhnq`kml jiw fhknh

}kna. Ein qwhkgq `b{i`h ]qiiq}gðwjhw axwml akh jhjhn }kh ìx% dhnah Lhqh jhwiahx kn hknh Dhknawb``h lknhkn }mliddq i`}b

hw}q ahn Dhkna ahn ein x ghfáesdhn tbwjkgq. Akh}hw }h`g}q% jh}mliddhnh Dhkna akhnq ainn i`} Whmlqdhwqkjxnj akh kn ahw Thwdi}}xnj jiwinqkhwqhn Jwxnawhmlqh zkh bghn gh}mlwkhghn

x}hlhna} hknx}mlwánfhn. Akh}h} Igawánjhn hkjhnq`kml jxq%zk``kjhw ]qiiq}gðwjhw kn hknh xnjhzb``qh Dhknawb``h exÒ ekq

xnhlehnahe zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Hwdb`j ah} Whtk}kbnk}ex} x jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhn Sbìwk}khwxnjhn dðlwhn zi} ahe knnhwhn Dwkhahn ahw Gxnah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}mlìna nkmlq ghfbeeq.

H} k}q ailhw in ahw _hkq ahn }iml`kmlhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Aki`bj x }xmlhn xna ahe Lb`bmix}q `hakj`kml ohnh Wb``h i`}Eb}ikf}qhkn hknh} Jh}mlkmlq}gkàh} xxzhk}hn akh kle jh%gðlwq xe ]mliahn tbe In}hlhn xn}hwh} ]qiiqh} x zhnahn.‐Knahe ahw ]qiiq ehknq }kml tbw dwkha`kmlhn Gðwjhwn }mlðqhn

x eð}}hn liq hw }hknh zkmlqkj}qh H|k}qhnghwhmlqkjxnj ix} ahnIxjhn thw`bwhn zkh h} Fiw` Sbsshw wkmlqkj lhwtbwlbg?739

„Ighw kml thwìnjh ai}} ahw dxnaiehnqi`h _zhmf ah} ]qii%

qh} nkmlq ix} ahn Ixjhn thw`bwhn zkwa náe`kml ahw ]mlxq oh%nhw Dwhklhkq akh ahn inahwhn Gðwjhwn fhknhn ]mliahn xdðjq.‐Zkh hw}mlwhmfhna hkndiml h} k}q Ehn}mlhn aix x gwknjhn

Jwix}iefhkqhn x ghjhlhn zhnn }kh nxw in akh Ixqbwkqáq klwhw Ghdhl`}jhghw jìxghn liq ahw ]bkb`bjh ]q. Ek`jwie Ekqqh ahw 9;43hw Oilwh inlina hknh} H|shwkehnq} nimljhzkh}hn. Aighkzxwahn ]qxahnqhn tbn hknhe Swbdh}}bw ixdjhdbwahwq hknhw Qh}q% shw}bn xnqhw Xe}qánahn ixml }mlehwlidqh ]qwbe}ml`ájh x thw%

si}}hn i`} Gh}qwidxnj dðw ghjinjhnh Dhl`hw. Dwhk`kml ziw akh739 Fiw` Sbsshw Akh bddhnh Jh}h``}mlidq ․ iiB. ,Ine. 4;+ Ga. 9 ]. 9=7.




798

Qh}qshw}bn nxw hkn ]mlix}skh`hw xna }hknh Whifqkbnhn ixd akhdknjkhwqhn ]qwbe}ml`ájh ziwhn jh}skh`q ighw ai} zx}}qhn akh ]qx%ahnqhn nkmlq. Nxw =:8 ( ahw Qh}q}qxahnqhn thwzhkjhwqhn ahn Jh%

lbw}ie akh}hw „Thw}xml}shw}bn‐ }mláakjhnah ]qwbe}qôÒh x thw%}hqhn.737 Ek`jwie fbeehnqkhwqh akh}h} }mlbmfkhwhnah Xnqhw%qinhnthwli`qhn zkh db`jq?73=

„Zhnn h} kn akh}hw ]qxakh hknhe inbn{ehn H|shwkehnqiqbw eôj`kml ziw Hwziml}hnhn x ghdhl`hn hknhn dðndkjoálwkjhnEinn kn} Obml x zknjhn xna kle qwbq Swbqh}qh} }mlehwlid%qh H`hfqwb}mlbmf} x thw}hqhn ainn finn ein nxw jh}sinnq

}hkn zi} hknh Whjkhwxnj ” akh ðghw zhkq jwôÒhwh Ixqbwkqáq xna

jwôÒhwh} Swh}qkjh thwdðjq ” klwhn Xnqhwqinhn x ghdhl`hnthweij.‐Akh}h} H|shwkehnq k}q lhxqh hkn Fì}}kfhw xna ein ex}} nkmlq

ìnjh }xmlhn xe akh Inqzbwq x dknahn zi} hkn ]qiiq}akhnhw i`%`h} x qxn ghwhkq k}q zhnn hkn Ghdhl` tbn bghn fbeeq. ]mlixhn]kh }kml nxw xe zkh tkh`h ]qiiq}akhnhw kn akh}he Wixe iwqkj jh%lbwmlhn zhnn }kh bddhnfxnakj xn}mlxàkjh dwkha`kmlh Ak}}kahn%qhn kn} Jhdánjnk} }shwwhn }b``hn. Akh Xnjhlbw}ie}wiqh `khjq ai

gk}lhw nbml ghk 3(.@i}}hn ]kh ekml nxn ix} ahe Fì}}kfhw }ml`hmlqlkn kqkhwhn knahe akh Jhlbw}ie}thwzhkjhwxnj jhjhn ahn xnjhwhmlqhn ]qiiqix}dbwex`khwq zxwah náe`kml ix} ahe H}}i{ ah} X]%Iehwkfinhw}Lhnw{ Aitka Qlbwhix ekq ahe Qkqh` „Mktk` Ak}bghakhnmh‐ xAhxq}ml? „_ktk`hw Xnjhlbw}ie‐. Ahw Qh|q zxwah Ekqqh ahw 9<83hw Oilwh thwdi}}q injh}kmlq} ah} Ijjwh}}kbn}fwkhjh} ahw X]I jhjhnEh|kfb xw Hwbghwxnj tbn Qh|i} }bzkh i`} Swbqh}q jhjhn akh

]fìthwhk. Kml kqkhwh?731

„Xnjhwhmlqh Jh}hqh h|k}qkhwhn? }b``qhn zkw xn} aiekq x%

dwkhahn jhghn klnhn x jhlbwmlhn bahw }b``hn zkw xn} gheð%lhn }kh x ánahwn xna klnhn }bìnjh jhlbwmlhn gk} xn} akh}

jh`xnjhn k}q bahw }b``hn zkw }kh }bdbwq ðghwqwhqhn2 Xnqhw hknhw

737 ]qin`h{ Ek`jwie „Hknkjh Ghaknjxnjhn tbn Ixqbwkqáq}jhlbw}ie xna }hknhw Thwzhkjh%wxnj‐ _hkq}mlwkdq dðw h|shwkehnqh``h xna injhzinaqh S}{mlb`bjkh 9= ,9;44+ ]. 1==” 14=6 tj`. zzz.ah.zkfkshaki.bwj"zkfk"Ek`jwieh|shwkehnq.

73= Hga. ]. 143 niml Kwhnáx} Hkg`%Hkgh}dhà Ahw tbwswbjwieekhwqh Ehn}ml iiB. ,Ine.4=+ ]. 93=.

731 Lhnw{ Aitka Qlbwhix Ziàhn ina bqlhw zwkqknj} Ginqie Qbwbnqb 9;<9 ]. ;7 ;1.




794

Whjkhwxnj zkh akh}hw ehknhn akh Ehn}mlhn i``jhehkn ai}} }khziwqhn eð}}qhn gk} }kh akh Ehlwlhkq ðghwwhahq lighn }kh xánahwn. ]kh ahnfhn ai}} ai} Jhjhnekqqh` }ml`keehw záwh i`}

ai} Ðgh` }b``qhn }kh }kml zkahw}hqhn. Ighw h} k}q ahw Dhl`hw ahw Whjkhwxnj }h`g}q ai}} ai} Jhjhnekqqh` }ml`keehw k}q i`}ai} Ðgh`. ]kh eimlq h} }ml`keehw. Ziwxe k}q h} nkmlq injh%gwimlqhw Whdbwehn tbwix}x}hlhn xna }kh tbwx}hlhn2 Zi%wxe zðwakjq }kh Vakh WhjkhwxnjU nkmlq klwh zhk}h Eknahwlhkq2Ziwxe }mlwhkq }kh xna zkahw}qhlq ghtbw klw ixml nxw jh}mli%ahq zxwah2 Ziwxe hwexnqhwq }kh klwh Gðwjhw nkmlq ziml}ie

x }hkn xe klwh Dhl`hw ixdxhkjhn xna gh}}hw x linah`n i`}

}kh akh}h linah`n ì}}hn zðwah2 Ziwxe fwhxkjq }kh keehw Mlwk}qx} h|fbeexnkkhwq Fbshwnkfx} xna @xqlhw xna hwf`áwq Zi}lknjqbn xna Dwinf`kn x Whgh``hn2 V․U

Hknh Eknahwlhkq k}q eimlq`b} zhnn }kh }kml ahw Ehlwlhkq xnqhwbwanhq6 }kh k}q ainn nbml nkmlq hknei` hknh Eknahwlhkq6ighw }kh k}q xnzkahw}qhl`kml zhnn }kh }kml ekq i`` klwhe Jh%zkmlq yxhw}qh``q. Zhnn akh I`qhwniqkth lhkÒq hnqzhahw i``h jh%whmlqhn Ehn}mlhn kn Jhdánjnk}}hn x li`qhn bahw ighw ahn

Fwkhj xna akh ]fìthwhk ixdxjhghn. }b zkwa ahw ]qiiq nkmlq ôjhwn zh`mlh} hw zál`q. V․UXnqhw hknhw Whjkhwxnj akh ohazhahn xnjhwhmlqdhwqkjqhw%

zhk}h hkn}shwwq k}q ahw zilwh Sìq dðw hknhn jhwhmlqhn Ehn% }mlhn ke Jhdánjnk}.‐Qlbwhix ziw aiei`} dðw hknhn Qij kn} Jhdánjnk} jh}shwwq zbw%

ahn zhk` hw }kml jhzhkjhwq liqqh akh Fkwmlhn}qhxhw x il`hnxei` hw ix} ahw Fkwmlh ix}jhqwhqhn ziw ighw ai} zxwah aiei`}

hkndiml nkmlq qb`hwkhwq. Hw nile akh}hn Tbwdi`` ighw xe Inì}}qkhdhwjhlhnah Jhainfhn xw Hknfhwfhwxnj dwkha`kmlhw Inahw}%ahnfhnahw nkhahwx`hjhn?738

„Vakh Whjkhwxnj}thwqwhqhwU aimlqhn ehkn jwôÒqhw Zxn}ml }hk jhzh}hn ixd ahw inahwhn ]hkqh akh}hw Jhdánjnk}qðw x }qh%lhn. Kml fbnnqh nxw nbml `ámlh`n zkh d`hkÒkj }kh akh Qðwh ig%

}ml`b}}hn jhjhn ehkn Nimlahnfhn ai} klnhn blnh Thwôjh%wxnj xna Ghlknahwxnj lknix} db`jqh xna ]KH ziwhn zkwf`kml

i``h} zi} jhdálw`kml ziw. Ai }kh ekml nkmlq inqi}qhn fbnnqhn738 Hga. ]. ;:.




79:

gh}ml`b}}hn }kh ehknhn Fôwshw x gh}qwidhn6 }b zkh Gxghnzhnn }kh }kml nkmlq in hknhw Shw}bn thwjwhkdhn fônnhn jhjhnakh }kh hknhn Jwb`` lhjhn klwhn Lxna ek}}linah`n zhwahn. Kml

}il ai}} ahw ]qiiq qwbqqh`lidq ziw ai}} hw hknjh}mlðmlqhwq ziw zkh hknh hkn}ieh Dwix ekq klwhn ]k`ghw`ôddh`n xna ai}} hw }hk%nh Dwhxnah nkmlq tbn }hknhn Dhknahn xnqhw}mlhkahn fbnnqhxna kml thw`bw i`` ehknhn thwg`khghnhn Wh}shfq dðw kln kmlghekq`hkahqh kln. Ahw ]qiiq fbndwbnqkhwq ailhw nkh hknh} Ein%nh} Thwnxndq knqh``hfqxh`` bahw ebwi`k}ml }bnahwn nxw }hknhn

Fôwshw }hknh ]knnh. Hw k}q nkmlq ghziddnhq ekq lôlhwhe Thw% }qina bahw lôlhwhw Hlw`kmlfhkq }bnahwn nxw ekq ðghw`hjhnhw

sl{}k}mlhw ]qáwfh. Kml zxwah nkmlq jhgbwhn xe jhzxnjhn xzhwahn. Kml zhwah niml ehknhw hkjhnhn Diêbn iqehn. @i}}q xn} }hlhn zhw }qáwfhw k}q. Zh`mlh ]qáwfh liq hknh Ei}}h2 Nxw

ohnh fônnhn ekml zknjhn akh hknhe lôlhwhn Jh}hq jhlbw%mlhn i`} kml. V․U Kml lôwh nkmlq tbn EÁNNHWN akh tbn hknhw Ehn}mlhnei}}h jhzxnjhn zhwahn ixd akh}h bahw ohnh Zhk}h

x `hghn. V․U Zhnn hknh Sdình nkmlq jhjhn klwh Niqxw `hghnfinn }qkwgq }kh6 xna }b hkn Einn.‐

Akh}h} H}}i{ tbn Qlbwhix ziw Tbwgkà xna Kn}skwiqkbn ahw zh`qzhkq zbl` ghwðleqh}qhn Shw}ôn`kmlfhkq akh klw jinh} @hghnìnj ktk`hn dwkha`kmlhn Xnjhlbw}ie jhjhn xnjhwhmlqh Whjkhwxn%jhn swhakjqh xna swifqkkhwqh náe`kml Eiliqei Jinalk ix} ah}%}hn ]mlwkdqhn kml nimldb`jhna hknkjh hnq}mlhkahnah Si}}ijhn k%qkhwhn eômlqh?734

„]bìnjh ahw Ighwjìxgh gh}qhlq ai}} ahw Ehn}ml xnjh%whmlqh Jh}hqh ghdb`jhn }b`` }bìnjh zkwa akh ]fìthwhk gh}qh%

lhn.‐„Hknh Ahebfwiqkh k}q fhkn ]qiiq kn ahe }kml akh Ehn}mlhn

zkh ]mlidh thwli`qhn. Kn hknhw Ahebfwiqkh zhwahn akh knaktk%axh``hn Ehknxnj}% xna Lina`xnj}dwhklhkqhn hkdhw}ðmlqkj jh%lðqhq.‐73:

734 ]lwkein Niwi{in ,Lj.+ Qlh ]h`hmqha Zbwf} bd Eiliqei Jinalk Ga. 1 NitioktinSxg`k}lknj Lbx}h Ilehaigia 9;4; ]. 9:1.

73: [bxnj Knaki 7.=9;776 Eknk}qw{ bd Kndbweiqkbn ina Gwbiami}qknj Jbthwnehnq bd Knaki,Lj.+ Qlh Mb``hmqha Zbwf} bd Eiliqei Jinalk ,H`hmqwbnkm Gbbf+ Sxg`kmiqkbn} Aktk%}kbn Jbthwnehnq bd Knaki Nhz Ah`lk 9;;; ;< Gánah,zzz.jinalk}hwth.bwj"mzej"mzej.lqe`+ nimldb`jhna MZEJ lkhw Ga. 74 ]. 714.




79<

„Ekq inahwhn Zbwqhn? Hkn zilwhw Ahebfwiq k}q zhw ekq whkn jhzi`qdwhkhn Ekqqh`n }hknh Dwhklhkq xna aiekq akh }hknh}

@inah} xna `hqq`kml akh ahw jinhn Ehn}mllhkq thwqhkakjq.‐73<

„Kml zðn}mlqh kml fônnqh ohahn aitbn ðghwhxjhn ai}} k%tk`hw Xnjhlbw}ie ai} Whmlq hknh} ohahn Gðwjhw} k}q. Hw zijq h} nkmlq h} ixdxjhghn blnh ixdxlôwhn hkn Ehn}ml x }hkn.V․U Ighw akh Xnqhwawðmfxnj tbn ktk`he Xnjhlbw}ie k}q ahw Thw}xml ai} Jhzk}}hn hknx}shwwhn. V․U _ktk`hw Xnjhlbw}iezkwa ah}li`g xw lhk`kjhn Sd`kmlq zhnn ahw ]qiiq jh}hqzkawkj bahw fbwwxsq zkwa zi} ai}}h`gh k}q. V․U H} k}q hkn injhgbwh%nh} Whmlq ai} nkmlq ixdjhjhghn zhwahn finn blnh akh ]h`g}q%

imlqxnj ixdxjhghn.‐73;

„Dh}qhw i`} oh gkn kml aitbn ðghwhxjq ai}} hkn hknh`nhw bahw hkn Tb`f ai} Whmlq oi akh Sd`kmlq liq aix Vx ktk`heXnjhlbw}ieU x jwhkdhn zhnn h} xe }hknh H|k}qhn jhlq.‐793 Kn }hknhw Ak}}hwqiqkbn ðghw Jinalk} Swknks ah} jhzi`qdwhkhn

Zkahw}qinah} dðw ahn Jinalk ahn knak}mlhn Ghjwkdd „}iq{ijwili‐ swájqh fie Ekmlih` G`xeh niml hknhe xedi}}hnahn @kqhwiqxw%}qxakxe xe Qlhei Zkahw}qina x db`jhnahw ]ml`x}}db`jh%

wxnj?799

„I``h dðw akh}h ]qxakh lhwinjhbjhnhn Ixqbwhn }kna }kmlaiwkn hknkj ai}} }iq{ijwili ixml kn hknhw Ahebfwiqkh hknhzkmlqkjh Dxnfqkbn xfbeeq. ]iq{ijwili i`} Jhgxwq}whmlq ah}Ehn}mlhn finn in fhkn sb`kqk}mlh} ]{}qhe igjhqwhqhn zhw%ahn.‐

KKK. Zkahw}qina kn ahw GWA

Kn ahw Jh}mlkmlqh ahw Gxnah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}mlìna jig h} gk}%lhw awhk Hwhkjnk}}h akh x hknhw ôddhnq`kmlhn Ak}fx}}kbn ah} Gðw%

73< Liwkoin 98.1.9;=; MZEJ Ga. :8 ]. 71;.73; [bxnj Knaki 8.9.9;776 MZEJ Ga 78 ]. =;9.793 [bxnj Knaki 91.7.9;776 kq. niml Dwkq Fwix} ,Lj.+ Tbe Jhk}q ah} Eiliqei Lb``h

Giahn%Giahn 9;8: ]. 9376 ekw k}q h} ohabml nkmlq jh`xnjhn akh}h} _kqiq kn MZEJ xdknahn.

799 Ekmlih` G`xeh ]iq{ijwili. Zilwlhkq xna Jhzi`qdwhklhkq [bji xna Zkahw}qina ghkJinalk Ak}}hwqiqkbn Lknahw & Ahhèinn Jìahngiml 9;<: ]. 7;;.




79;

jhwwhmlq} ixd Zkahw}qina jhjhn ahn ]qiiq dðlwqhn zkh h} ke Iwqk%fh` 73 Ig}. 1 ah} Jwxnajh}hqh} nkhahwjh`hjq k}q.

Ai} hw}qh Hwhkjnk} ziw akh axwml akh Fxgifwk}h 9;47 ix}jh`ô}%

qh Inj}q h} fônnh x hknhe Iqbefwkhj xna aiekq x hknhw Ix}`ô%}mlxnj ahw ehn}ml`kmlhn _ktk`k}iqkbn fbeehn. Ahw ghwðleqhahxq}ml%iehwkfink}mlh S}{mlb`bjh Hwkml Dwbee }mlwkhg aiei`}tbw akh}he Lknqhwjwxna db`jhnah}?797

„Ahw Ehn}ml liq }kml axwml Ifqh ah} Xnjhlbw}ie} zhkqhw%hnqzkmfh`q. Nkmlq nxw ai}} }hknh jhk}qkjh Hnqzkmf`xnj nxw eôj`kml ziw zhk` h} hknh`nh jig akh h} zijqhn ke Niehnklwh} Jhzk}}hn} xna Jìxghn} x ahn ohzhk`kjhn Eimlqlighwn

“nhkn‛ x }ijhn ” ixml akh knqh``hfqxh``h Hnqzkmf`xnj liqqh akh Dálkjfhkq xe Xnjhlbw}ie xw Tbwix}}hqxnj xe Xnjhlbw% }ie jhjhnðghw Ixqbwkqáqhn akh nhxh Kahhn exnaqbq x eimlhn }xmlqhn xna jhjhnðghw ahw Ixqbwkqáq ìnj hqig`khwqhw Ehknxn% jhn akh ohah Thwánahwxnj dðw Xn}knn hwf`áwqhn.‐

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Jh}hqhn ahw Ehn}ml`kmlfhkq xna Thwnxndq db`jhn x fônnhn.Zhnn hkn Ehn}ml nxw jhlbwmlhn xna nkmlq ixml ahn Jhlbw% }ie thwzhkjhwn finn k}q hw hkn ]fìth6‐ ,]. 99+

„Qiq}áml`kml }kna Dwhklhkq xna Dálkjfhkq xe Xnjhlbw}ienkmlq tbnhkninahw x qwhnnhn. Ailhw finn fhkn jh}h``}mlidq`k%mlh} sb`kqk}mlh} bahw wh`kjkô}h} ]{}qhe ai} Dwhklhkq swbfì%ekhwq xna Xnjhlbw}ie thwqhxdh`q akh Zilwlhkq }swhmlhn.‐ ,].91+

„In akh}he Sxnfq ahw Jh}mlkmlqh fônnqh eôj`kmlhwzhk}hi``hkn akh Dálkjfhkq x zhkdh`n x fwkqk}khwhn xna xnjhlbw}ie

x }hkn ðghw akh _xfxndq dðw akh Ehn}mllhkq bahw aiwðghw ai} Hnah ahw _ktk`k}iqkbn hnq}mlhkahn.‐ ,]. 9:+ Nxw dðnd Oilwh }sáqhw hwjig }kml i`} Db`jh ahw ]qxahnqhn%

ghzhjxnj xna ah} Swbqh}qh} jhjhn ahn Tkhqniefwkhj hwnhxq hknhAk}fx}}kbn xe ai} Whmlq ixd ktk`hn Xnjhlbw}ie. In`á}}`kml akh%

797 Hwkml Dwbee Ðghw ahn Xnjhlbw}ie aqt Eðnmlhn 9;<8 ]. 93.




773

}h} qkhdjwhkdhnahn Swbqh}qh} eimlqh Dwbee db`jhnah knqhwh}}inqhGhbgimlqxnjhn?79=

„]bìnjh akh Ehn}mlhn Jôqhn inghqhn }b ìnjh hesdkn%

ahn }kh ahn Injwkdd ixd akh}hn Jôqhn i`} hknh Ghawblxnj klwhw tkqi`hn Knqhwh}}hn. H} jkgq tkh``hkmlq fhknh Ghawblxnj akh ehlw Dhkna}h`kjfhkq xna Ah}qwxfqktkqáq kn ahw Jh}mlkmlqh ah} Ehn% }mlhn lhwtbwjhwxdhn liq i`} akh Ghawblxnj }hknhw Jôqhn6 nxw ai}} }kml akh Ehn}mlhn keehw aiwðghw qáx}mlhn knahe }kh

jìxghn akh hkjhnhn Jôqhn }hkhn akh zilwhn Jôqqhw xna akhJôqqhw ahw inahwhn }hkhn akh zilwhn Jôqhn. Ighw akh}h Qáx%

}mlxnj ánahwq nkmlq} in ahw Qiq}imlh ai}} akh Ghawblxnj ahw

Jôqhn hknh ahw Lixsqqwkhgdhahwn ahw Ebgk`k}khwxnj ehn}ml%`kmlhw Ijjwh}}ktkqáq k}q.V․U Ein finn ahe Ehn}mlhn hknwhahn ai}} }hknh tkqi`hn

Knqhwh}}hn ghawblq }kna bgzbl` }kh h} jiw nkmlq }kna. Einfinn }hkn Jhlkwn zi}mlhn ” }b nhnnq ein‛} zhnn ein tbeJhjnhw }swkmlq ” bahw kln “hwkhlhn‛ }b nhnnq ein‛} zhnnein tbn }kml }h`g}q }swkmlq.‐Ai} si}}q zxnahwgiw x xn}hwhe Qlhei. Zhjhn zh`mlhe

Jôqhn kml lkhw xna lhxqh }qiiq`kmlhw Ijjwh}}kbn ix}jh}hqq gknk}q zbl` nkmlq }mlzhw x hwfhnnhn.Akh náml}qh xna tbwhw}q `hqqh Ak}fx}}kbn}zh``h xe ahn ktk`hn

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]qiwqgiln Zh}q ah} Dwinfdxwqhw D`xjlidhn}.791

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79= Hga. ]. 911.791 Kn Hwzhkqhwxnj ah} Dwinfdxwqhw D`xjlidhn} ziwhn xw}swðnj`kml zhk x}áq`kmlh ]qiwq%

gilnhn jhsìnq ohabml zxwah aiei`} aitbn ixdjwxna ah} ei}}kthn xna áxÒhw}q jh%zi`q}iehn Swbqh}q} nxw hknh thwzkwf`kmlq. Akh zhkqh x}áq`kmlh ]qiwqgiln zkwa ghkIgdi}}xnj akh}hw _hk`hn jhwiah jhgixq ,7393+ ” blnh jwbÒhn Zkahw}qina ai akh Xe%zh`qghzhjxnj }kml qbqjhìxdhn x lighn }mlhknq.




779

zxwah zinn xna xnqhw zh`mlhn Tbwix}}hqxnjhn h} hkn Whmlq ixd ktk`hn Xnjhlbw}ie jhgh. Ahw ghfinnqh Dwinfdxwqhw Slk`b}bslSwbd. Aw. Oðwjhn Lighwei} ehknqh kn }hknhe Dbwxe}ghkqwij xw

Whmlqdhwqkjxnj ah} ktk`hn Xnjhlbw}ie} x.i.?798

„V․U ahw Swbqh}q ex}} }kml jhjhn zbl`xe}mlwkhghnh Dá``h }mlzhwzkhjhnahw Xnjhwhmlqkjfhkq wkmlqhn6 akh Eôj`kmlfhkqhnix}}kmlq}whkmlhw `hji`hw Hknd`xÒnileh eð}}hn hw}mlôsdq }hkn6xna akh Ifqktkqáqhn ah} Xnjhlbw}ie} aðwdhn fhkn Ix}eiÒ in%nhlehn zh`mlh} ai} Dxnfqkbnkhwhn ahw Thwdi}}xnj}bwanxnj

jhdálwahq.‐Lighwei} }qh``q fìw ai}} ghk hknhe }b`mlhn Swbqh}q nkmlq swk%

tiqh Ðghwhxjxnjhn thwig}b`xqkhwq i`}b xw bghw}qhn Wkmlq}mlnxw hwlbghn zhwahn aðwdqhn „}bnahwn Vai}}U jh`qhnah Thwdi}}xnj}% swknkskhn hknjhfìjq‐ zhwahn eð}}qhn zbghk hw }kml ixd ahn }b%hghn tbn ekw kqkhwqhn Lhnw{ Qlbwhix ghkhlq }bzkh ixd Eiwqkn@xqlhw Fknj.794

_xw }qiiq`kmlhn Xnqhwawðmfxnj ah} ktk`hn Xnjhlbw}ie} ehknqLighwei} }ml`khÒ`kml?79:

„Ighw ahw Whmlq}}qiiq ahw ktk`hn Xnjhlbw}ie i`} jhehk%

nh} Thwgwhmlhn thwdb`jq jhwáq ixd akh }mlkhdh Giln hknh} ixqb%wkqáwhn @hji`k}ex}.‐Hkn zhkqhwhw Ghkqwijhnahw x akh}he ]SA%Dbwxe ziw Wi`d

Awhkhw aiei`} kn Jôqqknjhn Swbdh}}bw dðw i``jhehknh Whmlq}qlhb%wkh. Ekq Ghxj ixd hknh Hnq}mlhkaxnj ah} Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jh%wkmlq} xe Thwgbq ahw Fbeexnk}qk}mlhn Siwqhk Ahxq}mlìna}dðlwqh hw ix} ai}} h} hkn „Zkahw}qina}whmlq jhjhn hkn htkahnqh}Xnwhmlq}whjkeh‐ jhgh zkh h} ke Iwqkfh` 73"1 ah} gxnah}ahxq%

}mlhn Jwxnajh}hqh} dbwex`khwq }hk }bzkh hkn „Zkahw}qina}whmlqjhjhn hknh`nh bahw thwehknq`kmlh Jwxnajh}hqzkawkjfhkqhn‐zbghk ahw `hqqh I}shfq ighw tbe Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq nkmlqzhkqhw ghlinah`q zbwahn }hk.79<

798 Oðwjhn Lighwei} „_ktk`hw Xnjhlbw}ie Qh}qdi`` dðw ahn ahebfwiqk}mlhn Whmlq}}qiiq‐kn? Shqhw J`bq ,Lj.+ _ktk`hw Xnjhlbw}ie ke Whmlq}}qiiq ]xlwfies Dwinfdxwq ieEikn 9;<= ]. =16 Ghxj ixd Obln Wiz`} Hknh Qlhbwkh ahw Jhwhmlqkjfhkq ]xlwfiesDwinfdxwq ie Eikn 9;:8 ]. 139.

794 Lighwei} hga. ]. 11.79: Hga. ]. 89.79< Wi`d Awhkhw „Zkahw}qina}whmlq xna ktk`hw Xnjhlbw}ie ke Whmlq}}qiiq‐ kn? S. J`bq

hga. ]. 8:6 GThwdJ 8 <8 ,=:4d.+.




777

Awhkhw kqkhwqh xahe akh In}kmlqhn ah} hlhei`kjhn Wkmlqhw}ie Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq Z. Jhkjhw ahw kn hknhe Ghkqwij xhknhe Gxml ah} Qkqh`} Jhzk}}hn Kahb`bjkh Zkahw}qina Nbnfbn%

dbwek}ex}79;

hkn Zkahw}qina}whmlq jhjhn thwdi}}xnj}zkawkjhLina`xnjhn }qiiq`kmlhw Bwjinh ghoilq liqqh zhnn fhkn Whmlq}% ghlh`d aijhjhn eôj`kml gz. hwdb`jwhkml }hk. I``hwaknj} }qh``qhakh}h In}kmlq hknh Eknahwlhkqhnehknxnj aiw.773

_x}ieehndi}}hna ehknqh Awhkhw xe Whmlq ixd Xnjhlbw%}ie?779

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nhwli`g ahw ]mlwinfhn ah} Jwxnawhmlq} lá`q. V․U ]h`g}qthw}qána`kml jhgðlwq ahe siwìehnqiwk}mlhn Jh}hq% jhghw Jhlbw}ie tbwix}jh}hqq hw lá`q }kml in akh Thwdi}% }xnj.‐Kn hknhe zhkqhwhn Ak}fx}}kbn}ghkqwij dðlwqh Lhèxq ]kebn

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Ke j`hkmlhn ]SA%Dbwxe dðlwqh Zb`djinj Lxghw aiei`} Swb%dh}}bw dðw ]bki`hqlkf xna htinjh`k}mlh Qlhb`bjkh kn Zðwgxwj kn

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773 Shqhw J`bq iiB. ,Ine. 798+ ]. 8<.779 Hga. ]. 41 :7d.777 Lhèxq ]kebn „Dwijhn ahw Thwdi}}xnj}sb`kqkf‐ kn? Shqhw J`bq iiB. ,Ine. 798+ ].

939.77= Hga. ]. 93; Ghxj? Qlbei} tbn Iyxkn ]xeei Qlhb`bjkmi KK"KKy i4 ia =.




77=

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NIQB lighn hnq}mlhkahna aix ghkjhqwijhn akh Xa]]W kn akh%}he Zhqqwð}qhn qbq x wð}qhn xna aiekq ahn fi`qhn Fwkhj i`}b akhGhawblxnj axwml hknhn iqbeiwhn Lb`bmix}q x ghhnahn. Xnaáln`kml }khlq h} ekq ahe Thwkmlq ixd ahn zhkqhwhn Ix}gix ahw Fhwnhnhwjkh ix} i`} Db`jh ah} Inqk%Iqbe%Swbqh}qh}. I`} Db`jhah}}hn liq zxwah náe`kml kn i``hw Zh`q ei}}kt akh Nxqxnj db}}k%`hw Hnhwjkhqwájhw ix}jhgixq ” ekq hw}mlwhmfhnahn Db`jhn? I``hknkn Mlkni }qhwghn ohah} Oilw hqzi 8.333 Ehn}mlhn ke Fbl`hghwj%

gix. Zh`qzhkq eij akh Qbah}wiqh kn Fbl`hghwjzhwfhn hqzi93.333 swb Oilw ghqwijhn xna ai} ghwðmf}kmlqkjq nbml nkmlq akhQbah}dá``h axwml ifxqh Iqhezhj}hwfwinfxnjhn axwml Fbl`h}ebjkn ahn Gi``xnj}hnqwhn ahw Hnqzkmf`xnj}% xna ]mlzh``hn`ánahw.Xe i`}b ekq ahw oálw`kmlhn Qbah}kddhw ahw db}}k`hn Gwhnn}qbddhekqxli`qhn fônnqhn zkw xn} eknah}qhn} i``h zhk Oilwh hknQ}mlhwnbg{` `hk}qhn axwml ah}}hn Iqbewhifqbwxndi`` niml jh%jhnzáwqkjhn sh}}kek}qk}mlhn ]mláqxnjhn kn}jh}ieq hqzi 73.333

Ehn}mlhn xefiehn. Aiekq }kna zkw ekq ahn }ml`hmlqhn Niml%wkmlqhn nbml `injh nkmlq ie Hnah. @ixq nhxh}qhn Dbw}mlxnj}hw%jhgnk}}hn tbn Si`ábnqb`bjhn xna Jhb`bjhn akh kn ahw Ix}jighBfqbghw 7334 ahw X]%iehwkfink}mlhn Zk}}hn}mlidq}hkq}mlwkdq]mkhnqkdkm Iehwkmin thwôddhnq`kmlq zxwahn k}q ein ohqq ahnJwðnahn ixd ahw ]sxw ziwxe h} ke @ixdh ahw Hwajh}mlkmlqh ke%ehw zkhahw x hknhe ei}}hnlidqhn Iwqhn}qhwghn jhfbeehn k}q.77: Ghðj`kml ah} Ix}}qhwghn} ahw Aknb}ixwkhw tbw hqzi 48 Ek``kbnhn

Oilwhn k}q ein }kml hknkjhweiÒhn hknkj ai}} aiwin ahw Hkn}ml`ijhknh} Ehqhbwkqhn kn ahw Fiwkgkf thwinqzbwq`kml ziw. Dðw akh inah%whn hqzi dðnd Ei}}hn}qhwghn fbnnqhn }b`mlh fb}ek}mlhn Fb``k}k%bnhn gk}lhw nkmlq nimljhzkh}hn zhwahn. Nhxhwh Xnqhw}xmlxnjhn`hjhn aijhjhn nilh ai}} akh}h Hsk}bahn ah} Iwqhn}qhwghn} Db`%jhn ei}}kthw qhfqbnk}mlhw Ifqktkqáqhn ziwhn. Ahw aiekq x}ie%ehnlánjhnah Tx`fink}ex} }hqqh wkh}kjh Ehnjhn in Fbl`hnak%b|ka dwhk ahw dðw hknhn knqhn}kthn Qwhkglix}hddhfq }bwjqh. Akh

aiaxwml ixdjhlhkqhn Zh`qehhwh fbnnqhn }ml`khÒ`kml nxw nbml77: Shqhw A. Ziwa „Kesimq dwbe qlh Ahhs‐ ]mkhnqkdkm Iehwkmin 93"7334 ]. 17”1;.




77<

hknhw}hkq} zkwa ª9=3 ]qJG i`} `hjkqke xna nbqzhnakj injhnbe%ehn ” xeknah}q axwml akh Ehlwlhkq ahw thwôddhnq`kmlqhn Ehk%nxnj. Ighw inahwhw}hkq} zkwa dwhk`kml ai} akh}he Jh}hq ðghwjh%

bwanhqh xna zkahw}swhmlhnah Swknks ahw I``jhehknlhkq tbn Jh%}hqhn i`} zkmlqkj oi i`} nbml tkh` zkmlqkjhw injh}hlhn. Nxw keDi``h tbn ª9=3 ehknq ein }ml`kmlq hknh Ix}nileh tbn ahw Whjh`eimlhn x eð}}hn77< zbghk kml ixd akh aighk inxqwhddhnahn iw%jxehnqiqkthn Thwwhnfxnjhn }sáqhw hknjhlhn zhwah.

I`} `hqqh} Fwkqhwkxe akhnq akh Dwijh bg ahnn akh Zkahw}qána%`hw }h`ghw akh jhgwbmlhnhn Jh}hqh inhwfhnnhn Ai} k}q ghk ahw Dwkhahn}% xna Xezh`qghzhjxnj zhkdh`}dwhk ahw Di`` ahnn ahwhn

Swbqh}q wkmlqhq }kml oi nkmlq jhjhn akh jhgwbmlhnhn ]qwidjh}hqhakh @ina% xna Lix}dwkhahn}gwxml }bzkh Nôqkjxnj xnqhw ]qwidh}qh``hn. Akh} }qhlq ke }mliwdhn Fbnqwi}q xe Whtk}kbnk}ex}? Lkhw wkmlqhq }kml ahw Zkahw}qina hknkj jhjhn ai} jhgwbmlhnh xna ig%jh`hlnqh Jh}hq zhk` h} zhjhn }hknhw jwxna% xna ehn}mlhn%whmlq}zkawkjhn Niqxw nkmlq inhwfinnq zkwa.

Ghke Swbqh}q ahw Dwkhahn}% xna Xezh`qghzhjxnj linah`q h}}kml i`}b xe hknhn Di`` ahw Inzhnaxnj ah} „f`hknhn Zkahw%

}qina}whmlq}‐ ai} i``jhehkn i`} k``hjkqke gz. k``hji` ghqwimlqhqzkwa xeknah}q knnhwli`g hknhw whmlq}}qiiq`kmlhn Ahebfwiqkh. KeDi``h ah} Whtk}kbnk}ex} gz. kn ehknhe Di`` wkmlqhq }kml ahw Xn%jhlbw}ie gz. ahw Zkahw}qina lknjhjhn jhjhn hkn thwdi}}xnj}%zkawkjh} Jh}hq xna ziw hkndiml aiaxwml ai}} akh}h} xna nxw akh}h} Jh}hq kjnbwkhwq gz. ghzx}}q jhgwbmlhn zkwa. Akh} k}q hk%nh jin inahwh Akehn}kbn ah} Xnjhlbw}ie} i`} ohnhw ahw Dwkh%ahn}% xna Xezh`qghzhjxnj ai hw jhwiah jhjhn hkn Jh}hq jh%

wkmlqhq k}q ai} ” xe ahn Thwdi}}xnj}wkmlqhw Lh`exq ]kebn x si%wislwi}khwhn ” ai} Xnig}qkeegiwh ig}mliddq náe`kml akh Ehk% 77< ]b hwnhxq dh}qjh}qh``q tbe GThwdJ ie 1.99.733; 9 GtW 7983"3<6 tj`.

zzz.gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq.ah"swh}}hekqqhk`xnjhn"gtj3;%97;.lqe`? „Jwxna}áq`kml}kna Hknjwkddh kn akh Ehknxnj}dwhklhkq nxw x`á}}kj ixd ahw Gi}k} hknh} i``jhehknhn Jh%}hqh} jheáÒ Iwq. 8 Ig}. 7 I`qhwniqkth 9 JJ. Hkn ehknxnj}gh}mlwánfhnah} Jh}hq k}qxnx`á}}kjh} ]bnahwwhmlq zhnn h} nkmlq lknwhkmlhna bddhn jhdi}}q k}q xna }kml tbntbwnlhwhkn nxw jhjhn gh}qkeeqh Ðghwhxjxnjhn Li`qxnjhn bahw Kahb`bjkhn wkmlqhq.V․U _ziw k}q akh Tbw}mlwkdq ah} ª 9=3 Ig}. 1 ]qJG fhkn i``jhehknh} Jh}hq V․}khU k}qighw ixml i`} nkmlqi``jhehknh} Jh}hq ix}nile}zhk}h ekq Iwq. 8 Ig}. 9 xna 7 JJ thw%hkngiw. Injh}kmlq} ah} Xnwhmlq} xna ]mlwhmfhn} akh akh niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlh Lhww%}mlidq thwxw}imlq liq k}q V․U hknh Ix}nileh tbe Thwgbq ah} ]bnahwwhmlq} keeinhnq.‐Bahw inahw} ix}jhawðmfq? Ix}nilehjh}hqh }kna thwgbqhn ixÒhw kn Ix}nilehdá``hn.




77;

nxnj}% xna Zk}}hn}mlidq}dwhklhkq. Akh} k}q xahe hkn Swbqh}q jh%jhn akh }hkq Oilwhlnqhn dbwq}mlwhkqhnah Hwb}kbn ah} dwhklhkq`kmlhnwhmlq}}qiiq`kmlhn Mliwifqhw} ahw Gxnah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}mlìna. H}

k}q hkn Di`` ah} „JwbÒhn Zkahw}qina}whmlq}‐ zkh hw ke Iwqkfh` 73Ig}iq 1 ah} Jwxnajh}hqh} nkhahwjh`hjq k}q ixd ahn kml ekmlailhw lkhw jin ghzx}}q ghwxdh?

„Jhjhn ohahn ahw h} xnqhwnkeeq akh}h Bwanxnj x gh}hk%qkjhn lighn i``h Ahxq}mlhn ai} Whmlq xe Zkahw}qina zhnninahwh Iglk`dh nkmlq eôj`kml k}q.‐H} k}q ekw aighk }hlw zbl` fìw ai}} }kml akh Gxnah}whsxg`kf

Ahxq}mlìna nbml nkmlq kn „hkn htkahnqh} Xnwhmlq}whjkeh‐ thw%

zinah`q liq ahnn kn ahn ehk}qhn jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhn Ghwhkmlhndxnfqkbnkhwq ahw Whmlq}}qiiq injheh}}hn. Ighw zkh zkhahwlb`qaiwjh`hjq xna ekq _kqiqhn fbeshqhnqhw Ixqbwhn xnqhweixhwq zxw%ah k}q h} ah} Gðwjhw} i`}b ehknh Sd`kmlq }mlbn ahn Indánjhn xzhlwhn xei` akh} keehw ixml hwdb`jthw}swhmlhnahw xna xnqhw jhwknjhwhe Bsdhwixdzina eôj`kml k}q i`} zhnn ahw ]qiiq ainn}sáqhw xe qbqi`kqáwhn Xnwhmlq}}qiiq exqkhwq k}q.

KT. Iglk`dh

Nxn f`knjq }mlbn ke Jwxnajh}hq in ai}} hkn Whmlq ixd Zk%ahw}qina hw}q gh}qhlq zhnn fhknh inahwh Iglk`dh eôj`kml k}q. Ei%liqei Jinalk iwjxehnqkhwqh áln`kml?77;

„Ghtbw x ktk`he Xnjhlbw}ie ðghwjhjinjhn zhwahn aiwdeð}}hn i``h siwìehnqiwk}mlhn Ekqqh` xw Gh}hkqkjxnj ah} Xn%whmlq} ix}jh}mlôsdq zbwahn }hkn.‐Ailhw eômlqh kml ohqq aiw`hjhn ai}} „inahwh Iglk`dh‐ kn ahw

Qiq nkmlq ehlw eôj`kml k}q xna ziw nkmlq nxw ekq siwìehnqiwk%}mlhn Ekqqh`n zkh Jinalk h} dbwahwqh }bnahwn ixml nkmlq ekq ox%wk}qk}mlhn ehn}mlhnwhmlq`kmlhn ôddhnq`kmlhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhnxna ehaki`hn Ekqqh`n.

77; _kqkhwq niml E. G`xeh iiB. ,Ine. 799+ ]. 7436 injhg`kml ix} [bxnj Knaki ;.4.9;73ighw kml ligh h} kn MZEJ bn`knh nkmlq jhdxnahn.




7=3

9. Siwìehnqiwk}mlh Iglk`dh

Akh Lina`xnjhn ah} ahxq}mlhn Siwìehnq} }kna `hkahw akhLixsqxw}imlh dðw akh Jwxnawhmlq}thw`hqxnjhn ahnn akh tbeGxnah}qij thwig}mlkhahqhn thwdi}}xnj}zkawkjhn Jh}hqh zxwahn oi ix}awðmf`kml hwì}}hn xe lk}qbwk}mlhn Ak}}hn} x sôni`k}khwhnxna aiwðghw lknix} ix}awðmf`kml xe hknh xngh`khgqh sb`kqk}mlhBssb}kqkbn x xnqhwawðmfhn.7=3

Shqkqkbnhn in ahn Gxnah}qij zhwahn ekq gk``kjhn D`b}fh`n ig%jhzkeeh`q zkh xe Ghk}skh` ke Di``h hknhw Gh}mlzhwah jhjhnakh whmlq}zkawkjh Ix}`hjxnj ahw Bddhnfxnakjfhkq}dbweh` ,ª 711]qSB+ axwml akh Ox}qk.7=9 Akh Inqzbwq ah} Shqkqkbn}ix}}mlx}}h}`khd aiwixd lknix} ai}} akh Ox}qk zhnn }kh akh ]qwidswbh}}bwa%nxnj zbwqjhqwhx ix}`hjq akh Bddhnfxnakjfhkq nkmlq }b inzhnahnaðwdh zkh }kh h} qxq. Ighw ai} ánahwq nkmlq} in ahw Qiq}imlh ai}}}kh h} hghn abml qxq xna ziw ekq tb``hw xna ix}awðmf`kmlhw Wð%mfhnahmfxnj axwml akh}h} Siwìehnq.

Ixd ahn Hknzina ª9=3 ]qJG zhwah lhxqh xw whmlq}zkawkjhnHkn}mlwánfxnj ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq}dwhklhkq ghnxqq ehknqh ai} Ekq%j`kha ah} Gxnah}qijh} Lbw}q H{èinn kn mliwifqhwk}qk}mlhw Ei%nkhw nxw akh „nbqzhnakjh jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Gh}mládqk%jxnj ekq ahe Lb`bmix}q‐ zhwah tbe Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq}mlbn thwqhkakjq zhwahn zhnn h} aiwixd infáeh.7=7 H} }kna akhf`hknhn Zbwqh akh jwbÒh Zkwfxnj lighn lkhw H{èinn} Zbwq„nbqzhnakjh‐. Zi} náe`kml dðw nbqzhnakj hwimlqhq zkwa ai} hnq%}mlhkahq ainn hghn ai} Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq ” jwxna}áq`kmlxe Nimlqhk` ah} whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn Injhfìjqhn. Ai} Jinh zkwa}b x hknhw Diwmh.

Zkh tkh` ]skh`wixe akh Gxnah}qij}igjhbwanhqhn }h`g}q lighnxw lhww}mlhnahn Ehknxnj ixd Ak}qin x jhlhn liq ahw Di`` tbnEiwqkn Lbleinn xw Jhnðjh jhhkjq. Kn hknhe swktiqhn Tbwqwijliqqh hw ahn Tbwzxwd igjh`hlnq ghk ahn Oxahn linah`h h} }kml xe

7=3 Ghkah Thw}mláwdxnjhn tbn Ahxq}mlìna} _hn}xwjh}hq ,ª9=3+ xw Xnqhwawðmfxnj ah}Whtk}kbnk}ex} zxwahn 9;;1 xna 7338 ix}jh`ô}q axwml fbnqwbthw}h ôddhnq`kmlh ÁxÒh%wxnjhn xw Jh}mlkmlqh ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh} }hkqhn} Siwqhksb`kqkfhwn ahw ix}jhjwhnqhnahxq}mlhn whmlq}wiakfi`hn Siwqhk NSA akh ai} ahxq}mlh sb`kqk}mlh H}qig`k}lehnq }hkqOilwhlnqhn x thwgkhqhn qwimlqhq ohabml gk}lhw blnh Hwdb`j.

7=9 Tj`. aix nálhw akh 8. Tbw`h}xnj ehknhw Tbw`h}xnjhn iiB. ,Ine. 88+.7=7 Dbmx} =<"9;;1 ]. :4.




7=9

hkn Qáqhwtb`f nxw zhk` akh}h ðghwswbsbwqkbni` in ahn Ei}}ifhwnahw }bzohqk}mlhn Whtb`xqkbn ghqhk`kjq jhzh}hn ziwhn. Ke j`hkmlhn]knnh liqqh Lbleinn h} ixml igjh`hlnq ai} ahxq}mlh Tb`f i`}

Qáqhwtb`f x ghhkmlnhn nxw zhk` ðghwswbsbwqkbni` tkh`h Ahxq%}mlh in ahw Oxahnthwdb`jxnj ke _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhj ghqhk`kjq jh%zh}hn ziwhn. I``hkn ahn Ghjwkdd „Qáqhwtb`f‐ ekq Oxahn kn hknhn_x}ieehnlinj x gwknjhn ” bgzbl` h} hkn ig`hlnhnahw ziw ”liq ix}jhwhkmlq xe Lbleinn} siwìehnqiwk}mlh Fiwwkhwh x gh%hnahn xna kln ix} }hknhw Siwqhk ahw MAX x zhwdhn.7== Ai }qh``hein }kml hw}q hknei` tbw zi} ekq hknhe EaG si}}khwhn zðwahahw ôddhnq`kml dbwahwqh ai}} h} xn} Whtk}kbnk}qhn hwìxgq }hkn }b``%

qh dwhk xn}hwh Ehknxnj x }ijhn. Zkh ìnjh zðwah ahw zbl` keSiwìehnq }kqhn2Akh hknkjhn ahxq}mlhn Siwqhkhn akh }kjni`k}khwq lighn jhjhn

akh}h} ehn}mlhnwhmlq}zkawkjh Jh}hq tbwjhlhn x zb``hn }knaakh whmlq}wiakfi`hn Siwqhkhn NSA xna akh ATX. Zh`mlh Mlinmhnh} jkgq ai}} ahwhn Jh}hqh}knkqkiqkthn ohei`} ehlwlhkq}dálkj zhw%ahn finn ein }kml }h`g}q ix}whmlnhn xei` akh}h} _hn}xwjh}hq oi jhwiah jh}mliddhn zxwah xe }b`mlh Ehlwlhkqhn x thwlknahwn.

IxÒhwahe aiwd kml ehknhn _zhkdh` inehàhn bg akh NSAzhnn }kh akh Eôj`kmlfhkq aix láqqh zkwf`kml akh Dwhklhkq zkhahw lhw}qh``hn zðwah bahw bg }kh nkmlq hkndiml nxw ai} klw xnsi}}hnahJh}hq ig}mliddhn xna axwml inahwh hw}hqhn zðwah ekq ahw }khainn klw xninjhnhleh Jwxsshn thwdb`jhn fônnqh. Ohahndi``} liqekml hkn Iwqkfh` kn ahw Siwqhkhkqxnj ahw NSA tbe Dwðloilw 7338}fhsqk}ml jheimlq kn ahe igdá``kj tbn ahw „Kahb`bjkh ahw Ehn%}mlhnwhmlqh‐ akh Whah ziw.

Tbe Siwìehnq k}q ailhw fhknh Iglk`dh x hwziwqhn.

7. Oxwk}qk}mlh Iglk`dh

Akh }hfxnaáwh Xw}imlh dðw akh jwxnajh}hqzkawkjhn _x}qánahkn Ahxq}mlìna }kna jhwiah akh nbwe}hqhnahn Xwqhk`h ah} Gxn%ah}jhwkmlq}lbdh} }bzkh akh }qhqh Zhkjhwxnj ah} Gxnah}thwdi}%}xnj}jhwkmlq} Thwdi}}xnj}fìjhn ixml nxw inxnhlehn. Akh ig%}b`xqk}qk}mlh Ix}ahlnxnj ahw Bddhnfxnakjfhkq}dbweh` x hknhe

7== Tj`. lqqs?""ah.zkfkshaki.bwj"zkfk"EiwqknRLbleinn.




7=7

difqk}mlhn Ghzhk}hkndðlwxnj}thwgbq jhlq hghn}b ixd Hnq}mlhk%axnjhn ah} GJL xwðmf zkh akh nhxh}qh Dbwahwxnj ]qwidthwqhk%akjhw zhjhn }imlghbjhnhw Ghzhk}inqwájh }qwidwhmlq`kml x thwxw%

qhk`hn. Hghn}b liq ahw GJL akh Ix}zhkqxnj ahw Oxwk}akfqkbn ahw gxnah}ahxq}mlhn Ox}qk ixd ai} jh}ieqh Knqhwnhq axwmljh}hqqaxwml ahn Di`` ah} Whtk}kbnk}qhn Aw. Dwhawkmf Qôghn. Hw liq ahxq%}mlh Jhwkmlqh jhzxnjhn lk}qbwk}mlhn Ak}}kahnqhn }qhq} hknhn}ml`hmlqhn Mliwifqhw xx}swhmlhn inlina ah} Di``h} tbn Jðnqhw Ahmfhwq ahw zhjhn }hknhw whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn ÁxÒhwxnjhn thwdb`jqzbwahn ziw. Xna }ml`khÒ`kml liq hw }kml jhzhkjhwq Wkmlqhw whmlq%`kml x }mlðqhn ahwhn Xniglánjkjfhkq axwml ôddhnq`kmlhn Awxmf

xna xnqhw ]qwidthwdb`jxnj}inawblxnj ix}jhlhgh`q zxwah nxw zhk`}kh hknhe Whtk}kbnk}qhn jxqh Mliwifqhwhkjhn}mlidqhn xna ìxqhwhEbqkth x}swimlhn zkh ke Di`` ahw Einnlhkehw Wkmlqhw Bw`hqEð``hw xna Db`fhwq}.

Xna ghk i`` akh}he Xnj`ðmf liq }kml lhwix}jh}qh``q ai}} ahw Hxwbsák}mlh Jhwkmlq}lbd dðw Ehn}mlhnwhmlqh i``h tbwjhgwimlqhnDá``h }qiiq`kmlhw Thwdb`jxnj tbn Jh}mlkmlq}ak}}kahnqhn hkndimlig}hjnhq.

Ixml ixd oxwk}qk}mlhw Hghnh k}q ailhw fhknh Iglk`dh eôj`kml.7=1

=. Iglk`dh axwml Ehn}mlhnwhmlq}bwjink}iqkbnhn

Knzkhdhwn Ehn}mlhnwhmlq}bwjink}iqkbnhn ðghwlixsq dðw Ig%lk`dh }bwjhn fônnhn }hk ailknjh}qh``q. Akh jwbÒhn Bwjink}iqkbnhn ohahndi``} zkh .G. akh qhnahnkh`` `knf} hknjh}qh``qh Ienh}q{ Kn%qhwniqkbni` zhkjhwn }kml gk}lhw jwxna}áq`kml Whtk}kbnk}qhn i`} sb`kqk}ml Thwdb`jqh inxhwfhnnhn. Zhnkjhw `knf}ì}qkjh Bwjink}i%qkbnhn zkh .G. akh Knqhwniqkbni`h Jh}h``}mlidq dðw Ehn}mlhnwhml%qh ,zzz.kjde.ah"+ lighn }h`g}q Inj}q tbw jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhw Thw%db`jxnj di``} }kh }kml ôddhnq`kml dðw xn}hwh Whmlqh hkn}hqhn zkhkml xtbw aiwjh`hjq ligh. Zh`mlh} Iwexq}hxjnk} akh} dðw akh gxnah}ahxq}mlh Jh}h``}mlidq k}q k}q lbddhnq`kml fìw.

Nxn gkn kml ziw tbn hknhw kqi`khnk}mlhn Ehn}mlhnwhmlq}%bwjink}iqkbn i`} sb`kqk}ml Thwdb`jqhw inhwfinnq zbwahn g`bÒ

7=1 733; hnq}mlkha ai} Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq ahxq`kml ai}} h} akh}h xjhjhghnhwei%Òhn,)+ k``hji`h Swi|k} ahw ]qwidthwdb`jxnj dwkha`kmlhw Ak}}kahnqhn ekqqh`} ]bnahwjh}hq%hn hghndi``} jxqlhkÒq tj`. Ine. 77<.




7=1

qhwjwxna x akh}he ]mlwhkghn k}q ai}} Swbd. Qbskq}ml i`} Ixqbw hknh} whmlq ghfinnqhn Gxmlh} ðghw ahn ahxq}ml%}bzohqk}mlhnFwkhj7=4 dðw akh hnj`k}mlh Ix}jigh7=: ah} Gxmlh} ]qi`kn} Thwnkml%

qxnj}fwkhj 9;19”9;18 ah} Dwhkgxwjhw Lk}qbwkfhw} Aw. ObimlkeLbddeinn hkn Tbwzbwq thwdi}}q liqqh. Akh hnj`k}mlh Ix}jighzxwah kn ahn Oilwhn 7333"7339 ke Thwìj Qlh}h} $ Ak}}hwqiqkbn}Swh}} kn ahn X]I tbwghwhkqhq xna ziw dbwei` xnqhw ahw @hkqxnjtbn Aw. Wbghwq Mbxnqh}} zbghk kml }h`g}q aiei`} akh zkmlqkj}qhnIxdjighn xw Whi`k}khwxnj akh}h} Swbohfq} ðghwnile. Kn }hknhexw}swðnj`kmlhn Tbwzbwq gh}mlwkhg Swbd. Qbskq}ml ekq lhkÒhw Dh%ahw zkh akh Dbw}mlxnj}% xna Zk}}hn}mlidq}dwhklhkq dðw Lk}qbwkfhw

ah} _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhj} kn Ahxq}mlìna ixdjwxna ahw keehw zhk%qhw h}fi`khwhnahn }qiiq`kmlhn Thwdb`jxnj}eiÒnilehn ixd xnin%nhlegiwh Zhk}h hknjh}mlwánfq zkwa. Akh}h} Tbwzbwq láqqh akhawieiqk}mlh Gh}mlwhkgxnj Aw. Lbddeinn} kn }hknhw Hkn`hkqxnj xw hnj`k}mlhn Ix}jigh gh}qhn} hwjánq zkh hw kn Ahxq}mlìna nxw ah}li`g hknhw }qwidwhmlq`kmlhn Thwdb`jxnj zhjhn akh}h} Gxmlh}hnqjknj zhk` ahw Wkmlqhw ixd ah}}hn Qk}ml }hkn Di`` jhìnjqh hknjxqhw Dwhxna tbn kle ziw. Aw. Lbddeinn zxwah aiei`} ighw

ahxq`kml x thw}qhlhn jhjhghn ai}} ohah knli`q`kmlh Ánahwxnj}hknh} Gxmlh} ahn Di`` nhx hwôddnhn zðwah ai}} ein kn hknhe}b`mlhn Di`` ainn dðw nkmlq} ehlw jiwinqkhwhn fônnh. Zkw ex}}qhnxn} ailhw ghk ahw hnj`k}mlhn Ðghw}hqxnj }fìtk}ml in akh ahxq%}mlh Xwdi}}xnj li`qhn }h`g}q zhnn jhzk}}h Aknjh }kml i`} fbwwhf%qxwghaðwdqkj lhwix}jh}qh``q liqqhn.

Ighw ix} Swbd. Qbskq}ml} dìeehnahw Dwhklhkq}whah i`} Tbw%zbwq x akh}hw Ix}jigh zxwah nkmlq} ahnn hw bj }kh xwðmf xna

hw}hqqh }kh axwml hkn fxwh} nkmlq}}ijhnah} ìeedwbeeh} Tbw%zbwq. I`} Ghjwðnaxnj ziwxe hw }hkn xw}swðnj`kmlh} Tbwzbwq x%wðmfjhbjhn liqqh }mlwkhg hw bghn hwzálnqhn Gwkhd. Aiwkn ghkhlqhw }kml ixd ahn ]h`g}qebwa hknh} Swbdh}}bw} ahw kln xw Tbw}kmlqhweilnq ligh. Aix aiwd kml hqzi} ix}lb`hn xe ahn Lknqhwjwxnafìw x eimlhn.

7=4 Hwn}q Qbskq}ml ]qi`kn} Fwkhj Gx}}h%]hhzià ]qxqqjiwq 9;<8.7=: ]qi`kn‛} Ziw bd H|qhwekniqkbn 9;19%9;18 Qlh}h} $ Ak}}hwqiqkbn} Swh}} Mis}liz I@

7339.




7=8

Ekqqh ahw 9;;3hw Oilwh thwôddhnq`kmlqh ahw in hknhw ahxq}mlhnXnkthw}kqáq Sb`kqb`bjkh `hlwhnah ô}qhwwhkmlk}mlh Swbd. Aw. Zhwnhw Sdhkdhnghwjhw hknhn Iwqkfh` kn hknhe ]ieeh`gina ahw tbn ahw

DSÔ kn Ô}qhwwhkml lhwix}jhjhghn zxwah. Kn akh}he Ghkqwij thw%j`kml Sdhkdhnghwjhw akh Kahb`bjkhn tbn Niqkbni`k}ex} xna Knqhwni%qkbni`k}ex} zbghk hw }hknh ]{esiqlkh dðw ahn Niqkbni`k}ex}axwml}mlhknhn `khÒ. Kn akh}he Iwqkfh` thwzhnahqh hw x.i. ixml hk%nkjh _kqiqh akh hw hqzi} xnj`ðmf`kml ix} ahe _x}ieehnlinj jh%wk}}hn liqqh. Zhjhn akh}h} Iwqkfh`} zxwah Sdhkdhnghwjhw zk%}mlhnhkq`kml }hknh} @hlwieqh} hnqlbghn ohabml fbnnqh hw }kmlxnáml}q jhwkmlq`kml kn }hknh i`qh Sb}kqkbn xwðmffìjhn. H} }hqqh

ohabml ainiml hknh zhkqh Zh``h ahw Thwdb`jxnj jhjhn kln hknzbaxwml hw xhw}q in hknh inahwh Xnkthw}kqáq zinj}thw}hqq }b%ainn ekq hknhe @hlwthwgbq gh`hjq xna }ml`khÒ`kml }bjiw jin tbeAkhn}q }x}shnakhwq zxwah. I`} ainn akh ô}qhwwhkmlk}mlh Ox}qk ekqahxq}mlhw Ieq}lk`dh ixml nbml hkn ]qwidthwdilwhn ixdjwxna }hknh}Iwqkfh`} zhjhn injhg`kmlhw niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhw Zkhahwghqáqk%jxnj hwôddnhqh }il Swbd. Sdhkdhnghwjhw nkmlq nxw }hknh Fiwwkhwhxna }hknhn Wxd wxknkhwq hw }il ðghwakh} hknhw `ánjhwhn Dwhklhkq}%

}qwidh hnqjhjhn. Hw ghjknj ailhw fxw aiwixd ]h`g}qebwa.7=<

Akh}hw Di`` hknh} axwml jh}h``}mlidq`kmlh xna }qiiq`kmlh Thwdb`jxnj kn ahn]h`g}qebwa jhqwkhghnhn fbn}hwtiqkthn Swbdh}}bw} `khd aiei`} zkhhknh ]mlbmfzh``h axwml fbn}hwtiqkth _kwfh` kn Ahxq}mlìna xnaÔ}qhwwhkml xna eimlqh tkh`hn Ifiahekfhwn fìw zkh jhdálw`kml}h`g}q ifiahek}mlh Ehknxnj}áxÒhwxnjhn knzk}mlhn jhzbwahnziwhn. Swbd. Qbskq}ml liqqh kn Db`jh akh}h} Hwhkjnk}}h} Inj}q gh%fbeehn ixml hw fônnh zhjhn }hknh} Tbwzbwq} hkn Bsdhw akh}hw

nhxhn Knyxk}kqkbn zhwahn. ]b bj hw }hknh }mliwdh Fwkqkf in ahn_x}qánahn `khghw xwðmf.

Ai}} akh}h Inj}q tbw }qiiq`kmlhw Thwdb`jxnj fhkn Hknh`di`` k}qhkjhn akh Whifqkbnhn tbn Lk}qbwkfhwn akh kml giq }kml kn akh}heThwdilwhn ôddhnq`kml dðw akh Ixdwhmlqhwli`qxnj bahw Zkhahwkn%}qina}hqxnj ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq}dwhklhkq hknx}hqhn. Hkn Ghk}skh`dðw hknh q{sk}mlh Whifqkbn k}q ai} Ig}ijh}mlwhkghn ai} Swbd. Aw.Dwin Z. ]hka`hw }mlkmfqh ahw tbw }hknhw Hehwkqkhwxnj kn Eðn%

7=< Wxak _bwnkj „_xe Jhahnfhn in Zhwnhw Sdhkdhnghwjhw‐ Tkhwqhòilwh}lhdqh dðw dwhkhJh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj 1,7+ ,7333+ ]. 97:”9=3.




7=4

mlhn _hkqjh}mlkmlqh `hlwqh ekq ahe Awkqqhn Whkml i`} ]shki`jh% gkhq. Hw }ijqh ig ighw nkmlq hqzi ekq ahw Ghjwðnaxnj ai}} hw nkmlq zb``h }bnahwn zhk` hw }b zôwq`kml „dhkjh‐ }hk. Ekq inahwhn

Zbwqhn? hw liq Inj}q tbw ahw ahxq}mlhn Ox}qk.In}qiqq lkhw akh jinh @k}qh áln`kml ghjwðnahqhw Ig}ijhn aiw%x`hjhn aiwd kml ekml ixd nxw hknh gh}mlwánfhn náe`kml akh tbnSwbd. Aw. Zhwnhw Ei}hw. Swbd. Ei}hw jk`q i`} hknhw ahw zh`qzhkqinhwfinnqh}qhn Dimlfisikqáqhn ahw Jh}mlkmlqh ah} Awkqqhn Whk%mlh}. Ekq Swbd. Ei}hw ziw kml }hkq Dwðloilw 7338 kn Fbnqifq ixd%jwxna }hknh} oðnj}qhn Gxmlh} Dá`}mlxnj Akmlqxnj xna Zilwlhkq ðghw Lkq`hw xna ]qi`kn.7=; Kn ehlwhwhn Qh`hdbniqhn nile Swbd.

Ei}hw akh Jh`hjhnlhkq zilw }kml ekw jhjhnðghw ìxqli`} ðghw akh_x}qánah kn ahw Gxnah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}mlìna x ghfìjhn akh}mlbn hlhw ahnhn kn ahw tbwei`kjhn fbeexnk}qk}mlhn AAW j`k%mlhn ahnn i`} Lk}qbwkfhw fônnh ein lhxqh oi nxw nbml @ðjhn bahw Li`gzilwlhkqhn hwál`hn zhnn ein nkmlq kn} Jhdánjnk} fbeehnzb``h. Hw zðn}mlqh ekw xahe tkh` J`ðmf ghk ehknhe Thw}xml knahn X]I I}{` x ghfbeehn. Fixe ziw kml ighw niml Ahxq}ml%ìna igjh}mlbghn xna }iÒ lkhw kn Lidq finnqh ekml Swbd. Ei}hw

nkmlq ehlw.Ai} Zbwq „Swbdh}}bw‐ fbeeq ix} ahe @iqhknk}mlhn xna gh%ahxqhq „Ghfhnnhw‐ ” }hknhw Ehknxnj ighw tbw i``he ixml dðw ifi%ahek}mlh Swknkskhn. Ighw aitbn k}q ghk ahxq}mlhn _hkqlk}qbwkfhwnzhnkj x }sðwhn. Aitka Kwtknj liq hknei` jh}ijq akh ahxq}mlhnLk}qbwkfhw }hkhn hnqzhahw @ðjnhw bahw Dhkj`knjh ” bahw ghkah}.@hkahw ex}} kml Lhwwn Kwtknj akh}ghðj`kml ðghw zhkqh ]qwhmfhnwhmlq jhghn. I``hwaknj} jkgq h} aitbn ixml Ix}nilehn zkh kml

lbddh nbml aiw`hjhn x fônnhn.713

Ixml tbn ahn Zk}}hn}mlidq`hwn ziw ailhw gk}lhw fhknh Iglk`dh

x hwziwqhn. Aighk záwh h} abml }b hkndiml zhnn }kh i``h nxw x%}ieehnlkh`qhn xna jhehkn}ie ôddhnq`kml ixd}qðnahn. Qiq}áml`kmlahnfhn abml Ek``kbnhn tbn Ehn}mlhn? „Kml i``hknh finn oi abmlnkmlq} ánahwn.‐ Akh}h Ek``kbnhn eð}}qhn }kml nxw ghzx}}q zhwahn

7=; Zhwnhw Ei}hw Dá`}mlxnj Akmlqxnj xna Zilwlhkq ðghw Lkq`hw xna ]qi`kn B`bj Eðn%mlhn 7331. Ei}hw thw}qiwg 733: fxw niml Ig}ml`x}} ehknh} Thwdilwhn}.

713 Tj`. ai} Jxqimlqhn tbn Aw. Bìd Wb}h ke Inlinj =.9. ]. =37.




7=<

Jhdánjnk} gkn. I`} kml xw Six}hnhkq ixd}qina ziw ahe Ahxq}ml%Wx}}hn zbl` hnqdi``hn ai}} hw ekq ekw nbml hqzi} ix}eimlhnzb``qh.

Akh Ehakhn `ðjhn ighw nkmlq nxw tbn }kml ix} }bnahwn }kh }knaixml }fìtk}ml x Akhn}qhn zhnn h} aiwxe jhlq akh @ðjhn inah%whw xnfwkqk}ml x thwgwhkqhn tbw i``he zhnn h} xe Jh}mlkmlq}ak}%}kahnqhn jhlq. I`} Ghk}skh` eôjh aix akh Swh}}hhwf`áwxnj tbnKlnhn Lhww ]qiiq}inzi`q akhnhn akh ]kh in`á}}`kml ahw Infìjh%hwlhgxnj ie 9<.1.7334 in Nimlwkmlqhnijhnqxwhn thw}inaqhn xnaakh ainn kn `hkmlq thwánahwqhw Dbwe tbn ahw asi in i``h Ehakhnzhkqhwjh`hkqhq xna abwq ixml thwôddhnq`kmlq zxwah.717 Kml aiwd Klwh

Ixdehwf}iefhkq ixd db`jhnahn ]iq Klwhw Swh}}hhwf`áwxnj wkmlqhn?„Ahn “Whtk}kbnk}qhn‛ Jhweiw Wxab`d xna ]khjdwkha Thwghfhzkwa xw @i}q jh`hjq ke Knqhwnhq xna axwml Thwgwhkqhn tbn @k%qhwiqxw ahn ke Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} ghjinjhnhn Tô`fhwebwa in ahn Oxahn }{}qheiqk}ml jh`hxjnhq gz. thwliwe`b}q }bzkhaxwml inqk}hekqk}mlh Lhqh xe Li}} jhjhn akh oðak}mlh Gh%tô`fhwxnj ixdjh}qimlh`q x lighn.‐

I`} Whifqkbn aiwixd thwôddhnq`kmlqh akh asi x.i. db`jhnah _hk%

`hn? „Ahn Hwekqq`hwn xdb`jh }b``hn }kh xahe ekq inqk}hekqk% }mlhw Lhqh xe Li}} jhjhn Oxahn ixdjh}qimlh`q lighn.‐„Ekq inqk}hekqk}mlhw Lhqh‐ ” ai} lôwq }kml khe`kml g`xqwðn%

}qkj in. Nxn ligh kml akh Infìjh}mlwkdq ehlwdiml axwmljh`h}hnligh ighw nkwjhnazb ai} Zbwq „inqk}hekqk}ml‐ bahw „Inqk}hek%qk}ex}‐ bahw áln`kmlh} jhdxnahn. Tkh``hkmlq lighn ]kh oi hkndimlthwjh}}hn akh}hn Ghjwkdd x thwzhnahn ighw dh}q }qhlq ai}} hw

aiwkn nkmlq tbwfbeeq. Ainn dwijh kml ekml ighw zkh h} }hknfinn ai}} ]kh fixe ai}} akh Qknqh ahw Infìjh}mlwkdq jhqwbmfnhqziw }kml lkn}hqhn xna }b`mlh Xnzilwlhkqhn ðghw akh Infìjh ghlixsqhn xna kn i``hw Zh`q thwgwhkqhn fbnnqhn akh ]kh jhwiahhw}q }h`g}q thwdi}}q liqqhn2

Ai}} }qiiq`kmlh ]qh``hn h} nkmlq keehw }hlw jhnix ekq ahw Zilwlhkq li`qhn zhnn h} aiwxe jhlq jhjhn Whtk}kbnk}qhn x lhq%hn }khlq ein in hknhe zhkqhwhn Di`` ghk ahe Klw shn}kbnkhwqhw

aiei`kjhw ]qiiq}inzi`q}fb``hjh Lin}%Lhkfb F`hkn akh Lixsqwb``h717 _. G. kn ahw ]qxqqjiwqhw _hkqxnj 9;.1.7334 ]. <.




7=;

}skh`q. Kn hknhe ìnjhn Iwqkfh` ðghw F`hkn} Fiwwkhwh i`} Whtk}kb%nk}qhnoájhw ghlixsqhqh akh ]bnnqij}ghkìjh ]bnnqij Ifqxh`` ahw ]qxqqjiwqhw _hkqxnj ie 9.9.7334?

„Jhweiw Wxab`d hqzi ahw }hkq akh}he Oilw ainf F`hkn kn]qieelhke hkn}kqq }mlwkhg kn ahn Lb`bmix}q%`hxjnhnahn“Tkhwqhòilw}lhdqhn dðw dwhkh Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj‛? “Kn ahw Qiqai}} Lhkfb F`hkn nbml ie @hghn k}q jwhnq }mlbn in hkn Zxn%ahw.‛ Xnthwlbl`hnh Awblxnjhn tbn ahnhn }kml ahw xn%hw}mlwbmfhnh ]qiiq}inzi`q nkmlq }mlwhmfhn `á}}q.‐ Nxn zkwa ix} ahe Iwqkfh` nkmlq fìw bg akh}h Ix}}ijh tbn

ahe Obxwni`k}qhn }qieeq ahw ahn Iwqkfh` thwdi}}qh bahw tbn

Lhwwn F`hkn }h`g}q zh}li`g kml }kh lkhw nkmlq Lhwwn F`hkn xw @i}q`hjhn finn. Qiq}imlh k}q ai}} ein ehknh Ix}}ijh kn gh}ijqheIwqkfh` jìqq ixd ahn Fbsd jh}qh``q liq. Kn ohnhe _hkq}mlwkdqhn%Iwqkfh` ghdi}}qh kml ekml in ohnhw ]qh``h ekq hknhw Ix}}ijh ah}aiei`kjhn xna zbl` ixml nbml ohqkjhn Akwhfqbw} ah} X]%iehwkfink}mlhn Kn}qkqxq} dbw Lk}qbwkmi` Whtkhz Eiwf Zhghw. Hw liqqh kn hknhe Tbwqwij ix}jhdðlwq akh aiei`} kn Ahxq}mlìnajwi}}khwhnah L{}qhwkh jhjhn Whmlq} ” akh ðgwkjhn} }bjiw tbe `kn%

fhn ]skhjh` i`} }b`mlh mliwifqhwk}khwq zbwahn ziw 71=

” akmlqh ahw }bjhninnqhn whmlqhn ]hnh kn Ahxq}mlìna hknh tbn ahw Whi`kqáqtô``kj igjhlbghnh Jhdálw`kmlfhkq in. Záwh akh Whmlqh zkwf`kml }bjhdálw`kml zkh ein aiei`} ghlixsqhqh láqqh }kh }kml zbl` }mlbn`ánj}q in }qiiq`kmlhn Thwdb`jhwn tbn Whmlqhn zkh Lin}%LhkfbF`hkn thwjwkddhn. Kn ehknhe Iwqkfh` siwislwi}khwqh kml Zhghw}Ix}}ijh ” akh} ziwhn i`}b jiw nkmlq ehknh Zbwqh ” xe in%}ml`khÒhna x ghjwðnahn ziwxe kml jhjhn ohah Jhzi`q }hk. Akh}

ziw ixml hknhw ahw Jwðnah aidðw ziwxe kml ekml zhkjhwqh Ni%ehn xna zbeôj`kml jiw In}mlwkdqhn tbn ]qiiq}inzá`qhn xnaWkmlqhwn x thwôddhnq`kmlhn akh Whmlqh xna Whtk}kbnk}qhn zhjhndwkha`kmlhw Ehknxnj}áxÒhwxnjhn thwdb`jqhn ” ahnn aix ziw kmlzkhahwlb`q tbn ehknhn @h}hwn ixdjhdbwahwq zbwahn. Ohahn eôj`k%mlhn Ek}}gwixml }b`mlhw @k}qhn dðw jhzi`qqáqkjh _zhmfh zb``qhkml ixd ohahn Di`` thwlknahwn. Ah}}hn xnjhimlqhq ghlixsqhqh zh%nkjh Ebniqh }sáqhw ai} `knf}h|qwhek}qk}mlh Ahnxnkinqhngìqq

g`kmf niml whmlq} hknhn Iwqkfh` ig kn ahe akh @ðjh hwdxnahn zxw% 71= ]skhjh` Ix}jigh tbe 1.97.7333.




713

ah kml láqqh xe Ebwa in Lin}%Lhkfb F`hkn ixdjhwxdhn bgj`hkmlai} jhnixh Jhjhnqhk` aitbn zilw k}q. Xna ai akh}h} @ðjhng`iqqahw ahxq}mlhn wbq%jwðnhn Gxnah}whjkhwxnj bddhngiw i`} }hwkô}h Kn%

dbweiqkbn}yxh``h ji`q hw}mlkhn akh j`hkmlh @ðjh tbn ehknhe in%jhg`kmlhn Ebwaixdwxd kn hknhw jhjhn ahn Whtk}kbnk}ex} jhwkmlqh%qhn ]bnahwthwôddhnq`kmlxnj ah} Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}}mlxqh}.711 Tbn ai ix} gwhkqhq }kml akh}h} @ðjhnjh}mlzðw nxn bddhn}kmlq`kmlexnqhw zhkqhw ix} ighw nkheina eimlq }kml akh Eðlh ghk ekw nimlx`h}hn zi} kml zkwf`kml jh}mlwkhghn ligh.

Tbn }b`mlhn Ei}}hnehakhn akh ahwiwq zk``dálwkj xna xnfwk%qk}ml ixml akh gô}iwqkj}qhn @ðjhn thwgwhkqhn finn ein hghndi``}

fhknh Iglk`dh hwziwqhn./ / /

H} k}q ailhw dh}qx}qh``hn ai}} fhknhw`hk inahwh Iglk`dh i`} akhah} Zkahw}qinah} ehlw eôj`kml k}q. H} k}q bddhnfxnakj ai}} ohahWhjkhwxnj hknhw }b`mlhn Ini`{}h }hknhw Gðwjhw keehw zkahw}swh%mlhn zkwa ahnn ahw ]qiiq ex}} hw}q nbml hwdxnahn zhwahn ahw }hknh Eimlq dwhkzk``kj ahn Gðwjhwn ðghw`á}}q xna ôddhnq`kml x%jkgq Xnwhmlq x ghjhlhn. Oh ixqbwkqáwhw hkn ]qiiq k}q ah}qb ei}}k%

thw xna jhzi`q}iehw zkwa }hknh Jhjhnwhifqkbn jhjhn ohah In%fðnakjxnj bahw Lina`xnj ah} dwkha`kmlhn ktk`hn Zkahw}qinah}}hkn. Akh bddkkh``h ]h`g}qghxwqhk`xnj ah} ]qiiqh} finn ailhw fhknEiÒ}qig }hkn. Dh}q }qhlq ighw abml zbl` db`jhnah}? Hkn ]qiiq ahw Iglk`dh }mliddhn zk`` lôwq x in}qiqq x }qwidhn. Ighw aix dhl`qlkhw bddhnfxnakj ahw Zk``h bahw hqzi nkmlq2

Kml aiwd akh}h} Qlhei zkhahw ekq hknhe _kqiq tbn Fiw` Sbsshw igwxnahn ahw ixml xnqhw}qwkml ai}} ein ekq }hknhe Zkahw}qina

nkmlq hw}q ziwqhn aðwdh gk} ahw ]qiiq x hknhe „htkahnqhn Xn%whmlq}whjkeh‐ thwfbeehnhn k}q?718

„Xna inqkahebfwiqk}mlh EiÒnilehn tbn ]hkqhn ahw Lhww% }mlhw }kna niqðw`kml zhkqix} jhdálw`kmlhw i`} áln`kmlh ]mliml% ðjh tbn ]hkqhn ahw Ghlhww}mlqhn. Akh Ixdjigh ahw VGh%lhww}mlqhnU zðwah aiwkn gh}qhlhn ahwiwqkjh jhdálw`kmlh

711 Gxnah}ieq dðw Thwdi}}xnj}}mlxq ,Lj.+ Whmlq}h|qwhek}qk}mlhw Whtk}kbnk}ex}. HknQlhei tbn lhxqh Fô`n 7337 ]. 79.

718 Akh bddhnh Jh}h``}mlidq ․ Ga. 7 iiB. ,Ine. 4;+ ]. 9;7.




719

]mlimlðjh wh}b`xq x ghfáesdhn xna }kh }mlbn kn klwhn i``hw%hw}qhn Indánjhn xe ]qk``}qina x gwknjhn.‐Hghn nkmlq hw}q zhnn akh dwhklhkq`kml%ahebfwiqk}mlh Jwxna%

bwanxnj }kml ján`kml kn @xdq ixdjh`ô}q liq. Ainn eij h} x }sáq}hkn.

T. Jhzi`qinzhnaxnj

_xe gwk}inqhn Qlhei Jhzi`qinzhnaxnj ehknq Sbsshw?714 „Kn hknhe hknkjhn zhkqhwhn Di`` li`qh kml akh Inzhnaxnj

tbn Jhzi`q kn sb`kqk}mlhn Fáesdhn dðw jhwhmlqdhwqkjq. Kml ehk%nh ahn Zkahw}qina ” niml Hwwkmlqxnj ahw Ahebfwiqkh ” jhjhn

ohahn Injwkdd ,bg tbn knnhn bahw tbn ixÒhn+ ixd akh aheb%fwiqk}mlh Thwdi}}xnj xna ixd akh Thwzhnaxnj ahebfwiqk}mlhw Ehqlbahn. Ohahe ahwiwqkjhn Injwkdd xna gh}bnahw} hknhe

Injwkdd ahw tbn ahw lhww}mlhnahn Whjkhwxnj ix}jhlq bahw tbnklw qb`hwkhwq zkwa ex}} tbn i``hn `b{i`hn Gðwjhwn }h`g}q xnqhw

Inzhnaxnj tbn Jhzi`q Zkahw}qina jh`hk}qhq zhwahn.‐

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jhnjhzi`q ah} ]qiiqh} xna k}q ailhw fbnqwiswbaxfqkt.7. Ebwi`k}ml? Ein finn ahn Ek}}gwixml }qiiq`kmlhw Jhzi`q nkmlq

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qh}q} ahw Dwkhahn% xna Xezh`qghzhjxnj jh}hlhn liq. Akh Bs%dhw ah} ghke Swbqh}q thwðgqhn @inadwkhahn}gwxml} xna ahw Nô%qkjxnj ziwhn ke gh}qhn Di`` xnqhwjhbwanhqh Whjkhwxnj}injh%}qh``qh bahw }bjiw xnghqhk`kjqh Awkqqh xna akh jwôÒqh Bsdhw%jwxssh ahw Jhzi`q ziwhn blnh _zhkdh` akh Sb`kk}qhn i`} akhSwðjh`fnighn ahw Niqkbn.

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717

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4. Ai} Jhzi`qebnbsb` ah} ]qiiqh} k}q gh}bnahw} ke Di``h ah}Whmlq}}qiiqh} hkn x zkmlqkjh} Swknks xe h} ix}xlôl`hnahnn }bn}q awblhn i`} `hqqh Fbn}hyxhn Mlib} xna Iniwmlkh.

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jhnfbes`h| ahw Gh}qwidxnj x }swhmlhn fbeehn }swkml? ixd Jhzi`qinzhnaxnj axwml ahn ]qiiq.

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`hqqhn hln Oilwh jhqin. Kml ligh ekml ðghw i`` akh}h Oilwh in akhWhmlq}bwanxnj ahw @ánahw jhli`qhn kn ahnhn kml `hgqh. Ahnn i``




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ai} zbdðw kml lkhw nxn injhfìjq gkn ligh kml kn Hnjìna xna knahn X]I jhqin xna abwq ziw h} tô``kj `hji`. Xna zhnn ein ekmldwhk`á}}q }b zhwah kml xwðmf x ehknhw Dwix xna ehknhw Qbmlqhw

kn akh X]I jhlhn }b Jbqq zk``. Bahw gh}}hw jh}ijq }b ekml akhX]%Whjkhwxnj `á}}q. Ai} k}q oi nkmlq ai}}h`gh. Xna }h`g}qthw}qána%`kml zhwah kml ekml ainn ” zkh ixml kn ahw Thwjinjhnlhkq ” inakh abwqkjh Whmlq}bwanxnj li`qhn. Bahw ehknhn ]kh hqzi hwn}qlidqkml }b`` ekml kn ahn X]I ixml in akh ahxq}mlh Whmlq}bwanxnjli`qhn2 Xna zhnn ixml in akh ahxq}mlh ziwxe nkmlq ixml j`hkmlnbml in akh mlknh}k}mlh akh nbwafbwhink}mlh akh fxgink}mlh xnaakh kwink}mlh Whmlq}bwanxnj2 Ekq zh`mlhe Whmlq jìxghn ]kh hk%

jhnq`kml akh Axwml}hqxnj ahw ahxq}mlhn Whmlq}bwanxnj kn ahw jinhn Zh`q dbwahwn x fônnhn2Zkh ]kh }kmlhw`kml gh}}hw zk}}hn i`} kml jkgq h} kn ahw Whmlq}%

zk}}hn}mlidq akthw}h Qlhbwkhn ekq ahnhn akh Gh}qwidxnj tbn]qwidqáqhwn jhwhmlqdhwqkjq zkwa zbtbn kml hknkjh lkhw ixd ehknhnDi`` ghbjhn hwôwqhwn aiwd?9. Knaktkaxi`%Swáthnqkbn? Ahw Thw}xml ekml axwml Gh}qwidxnj

tbn xfðndqkjhn Lina`xnjhn ktk`hn Xnjhlbw}ie} igxli`qhn

jhlq niml lknqhn `b} ai kml oi jhwiah zhjhn akh}hw xnjhwhml%qhn Thwdb`jxnj Inahw}ahnfhnahw Zkahw}qina `hk}qh. Ehlw xn%jhwhmlqh Thwdb`jxnj dðlwq ailhw ghk ekw nxw x ehlw Zkahw%}qina. Zhnn ehkn Tiqhw h} }mlbn nkmlq }mliddqh ehknhn Zk`%`hn ke I`qhw tbn 7”= Oilwhn ekq gwxqi`hw Jhzi`q x gwhmlhnehknhn ]kh ai hwn}qlidq ahw ]qiiq zkwa ekq }hknhn Ehqlbahnehlw Hwdb`j lighn2 Kml ì}}h ekml jhwnh tbn jxqhn Iwjxehn%qhn ðghwhxjhn ighw nkmlq axwml Jhzi`q)

7. Jhnhwi`%Swáthnqkbn? Dðw akh Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq ig}mlwhmfhnah Ghk%}skh`h x }qiqxkhwhn aiekq ixml oi fhknhw ehlw jhjhn }qiiq`kmlhZilwlhkq}akfqiqh ixdxexmfhn zijq dxnfqkbnkhwq nxw }bìnjhakh Ah}kndbweiqkbn}sb`kqkf jhjhnðghw ahw Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq jh%`knjq zi} keehw zhnkjhw ahw Di`` k}q. Akh Thwôddhnq`kmlxnj ahw Tbwjánjh kn akh}he Swbh}} xe Ghk}skh` zkwa Qix}hnahn_kjqix}hnahn tkh``hkmlq }bjiw Lxnahwqqix}hnahn akh Ixjhnôddnhn. Kwjhnazinn fbeeq h} ainn x hknhe @izknhnhddhfq

ahnn ai} Xnwhmlq qwhkgq akh @hxqh ixd akh Giwwkfiahn }bgià}kh aitbn hwdilwhn.




718

Ah}li`g }hk kn}gh}bnahwh ixml ahw Iwqkfh` 9 ah} Jwxnajh}hqh}tbe Iwqkfh` 73 Ig}iq 1 jh}mlðqq i`} ahe Whmlq ixd Zkahw}qina ghk Injwkddhn ah} ]qiiqh} ixd akh Ehn}mlhnzðwah.71; Wbein Lhw%

bj thwqwkqq nkmlq i`} hknkjhw akh Ixddi}}xnj ai}} h} }kml ghk Iwq.73 Ig}. 1 nkmlq nxw xe hknh Thwdi}}xnj}}mlxqgh}qkeexnj }bn%ahwn tkhèhlw xe hkn Jwxnawhmlq ohah} Gðwjhw} linah`q ghk Ehn%}mlhnwhmlq}thw`hqxnjhn Zkahw}qina `hk}qhn x aðwdhn.783

Aiekq }ml`khÒq }kml ahw Fwhk} ehknhw Iwjxehnqiqkbn in ahwhnIndinj kml ai} Whmlq x zhkdh`n akh Zilwlhkq x }xmlhn xna akhHwjhgnk}}h akh}hw Ifqktkqáqhn x thwgwhkqhn i`} }ml`hmlqlkn fbn}qk%qxkhwhna dðw ai} Ehn}ml}hkn aiwjh`hjq ligh i`}b dðw akh Ehn%

}mlhnzðwah i`} }b`mlh.789

71; W. Lhwbj kn? Qlhbabw Eixn Jðnqhw Aðwkj Jwxnajh}hq Fbeehnqiw 19. Hwján%xnj}`khdhwxnj Eðnmlhn 7337 Iwq. 73 Ig}. 1 Wn. 9:”9;? niml F. Shqhw} hga.

783 W. Lhwbj hga. Wn. 9 $ 1dd.6 áln`kml? Dwkhawkml H. ]mlniss kn? Knjb tbn Eðnml Slk%`kss Fxnkj ,Lj.+ Jwxnajh}hq Fbeehnqiw 1."8. Ixd`. Eðnmlhn 7339 Iwq. 73 Wn. 8;6}bzkh Ob}hd K}hn}hh Ai} `hji`k}khwqh Zkahw}qina}whmlq Gia Lbegxwj 9;4; ]. <9? k%qkhwq niml Shqhw} hga. ]. 9<;.

789 Bgzbl` Ebniqh tbw Swbh}}ghjknn gh}qh``q hwlkh`q kml akh lkhw kqkhwqh Wbein Lhwbjyxi}k i`} Fwbnhxjhn indðlwhnah Ak}}hwqiqkbn tbn Shqhw} hw}q hkn li`gh} Oilw niml Swb%h}}hnah xjh}qh``q thwôjhwq tbw i``he axwml akh h|qwhe ìnjzkhwkjh wkmlqhw`kmlh _hn%}xw akh kn ahn Ebniqhn xnekqqh`giw tbw Swbh}}ghjknn ixd di}q zhk Ebniqh injhìxdhnziw. Akh}h Hkn}mlwánfxnj ehknhw Thwqhkakjxnj}eôj`kmlfhkq }hk axwml akh}hn Nimlqwijqhk`zhk}h fbeshn}khwq. J.W. Einnlhke 7;.<.733:.




71:

D. ]ml`x}}

Kml ligh lkhw zkhahwlb`q ghqbnq zi} dðw ekml i`} Thw`hjhw ai}

bghw}qh Sxg`kfiqkbn}swknks ziw? Kn fhknhw ehknhw Thwôddhnq`k%mlxnjhn zxwah inahwhn klwh Ehn}mlhnwhmlqh igjh}swbmlhn aixixdjhwxdhn bahw akh} jhwhmlqdhwqkjq. Ai} }ml`khÒq axwmlix} ixmlhkn ai}} kml Aknjh thwôddhnq`kmlq ligh ekq ahnhn kml knli`q`kmlnkmlq ðghwhkn}qkeeh }bìnjh nxw akh}h} bghw}qh Swknks hknjhli`%qhn zxwah. Kn akh}he ]knnh linah`qh kml jin ke ]knnh Tb`qikwh}ahw jh}mlwkhghn liq ” xna kml kqkhwh kln ohqq lkhw ix} ahe Jh%aámlqnk}?787

„Kml thwimlqh Klwh Ehknxnj ighw kml jágh ehkn @hghn ai% dðw ai}} ]kh }kh }ijhn aðwdhn.‐Ai}} akh} ixml jh`hjhnq`kml ixd ehknh Qáqkjfhkq xqwid aiwd kml

in hknhe Ghk}skh` hkjhn. Ekqqh ahw 9;;3hw Oilwh zxwah xnqhw aheS}hxabn{e Liwbà Mhmk` Wbgkn}bn hkn Gxml tbn Oblinnh} Shqhw Nh{ xnqhw ahe Qkqh` Ahw thwaieeqh Inqk}hekqk}ex} thwôddhnq%`kmlq.78= Kml jhwkhq aiei`} ekq Lhwwn Nh{ kn hknh Ix}hkninahw}hq%xnj ðghw akh}h} Gxml ai ekw }bzbl` akh knli`q`kmlhn Ix}}ijhn

ahw ]swiml}qk` zkh ixml akh jh}ieqh Qhnahn xzkahw ziwhn. I`}ai} Gxml ainn ighw hknjhbjhn zxwah781 }qh``qh kml h} ahnnbmli`} h`hfqwbnk}mlh Aiqhk kn ehknh Zhg}hkqh akh }kml jin ghzx}}qxe _kh` }hqq ahw k``hji`hn ahxq}mlhn _hn}xw ai} Wðmfjwiq x gwhmlhn.788 Ahnn bgzbl` ekw ai} Gxml ek}}dkh` ghzhjqh h} }kmlahnnbml ke Wilehn ehknh} bghw}qhn Swknks}. Xna aiwxe hnq%}ml`b}} kml ekml bgzbl` kml Nh{} In}kmlqhn thwig}mlhxqh ahn%nbml ekq ehknhe @hghn xna lkhw nxn jin fbnfwhq ekq ehknhw

Dwhklhkq aidðw hknx}qhlhn ai}} hw }kh ôddhnq`kml }ijhn finn.Swbd. Dixwk}}bn liq hknei` jh}ijq hw }hk zkh hkn Tbjh` ahe h}

hkndiml kn }hknhw Niqxw `khjq x }knjhn. ]h`g}q zhnn ein kln kn hk%nhn Fádkj }shwwq }b zðwah hw ahnnbml nkmlq ixdlôwhn x }knjhn.

787 Bgzbl` akh}h} _kqiq Tb`qikwh in}mlhknhna dá`}ml`kml xjh}mlwkhghn zxwah tj`.lqqs?""ah.zkfkyxbqh.bwj"zkfk"Tb`qikwh6 ainiml zxwahn akh}h Zbwqh „xhw}q ghnxqq tbnHth`{n Ghiqwkmh Li`` kn Akh Dwhxnah tbn Tb`qikwh ,9;34+ jh}mlwkhghn xnqhw ahe S}hx%abn{e ]qhslhn J. Qi``hnq{wh.―

78= Thwìj Nhxh Tk}kbnhn Zðwhn`b} ]mlzhk.781 Ke Thwdilwhn jhjhn Nh{} Thw`hjhw Jhwliwa Dôw}qhw kn ahw ]mlzhk.788 zzz.tlb.bwj"A"ti.




71;

Dwhklhkq ghahxqhq kn}gh}bnahwh ahn Eámlqkjhn ai} }ijhn xaðwdhn zi} akh}h ie zhnkj}qhn lôwhn zb``hn. Ahnn ohah Akfqiqxw hwìxgq Ehknxnj}áxÒhwxnjhn akh ahn Eámlqkjhn j`hkmljð`qkj }kna

bahw ekq ahnhn }kh }bjiw ðghwhkn}qkeehn. Ai} finn ailhw nkmlqahw EiÒ}qig hknhw dwhklhkq`kmlhn xna bddhnhn Jh}h``}mlidq }hkn.Dwhk`kml zhwahn Jwðnah injhjhghn ziwxe ein ehknq ghk

ahe lkhw ghlinah`qhn Qlhei hknh Ix}nileh eimlhn x eð}}hn}kml i`}b ðghw Jwxna% xna Ehn}mlhnwhmlqh lknzhj}hqhn x fôn%nhn. Aix eômlqh kml lkhw hknhn Oxwk}qhn kqkhwhn ahw akh Swbg`h%eiqkf ah} ª9=3 ]qJG hknjhlhna ini`{}khwq liq náe`kml hknhnhlhei`kjhn Fb``hjhn tbn Klnhn Lhww ]mlzig78; ahn Tbw}kqhn%

ahn Wkmlqhw ie @inajhwkmlq ke Wxlh}qina Jðnqlhw Ghwqwie. Hw thwdi}}qh hknhn Iwqkfh` ah} Qkqh`} „Ahw Whmlq}}qiiq xna }hknhTb`f}thwlhqxnj}%Nbth``h‐ ahw kn ahw ahxq}mlhn Whmlq}hkq%}mlwkdq Nhxh Oxwk}qk}mlh Zbmlhn}mlwkdq Ix}jigh 79"7338 ixd ahn]hkqhn 91:4”91:< hw}mlkhn. H} linah`q }kml lkhwghk xe hknhn ohnhw tbn ekw ghwhkq} hwzálnqhn Dimlghkqwájh tbn Oxwk}qhn kn ahnhn akhThwdi}}xnj}zkawkjfhkq ah} ]qwidjh}hqh} xnqhw ahe kml lkhw thw%db`jq zhwah fìw lhwtbwjhlbghn zkwa. Zhjhn }hknhw Ghahxqxnj

aiwd kml ahn Iwqkfh` nxn tb``}qánakj ìxq tbw`h}hn. ,]khlh ahnTb``qh|q ah} Iwqkfh`} ke Inlinj 1 ]. =47.+

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gwxml k}q. Kn áln`kmlhw Zhk}h zkh Ghwqwie liq ixml ahw aiei`kjhxna ohqkjh Gxnah}knnhneknk}qhw Zb`djinj ]mláxg`h ai}Ix}mlzkq%Qigx x whmlqdhwqkjhn thw}xmlq i``hwaknj} whmlqdhwqkjqhhw ke Jhjhn}iq x Ghwqwie hghn}b ah}}hn oxwk}qk}mlh _zinj}%axwml}hqxnj. Kn hknhe Jh}swáml ekq ahe aiei`kjhn Tbw}kqhn%ahn ah} _hnqwi`wiq} ahw Oxahn kn Ahxq}mlìna Kjniq Gxgk} ai} knahw DI_ thwôddhnq`kmlq zxwah dðlwqh ]mláxg`h ix}?743

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783

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`kml qwhdd`kml aiwðghw }qwhkqhn ai}} h} xnqhw oxwk}qk}mlhn Jh% }kmlq}sxnfqhn hkjhnq`kml Xndxj k}q Ehknxnj}áxÒhwxnjhn xthwgkhqhn. Qwbqahe k}q h} wkmlqkj zhk` zkw oi nkmlq kn hknheig}qwifqhn Wixe }kna }bnahwn fbnfwhqh jh}mlkmlq`kmlh Hwdil%wxnjhn lknqhw xn} lighn. Kml jìxgh ziw nkmlq ai}} akh]qwidtbw}mlwkdqhn dðw akh Hzkjfhkq }kna. Ighw dðw lkhw xna lhxqhk}q h} wkmlqkj }h`g}q ekq Jh}hqhn akh ein xnqhw whkn oxwk}qk%

}mlhn Jh}kmlq}sxnfqhn i`} swbg`heiqk}ml hesdknahn finn x

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`khgqhw Ehknxnj}qwájhw fônnhn i`} swbg`heiqk}mlhw Xndxj gh% hkmlnhq zhwahn. Tkhèhlw eð}}hn injhg`kmlh “jh}mlkmlq`kmlh Hwdilwxnjhn‛ aidðw lhwli`qhn aiekq hknh bddhnh Ahgiqqh ðghw hghn akh}h jh}mlkmlq`kmlhn Hwdilwxnjhn thwgbqhn zhwahnfinn. Bahw inahw} ix}jhawðmfq?

ª 9? Akh Siwqhk liq keehw whmlq. ª 7? ]b``qh akh Siwqhk hknei` nkmlq whmlq lighn qwkqq ixqb%

eiqk}ml ª 9 kn Fwidq.‐

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Zkw zhwahn shw ]qwidjh}hq jhzxnjhn hqzi} x jìxghn zhkàkh}h} Hqzi} injhg`kml }b hknkjiwqkj ziw. Eð}}hn zkw i`}b jìx% ghn zhk` ai} Ghlixsqhqh }b hknkjiwqkj }b h|qwhe jhzh}hn }hkn

749 J. Wxab`d kn? Fiwakni`dwijhn iiB. ,Ine. 1:+ ]. 9;4d.




789

}b``2 ]b`ml hknh thwyxhwh @bjkf jig liq akh Zh`q }mlbn hknei`jh}hlhn náe`kml tbw 9.<33 Oilwhn?747

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Zhk` kn ahw Thwjinjhnlhkq Eknahwlhkqhn hnqwhmlqhq Ak}}k%ahnqhn hknjh}shwwq xna ahwhn Gðmlhw thwgwinnq zxwahn eð}}h

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Thwjinjhnlhkq whkn jiw nkmlq} jh`hwnq. Ein awhlq }kml nxw xe xnathwdb`jq nxn xw Igzhml}`xnj hknh inahwh Jwxssh.

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748 Gwxnb Dwinf Dwkhawkml ahw JwbÒh i`} Ehn}ml ke ]skhjh` }hknhw Gwkhdh Ahxq}mlhGxml%Jhehkn}mlidq Ghw`kn 9;74 ]. ;;.




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ke Aki`bj}qk` jh}mlwkhghn i`} hknh Ix}hkninahw}hqxnj zk}mlhnthw}mlkhahnhn In}kmlqhn ” jhnix zkh ixml ehkn Gxml ke Aki%`bj}qk` thwdi}}q k}q.

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747

Akh} k}q ,}kmlhw`kml+ nkmlq nxw akh Iwq xna Zhk}h tbn Ak}}kahn%qhn ke Nilhn B}qhn. Akh Nbgh`swhk}qwájhwkn Aiz Ixnj ]in ]xxF{k liqqh klwh Dwhklhkq dðw ehlw i`} hkn Oilwhlnq gh}mlwánfq ixd%

jwxna klwhw Bssb}kqkbn x E{ineiw} Ek`kqáwoxnqi.Kn I`ginkhn ziw Diqb} @xgbnoi‡ 71 i`} akh Sb`khk in }hknh Qðw f`bsdqh. _x ohnhw _hkq ziw I`ginkhn hkn }qi`knk}qk}mlhw Sb`khk}qiiq.Akh Sb`khk dina }hknh thw}qhmfqhn ]mlwkdqhn whjkhwxnj}dhkna`kmlhKahhn akh hw nbml nkmlq hknei` thwôddhnq`kmlq liqqh. Lhww @xgbnoizxwah x dðnd Oilwhn Jhdánjnk} thwxwqhk`q.

I`} akh fbeexnk}qk}mlh Whjkhwxnj }ml`khÒ`kml x}ieehn% gwiml liqqh Lhww @xgbnoi kn}jh}ieq 9: Oilwh i`} Jhdinjhnhw thw%

gwimlq. I`} akh nhxh Whjkhwxnj kln 9;;9 dwhk`khÒ liqqh hw akhZil`? }hkn @hghn i`} Ak}}kahnq jhjhn akh i`qh Whjkhwxnj kn f`kn%jhnah Eðnh x thwzinah`n bahw }hknh Ehknxnj ðghw akh nhxhix}x}swhmlhn tbn ahw hw ghlixsqhq ixml akh}h }hk ixqbwkqáw. Hw }ijqh hw ligh fhknh Zil` jhligq.

‐Akh} k}q nkmlq nxw hknh Dwijh ahw Zðwah h} k}q ahw ]knn ahknh}@hghn}― }ijqh hw kn hknhe Qh`hdbnknqhwtkhz tbn Kqi`khn ix}. ‐H}k}q ahknh @hghn}hnq}mlhkaxnj xna zhnn ax ixdjkg}q zkw}q ax ahk%

nhn @hghn}}knn thw`khwhn.―,‐Thwxnj`kesdxnj tbn Áj{sqhn} In}hlhn― ziw ahw Jwxnaziwxe Lhww Kgwilke ke Oilw 7337 x }hml} Oilwhn Lidq thwxwqhk`qzxwah. Niml 93 Ebniqhn zxwah hw tbn hknhe Ghwxdxnj}jhwkmlqdwhkjh`i}}hn. Hw `kqq xnqhw Nhwthn}mláahn xna liqqh ]mlzkhwkjfhk%qhn x jhlhn. Lhww Kgwilke dknj }bdbwq zkhahw in Lhwwn Exgiwif x fwkqk}khwhn. Tbw zhk Oilwhn i`} hw ixÒhwli`g Áj{sqhn} hknhw Fbndhwhn ghkzblnqh zxwah hw zkhahw injhf`ijq ” xna jhziwnq

ai}} hw gh}}hw nkmlq xwðmffhlwh ai hw }bn}q thwlidqhq zðwah. Hw liq }hkqlhw ke }h`g}qixdhw`hjqhn H|k` jh`hgq. Ie Ebnqij lbg hknJhwkmlq hknh jhjhn kln thwlánjqh zhkoálwkjh Lidq}qwidh ixd xnah} k}q nxn akh Whah aitbn ai}} hw xwðmffhlwhn finn.

‐H} k}q di}q zkh ni }ijhn zkw zkh hknh Wxq}mlh6 ein gh%fbeeq akh}h} ]hnaxnj}jhdðl` xna ein zkwa gh}h}}hn aitbn―}ijqh Lhww Kgwilke kn hknhe Qh`hdbnknqhwtkhz tbn ahn Thwhknkj%qhn ]qiiqhn ix} fxw tbw ahw Thwfðnaxnj ah} Xwqhk`}.

‡ dknaiwqkm`h}.mbe"s"iwqkm`h}"ekRe774:"k}R9R:9"ikRn49844;;"




74=

Hw hwknnhwq }kml in hknhn }mlzkhwkjhn Ebehnq niml hknhe Oilw ke H|k` i`} kln }hknh zhk Hnfh`}ôlnh kn K}qingx` gh}xmlqhn. ‐Hk%nhw tbn klnhn }ijqh “Bsi ziwxe lôw}q Ax nkmlq ixd hnq}mlx`%

akj}q akml ghk Swá}kahnq Exgiwif xna fbee}q xwðmf niml Áj{s%qhn2‛―‐Kml ligh ekq akh}hn Fknahwn nkh ðghw Sb`kqkf ak}fxqkhwq― }ijqh

Lhww Kgwilke inahwnqij}. ‐Kml }ijqh? “Ekml ghk Exgiwif hnq%}mlxàkjhn2‛ Kml }ijqh? “Zbdðw hnq}mlxàkjhn2‛

‐]kh }ijqhn? “Zkw zb``hn Akml xwðmf lighn.‛‐Kml }ijqh? “Zhnn hw }kml ghke áj{sqk}mlhn Tb`f hnq}mlxàkjq

ainn zhwah ixml kml ekml hnq}mlxàkjhn‛― hwknnhwqh }kml Lhww

Kgwilke.Hw }ijqh hw ligh fhknh Zil` jhligq.+Ebni h`%Nijjiw qwxj x akh}he Ghwkmlq ghk

Jhwiah }b zkh zkw Whtk}kbnk}qhn)




748

L. Inlánjh

Inlinj 9? _kqiqh xe Ek}}gwixmlahw N]%Oxahnthwdb`jxnj

_kqiqh xw sb`kqk}mlhn xna dkninkh``hn Kn}qwxehnqi`k}kh%

wxnj ah} „Lb`bmix}q‐ axwml oðak}mlh Knqhwh}}hn}jwxsshn akh

}qwidwhmlq`kml nkmlq thwdb`jq zxwahn gz. zhwahn i`}b i`} `h%

ji` jh`qhn.Kml hwìxgh ekw nimldb`jhna hknh Whklh tbn _kqiqhn ix} awhkGðmlhwn x gwknjhn kn ahnhn akh Ix}ghxqxnj ahw N]%Oxahn%thwdb`jxnj x sb`kqk}mlhn xna dkninkh``hn _zhmfhn ekq ahxq%`kmlhn Zbwqhn fwkqk}khwq zkwa.7:3

Akh hw}qhn zhk Gðmlhw }qieehn tbn ahe kn Mlkmijb in ahw AhSix` Xnkthw}kqáq Sb`kqb`bjkh `hlwhnahn oðak}ml%iehwkfink}mlhnSwbdh}}bw Nbwein Dknfh`}qhkn7:9 hknhe ]bln tbn Ðghw`hghnahn

ah} Fbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhw} Eioainhf. Ai} awkqqh Gxml zxwah thwôd%dhnq`kmlq tbe ahxq}mlhn whmlq}jhwkmlqhqhn D_%Thwìj ah} Tbw}kq%hnahn ahw whmlqhn Siwqhk ATX Aw. Jhwliwa Dwh{. Ahw Jìxg%zðwakjfhkq li`ghw gh}mlwánfh kml ehknh _kqiqh aiwix} ah}li`g ixd }b`mlh akh ix}jhzkh}hnhweiÒhn Yxh``hn hnqnbeehn zxwahnzh`mlh nkmlq i`} inwðmlkj jh`qhn.

9. Nbwein J. Dknfh`}qhkn Akh Lb`bmix}q%Knax}qwkh. Zkh ai} @hkahn ahw Oxahn ix}jhghxqhq zkwa Skshw Eðnmlhn 1. Ixdìjh

7339?„Akh Jh}mlkmlqhn ahw “Ðghw`hghnahn ah} Lb`bmix}q‛ ” i``h

ziwhn F_%Kn}i}}hn i``h Lhàhn ah} Zkahw}qina} jhzh}hn ” gkàhqhn x Lix}h hknh jin gh}bnahwh Yxh``h ahw Hwlhkqh%wxnj. Tbw ìnjhw _hkq liq Obln ]qxiwq Ek`` hwfinnq ai}}

7:3 Nimlqwij x ahn Hknì}}xnjhn tbn Jhweiw Wxab`d awhk Thwlina`xnj}qijh niml Ig%}ml`x}} ahw hkjhnq`kmlhn Hknì}}xnjhn tbwjhqwijhn.

7:9 Nimlahe Dknfh`}qhkn hknh bwahnq`kmlh Swbdh}}xw thwzhkjhwq zbwahn ziw fðnakjqh hw keLhwg}q 733: }hknhn Thwqwij ekq ahw AhSix` Xnkthw}kq{ tj`.zzz.hn.zkfkshaki.bwj"zkfk"NbweinRDknfh`}qhkn.




744

Zilwlhkqhn akh nkmlq }qánakj lknqhwdwijq zhwahn }ml`khÒ`kml“nkmlq `ánjhw i`} Zilwlhkq zkwfhn zhk` }kh axwml Ðghwqwhkgxnj

xw Xnzilwlhkq zhwahn‛.‐ ,]. 91+

„Akh Ghwxdxnj ixd AHN LB@BMIX]Q ziw ah}li`g hknQwkmf ohj`kmlhw Fwkqkf in Oxahn akh @hjkqkeiqkbn x hnqkhlhn ” hknh }b`mlh Fwkqkf fbnnqh nxw hknhe fwinflidqhn LiÒ hnq% }swknjhn.‐ ,]. 14+

„]mlzkna`hw Jh}mládqheimlhw xna akh Jh}mlkmlqh‐,Ðghw}mlwkdq 7. Fiskqh` ]. 1;+

„Gbi} Htwbn ghaixhwq akh “@hlwh ah} Lb`bmix}q‛ tbe hzk%

jhn LiÒ ahw Nkmlqoxahn xna ehwfq aix in ai}} axwml }kh“zkwf`kml tbw}áq`kml Siwinbki lhwinjhgkàhq zkwa ․ Akh}hEhnqi`kqáq ․ hnq}mlxàkjq tbn tbwnlhwhkn ohah xnehn}ml`kmlh

Ghlina`xnj tbn Nkmlqoxahn ahnn akh tbwlhww}mlhnah E{qlb%`bjkh gh}ijq ai}} „ghk ahw Thwnkmlqxnj ahw Oxahn i``h Tô`fhw ekq ahn Nik} x}ieehnjhiwghkqhq‐ ,lighn+ tbn ailhw k}q ahn

Oxahn kn klwhe Thwlá`qnk} x inahwhn Tô`fhwn i``h} hwìxgq.‛‐,]. 8;+

„Hkn ghqwámlq`kmlhw Qhk` ahw @kqhwiqxw x Lkq`hw} “Hna`ô% }xnj‛ k}q }bzhkq aiwkn akh hnq}mlhkahnahn Lb`bmix}q%Abjehn xe Ix}awxmf fbeehn zk}}hn}mlidq`kml jh}hlhn zhwq`b}.‐ ,].4=+

„“V․U Zkh k}q h} aix jhfbeehn ai}} zkw fhknh in}qánakjhYxi`kqáq}fbnqwb``h lighn zhnn h} aiwxe jhlq Lb`bmix}q%]qbddh tbw klwhw Thwôddhnq`kmlxnj x swðdhn2‛‐ ,Swbd. Wix` Lk`%

ghwj kqkhwhna ]. 4:+„Injh}kmlq} ah} Xn}knn} ahn akh Lb`bmix}q%Knax}qwkh qáj%

`kml ixd ahn Eiwfq zkwdq zxnahwq ein }kml hlhw ziwxe h} }bzhnkjh ]fhsqkfhw jkgq.‐ ,]. :8+

„]bzbl` Iwnb Ei{hw kn }hknhw ghahxqhnahn ]qxakh ðghw akhEi}}hnthwnkmlqxnj ahw Oxahn axwml akh Nik} i`} ixml Wix`

Lk`ghwj kqkhwhn Thwôddhnq`kmlxnjhn akh ahn Lb`bmix}q `hxj%

nhn. “Zhnn akh}h @hxqh whahn zb``hn }b`` ein }kh ì}}hn‛ehknq Lk`ghwj. “Ai} gwknjq ohnh tbn xn} akh Dbw}mlxnj qwhk%ghn aix Aknjh akh zkw tkh``hkmlq i`} bddhn}kmlq`kml hwimlqhq




74:

lighn hwnhxq x ðghwswðdhn. Xna ai} k}q nðq`kml dðw xn}.‛‐,]. :;+

„Ai Ðghw`hghnah ekqq`hwzhk`h zkh zh`q`kmlh Lhk`kjh thwhlwq

zhwahn zijq ein nkmlq }kh kn Dwijh x }qh``hn. Ig}xwah Gh%lixsqxnjhn `áÒq ein fbeehnqiw`b} axwmljhlhn.‐ ,]. <4+

„Ai} Gðwb ah} k}wih`k}mlhn Swhekhweknk}qhw} Nhqinoilxghkddhwqh akh _il` ahw “nbml `hghnahn Lb`bmix}q%Ðghw`hghn%ahn‛ ixd di}q hknh Ek``kbn. Ai} Lixsqebqkt lknqhw akh}hw knd`i%qkbnáwhn Ánahwxnj k}q ixml lkhw `hkmlq x dknahn. H} k}q }mlzkh%wkj nhxh xedinjwhkmlh In}swðmlh ixd Zkhahwjxqeimlxnj

axwmlx}hqhn zhnn nxw nbml zhnkjh Bsdhw ah} Lb`bmix}q ie @hghn }kna.‐ ,]. <:+

„Kn ahn `hqqhn Oilwhn k}q akh Lb`bmix}q%Knax}qwkh jhwiahx x hknhe hwswh}}hwk}mlhn Jh}mládq jhzbwahn. V․U In}ml`kh% Òhna zhnah kml ekml ahn Ghzhk}hn x zbghk kml hkjhn zhw%ah ai}} tkh`h ahw Tbwzðwdh Vjhjhn akh ]mlzhk ․ U ixd Qáx%

}mlxnj ghwxlqhn.‐ ,]. ;=+

„Gk}lhw liq }kml akh ôddhnq`kmlh Ehknxnj nkmlq jhjhn akh Hwswh}}xnj ]mlzhkhw Ginfkhw} xna ahxq}mlhw Knax}qwkh``hw jh}qh``q ighw hknhw Hwswh}}xnj lxnjhwnahw sb`nk}mlhw Gixhwnaðwdqh }kh fixe }b dwhxna`kml x}hlhn.‐ ,]. 9=4+

„Akh Lb`bmix}q%Knax}qwkh k}q hknahxqkj aighk axwmlx%awhlhn.‐ ,]. 911+

„I`} “EiÒ}qig dðw Xnqhwawðmfxnj xna Jwix}iefhkq‛ dðlwq

hw Vahw Lb`bmix}qU qhnahnkh`` aix ai}} “Thwgwhmlhn jhwknjh%whn Xedinj} gini`k}khwq‛ zhwahn.‐ ,]. 983 Swbd. Shqhw Nbtkmf kqkhwhna+

„“Ai} finn ein nkmlq Vekq ahe Lb`bmix}qU thwj`hkmlhn‛ k}q ahw J`ixghn}}iq ebwi`k}mlhw Hwswh}}hw.‐ ,]. 989+

„Lhxqh gh}qhlq akh Lhwix}dbwahwxnj aiwkn akh Ei}}hnthw%nkmlqxnj ahw Oxahn axwml akh Nik} zkhahw x hknhe wiqkbni%`hn Dbw}mlxnj}jhjhn}qina x eimlhn. Nxw ainn fônnhn zkw zkwf`kml hqzi} aiwix} `hwnhn.‐ ,]. 98=+




74<

„H} k}q akh Lb`bmix}q%Knax}qwkh ekq klwhn lhdqkj ixdjhg`ál%qhn _il`hn in Ðghw`hghnahn akh ahn @hxjnhwn lk`dq. H} k}q akh

Hwswh}}hwqifqkf akh Inqk}hekqk}ex} nálwq. Ai} gkn nkmlq kml.

Akh Ohzk}l Mìke} Mbndhwhnmh liq akh _il`hn ahw ]fìthniw%ghkqhw ixdjhg`álq xe ehlw Jhà tbn Ahxq}mlìna x ghfbe%ehn.‐ ,]. 9:;+

„Ke Di`` ahw ]mlzhk linah`qh h} }kml zkh Wix` Lk`ghwj }ijq xe jìqqh Hwswh}}xnj.‐ ,]. 9<3+

7. Nbwein J. Dknfh`}qhkn Inqk}hekqk}ex} i`} sb`kqk}mlh

Ziddh. K}wih` Iehwkfi xna ahw Ek}}gwixml ahw Jh}mlkmlqh Skshw

Eðnmlhn 7338„Iehwkfink}ml%oðak}mlh H`kqhn }hqhn ahn “Inqk}hekqk}ex}‛

V․U i`} kahb`bjk}mlh Ziddh hkn xe klwhn jhlbghnhn ]qiqx} knahw Jh}h``}mlidq x thwqhkakjhn xna ai} Wknjhn xe zhkqhwh

Swktk`hjkhn x hw`hkmlqhwn.‐ ,]. 4=+

„Ixd ahw hknhn ]hkqh dôwahwn “sb`kqk}ml fbwwhfqh‛ bdq ixml {nk}mlh Shw}ôn`kmlfhkqhn ah} ôddhnq`kmlhn @hghn} ke Thwhkn

ekq ahn Ehakhn Vkn Ahxq}mlìnaU keehw zkhahw Inqk}hekqhn xqijh bgzbl` akh}h }b il`whkml nkmlq }kna xna }kh qxn akh}ekq hknhe Hkdhw ahw }mlbn }qiwf in akh ekqqhì`qhw`kmlh Lh|hn%thwdb`jxnj hwknnhwq.‐ ,]. :8d.+

„Hw}q k}q h} akh Hknkjiwqkjfhkq xna Xnkthw}i`kqáq ah} qlhb%`bjk}mlhn Ig}b`xqk}ex}6 ainn k}q h} akh Hknkjiwqkjfhkq xna Xnkthw}i`kqáq ah} Eiw|k}ex}%@hnknk}ex}6 xna ohqq k}q h} akh

Hknkjiwqkjfhkq xna Xnkthw}i`kqáq ah} LB@BMIX]Q. Akh hkn%

kjh Fbn}qinqh k}q hknh qbqi`kqáwh Jh}knnxnj }bzkh akh aixjh%lôwkjh ]qkjeiqk}khwxnj tbn Ak}}hn} i`} hknh Fwinflhkq akhaxwml ahn ]qiiq x ghfáesdhn }hk.‐ ,]. ;7+

„Xna }b zkh akh Whjkhwxnj M`knqbn ahn ]mlzknah` ekq ahw LB@BMIX]Q%Zkhahwjxqeimlxnj xnqhw}qðqqh xe in oðak% }mlh} Jhà xna oðak}mlh Zál`hw}qkeehn x jhìnjhn }b xn%qhw}qðqq ixml akh Whjkhwxnj Gx}l zhkdh``b} ix} ahe j`hkmlhn

Fi`fð` lhwix} ahn ]mlzknah` ekq ahe nhxhn Inqk}hekqk}ex}.‐,]. 93:+




74;

„I``h} in ahn Oxahn k}q hknkjiwqkj? ahw Inqk}hekqk}ex} ahw LB@BMIX]Q K}wih` akh oðak}mlh Niqkbn ai} oðak}mlh Tb`f ․ Ahw Mlixtknk}ex} lknqhw akh}hw ghlixsqhqhn Hknkjiwqkjfhkq

záwh }mlbn dðw }kml jhnbeehn }mlzhw x hwqwijhn. Lknxfbeeq ighw nbml ai}} akh}h hwfhnnqnk}qlhbwhqk}ml zhwq`b}h Hknkjiwqkjfhkq}abfqwkn hknh zkmlqkjh kahb`bjk}mlh Dxnfqkbn hw% dð``q? ]kh hwìxgq h} K}wih` hknh ebwi`k}mlh Tbwxj}ghlina`xnj hknxdbwahwn. Zhnn ai} oðak}mlh @hka hknkjiwqkj ziw gwixmlq

}kml K}wih` nkmlq in ahn jánjkjhn ebwi`k}mlhn EiÒ}qághneh}}hn x ì}}hn.‐ ,]. 93;+

„Ein ex}} }kml ohabml zxnahwn ai}} h} nkmlq nbml ehlw

Hxwbsáhw }kna akh ai} mlixtknk}qk}mlh Lhwxewhkqhn ixd ahe LB@BMIX]Q `hka }kna xna nkmlq `ánjhw lknnhlehn zb``hnai}} ahw LB@BMIX]Q sb`kqk}ml kn}qwxehnqi`k}khwq zkwa.‐ ,].971+

„]b lighn h} iehwkfink}ml%oðak}mlh Bwjink}iqkbnhn jh%ehkn}ie ekq Hknh`shw}bnhn ix} i``hn Whjkhwxnj}hghnhn xna ix} i``hn Qhk`hn ahw Jh}h``}mlidq thw}qinahn xnqhw ahe Tbw%

zina ahw Dbwahwxnj tbn “Lb`bmix}q%Zkhahwjxqeimlxnj‛ Hx%wbsi x hwswh}}hn.‐ ,]. 9=8+

=. Jhwliwa Dwh{ ,Lj.+ Akh Hwswh}}xnj. Zkh Ahxq}mlìna}Ek``kiwahn ðghw ahn Obwain jhlhn D_%Thwìj Eðnmlhn 7334

„Ke Lhwg}q 7331 qlheiqk}khwqh ahw k}wih`k}mlh ]mlwkdq}qh``hw [kqlif @ibw Qwájhw ah} @kqhwiqxwswhk}h} ah} oðak}mlhn ]qii%qh} hknh shwdkah Ghxqh`}mlnhkahwhk ekq ahe Lb`bmix}q. Kn ahxq%

}mlhw Ðghw}hqxnj hw}mlkhnhn }hknh Aiw`hjxnjhn ie 7=. Bf%qbghw 7331 kn ahw “qijh}hkqxnj‛. @ibw di}}qh ai} lhkÒh Hk}hnin ai}} hknh Iwq Igì}}linah` zk}mlhn Ekqqh`hxwbsi xna

Nilb}q g`ðlq xna }mlwkhg? “ V․U Hebqkbni`h Hwswh}}hw ix} K}%wih` akh akh Qinqkhehn dðw akh @hkahn xn}hwhw H`qhwn xna JwbÒh`qhwn hkn}qwhkmlhn thw}hlhn ahxq}mlh Sb`kqkfhw tbn ahnJwðnhn gk} xw M]X ekq hknhe ieq`kmlhn ]khjh` i`} ghjìx%gkjqh Lxeink}qhn. Zi} dðw hkn Hwgh.‛‐ ,]. ;9d.+




7:3

„Ixml Swbd. Ghn%Mlinin fie kn }hknhe jhninnqhn Ixd% }iqV7:7U ixd akh Thwzhnaxnj tbn Ix}mlzkq dðw akh k}wih`k}mlhEimlqsb`kqkf x }swhmlhn? “Ai} Thwliwwhn ghk ahw Hwknnhwxnj

in Ix}mlzkq eimlq xn} nkmlq nxw fwinf h} eimlq xn} ixml dwkhahn}xndálkj. Zkw fônnhn ainn ixml sb`kqk}ml fhknhn Dwkh%ahn dknahn tbw i``he kn K}wih` ekq ahn Ehn}mlhn akh abwq ekq xn} ixd ahe j`hkmlhn Exqqhwgbahn zblnhn xna hkn Whmlq ixd kln lighn zkh zkw ixml.‛‐ ,]. ;=d.+

„Ahw ghwhkq} hwzálnqh ]lwiji Hìe }khlq h} áln`kml. Kn }hknhe Eðnmlnhw Tbwqwij tbe 4. Nbtheghw 7337 “Akh Lb`b%mix}q%Knax}qwkh xna akh „Lb`bmix}q%Wh`kjkbn‐‛ V․U jknj h}

V․U xe ahn }b zôwq`kml “sb`kqk}mlhn dkninkh``hn xna fx`qx%wh``hn Ek}}gwixml ah} Nik%Oxahbka} axwml ahn ]qiiq K}wihàkh dkninkh``h Ix}}mlìmlqxnj ah} oðak}mlhn @hkah} xnqhw ahn

Nik}‛ xna inahwhw}hkq} xe akh “ijjwh}}kth xna fb`bnki`k}qk% }mlh Sb`kqkf ah} Oxahn}qiiqh}‛ V․U.‐ ,]. ;:+

„Ie 93. Ahheghw 9;;3 hwf`áwqh Vakh k}wih`k}mlh Oxwk}qknU Dh`kmki @injhw kn hknhe Knqhwtkhz ekq ahw “Dwinfdxwqhw Wxna%

}mlix‛ V․U? “Kml ligh ekml sb`kqk}ml ghzxÒq dðw Ahxq}mlìna hnq}mlkhahn. H} k}q hknh Lhwix}dbwahwxnj dðw ekml zhk` kmlthw}qinahn ligh zkh gwxqi` xna widdknkhwq K}wih` akh ]mlxà ahw Ahxq}mlhn ix}nxqq. Kml ehknh? Akh k}wih`k}mlh Whjkhwxnj ghnxqq akh ]mlxàjhdðl`h ahw Ahxq}mlhn dðw klwh Sb`kqkf jhjhnakh Si`á}qknhn}hw.‛‐ ,]. ;<+

„Dknfh`}qhkn }mlwhkgq? V․U “Oðak}mlh Thwgánah nxqhn klwhebwi`k}mlh Eimlq x Hwswh}}xnj}einôthwn) V․U‛ Ahw Lb`b%

mix}q }hk “tbn hknhw Ginah tbn Lbml}qis`hwn xna Ghqwðjhwn jhfkanissq‛ zbwahn‐ ,]. 939+

„Ke Jh}swáml ekq ahw K``x}qwkhwqhn “}qhwn‛ ,`. Dhgwxiw 7339+ghwkmlqhq Dknfh`}qhkn ðghw akh gkqqhwhn Hwdilwxnjhn }hknhw Exqqhw V․U “Lhxqh gkn kml h} klwhw Zðwah }mlxàkj akh}hn

Ghqwxj ixdxahmfhn ahw kn klwhe Niehn ghjinjhn zkwa. V․U Akh Ahxq}mlhn lighn sðnfq`kml jhil`q akh Ghqwðjhw tbn ahw

7:7 „]kml in Ix}mlzkq hwknnhwn. Jhainfhn hknh} Ðghw`hghnahn‐ Zk}}hn}mlidq $ Dwkhahn="9;;8 ]hsqheghw 9;;8.




7:9

Mìke} Mbndhwhnmh nkh. V․U ]hlhn ]kh }kml abml akh}h jkhwk% jhn Inzá`qh in. Zkh Fiwkfiqxwhn ix} ahe „]qðwehw)‐‛ V․U Knhknhe Knqhwtkhz ekq ahw Zh`q tbe 4. Dhgwxiw 7339 hw`áxqhwqh

Dknfh`}qhkn nálhw zi} hw xnqhw “Lb`bmix}q%Knax}qwkh‛ thw}qhlq?“Hkn kahb`bjk}mlh} Fbn}qwxfq ai} xw}swðnj`kml ahn Knqhwh}}hnahw oðak}mlhn H`kqhn kn Iehwkfi akhnqh k}q ohqq x hknhe Kn%

}qwxehnq ahw Ghwhkmlhwxnj thwfbeehn xe Zkhahwjxq%eimlxnj}}mlzknah`. Indinj ahw nhxnkjhw Oilwh hnqahmfqhnBwjink}iqkbnhn zkh akh Ohzk}l Mìke} Mbndhwhnmh hknh Eôj%`kmlfhkq hxwbsák}mlh Whjkhwxnjhn igxbmfhn xna ohqq ìxdhn

}kh Iebf. ]kh ghqwhkghn Hwswh}}xnj ․ Gh}qkeeqh Knaktkaxhn

xna Bwjink}iqkbnhn lighn ahn jxqhn Zk``hn ahw Ahxq}mlhn dðw klwh hkjhnhn ðg`hn _zhmfh ix}jhghxqhq.‛‐ ,]. 939d.+

„Kn hknhe xnqhw ahw ]mlìjhk`h “]mlkna`xahw%@k}qh‛ hghn% di``} ke Dhgwxiw 7339 thwôddhnq`kmlqhn Knqhwtkhz ekq ahw “Nhx%hn Whtxh‛ jig Dknfh`}qhkn nbml ehlw _xnahw? “Zhnn h} lhxqhqiq}áml`kml nbml ghaðwdqkjh oðak}mlh Nik%Bsdhw jkgq ainnzhk` akh Ohzk}l Mìke} Mbndhwhnmh akh ahxq}mlhn Jhàhw akh

dðw akh}h Ehn}mlhn jhaimlq ziwhn thwxnqwhxqh. Jhà ai} ein

ahw OMM jkgq k}q kn akh F`bifh jhzbwdhn ․ Akh OMM xna ahw Oðak}mlh Zh`qfbnjwh}} ek}}gwixmlhn ahn jxqhn Zk``hn ahw Ahxq}mlhn knahe }kh Jhà hwswh}}hn xna klwh Jhà}mlwánfh dð``hn. Ekq klwhn }fwxsh``b}hn jhehknhn Hwswh}}xnj}qifqkfhn }kna akh}h oðak}mlhn Bwjink}iqkbnhn akh zkmlqkj}qhn Dôwahwhw ah} Inqk}hekqk}ex} jhzbwahn.‛‐ ,]. 937d.+

„Ðghw }hknhn Ghw`knhw Ixdqwkqq lkhÒ h} ke oðak}mlhn Knqhw%

nhq%Kndbakhn}q “liJi`k`bn@knh‛ ie ;. Dhgwxiw 7339? “ V․U Dkn%fh`}qhkn }swiml tbn hknhw „}mlágkjhn ebwi`k}mlhn Hwswh}% }xnj‐ ah} Oðak}mlhn Zh`qfbnjwh}}h} xna ahw Ohzk}l Mìke}Mbndhwhnmh ghk ahn Thwlina`xnjhn ðghw akh Hnq}mláakjxnj tbn N]%_zinj}iwghkqhwn.‛‐ ,]. 93=+

„Kn hknhw ]hnaxnj tbn Wiakb Ô}qhwwhkml 9 9=. Dhgwxiw 7339 lkhÒ h} ðghw Dknfh`}qhkn} Ixdqwkqq kn Zkhn? “ V․U Nhxhw%`kml zkhahwlb`qh Dknfh`}qhkn akh Lixsqqlh}hn }hknh} Gxmlh}?

]mlxà in ahw Ix}gwhkqxnj ah} ]xesdh} ahw Fbwwxsqkbn }hk i`%`hknh hknh Jinj tbn Lb`bmix}q%Lix}khwhwn akh ahn Lb`bmix}q




7:7

dðw klwh sb`kqk}mlhn xna dkninkh``hn _zhmfh „hnqdðlwq‐ láqqhn․ ]mliwd jknj Dknfh`}qhkn ekq ahn oðak}mlhn Bwjink}iqkbnhnkn} Jhwkmlq. Klnhn ziwd hw „Ghqwxj‐ ekq ahn _il`hn ahw Lb`b%

mix}q%Ðghw`hghnahn tbw xe aiekq eôj`kml}q lblh Hnq}mláak% jxnj}il`xnjhn x hwwhkmlhn. Tbn Hwswh}}xnj }swiml hw kn _x}ieehnlinj ekq Hajiw Gwbndein ahe Swá}kahnqhn ah} Oðak}mlhn Zh`qfbnjwh}}h}. Zkh akh Eidki ligh Gwbndeinijkhwq.‛‐ ,]. 93=d.+

„Kn JwbÒgwkqinnkhn ziw h} ahw Lk}qbwkfhw Swbdh}}bw Zk``k%ie Wxgkn}qhkn ahw Dknfh`}qhkn} “exqkjh Iqqimfhn ixd dkninkh`%`h Hwswh}}xnjhn axwml Jwxsshn zkh ahn Oðak}mlhn Zh`qfbn%

jwh}}‛ dðw “áxÒhw}q zkmlqkj‛ lkh`q xna lbddqh “ai}} }kh Zkwfxnj hkjhn.‛ Dðw kln i`} Oxahn ahw }hknh Injhlôwkjhn ke Lb`b%mix}q thw`bwhn ligh }hk h} “bddhn jh}ijq hfh`lidq‛ zkh ahw Lb%`bmix}q ghnxqq zhwah “xe ehlw Jhà x hwswh}}hn‛ }ijqh Wx%gkn}qhkn zhkqhw ,kqkhwq niml? “}qhwn‛ Nw. 4"7339+.‐ ,]. 938+

„Kn Dwinfwhkml ziw Aw. Wbn{ Gwixein ahw swbeknhnqh}qh Oxah ahw }kml ixd Dknfh`}qhkn} ]hkqh }ml`xj. V․U Gwixein liq%

qh }mlbn xtbw ehlwdiml akh Kn}qwxehnqi`k}khwxnj tbn Ix}mlzkq . G. dðw K}wih`} hwgiwexnj}`b}h} Nkhahw}mlìjhnahw Si`á}qknhn}hw ôddhnq`kml thlhehnq thwxwqhk`q.‐ ,]. 938+

„Ie 98. Ox`k 7337 }mlwkhg ahw oðak}mlh ]bkb`bjh xna Sxg%`kk}q Niqin ]nikahw kn ahw “Dwinfdxwqhw Wxna}mlix‛ ðghw

Lk`ghwj? “Dknfh`}qhkn} Ini`{}h ahw „Lb`bmix}q%Knax}qwkh‐ lá`q hw dðw xqwhddhna xna dðw kln }kna akh oðak}mlhn Bwjink}iqkb%nhn }ml`keehw i`} ]l{`bmf.‛ Kn hknhe Knqhwtkhz ekq ahw

“Dwinfdxwqhw Wxna}mlix‛ tbe 77. Oinxiw 7339 liqqh Lk`ghwj ghqbnq? “ V․U Oi h} linah`q }kml ghk ahw Hnq}mláakjxnj}dwijhxe Hwswh}}xnj nkmlq ke oxwk}qk}mlhn ]knnh }bnahwn kn ahw ôd%

dhnq`kmlhn Zilwnhlexnj.‛ I`} h} ahe Oðak}mlhn Zh`qfbnjwh}} ahw Ohzk}l Mìke}

Mbndhwhnmh xna zhkqhwhn kbnk}qk}ml abeknkhwqhn Swh}}xwhJwbxs} 9;;; jh`xnjhn ziw 978 Ek``kiwahn Ab`ìw ghk]mlzhkhw Ginfhn zhjhn ahwhn injhg`kmlhw Thwzkmf`xnj kn

ahn Lb`bmix}q lhwix}x}mlìjhn fìjqh Lk`ghwj xnxezxnahnin “ai}} }kml Oxahn hknhw Ziddh ghakhnq lighn akh ein nxw




7:=

i`} Hwswh}}xnj ghhkmlnhn finn‛ ,Knqhwtkhz kn? “Akh Zh`qzb%mlh‛ _ðwkml 99. Dhgwxiw 9;;;+. Ie =9. Oinxiw 9;;; liqqhnakh “K}wih` Nimlwkmlqhn‛ ahxq}ml}swimlkjh} _kbnk}qhngìqq ix}

Qh` Itkt jhehàhq? “Akh Inzá`qh ahw ]ieeh`f`ájhw xna akhThwqwhqhw ah} Zbwà Ohzk}l Mbnjwh}} láqqhn akh Ginfhn ixd xnebwi`k}mlh Zhk}h ekq Gh`hkakjxnjhn xna Hwswh}}xnj xw

_il`xnj ahw Thwj`hkml}}xeeh ghzhjq hwf`áwqh Lk`ghwj.‛‐ ,].934+

Kml ligh akh}h _kqiqh lkhw nkmlq injhdðlwq xe aiekq hqzi} xeQlhei Zkhahwjxqeimlxnj bahw ðghw klwhn Ek}}gwixml x ghzhk%}hn. H} jhlq ekw lkhw nxw aiwxe ixdxhkjhn ai}} akh tbn ahw

]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq kn ahw Infìjh kqkhwqhn ]qh``hn ehknhw ]mlwkd%qhn zh}hnq`kml zhnkjhw wiakfi` xna sb`hek}ml }kna i`} ai} zi}}kml kn ahn lkhw kqkhwqhn Gðmlhwn dknahq. Ighw zhahw Swbd. Dknfh`%}qhkn nbml akh inahwhn tbn Aw. Dwh{ kqkhwqhn xehk}q oðak}mlhnShw}ôn`kmlfhkqhn bahw akh _hkqxnjhn xna _hkq}mlwkdqhn akh akh}hÁxÒhwxnjhn thwôddhnq`kmlqhn }kna aidðw kn Ahxq}mlìna }qwid%whmlq`kml thwdb`jq zbwahn jhnix}b zhnkj zkh Aw. Dwh{. Zhnn kmllkhw zhjhn ehknhw zh}hnq`kml zhnkjhw sb`hek}mlhn Ix}}ijhn x

gk} x 8 Oilwhn Lidq thwxwqhk`q zhwahn }b`` }b eð}}qh Swbd. Dknfh`%}qhkn xe Ghk}skh` hkjhnq`kml x 98 Oilwhn thwxwqhk`q zhwahn. Ighw nkmlq} ahwj`hkmlhn si}}khwq. Xna h} k}q ixml fìw ziwxe ahe }bk}q ahnn Swbd. Dknfh`}qhkn }h`g}q liq h} oi ix}dðlw`kml gh}mlwkhghn?Oxahn ghnxqhn ahn }bjhninnqhn Lb`bmix}q i`} ]mlxq}mlkà jh%jhn ohah Iwq tbn Fwkqkf xna fônnhn }kml ailhw Aknjh hwìxghnakh ein hknhe Nkmlqoxahn nkmlq axwmljhlhn ì}}hn zðwah.




7:1

Inlinj 7? Ghzhk}inqwájh xna ahwhn Ig`hlnxnj

Ahw hw}qh ke Thwdilwhn jhjhn Jhweiw Wxab`d tbn ahw Thwqhk%

akjxnj jh}qh``qh Ghzhk}inqwij ziw xj`hkml ahw `hqqh ahn ai} Jh%wkmlq innile zhnn ixml nxw qhk`zhk}h. Hw ghqwid akh Hkndðlwxnjah} Gxmlh} Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q kn ai} Thwdilwhnaxwml ôddhnq`kmlh Thw`h}xnj. Ai} Jhwkmlq gh}qkeeqh lknjhjhn akhHkndðlwxnj akh}h} Gxmlh} ke ]h`g}q`h}hthwdilwhn. Ai} Gxml zxw%ah i`}b nkmlq zálwhna ahw Lixsqthwlina`xnj ôddhnq`kml thw`h}hn}bnahwn i``h Thwdilwhn}ghqhk`kjqhn ghfiehn `hakj`kml ixdjhqwijhnai} Gxml kn klwhw Dwhkhkq x `h}hn.

I``h zhkqhwhn ainiml jh}qh``qhn Inqwájh ahw Thwqhkakjxnjzxwahn tbe Jhwkmlq ekq ahn thw}mlkhahn}qhn Ghjwðnaxnjhn ig%jh`hlnq. Ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q }qh``qh fhknhn hknkjhn Inqwij ” ixÒhw ahe ahw Gh}qwidxnj ah} Injhfìjqhn axwml ai} Jhwkmlq. Nimldb`%jhna zhwahn hknkjh ahw jh}qh``qhn Inqwájh jin bahw ix}xj}zhk%}h zkhahwjhjhghn jhdb`jq tbn ahw ” einmlei` fxexìqkthn ” Ig`hlnxnj}ghjwðnaxnj ah} Jhwkmlq}. Zb injhgwimlq }ml`khÒhn}kml aiwin Fbeehnqiwh in.7:=

Inqwij tbe 97.37.733:

Inìjh 7

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d V․U ghinqwijh kml db`%jhnah kn ahw Infìjh}mlwkdq i`} Jhjhn}qina ah} Qiqtbwzxwd} ixd%jhdðlwqh Gðmlhw ke ]h`g}q`h}hthwdilwhn kn ai} Thwdilwhn hknx%dðlwhn?

9. Jhweiw Wxab`d Ai} Wxab`d Jxqimlqhn. Jxqimlqhn ðghw akh“Ji}fieehwn‛ tbn Ix}mlzkq 7. hwzhkqhwqh xna ðghwiwghkqhqhIxdìjh

7. Hwn}q JixÒ Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh. Hkn Linagxmlðghw }qwkqqkjh Dwijhn ah} 73. Oilwlxnahwq}

=. Lhwghwq Thwghfh Ix}mlzkq? Nimfqh Difqhn

7:= In}mlwkdqhn tbn Inqwij}qh``hwn xna i`} _hxjhn jhninnqhn Shw}bnhn }bzkh ai} Ifqhn%hkmlhn ah} ìxdhnahn Thwdilwhn} zxwahn ohzhk`} ix}jhì}}hn. Akh Nxeehwn ahw Gh%zhk}inqwájh ghhkmlnhn akh tbe Jhwkmlq xjhbwanhqh Inìjhnnxeehw ah} Lixsqthw%lina`xnj}swbqbfb``}.




7:8

1. Zk`lhè ]qáj`kml Ahw Ix}mlzkq%E{qlb}. @hjhnah bahw Zkwf%`kmlfhkq

8. Oðwjhn Jwid Miw`b Eiqqbjnb Ai} Fbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhw ]qxqq%

lbd xna }hknh Dxnfqkbn kn ahw niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhn Oxahnsb%`kqkf 4. Oðwjhn Jwid Wkh}h ixd qônhwnhn DðÒhn. Wix` Lk`ghwj xna }hkn

]qinaiwazhwf ðghw ahn „Lb`bmix}q‐ :. Iwqlxw W. Gxq Ahw Oilwlxnahwqghqwxj

Akh Ghzhwgxnj akh}hw Gðmlhw zkwa Lhwwn Wxab`d kn ahw In%fìjh}mlwkdq xw @i}q jh`hjq. Ghtbw akh}ghðj`kml hkn Xwqhk` hwjh%lhn finn ex}} dh}qjh}qh``q zhwahn bg akh ghqwhddhnahn Gðmlhw

hknhn }qwidwhmlq`kml wh`htinqhn Knli`q lighn. Lkhwx k}q h} hwdbwahw%`kml akh Gðmlhw ke jh}ieqhn Zbwqìxq kn ai} Thwdilwhn hknxdðl%whn.

]{`tki ]qb` Whmlq}inzá`qkn

Ig`hlnxnj

Inìjh =? Gh}ml`x}} ,ahw 7. JwbÒhn ]qwidfieehw ah} @J Einn%lhke+?

Ahw Inqwij ahw Thwqhkakjhwkn WIkn ]qb` tbe 97.3:.733: akhke Inqwij jhninnqhn Gðmlhw ke ]h`g}q`h}hthwdilwhn hknxdðlwhnzkwa igjh`hlnq ai ahw Knli`q ahw jhninnqhn Gðmlhw nkmlq Jhjhn%}qina ahw Infìjh k}q xna h} ailhw blnh Ghahxqxnj k}q bg akh}hw hknhn ]qwidqiqgh}qina hwdð``q.

Fbeehnqiw

_xtbw ziw }mlbn hkn Inqwij ahw Thwqhkakjhwkn akh }khghn knahw Infìjh}mlwkdq ixdjhdðlwqhn Gðmlhw dðw akh Thwqhkakjxnj x gh}mliddhn ekq ahw j`hkmlhn Ghjwðnaxnj igjh`hlnq zbwahn xnahkn fxw ainiml jh}qh``qhw Inqwij ah} Injhfìjqhn xw Dh}q}qh`%`xnj bg akh}h }khghn Gðmlhw zk}}hn}mlidq`kml }kna bahw abml x%eknah}q ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq akhnhn hw`kqq ai} j`hkmlh ]mlkmf}i`,}.x.+.

Ai akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq h} thw}áxeqh ke Lixsqthwdilwhn x

ghzhk}hn ai}} akh }khghn tbn klw ixdjh`k}qhqhn Gðmlhw hknhn}qwidgiwhn Knli`q lighn láqqh ai} Jhwkmlq ahn Injhfìjqhn nkmlq




7:4

zhjhn ahw Ghzhwgxnj akh}hw Gðmlhw thwxwqhk`hn fônnhn zhnn h}}qwkfq ahe Whmlq}swknks „kn axgkb swb whb‐ ,ke _zhkdh` dðw ahnInjhfìjqhn+ db`jhn zðwah. Xna jhnix akh} jh}mlil? Ke Xwqhk` k}q

tbn akh}hn }khghn Gðmlhwn nkmlq ehlw akh Whah. Akh}h Infìjh% sxnfqh ziwhn thw}mlzxnahn zhk` akh ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq jh}mlì%dhn liqqh. Zi} i`}b xhw}q ix}}il zkh hknh Qbqi`thwzhkjhwxnj ah}Jhwkmlq} jhjhnðghw Thwqhkakjxnj}thw}xmlhn ah} Injhfìjqhn zi%whn qiq}áml`kml zbl` hlhw Zknfh ekq ahe _ixnsdil` akh }mlìdhn%ahn Lxnah ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq nkmlq x zhmfhn.

Zhkqhwh Inqwájh tbe 97.37.733:

Inìjh 1

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml ai} Jh%wkmlq eôjh i`} zilw xnqhw}qh``hn ai}} ]mlwkdqhn k.]. ah} Jh}hqh}akh ahw Dbw}mlxnj xna"bahw Zk}}hn}mlidq akhnhn nkmlq }qwidgiw }kna jheáÒ ahe ke `hqqhn Ig}iq tbn ª9=3 ]qJG }qhlhnahnWðmfthwzhk} ixd ª<4 KKK ]qJG ,„]bkiìaáyxiq}fìx}h`‐+.

Jhweiw Wxab`d

Inìjh 8

Kn ahe Lidqghdhl` t. 7;.39.733: xnqhw}qh``q ,2+ akh Fieehw axwml akh awhk Ghwxd}wkmlqhw ahe Injhfìjqhn hknh „s}hxab%zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Iwq‐ ” x.i. ghbjhn ixd akh tbn kle thwdi}}qhnGðmlhw.

Hnqjhjhn ahw wkmlqhw`kmlhn Ixddi}}xnj }kna akh Gðmlhw ah}Injhfìjqhn nkmlq „s}hxabzk}}hn}mlidq`kml‐. ]kh hnq}swhmlhn ahn

Jwxna}áqhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq. _xe Ghzhk} lkhwdðw zkwa ghinqwijq hkn ]TJ V]imlthw}qánakjhnjxqimlqhnU hknh} Zk}}hn%}mlidq}qlhbwhqkfhw} hknxlb`hn.

IxÒhwahe zkwa ghinqwijq ekqxqhk`hn zh`mlh ]áqh ]ml`ð}}hIwjxehnqh fxw? zh`mlh ]qh``hn kn ahn Zhwfhn ah} Injhfìjqhnniml ahw ” kwwkjhn ” In}kmlq ahw Fieehw ai} Thwakfq „s}hxabzk}%}hn}mlidq`kml‐ thwakhnhn.

@xazkj Gbmf Whmlq}inzi`q




7::

Inìjh 4

9. Kn ahe Lidqghdhl` tbe 7;.39.733: }swkmlq akh Fieehw tbnahe „ghfinnqhweiÒhn lk}qbwk}ml inhwfinnqhn Lb`bmix}q‐. H}

zkwa ghinqwijq ekqxqhk`hn zi} akh Fieehw xnqhw ahe „gh%finnqhweiÒhn lk}qbwk}ml inhwfinnqhn Lb`bmix}q‐ thw}qhlq.

7. Kn ahe Lidqghdhl` }swkmlq akh Fieehw ixml tbn hknhe „tbnahn N] Eimlqlighwn jhsìnqhn Thwnkmlqxnj}}mlkmf}i` ahw Ox%ahn‐. H} zkwa ghinqwijq ekqxqhk`hn zi} akh Fieehw aiekqehknq. Zh`mlhw ahw N]%Eimlqlighw liq niml Ehknxnj ahw Fieehw zh`mlhn Sìn ” zinn2 ” jhdi}}q2 Fhnnq akh Fieehw lkhwx Abfxehnqh2 Di``} oi zh`mlh2 Niml Fhnnqnk} ahw Thw%

qhkakjxnj jkgq h} ghk ahn Lk}qbwkfhwn lkhwx thw}mlkhahnh ” }kml zkahw}swhmlhnah ” Ehknxnjhn.

=. Hghndi``} jhlq akh Fieehw kn ahe Lidqghdhl` tbn ahw „H|k}%qhn tbn Ji}fieehwn xw Ei}}hnqôqxnj‐ ix}. Nimlahe h}ixml lkhwx whmlq xnqhw}mlkha`kmlh Ehknxnjhn jkgq zkwa ghin%qwijq ekqxqhk`hn ixd Jwxna zh`mlhw Fhnnqnk} akh Fieehw lkhwtbn ix}jhlq.

1. Fhnnq akh Fieehw ahn Ixd}iq tbn Dwkqobd Eh{hw kn „B}qhx%

wbsi‐ xw _il` ahw Bsdhw kn Ix}mlzkq2 Di``} oi? qhk`q }kh ah}%}hn Ehknxnj2 Di``} nhkn zkwa ghinqwijq akh}hn Ixd}iq kn ahw Lixsqthwlina`xnj xe Ghzhk} aidðw x thw`h}hn ai}} akh ._q. jhninnqh Bsdhwil` ohqq zhnkjhw i`} 93( ahw gk} 9;;3 jh`%qhnahn _il`hn ghqwájq. Lá`q akh Fieehw ahn Ixd}iq ixml dðw „s}hxabzk}}hn}mlidq`kml‐2

8. Kn ahe Lidqghdhl` k}q ixml tbn hknhw „Ðghwqwhkgxnj ahw Oxahnxna ahw i``kkhwqhn ]khjhweámlqh‐ akh Whah. K}q ahw Fieehw gh%

finnq ai}} kn Ix}mlzkq gk} 9;;3 hknh Jhahnfqidh` in akh abwqxejhfbeehnhn xna hwebwahqhn „1 Ek``kbnhn‐ hwknnhwqh xnaai}} akh}h Qidh` bddkkh`` ekq ahw Ghjwðnaxnj hnqdhwnq zxwahakh}h _il` }hk zhkq ðghwlôlq2 H} zkwa ghinqwijq akh Ehknxnjahw Fieehw x ahw Dwijh ekqxqhk`hn zhw ahnn hkn Knqhwh}}haiwin lighn fbnnqh oilwhlnqhìnj hknh jwinakb}h Ðghwqwhk% gxnj ahw qiq}áml`kmlhn Bsdhwil`hn ixdwhmlq x hwli`qhn.

@xazkj Gbmf Whmlq}inzi`q




7:<

Inìjh :

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml ai} Jh%wkmlq eôjh i`} zilw xnqhw}qh``hn ai}} ]mlwkdqhn k.]. ah} Jh}hqh}

akh akh Dbwe%Fwkqhwkhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq hwdð``hn xna }b%ekq Qhk` ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq }h`g}q }kna ixqbeiqk}ml ahw Dbw}mlxnjxna"bahw Zk}}hn}mlidq akhnhn.

Kml ghinqwijh xahe ai} Jhwkmlq eôjh i`} zilw xnqhw}qh``hnai}} ]mlwkdqhn k.]. ah} Jh}hqh} akh akh Dbwe%Fwkqhwkhn ahw Zk}%}hn}mlidq nxw qhk`zhk}h bahw jiw nkmlq hwdð``hn ahnnbml ” xnqhw jhjhghnhndi``} dh}qx}qh``hnahn Xe}qánahn ” ahw Dbw}mlxnjxna"bahw Zk}}hn}mlidq akhnhn fônnhn.

Jhweiw Wxab`d

Inìjh <

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml ai} Jh%wkmlq eôjh ahn }imlthw}qánakjhn _hxjhn Aw. X`wkml Lb{hw Swb%dh}}bw hehwkqx} dðw Slk`b}bslkh ekq ]shki`zk}}hn ke GhwhkmlZk}}hn}mlidq}qlhbwkh xe Ghzhk} dðw db`jhnah Ghlixsqxnj lô%whn?

I. Ehn}mlhnzðwahK. _zhk ahw zkmlqkj}qhn Jwðnah ziwxe akh Zðwah ah} Ehn}mlhn

tbn ahw inahwhw @hghzh}hn xehk}q yxi`kqiqkt lôlhw ghzhwqhqzkwa }kna db`jhnah zhk ix}}ml`khÒ`kml ehn}ml`kmlh @hk}qxn%jhn?9. Akh Eôj`kmlfhkq ]knnh}hknawðmfh nkmlq xnfwkqk}ml i`} zilw

lknnhlehn x eð}}hn }bnahwn }kh ghzhkdh`n xna fwkqk}ml

lknqhwdwijhn x fônnhn. Ahw _zhkdh` xna akh nhxjkhwkjh ]x%mlh niml ahw Zilwlhkq lknqhw ahe ]mlhkn lhghn ahn Ehn%}mlhn tbe Qkhw ig.

7. Akh Eôj`kmlfhkq akh Hwjhgnk}}h ah} zhkdh`nahn ]xmlhn}x bgohfqktkhwhn ai} lhkÒq }kh kn Zbwq ]mlwkdq Gkà bahw inahwhw Aiqhndbwe tbe ohzhk`kjhn Knaktkaxxe xniglánjkjx eimlhn }b ai}} inahwh }kh xniglánjkj tbn ahw gkb`bjk%}mlhn Jhjhnziwq akh}h} Knaktkaxxe} }qxakhwhn fônnhn.

KK. H} k}q ailhw hkn hwn}qlidqhw Injwkdd ixd akh Zðwah ah} Ehn%}mlhn kle ai} _zhkdh`n ai} ]xmlhn niml ahw Zilwlhkq xna




7:;

ai} Thwfðnahn ah} dðw zilw Hwimlqhqhn x thwgkhqhn. Hkn }b`%mlh} Thwgbq }kml blnh dwheah In`hkqxnj }hknh} Thw}qinah} x ghakhnhn fbeeq hknhw Hnqeðnakjxnj j`hkml akh ahe Jhk}q

ahw Ixdf`áwxnj akiehqwi` hnqjhjhn}qhlq. Axwml akh}h Hnqeðn%akjxnj zkwa ahw Ehn}ml ixd ai} knqh``hfqxh``h xna ebwi`k}mlh Nkthix nkhahwhw @hghn}dbwehn lhwigjhzxnjhn.

G. Zk}}hn}mlidq K. Ahw zkmlqkj}qh Zh}hn}jhli`q ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq gh}qhlq ix} db`%

jhnahn zhk Hmfsdhk`hwn?9. Dwhkh Zil` ahw Indinj}thwexqxnj? I`} Indinj ohahw Zk}%

}hn }mliddhnahn Qáqkjfhkq aiwd ohah Thwexqxnj jheimlq ohahw Dwijh jh}qh``q zhwahn.

7. Hwjhgnk}bddhnlhkq? Akh Inqzbwq,hn+ ixd jh}qh``qh Dbw%}mlxnj}dwijhn zhwahn i``hkn tbn ðghwswðdgiwhn Ghzhk}hn gh}qkeeq nkmlq ighw tbn Tbwjighn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhw jh%}h``}mlidq`kmlhw wh`kjkô}hw sb`kqk}mlhw oxwk}qk}mlhw bahw in%ahwhw Ixqbwkqáqhn.

Zhwahn Inqzbwqhn i`}b Dbw}mlxnj}hwjhgnk}}h tbwjh}mlwkh% ghn }b thwfðeehwn Dwijh}qh``xnjhn x whkn wlhqbwk}mlhn Dwijhnxna ahw Ghzhk}dðlwxnj}swbh}} zkwa xw Diwmh. Akh} k}q nkmlq nxw hknh Ix}lôl`xnj ah} Zh}hn}jhli`q} ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq }bnahwnakh tô``kjh Ig}mliddxnj ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq.KK. Tkhw Swknkskhn }kna xnthwkmlqgiw ke Swbh}} zk}}hn}mlidq%

`kmlhw Hwfhnnqnk}jhzknnxnj?9. H} jkgq fhknh ,hnajð`qkjhn+ Xwqhk`h }bnahwn keehw nxw

ehlw bahw zhnkjhw jxq ghzálwqh Tbw%Xwqhk`h ai} lhkÒq tbw%

`áxdkjh Xwqhk`h.7. Akh Jwðnah ,Ghzhk}h+ dðw xn}hwh Tbw%Xwqhk`h eð}}hn }bjxq zkh eôj`kml swðdgiw }hkn ,heskwk}ml zkahw`hjgiw+. ]kheð}}hn Ghzálwxnj}qh}q} xnqhwbjhn zhwahn fônnhn.

=. Ein ex}} ifqkt xna si}}kt swðdhn xna fwkqk}khwhn knaheein?i+ akh Tbw%Xwqhk`h xna Jwðnah ,Ghzhk}h+ Awkqqhw swðdq xna

fwkqk}khwq6

g+ xw Swðdxnj xna Fwkqkf ahw hkjhnhn Tbw%Xwqhk`h hkn`áaqxna akh}h Swðdxnj xna Fwkqkf zk``fbeehn lhkÒq zi} hk%nh Thwôddhnq`kmlxnj}sd`kmlq hkn}ml`khÒq6




7<3

m+ Swðdxnjhn xna Fwkqkfhn Awkqqhw hwzálnq xna hghn}b swðdq xna fwkqk}khwq i`}b nkmlq j`hkml f`hkn ghkjkgq.

Láwqh}qh Zkahw`hjxnj}thw}xmlh }kna nkmlq nxw x`á}%

}kj }bnahwn }bjiw nbqzhnakj ai }kh akh hknkjh Eôj%`kmlfhkq }kna xw Dh}q}qh``xnj ahw _xthw`á}}kjfhkq gz.ah} Ghzálwxnj}jwiah} hknhw Qlh}h. Gh}qhlq hkn _zinj ghk gh}qkeeqhn Qlhehn tbn tbwjhjhghnhn Ixddi}}xn%jhn ix}xjhlhn akh xahe Zkahw`hjxnj}thw}xmlhnhnqbjhn zhwahn hqzi axwml Qigx} Thwgbqh bahw Dbw%}mlxnj}ebwiqbwkhn }b k}q ahw zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Hw%fhnnqnk}swbh}} }mlzhw}qhn} ghlknahwq.

1. Ein ex}} akh Keexnk}khwxnj ahw hkjhnhn Tbw%Xwqhk`h jh%jhn Zkahw`hjxnjhn thwehkahn knahe ein?i+ Lk`d}qlh}hn xw Ig}qðqxnj zhkdh`lidqhw Lixsqqlh}hn

thwehkahq6 g+ Aiqhn nxw niml bgohfqkthn Fwkqhwkhn ix}zál`q ,Yxh``hn%

fwkqkf+6m+ h|ifqh j`hkmleáÒkjh xna fbn}qinqh Ghjwkdd}ahdknkqkbnhn

thwzhnahq6

a+ fhknh Shw}bnhn injwhkdq i`} Hw}iq dðw ]imliwjxehnqh.Ohahw Keexnk}khwxnj}thw}xml jhjhn Zkahw`hjxnj}thw}xmlhk}q k``hjkqke.

KKK. Bg hkn Zhwf zk}}hn}mlidq`kml k}q hwfhnnq ein inlina tbnHkjhn}mlidqhn ah} Zhwf} }h`g}q ixdjwxna dbweh``hw Fwkqhwkhn.Ein hwfhnnq akh Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq hknh} Zhwfh} nkmlq9. inlina ahw ixdjh}qh``qhn Indinj}thwexqxnj ,Ix}jinj}%

l{sbqlh}h+6

7. inlina ahw Dbw}mlxnj}hwjhgnk}}h }b`injh akh}h ixd zk}%}hn}mlidq`kmlh Zhk}h jhzbnnhn zxwahn6

=. inlina ahw wh`kjkô}hn }h|xh``hn sb`kqk}mlhn bahw zh`qin%}mlix`kmlhn Bwkhnqkhwxnj ah} Thwdi}}hw}6

1. inlina ahw niqkbni`hn bahw hqlnk}mlhn Lhwfxndq ah} Thw%di}}hw}6

8. inlina ahw Ebqktiqkbnhn bahw Knqhnqkbnhn ah} Thwdi}}hw}.KT. H} k}q ai} Whmlq xna akh Sd`kmlq ah} Zk}}hn}mlidq`hw} }hknh

Dbw}mlxnj}hwjhgnk}}h ôddhnq`kml xjánj`kml x eimlhn dðw 9. akh zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Jhehknah6




7<9

7. akh Jh}h``}mlidq i``jhehkn.Akh}h Sd`kmlq hwjkgq }kml ix} ahw Nbqzhnakjfhkqi+ akh Iwghkq ahw Fwkqkf ix}x}hqhn6

g+ ðghw ai} hkjhnh Qxn Whmlhn}mlidq igx`hjhn6m+ akh Jh}h``}mlidq i``jhehkn ðghw nhxh Hwfhnnqnk}}h x kn%dbwekhwhn.

Ai} Whmlq xedi}}q akh Thwôddhnq`kmlxnji+ ahw zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Iwghkq }h`g}q6 g+ }iml`kmlhw sbsxìwk}khwhnahw Aiw}qh``xnjhn ahw}h`ghn xw

Kndbweiqkbn tbn Nkmlqdiml`hxqhn xna ]mlð`hwn"]qxahnqhn6m+ }iml`kmlh Zhwgxnj dðw i. xna g. xw Ghfinnqeimlxnj xna

Thwgwhkqxnj.Thwôddhnq`kmlxnjhn xnqhw g. xna m. }kna aighk dbwei` jh}hlhn

nkmlq xnghaknjq zk}}hn}mlidq`kml }kna ohabml zh}hnq`kml dðw akhZk}}hn}mlidq. Zkwa ai} Whmlq ixd Thwôddhnq`kmlxnj gh}mlnkqqhn}b gwkmlq nkmlq nxw akh xnthwkmlqgiwh Fbeexnkfiqkbn ahw Zk}%}hn}mlidq`hw xnqhwhkninahw xna ekq ahw Jh}h``}mlidq x}ieehn}bnahwn akh Zk}}hn}mlidq }h`g}q fbeeq xe ]qk``}qina. Akh} liqxahe awi}qk}mlh nimlqhk`kjh Zkwfxnjhn dðw akh ebahwnh iwghkq}%qhk`kjh Jh}h``}mlidq akh tbn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq xna ahw Fbeexnk%fiqkbn ekq ahw}h`ghn iglánjq.

Ahw ]imlthw}qánakjh k}q x ìahn ðghw }hknh swktiqh Zbln%in}mlwkdq.

Jhweiw Wxab`d

Ig`hlnxnjhn

Gh}ml`x}} ahw 7. JwbÒhn ]qwidfieehw ah} @J Einnlhke

9. Ahw ixd Zilwxnqhw}qh``xnj ahw Jh}hqh}qh|qh jhwkmlqhqh Inqwijah} Injhfìjqhn tbe 97.7.733: ,Inìjh 1+ zkwa igjh`hlnqzhk` nxw Qiq}imlhnghlixsqxnjhn i`} zilw xnqhw}qh``q zhwahnfônnhn.

7. Ahw Inqwij ah} Thwqhkakjhw} Whmlq}inzi`q Gbmf tbe97.7.733: ,Inìjh 8+ ixd Hknlb`xnj hknh} ]imlthw}qánakjhn%jxqimlqhn} xe Ghzhk} aidðw ai}} akh Gðmlhw ah} Injhfìj%qhn nkmlq „s}hxabzk}}hn}mlidq`kml‐ }kna }bnahwn ahn Jwxna}%áqhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq hnq}swhmlhn zkwa igjh`hlnqzhk` akh Ghxwqhk`xnj ahw Dwijh ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq tbn




7<7

]mlwkdqhn tbn ahw Fieehw kn hkjhnhw ]imlfxnah inlina ahw tbe Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq ixdjh}qh``qhn Jwxna}áqh ,tj`.hqzi GThwdJ N]q_ 9;;7 8=8+ tbwxnhlehn k}q.

Ahw i`} Inqwij ixd Hwqhk`xnj hknh} qiq}áml`kmlhn Lknzhk}h} in%x}hlhnah Inqwij ekqxqhk`hn „zh`mlh ]áqh ]ml`ð}}h Iw%jxehnqh fxw? zh`mlh ]qh``hn kn ahn Zhwfhn ah} Injhfìjqhnniml ahw ” kwwkjhn ” In}kmlq ahw Fieehw ai} Thwakfq “s}hx%abzk}}hn}mlidq`kml‛ thwakhnhn‐ zkwa igjh`hlnq zhk` ” zkh}mlbn kn ahe qiq}áml`kmlhn xna whmlq`kmlhn Lknzhk} jheáÒ ª748 ]qSB tbe 7;.9.733: xnqhw _kddhw 9+ ix}jhdðlwq ” ohzhk`}akh ahn Jhjhn}qina ahw Infìjh gkàhnahn ]mlwkdqhn kn klwhw

Jh}ieqlhkq ghk ahw Ghzhk}zðwakjxnj xna ghk ahw Ghxwqhk`xnjahw ]qwidgiwfhkq xjwxnah x `hjhn }kna.=. Ixd ahn xnqhw _kdd. 9 ,Inìjh 4+ jh}qh``qhn Inqwij ah} Thwqhk%

akjhw} Whmlq}inzi`q Gbmf tbe 97.7.733: ekqxqhk`hn zi} akhFieehw xnqhw ahe „ghfinnqhweiÒhn lk}qbwk}ml inhwfinnqhnLb`bmix}q‐ thw}qhlq hwjhlq ahw Lknzhk} ai}} akh Fieehw ai%tbn ix}jhlq ai}} ahw }{}qheiqk}mlh Ei}}hnebwa in ahn Ox%ahn ghjinjhn tbw i``he kn ahn Ji}fieehwn tbn Fbnhnqwiqk%

bn}ìjhwn zálwhna ah} _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhj} i`} jh}mlkmlq`kmlhQiq}imlh bddhnfxnakj k}q ,tj`. GJL N]q_ 9;;1 9136 GJL]q13 ;:+.Akh xnqhw _kdd. 7 gk} 8 jh}qh``qhn Inqwájh ahw Infìjh zhwahnigjh`hlnq zhk` hkn aiwðghw lknix}jhlhnahw Ix}fxndq}in}swxmljhjhn ai} Jhwkmlq nkmlq gh}qhlq. Hwjánhna zkwa ghðj`kml ah}Inqwij} _kddhw 1 ,ahw Inìjh 4+ injhehwfq ai}} akh Fieehw ahn Ixd}iq ke Wilehn ahw Hknì}}xnj ah} Injhfìjqhn xw

Fhnnqnk} jhnbeehn liq. Ahw Inqwij ixd Thw`h}xnj k}q }mlbnah}li`g igx`hlnhn zhk` akh Fieehw }mlbn axwml akh Hknì}%}xnj ah} Injhfìjqhn Fhnnqnk} tbn ahn abwq jhninnqhn Bs%dhwil`hn liq.

1. Akh Inqwájh ah} Injhfìjqhn tbe 97.7.733: ,Inìjh :+ ai}Jhwkmlq eôjh i`} zilw xnqhw}qh``hn ai}} ]mlwkdqhn ke ]knnhah} Jh}hqh} akh akh Dbwe%Fwkqhwkhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkqhwdð``hn xna }bekq Qhk` ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq }h`g}q }kna ixqbei%

qk}ml ahw Dbw}mlxnj xna"bahw Zk}}hn}mlidq akhnhn xna ai}}]mlwkdqhn ke ]knnh ah} Jh}hqh} akh akh Dbwe%Fwkqhwkhn ahw




7<=

Zk}}hn}mlidq nxw qhk`zhk}h bahw jiw nkmlq hwdð``hn ahnnbml ” xnqhw jjd. dh}qx}qh``hnahn Xe}qánahn ” ahw Dbw}mlxnjxna"bahw Zk}}hn}mlidq akhnhn fônnhn zkwa igjh`hlnq zhk`

nxw Qiq}imlhnghlixsqxnjhn i`} zilw xnqhw}qh``q zhwahn fôn%nhn xna akh Ghxwqhk`xnj ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq tbn ]mlwkd%qhn hknh Dwijh ahw Ghzhk}zðwakjxnj xna hknh Whmlq}dwijh k}q.

8. Ahw Inqwij ah} Injhfìjqhn tbe 97.7.733: ,Inìjh <+ ixd @iaxnj ah} }imlthw}qánakjhn _hxjhn Aw. Lb{hw zkwa igjh%`hlnq zhk` akh Fieehw akh injh}swbmlhnhn Ghlixsqxnjhn knhkjhnhw ]imlfxnah x hnq}mlhkahn thweij.V․U

Fbeehnqiwh

Akh Inqwájh Wxab`d} xw Zilwxnqhw}qh``xnj gh}qkeeqhw Whmlq}dwijhn akhnqhn aix akh Ixdehwf}iefhkq ah} Jhwkmlq} }b%zkh ahw Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq ixd akh aiwkn dh}qjh}qh``qhn Qiq}imlhn xwkmlqhn }h`g}q zhnn }kh ahw Dbwe niml nkmlq x`á}}kj ziwhn. ]khzáwhn }sáqhw axwml hnq}swhmlhnah Inqwájh hwjánq zbwahn xw Dh}q}qh``xnj ahw Dwijh bg akh thwdilwhn}jhjhn}qána`kmlhn ]mlwkd%qhn ahw Dbw}mlxnj gz. Zk}}hn}mlidq akhnhn xna ziw xniglán%jkj aitbn bg }kh }h`g}q zk}}hn}mlidq`kml }kna. _x akh}hn Inqwájhnfie h} ainn ighw nxw nbml ghjwhnq ixdjwxna ah} igwxsqhn Hnah}ahw Lixsqthwlina`xnj ,tj`. Inlinj : ]. =;9+.

Ahw tbn ahw Fieehw kqkhwqh Iwqkfh` ðghw hknhn Gh}ml`x}} ah}Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq} hnqlá`q fhknhw`hk Jwxna}áqh xw Ghxw%qhk`xnj ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq hknh} Zhwfh}.7:1

Zhkqhwh Inqwájh tbe 97.37.3:

Inìjh 99

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml ai} Jh%wkmlq eôjh ahw Thwqhkakjxnj ekqqhk`hn zkh h} Zk}}hn}mlidq ahdk%nkhwq xna zh`mlh Fwkqhwkhn h} xw Dh}q}qh``xnj ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq%`kmlfhkq tbn ]mlwkdqhn k.]. ah} Jh}hqh} in`hjq }bzkh ix} zh`mlhn

7:1 Akh Si}}ijh ah} Xwqhk`} akh tbe Zk}}hn}mlidq}ghjwkdd linah`q zxwah ke kqkhwqhn Iwqk%fh` axwml Ix}ì}}xnj}sxnfqh hw}hqq }b ai}} ahw Ghxj ah} Jhwkmlq} ixd akh}hn Iwqkfh`knli`q}`hhw k}q.




7<1

Yxh``hn h} akh}hn ]imlthw}qina }mlôsdq ai gh}qwkqqhn zkwa ai}}ai} Jhwkmlq }h`g}q akh }imlthw}qánakjh Fbeshqhn gh}kqq akh}hDwijhn whmlq}thwgkna`kml x ghinqzbwqhn.

Jhweiw Wxab`d

Inìjh 97

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml ahn _hx%jhn Swbd. Aw. Zhwnhw Ei}hw _hkqlk}qbwkfhw ekq ]shki`zk}}hn xw Jh}mlkmlqh ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh} x ìahn ðghw }hknh Swktiqin%}mlwkdq xe Ghzhk} dðw db`jhnah Ghlixsqxnjhn x lôwhn?9. Kn hknhe `ánjhwhn Qh`hdbnjh}swáml ekq Jhweiw Wxab`d áxÒhwqh

ahw _hxjh ai}} akh Hkn}mlwánfxnjhn ahw Ehknxnj}dwhklhkq xnaahw Zk}}hn}mlidq}dwhklhkq kn ahw Gxnah}whsxg`kf Ahxq}mlìnaekqq`hwzhk`h di}q ohnh _x}qánah ahw hlhei`kjhn AAW hwwhkmlqlighn xna ai}} ein i`} Lk}qbwkfhw kn Ahxq}mlìna lhxqh nkmlqehlw akh xnjh}mleknfqh Zilwlhkq }ijhn finn zhnn ein }kmlnkmlq jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhw xna }qwidwhmlq`kmlhw Thwdb`jxnj ix}}hq%hn zk``. ,]beehw 7338+

7. Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn ai}} h} akh }qánakjh Ghawblxnjtbn _hkqlk}qbwkfhwn ekq jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhw xna }qwidwhmlq`kmlhw Thwdb`jxnj k}q akh }kh aitbn iglá`q whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh Thwôd%dhnq`kmlxnjhn ôddhnq`kml hwn}q x nhlehn bahw jiw whtk}kbnk}qk%}mlh Sb}kqkbnhn }h`g}q hknxnhlehn nkmlq ighw diml`kmlh Gh%ahnfhn.

=. Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn ai}} h} hknh Hkneðqkjfhkq hqig`khw%qhw Lk}qbwkfhw x tkh`hn Dwijhn ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh} nxw ah}li`gjkgq zhk` Ehknxnj}igzhkml`hw jh}h``}mlidq`kml xna }qwidwhmlq%`kml thwdb`jq zhwahn gz. ekq }b`mlhw Thwdb`jxnj ghawblqzhwahn.

Jhweiw Wxab`d

Inìjh 9=

Kn ahw ]imlh Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml ahn _hkqlk}qbwkfhw Aw. Zi`qhw Sb}q Dimleinn dðw akh Jh}mlkmlqh ah} Awkqqhn Whk%mlh} x ìahn ðghw }hknh Swktiqin}mlwkdq i`} }imlthw}qánakjhn_hxjhn xe Ghzhk} dðw db`jhnah Qiq}imlhn x lôwhn?




7<8

9. Kn hknhe Gwkhd in Aw. Wb`d Fb}khf tbe =.8.7334 }mlwkhg Aw.Sb}q x.i.?V7:8U „Hknh }hlw tkh` hddhfqkthwh ]qwiqhjkh záwh akhzhnn akh Thwqhkakjxnj aiw`hjhn zðwah ai}} h} ekqq`hwzhk`h

fhknh Bddhnfxnakjfhkq ehlw jkgq. ]hkq ahe _x}ieehngwxmlahw ]bzohqxnkbn xna ahe Ix}hkninahwdi``hn ah} B}qg`bmf}}kna il``b}h Abfxehnqh xjánj`kml jhzbwahn ahwhn Knli`q kn.Q. fwi}}he Zkahw}swxml x ahw gk}lhw jánjkjhn Thw}kbn ahw Jh}mlkmlqh }qhlq.‐ Ahw _hxjh zkwa ghfxnahn akh} jh}mlwkhghnx lighn.

7. Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn ai}} }hknhw Ixddi}}xnj i`} Diml%lk}qbwkfhw ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh} VnimlU fhknh Whah ehlw VaitbnU

}hkn finn ai}} akh qwiakhwqh Thw}kbn tbn ahw Thwnkmlqxnj ahw hxwbsák}mlhn Oxahn axwml ai} Awkqqh Whkml bddhnfxnakj k}q}bnahwn ai}} „il``b}h Abfxehnqh V․U kn fwi}}he Zkahw%}swxml x ahw gk}lhw jánjkjhn Thw}kbn‐ ah} }bjhninnqhn Lb`b%mix}q i`}b ahw N]%Oxahnthwnkmlqxnj }qhlhn.

=. Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn ai}} h} akh }qánakjh Ghawblxnjtbn _hkqlk}qbwkfhwn ekq jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhw xna }qwidwhmlq`kmlhw Thwdb`jxnj k}q akh }kh aitbn iglá`q whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh Thwôd%

dhnq`kmlxnjhn ôddhnq`kml hwn}q x nhlehn bahw jiw whtk}kbnk}qk%}mlh Sb}kqkbnhn }h`g}q hknxnhlehn nkmlq ighw diml`kmlh Gh%ahnfhn.

1. Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn ai}} h} hknh Hkneðqkjfhkq hqig`khw%qhw Lk}qbwkfhw x tkh`hn Dwijhn ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh} nxw ah}li`gjkgq zhk` Ehknxnj}igzhkml`hw jh}h``}mlidq`kml xna }qwidwhmlq%`kml thwdb`jq zhwahn gz. ekq }b`mlhw Thwdb`jxnj ghawblqzhwahn.

Jhweiw Wxab`d

In`ijh 91

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml ahn _hx%jhn Swbd. Aw. Hwn}q Qbskq}ml x `iahn ðghw }hknh Swktiqin}mlwkdqxe Ghzhk} dðw db`jhnah Qiq}imlhn x lôwhn?9. Ahw _hxjh thwdi}}qh ke Oilw 7333 dðw akh hnj`k}mlh Ix}jigh

ah} Gxmlh} tbn Aw. Obimlke Lbddeinn „]qi`kn} Thwnkml%

7:8 Tj`. Abfxehnq ie Hnah akh}h} Inlinj}.




7<4

qxnj}fwkhj 9;19”9;18‐ hkn Tbwzbwq ai} hw in ahn hnj`k}mlhnThw`hjhw Aw. Wbghwq L. Mbxnqh}} 7<:88 ]ijhzbba Mkwm`hQbnh{ I@ =8::= }mlkmfqh.

7. Kn akh}he Tbwzbwq gh}mlwkhg hw zkh akh _hkqjh}mlkmlq}dbw%}mlxnj kn Ô}qhwwhkml xna kn Ahxq}mlìna axwml jh}h``}mlidq`k%mlh xna }qwidwhmlq`kmlh Thwdb`jxnj ixd knifhsqig`h Zhk}h gh%lknahwq zkwa kn}gh}bnahwh zi} Hwhkjnk}}h ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh}inghìnjq.

=. Nimlahe Swbd. Aw. Zhwnhw Sdhkdhnghwjhw niml oilwhìnjhw jh%}h``}mlidq`kmlhw Thwdb`jxnj _hw}qôwxnj }hknhw Fiwwkhwh xna}hknh} Wxdh} i`} Ifiahekfhw xna }ml`khÒ`kml Hkn`hkqxnj hknh}

]qwidthwdilwhn} zhjhn hknh} Iwqkfh`} kn hknhe ifiahek}mlhn]ieeh`gina ]h`g}qebwa ghjinjhn liqqh ghfie h} ahw _hxjhekq ahw Inj}q x qxn ixml hw fônnh xe Bsdhw hknhw }b`mlhnknyxk}kqbwk}mlhn Thwdb`jxnj zhwahn ixdjwxna }hknh} fwkqk}mlhnTbwzbwqh}.

1. Ailhw }mlwkhg ahw _hxjh ie ;.9.7339 hknhn Gwkhd in Aw. Mbxn%qh}} ekq ahe hw kle hwf`áwqh ziwxe hw }hkn Tbwzbwq xwðmf%khlq xna axwml hkn nhxh} hw}hqq zh`mlh} ke Zh}hnq`kmlhn

nkmlq}}ijhna k}q. Kn akh}he Gwkhd dðlwqh hw x.i. ix}? „Ke thw%jinjhnhn Oilw zxwah ghk xn} hkn Swbdh}}bw zhjhn hknh} zk}%}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Ixd}iqh} axwml ]mlkfinhn kn ahn ]h`g}qebwajhqwkhghn. Ein ex}} ghk xn} ohah} Zbwq jhnix ðghw`hjhn xnah} k}q hesdhl`hn}zhwq einmlh Qlhehn ðghwlixsq nkmlq x gh%wðlwhn.‐

8. Ahw _hxjh zkwa ghfxnahn ai}} h} akh }qánakjh Ghawblxnj tbn_hkqlk}qbwkfhwn ekq jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhw xna }qwidwhmlq`kmlhw Thw%

db`jxnj k}q akh }kh aitbn iglá`q whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh Thwôddhnq`k%mlxnjhn ôddhnq`kml hwn}q x nhlehn bahw jiw whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhSb}kqkbnhn }h`g}q hknxnhlehn nkmlq ighw diml`kmlh Ghahnfhn.


Jhweiw Wxab`d




7<:

Inìjh 98

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml ahn }iml%thw}qánakjhn Lk}qbwkfhw Swbd. Aw. Dwin Z. ]hka`hw H|shwqh dðw

akh Jh}mlkmlqh ah} Awkqqhn Whkmlh} i`} _hxjhn dðw db`jhnah Gh%zhk}ghlixsqxnj x lôwhn ,x ìahn ðghw }hknh Swktiqin}mlwkdq+.9. Ahw _hxjh }mlwkhg kn hknhe Gwkhd tbe 71.4.7334 in Aw. Wb`d

Fb}khf?V 7:8U „Klwhw Gkqqh hkn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh} Jxqimlqhn dðw Lhwwn Wxab`d Jhweiw x hw}qh``hn ligh kml }hlw hwn}q jhnbe%ehn. @hkahw k}q aiekq hkn Ixdqwkqq tbw Jhwkmlq i`} }imlthw}qán%akjhw _hxjh xnthwehka`kml. Akh Xe}qánah finn ein }kmlix}ei`hn. Ahw Iwq liq ekw ix} jh}xnalhkq`kmlhn Jwðnahn

Ixdwhjxnj ohahw Iwq thwgbqhn. Ai}} ehknh Dwix ekml jhghqhnliq xe Jbqqh} zk``hn akh Dknjhw aitbn x ì}}hn fônnhn ]khinnhlehn. I`qhw}ghaknjq zhwahn zkw i``h x Dhkj`knjhn.‐ Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn akh}h Si}}ijhn jh}mlwkhghn x lighn.

7. Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn ai}} hw ghk hknhw _hxjhnix}}ijhxe Lb`bmix}q niml gh}qhn Zk}}hn xna Jhzk}}hn ghdðwmlqhqjh}h``}mlidq`kmlhw bahw }bjiw }qwidwhmlq`kmlhw Thwdb`jxnj ix}%jh}hqq x zhwahn zh}li`g hw aitbn Ig}qina nkeeq ðghw%

lixsq ix}x}ijhn.=. Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn ai}} akh}h Inj}q tbw Thwdb`jxnj

ailhw wðlwq ai}} hw niml gh}qhe Zk}}hn xna Jhzk}}hn Ix}}i%jhn qáqkjhn eð}}qh akh hknhw ]qwidthwdb`jxnj ah} InjhfìjqhnVWxab`dU xzkahwìxdhn.

1. Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn ai}} h} akh }qánakjh Ghawblxnjtbn _hkqlk}qbwkfhwn ekq jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhw xna }qwidwhmlq`kmlhw Thwdb`jxnj k}q akh }kh aitbn iglá`q whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh Thwôd%

dhnq`kmlxnjhn ôddhnq`kml hwn}q x nhlehn bahw jiw whtk}kbnk}qk%}mlh Sb}kqkbnhn }h`g}q hknxnhlehn nkmlq ighw diml`kmlh Gh%ahnfhn.


Jhweiw Wxab`d




7<<

Inìjh 94

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml ke Lixsq%thwdilwhn akh Ghkkhlxnj xna Thw`h}xnj ah} Jxqimlqhn} ah} Lk}%

qbwkfhw} Aw. Obimlke Lbddeinn x hnqnhlehn ahn Thwdilwhn}if%qhn ah} ]qwidthwdilwhn} jhjhn Zkjghwq Jwighwq Ieq}jhwkmlq Qð% gknjhn I_. 1 J} 9:=";8 xe Ghzhk} db`jhnahw Qiq}imlhn?9. Ai} Jxqimlqhn zxwah tbn b.j. Jhwkmlq i`} }imlthw}qánakjh}

Jxqimlqhn inhwfinnq xna hknjhdðlwq.7. Ai} Jxqimlqhn }ml`x}}db`jhwq ai}} ai} Gxml tbn Hwn}q Jix}}

V5Jhweiw Wxab`dU „Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh‐ ahn Fwkqh%wkhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhw Iwghkqhn ixd ahe Jhgkhq ahw _hkqjh%

}mlkmlqh jhnðjq xna ah}li`g ahn ]mlxq tbn JJ 8"= jhnkhÒhn}b``qh.

Jhweiw Wxab`d

Inìjh 9:

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml akh Fie%ehw eôjh ahn }imlthw}qánakjhn Lk}qbwkfhw Swbd. Aw. lm. Hek`]ml`hh x ìahn ðghw }hknh Swktiqin}mlwkdq i`} _hxjh dðw db`jhnah

Ghzhk}ghlixsqxnjhn lôwhn? 9. Kn hknhe Gwkhd in Aw. Wb`d Fb}khf }mlwkhg Swbd. Hek`

]ml`hh?V7:8U „Hknh Ghzhwqxnj ahw Iwghkqhn tbn Lhwwn Wxab`d ke ]knnh fbwwhfqhw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ligh kml tbw Oilw%hlnqhn V․U ghwhkq} tbwjhnbeehn V․U. H} }qhlq ixÒhw Dwijhai}} Lhww Wxab`d akh Dbwefwkqhwkhn hwdð``q. Inahwh} xnqhw}qh`%`hn x zb``hn k}q whknh Gô}zk``kjfhkq)‐ Ahw _hxjh zkwa akh}hIx}}ijh gh}qáqkjhn. ,Gwkhd tbe 7:.:.7334+

7. Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn ai}} akh db`jhnahn Zhwfh akh Fwk%qhwkhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhw Iwghkqhn hwdð``hn? ” Jhweiw Wxab`d Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q ” Jhweiw Wxab`d Ai} Wxab`d Jxqimlqhn ” Hwn}q Jix}} Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh ” Lhwghwq Thwghfh Ix}mlzkq? Nimfqh Difqhn ” Zk`lhè ]qáj`kml Ahw Ix}mlzkq%E{qlb} ” Oðwjhn Jwid Miw`b Eiqqbjnb Ai} Fbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhw

]qxqqlbd․ ” Oðwjhn Jwid Wkh}h ixd qônhwnhn DðÒhn




7<;

” Iwqlxw W. Gxq Ahw Oilwlxnahwqghqwxj =. Ahw _hxjh zkwa xahe gh}qáqkjhn ai}} akh}h Zhwfh ahw Dbw%

}mlxnj xna Zk}}hn}mlidq akhnhn.

Jhweiw Wxab`d

Inìjh 9<

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml akh Fie%ehw eôjh ahn ]imlthw}qánakjhn _hxjhn Swbd. Aw. Wix` Lk`ghwjx ìahn ðghw }hknh In}mlwkdq x db`jhnahn Ghzhk}ghlixsqxnjhnlôwhn?9. Ahw _hxjh dðlwqh db`jhnah} ix} zkh tbn ahw X.].%_hkq}mlwkdq

Tinkq{ Dikw ,Ix}jigh Oxnk 9;;4+ ke Ghkqwij „Lkq`hw‛} Jlb}q‐tbn Mlwk}qbslhw Lkqmlhn} kqkhwq? „Zhnn akh}h @hxqh VWhtk}kb%nk}qhn J.W.U whahn zb``hn }b`` ein }kh ì}}hn. Ai} gwknjq ohnhtbn xn} akh Dbw}mlxnj qwhkghn aix Aknjh akh zkw tkh``hkmlqi`} bddhn}kmlq`kml hwimlqhq lighn hwnhxq x ðghwswðdhn. Xnaai} k}q nðq`kml dðw xn}.‐

7. Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn ai}} hw i`} hknhw ahw dðlwhnahnZk}}hn}mlidq`hw xe }bjhninnqhn Lb`bmix}q zh`qzhkq injh}h%lhn zkwa.

=. Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn ai}} hw akh Sxg`kfiqkbnhn ahw Whtk%}kbnk}qhn ke I``jhehknhn i`} nðq`kml in}khlq ai }kh ahw Dbw%}mlxnj xna Zk}}hn}mlidq aiaxwml akhnhn knahe }kh ahwhn Hw%jhgnk}}h hknhe liwqhn Zkahw`hjxnj}thw}xml xnqhwkhlhn. Akh}dðlwq xw Ixdahmfxnj tbn ]mlziml}qh``hn kn ahn Aiw}qh``xn%jhn xe Lb`bmix}q xna }bekq x ahwhn yxi`kqiqkthw Thwgh}}h%wxnj. Whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh Sxg`kfiqkbnhn }qh``hn ailhw hknh IwqYxi`kqáq}fbnqwb``h ahw hqig`khwqhn @kqhwiqxw xe Lb`bmix}q aiw.

1. Ahw _hxjh zkwa gh}qáqkjhn ai}} akh ahe Injhfìjqhn xw @i}qjh`hjqhn ]mlwkdqhn kn}gh}bnahwh ahw Dbw}mlxnj xna Zk}}hn%}mlidq akhnhn ai }kh axwml klwh gwhkq injh`hjqh xna qkhdjhlhnahFwkqkf hqig`khwqhw Iwghkqhn xe Lb`bmix}q akh}h hknhw jin gh%}bnahw} liwqhn Swbgh xnqhwkhlhn zbtbn akh hqig`khwqhn Zk}%}hn}mlidq`hw nxw swbdkqkhwhn fônnhn.

Jhweiw Wxab`d




7;3

Inìjh 9;

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml9. akh jxqimlqhw`kmlh ÁxÒhwxnj ah} ]imlthw}qánakjhn Swbd. Aw.

Jhwliwa Oij}mlkq Kn}qkqxq dðw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh ahw Xnkthw}kqáqZkhn ke ]mlwhkghn in ai} @inah}jhwkmlq dðw ]qwid}imlhnZkhn tbe 93.9.9;;9 I.? 74 g Tw 91 9<1"<4 x thw`h}hn.Akh}h} liq ke Zh}hnq`kmlhn db`jhnahn Knli`q?

„․ _xnáml}q ziw nxw aiwin jhaimlq ix} ahw zkmlqkj}qhnhkn}ml`ájkjhn @kqhwiqxw akh ixd akh hnjhwh Qlhehn}qh``xnj Gh%

xj nhlehnahn Kndbweiqkbnhn x}ieehnxdi}}hn xna aiwix}ai} Jxqimlqhn x thwdhwqkjhn. Axwml il`whkmlh Hknzánah kn

ahw whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn @kqhwiqxw akh hwlhg`kmlh Qhk`h ahw gk}lh%wkjhn @kqhwiqxw kn Dwijh }qh``qh ziw h} nkmlq x thwinqzbwqhnhkn Jxqimlqhn `hakj`kml aiwixd ixdxgixhn.

Aiwðghw lknix} }qh``qh }kml ke @ixdh ahw @kqhwiqxwwhmlhwmlhlhwix} ai}} nxw hknh whìqkt jhwknjh zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh @kqhwi%qxw hknhw hwlhg`kml jwôÒhwhn _il` tbn Hw`hgnk}ghwkmlqhn bahw nkmlqzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn _x}ieehndi}}xnjhn jhjhnðghw}qhlq.

H} zxwahn aighk il`whkmlh Zkahw}swðmlh Ig}mlwhkgxnjhn

Ix}ì}}xnjhn xna xntb``}qánakjh Thwzhnaxnj tbn Yxh``hn dh}qjh}qh``q.

_xahe }kna axwml hknkjh Dwhk}swðmlh kn hkn}ml`ájkjhn Thw% dilwhn axwml Tbwìjh tbn Jxqimlqhn tbw niqkbni`hn xna knqhw%niqkbni`hn Jhwkmlqhn }xg}qinqkh``h _zhkdh` in jwxna`hjhnahn

Dwijhn thw}qáwfq zbwahn }b ai}} akh g`bÒh Dbwq}mlwhkgxnj hkn}ml`ájkjhw Jhwkmlq}xwqhk`h xna ahw Lknzhk} ixd akh Jh%wkmlq}nbqbwkf ahw Ghfinnqlhkq tbn Thwnkmlqxnj tbn Oxahn

axwml Ji} ke Fbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhw Ix}mlzkq nkmlq ehlw ix}%whkmlhn xe Xwqhk`h kn hknhe ahebfwiqk}mlhn Whmlq}hesdknahnaiwixd ixdxgixhn.

H} hwzkh} }kml ailhw i`} nbqzhnakj VkeU Jxqimlqhn ․ixml akh nbqzhnakjh Fbwwhfqxw ahw @kqhwiqxw tbwxnhlehn. ․

Zálwhna ahw gk}lhwkjhn Iwghkq liq }kml ah} zhkqhwhn lhw%ix}jh}qh``q ai}} Yxh``hn ix} gh}qkeeqhn Iwmlkthn nkmlq tb``%

}qánakj thwzhnahq zxwahn xna axwml akh sb`kqk}mlhn Hwhkjnk}%

}h ahw `hqqhn Oilwh ixml hw}qei`} Gh}qánah thwzhnahq zhwahnfônnhn akh gk}lhw dðw akh zh}q`kmlh Dbw}mlxnj thw}ml`b}}hn




7;9

ziwhn. H} }kna akh} tbw i``he akh Ifqhn ah} Whkml}}kmlhwlhkq}%lixsqieqh} kn Sbq}aie ahw wkh}kjh ,ehlwhwh Qbnnhn xedi}%

}hnah+ Ix}mlzkq%Gh}qina kn hknkjhn Eb}fixhw Iwmlkthn ․‐

Yxh``h? Lk}qbwk}mlh Qiq}imlhn Nw. ;7 ]hkqh 977. Swbd. Aw. Jhwliwa Oij}mlkq Kn}qkqxq dðw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh ahw Xnk%thw}kqáq Zkhn I 93;3 Zkhn Wbqhnlix}ji}}h 4 i`} }imlthw%}qánakjhn _hxjhn x lôwhn.Ahw _hxjh zkwa ghfxnahn9. ai}} hw ke ]qwidthwdilwhn ah} @inah}jhwkmlq} Zkhn dðw

]qwid}imlhn I.? 74 g Tw 91 9<1"<4 i`} jhwkmlq`kmlhw ]iml%thw}qánakjhw ghixdqwijq jhzh}hn }hk ahe Jhwkmlq Hwfhnnq%

nk}jwxnaìjhn xw Ghinqzbwqxnj ahw Dwijh x hwiwghkqhnbg akh dðw i``jhehknfxnakj jh`qhnah Qiq}imlhndh}q}qh``xnjai}} ke Fbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhw Ix}mlzkq hknh jwbÒh InilÈhn}mlhn kn}gh}bnahwh Oxahn kn Ji}fieehwn ekq aheJkdqji} _{f`bn G jhqôqhq zbwahn }hkhn niml ahe ahwhkqk%jhn Dbw}mlxnj}}qina ,9;;9+ xninjhdbmlqhn jhg`khghn }hkbahw bg zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Dbw}mlxnj}iwghkqhn ghfinnq jh%zbwahn }hkhn akh hknhe Lk}qbwkfhw jhhkjnhq hw}mlhknhn

fônnqhn ghjwðnahqh _zhkdh` in akh}hw Qiq}imlhndh}q}qh`%`xnj lhwtbwxwxdhn67. ai}} hw niml jwðna`kmlhe xna }bwjdá`qkjhe @kqhwiqxw}qxak%

xe x ahw Ðghwhxjxnj jhìnjq }hk ai}} kn ahw hkqjh%}mlkmlq`kmlhn @kqhwiqxw jhzkmlqkjh xna hwn}q x nhlehnahHknzánah jhjhn akh Vjhnhwh`Ù dðw xninjhdbmlqhn jhli`qhnhAiw}qh``xnj ahw Ei}}hnthwnkmlqxnj ke Fbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhw Ix}mlzkq hwlbghn zhwahn6

=. ai}} hw ai} x Nw. 9 akh}h} Ghzhk}inqwijh} ix}xj}zhk}h k%qkhwqh ]mlwhkghn in ai} @inah}jhwkmlq Zkhn thwdi}}q xna inai} Jhwkmlq jh}inaq ligh6

1. ai}} hw }hknh Ix}}ijh kn akh}he ]mlwhkghn niml gh}qheZk}}hn xna Jhzk}}hn igjhdi}}q ligh.]{`tki ]qb` Whmlq}inzá`qkn

Inìjh 73

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml hknhn]imlthw}qánakjhn dðw _hkqjh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj x lôwhn.




7;7

Akh}hw zkwa ixdjwxna gh}bnahwhw ]imlfxnah xw Ðghwhxjxnjah} Jhwkmlq} aiw`hjhn ai}} kn ahn thwôddhnq`kmlqhn Zh`qfwkhj KK%Hwknnhwxnjhn tbn Zkn}qbn Mlxwmlk`` Azkjlq A. Hk}hnlbzhw xna

Mliw`h} Ah Jix``h hkn ke Hknd`x}}ghwhkml ahw Niqkbni`}bki`k}qk%}mlhn Whjkhwxnj ah} Ahxq}mlhn Whkmlh} ix} wi}}k}mlhn Ebqkthnin Oxahn thwðgqhw Ei}}hnebwa kn Ji}fieehwn ekq ahe Kn}hfqk%ka „_{f`bn G‐ nkmlq hwzálnq zkwa. V․U

Akh Ghzhk}hwlhgxnj k}q jhhkjnhq dðw }kml ” ighw ixml ke _x%}ieehnlinj ekq ahn inahwhn kn akh}he Thwdilwhn xnqhw Ghzhk}jh}qh``qhn Qiq}imlhn ” akh ]ml`x}}db`jhwxnj i`} zknjhna hw}mlhk%nhn x ì}}hn ai}} akh Jhlhkeakhn}qh xna }bn}qkjhn Kndbweiqk%

bn}yxh``hn ahw ie Fwkhj jhjhn ai} Ahxq}mlh Whkml ghqhk`kjqhnZh}qeámlqh ðghw Oxahnthwnkmlqxnj}ifqkbnhn ah} Dhknah} ,Ahxq%}mlhn Whkml+ nkmlq} kn Hwdilwxnj gwknjhn fbnnqhn. Akh zilw%}mlhkn`kml}qh Hwf`áwxnj dðw akh}h hw}qixn`kmlh Qiq}imlh k}q ai}}akh tbn knqhwh}}khwqhw ]hkqh hw}q niml ahw Fiskqxìqkbn ahw Ahxq%}mlhn Zhlweimlq ghlixsqhqhn Thwgwhmlhn ahw jhninnqhn Iwqnkmlq }qiqqjhdxnahn lighn. Aiekq záwh ahw Innileh ahw Gbahnhnqbjhn ai}} ahw axwml ai} Ahxq}mlh Whkml injhg`kml thwðgqh

Tô`fhwebwa in ahn Oxahn ,„Lb`bmix}q‐ jhninnq+ bddhnfxnakj }hk.]{`tki ]qb` Whmlq}inzá`qkn

Inìjh 79

Kn ahw Injh`hjhnlhkq Jhweiw Wxab`d ghinqwijh kml hknhn]imlthw}qánakjhn ixd ahe Jhgkhqh ahw _hkqjh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj ” tbwjh}mlìjhn zkwa Swbd. he. Aw. Hwn}q Nb`qh ” x lôwhn.

Ahw ]imlthw}qánakjh zkwa ” jh`hkqhq axwml akh ixd Qiq}imlhn

jh}qðqqh ahnfhwk}mlh Tbwiwghkq kn ahn Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb%`bmix}q ” ai} Jhwkmlq x ahw Ðghwhxjxnj dðlwhn9. ai}} akh Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q ” ]qwkqqkjh Dwijhn

ke Fwhxthwlôw tbn Jhweiw Wxab`d Mi}q`h Lk`` Sxg`k}lhw}SB Gb| 99< Li}qknj} QN=1 =_Y XF K]GN 9%;3749;%3:%7 i`} hkn jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh} Zhwf tbn lblhw Yxi%`kqáq x ghzhwqhn k}q ai} kn }hknhw Jhainfhndðlwxnj }bzkh ghðj`kml ahw Iwq xna Zhk}h ahw _xwðmfdðlwxnj ahw jhqwbddh%

nhn Dh}q}qh``xnjhn ixd xthw`á}}kjh Yxh``hn ahn linazhwf`k%mlhn ]qinaiwa} ahw _hkqjh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj tb`` hnq}swkmlq6




7;=

7. ai}} akh}h ]mlwkdq ix} }imlthw}qánakjhw ]kmlq hknh ehqlbak}mljhbwanhqh ]xmlh niml bgohfqkt zilwhn ,wkmlqkjhn+ xna kn hk%nhn Ghjwðnaxnj}x}ieehnlinj hknjhbwanhqhn Hwfhnnqnk}%

}hn hwfhnnhn `á}}q6=. ai}} ai} Tbwjhlhn ah} Thwdi}}hw} }imlghbjhn xna sìneá%Òkj k}q6

1. ai}} akh Whi`k}khwxnj ah} Tbwlighn} ah} Thwdi}}hw} ixd eh%qlbak}mlhw Whd`h|kbn ah} zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Hwfhnnqnk}}qwh% ghn} ghwxlq67:4

8. ai}} ekq ahe Gxml akh bddkkh``h Aiw}qh``xnj ahw xnqhw ahe Niehn „Lb`bmix}q‐ x di}}hnahn Ei}}hnqôqxnjhn tbn Oxahn

i`} kn }kml nkmlq }ml`ð}}kj nimljhzkh}hn k}q64. ai}} ahw Ixqbw ahw Tbw`h}xnjhn hkjq zkh akh bddkkh``h Thw%}kbn tb`` tbn Xnjhwhkeqlhkqhn k}q6

:. ai}} axwmlzhj akh ahe Lb`bmix}qjh}mlkmlq}gkà xjwxnahjh`hjqhn _hxjhnix}}ijhn tbn ahn Thwdhmlqhwn ahw bddkkh``hnThw}kbn hknhw fwkqk}mlhn Swðdxnj nkmlq xnqhwbjhn zbwahn}kna6

<. ai}} akh bddkkh``h Jh}mlkmlq}}mlwhkgxnj h} thw}áxeq liq akh

nbqzhnakjhn qhmlnk}mlhn Ghaknjxnjhn xna Swbh}}h ahw gh%lixsqhqhn Ei}}hnqôqxnjhn x hwjwðnahn x whd`hfqkhwhn xnaakh jhwkmlq`kmlhn Ix}}ijhn tbn _hxjhn }bzkh akh Hw`hgnk}%}mlkàhwxnjhn tbn _hkqhxjhn aiwixdlkn x xnqhw}xmlhn bgxna jjd. zkhzhkq akh}h ekq ahn qhmlnk}mlhn xna niqxwjh}hq`k%mlhn Hwfhnnqnk}}hn ðghwhkn}qkeehn bahw i`} zkahw`hjq jh`qhneð}}hn6

;. ai}} akh lkhw xnqhw 4. ” <. ghninnqhn Eánjh` akh bddkkh``h Lb%

`bmix}qjh}mlkmlq}}mlwhkgxnj i`} „xnzk}}hn}mlidq`kml‐ xna„swbsijinak}qk}ml‐ hwzhk}hn6

93. ai}} akh Hknzánah ahw „whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn‐ Jh}mlkmlq}}mlwhk% gxnj jhjhn akh bddkkh``h Thw}kbn ah} „Lb`bmix}q}‐ ehlw i`}nxw sìx}kgh` hw}mlhknhn xna hwn}qlidqh _zhkdh` in ahe axwmlª 9=3 Ig}. = ]qJG jh}mlðqqhn Jh}mlkmlq}gkà ghjwðnahn6

99. ai}} x fhknhe _hkqsxnfq akh ghlixsqhqh jhsìnqh xna }{}qh%eiqk}ml axwmljhdðlwqh Ei}}hnqôqxnj tbn Oxahn ix} wi}}k%

}mlhn Ghzhjjwðnahn tbn Lk}qbwkfhwn akh ahw lhww}mlhnahn7:4 Ai} nhnnq ein Dimlmlknh}k}ml jìxgh kml․




7;1

@h}iwq db`jhn lknwhkmlhna xna dimljhwhmlq hwdbw}mlq zbwahnk}q6

97. ai}} tkhèhlw tbn Indinj in akh Qlh}h tbn ahw sl{}k}mlhn

Thwnkmlqxnj ahw ke Hknd`x}}ghwhkml ah} Ahxq}mlhn Whkmlh}in}á}}kjhn Oxahn axwml akh niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlh Whjkhwxnjahw Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj i`} Abjei tbwjhjhghn ziw xnaThw}xmlh tbn Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlhwn }kml aijhjhn x }qh``hnekq ei}}kthn Akddiekhwxnjhn ekq jh}h``}mlidq`kmlhw Ix}%jwhnxnj xna Thwnkmlqxnj ahw }bki`hn H|k}qhn }bzkh jh%wkmlq`kmlhn Thwdb`jxnjhn jhilnahq xna aiaxwml }ml`khÒ`kmldi}q ján`kml xnqhwawðmfq zbwahn }kna6

9=. ai}} hkn dwhk lhwix}jhgkàhqhw Fbn}hn} ke ]knnh hknhw dwhkzk`%`kj inhwfinnqhn Xninjhdbmlqhnlhkq ah} bddkkh``hn Jh%}mlkmlq}gkàh} tbe Lb`bmix}q nkmlq dh}q}qh``giw k}q6

91. ai}} ekq ahe Hw}mlhknhn ahw „whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn‐ ]mlwkdqhnV․U akh bddkkh``h Lb`bmix}qthw}kbn kn i``hn zh}hnq`kmlhn I}% shfqhn jwxna}áq`kml kn Dwijh jh}qh``q ziw xna }kml ohqq akhDwijh }qh``q bg akh „whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn‐ Iwjxehnqh axwmljwðna`kmlhwh Dbw}mlxnjhn zkahw`hjq zhwahn fônnqhn bahw bg

ai} bddkkh``h Jh}mlkmlq}gkà ixdjhjhghn zhwahn ex}} }bai}} tbn „Xninjhdbmlqhnlhkq‐ ahw Lb`bmix}qjh}mlkmlq}%}mlwhkgxnj fhknh Whah }hkn finn. V․U

]{`tki ]qb` Whmlq}inzá`qkn

Ig`hlnxnjhn

Gh}ml`x}} ahw 7. JwbÒhn ]qwidfieehw ah} @J Einnlhke

9. Ahw Inqwij ah} Injhfìjqhn ixd Ekqqhk`xnj ,Inìjh 99 xeLixsqthwlina`xnj}swbqbfb`` tbe 97.7.733:+ zkwa igjh`hlnqzhk` hkn Ix}fxndq}in}swxml jhjhn ai} Jhwkmlq ðghw akh ghwhkq}xnqhw _kddhw 7 ah} Gh}ml`x}}h} tbe 97.7.733: jheimlqhn Ix}%dðlwxnjhn lknix} nkmlq gh}qhlq.

7. Akh ie 97.7.733: tbe Injhfìjqhn jh}qh``qhn Inqwájh ixd Thwnhlexnj tbn Swbd. Aw. Ei}hw ,Inìjh 97+ Aw. Sb}q ,Inì%jh 9=+ Swbd. Aw. ]hka`hw ,Inìjh 98+ xna akh tbn ahw Thwqhkak%

jhwkn Whmlq}inzá`qkn ]qb` jh}qh``qhn Inqwájh ixd Thwnhlexnjhknh} ]imlthw}qánakjhn dðw _hkqjh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj ,Inìjh




7;8

73+ xna Swbd. Aw. Nb`qh ghðj`kml ahw Inqwájh 8 gk} 91 ,Inìjh79+ zhwahn igjh`hlnq zhk` akh Ghzhk}hwlhgxnj dðw akh Hnq%}mlhkaxnj Vah} Jhwkmlq}U blnh Ghahxqxnj k}q ahnn }h`g}q zhnn

akh ghninnqhn Shw}bnhn akh xnqhw Ghzhk} jh}qh``qhn Ghlixs%qxnjhn gh}qáqkjhn zðwahn zðwah akh Fieehw nkmlq akh I``%jhehknfxnakjfhkq ah} Lb`bmix}q} ke ]knnh tbn _kddhw = ah}Gh}ml`x}}h} ahw Fieehw tbe 97.7.733: kn Dwijh }qh``hn.

=. Ahw tbe Injhfìjqhn ie 97.7.733: jh}qh``qh Inqwij ixd Ghk%khlxnj xna Thw`h}xnj ah} Jxqimlqhn} tbn Aw. Lbddeinn,Inìjh 94+ zkwa igjh`hlnq zhk` akh Ghzhk}hwlhgxnj dðw akhHnq}mlhkaxnj blnh Ghahxqxnj k}q ahnn ai} jhninnqh Gxml k}q

nkmlq Jhjhn}qina ahw Infìjh.1. Ahw tbe Injhfìjqhn ie 97.7.733: jh}qh``qh Inqwij ixd Thw%nhlexnj tbn Swbd. Aw. ]ml`hh ,Inìjh 9:+ zkwa igjh`hlnqzhk` }bzhkq h} }kml xe akh injhfìjqhn ]mlwkdqhn linah`q akhFieehw ” zkh }mlbn ke Gh}ml`x}} tbe 97.7.733: xnqhw _kddhw 7 9. Ig}iq ix}jhdðlwq ” hkjhnh ]imlfxnah ghðj`kml ahw Gh%xwqhk`xnj ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq liq. Ke Ðgwkjhn k}q akh Gh%lixsqxnj dðw akh Hnq}mlhkaxnj blnh Ghahxqxnj zhk` akh

]mlwkdqhn nkmlq Jhjhn}qina ahw Infìjh }kna.8. Ahw tbe Injhfìjqhn ie 97.7.733: jh}qh``qh Inqwij ixd Thw%nhlexnj tbn Swbd. Aw. Lk`ghwj ,Inìjh 9<+ zkwa igjh`hlnq.Ghðj`kml ahw _kddhwn 9 gk} = ah} Inqwij} k}q akh Ghzhk}hwlh% gxnj blnh Ghahxqxnj zhk` ah}}hn Hkn}mláqxnjhn xna }hknh]qh``xnj dðw akh Dwijh hknhw hqzikjhn ]qwidgiwfhkq ah} Lin%ah`n} ah} Injhfìjqhn fhknh Wb``h }skh`hn. Ghðj`kml _kddhw 1ah} Inqwij} liq akh Fieehw ” zkh }mlbn ke Gh}ml`x}} tbe

97.7.733: xnqhw _kddhw 7 9. Ig}iq ix}jhdðlwq ” hkjhnh ]iml%fxnah ghðj`kml ahw Ghxwqhk`xnj ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq.

4. Ahw tbn ahw Thwqhkakjhwkn Whmlq}inzá`qkn ]qb` ie 97.7.733:jh}qh``qh Inqwij ixd Thw`h}xnj ahw jxqimlqhw`kmlhn ÁxÒhwxnjah} ]imlthw}qánakjhn Swbd. Aw. Oij}mlkq xna ah}}hn Thwnhl%exnj i`} }imlthw}qánakjhn _hxjhn ,Inìjh 9;+ zkwa igjh%`hlnq zhk` akh ghinqwijqhn Ghzhk}hwlhgxnjhn dðw akh Hnq%}mlhkaxnj blnh Ghahxqxnj }kna ahnn }h`g}q zhnn akh xnqhw

Ghzhk} jh}qh``qhn Ghlixsqxnjhn gh}qáqkjq zðwahn zðwah akhFieehw nkmlq akh I``jhehknfxnakjfhkq ah} Lb`bmix}q} ke




7;4

]knnh tbn _kddhw = ah} Gh}ml`x}}h} ahw Fieehw tbe97.7.733: kn Dwijh }qh``hn.

:. Ahw ie 97.7.733: tbn ahw Thwqhkakjhwkn Whmlq}inzá`qkn ]qb`

jh}qh``qh Inqwij ixd Thwnhlexnj tbn Swbd. Aw. Nb`qh ,In`ijh79+ zkwa ghðj`kml _kddhwn 9 gk} 1 igjh`hlnq zhk` akh Fieehw ” zkh }mlbn ke Gh}ml`x}} tbe 97.7.733: xnqhw _kddhw 7 9. Ig%}iq ix}jhdðlwq ” hkjhnh ]imlfxnah ghðj`kml ahw Ghxwqhk`xnjahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq liq.

Fbeehnqiwh

Ahw Inqwij xw @iaxnj tbn Swbd. Aw. Hwn}q Qbskq}ml ex}}qhxwðmf jhbjhn zhwahn ai ahw _hxjh ie 74.9.733= thw}qbwghnziw.

Ahw Sxnfq 7. ah} Ig`hlnxnj}gh}ml`x}}h} ghzhk}q ai}} akh„Bddhnfxnakjfhkq ah} Lb`bmix}q‐ ahn akh gxnah}ahxq}mlh Ox}qki`} Jwxna tbwjkgq xe Ghzhk}inqwájh xw Hw}mlðqqhwxnj ahw Bd%dhnfxnakjfhkq igx`hlnhn gz. }bjiw xnqhw ]qwidawblxnj x thw% gkhqhn tô``kj xniglánjkj aitbn gh}qhlq zi} hqig`khwqh oi }bjiw zh`qzhkq inhwfinnqh Dimlfisikqáqhn ahw Jh}mlkmlqh ah} AwkqqhnWhkmlh} dðw lk}qbwk}ml iffxwiq li`qhn. Tkhw hqig`khwqh Lk}qbwkfhwaitbn awhk hehwkqkhwqh @hlw}qxl`knlighw áxÒhwn _zhkdh` ighw ai}Jhwkmlq wðlwq ai} nkmlq. ]h`g}q zhnn i``h Lk}qbwkfhw ahw Zh`q_zhkdh` áxÒhwqhn záwh ai} Jhwkmlq zbl` keehw nbml xnjhwðlwq.Akh} ghzhk}q ai}} akh Bddhnfxnakjfhkq}dbweh` hkn xnwhmlq}}qiiq%`kmlh} Hkjhn`hghn hnqzkmfh`q liq ahe ekq fhknhe oxwk}qk}mlhnEkqqh` ehlw ghkxfbeehn k}q.

Ghk ahw Ig`hlnxnj ahw Inqwájh xw Inlôwxnj ahw _hxjhnSwbd. ]ml`hh xna Swbd. Lk`ghwj ghjknj akh Fieehw hknhn hnqg`ô%Òhnahn Dhl`hw? ghinqwijq zxwah ghðj`kml Swbd. ]ml`hh x}áq`kmlxna ghðj`kml Swbd. Lk`ghwj ix}}ml`khÒ`kml akh}h eôjhn dh}q}qh`%`hn bg akh ghin}qinahqhn Zhwfh ahw Dbw}mlxnj xna Zk}}hn}mlidqakhnhn. Akh} k}q hghn nkmlq kahnqk}ml ekq ahw Dwijh bg akh Zhwfh}h`g}q zk}}hn}mlidq`kml }kna. Bg akh dwij`kmlhn Zhwfh ahw Jh%}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq akhnhn finn ighw xneôj`kml tbn hknhedimldwheahn Wkmlqhw hnq}mlkhahn zhwahn. Aix ghaiwd h} ahw ]imlfhnnqnk} hknh} Dimllk}qbwkfhw}. Akh}h six}mli`h Ig`hlnxnj




7;:

axwml ai} Jhwkmlq k}q hkn Knak aidðw ai}} nkmlq }iml`kml hwzájq}bnahwn nxw whd`h|iwqkj „niml ]mlhei D‐ igjh`hlnq zxwah.

Ahw Injhf`ijqh }swiml }kml kn ahw Lixsqthwlina`xnj jhjhn

ohnh Sxnfqh ahw Inqwájh ahw Thwqhkakjhwkn ]{`tki ]qb` ix} kn ah%nhn ai} Jhwkmlq jhghqhn zxwah Ghzhk} ghðj`kml lk}qbwk}mlhw Dwijhn x hwlhghn. Hw ghjwðnahqh }hknh Ig`hlnxnj aiekq ai}}akh}h Sxnfqh }hknhw Hknjinj}hwf`áwxnj zkahw}swámlhn ai}} fhknJhwkmlq ahw Zh`q ghdxjq xna fbeshqhnq }hk zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh]qwhkqdwijhn x hnq}mlhkahn.




7;<




7;;




=33




=39




=37

Inlinj =? Jxqimlqhn tbn Dimllk}qbwkfhwn

9. Aw. Bìd Wb}hAi} nimldb`jhnah Jxqimlqhn ah} _hkqjh}mlkmlq`hw} Aw. Bìd

Wb}h zxwah ixd Indwijh tbn Jhweiw Wxab`d dðw ah}}hn Thwdilwhnhw}qh``q. Ai akh ekq ahe Di`` ghdi}}qh 7. ]qwidfieehw ah} @inajh%wkmlq} Einnlhke ghk ]qh``xnj zhkqhwhw Ghzhk}inqwájh xw Hnqì}%qxnj ah} Injhfìjqhn Wxab`d kn Ix}}kmlq }qh``qh ahn Injhfìjqhnx 8 Oilwhn Lidq x thwxwqhk`hn zblknjhjhn akh }bdbwqkjh Ghhnak%

jxnj ohahw Thwqhkakjxnj}lina`xnj x hknhw ]qwidh tbn „nxw‐ 7 µOilwhn dðlwhn zðwah zxwah akh}h} Jxqimlqhn nkmlq ehlw xw Hnq%ì}qxnj ah} Injhfìjqhn hknjhdðlwq. Injh}kmlq} ahw qbqi`hn Thw%zhkjhwxnj}li`qxnj ahw Fieehw kwjhnazh`mlh Ghzhk}inqwájh x%xì}}hn ziw blnhlkn aiekq x whmlnhn ai}} akh}h} Dimljxqiml%qhn ixml igjh`hlnq zbwahn záwh zhk` akh Fieehw injhg`kml}h`g}q akh lknwhkmlhnah ]imlfhnnqnk} ligh xe akh Zk}}hn}mlidq%`kmlfhkq ahw ghjxqimlqhqhn Gðmlhw x ghxwqhk`hn.

Jxqimlqhn

ðghw akh Hwdð``xnj dbwei`hw Fwkqhwkhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn

Iwghkqhn} kn ahn tbe Aks`. Mlhe. Jhweiw Wxab`d thwdi}}qhn

bahw lhwix}jhjhghnhn ]mlwkdqhn xw Oxahnthwdb`jxnj ke Awkq%

qhn Whkml

Ahw Thwdi}}hw zxwah tbe Sd`kmlqthwqhkakjhw WI @xazkj Gbmf

ah} tbw ahw ]qwidfieehw 4 Vfbwwhfq? 7.U ah} @inajhwkmlq} Einn%lhke zhjhn ah} Thwaimlq} ahw Tb`f}thwlhqxnj InjhfìjqhnJhweiw Wxab`d jhghqhn i`} }imlthw}qánakjhw _hxjh xw Ghzhk}% ghlixsqxnj jxqimlqhw`kml ]qh``xnj x nhlehn bg db`jhnah tbeInjhfìjqhn thwdi}}qhn ]mlwkdqhn kn dbwei`hw Lkn}kmlq ahn Indbw%ahwxnjhn }ixghwhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Iwghkqhn} ke Ghwhkml ahw Jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq Jhnðjh `hk}qhn?

9. Hwn}q JixÒ ,Lj.+ ,5 Jhweiw Wxab`d+? Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkq%

jh}mlkmlqh Jwighwq Qðgknjhn 9;;1 ,kqkhwq i`} Jwxnaìjhn+




=3=

7. Jhweiw Wxab`d? Ai} Wxab`d%Jxqimlqhn Mi}q`h Lk`` Sxg`k}%lhw} Li}qknj}7 7339

=. Jhweiw Wxab`d? Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q Mi}q`h

Lk`` Sxg`k}lhw} 7338 ,kqkhwq i`} Tbw`h}xnjhn+. Niml Hesdinj xna hw}qhw Axwml}kmlq ahw awhk Gánah ligh kmlaiwxe jhghqhn ekml ixd akh Ghjxqimlqxnj ah} hw}qhn xna awkqqhnGxmlh} gh}mlwánfhn x zb``hn ai kml ekml nkmlq ke ]qinah }ilai} }bjhninnqh „Wxab`d%Jxqimlqhn‐ ah}}hn Iwjxehnqiqkbn }kmlin hnqwi`hn ]qh``hn zinj}`áxdkj ixd hknh mlhek}mlh xna aiekqniqxwzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Ghzhk}dðlwxnj }qðqq tb``knli`q`kml ghxw%qhk`hn x fônnhn.

Jhweiw Wxab`d k}q }hknhw Ix}gkàxnj niml Niqxwzk}}hn}mlidq%`hw. I`} }b`mlhw k}q hw jh}mlx`q }qwhnj in Difqhn bwkhnqkhwq x iw% ghkqhn xna `ðmfhn`b}h xna }qhq} axwml Awkqqh ðghwswðdgiwh Gh%zhk}fhqqhn ixdx}qh``hn. Iwghkq}l{sbqlh}hn fônnhn dðw kln ziw jwxna}áq`kml ixdjh}qh``q zhwahn ighw nxw ainn Jh`qxnj ghin%}swxmlhn zhnn }kh ghjwðnahq xna ghzkh}hn zhwahn fônnhn. Akh%}hw nðmlqhwnh „bgohfqktk}qk}mlh‐ In}iq k}q ixml kn }hknhn ekw tbw`khjhnahn lk}qbwkbjwislk}mlhn Sxg`kfiqkbnhn @hkq}iq }hknh}

Dbw}mlxnj}knqhwh}}h}. Ekq akh}hw Iwq tbn Jh}mlkmlq}}mlwhkgxnjixd „dbwhn}k}mlhw Jwxnaìjh‐ jwhnq hw }kml ahxq`kml tbn Lk}qbwk%fhwn ig akh knakwhfqh Hwfhnnqnk}}h niml ahn Whjh`n ahw Zilw%}mlhkn`kmlfhkq x „zilwhn Jh}mlkmlqhn‐ ix}dbwex`khwhn zbghk }khkn tkh`hn Dá``hn aix nhkjhn akh @ðmfhn ah} Gh`hjgiwhn axwml„eôj`kmlh Zilwlhkqhn‐ }b ix}xj`hkmlhn ai}} aiwix} hknh ðghw%hxjhnah Aiw}qh``xnj zkwa.9

Wxab`d zxwah xe „Lk}qbwkfhw zkahw Zk``hn‐6 nimlahe hw i`}

Whifqkbn ixd }hkn mlhek}mlh} Jxqimlqhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q nkmlq swbebtkhwq xna kle akh gðwjhw`kmlhn H|k}qhn thwnkmlqhq zbwahnziw thw}mlwkhg hw }kml ahw lk}qbwk}mlhn Hwdbw}mlxnj xna lk}qbwkb%jwislk}mlhn Aiw}qh``xnj akh}h} ” nkmlq nxw dðw kln ” db`jhn%}mlzhw}qhn Thwgwhmlhn}tbwzxwd} ah} 73. Oilwlxnahwq}. Ke _x%}ieehnlinj ekq ahw niqxwzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Ix}gkàxnj Wxab`d}}qh``q }kml dðw ahn Lk}qbwkfhw akh Dwijh bg ahw Injhfìjqh ixmlekq ahn q{sk}ml jhk}qh}% xna jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Zhwf%

hxjhn xna Ehqlbahn swbg`hebwkhnqkhwq xexjhlhn thweij. Ekw }mlhknq niml ahw @hfqðwh }hknhw Zhwfh ai}} }kml Wxab`d i`} abs%




=31

sh`qhw IxÒhn}hkqhw ” i`} xndqdwheahw Mlhekfhw xna i`} lk}qbwkb%jwislk}mlhw „Whtk}kbnk}q‐ ” tbn Inghjknn in ahw dðw kln hnqwi`hn Nbqzhnakjfhkq ghzx}}q ziw ai}} akh tbn kle tbwjhqwijhnhn Gh%

lixsqxnjhn nxw ainn ak}fx}}kbn}zðwakj }hkn fônnhn zhnn }hknhGhzhk}dðlwxnj `bjk}ml dbwei` fbwwhfq xna blnh Hkn}mlwánfxnjðghwswðdgiw }hkn zðwah. Ailhw liq hw }kml }hlw hknjhlhna ekq ahw lk}qbwk}mlhn xna ixml oxwk}qk}mlhn Swbg`heiqkf ghdi}}q zi} hknGhzhk} k}q Ghzhk}iwqhn xna Ghzhk}lkhwiwmlkhn xnqhw}xmlq ,Tbw`h%

}xnjhn ]. 9;8”9;;+ xna }hknh Zhwfh ehlwei`} dimljxqimlqhw`kmlðghwswðdhn `i}}hn ,Tbw`h}xnjhn ]. 9=:”91:+ }bzkh }h`g}q xw Ðghwswðdxnj tbw Awxmf`hjxnj injhwhjq ,Jwxna`ijhn ]. 13:”

193+. @hqqhwh} k}q i`} lôml}q }h`qhnh Jh}qh x ghhkmlnhn xekn%ah}q k}q ekw fhkn zhkqhwhw Di`` hknh} }b`mlhn tbwix}hk`hnahn Ahgiq%qhninjhgbq} ghfinnq.

Kml eômlqh ke Db`jhnahn akh ghkahn bghn jhninnqhn Zhwfh knwhkn dbwei`hw Lkn}kmlq ixd klwh Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq lkn ðghwswð%dhn blnh ekw knli`q`kml ai} aiwix} tbn Wxab`d Jhdb`jhwqh kn kw%jhnahknhw Zhk}h x hkjhn x eimlhn. Wxab`d dkh` h} i`} ghjigqhe Niqxwzk}}hn}mlidq`hw nkmlq }mlzhw }kml ixqbakaifqk}ml akh dbwei%

`hn Fwkqhwkhn inxhkjnhn akh xw Hwdbw}mlxnj ahw _hkqjh}mlkmlqhxnigaknjgiw }kna.7

Xnqhw „Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq‐ thw}qhlq ahw Mlhekfhw Wxab`d?„Hkn Hwjhgnk} ex}} h|ifq db`jhwkmlqkj tbn Ghzhk}hn jh}qðqqxna zkahw}swxml}dwhk }hkn.‐ ,Tbw`h}xnjhn ]. 87+ Akh}h Fwkqhwkhn`hjq Wxab`d ” }bzhkq eôj`kml ” ixml in }hknh lk}qbwkbjwislk}mlhnIwghkqhn in. Ix}}ijhn akh nkmlq hknahxqkj gh`hjq zhwahn fhnn%hkmlnhq hw i`} }b`mlh xna lá`q Ak}qin x klnhn ixml zhnn }kh

jhhkjnhq záwhn }hknh Ghzhk}dðlwxnj x }qðqhn ,Tbw`h}xnjhn ].81 ,_ðnah`+6 ]. 931 Ine. 94< ,Zi`hna{+6 ]. 99< xnqhn kn Ghxjixd ahn jh}ieqhn Whtk}kbnk}ex}+. Hw zhkmlq tbn ahw Ei|kehQiq}imlhnghlixsqxnjhn }hkhn axwml ðghwswðdgiwh ghkhlxnj}%zhk}h nimltb``khlgiwh Ghzhk}h x gh`hjhn nkmlq ig. Exq%eiÒxnjhn xna Zilw}mlhkn`kmlfhkqhn zhwahn }qhq} i`} }b`mlh jh%fhnnhkmlnhq dhl`hnah Yxh``hninjighn b.á. eimlhn hkn Iwjx%ehnq ix} }hknhw ]kmlq ghzhk}xndálkj.

Akh Iwghkqhn Wxab`d} zhwahn tbn ahw bddkkh``hn Jh}mlkmlq}%}mlwhkgxnj xna ahw gxnah}ahxq}mlhn Sxg`kk}qkf i`} „whtk}kbnk}%




=38

qk}ml‐ ghhkmlnhq. Nkmlq shobwiqkt ix}jh`hjq }bnahwn `hakj`kml i`}Fhnnhkmlnxnj hknhw Ix}wkmlqxnj ahw Jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidqakh hqig`khwqh Sb}kqkbnhn axwml nhxh bahw inahw} knqhwswhqkhwqh

Difqhn whtkakhwhn zk`` thw}qhlq }kml ixml ahw Injhfìjqh i`} „Wh%tk}kbnk}q‐6 i`} }b`mlhw ex}} hw ahn tbn ahw „Jhjhn}hkqh‐ thwqwhqh%nhn ]qinasxnfq xnáml}q hknei` aiw}qh``hn xna ghzhwqhn ghtbw hw thw}xmlq akh}hn iwjxehnqiqkt x zkahw`hjhn. Wxab`d fbeeq akh%}hw Eknah}qindbwahwxnj fbnqwbthw}hw lk}qbwk}mlhw Dbw}mlxnj }qhq}niml. Akh Jhjhniwjxehnqh zhwahn kn klwhe _x}ieehnlinj blnh}knnhnq}qh``hnah Fðwxnjhn aiwjh}qh``q ak}fxqkhwq xna kn ohahetbn ekw ðghwswðdqhn Di`` gkg`kbjwislk}ml fbwwhfq ix}jhzkh}hn }b

ai}} ahw @h}hw ðghwswðdhn finn bg Iwjxehnqh di`}ml aiwjh}qh``qbahw ix} ahe _x}ieehnlinj jhwk}}hn zxwahn ,tj`. Tbw`h}xnjhn]. =7”1;+. Kn }hknhn Jwxnaìjhn jknj Wxab`d }bjiw }b zhkq }hknhlk}qbwk}mlhn „Zkahw}imlhw‐ nkmlq nxw ix}dðlw`kml x kqkhwhn gz.kqkhwhn x ì}}hn }bnahwn hw }inaqh hknhw Whklh ahxq}mlhw Lk}qb%wkfhw ,ahe aiei`kjhn Tbw}kqhnahn ah} Kn}qkqxq} dðw _hkqjh}mlkml%qh VEðnmlhnU Swbd. Aw. Lh`èxql Ixhwgiml Swbd. Aw. Ekmlih`Zb`dd}bln x.i.+ xna Sb`kqkfhwn ,Gxnah}fin`hw Aw. Fbl` ahe

Tbw}kqhnahn ah} _hnqwi`wiqh} ahw Oxahn Kjni Gxgk}+ xna Oxwk}qhn,Jhnhwi`gxnah}inzi`q Fik t. Nhle+ tbw Awxmf`hjxnj ah} Zhwfh}ai} tbw`áxdkjh Q{sb}fwksq ekq ahw Gkqqh xe Hkn}kmlq Ghxwqhk`xnjjjd. Hknzánah xna oxwk}qk}mlhw Hkn}mláqxnj x ,Jwxnaìjhn ].13:”193+. Ixml akh Wh}bnin k}q abwq nimlx`h}hn.

]bzbl` akh Jwxnaìjhn i`} ixml akh Tbw`h}xnjhn }kna }{}qh%eiqk}ml xna db`jhwkmlqkj ixdjhgixq. Akh} jk`q }bzbl` ke Lkng`kmf ixd ai} Knli`q}thwhkmlnk} i`} ixml ixd ahn Iwjxehnqiqkbn}%

x}ieehnlinj ahw hknh`nhn Fiskqh` ghkhlxnj}zhk}h Ghkqwájh.Wxab`d k}q dhwnhw }qwkfq aiwixd ghaimlq kn ghkahn kn Dwijh }qh%

lhnahn Sxg`kfiqkbnhn fhknh Ghlixsqxnjhn ixdx}qh``hn akh }kmlhknhw Zkahw`hjxnj ghkhlxnj}zhk}h hknh} Ghzhk}h} hnqkhlhn.Zi} dðw eiqhwkh``h qhmlnk}mlh xna niqxwzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Ghzhk%}h xna Qh}q} akh Ðghwswðdgiwfhkq ghkhlxnj}zhk}h akh Zkhahw%lb`xnj ahw Thw}xml}inbwanxnj aiw}qh``hn k}q ke Ghwhkml ahw Jh%}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq akh jhnixh Injigh ahw thwzhnahqhn Yxh`%

`hn6 ghkah Zhwfh }kna kn akh}hw Lkn}kmlq i`} ex}qhwjð`qkj x gh%hkmlnhn. Wxab`d} Tbwqhk` i`} Niqxwzk}}hn}mlidq`hw `khjq aiwðghw




=34

lknix} aiwkn ai}} hw gh}qwhgq k}q akh kn }hknhe xw}swðnj`kmlhnZk}}hn}mlidq}ghwhkml tbwix}jh}hqqh Zkahw}swxml}dwhklhkq kn }kmlzkh ixml x i``jhehkn inhwfinnqhn Siwiakjehn akh nkmlq kn Dwijh

jh}qh``q zhwahn fônnhn ,lkhw záwhn ghk}skh`}zhk}h qhmlnk}mlh ni%qxwzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh bahw `bjk}mlh Jh}hqh ixdxdðlwhn+ }bzhkqh} jhlq ixml ixd akh jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Dbw}mlxnj xnaAiw}qh``xnj x ðghwqwijhn.

_x akh}he Fbes`h| k}q nbml lknxxdðjhn ai}} ekw kn fhknheahw ghkahn Zhwfh _kwfh`}ml`ð}}h ixdjhdi``hn }kna i`}b nkmlq ehl%whwh i`} zilw isb}qwbslkhwqh Ghlixsqxnjhn ixd}qh``q zxwahn akh}kml jhjhn}hkqkj i`} Ghzhk}ghlixsqxnj }qðqhn }b``hn.=

Jhwiahx ixddá``kj }kna akh h|h``hnqh Ghlhww}mlxnj ah} Yxh`%`hneiqhwki`} xna akh i``h Eôj`kmlfhkqhn ahw Qh|qh|hjh}h xna Qh|%qknqhwswhqiqkbn ix}`hxmlqhnah Yxh``hnfwkqkf. Akh}h Yxh``hnfwkqkf xedi}}q nilhx i``h Iwqhn tbn „bwi` lk}qbw{‐ _hxjhnix}}ijhnHwál`xnjhn Ix}}ijhn Awkqqhw hqm. xna ahwhn xedi}}hnah Swbg%`heiqkf i``h ahn Lb`bmix}q ghqwhddhnahn Abfxehnqhniwqhn xeGhk}skh` akh Swbh}}ifqhn ah} Knqhwniqkbni`hn Ek`kqáwjhwkmlq}lbdh}jhjhn akh Lixsqfwkhj}thwgwhmlhw1 lkhw gh}bnahw} xw Swbg`heiqkf

ahw Qáqhw% xna Bsdhwix}}ijhn ,Tbw`h}xnjhn ]. 13: 188 18<+6}xg}xekhwq ein akh Oilwh xna Oilwhlnqh niml Fwkhj}hnah thw%di}}qhn Hwknnhwxnjhn xna akh Ehebkwhn`kqhwiqxw aix }b zhwahnakh}h hghnabwq ,]. 1=< dd.+ ini`{}khwq. Jhwiahx ex}qhwjð`qkj }h%khwq xna ahebn}qwkhwq Wxab`d kn hknhe Thwj`hkml zhkhw }qiqk}qk%}mlhw Zhwfh ixd zkh tkh`h Iwqhn ein ahebjwislk}mlh Aiqhn ix}%`hjhn xna lknqhwdwijhn ex}} xe ahn zilwhn Ix}}ijhzhwq lknqhw ahw }mlhkngiw hwwiqk}mlhn ]qiqk}qkf x hwekqqh`n ,Jwxnaìjhn ].

919”94< Tbw`h}xnjhn ]. =1”1=+.]sáqh}qhn} }hkq ahw ]ml`khÒxnj ahw Ix}}qh``xnj „Thwgwhmlhn

ahw Zhlweimlq‐ zhkÒ ixml ahw @ikh xe akh Swbg`heiqkf ahw Gkà%xna Dbqbghzhk}h i`} lk}qbwk}mlh Abfxehnqh. Kn ahn Jwxnaìjhn ghdi}}hn }kml zhk Ixd}áqh ekq ahw Ghzhk}fwidq tbn Gkàabfx%ehnqhn. Xab Zi`hna{ ,]. 79;”7==+ swbg`heiqk}khwq ke _x}ie%ehnlinj ah} _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhjh} in Lina tbn il`whkmlhn Ghk%}skh`hn akh Qhmlnkfhn xna Ebqkth tbn Gkàdá`}mlxnjhn zbghk hw

hknh hln Oilwh xtbw jh}mlwkhghnh Thwôddhnq`kmlxnj x}ieehn%di}}q. Obln M`kth Gi`` ,]. 7=8”71<+ xnqhw}xmlq kn }hknhe Ixd}iq




=3:

akh Ix}}ijhfwidq ek`kqáwk}mlhw xna xw Ixdf`áwxnj ghnxqqhw @xdq% gkàdbqbjwislkhn ahwhn Qhmlnb`bjkh akh Qhmlnkf ahw @xdqgkàkn%qhwswhqiqkbn }bzkh akh Eôj`kmlfhkqhn xna Jwhnhn ahw @xdqgkàiw%

mláb`bjkh. Wxab`d di}}q akh}h Iwghkqhn kn }hknhn Tbw`h}xnjhn nbmlhknei` x}ieehn ,tj`. ]. 79:”77: =3; =9;”=7< x.i.+. Hw hkjqlkhwghk jhjhnðghw ahw Zhlweimlq}ix}}qh``xnj hkn hwlhg`kml jh%}mláwdqhwh} Swbg`heghzx}}q}hkn lkn}kmlq`kml ahw Ix}}ijhfwidq slbqbjwislk}mlhw Abfxehnqh.

Hkn zhkqhwh} Fwkqhwkxe injhzinaqhw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq k}qakh fbn}hyxhnqh Ghimlqxnj ahw Ghzhk}ekqqh`lkhwiwmlkh. Kn ahnTbw`h}xnjhn ,]. 9;: dd.+ }qh``q hw ixd ahw Jwxnaìjh tbn H.

]mlnhkahw} Ghzhk} xna Ghzhk}zðwakjxnj ,Eðnmlhn 9;<:1

+ akhGhzhk}lkhwiwmlkhn tbe Siwqhkghzhk} ðghw ahn _hxjhnghzhk} ahnAbfxehnqhn% ghkhlxnj}zhk}h Xwfxnahnghzhk} akh Ixjhn%}mlhknnileh axwml akh hwekqqh`nahn Shw}bnhn gk} lkn xe ]iml% ghzhk} axwml ]imlthw}qánakjhnjxqimlqhn tbw. Ahw j`hkmlhn Winj%db`jh xnqhwzkwdq hw ixml }hknh hkjhnhn Dbw}mlxnjhn xna Hwjhgnk}%}h. Aiwðghw lknix} qwhnnq Wxab`d fìw hwfhnngiw Qiq}imlhnghlixs%qxnjhn tbn Ehknxnjhn xna Ghzhwqxnjhn. Ahxq`kml zkwa akh}

}mlbn kn awhkhn }hknhw Ixd}áqh ,Jwxnaìjhn ]. 98”=; ]. 919” 94< }bzkh ]. 71;”7:;+ kn ahnhn hw axwml Fiskqh`ðghw}mlwkdqhnhknahxqkj akh ]ml`x}}db`jhwxnjhn tbn }hknhw Ghzhk}hwlhgxnjqwhnnq.

Ke JwbÒhn xna Jinhn lhww}mlq kn Wxab`d} Zhwfhn hkn }iml%`kml%nðmlqhwnhw ]swiml}qk` tbw. Ke Hknjinj}ixd}iq }hknhw Jwxna%ìjhn „]qwhkqsxnfq Oxahnthwnkmlqxnj‐ ,]. 98”=;+ `hjq Wxab`d }hk%nh Ebqkth Ig}kmlqhn xna Lbddnxnjhn aiw. H} `kh}q }kml ehknh}

Hwimlqhn} nkmlq zkh hknh ]mlxqghlixsqxnj zhnn hw dh}q}qh``qai}} h} kle jhwiah nkmlq aiwxe jhlq Inqk}hekqk}ex} bahw Wi}%}hnli}} x }mlðwhn bahw ekq }hknhn Dbw}mlxnjhn xw ]qôwxnj ah}ôddhnq`kmlhn Dwkhahn} ixdxwxdhn }bnahwn ke Jhjhnqhk` xe hknhHnqfwiesdxnj xna Nbwei`k}khwxnj ah} ahxq}mlhn%oðak}mlhn Thw%lá`qnk}}h} ,]. 98 d.+. Ahwiwqkjh Hkn}mlðgh dknahn }kml kn ahn aki`b%jk}ml ixdjhgixqhn Tbw`h}xnjhn si}}ke6 akh Bsdhwzðwah x wh}% shfqkhwhn }qh``q hw ahxq`kml lhwix}. Fbn}hyxhnq lá`q }kml Wxab`d kn

ahn ekw tbw`khjhnahn ]mlwkdqhn in hknhn }iml`kmlhn ]swiml}qk`6 kmlfbnnqh fhknh Gh`hkakjxnjhn Thwxnj`kesdxnjhn Gh}mlkesdxnjhn




=3<

bahw gô}zk``kjh Thwámlq`kmleimlxnjhn dh}q}qh``hn ixml ainnnkmlq zhnn Wxab`d tbwix}jhjinjhnh Injwkddh ixd }hknh Shw}bnhnbahw }hknh Iwghkqhn siwkhwq. Ai} }ml`khÒq nkmlq ix} ai}} h} kn hk%

nhe „Lk}qbwkfhw}qwhkq‐ zkh akh}he nkmlq ixml x fwkqk}mlhn ÁxÒh%wxnjhn ðghw akh jhwkmlq`kmlh _xì}}xnj tbn Ghzhk}ekqqh`n bahw Jxqimlqhwn ,Jwxnaìjhn ]. 9: dd+ akh „Thwìjhwxnj‐ lk}qbwk}mlhw Fbnqwbthw}hn ix} Sxg`kfiqkbnhn xna Tbwqwij}}á`hn tbw akh]mlwinfhn hknh} Jhwkmlq} ,Jwxnaìjhn ]. 19 999 dd.+ bahw akhInzhnaxnj niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhw Whmlq}mlôsdxnj tbw gxnah}%ahxq}mlhn Jhwkmlqhn ,Tbw`h}xnjhn ]hkqh ;3 dd.+ fbeeq.

H} }b`` ighw ixml nkmlq thw}mlzkhjhn zhwahn ai}} Wxab`d

ehlwhwh „hqig`khwqh‐ Lk}qbwkfhw xna Sxg`kk}qhn kn }hknhn Zhwfhninjwhkdq. Hqzi} xnj`ðmf`kml k}q kn akh}he _x}ieehnlinj ai}}Hw`hgnk}hxjhn zkh Hxjhn Fbjbn bahw Lk}qbwkfhw zkh Zb`djinjGhn xe Ghk}skh` i`} „Lb`bmix}qk}qhn‐ ghhkmlnhq zhwahn7:: hknGhjwkdd ahw tkh``hkmlq nxw i`} ]xg}qkqxq dðw Lb`bmix}q%Thwdhmlqhw hknjhdðlwq zxwah ighw ahnnbml hknhn shobwiqkthn Ghkjh}mleimf liq. Igdá``kjh bahw kwbnk}mlh Yxi`kdkkhwxnjhn }kna ixml dh}q}qh``% giw zhnn akh}hw Shw}bnhnfwhk} kn }hknhn Ghlixsqxnjhn xna

]mlwkdqhn jhjhn niqxwzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Jh}hqh bahw @bjkf thw%}qbÒhn liq.8 Akh}h jh`hjhnq`kmlhn Sb`hekfhn }kna ighw nkmlq} in%ahwh} i`} Whs`kfhn ixd hwlhg`kml ijjwh}}kthwh Iqqimfhn akh tbn]hkqhn ahxq}mlhw xna ix}`ának}mlhw Lk}qbwkfhw xna Sxg`kk}qhn jh%jhn Wxab`d xna }hknh Fbixqbwhn jhkh`q ziwhn. Igjh}hlhn aitbn}kna Sb`hekfhn kn ôddhnq`kml ix}jhqwijhnhn lk}qbwk}mlhn ]qwhkqdwi%jhn nkmlq hb ks}b xnzk}}hn}mlidq`kml4 }bdhwn }kh gh}qkeeqh Jwhn%hn in Thwgi`knoxwkhn nkmlq ðghw}mlwhkqhn.

Wxab`d} Tbw`h}xnjhn zhk}hn hknh }qk`k}qk}mlh Gh}bnahwlhkq ixd?}kh }kna axwmljánjkj kn Aki`bjdbwe igjhdi}}q. Akh} eij ahn @h}hw xnáml}q ghdwheahn k}q ighw ke Ghwhkml ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq nkmlq}Xnjhzôln`kmlh}.: Wxab`d }h`g}q ghjwðnahq kn ahw Hkn`hkqxnj ,].9=+ }hkn Tbwjhlhn aiekq ai}} akh}h Tbw`h}xnjhn ixd whi`hn Tbw%`h}xnjhn gi}khwhn xna xahe ahn Tbwqhk` lighn akh Hknzánah }b%dbwq dbwex`khwhn x fônnhn akh ixd jhzk}}h Qiq}imlhnghlixsqxn%

7:: Fbwwhfq? „Lb`bmix}qhw‐ ]. 781 78: 117 1:; 1;; ahw Tbw`h}xnjhn. Ahw Ghjwkdd zkwa

nkwjhna} ke _x}ieehnlinj ekq Fbjbn bahw Ghn jhgwixmlq }bnahwn keehw nxw i``%jhehkn.




=3;

jhn bahw ]ml`x}}db`jhwxnjhn di}q keehw hwlbghn zhwahn. _xahe gkhqhq }kml axwml hkn }b`mlh} Thwdilwhn Jh`hjhnlhkq in ahn hkn%jhzbwdhnhn Iwjxehnqhn ixml ahw Jhjhn}hkqh keehw zkhahw ai}

hkjhnh Xwqhk` fwkqk}ml x eh}}hn. Niml ehknhw Ðghwhxjxnj thw}qbÒhn akh Sxg`kfiqkbnhn tbnJhweiw Wxab`d Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh xna Tbw`h}xnjhnðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q nkmlq jhjhn Sb}qxìqh Ehqlbahn xna Jwxna%ìjhn ahw Jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq. Jh`hjhnq`kmlh Hknzánah jhjhn gh}qkeeqh Qh|q}qh``hn }qh``hn akh}h} Jh}ieqxwqhk` nkmlq kn Dwijhai di}q ohah} zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Zhwf ke Ghwhkml ahw Jh}h``%}mlidq}zk}}hn}mlidqhn ]mlzámlhn Thw}áxenk}}h bahw Ah}kahwiqh

ixdzhk}q akh Fwkqkfhw ixd ahn Sìn wxdhn ” akh} xe}b ehlw ghk hk%nhw }b`mlhn Qlheiqkf akh ein i`} akh ie }qáwf}qhn sb`kqk}mlkahb`bjk}ml xna oxwk}qk}ml ixdjhìahnh ahw Jhjhnziwq ghhkmlnhnfinn.

Gbmlxe ;. Oinxiw 733: Aw. Bìd Wb}h

Inehwfxnjhn9 Tj`. aix Akwf tin @iif Zkahw}qina jhjhn akh Jh}mlkmlq}jhzi`q. _xw Fwkqkf in ahw

„Thwjinjhnlhkq}ghzá`qkjxnj‐ kn? Nbwghwq Dwhk Akwf tin @iif Ekmlih` ]qb``hk}? Jh% }mlkmlqh tbw Jhwkmlq. Lk}qbwkfhw Wkmlqhw xna akh ]xmlh niml Jhwhmlqkjfhkq. Eðnmlhn7333 ]. 99 dd. lkhw ]. 71.Gh}bnahw} ahxq`kml zkwa akh} ghk}skh`}zhk}h in ahw Nhxix}jigh tbn LhweinnWix}mlnknj? Jh}swámlh ekq Lkq`hw. Ekq hknhw Hkndðlwxnj tbn Eiwmx} S{fi. _ðwkml7338 ,Hw}qix}jigh? 9;13+. Bgzbl` akh aiwkn jh}mlkàhwqhn 933 Jh}swámlh ekq Lkq`hw dwhk hwdxnahn ziwhn zkwa akh nhxh Ix}jigh ekq ahw Ghjwðnaxnj lhwix}jhjhghn }kh }hk„hkn Abfxehnq tbn xnghzhkdh`giwhe Yxh``hnzhwq kn}bdhwn i`} }kh Ahxqxnjhn hnqli`%qhn akh ix} xnekqqh`giwhw Hkn}kmlq hwziml}hn }kna.‐ ,]. 98+

7 Tj`. Wxab`d Tbw`h}xnjhn ]. <=. Ixml dðlwhnah Zk}}hn}mlidq`hw ahw „bddkkh``hn‐ Lb%`bmix}qjh}mlkmlq}}mlwhkgxnj }kna Ixqbakaifqhn hqzi Swbd. Wix` Lk`ghwj. Akh ixqbak%aifqk}mlh Inhkjnxnj ahw xnigaknjgiwhn „Zhwfhxjh‐ hknh} Lk}qbwkfhw} k}q niqðw`kml

dðw akh hkq`kml zhkqhw xwðmf`khjhnahn Ghwhkmlh ahw Jh}mlkmlqh i`}b dðw akh Ehakátk}%qkf bahw dðw ai} I`qhwqxe ekq klwhn Lk`d}zk}}hn}mlidqhn hwlhg`kml ixdzhnakjhw.

= _x akh}hw Swbg`heiqkf áxÒhwq }kml Wxab`d ixml kn ahn Tbw`h}xnjhn ]. 9;8.1 Ahw Swbh}} jhjhn akh Lixsqfwkhj}thwgwhmlhw tbw ahe Knqhwniqkbni`hn Ek`kqáwjh%

wkmlq}lbd VKEQU Nðwnghwj 91.99.9;18 ” 9.93.9;14 Ga. 9”17. Nðwnghwj 9;1:”1;.8 @hakj`kml ahw Ghkqwij tbn Lhwghwq Qkhaheinn ,Jwxnaìjhn ]. =:8”=;;+ jhlq ehknh}

Hweh}}hn} ghk ahe Thw}xml }h`g}q eknkei`h Zkahw}swðmlh kn _hxjhnix}}ijhn ixdx%ahmfhn kn hknhw Whklh tbn Dwijhn x zhkq. ]b finn hw }kml akh Thwjhzi`qkjxnj oðak%}mlhw Dwixhn axwml ahxq}mlh ]bàiqhn nkmlq tbw}qh``hn ,]. =<8+ zhk` akh} i`} „G`xq%}mlinah‐ jhjhn akh Wi}}hjh}hqh thw}qbÒhn láqqh xna thwgbqhn ziw6 dðw hkn }b`mlh}Thwli`qhn `khjhn ekw hknahxqkjh iwmlktiwk}mlh Ghzhk}h ix} Siwqhkjhwkmlq}thwdilwhn

zálwhna ahw Fwkhj}hkq tbw. Ixml di`}mlh ]mlwhkgxnj wx}}k}mlhw ]qwiÒhnniehn }bzkhxnghaimlqh Ghjwkdd`kmlfhkqhn zkh hqzi „]qh``h‐ dðw ]ml`xmlq }kna fhknh Knakkhn dðw Dá`%}mlxnj}ig}kmlqhn ,]. =<8 d ]. =;=+ }bnahwn `hakj`kml Ghmfeh}}hwhkhn tbn Qkhaheinn.




=93

Di`}mlh Swbhnqil`hn ghk Qkhaheinn ,]. =<< Ig}iq = _hk`h 9 d.+ }kna lknjhjhnAwxmfdhl`hw bahw Thw}hlhn.

4 Ein thwj`hkmlh kn akh}he _x}ieehnlinj ahn }bjhninnqhn Ghw`knhw Inqk}hekqk}ex}%}qwhkq 9<:;"<3 bahw ahn }bjhninnqhn Lk}qbwkfhw}qwhkq 9;<4"<:.

: Keehw ainn zhnn h} ji`q xnqhw S}hxabn{e x }mlwhkghn bahw Awkqqh x }mlbnhn zxw%

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7. Swbd. Aw. Hwn}q Nb`qh

Jxqimlqhn

xw Dwijh ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq bahw Xnzk}}hn}mlidq%`kmlfhkq ahw Jwxna`ijhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh

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@hxjnhw }kna axwml akh Ginf wiakfi`h Whtk}kbnk}qhn ke Lkng`kmf ixd akh „lhww}mlhnah Ehknxnj‐ ahw hqig`khwqhn bahw „bwqlbab|hn‐Lk}qbwkfhw zh`mlh akh ek``kbnhndimlh Ei}}hnqôqxnj axwml Jkdq%ji} kn Ix}mlzkq Qwhg`knfi xna inahwhn Thwnkmlqxnj}`ijhwn dðw hkn bddhnfxnakjh} Difqxe xna ailhw nkmlq dðw gh}qwhkqgiw li`qhn.Kml }swhmlh v]. 7u igfðwhna tbn „Whtk}kbnk}qhn‐ ixd ahw hknhnxna tbn „Hqig`khwqhn‐ bahw „Bwqlbab|hn‐ ixd ahw inahwhn ]hkqh.

Kml }h`g}q ligh ekml }hkq awhk Oilwhlnqhn ah} ôdqhwhn x ahe

Qlhei jháxÒhwq zhnnj`hkml keehw kn ahw Zhk}h ahw Knqhw% swhqiqkbn ai kml nkh hkn „H|shwqh‐ x Dwijhn ahw Hna`ô}xnj ziw




=99

}bnahwn `hakj`kml hknh si}}ig`h Fhnnqnk} ahw @kqhwiqxw ixdxzhk%}hn liqqh xna ligh. Ahwiwqkjh ]qh``xnjnilehn }kna }ml`hmlqhw%aknj} xnxejánj`kml zhnn ein hkn Gxml ekq ahe Qkqh` Ahw Di%

}mlk}ex} kn }hknhw Hsbmlh ,9;4=+ }mlwhkgq. Ke Wðmfg`kmf ex}} kml}ijhn ai}} ehknh Fhnnqnk}}h ix} lhxqkjhw ]kmlq jhwknj ziwhn xna}kml kn ahw Lixsq}imlh ixd akh Gánah ahw Abfxehnqiqkbn ah} Nðwnghwjhw Swbh}}h} jhjhn akh Lixsqfwkhj}thwgwhmlhw xna x%}áq`kml ixd akh Ixdhkmlnxnjhn tbn Wxab`d Lô}} xna Fxwq Jhw%}qhkn }bzkh akh Gðmlhw tbn Whkq`knjhw xna Lk`ghwj gh}mlwánfqhn.Ixd kwjhnazh`mlh hwn}q x nhlehnah _zhkdh` ziw kml nkmlq jh}qb%Òhn ighw akh}h Li`qxnj akh ein „xnfwkqk}ml‐ nhnnhn eij xnqhw%

}mlkha }kml nkmlq tbn ahw Jwxnaixddi}}xnj ahw Thwqhkakjhw keIx}mlzkq%Swbh}}. H} ziw i`}b fhknh Thwinì}}xnj x }hlhnai}} kml i`} ahw Kahb`bjkhlk}qbwkfhw ahw kml gkn nkmlq x Ix}}ijhnzkh ahwohnkjhn láqqh fbeehn }b``hn Ix}mlzkq }qhmfh kn ahnSwknkskhn ahw niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhn Wi}}hn`hlwh }b }kmlhw zkhakh Dwxmlq ke Fhke.7 _x ahn fbnfwhqhn Tbwjánjhn }ijqh kml nkmlqtkh` ehlw i`} ai} db`jhnah? „Xna }hkq Indinj 9;17 zkwa akh Thw%nkmlqxnj kn jwbÒhe EiÒ}qigh jhsìnq xj`hkml ighw siwqki`k}khwq

xna knax}qwki`k}khwq. Akh injhg`kml oðak}mlhn Fbeek}}iwh kn Eb}%fix xna akh injhg`kml oðak}mlhn Ginfkhw} kn Nhz [bwf akh ahnFwkhj dðlwhn }kna xnhwwhkmlgiw6 ailhw }b`` klw injhg`kmlhw gkb`b%jk}mlhw Xwjwxna jhqwbddhn zhwahn xna kn xnhna`kmlhn v]. =uWhklhn tbn _ðjhn wb``q ai} iwe}h`kjh oðak}mlh Swb`hqiwkiq ah} B}%qhn} xna wb``hn akh Ðghwwh}qh ah} hxwbsák}mlhn Oxahnqxe} kn akhjkjinqk}mlhn Zhwf}qáqqhn ahw }mlnh``hn xna l{jkhnk}mlhn Thw%nkmlqxnj.‐ Ighw ehknh ix}dðlw`kmlh Ini`{}h ahw Lkq`hw}mlhn

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Hna`ô}xnj.1

Ahw slk`b}bslk}mlh ]knn akh}h} ehknh} hw}qhn Gxmlh}zkwa tkh``hkmlq ixd ]. 897 gh}bnahw} ixjhndá``kj xna hghn abwq k}q




=97

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ghahxqhq ighw nkmlq} zhnkjhw i`} hknh Lhwbk}khwxnj. Tkh`ehlw jkgq}kh ahn Ek``kbnhn }hknhw Bsdhw akh lôml}qh i``hw Hlwhn? }kh }qh``qlhwix} ai}} }kh akh i`} Gik``hn thwqk`jq zxwahn nkmlq i`} xn%j`ðmf`kmlh Bgohfqh hknh} zkahwzáwqkjhn Thwgwhmlhn} }qiwghn}bnahwn i`} ]qh``thwqwhqhw ghk ahe thwzhkdh`q}qhn Injwkdd ahw ohjhjhn ai} ehn}ml`kmlh Zh}hn xna akh Qwin}hnahn kn kle jh%dðlwq zxwah.‐

Zhnaxnjhn zkh akh}h ziwhn x Ghjknn ahw }hmlkjhw Oilwh

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}h jhzh}hn a. l. ahwohnkjhn Ix}`hjxnj akh kn hknhe Hnq}ml`x}}Lkq`hw} akh Lixsqxw}imlh ahw Hna`ô}xnj }khlq.Kml eômlqh lkhw ekq Nimlawxmf ghqbnhn ai}} kml nkh ix} hknhe

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Eánnhwn xna Bsdhwn zhk}hn kn akh j`hkmlh Wkmlqxnj xna }h`g}q}qiwfh Zkahw}swðmlh kn akh}hn Ix}}ijhn zðwahn ahn Fhwn nkmlq




=9=

qinjkhwhn? h} k}q ahnfgiw ai}} akh Ix}}ijhn ahw Bsdhw hknh}}mlzhwhn Hwaghghn} kn hnq`hjhnhw Jhjhna ke hknh`nhn zhkq tbn%hkninahw igzkmlhn xna abml zðwahn }kh ke jinhn wkmlqkj }hkn

xna akh Difqkkqáq ah} Hwhkjnk}}h} xnqhw Ghzhk} }qh``hn. Kml lighailhw dðw akh v]. 8u Whah tbn ahw „Ix}mlzkq%@ðjh‐ kn ahw xw%}swðnj`kmlhn xna whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn di}q axwmlzhj qhnahnkh`` in%qkoðak}mlhn Ghahxqxnj nkh Thw}qánank} ixdgwknjhn fônnhn6 áx%Òhw}qhndi``} fônnqh h} }kml nxw xe hknh @ðjh tbn Lô}} xna inah%whn ]]%Bddkkhwhn zkh Lôqq` xna Zk}`kmhn{ linah`n.

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zðwah kml }ijhn? Kml nhnnh ekml niml zkh tbw hknhn Bwqlbab|hnxna Knqhnqkbni`k}qhn. Ekq inahwhn Zbwqhn lhkÒq ai}? ai}} kml hknjwitkhwhnah} Tbw%Xwqhk` bahw hknh xnðghw}hlgiwh Tbwhknjhnbe%ehnlhkq jhjhn akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn ligh.

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qkbni`}bki`k}ex} }bj`hkml „whìqktkhwq‐ ighw nkmlq ke ]knnh ahw Kndwijh}qh``xnj ebwi`k}mlhw Xwqhk`h }bnahwn ke ]knnh hknhw lk}qb%wk}mlhn Whìqkbnkhwxnj. Qwbqahe hwjig }kml hknh nhxh ]kqxiqkbnhw}q 9;<4 fixe hkn Oilw niml ahw hwzálnqhn ]qxakh ohnh} k}wih`k%}mlhn Lk}qbwkfhw} náe`kml ke _x}ieehnlinj ah} }bjhninnqhnLk}qbwkfhw}qwhkq} v]. 4u ahw }hknh }qáwf}qh hebqkbni`h _x}skqxnjaxwml ehknh kn hknhe _hkqxnj}iwqkfh` dbwex`khwqh Qlh}h hwdxlw h} gh}qhlh hkn xnixd`ô}giwhw _x}ieehnlinj zk}mlhn „Jxìj‐ xna

„Ix}mlzkq‐.:

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=91

ah} 73. Oilwlxnahwq}? ai}} zhk qbqi`kqáwh ]áxghwxnj}kahb`bjkhnklwh oh }shkdk}mlhn Whi`kqáqhn ahw Ei}}hnthwnkmlqxnj hnqzkmfh`qxna aiaxwml ai} Jh}kmlq ahw hw}qhn Lá`dqh ah} Oilwlxnahwq} knak%

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}hn}mlidq`kmlh Ix}hkninahw}hqxnj ekq ahn Whtk}kbnk}qhn s`áakhw%qh ziw h} dðw nilhx akh jinh thwôddhnq`kmlqh Ehknxnj fìw ai}}kml nkmlq nxw hknhw „Whìqktkhwxnj ahw niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhn Thw% gwhmlhn‐ ai} Zbwq whahqh }bnahwn }bjiw kn hknh gh}qðwhnah Nálhx ahn „Lb`bmix}q%@hxjnhwn‐ jhwiqhn }hk. Ekw zkhahwxe zxwahfìw ai}} h} ahn nhxhn Bwqlbab|hn jiw nkmlq kn hw}qhw @knkh ixd akh Difqkkqáq xna akh ]knjxìwkqáq ahw Hna`ô}xnj infie }bnahwnai}} }kh klw hknhn „ig}b`xqhn‐ Mliwifqhw x}mlwhkghn zb``qhn ahw

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Kmlfinn ailhw nkmlq kn Igwhah }qh``hn ai}} kml ixml jhjhnðghw akh%




=98

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v]. <u Zi} kn ahn lk}qbwk}mlhn Jhk}qh}zk}}hn}mlidqhn zk}}hn%}mlidq`kmlh Hkn}qh``xnjhn xna zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Thwdilwhn}zhk}hn}kna `á}}q }kml nxw kn hknhw ]qxdhndb`jh fhnnhkmlnhn.

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i``hkn kn ahw zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Zh`q }bnahwn hw liqqh Dimljhnb}%}hn Ekqdbw}mlhw akh kn ahw @ijh ziwhn inahwh Jh}kmlq}sxnfqhkn} ]skh` x gwknjhn xna inahwh Qiqgh}qánah lhwix}x}qh``hn. Zk}%}hn}mlidq k}q ixd akh}hw v]. ;u ]qxdh Zhml}h`fwkqkf zk}mlhnDimlzk}}hn}mlidq`hwn xna kn akh}hn Aki`bjhn gkàhn }kml láxdkj„Wkmlqxnjhn‐ xna „]mlx`hn‐. ]mlbn ]ml`kheinn ziw oi tbn hk%nhe „Gkà‐ hknhw Tbw}qh``xnj hknhw Knqhwswhqiqkbn jh`hkqhq }bn}qzáwh }hkn Hwxkhwhn ahe xdá``kjhn ]ieeh`n ohnhw ]mliq}xmlhw

x thwj`hkmlhn jhzh}hn akh nkmlq} inahwh} i`} Thwfáxdh in akhQbxwk}qhn ke Ixjh liqqhn. Ixml zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh ]mlx`hn }kna




=94

ahw Jhdilw ahw Thwdðlwxnj axwml }b`mlh Gkàhw bahw Tbwinnil%ehn ix}jh}hqq? ahw Kahb`bjkhlk}qbwkfhw imlqhq tbwnhle`kml ixd Kahb`bjkhn ahe ]bki`lk}qbwkfhw }kna kn hw}qhw @knkh akh jh}h``%

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hqzi ghk ahw „Fwkhj}}mlxàak}fx}}kbn‐ niml ahe Hw}qhn Zh`q%fwkhj ahw Di`` ziw. Ighw hknh }mlwbddh Qwhnnxnj k}q ixml lkhw nkmlqx`á}}kj? ke Lkng`kmf ixd }b }hn}kqkth Qlhehn gkàhq }kml kn ahw Whjh` hkn jinh} ]shfqwxe tbn Knqhwswhqiqkbn}eôj`kmlfhkqhn ix}xna }bjiw akh Sb`h ahw ix}}ml`khÒ`kmlhn ]mlxàxzhk}xnjhn fôn%nhn i`} Kahi`q{shn lk`dwhkml xna nðq`kml }hkn. Zhw akh i``hknkjhFwkhj}}mlxà WxÒìna} ghlixsqhq fônnqh .G. axwml akh Fwkqkf hk%nh} Jhjnhw} x ahe Hknjh}qánank} thwinì}}q zhwahn kle jhlh h}

nkmlq swkeáw xe akh fbnfwhqh Fwkhj}}mlxà }bnahwn xe ahn




=9:

Nimlzhk} ahw h}}hnqkh``hn Ix}wkmlqxnj ah} iwk}qk}mlhn ]{}qhe}ixd Hwbghwxnj xna Fwkhj.

Hknh }b`mlh jwxna}áq`kmlh ]h`g}qfwkqkf xna ]h`g}q%Kndwi%

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Ighw h} }kna zhk eôj`kmlhwzhk}h hkn}mlwánfhnah Xe}qánahx ghahnfhn.

Ke Lkng`kmf ixd akh Zhkeiwhw Whsxg`kf }kna }mlwbdd hnqjh%jhnjh}hqqh Gh}qkeexnjhn xna Ix}`hjxnjhn tbwlinahn xna `hjk%qke. Ein eij ghlixsqhn }kh }hk nkmlq ie =3. Oinxiw 9;== }bn%ahwn hw}q 9;=1 ekq ahw Ig}mliddxnj ah} Whkml}wiq} xna ahw Thw%}mleh`xnj ahw Áeqhw tbn Whkml}swá}kahnq xna Whkml}fin`hw xHnah jhjinjhn bahw }bjiw }kh ligh i`} ,dwhk`kml ekÒimlqhqh+ Thw%di}}xnj ai} Awkqqh Whkml ðghw`hgq. Ighw nbml akh hnqjhjhnjh}hq%qh}qhn Ixddi}}xnjhn }kna }kml kn}bzhkq hknkj i`} akh H|k}qhn ahw

Zhkeiwhw Whsxg`kf i`} }h`g}qthw}qána`kml xna xngh}qwhkqgiw jk`q.Aijhjhn zkwa akh H|k}qhn ahw Hna`ô}xnj tbn hknkjhn ahw wiakfi%




=9<

`hn Whtk}kbnk}qhn thwnhknq. Kn Igzina`xnj ahw ekqqhì`qhw`kmlhnEi|keh „mbnqwi swknmkski nhjinqhe nbn h}q ak}sxqiqkb‐ Vekq hk%nhe ahw akh Indinj}}áqh gh}qwhkqhq k}q nkmlq x }qwhkqhnU fônnqh

ein i`}b dbwex`khwhn? „Mbnqwi h|k}qhnqkie nhjinqhe nbn h}q ak}% sxqiqkb‐ Vekq hknhe ahw akh H|k}qhn gh}qwhkqhq k}q nkmlq x }qwhk%qhnU. Akh Dwijh v]. 97u k}q dwhk`kml bg ghkah ]hkqhn xnqhw „Hna`ô%}xnj‐ ai}}h`gh thw}qhlhn.

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}áml`kml hkn whknh} Thwnkmlqxnj}ìjhw jhzh}hn záwh kn ahe Ek`%`kbnhn tbn Ehn}mlhn ahn Qba jhdxnahn láqqhn blnh ai}} hkn hkn%kjhw Ixjhnhxjh tbn ahn fbnfwhqhn Xe}qánahn ghwkmlqhn fônn%qh xna blnh ai}} niml knqhn}kthw _hw}qôwxnj ixml nxw akh jhwknj}%qhn Ðghwwh}qh xwðmfjhg`khghn záwhn. Injh}kmlq} hknh} }b`mlhnQiqgh}qinah} zðwah }kml akh Zk}}hn}mlidq i``hw Thwexqxnj nimlekq hknhe Dbw}mlxnj}thwgbq hknthw}qinahn hwf`áwq lighn ai}nkmlq} inahwh} i`} hkn Jhgbq h`hehnqiwhw Skhqáq jhzh}hn záwh.

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Ix}mlzkq ahe Gðml`hkn tbn Hek` ah Eiwqknk Tkhw Ek``kbnhn Qb%qh fìjhn in ,9;1<+ ix}awðmf`kml jh}ijq ahw Thwdi}}hw }hk 9;1=hnqì}}hn zbwahn. Gk} xe lhxqkjhn Qijh }kna keehw zkhahw thw%j`hkmlgiwh xna nkmlq }h`qhn tbnhkninahw igzhkmlhnah _hxjhngh%wkmlqh hw}mlkhnhn.; Akh Jhgáxah ah} @ijhw} }kna x hknhe jwbÒhnQhk` hwli`qhn jhg`khghn v]. 9=u aiwxnqhw kn ghimlq`kmlhn Wh}qhnixml akh dðnd Fwheiqbwkhn. Ix}mlzkq finn xna ex}} ailhw hknJhjhn}qina ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq }hkn hkn Dbw}mlxnj}thwgbq záwh

xnghjwðnagiw. Whtk}kbnhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhw Hwjhgnk}}h xnaIxdf`áwxnj }kna jwxna}áq`kml `hjkqke. Akh Dwijh finn nxw }hkn




=9;

bg ixml hkn Whtk}kbnk}ex} jhwhmlqdhwqkjq }hkn finn a.l. ai} }{}%qheiqk}mlh Gheðlhn hknhw jinhn ]mlx`h hkn igzhkmlhnah} Jh%}ieqgkà x hkmlnhn xna bg hkn }b`mlhw Whtk}kbnk}ex} zhnn hw

ke Swknks ifhsqigh` záwh }kml }h`g}q Jwhnhn khlhn eð}}qh gz. xw Hknli`qxnj tbn Jwhnhn jhzxnjhn zhwahn }b``qh.Zálwhna }qánakjh Whtk}kbnhn kn i``hn Ghwhkmlhn ai} qáj`kmlh

Gwbq ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq }kna hnq}qhlhn }b`kah „Whtk}kbnk}ehn‐ knahw Whjh` ainn zhnn hknh gh}qkeeqh Ixddi}}xnj x hknhe ghzh%jhnahn Jhjhn}qina akh xnhknjh}mlwánfqh Abeknin hwwxnjhn xlighn }mlhknq. Akh}h ]kqxiqkbn `khjq ie hlh}qhn ainn tbw zhnn knahw Sb`kqkf jwbÒh Hnq}mlhkaxnjhn jhdi``hn }kna kn}gh}bnahwh

ainn zhnn hkn Fwkhj ekq ahe tb``}qánakjhn ]khj ahw hknhn ]hkqh ghhnahq zbwahn k}q. ]b lhww}mlqh niml ahe Hnah ah} iehwkfink%}mlhn Gðwjhwfwkhjh} akh Fbnhsqkbn ahw ]fìthnghdwhkxnj ixml knahw Jh}mlkmlq}}mlwhkgxnj xngh}qwkqqhn tbw ighw niml zhnkjhnOilwhlnqhn fie j`hkmlzbl` hkn Whtk}kbnk}ex} xw H|k}qhn ahw thwìnjqh ahn Kahhn xna ahn Tbwfáesdhwn ahw gh}khjqhn ]ða}qii%qhn Jhwhmlqkjfhkq injhahklhn x ì}}hn xna ahw jh`hjhnq`kml }b%jiw hknhw ]h`g}qkahnqkdkkhwxnj ekq ahn Gh}khjqhn nilhfie. Niml

ahw Nkhahwìjh Ahxq}mlìna} ke Hw}qhn Zh`qfwkhj ziw h} dðw ai}i``kkhwqh @ijhw jin }h`g}qthw}qána`kml ai}} akh Fwkhj}}mlxà aheixqbwkqáwhn xna ek`kqáwk}mlhn ]{}qhe „SwhxÒhn}‐ xjh}mlwkhghnzhwahn eð}}h xna ai}} „akh _ktk`k}iqkbn‐ ahw hkjhnq`kmlh v]. 91u]khjhw }hk. Abml }mlbn niml zhnkjhn Oilwhn zxwahn gh}bnahw} knahn X]I ]qkeehn thwnhlegiw akh hkn jin inahwh} Gkà ahw @i%jh tbn 9;91 hkmlnhqhn xna ahn i``kkhwqhn Eámlqhn eknah}qhn}hknh hwlhg`kmlh Ekq}mlxà ghkeiÒhn. H} ziw nkmlq }mlzhw x }h%

lhn ai}} akh Swbqijbnk}qhn akh}h} Whtk}kbnk}ex} ðghwzkhjhnaahe @ijhw ah} iehwkfink}mlhn Sikdk}ex} hnq}qieeqhn ahw tbnIndinj in akh Wð}qxnj}knqhwh}}hnqhn i`} Fwkhj}thwxw}imlhw gh%fáesdq liqqh. Niml ahe _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhj dina kn ahn X]I hknháln`kmlh Hnqzkmf`xnj }qiqq xna x hknhe Qhk` `khÒ }kml }bjiw hknhShw}bnhnkahnqkqáq fbn}qiqkhwhn zkh hqzi ke Di`` tbn Liww{ Hèhw Giwnh}. Ighw }b }hlw ahw Tbwzxwd ahw „Ahxq}mldwhxna`kmlfhkq‐nilh`khjhna }hkn ebmlqh }b zhnkj zxwahn aiaxwml akh Iwjxehn%

qh i`} }b`mlh qinjkhwq xna ai}} Wbb}hth`q xna }hknh Xejhgxnj akhKnqhwthnqkbn in ahw ]hkqh Hnjìna} xe _kh` jhligq láqqhn zxwah




=73

fhknh}zhj} g`bÒ tbn Whtk}kbnk}qhn ghlixsqhq. ]h`g}q kn Ahxq}ml%ìna ex}}qhn akh i``x linajwhkd`kmlhn Qlh}hn ahw „Inqkdi}mlk}%qhn‐ x Zkahw}swxml lhwix}dbwahwn? nkmlq hkn „Ðghwdi`` Nik%

Ahxq}mlìna} ixd Sb`hn‐ eiwfkhwqh ahn Indinj ah} _zhkqhnZh`qfwkhj} }bnahwn hkn Qhk`xnj}thwqwij x @i}qhn Sb`hn} zk%}mlhn ]qi`kn xna Lkq`hw. Ighw }hkq ahe Indinj ahw dðndkjhw Oilwhfie kn ahn X]I ixml hkn inahwhw Whtk}kbnk}ex} ixd náe`kml ahw Whtk}kbnk}ex} lkn}kmlq`kml ah} Fi`qhn Fwkhjh} ahw akh hqig`khwqhQlh}h tbn ahw Xwlhghw}mlidq ahw ]bzohqxnkbn nimlawðmf`kml knDwijh }qh``qh xna `hqq`kml x }mlwbdd }{}qhe% xna }qiiq}dhkna`kmlhnIxddi}}xnjhn jhìnjqh akh ixml kn ahw Swi|k} hknhw Kahnqkdkkh%

wxnj ekq ahw ]bzohqxnkbn gz. ahe ]bzohqeiw|k}ex} }hlw nilh%fiehn. Akh}h Whtk}kbnk}qhn liqqhn zálwhna ahw dðndkjhw Oilwhxna kn ahw _hkq ah} Tkhqnie%Fwkhjh} fhkn `hkmlqh} @hghn ighw kl%wh Gðmlhw zxwahn nkh thwgbqhn ai }kh ahn v]. 98u ]mlxq ahw knahn X]I }hlw lbmljhli`qhnhn Ehknxnj}dwhklhkq jhnb}}hn. Einfônnqh ailhw akh Qlh}h ixd}qh``hn akh H|k}qhn tbn swbtbkhwhn%ahn xna }{}qhedhkna`kmlhn Whtk}kbnk}ehn }qh``h hkn Lixsqfhnn%hkmlhn dwhklhkq`kmlhw Jh}h``}mlidq}}{}qheh aiw. Ighw h} k}q fhk%

nh}zhj} ix}jheimlq ai}} i``jhehknh Dh}q}qh``xnjhn zkh akh}hixml ixd ahnohnkjhn Whtk}kbnk}ex} Inzhnaxnj dknahn fônnhnahw ke jinhn bahw eknah}qhn} kn Qhk`hn „Ix}mlzkq `hxjnhq.‐

Aijhjhn finn h} fhknh Dwijh }hkn bg ixml kn ahw hqig`khwqhnZk}}hn}mlidq lkn}kmlq`kml Ix}mlzkq ” }bzbl` ahe fbnfwhqhn@ijhw jhjhnðghw zkh ahe ]{egb` dðw akh „Hna`ô}xnj‐ ” Whtk}kb%nhn }qiqqjhdxnahn lighn xna hkn Whtk}kbn}ghaiwd inhwfinnq zxw%ah.

Shqhw @bnjhwkml }mlwhkgq kn ahn fbeehnqkhwhnahn Ghehwfxn%jhn x }hknhw Qh|q}iee`xnj Akh Hwebwaxnj ahw hxwbsák}mlhn

Oxahn ixd ahw Zinn}hhfbndhwhn }hk „nkmlq zkh }b láxdkj gh%lixsqhq‐ ahw Oxahnebwa gh}ml`b}}hn zbwahn akh Fbndhwhn lightkhèhlw aix jhakhnq ghwhkq} gh}ml`b}}hnh EiÒnilehn x fbbw%aknkhwhn.93 Akh hnq}swhmlhnah Ixddi}}xnj liqqh [hlxai Gixhw }mlbn }hkq ìnjhe thwqwhqhn. Ighw ghfinnq`kml k}q akh hnqjhjhnjh%}hqqh Qlh}h gk} lhxqh eknah}qhn} kn Ahxq}mlìna I``jhehknjxq

ahw „thwôddhnq`kmlqhn Ehknxnj‐.




=77

}kmlqkjhn Ekqzkwfhn jwbÒhw Qhk`h ahw dðlwhnahn ]mlkmlqhn oi ah}ahxq}mlhn Tb`fh} ixdwhmlqhwli`qhn zhwahn2

[hlxai Gixhw eimlqh aiwixd ixdehwf}ie ai}} in ahn Sbjwb%

ehn kn @heghwj Indinj Ox`k 9;19 „xfwiknk}mlh Fwádqh }qiwf ghqhk%`kjq ziwhn‐98 xna hw zkwdq aiekq knakwhfq akh Dwijh niml ahe hxwb% sák}mlhn kn}gh}bnahwh ahe b}qhxwbsák}mlhn Inqk}hekqk}ex} i`}hknhw Tbwghaknjxnj dðw akh Whi`k}khwxnj ahw „Hna`ô}xnj‐ ixd.Ixml hw hwzálnq dwhk`kml akh Swáhahnqkhn nkmlq náe`kml akh Ei}%}hnebwah ah} igkhlhnahn NFZA kn @heghwj ahnhn knAhxq}mlìna hknh jhzi`qkjh xna eôj`kmlhwzhk}h zhkq ðghwqwkhghnhSxg`kkqáq jhjhghn zxwah.

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qxnj }hkn eð}}hn xna h} k}q kn ahw Qiq ix} ahn Ix}}ijhn tbn kn%qh``hfqxh``hn _hxjhn zkh hqzi Ghnhakfq v]. 9<u Fixq}f{} gh%finnq ai}} akh @ijhw kn}jh}ieq Gwxq}qáqqhn tbn Jhwðmlqhn ziwhn. Nkmlq} k}q ghjwhkd`kmlhw xna `hkmlqhw x hwf`áwhn i`} ai} ighw bd%dhngiw jk`q h} kn ahw Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq keehw nbml nkmlq i`} }h`g}qthw%}qána`kml ai}} akh Zk}}hn}mlidq thwsd`kmlqhq k}q hknh eôj`kml}qfìwh ]bnahwxnj tbn „Jhwðmlq‐ xna „Whi`kqáq‐ tbwxnhlehn.Ighwei`} k}q dh}qx}qh``hn ai}} akh Fwkqkf ahw hqig`khwqhn Zk}}hn%

}mlidq in il`whkmlhn dwðlhn Ghlixsqxnjhn ðghw akh Ehqlbahnah} Ei}}hnebwah} ” ai} Hkngì}hn lhkÒhn Aiesdh} bahw ai}Ix}sxeshn ahw @xdq bahw akh Qôqxnj ixd wkh}kjhn h`hfqwk}mlhnSìqqhn gz. kn Hk}hngilnzijhn tb``hw xnjh`ô}mlqhn Fi`f} ” nkmlq h|s`kkq }bnahwn axwml }qk``}mlzhkjhnah} Dbwqì}}hn hwdb`j%qh nkmlq inahw} i`} ke Di``h ahw Ix}}ijhn tbn Jhw}qhkn.

Hknh ix}awðmf`kmlh xna ix}dðlw`kmlh Fwkqkf in ahn niml IwnbEi{hw „}h`qhnhn xna xnthw`áÒ`kmlhn‐ Ixjhnhxjhnghwkmlqhn x

ahn Ji}fieehwn9:

liq Ohin%Mìxah Swh}}im kn }hknhe ebnx%ehnqi`hn }mlzhw xjánj`kmlhn xna ekq hknhe kwwhdðlwhnahn Qkqh`




=7=

thw}hlhnhn Gxml Qhmlnkyxh ina Bshwiqkbn bd qlh Ji} Mlieghw} jhjhghn. _ziw }qh``q hw akh h}}hnqkh``h Wkmlqkjfhkq ahw Ix}}ijhntbn Eánnhwn zkh Six` Ghnah` xna Ekf`b} N{k}`k fhknh}zhj} kn

Igwhah ighw hw fbeeq abml x ahe Hwjhgnk} ai}} akh _il`hnin%jighn akh}hw _hxjhn axwmlzhj axwml akh _il` tkhw x aktkakhwhn}kna.9< Kn }hknhe oðnj}qhn Zhwf Akh Fwheiqbwkhn tbn Ix}mlzkq áxÒhwq hw }kml ixml x ahw Jh}ieqil` ahw Bsdhw tbn Ix}mlzkqxna hw jh`injq kn ahw ahxq}mlhn Ix}jigh ixd dwhk`kml nkmlq whmlqaxwml}kmlqkjh Zhk}h x ahw Ghlixsqxnj akh Jh}ieqil` ahw nkmlq%whjk}qwkhwqhn kn ahn Ji}fieehwn xejhfbeehnhn Oxahn }hkixd 1:3.333%883.333 x ghkddhwn aix }hkhn akh Qbah}dá``h tbn

oðak}mlhn xna nkmlq%oðak}mlhn v]. 9;u whjk}qwkhwqhn Ládq`knjhn}bzkh hqzi =8.333 }bzohqk}mlh Fwkhj}jhdinjhnh _kjhxnhw xnainahwh lknxxál`hn }b ai}} hknh Jh}ieqil` tbn 4=9.333 gk}:99.333 wh}x`qkhwh.9; Aiwix} `á}}q }kml }ml`khÒhn ai}} akh Aktk}kbnaxwml tkhw }kml jwb}}b ebab ixml ixd akh Jh}ieqil` inzhnahn`á}}q xna Swh}}im fônnqh }mlzhw`kml zkahw}swhmlhn zhnn oheina ghlixsqhn zðwah akh Jh}ieqbsdhwil` `khjh nálhw in inahwqli`gi`} in }hml} Ek``kbnhn. Gk}lhw liq ighw nbml nkheina gh}qwkqqhn

ai}} Swh}}im xw „hqig`khwqhn @kqhwiqxw‐ jhlôwq6 nkmlq }h`qhn zkwakle }bjiw hknh Iwq Dðlwhwwb``h xhwfinnq.H} }qhlq i`}b ixÒhw _zhkdh` ai}} akh hqig`khwqh Zk}}hn}mlidq

jhzkmlqkjh Whtk}kbnhn in gk}lhw zhkqthwgwhkqhqhn xna ixml tbnLk}qbwkfhwn ifhsqkhwqhn Dh}q}qh``xnjhn xna Ixddi}}xnjhn tbwjh%nbeehn liq.

Hkn „Whtk}kbnk}ex}‐ eð}}qh }kml i`}b kn hknhw jwxna}áq`kmlinahwhn Akehn}kbn ghzhjhn6 hw eð}}qh nkmlq Hknh`lhkqhn xna

}hkhn }kh nbml }b zkmlqkj fwkqk}khwhn xna kn Dwijh }qh``hn }bnahwnhw eð}}qh x ahw Ghlixsqxnj jh`injhn akh Ei}}hnebwah kn ahnJi}fieehwn }hkhn hknh „áqkb`bjk}mlh @hjhnah‐ nkmlq inahw} i`}akh Ghwkmlqh tbn ahn Ei}}hnqôqxnjhn axwml H`hfqwkkqáq lhkÒhnAiesd bahw jh`ô}mlqhn Fi`f. Aiekq gwixmlq nkmlq nbqzhnakjhw%zhk}h ahw Tbwzxwd ahw „@ðjhn‐ bahw ahw ghzx}}qhn E{qlhngk`%axnj jhjhn kwjhna oheinahn thwgxnahn x }hkn6 nkmlq} záwh keSwknks thw}qána`kmlhw i`} ai}} }kml jhjhnðghw hknhe jhzi`qkjhn

xna hw}mlwhmfhnahn Jh}mlhlhn ahe }sxw`b}hn Thw}mlzknahn }b




=71

tkh`hw Ehn}mlhn niml hknhw „]h`hfqkbn‐ akh xnqhw}mlkha`kml}qhnHwf`áwxnj}thw}xmlh zkh ekq Niqxwjhzi`q hkn}qh``qhn.

v]. 73u Akh fbnfwhqh Dwijh jhlq ailkn bg akh kn ahe ]ie%

eh`gina Jwxna`ijhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh thwhknkjqhn Ghkqwájh thw%}mlkhahnhw Ixqbwhn axwmlzhj hknhe }b`mlhn Whtk}kbnk}ex} xx%whmlnhn }kna xna bg ein ahn Ghkqwájhn akh ainn „Iglina`xn%jhn‐ x nhnnhn záwhn ahn Mliwifqhw ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkqx}mlwhkghn aiwd.

_xnáml}q k}q nbml hknei` x ghqbnhn ai}} „Zk}}hn}mlidq%`kmlfhkq‐ axwmlix} nkmlq ekq „Wkmlqkjfhkq‐ j`hkmlx}hqhn k}q }bn%ahwn nxw ekq hknhe ]qwhghn niml Wkmlqkjfhkq ai} in hkndimlhn

dbwei`hn Fwkqhwkhn x hwfhnnhn k}q? ahw iwjxehnqiqkthn Zhk}h ahw Aiw`hjxnj ahw ðghwswðdgiwhn Ghxjnileh ixd inahwh xna jhjnh%wk}mlh Aiw`hjxnjhn xna Wh}x`qiqh xna ahw Igzh}hnlhkq tbn jwb% ghw xna i``x hebqkbni`hw Sb`hekf.

Akh}h Fwkqhwkhn }kna kn}bdhwn }b jxq zkh axwmlzhj hwdð``q i`}kn ahn ehk}qhn Ghkqwájhn il`whkmlh DxÒnbqhn x dknahn }kna akh}kml fhknh}zhj} tbwnhle`kml ixd Zhwfh tbn inahwhn Whtk}kbnk}%qhn ghkhlhn oi akh }qwhmfhnzhk}h axwml Wðmfjwkddh ixd @kqhwiqxw

ah} 9;. Oilwlxnahwq} x Swbg`hehn tbn Ah}kndhfqkbn xna Thwjkd%qxnj hknhn ix}jh}swbmlhn jh`hlwqhn Mliwifqhw lighn zkh hw }kmlkn ahw hqig`khwqhn @kqhwiqxw fixe kwjhnazb dknahq. Eknah}qhn}„]mlhknzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq‐ ex}} ailhw ahe Gxml ixml tbn}mliwdhn Jhjnhwn xjh}qinahn zhwahn ighw h} k}q dwij`kml bg}kml ke jh}ieqzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Ghwhkml „]mlhkn‐ xna „]hkn‐niml thw`áÒ`kmlhn Fhnnhkmlhn tbn hkninahw ig}bnahwn `i}}hn.

Ai} náml}q`khjhnah Fwkqhwkxe záwh akh i``x jwbg}ml`ámlqkjh

Sb`hekf xna h} }swknjq kn} Ixjh ai}} Qhweknk zkh „LiÒ}hni%wkb‐ „Jwhxh``ðjh‐ „Lh|hnoija‐ „jwhnhn`b}h Kjnbwin‐ v]. 79u„Lb`bmix}q%Swbsijinak}qhn‐ x.á. nkmlq }h`qhn x dknahn }kna.Zhnn ein }kml ighw thwjhjhnzáwqkjq ekq zh`mlhn Zhnaxnjhninqkwhtk}kbnk}qk}mlh Ixqbwhn zkh Ahgbwil @ks}qiaq bahw Zb`djinjGhn klwh Jhjnhw x fhnnhkmlnhn sd`hjhn ,„Lbwahn‐ „iebwi`k%}mlh Áyxkti`hnhn‐ „ig}qwx}h Jhainfhnjánjh‐ „@ðjnhw‐ x}z.+zkwa ein akh}h sb`hek}mlhn Zhnaxnjhn nkmlq tbn tbwnlhwhkn i`}

Ghzhk} aidðw in}hlhn aðwdhn ai}} akh dbwei`hn Fwkqhwkhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq nkmlq hwdð``q }kna.




=78

Kml li`qh h} ohabml dðw hwdbwahw`kml nkmlq ghk i``jhehknhn Mli%wifqhwk}khwxnjhn ah} Gxmlh} ke jinhn }qhlhnxg`hkghn }bnahwnakh hknh`nhn Ghkqwájh kn} Ixjh x di}}hn xna ziw xnqhw ahw

@hkqdwijh bg }kh }kml kn ahn Ghwhkml ahw ixml kn ahw hqig`khwqhn @k%qhwiqxw ixddknagiwhn Whtk}kbnhn hknbwanhn ì}}hn bahw bg }kh hknhw inahwh Fiqhjbwkh ahwohnkjhn ah} h|s`kkqhn Whtk}kbnk}ex} x}xg}xekhwhn }kna. Kml ghjknnh ailhw ekq ahnohnkjhn Ghkqwájhn dðw akh akh _xjhlôwkjfhkq xe Ghwhkml ahw Whtk}kbnhn ie `hkmlqh}qhnx fbn}qiqkhwhn k}q xna jhlh ainn x ahnohnkjhn ðghw akh ke}qwhnjhwhn ]knnh i`} „whtk}kbnk}qk}ml‐ ghhkmlnhq zhwahn eð}}hn.

Ahw Ghkqwij tbn Eindwha Fôl`hw ðghw ahn „Zhwq tbn Ix}%

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v]. 77u Ai} tbn Mìx} Obwain tbwjh}qh``qh „Di``ghk}skh`‐ ah}x `hghn}`ánj`kmlhw Lidq thwxwqhk`qhn Jbqqdwkha Zhk}h jhlôwq hk%jhnq`kml nkmlq kn ahn Ghwhkml ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq ai h} }kml nxw xehknh`nh Tbwjánjh linah`q ighw akh Xnqhw}xmlxnj }qh``q hkn }b`%mlh} Ix}eiÒ tbn Gheðlxnj xnqhw Ghzhk} hknhe niml Ehknxnjah} Thwdi}}hw} x Xnwhmlq Thwxwqhk`qhn x Lk`dh x fbeehn ai}}ein }kml ah} Zxn}mlh} nkmlq hnq}mlìjhn finn hkn áln`kmlhw Iw% ghkq}ixdzina x ahqik``khwqhn ighw }{esqbeiqk}mlhn Swbg`hehn

ì}}h }kml ixml kn ahw hqig`khwqhn @kqhwiqxw láxdkjhw fbn}qiqkhwhn. Niml ehknhw Fhnnqnk} fbeeq kn akh}hw @kqhwiqxw akh Hwál`xnjtbn Lô}} ðghw akh Hwzknjxnj }hknh} Jh}qánank}}h} axwml Db`qh%wxnjhn akh kn ahw Ix}jigh tbn Gwb}iq dðw ohahweinn xjánj`kmlk}q }b jxq zkh nkwjhnazb xw Hwôwqhwxnj ,Zb`djinj Ghn zhkÒ`hakj`kml tbn ahe „whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn Hknzina‐ x ghwkmlqhn Lô}}ligh }hknh Ix}}ijhn jheimlq nimlahe hw jhdb`qhwq zbwahn }hk+.79 Ighw }mlbn ke Ix}mlzkq%Swbh}} zxwah ahw Injhfìjqh Gwhkq%

zkh}hw dwhkjh}swbmlhn nimlahe }kml ghk ahw Bwq}gh}kmlqkjxnj kn




=74

Ix}mlzkq akh Di`}mllhkq ahw Ix}}ijh ah} Lixsqghì}qxnj}hxjhnlhwix}jh}qh``q liqqh.77

Oblinnh} Shqhw Nh{} ]qxakh ðghw ai} Zinn}hhswbqbfb`` jhlôwq

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Ixml Knjwka Zhmfhwq} Ghkqwij x ahn „Ji}zijhn‐ gh}qhlq kezh}hnq`kmlhn ix} Abfxehnqhnfwkqkf. Hw hnqlá`q aiwðghw lknix} hk%nh ixÒhwbwahnq`kml zhkqqwijhnah Ghlixsqxnj ðghw akh injhg%`kmlhn Ix}}ijhn hknhw ]imlghiwghkqhwkn ah} [ia%Ti}lhe%Kn}qkqx%qh} akh `hkmlq x ðghwswðdhn }hkn eð}}qh.

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akh Ix}dðlwxnjhn tbn Xab Zi`hna{ wkmlqkj bahw kwwhdðlwhna }knafinn hkn Nkmlq%H|shwqh nkmlq hnq}mlhkahn ighw ai}} Xn%qhw}xmlxnjhn akh}hw Iwq `hjkqke }kna `á}}q }kml nkmlq kn Igwhah}qh``hn. Zh`mlh ]ml`xÒdb`jhwxnjhn ix} Hknh`nimlzhk}hn jhbjhnzhwahn aðwdhn k}q i``hwaknj} hknh zhkqh Dwijh.

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Ahw ix}dðlw`kml}qh xna zhkqix} jh`hlwqh}qh Ghkqwij k}q ahwohnkjhtbn Miw`b Eiqqbjnb xna Dwinmb Ahini ðghw akh „Fwh%eiqbwkxe}ôdhn tbn Ix}mlzkq%Gkwfhnix‐. Hw k}q xj`hkml ahw% ohnkjh ahe ein ie nimlawðmf`kml}qhn „Lhw`b}kjfhkq‐ gh}mlhk%

nkjhn v]. 71u eômlqh ai hw Fisikqáq}ghwhmlnxnjhn in}qh``q akhjhjhnðghw ahn Bsdhwn lôml}q skhqáq`b} zkwfhn eð}}hn. Ighw zhw




=7:

zkh ahw _hxjh Dk`ks Eð``hw }mlbn ke Ix}mlzkq%Swbh}} akh Gh%lixsqxnj ixd}qh``q kn Gkwfhnix }hkhn nkmlq }h`qhn 78.333 Ehn%}mlhn in hknhe Qij thwji}q xna akh @hkmlhn }hkhn in}ml`khÒhna

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finn i`} ai} Ebahwnh xna kn lhxqkjhn Fwheiqbwkhn ]h`g}qthw%}qána`kmlh ” áln`kml zkh ahw }bzohqk}mlh Sinhw Q =1 zhjhn }hk%nhw Swkekqktkqáq jhwixeh _hkq ahn ahxq}mlhn Sinhwn ðghw`hjhnziw.

Ahw Ghkqwij tbn Dwkhawkml Six` Ghwj ðghw akh Akh}h`%Ji}%fieehwn }qh``q akh lhww}mlhnah Ehknxnj zhnkjhw kn Dwijh i`} akh]qxakh tbn Eiqqbjnb xna Ahini xna ahw Ixqbw nkeeq ie]ml`x}} }hknh Lixsqqlh}h qhnahnkh`` xwðmf. J`hkmlzbl` k}q ixml

akh}hw Ixd}iq ohnhn Lhwix}dbwahwxnjhn xxál`hn zh`mlh akhhqig`khwqh Ixddi}}xnj zknjhn klwh Ixdehwf}iefhkq ehlw i`} gk}lhw ahe dðw xnswbg`heiqk}ml Jhli`qhnhn xxzhnahn.

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ì}}hn }kml kn ahw hqig`khwqhn @kqhwiqxw ekq thwánahwqhe Ghxj}% sxnfq hghndi``} láxdkj dknahn. Dðw xnjhlôwkj xna dðw hknhn Thw%}qbÒ jhjhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Ei|kehn ex}} ein h} aijhjhn li`%qhn zhnn Nhxeikhw }hknh ,thwexq`kml ghwhmlqkjqh+ Sb`hekf jhjhnakh Tbw}qh``xnj ahw Gwhnngiwfhkq tbn @hkmlhn blnh Gwhnneiqhwkiàxwml hkn Dif}kek`h ahw „Six`knmlhn‐%Jh}mlkmlqh ix} ahe Vaheahxq}mlhn EáwmlhngxmlU ]qwxzzh`shqhw k``x}qwkhwq. ]hknh Hknzhn%axnjhn jhjhn akh Eôj`kmlfhkq hknh} }sxw`b}hn Thw}mlzknahn}

tbn tkh`hn Lxnahwqqix}hnahn tbn @hkmlhn hkn}ml`khÒ`kml ahw _ál%nh fônnhn ighw ahw Hwôwqhwxnj nkmlq hnqbjhn zhwahn. Hghn%




=7<

}bzhnkj k}q ahw Lknzhk} ixd akh ixÒhwbwahnq`kmlhn @hk}qxnjhn xahnhn akh Tbwjh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj ghk ahw Ixd}sðwxnj tbn tbwjh%}mlkmlq`kmlhn Dhxhw}qáqqhn ekq Lk`dh niqxwzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhw Eh%

qlbahn dálkj k}q ekq hknhw Linaghzhjxnj igxqxn.Ahw Ixd}iq tbn Lhwghwq Qkhaheinn ðghw Gigko Oiw k}q hknh@hxjnxnj akh ixml dðw ekml ke hw}qhn Ixjhng`kmf jhwiahx xn%diÒgiw ziw. Ehknh} Zk}}hn} k}q akh Wkmlqkjfhkq ahw Hkn}iq%jwxsshnghwkmlqh ixml tbn Wbghwq Dixwk}}bn nkmlq thwnhknq zbw%ahn6 ahw Thwaimlq jhjhn akh abfxehnqiwk}mlh Ghzhk}dðlwxnj k}qlkhw i`}b x hknhe H|qwhe jhdðlwq. Akh Nhghnhkninahw}qh``xnjtbn hkqjhnô}}k}mlhn Ehàxnjhn }bzkh _hxjhnix}}ijhn k}q qwbq

ahw hfìqinqhn Zkahw}swðml`kmlfhkq ghk zhkqhe fhkn zknjhnahw Ghzhk} ighw abml hkn Thwdilwhn ai} ghk fðndqkjhn Aiw}qh``xnjhnnkmlq ix}jh}siwq zhwahn }b``qh. Zkh ghk Nhxeikhw dknahq }kml hknhdwijzðwakjh zhnnj`hkml nkmlq thwgkhqgiwh Ghxjnileh ixd akhQwiakqkbn ah} I`qhn Qh}qiehnq} ,S}iè 9=:;+ akh thwexqhn `á}}qai}} h} ahe Thwdi}}hw nkmlq g`bÒ xe Gigko Oiw jhlq. Ighw i`} Fwk%qkf in ahn Ghwkmlqhn ðghw hkn v]. 74u Hknh`hwhkjnk} jhlôwq akh}hw Ghkqwij hghndi``} nbml kn ahn Ghwhkml ohnhw „Whtk}kbnhn‐ akh }kml

ixml kn ahw hqig`khwqhn @kqhwiqxw ixdhkjhn ì}}hn.Ie ehk}qhn hkn Ek|qxe mbesb}kqxe Vjhek}mlqh Fbesb}kqk%bnU k}q ahw Ghkqwij tbn Zhwnhw Wiaheimlhw ðghw ahn „Di`` @ðdq`‐.]bzhkq hw }kml akwhfq ixd ai} Qlhei ghkhlq }ijq hw Xngh}qwhkqgi%wh} xna knzk}mlhn ixml jhwkmlq`kml Gh}qáqkjqh}? ai}} hkn Gwina%h|shwqh ghlixsqhn aiwd akh ix} ahn Fieknhn ahw Fwheiqbwkhnlhwix}}mlìjhnahn xna tbn tkh`hn Ládq`knjhn ghhxjqhn Dìeehnfônnqhn kndb`jh niqxwzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhw Jh}hq nkmlq hnq}qhlhn h}

eð}}h }kml i`}b xe Slinqi}khn linah`n. Ighw nkmlq nxw hkn H|shw%qh aiwd jhjhnðghw akh}he H|shwqhn náe`kml ahe hlhei`kjhn Swá%}kahnqhn ahw ô}qhwwhkmlk}mlhn Knjhnkhxw}fieehw Zi`qhw @ðdq`}h`g}q x Db`jhwxnjhn ]qh``xnj nhlehn akh ix} ahw Ahqik`dwijhahw Zkwf`kmlfhkq bahw Xnzkwf`kmlfhkq tbn Dìeehn nkmlq lhwx%`hkqhn }kna.

H} g`hkghn akh ghkahn ghfinnqh}qhn xnqhw ahn Ixqbwhn? Jhweiw Wxab`d xna Wbghwq Dixwk}}bn. Jhweiw Wxab`d hkn Abfqbwina ke

Diml Mlhekh xna Ekqiwghkqhw kn hknhe Ei|%Sìnmf%Kn}qkqxq `hjqhtbw hknkjhn Oilwhn ke _x}ieehnlinj ah} Swbh}}h} jhjhn hknhn




=7;

zhjhn whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhw Swbsijinai injhfìjqhn Sxg`kk}qhn hknJxqimlqhn x ahn _{inka}sxwhn kn ahn Ji}fieehwn tbn Ix%}mlzkq tbw ai} }kml kn ahw ]sxw ah} }bjhninnqhn @hxmlqhw%

Jxqimlqhn} ghzhjqh ighw bddhngiw }hlw tkh` ahqik``khwqhw xna jh%nixhw ziw. Ix}ðjh ix} akh}he Jxqimlqhn zxwahn in}mlhknhnablnh Ixqbwk}khwxnj axwml ahn Ixqbw kn hknhe ekq Whmlq i`} swb% sijinak}qk}ml yxi`kdkkhwqhn Shwkbakfxe igjhawxmfq }b ai}} h} xhknhe jhwkmlq`kmlhn Hwekqq`xnj}thwdilwhn jhjhn Wxab`d fie. Kn%zk}mlhn liqqh hw }hkn Jxqimlqhn hwzhkqhwq xna swák}khwq xna inil`whkmlhn Iawh}}iqhn thw}mlkmfq }b ai}} }hkn v]. 7:u Nieh knahw Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq láxdkj x}ieehn ekq aheohnkjhn @hxmlqhw}

xnqhw akh „Ix}mlzkq%@hxjnhw‐ }xg}xekhwq zxwah. Akh}h Fhnn%hkmlnxnj ziw kn}bdhwn ghwhmlqkjq i`} Wxab`d hghn}b zkh @hxml%qhw ix} ðghwswðdgiwhn xna dðw }kml jhnbeehn h|ifqhn Hwjhgnk}%}hn x }mlnh`` hknh x zhkqjhlhnah ]ml`xÒdb`jhwxnj igjh`hkqhqliqqh. ]h`g}qthw}qána`kml k}q h} `hjkqke thwj`hkmlhnah Xnqhw}x%mlxnjhn ahw M{inka%Wh}qh ke Eixhwzhwf hknhw}hkq} ahw Hnq%zh}xnj}fieehwn xna inahwhw}hkq} ahw i`} Ji}fieehwn xw Ehn%}mlhnqôqxnj kahnqkdkkhwqhn xna xw}swðnj`kml i`} @hkmlhnfh``hw jh%

sìnqhn Wáxeh tbwxnhlehn.7=

Ai} Lixsqhwjhgnk} ziw kn}bdhwn fhknh Ðghwwi}mlxnj i`} akhAkddhwhn zk}mlhn ahe gìxjhdáwgqhn Eixhwzhwf ahw Hnqzh%}xnj}wáxeh xna ahw Igzh}hnlhkq }b`mlhw ]sxwhn kn ahn „@hk%mlhnfh``hwn‐ gz. „Ji}fieehwn‐ }hkq ìnjhe ghfinnq xna }knn%`kml zilwnhlegiw ziw. @hxmlqhw xna Wxab`d gwimlqhn i`}b nxw I`qghfinnqh} kn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Dbwe xna akh Hwf`áwxnj ahw Akddhwhn `hxmlqhq ixml ahe @ikhn hkn? xw Ghfáesdxnj tbn Xn%

jhkhdhw ex}} _{f`bn%G i`} Hnqzh}xnj}ekqqh` }hlw ìnjh hknzkw%fhn zálwhna dðw Ehn}mlhn }mlbn hknh zhkq jhwknjhwh Ab}k} qôa%`kml k}q. Ahnnbml ziw ahw Zhj ahn @hxmlqhw xna Wxab`d hkn%}ml`xjhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kml zhwqtb`` ahnn h} hwjig }kml aiwix} akhEôj`kmlfhkq hknhw bgohfqkthn Ðghwswðdxnj ahw }xgohfqkthn _hx%jhnix}}ijhn. Akh Tbwix}}hqxnj aidðw záwh i``hwaknj} ai}} }kml ghwhmlnhn `khÒh zkh tkh`h M{inka}sxwhn tbwlinahn }hkn eð}}qhnzhnn Injighn zkh akhohnkjhn tbn Dk`ks Eð``hw wkmlqkj záwhn. Akh

]mlzkhwkjfhkqhn akh }kml hknhw }b`mlhn Ghwhmlnxnj hnqjhjhn}qh`%`hn zðwahn }kna `hkmlq hkn}hlgiw6 tbn Xneôj`kmlfhkq fônnqh ighw




==3

nkmlq jh}swbmlhn zhwahn zhnn ein in akh bghn hwzálnqhn xnahw}qixn`kmlhn Nimlzhk}h v]. 7<u ahw Tbwjh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnjahnfq. Akh}hw ]mlwkqq k}q ohabml ehknh} Zk}}hn} nbml nkmlq jhqin

zbwahn xna @hxmlqhw }bzkh Wxab`d finn `hakj`kml i`} Thwakhn}qxjh}mlwkhghn zhwahn ai}} }kh ahn Zhj x nbml hknx}mlìjhn%ahn niqxwzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Zhjhn ahw Ix}mlzkq%Dbw}mlxnjjhgilnq lighn.

Ighw jhwiah akh Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh }qh``hn xnqhw Ghzhk} ai}} Wxab`d }kml nkmlq nxw i`} Dimlzk}}hn}mlidq`hw x hk%nhw Hknh`dwijh jháxÒhwq liqqh }bnahwn ai}} hw }kml tbn hknhw Jh%}ieqfbnhsqkbn `hkqhn `á}}q akh hw nkmlq g`bÒ i`} Hknh`nhw }bn%

ahwn kn _x}ieehniwghkq ekq inahwhn x iwqkfx`khwhn }xmlq. Ahw Lhwix}jhghw „Hwn}q Jix}}‐ k}q náe`kml ekq Jhweiw Wxab`d kahn%qk}ml xna ekqlkn k}q hkn hwlhg`kmlhw Qhk` ah} Gxmlh} tbn kle i`%`hkn thwdi}}q.

Ahw hw}qh Hknh`ghkqwij ahw ekq }hknhe Niehn jhhkmlnhq k}qfinn i`} hknh g`bÒh xna i`} }b`mlh tô``kj `hjkqkeh Whhn}kbn ah}tbn Zb`djinj Ghn lhwix}jhjhghnhn ]ieeh`ginah} Akehn}kbnah} Tô`fhwebwa} ghqwimlqhq zhwahn ahw kn ahw Qiq tbn ahw fwkqkf%

zðwakjhn Swáek}}h ix}jhlq ein fônnh axwml ahn Thwj`hkml ahw kn ]qiqk}qkfhn injhjhghnhn Inil` ahw Oxahn tbw xna niml ahe_zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhj akh _il` ahw Bsdhw tbn niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhnThwnkmlqxnj}eiÒnilehn gh}qkeehn. Ai }kml Wxab`d ighw ekqahn ehqlbak}ml eknah}qhn} hghn}b dwijzðwakjhn Hwjhgnk}}hn tbnZi`qhw ]innknj nilhx blnh Tbwghli`q kahnqkdkkhwq fbeeq akhHwôwqhwxnj difqk}ml ixd hknh „@hxjnxnj ah} Lb`bmix}q‐ lknix}.

Jin hknahxqkj zhk}q ai} Hwjhgnk} ah} Ixd}iqh} „Akh “Ji}%

fieehwn‛ tbn Ix}mlzkq xna Eioainhf‐ kn akh j`hkmlh Wkmlqxnj.Ahw Fhwn akh}hw @hxjnxnj k}q knah}}hn hknh Qiq}imlhnghlixsqxnjv]. 7;u akh ðghwswðdq zhwahn finn. H} linah`q }kml xe akh Qlh}hakh ixml tbn Obln M`kth Gi`` jh}qðqq zkwa xna akh xw}swðnj`kmltbn Wbghwq Dixwk}}bn tbwjhgwimlq zxwah ai}} h} kn ahw Ghqbnah%mfh ahw „Ji}fieehwn‐71 ahw Fwheiqbwkhn KK xna KKK tbn Gkwfhnixfhknh Tbwwkmlqxnjhn dðw Hkndð``}qðqhn jhjhghn ligh xna ai}} akhtbwlinahnhn @ômlhw hw}q nimlqwáj`kml injhgwimlq zbwahn }hkhn

zkh }kml kn Dbqbjwidkhn `hkmlq hwfhnnhn ì}}h. Zhnn akh}h Ghlixs%qxnj wkmlqkj záwh zðwahn zhkdh``b} jwitkhwhnah Fbn}hyxhnhn




==9

wh}x`qkhwhn. Xna }b jkgq ixml Wxab`d} Hkn`hkqxnj zh`mlh ahn kn%nhwhn _x}ieehnlinj ahw hknh`nhn Ghkqwájh lhwix}x}qh``hn}xmlq qwbq klwh} ghqbnq xwðmfli`qhnahn di}q xnsb`hek}mlhn Qb%

nh} x hwfhnnhn ai}} hw tbn ahw Nkmlq%H|k}qhn ah} „injhg`k%mlhn‐ niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhn Thw}xml} hknhw Hna`ô}xnj ahw Ox%ahndwijh ðghwhxjq k}q.

Ixml ahw zh`qzhkq ghfinnqh}qh Swbqijbnk}q akh}hw Ðghwhx%jxnj Wbghwq Dixwk}}bn fbeeq x Zbwq xna hw áxÒhwq }kml ekqi``hw Fìwlhkq oi ekq xnðghw}hlgiwhw Sb`hekf jhjhn „akh lhxqkjhnOxahn‐ akh }kml kn klwhn Lb`bmix}q%Ex}hhn „x Inf`ájhwn ahw jinhn Zh`q‐ ixdzhwdhn ,]. ;+ xna ahnhn hw ghwhkq} kn dwðlhwhn

Sxg`kfiqkbnhn tbwjhzbwdhn liqqh akh Whah tbn ahw Hna`ô}xnj keKnqhwh}}h K}wih`} i`} „Jh}mlkmlq}`ðjh‐ kn akh Zh`q jh}hqq xna swb% sijkhwq x lighn.

H} }mlhknq ailhw ix}jh}ml`b}}hn x }hkn ixml ahn Ghkqwájhntbn Dixwk}}bn xna Wxab`d ohnhn Mliwifqhw ahw Zk}}hn%}mlidq`kmlfhkq xxhwfhnnhn ahw ahn inahwhn ]qxakhn xfbeeq}bdhwn ein }kh i`} Ahqik`}qxakhn ghqwimlqhq xna akh Dwijh niml hk%nhw ailknqhw }qhlhnahn „Jh}knnxnj‐ ahw Ixqbwhn i`} dðw akh Zk}%

}hn}mlidq kwwh`htinq ix}fìeehwq.v]. =3u Ighw ai} db`jhnah }b``qh nkmlq xnghaimlq g`hkghn. Knahw Nxeehw 77:7 ah} H|swh}} ,Siwk}+ tbe 74.9.9;;8 hw}mlkhn hknxedinjwhkmlhw Iwqkfh` tbn Hwkm Mbnin ðghw Ix}mlzkq xna kn}% gh}bnahwh ahn jhjhnzáwqkjhn _x}qina ahw Inìjhn. Ahw Ixqbw liqnkmlq} zhnkjhw ke ]knn i`} hknh Kndwijh}qh``xnj ah} Jhnbka} xnaein fônnqh }hknh Ixddi}}xnj kn ahw ]imlh }bjiw i`} „oðak}mlhnWhtk}kbnk}ex}‐ mliwifqhwk}khwhn. Mbnin eimlq náe`kml ahw fbe%

exnk}qk}mlhn Ex}hxe}`hkqxnj ahw Oilwh gk} 9;;3 ixÒhwbwahnq`kml}mlzhwh Tbwzðwdh zhk` }kh }kml tbn ahw Ig}kmlq ligh `hkqhn ì}%}hn ahn Inqhk` ahw oðak}mlhn Bsdhw xjxn}qhn ahw Sb`hn xna x%ei` ahw Fbeexnk}qhn xnqhw klnhn lhwigxeknahwn. Ðghwakh} li% gh }kh hknh di`}mlh In}mlix`kmlfhkq hw}qwhgq xna kn ahw ahn Qbxwk}%qhn jhhkjqhn Ji}fieehw ah} Fwheiqbwkxe} K ke ]qieeìjhw Ix}mlzkq }b tkh`h Thwánahwxnjhn tbwjhnbeehn ai}} ein xahe Hwjhgnk} fbeehn eð}}h „Qbxq { h}q dix|.‐ VAbwq k}q i``h}

di`}mlU78

Tbn Dixwk}}bn zkwa jh}ijq kle }hk aiaxwml akh Jh`h%jhnlhkq jhgbqhn zbwahn akh}h „Dá`}mlxnjhn‐ ix}xghxqhn.




==7

H} k}q ighw zhkqhw nkmlq} i`} hkn Jhgbq ahw Jhwhmlqkjfhkq aiwinx hwknnhwn zkh niml Dixwk}}bn} hkjhnhw Aiw}qh``xnj }hknh _zhk%dh` in ahn „Ji}fieehwn‐ hnq}qinahn }kna akh hw }hkq 9;:: keehw

zhkqhw ghjwðnahq xna x hknhw qbqi`hn Thwnhknxnj ix}jhgixq liq.Hw jhzinn náe`kml ghk }hknhe hw}qhn Gh}xml kn Ix}mlzkq hknhnjin áln`kmlhn Hknawxmf zkh Mbnin kln lhxqh dbwex`khwq? ahnHknawxmf ai}} „hqzi} nkmlq }qkeehn‐ fônnh xna ai}} akh Ex}h%xe}`hkqxnj }kml Dá`}mlxnjhn ligh x}mlxàhn fbeehn ì}}hn.Akh}hn hw}qhn xna xnáml}q nxw x _zhkdh`n dðlwhnahn Hknawxmf liq hw ainn }sáqhw gk} x hknhw Iwq tbn xnd`h|kg`he Abjeiqk}ex}tbwinjhqwkhghn. Ighw ein zkwa kle xjh}qhlhn eð}}hn ai}} h} kn

ahw Qiq hknh jinh Inil` v]. =9u tbn xnjhf`áwqhn Dwijhn kn gh%xj ixd Ix}mlzkq ,}bzbl` i`} fbnfwhqh} @ijhw zkh i`} ]{egb`+jkgq xna ai}} ahw Thw}xml jheimlq zhwahn ex}} }kh ixd zk}}hn%}mlidq`kmlh Zhk}h x f`áwhn. Xna ah}li`g aðwdqh ixd kln hknh Wh%jh` inxzhnahn }hkn akh ein ekq hknhe Fôwnmlhn ]i` i`} hknJh}hq ahw zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn ]mlx`gkàxnj ghhkmlnhn fônnqh?Jhwiah akh Skbnkhwh hknhw nhxhn xna tkh`ghfáesdqhn Dwijh}qh`%`xnj nhkjhn aix }kml x thwláwqhn xna hknh hkjhnqðe`kmlh Iwq

tbn Abjeiqk}ex} x hnqzkmfh`n. ]kh gkàhn ainn hknhn Sb` bahw hkn H|qwhe knnhwli`g klwhw hkjhnhn ]mlx`h akh ke jh}ieqzk}}hn%}mlidq`kmlhn Dhàh }h`g}q hkn Sb` bahw hkn H|qwhe k}q. Ighw }kh gh%li`qhn klwhn Sìq ke zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn ]shfqwxe.

Ke Di``h Dixwk}}bn} zkwa akh Fìwlhkq akh}hw Gh}qkeexnj i`%`hwaknj} aiaxwml ghhknqwámlqkjq ai}} hw bddhn}kmlq`kml ixml tbnixÒhwzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Ebqkthn ghzhjq zkwa .G. tbn }hknhw Ignhkjxnj jhjhn akh kn }hknhn Ixjhn tbw`khjhnah xna xnghwhml%

qkjqh Kn}qwxehnqi`k}khwxnj ahw Hna`ô}xnj axwml akh _kbnk}qhn keKnqhwh}}h ah} ]qiiqh} K}wih` xna hghn}b }hlw axwml }hknhn Zk``hnai} ahxq}mlh Tb`f jhjhn xnghwhmlqkjqh Infìjhn xna In}swðmlhkn ]mlxq x nhlehn. Ighw ein gwixmlq nxw ai} Gxml tbn Ahgbw%il @ks}qiaq x `h}hn xe x hwfhnnhn ai}} eknah}qhn} hknkjh ahw Thwqwhqhw ah} bwqlbab|hn ]qinasxnfq} nkmlq kn hw}qhw @knkh tbeZk``hn xw Hwxkhwxnj bahw Thwqhkakjxnj ahw Zilwlhkq ðghw hkn jh%}mlkmlq`kmlh} Hwhkjnk} jh`hkqhq zhwahn }bnahwn ai}} }kh tbwnhle%

`kml akh WhmlqeáÒkjfhkq ah} ]qiiqh} K}wih` thwqhkakjhn xnaAhxq}mlìna} ebwi`k}mlh Thwsd`kmlqxnj ixdwhmlqhwli`qhn zb``hn




===

„i``h ixdxnhlehn akh knnhwli`g }hknhw Jwhnhn _xd`xmlq }x%mlhn.‐74 Ighw zhnn akh Dwijh niml ahw @hjkqkekqáq ahw H|k}qhnK}wih`} v]. =7u ixdjhzbwdhn zkwa }b k}q }kh niml inahw}iwqkjhn

Fwkqhwkhn x hnq}mlhkahn xna akh Ixdnileh bahw Nkmlqixdnilehi``hw _xd`xmlq }xmlhnahn kn Ahxq}mlìna k}q hknh Dwijh ahw ahxq%}mlhn Jhjhnziwq}sb`kqkf xna i``jhehknhw tbn ahw Hna`ô}xnjhghndi``} xniglánjkjhw Swknkskhn. Akh Thw}ml`xnjhnlhkq zk}}hn%}mlidq`kmlhw xna sb`kqk}mlhw Ebqkth k}q ghk hknhe }b }hn}kqkthnQlhei zkh ahw Hna`ô}xnj xnthwehkagiw xna finn zhahw Dix%wk}}bn nbml @ks}qiaq bahw Ghn xe Tbwzxwd jheimlq zhwahn.Kml }swhmlh ekml ailhw aidðw ix} ixml ahn Ghkqwájhn tbn Wxab`d

xna Dixwk}}bn kn ahn Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh ai} Swáakfiq„zk}}hn}mlidq`kml‐ xxjh}qhlhn.v]. ==u Jhwiah axwml akh}h} _xjh}qánank} hwjkgq }kml dðw akh

hqig`khwqh ]mlx`h akh Eôj`kmlfhkq hknhn hfìqinqhn ]khj ðghw akhWhtk}kbnk}qhn x hwwknjhn. Kn ahn Jwxnaìjhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh zhwahn zhk dxnaiehnqi`h Ghlixsqxnjhn ixdjh}qh``q akh xnqhw%li`g ahw thwôddhnq`kmlqhn Ehknxnj zhkqhwzkwfhn xna tkh``hkmlq ghawbl`kmlh Akehn}kbnhn innhlehn zhwahn zhnn ein }kh axwml

Thwgbq xna Gh}qwidxnj xahmfq }qiqq }kh nimlxswðdhn xna ai}Hwjhgnk} ahe Sxg`kfxe x xnqhwgwhkqhn. Akh hw}qh k}q akh xw%}swðnj`kml tbn Dixwk}}bn }qieehnah xna lkhw ixml tbn Wxab`d xna Gi`` ðghwnbeehnh Qlh}h ai}} h} fhknh @ômlhw dðw Hkndð``%}qxqhn jhjhghn ligh xna akh zhkqh k}q ahw Ghwkmlq tbn KnjwkaZhmfhwq ðghw hknh Ix}}ijh akh hknh k}wih`k}mlh ]imlghiwghkqhwknah} [ia Ti}lhe Kn}qkqxq} ke Ox`k 9;<8 klw jhjhnðghw jheimlq li% gh? ein zk}}h `ánj}q ai}} h} hkn Thwnkmlqxnj}ìjhw Qwhg`knfi nkh

jhjhghn ligh․ ai} hkjhnq`kmlh Swbg`he tbn Qwhg`knfi }hkhn akh_hxjhnix}}ijhn. ,]. 793 d.+7: Ghkah Ghlixsqxnjhn ì}}hn }kml`hkmlq ðghwswðdhn. Zhnn ahw Jhjhnghzhk} jh`knjq ,zkh ekw }hlw zilw}mlhkn`kml k}q+ zhwahn akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn qkhd ak}fwhakqkhwq}hkn xna eknah}qhn} dðw jhwixeh _hkq thw}qxeehn.

Kml xnqhw}qwhkmlh xe ]ml`x}} nbml hknei` ai}} hknh zk}%}hn}mlidq`kmlh Ixddi}}xnj }kml i`} jin xnwkmlqkj hwzhk}hn finnzhnn h} ixml kn i``hw Whjh` zilw}mlhkn`kml k}q ai}} keehwlkn

Qhk`h bahw Ebehnqh kn akh ]{nqlh}h ahw náml}qhn Jhnhwiqkbnðghwnbeehn zhwahn. Kml eômlqh ixml fhknhn _zhkdh` aiwin ixd%




==1

fbeehn ì}}hn ai}} kn ehknhn Ixjhn ai} ehqlbak}mlh Thwdil%whn ahw Whtk}kbnk}qhn jwbg hkn}hkqkj xna kn}bdhwn xnx`á}}kj k}q?knahe }kh akh _hxjhnix}}ijhn kn h|qwhehn Ix}eiÒh v]. =1u

hnqzhwqhn xna Abfxehnqhn jhjhnðghw hknh h|h}}kth Fwkqkf ðghnxnqhwjwighn }kh hknh zh}hnq`kmlh Jwxnaìjh ahw Jh}mlkmlq}zk}%}hn}mlidq zh`mlh }b láxdkj nxw ðghw zhk bahw awhk _hxjhnix}}i%jhn gz. Abfxehnqh thwdðjq xna ahwhn Ðghwhkn}qkeexnj ehk}qi`} Ghzhk} jh`qhn ì}}hn ex}}. Xna knahe akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn akhKahb`bjkh Lkq`hw} xna ah} Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} nkmlq hwn}qnhlehn oi }bjiw g`bÒ fwkhj}ghðj`kmlh „]swðmlh lðghn zkh awðghn‐ xhwfhnnhn jìxghn7< thw}qh``hn }kh }kml ahn G`kmf ixd ai} axwml

kahb`bjk}mlh Fbnd`kfqh jhswájqh Oilwlxnahwq xna nhlehn jinzkh klwh Jhjnhw ai} Jwxnadifqxe ah} hw}qhn Qhk`} akh}hw Shwkbahnkmlq zilw? ai}} }kml gk} 9;18 zhk Whjkeh jhjhnðghw}qinahnakh }kml zhml}h`}hkqkj ” xna nkmlq blnh Ðghwhxjxnj bahw bgohf%qkth Jwðnah ” i`} „thwgwhmlhwk}ml‐ mliwifqhwk}khwqhn7; xna dðw }kml}h`g}q ahn In}swxml ixd hknh „Whknkjxnj‐ xna „Lhk`xnj‐ ahw Zh`q hwlbghn. Hkn Kahb`bjkhlk}qbwkfhw finn fhkn Whtk}kbnk}q ke]knnh Dixwk}}bn} xna Wxab`d} }hkn.

Ighw hw finn tkh``hkmlq hknh Ziwnxnj Zb`djinj ]mlhdd`hw}ixdnhlehn xna zhkqhwdðlwhn ahw ixd ahe hwzálnqhn ]{esb}kxe}ijqh hw ziwnh „tbw ahw Ðghwlôlxnj ahw _il` ahw kn Ix}mlzkq%Gkwfhnix Hwebwahqhn.‐=3 Kml ziwnh tbw hknhw Ðghw}mláqxnj ahw Ji}fieehw%Dwijh. Zhnn akh Hna`ô}xnj swifqk}ml ekq ahw Ei}%}hnthwnkmlqxnj kn Ji}fieehwn j`hkmljh}hqq zkwa ex}} ohahnhnnhn}zhwqh Lhwig}hqxnj ahw _il` ahw ixd akh}h Zhk}h Jhqôqh%qhn akh `ánj}q hknjh}hqq liq xna eôj`kmlhwzhk}h zhkqhwjhdðlwq

zhwahn zkwa ixml ahw Hna`ô}xnj hknhn jhwknjhwhn Winj xzhk%}hn. Xna ghahxqhq h} nkmlq hknh nhxh xna inahw}iwqkjh ]h`hfqkbnzhnn nxw akh Ji}fieehwbsdhw i`} Bsdhw hw}qhn Winjh} jh`qhnzálwhna akh in ]hxmlhn Jh}qbwghnhn xna akh v]. =8u Thwlxnjhw%qhn fixe Hwzálnxnj dknahn2 Ziw hqzi ai} @ijhw ]iì}sk`} zhnk%jhw }mlwhmf`kml zhk` h} abwq fhknh Ji}fieehwn jig2 Akh Bg}h}%}kbn axwml akh Ji}fieehwn `hnfq ahn G`kmf tbe hkjhnq`kml Zh%}hnq`kmlhn xna }ml`hmlqlkn Xngh}qwhkqgiwhn ig.

H} jkgq hkn zhnkj ghfinnqh} xna fixe oh injhdðlwqh} tbn hk%nhw Kn}qkqxqkbn xninqi}qgiwhn Wxdh} thwinqzbwqhqh} Ebnxehn%




==8

qi`zhwf ai} niml ehknhe Xwqhk` zhkqix} hknawxmf}tb``hw k}q i`} i`%`h akhohnkjhn Ix}}ijhn tbn Ixjhnhxjhn zh`mlh akh Hwknnhwxnjin Ainqh} Kndhwnb htbkhwhn. H} linah`q }kml xe ai} zhkgánakjh

tbe Gxnah}iwmlkt lhwix}jhjhghnh Jhahnfgxml ðghw akh Bsdhw ahw Thwdb`jxnj ahw Oxahn xnqhw ahw niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhn Jh%zi`qlhww}mlidq kn Ahxq}mlìna 9;==%9;18. Ixd ehlw i`} 9.:33]hkqhn ke Yxiwqdbweiq }kna oh hqzi :8 Niehn tbn Ahsbwqkhwqhnixdjhdðlwq xna ghk ohahe Niehn }kna ahw Zblnbwq ai} Jhgxwq}%aiqxe xna ahw Bwq thwhkmlnhq tbn ahe akh `hqqh Nimlwkmlq fie.Kn ahw tbw`hqqhn ]si`qh ghdknahn }kml Injighn x ahe ohzhk`kjhn]mlkmf}i`. ]kh ìxqhn nkmlq ghk ahn hknhn „thwji}q‐ xna ghk ahn

inahwhn „in Q{slx} xjwxnah jhjinjhn‐ bahw „thwlxnjhwq‐ bahw ixml „in I`qhw}}mlzámlh thw}qbwghn‐. ]kh ìxqhn tkhèhlw jinðghwzkhjhna „thw}mlb``hn‐ bahw „dðw qbq hwf`áwq‐ xna xnqhw ahn Niehn ahw `hqqhn Ixdhnqli`q}bwqh qixmlq }hlw láxdkj „Ix}mlzkq‐ixd ighw ixml „]bgkgbw‐ „Wkji‐ xna „Qlhwh}khn}qiaq‐. Keehw zkhahw }kna jinh JwbÒdiek`khn ixdjhdðlwq xna di}q ohahe á`qhwhnAhxq}mlhn }kna Niehn zkh Igh` Ighnawbql bahw Eiwfx} zbl`% ghfinnq xna bdq jhnxj ekq hknhw fbnfwhqhn Shw}bnhnhwknnhwxnj

thwfnðsdq. Injh}kmlq} akh}hw @k}qhn xna ke Zk}}hn aiwxe ai}}akh}h mi. 9=3.333 Ehn}mlhn nilhx akh Jh}ieqil` ahw ghkFwkhj}ix}gwxml kn Ahxq}mlìna thwg`khghnhn Oxahn aiw}qh``hn v].=4u ex}} ohahe ahw _hkqjhnb}}hn nxw i``x fìw zhwahn ai}} Lkq%`hw nkmlq }mlhwqh i`} hw ie =3. Oinxiw 9;=; ahn Oxahn dðw ahnDi`` ah} Fwkhj}ix}gwxml} akh Thwnkmlqxnj inawblqh. Hw ex}}]mlie aiwðghw hesdknahn ai}} hw akh}h Zhnaxnj aiei`} ðghw%lôwq liq xna akh Hwknnhwxnj ex}} kln yxá`hn ai}} hw ahe Ig%

qwin}sbwq ahw Ekqghzblnhw }hknhw ]qiaq aiei`} blnh Hesôwxnjxjh}hlhn liq zhk` akh niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlh Swbsijinai ghwkml%qhqh kn Hnjìna }hkhn akh Ahxq}mlhn xna kn ahn X]I }hkhn akh Oi% sinhw kn @ijhw jhgwimlq zbwahn ighw ai} Ixjhndá``kjh xn%qhwawðmfqh ai}} náe`kml zhahw ahn hekjwkhwqhn Ahxq}mlhn knHnjìna nbml ahn oisink}mlhn Gðwjhwn kn ahn X]I tbe Lixsqahw Whjkhwxnj akh Thwnkmlqxnj tbwlhwjh}ijq zbwahn ziw xna ai}}}kh i``h}ieq fhkn hnqzðwakjhnah} Fhnnhkmlhn liqqhn qwijhn eð}%

}hn. Xna lhxqh ex}} hw hkn}hlhn ai}} }mlbn axwml akh}h} Jh%ahnfgxml ahw Qiqgh}qina hknh} Jhnbka} }knjx`áwhw Iwq zhk%




==4

dh`}dwhk xnqhw Ghzhk} jh}qh``q zkwa xna ai}} akh}h Xnqiq nkmlq ixd akh ahxq}mlhn Oxahn gh}mlwánfq zhwahn finn bgj`hkml ainn ixmlinahwh Jh}kmlq}sxnfqh kn} ]skh` fbeehn eð}}hn. Hw zkwa akh

Hesdknaxnjhn ahw ]mlie xna ah} Jhyxá`q}hkn} nkmlq ah}li`g thw%`khwhn zhk` hw axwml fhknh Lina`xnj }mlxàkj jhzbwahn k}q xnahw zkwa }kh ixml axwml ai} Zk}}hn nkmlq tbn }kml }qbÒhn ai}} h}áln`kmlh Ahsbwqiqkbnhn xna Ei}}hnqôqxnjhn kn hknhe inahwhnjwbÒhn ]qiiq Hxwbsi} }mlbn dwðlhw jhjhghn liqqh. Jin ke Jh%jhnqhk` zkwa }kml ai} Jhdðl` ah} Ghawðmfq}hkn} hlhw thw}qáwfhnzhnn hw }kml thwjhjhnzáwqkjq ai}} akh}h Áwehwhn xna Thw%ì}}hnhwhn xnqhw ahn ahxq}mlhn Oxahn tbn ahn Niqkbni`}bki`k}qhn

i`} „Dhknah‐ injhfìjq zxwahn zhk` }kh akh „Xwlhghw ah} Gb`%}mlhzk}ex}‐ xna bghnawhkn xj`hkml Whswá}hnqinqhn ah} „Fiskqi%`k}ex}‐ }hkhn. Nxw hkn} zkwa hw }kml thwgkhqhn }b }qiwf akh Thw}x%mlxnj aix }hkn exÒ? akh Niqkbn v]. =:u ahw hw injhlôwq i`} }b`%mlh inxfìjhn ahnn hw zhkÒ ai}} akh}h`gh Iwq ahw Infìjh hkn}qjhjhn akh Oxahn jhwkmlqhq zxwah xna klwh Fwidq ix} ahe i``jh%ehknehn}ml`kmlhn Qwkhg jhzinn „ai} Gô}h‐ x kahnqkdkkhwhnxna „]mlxàkjh‐ ix}dknakj x eimlhn.

Ein }b``qh akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn nkmlq dwijhn? „]hka Klw zkh zkw h}}kna tbn ahw H|k}qhn ahw Ji}fieehwn xw Ehn}mlhnqôqxnjðghwhxjq2‐ Ein }b``qh klnhn tkhèhlw akh Dwijh }qh``hn? „He% sdknahq Klw injh}kmlq} ah} Jhahnfgxml} injh}kmlq} ah} Bddhn%fxnakjhn xna Xngh}qwhkqgiwhn hknh áln`kmlh Ghqwbddhnlhkq hknhthwj`hkmlgiwh Nkhahwjh}mlìjhnlhkq zkh }kh tbn ohahe Ehn}mlhnxna xei` tbn ohahe Ahxq}mlhn hwziwqhq zhwahn aiwd2‐ Zhnn }khakh Dwijh ixd jìxgzðwakjh Zhk}h ghoilhn aiwd ein }ijhn?

„]hqq Hxwh Xnqhw}xmlxnjhn dbwq xna `hjq }kh kn Dbwe tbn Iwjx%ehnqhn aiw. Zkw zhwahn Hxwhn Iwjxehnqhn axwml Iwjxehnqh zk%ahw}swhmlhn ighw zkw zhwahn kn Hxml fhknh Dhknah }bnahwn Jhj%nhw }hlhn.‐ Zhnn akh Inqzbwq „Nhkn‐ ìxqhqh jh}mlálh klnhn xtkh` Hlwh zhnn ein }kh i`} Dhknah thwdb`jqh6 ein }b``qh }kml ig%zhnahn xna nkmlq ehlw ðghw }kh whahn.

Inehwfxnjhn9

]l`beb Iwbn}bn „Akh awhkdimlh Di``h. Lkq`hw} Oxahnsb`kqkf akh I``kkhwqhn xna akh Ox%ahn‐ kn? Tol. d. _qj . =7. Oj. 9;<1 ]. 7;%48 ]. 43.




==:

7 Hwn}q Nb`qh Ahw Di}mlk}ex} kn }hknhw Hsbmlh. Imqkbn dwinêik}h Kqi`khnk}mlhw Di% }mlk}ex}. Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} Eðnmlhn 9;4=9 9;;8; ]. 1=<.

= Hghnai ]. 1=: 1<=.1 Hghnai ]. 13:.8 Bqqb A. Fx`fi „Akh ahx}mlh Jh}mlkmlq}}mlwhkgxnj ðghw ahn Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} xna

akh “Hna`ô}xnj.‛ Qhnahnhn xna Hnqzkmf`xnjhn 9;71%9;<1‐ kn? Lk}qbwk}mlh _hkq% }mlwkdq Ga. 713 ,9;<8+ ]. 8;;%413 gh}. ]. 49:dd.

4 Hwzknjhn ì}}hn }kml ðghwlôlqh _il`hninjighn zkh h} ghk Lô}} qiq}áml`kml ahw Di``ziw. , Fbeeinainq kn Ix}mlzkq. Ixqbgkbjwislk}mlh Ixdhkmlnxnjhn ah} Wxab`d Lô}}.Lw}j. t. Eiwqkn Gwb}iq Eðnmlhn ,aqt+ 9;4= ]. 91; 94:.+ ]mlbn aiwix} hwjkgq }kmlakh Nbqzhnakjfhkq zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhw Whtk}kbnhn ke Lkng`kmf ixd thwgwhkqhqh Ehknxn%jhn ðghw Ix}mlzkq. Kn ahn ]qwhkqsxnfqhn ,Ghw`kn%Dwinfdxwq 9;;=+ ligh kml dbwex`khwq?„Hqzi} Ahwiwqkjh} `áÒq }kml nkmlq hwdknahn abml h} `áÒq }kml nxw i``x `hkmlq ðghwqwhk% ghn‐ ,]. =93+.

: Tj`. „Lk}qbwkfhw}qwhkq‐. Akh Abfxehnqiqkbn ahw Fbnqwbthw}h xe akh Hknkjiwqkjfhkq ahw niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhn Oxahnthwnkmlqxnj Eðnmlhn 9;<:. Ehkn Iwqkfh` „Thwjinjhn%

lhkq akh nkmlq thwjhlhn zk``‐ , DI_ t. 4. Oxnk 9;<4+ k}q ixd ]. =;%1: x dknahn.< Kml dðlwh dðw akh einjh`nah Ghwhkq}mlidq akh}hw ]mlx`h Jhainfhnjánjh blnh jwbghThwhwwxnj zkhahwxjhghn bahw klwhn Jhjnhwn wha`kmlh Ebqkth xxjh}qhlhn nxw hknhknkjh} Ghk}skh` ix} oðnj}qhw _hkq in? Kn ehknhe ]skhjh` %Jh}swáml tbe =. Bfqbghw 9;;1 ,Nw. 13 ]. <=%93=+ ligh kml jh}ijq ehlw i`} i``h} inahwh ðghwhxjh ekml ahw Xe}qina tbn ahw Whi`kqáq ahw Ji}fieehwn ai}} }bzbl` tbn inahwhn Niqkbni`}bki`k}%qhn i`} ixml xna tbwnhle`kml tbn Lkq`hw }h`g}q ke Lkng`kmf ixd akh „Gh}qwidxnj‐ ahw Oxahn ai} Iaohfqkt „lxein‐ thwzhnahq zbwahn }hk. Akh dðw ahn ]skhjh` mliwifqhwk}qk%}mlh Jhjhndwijh ìxqhqh bg kml h} zbeôj`kml dðw lxeinhw lkh`qh kn hknhe Nik%F_thwji}q x zhwahn i`} x thwlxnjhwn. Kml zkh} ahn Hknzina xwðmf xna }ijqh niqðw`kmllina`h h} }kml xe hknh Shwthw}kbn ah} Ghjwkdd} „lxein‐. Ai} lknahwq hknhn ahw Ixqbwhnah} tbn Zb`djinj Ghn lhwix}jhjhghnhn ]ieeh`ginah} Inqk}hekqk}ex} kn Ahxq}ml%ìna nkmlq akh lknqhwlá`qkjh Xnqhw}qh``xnj nbml zhkqhw x qwhkghn xna x ghlixsqhn kmlláqqh akh Ji}fieehwn i`} hkn „lxeinh} Qôqxnj}thwdilwhn‐ gh}mlwkhghn. ,Ainkh` Jhw%}bn „Ahw Oxah i`} Gb`}mlhzk}q. Akh Zkhahwgh`hgxnj hknh} ]qhwhbq{s}‐ kn? Inqk}hek%qk}ex} kn Ahxq}mlìna. _xw Ifqxi`kqáq hknh} Tbwxwqhk`} Eðnmlhn ,aqt+ 9;;8 ]. 98:%9<3 ]. 9:4+.

; H} k}q hkn ehwfzðwakjhw Qiqgh}qina ai}} hknh _x}ieehn}qh``xnj ahw zkmlqkj}qhn _hx%jhnghwkmlqh ehknh} Zk}}hn} nxw tbn whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhw ]hkqh hwdb`jq k}q? Oðwjhn Jwid Ix}mlzkq. Qáqhwjh}qánank}}h xna Ixjhnhxjhn ah} Lb`bmix}q Zðwhn`b} ,]mlzhk+9;;1. Tbn ahe}h`ghn Thwdi}}hw }qieeq akh ke Gwx}qqbn ahw Ðghwhxjxnj xna ekq jwb%Òhw ebwi`k}mlhw Hesôwxnj tbwjhqwijhnh sbsx`áwh Aiw}qh``xnj? Ahw Lb`bmix}q%]mlzknah`. Tbe Zhwahn xna Thwjhlhn ah} Oilwlxnahwqghqwxj} Gi}h` 9;;=. Zhnn ein

xe Thwj`hkml ai} inbn{e xe <. Eik 9;;8 hw}mlkhnhnh Ahxq}mlh Einkdh}q lhw%inkhlq zkwa jin ahxq`kml ai}} ixml ghk ahe Whtk}kbnk}ex} thw}mlkhahnh ]qxdhn xxnqhw}mlhkahn }kna? akh lhqhwk}mlh akh sbsx`k}qk}mlh xna hknh awkqqh thwexq`kml „zk}%}hn}mlidq`kml‐ x nhnnhnah.

93 Shqhw @bnjhwkml ,Lw}j.+ Akh Hwebwaxnj ahw hxwbsák}mlhn Oxahn. Hknh xedi}}hnah Abfxehnqiqkbn ah} Lb`bmix}q 9;19%9;18 Eðnmlhn%_ðwkml 9;<; ]. 4;.

99 Zb`djinj Ghn Inqk}hekqk}ex} kn Ahxq}mlìna ,}. Ine. <+ ]. 9=86 Iwqxw Gwixnhw x.i.„Zkahw ai} Thwjh}}hn ahnn zkh }b``qh ein thwjh}}hn‐ kn? DI_ tbe 4. Eik 9;;8.

97 Hghwliwa Oámfh` Oðwjhn Wblzhw Ahw Ebwa in ahn Oxahn ke _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhj. Hnq% }ml`xÒgkàxnj xna Thwzkwf`kmlxnj ]qxqqjiwq 9;<8 ]. 97.

9= Hghnai ]. 91:.91 Hghnai ]. 9;3.98 Hghnai ]. 9:3.94 Hghnai ]. 9<:.




==<

9: Akh}hw knzk}mlhn tbn Whtk}kbnk}qhn tkh` kqkhwqh ]iq ah} injh}hlhnhn iehwkfink}ml% oðak}mlhn Lk}qbwkfhw} hnq}qieeq hknhe Gxml Ahw Fwkhj i`} Fwhxxj. Ai} Ahxq}mlh Whkml Lkq`hw} Zhlweimlq xna akh „Hna`ô}xnj‐ Whknghf 9;<; ]. =47 ai} kn ahw jh%}ieqhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn @kqhwiqxw ðghw akh Hna`ô}xnj kndb`jh ah} Dhl`hn} tbn Gh`hj%}qh``hn hknkj ai}qhlq. Tj`. ehknh Whhn}kbn kn ahe Oilwgxml H|qwhek}ex} $ Aheb%

fwiqkh 7. Oj. 9;;3 ]. ==8%==;.9< Nhz [bwf 9;<; ]. 1:8.9; Ohin%Mìxah Swh}}im Akh Fwheiqbwkhn tbn Ix}mlzkq. Akh Qhmlnkf ah} Ei}}hnebwah}

Eðnmlhn%_ðwkml 9;;1 ]. 737. Kn ahw dwinô}k}mlhn Bwkjkniìx}jigh tbn 9;;= ]. 91<ziwhn hqzi} lôlhwh _il`hn jhninnq ,4=3.333 gz. ::8.333+.

73 @bnabn%Nikwbgk 9;<8.79 Tj`. Ghn ,Ine. <+ ]. 9=3.77 Ghwna Nixeinn Ix}mlzkq Ghwkmlqh ðghw akh ]qwid}imlh jhjhn Ex`fi xna inahwh tbw

ahe ]mlzxwjhwkmlq Dwinfdxwq Gbnn 9;48 ]. 899 8=3d.7= Akh Qiq}imlh ai}} h} kn Ix}mlzkq xna inahwhn @ijhwn xnzhkdh`lidq Hnqzh}xnj}wáx%

eh xw Thwnkmlqxnj tbn Xnjhkhdhw ekqqh`} _{f`bn%G jig akh ixml i`} „Ji}fieehwn‐

ghhkmlnhq zxwahn xna ai}} niml hqig`khwqhw ighw tbn ahn Whtk}kbnk}qhn gh}qwkqqhnhw Ehknxnj hghndi``} „Ji}fieehwn‐ xw Ei}}hnqôqxnj tbn Ehn}mlhn kn Jhgwixml zi%whn }qh``q kn }kml hknh Swbg`heiqkf aiw akh niml Ixdf`áwxnj wxdq. H} }b``qh dhwnhw nkmlqðghw}hlhn zhwahn ai}} akh dwðlh}qhn Ehàxnjhn ðghw Ei}}hnqôqxnjhn axwml Thwji%}xnj ix} ahe hw}qhn Zh`qfwkhj }qieehn xna tbn ahw}h`ghn _hkqxnj ” ahe Aik`{ Qh`h% jwisl ” sxg`kkhwq zxwahn akh ixml 9;17 zbl` i`} hw}qh hknh hnq}swhmlhnah Nimlwkmlq gwimlqh. ,Zi`qhw @iyxhxw Zi} nkheina zk}}hn zb``qh. Akh Xnqhwawðmfxnj ahw Niml%wkmlqhn ðghw Lkq`hw} „Hna`ô}xnj‐ Dwinfdxwq 9;<9 ]. 9:+. H} aiwd ailhw fhknh}di``} tbntbwnlhwhkn i`} hkn Ghzhk} tbn `ðjhnlidqhw Jh}knnxnj jh`qhn zhnn akh „Ji}fieehw%qlh}h‐ i`} Fwkhj}swbsijinai ixdjhdiÒq zkwa. Akh}h tbn ahn Whtk}kbnk}qhn dh}qjhli`qhnhxna dbwqjhdðlwqh Qlh}h fônnqh hlhw i`} hkn nilh`khjhnahw Ix}jinj}sxnfq ixdjhdiÒqzhwahn ahw hw}q xnqhw ahe Hknawxmf ahw Dð``h tbn Ghwkmlqhn ixdjhjhghn zxwah.

71 Ai kml akh Ixddi}}xnjhn tbn Wxab`d xna Dixwk}}bn siwislwi}khwh exÒ kml „Ji}fie%ehwn‐ zkh }mlbn zhkqhw bghn kn Indðlwxnj}hkmlhn }hqhn.

78 „Ix}mlzkq. @i ehebkwh ax ei`‐ ]. 11.74 Ahgbwil H. @ks}qiaq Ghqwkddq? @hxjnhn ah} Lb`bmix}q _ðwkml 9;;1 ]. 743.7: Ahw Aheoinoxf%Swbh}} kn Ohwx}i`he aðwdqh ahn zhkqhn Qhk` ahw Ix}}ijh thwin}mlix%

`kmlhn ighw hknh Ghkhlxnj x ahe hw}qhn xna zhkqix} jwitkhwhnahwhn Qhk` k}q tbn abwqix} nkmlq lhwx}qh``hn.

7< ]b O. Jwid Ahw Lb`bmix}q%]mlzknah` ,Ine. ;+ ]. 44.7; H} k}q dðw akh qkhdhn Jwághn zk}mlhn ahn Hknhàk}ks`knhn }bjiw ahw Jh}mlkmlq}zk}%

}hn}mlidq ghhkmlnhna ai}} h} in}mlhknhna nbml nkheinahn ixdjhdi``hn k}q zkh nilh ghnimlgiwq oi ghknilh kahnqk}ml akh dwðlh}qhn _il`hninjighn ,9.:83.333+ ðghw akh Bs%

dhw ah} „Wbqhn Qhwwbw}‐ kn ]bzohqwxÒìna xna akh hnq}swhmlhnahn Injighn kn ahe }bj%ninnqhn ZWG%Whsbwq ðghw Ix}mlzkq tbe Nbtheghw 9;11 }kna ,].S. Eh`jxnbz Ahw wbqh Qhwwbw kn WxÒìna 9;9<%9;7= Ghw`kn 9;71 ]. 94<+. Niqðw`kml k}q aiwix} nkmlq x}ml`khÒhn ai}} ahn ix} Ix}mlzkq hnqfbeehnhn Ládq`knjhn Twgi xna Zhq`hw ai}Gxml tbn Eh`jxnbz gz. ahw xjwxnah`khjhnah Ixd}iq tbn hknhe Ixqbw niehn} ]i%wb`hi ix} ahe ]mbq}ein tbe Nbtheghw 9;7= ghfinnq ziw. H} linah`q }kml xe hknh bg% ohfqkth Hnq}swhmlxnj akh ein axwml ahn Qhweknx} „Whìqktkhwxnj‐ nkmlq ix} ahw Zh`q}mliddhn finn.

=3 Oámfh`%Wblzhw ,Ine. 97+ ]. 9::.




==;

_x}iq 7334

]hkqahe kml tbw ðghw hln Oilwhn akh}h} Jxqimlqhn }mlwkhg k}qtkh` jh}mlhlhn xna ein fônnqh ehknhn ai} Jxqimlqhn ligh ahnZhwq thw`bwhn ai} h} aiei`} jhligq lighn eij. Lhww Jhweiw Wx%ab`d k}q ” ehknh} Zk}}hn} tbwnhle`kml zhjhn ahw Jwxnaìjhn xw

_hkqjh}mlkmlqh7:< ” x hknhw Jhdánjnk}}qwidh blnh Ghzálwxnj thw%xwqhk`q zbwahn ahwhn ThwgðÒxnj hw }kml axwml D`xmlq gz.„Hekjwiqkbn‐ niml Hnjìna xna ainn kn akh X]I hnqbjhn liq.Abwq liq hw hknh }hlw gwhkqh „whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh‐ Qáqkjfhkq hnqdi`qhq

tbwnhle`kml i`} Lhwix}jhghw ahw Tkhwqhòilwh}lhdqh dðw dwhkh Jh% }mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj . ]hkn Inqwij ixd Jhzálwxnj tbn I}{` zxwahtbn ahn X]I igjh`hlnq xna hw zxwah niml Ahxq}mlìna ix}jh`kh%dhwq7:; zb hw thwexq`kml nhghn ahw ThwgðÒxnj ahw á`qhwhn ]qwidhhknhn nhxhn Swbh}} x hwziwqhn liq. Kml ligh ekml hknthw}qinahnhwf`áwq ai}} ehkn Jxqimlqhn tbn 9;;8 kn akh}he Swbh}} Thw%zhnaxnj dknahq ahnn kml ligh ahn Hknawxmf ai}} akh knqh``hfqx%h``h xna akh whmlq`kmlh ]kqxiqkbn }kml nkmlq zh}hnq`kml jhánahwq

liq zhk` akh Tkhwqhòilwh}lhdqh i`} hknh Dbwq}hqxnj ahw Jwxnaì% jhn xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh injh}hlhn zhwahn fônnhn. Ahw Fwhk} ahw Ixqbwhn liq }kml ghqwámlq`kml hwzhkqhwq ighw hkn Fhwn k}q hwfhnn% giw jhg`khghn kn hw}qhw @knkh niqðw`kml Wxab`d }h`g}q.

Kml ligh ekml ekq ahw _hkq}mlwkdq ghk zhkqhe nkmlq }b knqhn}kt ghdi}}hn fônnhn zkh aiei`} ekq ahe Gxml. Kml ligh `hakj`kml hk%nkjh Ixd}áqh aiwkn jh`h}hn ” tbwnhle`kml akh ah} kqi`khnk}mlhnIxqbw} Miw`b Eiqqbjnb ” akh }mlbn ixd ahn hw}qhn G`kmf tbn ix%

Òhwbwahnq`kml ix}jhahlnqhn ]qxakhn kn gk}lhw }mlzhw xjánj`k%mlhn Iwmlkthn ah} hlhei`kjhn B}qg`bmf} nkmlq x`hqq kn Eb}%fix _hxjnk} jhghn xna i``h dbwei`hn Fwkqhwkhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq%`kmlfhkq hwdð``hn. Kml ligh ohabml ixml nkmlq jin zhnkjh }hlw sb%`hek}mlh ðghwzkhjhna jhjhn akh „hqig`khwqh‐ Jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn%}mlidq jhwkmlqhqh Iwqkfh` xna ehlwhwh Fiwkfiqxwhn jh}hlhn akhtbn }ml`hmlqhe Jh}mleimf hxjhn akh ighw exqiqk} exqinak}Vekq ahn nôqkjhn ÁnahwxnjhnU jhwiah kn ahn `hqqhn Zbmlhn

7:< Fbwwhfq? zhjhn ah} Wxab`d%Jxqimlqhn} JW.7:; Fbwwhfq? igjh}mlbghn Ine. JW.




=13

axwml ahn ]qwhkq xe akh Eblieeha%Fiwkfiqxwhn kn hknhw aánk%}mlhn _hkqxnj hknh ðghwwi}mlhnah Ifqxi`kqáq hwli`qhn lighn.

Kml jìxgh ah}li`g ai}} ehkn Jxqimlqhn nkmlq „thwi`qhq‐ k}q

kml eômlqh ohabml hknhn fxwhn G`kmf ixd akh Hnqzkmf`xnj ah}Ahnfhn} ðghw ahn niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhn Thw}xml hknhw „Hna`ô%}xnj ahw Oxahndwijh‐ axwml xedi}}hnah Thwnkmlqxnj}eiÒnilehnzhwdhn.

_xnáml}q k}q dh}qx}qh``hn ai}} akh „Lhwig}hqxnj ahw Bsdhw%il`hn tbn Ix}mlzkq‐ axwml „hqig`khwqh‐ Lk}qbwkfhw klwhn Dbwq%jinj jhnbeehn liq blnh ai}} oxwk}qk}mlh ]infqkbnhn hwdb`jq zá%whn? Niml ahw „bddkkh``hn‐ Lhwig}hqxnj axwml Dwink}mhf Skshw

tbn tkhw Ek``kbnhn ixd 99 Ek``kbnhn xna ahw hnq}swhmlhnahn Án%ahwxnj ahw Jhahnfqidh` x Ghjknn ahw ;3hw Oilwh }hqqh v]. 7uOhin%Mìxah Swh}}im akh _il` ixd 4=3.333 lhwxnqhw xna 7337qwhnnqh Dwkqobd Eh{hw kn }hknhe Iwqkfh` kn ahw _hkq}mlwkdq B}qhxwb%

si akh „Ji}qbqhn‐ ix}awðmf`kml tbn ahn „]hxmlhnbsdhwn‐ xna jh%ìnjqh x ahw _il` tbn =43.333. Kn}bdhwn liqqhn }kml akh _zhkdh`zh`mlh akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn tbn Indinj in iwqkfx`khwq liqqhn i`} jh%whmlqdhwqkjq hwzkh}hn }b jhzk}} Eh{hw} Wh}x`qiqh nkmlq i`} hna%

jð`qkj bahw xninqi}qgiw jh`qhn axwdqhn. Fhkn thwnðndqkjhw Ehn}mlfbnnqh knah}}hn nxn nbml aiwin zhkdh`n ai}} i``h _il`hn akhxnekqqh`giw niml Fwkhj}hnah jhninnq zbwahn ziwhn kn lblheEiÒh xnjh}kmlhwq ziwhn xna ahw Fbwwhfqxw ghaxwdqhn ” }hk h}niml xnqhn }hk h} niml bghn ahnn akh _il`hn ðghw akh }bzohqk%}mlhn Fwkhj}thw`x}qh zxwahn ehlw xna ehlw i`} x nkhawkj gh%qwimlqhq. Kn ehknhn Ixjhn hwzkh} h} }kml ohabml i`} Xnj`ðmf ai}}ahw Ghjwkdd ahw Hna`ô}xnj bahw ah} Lb`bmix}q }b hnj ekq ahe

fbnfwhqhn @ijhw Ix}mlzkq kn Bghw}ml`h}khn xna ekq ahn „Ji}%fieehwn ,xw Ehn}mlhnqôqxnj+‐ thwgxnahn zbwahn ziw ahnn knZilwlhkq ziw akh Hna`ô}xnj hkn tkh` xedi}}hnahwhw Swbh}} ahw ixml axwml akh Ixdál`xnj ahw inahwhn Thwnkmlqxnj}ìjhw nkmlqx hw}mlôsdhn ziw xna ahw kn ahw Qiq hw}q axwml hknh Inil` lk}qb%wk}mlhw Ahqik`dbw}mlxnjhn zkh akh Gðmlhw tbn ]inafðl`hw xnaJhwìml gh}mlwkhghn zxwahn9 ” i``hwaknj} dhl`qh h} }mlbn }hkq ahn Nðwnghwjhw Swbh}}hn kndb`jh ahw Bddhn`hjxnj ahw Ghwkmlqh ahw

]]%Jhnhwi`h ]qil`hmfhw xna Fiqeinn nkmlq in Fhnnqnk} ahw jwxna`hjhnahn Qiq}imlhn xna Tbw}qh``xnjhn.




=19

Ighw zhnn ein lkhw ekq hknkjhn Fôwnmlhn ]i` tbn hknhe„]khj ahw Whtk}kbnk}qhn‐ }swhmlhn fbnnqh zkh} hkn nhx hnqahmfqh}]]%Abfxehnq kn akh hnqjhjhnjh}hqqh Wkmlqxnj ai} akh Fisikqáq

ahw dðnd Fwheiqbwkhn ke ]qieeìjhw Ix}mlzkq xna kn Gkwfhnixixd kn}jh}ieq nilhx 8.333 Hkná}mlhwxnjhn swb Qij ghkddhwqh.]h`g}q zhnn ein akh abfxehnqhnfwkqk}mlhn Hknzhnaxnjhn tbnWhtk}kbnk}qhn7 nkmlq hkndiml xwðmfzkh} g`khg }bjiw ainn zhnnein akh tbn Swh}}im tbwjh}mlìjhnh Aktk}kbn axwml tkhw ifhs%qkhwqh hknh Jwxnaqiq}imlh gh}qáqkjq akh tbn Indinj in }kmlqgiw jhzh}hn ziw? }h`g}q tbw ahe Lknqhwjwxna ahw x hwziwqhnahn tkh%`hn Bsdhw tbn ]hxmlhn ghaxwdqh h} nkmlq ahw tkhw jhzi`qkjhn Fwh%

eiqbwkhn kn Gkwfhnix xe akh „niqðw`kmlhn‐ @hkmlhn x thwgwhn%nhn. Akh}hw „inqkwhtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn‐ Jwxnaqiq}imlh hnq}swiml akhixÒhwbwahnq`kmlh Ix}zhkqxnj tbn Jhahnf}qáqqhn xna Hwknnh%wxnj}thwin}qi`qxnjhn wxna xe akh „Hna`ô}xnj‐ niml ahw ZhnahVahxq}mlh Zkhahwthwhknkjxnj 9;;3U xna ixml akh Thw}mláwdxnjah} „Tb`f}thwlhqxnj}siwijwislhn‐ 9=3 ]qJG ahw i``hwaknj} akhDwijh ixdfbeehn `khÒ bg akh}h xna ahw jinh Iwqkfh` ekq ahnDwhklhkq}jiwinqkhn ah} Jwxnajh}hqh} thwhkngiw }hk.

v]. =u Kml di}}h nxn fxw awhk whmlq ghfinnqh Gðmlhw ahw „hqig%`khwqhn Wkmlqxnj‐ kn} Ixjh akh zálwhna ah} `hqqhn Oilwhlnq} hw%}mlkhnhn }kna xna ahxq`kml eimlhn zkh zhnkj }kml akh Dwijh ahw „Hna`ô}xnj‐ axwml Ghxjnilehn ixd oxwk}qk}ml di}}giwh Ahqik`}hw}mlôsdhn `á}}q.

Ie lhdqkj}qhn xe}qwkqqhn ighw ke Jinhn abml kn ahw ahxq%}mlhn Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq }hlw sb}kqkt ixdjhnbeehn ziw ai} Gxmltbn Ainkh` Jbàlijhn ðghw Lkq`hw} zk``kjh Tb``}qwhmfhw . Abwq k}q

x `h}hn? h} zhwah di}q keehw ghlixsqhq ai}} akh Qôqxnj tbn Ek`%`kbnhn Oxahn blnh akh „Ji}fieehwn‐ nkmlq eôj`kml jhzh}hn }hkxna ziw zhjhn ahwhn @hk}qxnj}dálkjfhkq „akh i``hwaknj} }qiwf ðghwqwkhghn‐ zhwah.= Ke Wilehn tbn Jbàlijhn} Jh}ieqfbnhs%qkbn akh „akh Ahxq}mlhn‐ xna ahwhn „h`kekniqbwk}mlhn Inqk}hek%qk}ex}‐ }qiqq „akh Niqkbni`}bki`k}qhn‐ bahw „akh ]]‐ bahw jiw „Lkq`hw‐ }mlxàkj }swkmlq k}q ai} hknh nilh`khjhnah Ghlixsqxnjahnn akh Tbw}qh``xnj ahw Thwnkmlqxnj kn Ji}fieehwn eimlq h}

eôj`kml akh _il` ahw „Qáqhw‐ jhwknj hw}mlhknhn x ì}}hn xna akhWb``h ahw oðak}mlhn _zinj}lh`dhw x xnqhw}qwhkmlhn. Ighw zhkdh`%




=17

`b} ghahxqhq akh}h Ghlixsqxnj niml ahe ðg`kmlhn }qiwf ixd akh„Ji}fieehwn‐ fbnhnqwkhwqhn Thw}qánank} hknh „Thwliwe`b}xnjah} Lb`bmix}q‐ ke ]knnh ah} Siwijwislhn 9=3 ]qJG. Tbn ahw

Hkn`hkqxnj hknh} Thwdilwhn} jhjhn ahn Thwdi}}hw k}q ighw nkmlq} ghfinnqjhzbwahn xna zhnn akh Thwexqxnj wkmlqkj }hkn }b``qhai}} akh}h Xnqhwì}}xnj ah}li`g hwdb`jqh zhk` akh „Thwliwe`b%}xnj‐ nkmlq xe _zhmf hknhw Hnqì}qxnj „ahw Ahxq}mlhn‐ hwdb`j%qh }bnahwn ai} Jhjhnqhk` ghig}kmlqkjqh zðwah ein ahn Whtk}kb%nk}qhn hknhn zhkqhwhn zhnnj`hkml nbml nkmlq `hkmlq hwfhnngiwhn]khj x}mlwhkghn eð}}hn.

Hknh thwgwhkqhqh Wh}bnin dina ixml ai} 7339 sxg`kkhwqh Gxml

tbn Shqhw Nbtkmf Niml ahe Lb`bmix}q. Ahw Xejinj ekq aheEi}}hnebwa . _x hknhe jxqhn Qhk` }qh``q h} hkn Ghk}skh` „oðak}mlhw ]h`g}qfwkqkf‐ aiw akh tbwnhle`kml ie Thwli`qhn ahw iehwkfink%}mlhn Oxahn dh}qjheimlq zkwa. Akh}h }hkhn náe`kml „akh zbl`li% ghna}qh jhgkàhq}qh hknd`x}}whkml}qh xna kn ohahw Lkn}kmlq hwdb`j%whkml}qh Jwxssh knnhwli`g ahw iehwkfink}mlhn Jh}h``}mlidq‐ akhfhknhw`hk Ak}fwkeknkhwxnj bahw Nimlqhk`h x hw`hkahn ligh. Ighw akh Kahnqkqáq oi akh H|k}qhn akh}hw Jwxssh }hk axwml klwh jhwknjh

Jhgxwqhnyxbqh xna akh il`whkmlhn Ek}mllhkwiqhn ekq nkmlq oðak%}mlhn Iehwkfinhwn ixd áxÒhw}qh VZhk}hU jhdálwahq xna ailhw eimlh akh}h Jwxssh ahn jwbÒhn Ei}}hnebwa kn Hxwbsi xe Ekq%qh` klwhw ]h`g}qghlixsqxnj ” nxw tbn abwqlhw }hk „ai} zðqhnah Gh%liwwhn ixd ahw Hknkjiwqkjfhkq ah} Lb`bmix}q‐ x thw}qhlhn. Ailhw }kna }kh kn ahw Whjh` nkmlq jhzk``q }kml akh Ei|kehn ahw Zk}}hn%}mlidq x hkjhn x eimlhn ahnn? „Hqzi} lk}qbwk}ml x thw}qhlhn ghahxqhq }kml }hknhw Fbes`h|kqáq ghzx}}q x }hkn ðghw hknh lkn%

whkmlhnah Ak}qin x thwdðjhn h} ix} ehlwhwhn Shw}shfqkthn x}hlhn akh Ehlwahxqkjfhkq ,ixml akh ebwi`k}mlh v]. 1u Ehlwahx%qkjfhkq+ ahw Ebqkth xna Thwli`qhn}zhk}hn ahw Swbqijbnk}qhn xifhsqkhwhn.‐ Xna Nbtkmf hwknnhwq }bjiw aiwin ai}} akh oðak}mlhnBwjink}iqkbnhn kn ahn X]I nkmlq }mlbn keehw dðw akh Hknkjiw%qkjfhkq ah} Lb`bmix}q fáesdqhn }bnahwn ai}} }kh gk} kn akh dwðlhn43hw Oilwh lknhkn tbw i``he aiekq gh}mládqkjq ziwhn akh J`hk%mlxnj „Oxah 5Fbeexnk}q‐ x ghfáesdhn ighw akh Ixdjigh }hk

ix} hkn}kmlqkjhn Jwðnahn }mlzkhwkj jhzh}hn. Zhw iwjxehnqiqktðghw akh „Hna`ô}xnj‐ }swhmlhn zk`` ex}} i`}b niml Nbtkmf Fbn%




=11

}mlhn Mliwifqhw lighn Ix}}ijhn zkh akh Lkq`hw ligh Jbqq }h`g}qinjhjwkddhn v]. 8u i`} hw ai} „Tb`f Jbqqh}‐ injwkdd xna keJwxnah ixml akh Fìjhn ahw Lb`bmix}q }hk dðw ai} oðak}mlh Tb`f

nbml nkmlq tbwghk zhk` ixml ahw Swbh}} ahw I}}kekìqkbn i`} ai}Ebn}qhw ai} hw }hk ai} gô}h _kh` ligh hknh „oxahndwhkh‐ Zh`q x}mliddhn. ,Nbtkmf ]. 711 78;+ Ai}} }b`mlh Fìjhn kn ahxq}mlhnIxjhn hknh hfìqinqh „Thwliwe`b}xnj ah} Lb`bmix}q‐ aiw}qh``hnzi} }kh abml jhwiah nkmlq }hkn zb``hn ghaiwd nkmlq ahw Lhwtbwlh% gxnj.

Kml aiwd lkhw nbml hknei` ixd ehknh hkjhnh Ahdknkqkbn tbn9;4= thwzhk}hn ixml ah}li`g zhk` [hlxai Gixhw ix}awðmf`kml

ixd ehkn „ghwðleqh} Gxml‐ , Ahw Di}mlk}ex} kn }hknhw Hsbmlh+Ghxj nkeeq? „Kn Lkq`hw} Oxahnthwnkmlqxnj ghjknjhn nkmlq thw% gwhmlhwk}mlh Ehn}mlhn thwgwhmlhwk}mlh Qiqhn }bnahwn kn hknhw Xnqiq blnhj`hkmlhn wi}qhn }kml Swknkskhn x Qbah‐․ Akh}hFhnnhkmlnxnj „jkgq ahn Ek``kbnhn }hknhw VLkq`hw}U Bsdhw akhlôml}qh i``hw Hlwhn? }kh }qh``q lhwix} ai}} }kh akh i`} Gik``hn thw%qk`jq zxwahn nkmlq i`} xnj`ðmf`kmlh Bgohfqh hknh} zkahwzáwqkjhnThwgwhmlhn} }qiwghn }bnahwn i`} ]qh``thwqwhqhw ghk ahe thwzhk%

dh`q}qhn Injwkdd ahw oh jhjhn ai} ehn}ml`kmlh Zh}hn xna akhQwin}hnahn kn kle jhdðlwq zxwah.‐: Ixml ehknh Ahdknkqkbn jh%lôwq i`}b zkh akhohnkjh Gixhw} xna Zkh}h`} x ahn slk`b}bslk%}mlhn zhnnj`hkml nkmlq x ahn qlhb`bjk}mlhn Gh}qkeexnjhn xna}kh k}q á`qhw i`} akh ehk}qhn inahwhn. Ighw h} záwh ekw nkh hknjhdi`%`hn ixml nxw kn Jhainfhn akh Eôj`kmlfhkq x hwzájhn ai}} akh% ohnkjhn akh akh}h Gh}qkeexnj nkmlq innhlehn bahw fwkqk}khwhn gh}qwidq zhwahn }b``qhn. Ixml }kh jhlôwq kn ahn Ghwhkml ahw dwhk x

hwôwqhwnahn Jhainfhn xna Fbnhsqkbnhn tbn ahnhn h} ehlwhwhjhghn ex}} zhnn akh Jh}h``}mlidq nkmlq ixd hknh wh`kjkô}h gz. s}hxabwh`kjkô}h xna abjeiqk}mlh Jwxnaìjh xwðmfjhgwimlq zhw%ahn }b``.

Ah}li`g gkn kml }bjiw ahe Ghjwkdd ahw „@hxjnxnj ah} Lb`b%mix}q‐ jhjhnðghw }fhsqk}ml. Hw }hqq oi ahn Fwkqk}khwqhn tbn tbwn%lhwhkn lhwig zhk` hw kle akh tb``h Fhnnqnk} ah} dðw ahn Fwkqkfhw „Zilwhn‐ x}mlwhkgq xna kle i`}b ahn jxqhn Jìxghn ig}swkmlq.

]mlbn ahw Qhweknx} „Lb`bmix}q‐ kes`kkhwq hknh Knqhwswhqiqkbnakh nkmlq axwml _zinj xna ]qwidh ixdhw`hjq zhwahn aiwd. Niml




=18

ehknhe Xwqhk` finn nxw akh gh`hkakjhnah xna lhwig}hqhnah Kn%qhnqkbn }qwidgiw }hkn. ]mliwd fwkqk}khwgiw ighw k}q hkn Thwdilwhn ai}di}q i``hn Inqkwhtk}kbnk}qhn xna tkh`hn Whtk}kbnk}qhn jhehkn}ie

k}q náe`kml ai}} }kh akh Hna`ô}xnj tbn ahn jwbÒhn kahb`bjk}mlhnIx}hkninahw}hqxnjhn ahw Hsbmlh k}b`khwhn xna }kh ie hlh}qhni`} ai} Wh}x`qiq hknh} hqlnk}mlhn bahw }bjiw „wi}}k}mlhn‐ Fiesdh}zk}mlhn zhk Tô`fhwn ixddi}}hn tbn ahnhn ai} hknh jin jxqxna ai} inahwh jin gô}h k}q.

Kml di}}h x}ieehn xna ghjwðnah ehkn Xwqhk` kn ahw jwôÒq%eôj`kmlhn Fðwh? Niml ahn ]mlwhmfhn xna G`xqbsdhwn ah} _zhk%qhn Zh`qfwkhj} hwwhjqhn akh Nimlwkmlqhn ðghw akh H|k}qhn v]. 4u

tbn „Thwnkmlqxnj}ìjhwn ke B}qhn‐ gh}bnahw} kn Ahxq}mlìna hkn ghk}skh``b}h} Hnq}hqhn zhk` h} gk} ailkn nkmlq} ixml nxw inná%lhwna Thwj`hkmlgiwh} kn ahw ahxq}mlhn Jh}mlkmlqh jhjhghn liqqhxna zhk` akh `hqqhn _hxjnk}}h hknh} jwhnhn`b}hn Diniqk}ex} ixd ahw ]hkqh Lkq`hw} akh Ehàxnjhn jìxgzðwakj }hkn `khÒhn. Jhwiahakh}h} Hnq}hqhn ziw akh ebwi`k}ml inhwfhnnhn}zhwqh xna zk}}hn%}mlidq`kml xnifhsqig`h Jwxnaìjh dðw h|qwheh _il`hninjighnxna injhg`kmlh Tbwjhlhn}zhk}hn ,zkh ai} Hkngì}hn tbn Aiesd

kn igjh}ml`b}}hnh Fieehwn bahw akh Ei}}hnqôqxnj ixd wkh}kjhnh`hfqwk}mlhn Sìqqhn+. „Whtk}kbnhn‐ ziwhn i`}b xnix}zhkml`kmlxna zxwahn ixml tbn ahw „hqig`khwqhn‐ Zk}}hn}mlidq tbwjhnbe%ehn zkh bghn jhhkjq zbwahn k}q. Hkn knqhwniqkbni`hw Whtk}kbnk}%ex} ex}}qh i`} Fbnhnqwiq bahw i`} Kn}qwxehnqi`k}khwxnj tbn Wh%tk}kbnhn ekq fixe jhwknjhwhw Nbqzhnakjfhkq hnq}qhlhn i`} hw niml ahe Hw}qhn Zh`qfwkhj jhjhnðghw ahn i``kkhwqhn Qlh}hn ðghw hknh ahxq}mlh „I``hkn}mlxà‐ hnq}qinahn ziw. Ai}} hw ix} akh}he

Hnq}hqhn lhwtbwjhjinjhn ohei`} ahn Jwxna ah} Hnq}hqhn} knIgwhah }qh``hn fônnqh ziw aijhjhn nkmlq nbqzhnakjhwzhk}h xhwziwqhn xna aiwin ex}} }mliwdh Fwkqkf jhðgq zhwahn }bdhwn qiq%}áml`kml akh H|k}qhn ix}jhahlnqhw xna }shkh`` inqkoðak}mlhw Thwnkmlqxnj}eiÒnilehn thwnhknq zkwa xna nkmlq hkndiml g`bÒZkahw}qina jhjhn hknh gh}qkeeqh Ix}`hjxnj ahw Hna`ô}xnj ixmljhjhn akh Ix}`hjxnj i`} „Lb`bmix}q‐ jh`hk}qhq zhwahn }b``. KeGhwhkml akh}hw Knqhwswhqiqkbnhn finn xna }b``qh }h`g}qthw}qána`kml

hghndi``} Fwkqkf jhðgq zhwahn ighw hknh Fwkqkf inahwhw Iwq akh}kml ah} „fbn}qwxfqkthn‐ Mliwifqhw} i``hw Ix}`hjxnjhn ghzx}}q k}q




=14

xna dðw akh hkjhnh Fbnhsqkbn x}áq`kmlh Hkn}kmlqhn x jhzknnhn}qwhgq.

Dðw akh Dwijh zi} hknhn lhwig}hqhnahn xna jiw gh`hkakjhn%

ahn Mliwifqhw liq k}q nkmlq ahw Lk}qbwkfhw }bnahwn nxw ahw Oxwk}qfbeshqhnq. Ighw ahw Lk}qbwkfhw zhkÒ ai}} ixml kn ahw axwmlzhji`} zk}}hn}mlidq`kml inhwfinnqhn @kqhwiqxw nkmlq jin zhnkj inLhwig}hqxnjhn oi in Gh`hkakjxnjhn x dknahn k}q xna hw ex}} kn ohahe Di``h dðw hkn tbw}kmlqkjh} Tbwjhlhn s`áakhwhn. Tbw i``heighw zkwa hw tbn ahe Zxn}ml hwdð``q }hkn ai}} ai} Jhwkmlq }kmltbw ahe Xwqhk`}}swxml ðghw akh }hlw fbes`kkhwqh xna lk}qbwk}mltkh`dá`qkjh Ghaknjqlhkq hknh} Jhjhn}qinah} zkh ah} „Whtk}kbnk}%

ex}‐ kn} Fìwh fbeehn eôjh. Hwn}q Nb`qh Ghw`kn ahn 8.7.7334

Inehwfxnjhn9 Qlbei} ]inafðl`hw „Hna`ô}xnj‐ kn Ji`kkhn. Ahw Oxahnebwa kn B}qsb`hn xna akh

Whqqxnj}knkqkiqkthn tbn Ghwqlbà Ghkq Gbnn 9;;46 Mlwk}qkin Jhwìml Fi`fx`khwqh Ebw%ah. Akh ahxq}mlh zkwq}mlidq}% xna Thwnkmlqxnj}sb`kqkf kn ZhkÒwx}}ìna 9;19 gk} 9;11Liegxwj 9;;;.

7 Eindwha Jhwnhw „“]ml`ð}}hàbfxehnq)‛ k}q Dá`}mlxnj‐ kn? TddJ 7. Oj. Lhdq = ,]hs%qheghw 9;;<+ ]. 944%9:1.

=

Ainkh` Obnil Jbàlijhn Lkq`hw} zk``kjh Tb``}qwhmfhw. Jin jhzôln`kmlh Ahxq}mlh xna ahw Lb`bmix}q Ghw`kn 9;;4 ]. 7=.

1 Shqhw Nbtkmf Niml ahe Lb`bmix}q. Ahw Xejinj ekw ahe Ei}}hnebwa ]qxqq%jiwq"Eðnmlhn 7339 ]. 79d. 91 97:.

8 [hlxai Gixhw Akh axnf`h ]hkqh ahw Jh}mlkmlqh. Akh ]lbil kn lk}qbwk}mlhw ]kmlq. Knqhw% swhqiqkbnhn xna Wh%Knqhwswhqiqkbnhn Dwinfdxwq i.E. 7339 ]. 4; <= =79 711d.

4 Qbei} Jigk} „Akh Lb`bmix}q%Wh`kjkbn‐ kn? TddJ =. Oj. Lhdq 1 ,Ahheghw 9;;;+ ].193%19:. Zhnn kml niml ahw whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn _hkq}mlwkdq kqkhwh }b jhgh kml aiekq xhwfhnnhn ai}} kml akh _kqiqh dðw thw`á}}`kml li`qh.

: Hwn}q Nb`qh Ahw Di}mlk}ex} kn }hknhw Hsbmlh. Akh Imqkbn dwinmik}h ” Ahw kqi`khnk}mlh Di}mlk}ex} ”% Ahw Niqkbni`}bki`k}ex} ,xhw}q+ Eðnmlhn 9;4= ]. 1<1 897.




=1:

=. Fwkqkf ie Jxqimlqhn tbn Swbd. Aw. Hwn}q Nb`qh

Ini`{}h ah} „Jxqimlqhn} xw Dwijh ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq

bahw Xnzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq‐ ah} Gxmlh} Jwxna`ijhn xw _hkqjh% }mlkmlqh tbn Swbd. he. Aw. Hwn}q Nb`qh ,xnaiqkhwq 9;;4+ hkn%}ml`khÒ`kml ah} „_x}iqh} 7334‐ tbe 8.7.7334

I. Hkn`hkqxnj

Akh nimldb`jhnah Ini`{}h ah} b.j. Jxqimlqhn} ghkhlq }kml ixd db`jhnah Dwijh}qh``xnjhn?

9. Liq ahw Jxqimlqhw }kml in akh Jwhnhn ah} Jxqimlqhn}ixdqwijh}jhli`qhn ai} lhkÒq liq hw ix}}ml`khÒ`kml akh Dwijh ahw ,Xn%+Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ah} x ghjxqimlqhnahn Gxmlh} gh%linah`q bahw liq hw akh}h Jwhnh ðghw}mlwkqqhn xna ixml inah%wh Dwijhn ghlinah`q xna zhnn ainn kn zh`mlhe Xedinj2

7. Liq ahw Jxqimlqhw }kml ghk }hknhn Ghqwimlqxnjhn ” bg knnhw%li`g bahw ixÒhwli`g ahw Jwhnhn }hknh} Ixdqwijh} ” knnhwli`g}hknh} Fbeshqhnghwhkml} i`} Lk}qbwkfhw ghzhjq bahw liq hw

akh}hn Ghwhkml ðghw}mlwkqqhn xna zhnn ainn kn zh`mlheIx}eiÒ2

=. Liq ahw Jxqimlqhw }hknhn Ixdqwij fxn}qjhwhmlq ix}jhdðlwq ai}lhkÒq liq hw ai} x ghjxqimlqhnah Gxml ixd akh zkmlqkj}qhnFwkqhwkhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq lkn xnqhw}xmlq xna liq hw akh} }h`g}q ixd zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Zhk}h jhqin2

I`} zkmlqkj}qh Fwkqhwkhn zhwahn lkhw ghqwimlqhq?

9. Ai} Swknks ahw dwhkhn Zil` ahw Indinj}thwexqxnj zkwa inhw%finnq ,„ah benkgx} axgkqinaxe h}q‐+.

7. Hwjhgnk}bddhnlhkq zkwa xjh}qinahn ai} lhkÒq tbw i``he ai}}Hwziwqxnj}li`qxnjhn Awkqqhw xwðmfjhzkh}hn zhwahn xna ai}}fhkn Abjeiqk}ex} thwqwhqhn zkwa.

=. Qiq}imlhnghlixsqxnjhn }kna axwml ðghwswðdgiwh gz. niml%tb``khlgiwh Ghzhk}h gh`hjq.

1. Jhjhniwjxehnqh zhwahn ak}fxqkhwq xna zhnn thwôddhnq`kmlq

ðghwswðdgiw ix}jhzkh}hn.




=1<

8. H} zkwa hkn }iml`kmlhw ]swiml}qk` jhsd`hjq6 kn}gh}bnahwh zhw%ahn nkmlq akh Whmlqh Awkqqhw thw`hqq aix ixdjhwxdhn bahw }b`%mlh} jxqjhlhkÒhn.

4. Aiqhn gz. Ghzhk}h zhwahn nxw niml bgohfqkthn Fwkqhwkhnix}jhzál`q ,Yxh``hnfwkqkf+.:. H} gh}qhlq Zkahw}swxml}dwhklhkq kn }kml zkh ixml x i``jhehkn

inhwfinnqhn Siwiakjehn akh nkmlq kndwijh jh}qh``q zhwahn ,zkh`bjk}mlh xna niqxwzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Jh}hqh qhmlnk}mlh Eôj%`kmlfhkqhn hqm.+.

<. H} gh}qhlq Dwhklhkq tbn _kwfh`}ml`ð}}hn.;. H} dknahn }kml fhknh Ghlixsqxnjhn akh }kml hknhw Zkahw`h%

jxnj gz. hknh} Ghzhk}h hnqkhlhn ,fhknh `bjk}mlh Keexnk}kh%wxnj+.93. Akh Ghzhk}ekqqh`lkhwiwmlkh zkwa ghimlqhq ,eiqhwkh``hw Ghzhk}

> Abfxehnqhnghzhk} > _hxjhnghzhk}+.99. Ehknxnjhn xna Ghzhwqxnjhn }kna hwfhnngiw tbn Qiq}imlhn%

ghlixsqxnjhn jhqwhnnq.97. H} lhww}mlq hkn }{}qheiqk}mlhw Ixdgix.

G. Ini`{}h

9. Hknli`qxnj ah} Ixdqwijh}

@hakj`kml akh ]hkqhn 73%7; ,}bzkh ahw `hqqh ]iq ixd ]. =7+ ah}tbw`khjhnahn Jxqimlqhn} ghdi}}hn }kml ekq ahe Gxml Jwxna`ijhn

xw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh. Akh ]hkqhn 9%9; }bzkh =3%=: ghdi}}hn }kml ai%jhjhn ehlwlhkq`kml ekq ahe knli`q`kmlhn Qlhei ah} x ghjxqiml%qhnahn Gxmlh} ” ohabml blnh Ghxj ixd ai} Gxml }h`g}q. Akh}

`khjq nkmlq ke Wilehn ah} Jxqimlqhn}ixdqwijh}._ziw k}q h} `bghn}zhwq zhnn ahw Jxqimlqhw hknjinj} injkgq hw zb``h }hknhn ]swimljhgwixml hw`áxqhwn xna }hknh hkjhnhn Tbw%Xwqhk`h xna Tbwhknjhnbeehnlhkqhn aiw`hjhn ,]. 9+. Ohabml xnqhw%`á}}q hw jhnix akh} ahnn kn }hknhe Jxqimlqhn dknahq }kml nkmlq hq%zi hknh Iglina`xnj ðghw }hknh Tbw%Xwqhk`h xna Tbwhknjhnbe%ehnlhkqhn xw Dwijh ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq bahw ahw Zk}}hn%}mlidq in }kml }bnahwn `hakj`kml xw Dwijh ahw }bjhninnqhn „Hna%

`ô}xnj ahw Oxahndwijh‐. Ai}} ahw Jxqimlqhw ghðj`kml akh}h}




=1;

Qlhei} tbwhknjhnbeehn }hkn eij k}q tô``kj xnhwlhg`kml zhk` hw }kml x akh}hw Dwijh jiw nkmlq áxÒhwn }b``qh.

Ixml ah} Jxqimlqhw} tbwjhg`kmlh Hw`áxqhwxnj ah} ]swimljh%

gwixml} hwdb`jqh }hlw xnxwhkmlhna. Akh} hwjkgq }kml ix} }hknhnIx}dðlwxnjhn h} }hk dwij`kml bg }kml „]mlhknzk}}hn}mlidq`kml%fhkq‐ tbn hmlqhw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq „niml thw`áÒ`kmlhn Fhnn%hkmlhn tbnhkninahw ig}bnahwn `i}}hn.‐ ,]. 73+ Ighw jhnix akh}hXnqhw}mlhkaxnj x qwhddhn `khjq ke Ixdqwij}ghwhkml ah} Jxqiml%qhw}. Knahe hw }kml dðw xndálkj hwf`áwq hknh nimltb``khlgiwh Ah%dknkqkbn ah} Ghjwkdd} „]mlhknzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq‐ x jhghn xn%qhwjwágq hw }hknh hkjhnh Fbeshqhn. Hknh }{}qheiqk}mlh Hw`áxqh%

wxnj gz. Ahdknkqkbn ah} Ghjwkdd} Zk}}hn}mlidq xna klwhw Fwkqh%wkhn dknahq ein ghk kle nkmlq. Tbn ahn hw}qhn 9; ]hkqhn ah} Jxq%imlqhn} hnqli`qhn i``hkn akh ]hkqhn <%99 qlheiqk}ml wh`htinqh Ix}%dðlwxnjhn? hknkjh Fwkqhwkhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq akh ighw zkhahwxe thwek}mlq }kna ekq ,kwwh`htinqhn+ lk}qbwk}mlhn Ghk}skh%`hn.

Kn}jh}ieq gh}qhlq ai} ini`{}khwqh Jxqimlqhn i`}b x hqzi zhkAwkqqh`n ix} ixdqwij}dwheahe Knli`q. Ahw Jxqimlqhw liq ailhw ke

Zh}hnq`kmlhn ai} Qlhei thwdhl`q. ,Ahw _x}iq tbe 8.7.7334 gh%linah`q ai} x ghjxqimlqhnah Gxml jiw nkmlq.+

7. Hknli`qhn }imlthw}qánakjhw Fbeshqhnjwhnhn

_ziw finn xna aiwd ohahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`hw ixÒhwli`g jxqimlqhw%`kmlhw ]qh``xnjnilehn x i``hn Qlhehn ]qh``xnj ghkhlhn ohabml}b`` }kml hkn Jxqimlqhn `hakj`kml ke Wilehn ah}}hn ghzhjhn dðw ai} ahw Jxqimlqhw }imlthw}qánakj k}q. Ahnn i`} Jhlk`dh ah} hwfhn%

nhnahn Jhwkmlq} k}q }hknh Ehknxnj `hqq`kml nxw abwq wh`htinq zb}hkn ]imlthw}qina ahe ah} Jhwkmlq} ahxq`kml xna nimlzhk}`kmlðghw}qhkjq.

Ahw ]imlthw}qánakjh k}q Lk}qbwkfhw ohabml niml hkjhnhe Gh%fxnahn fhkn H|shwqh x Dwijhn ahw „Hna`ô}xnj‐ ,]. 7+. Aiekq k}qhw ziw }imlthw}qánakj ghðj`kml ahw Fwkqhwkhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq%`kmlfhkq kn ahw Jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq nkmlq ohabml xnghaknjq xw knli`q`kmlhn Ghxwqhk`xnj tbn Dimliwghkqhn x Dwijhn ahw Hna`ô%

}xnj. Fhknh}zhj} }imlthw}qánakj k}q hw aijhjhn ghðj`kml qb|kfb%




=89

qhw inahxqhq ,Swh}}im} „Aktk}kbn axwml tkhw‐ hga.+ ” }bnahwn ix}qhmlnk}mlhn xna qlhweba{niek}mlhn Ghwhmlnxnjhn gz. H|sh%wkehnqhn. Akh}h Si}}ijh gh`hjq ke Ðgwkjhn ixml ahn einjh`nahn

]imlthw}qina ah} Jxqimlqhw} x ahn knli`q`kmlhn Dwijhn ahnn akhzbeôj`kml zkmlqkj}qh abfxehnqhnfwkqk}mlh Iwghkq xw Dwijh ahw Ixqlhnqkkqáq ah} dwij`kmlhn Abfxehnqh} ðghw akh Fisikqáq ahw Fwheiqbwkhn kn Ix}mlzkq fhnnq ahw Jxqimlqhw bddhngiw nkmlq.7<3 _xahe k}q ai} jhjhn}qána`kmlh Abfxehnq nkmlq „nhx hnqahmfq‐zbwahn }bnahwn }mlbn }hkq ahn 9;83hw Oilwhn ghfinnq.7<9 Hghn}bzhnkj }mlhknq ahw Jxqimlqhw x zk}}hn ai}} akh dðw Ix}mlzkqaiei`} jhsìnqh Fwhekhwxnj}fisikqáq hnqjhjhn }hknhw Ghlixs%

qxnj ,_x}iq ]. 7+ axwmlix} nkmlq lôlhw ziw i`} dðw inahwh @ijhw ke „I`qwhkml‐ zhnn ein }kh xw jhsìnqhn ]b``gh`hj}qáwfh gz.xw abfxehnqkhwqhn ]qhwg`kmlfhkq}wiqh kn Ghkhlxnj }hqq.7<7

Ixml ghðj`kml ahw Dwijh bg akh ahebjwislk}mlhn Xnqhw}x%mlxnjhn Awkqqhw ,Ghn ]innknj+7<= tbn „fwkqkfzðwakjhn Swáek}%}hn‐ ix}jhlhn gz. x „ehqlbak}ml V․U dwijzðwakjhn Hwjhgnk}%}hn‐ fbeehn ,]. 7<+ k}q nkmlq hw}kmlq`kml ziwxe ahw Jxqimlqhw }imlthw}qánakjhw }hk }b`` i`} ai} hwfhnnhnah Jhwkmlq.

Ixd ahn ]hkqhn =4d. }mlkhÒq ahw Jxqimlqhw zhkq ðghw }hknhnFbeshqhnghwhkml lknix} zhnn hw dbwahwq hkn ohahw eð}}h ghkahw @hfqðwh gh}qkeeqhw Abfxehnqh gz. Gðmlhw „]mlie‐ „Jh%yxá`q}hkn‐ „Ghawðmfq}hkn‐ xna „Nkhahwjh}mlìjhnlhkq‐ hesdkn%ahn. H} k}q }mlbn dwij`kml bg kwjhnahkn Ehn}ml ai} Whmlq liq tbnAwkqqhn gh}qkeeqh Jhdðl`}whjxnjhn ghk ahw @hfqðwh tbn jh%}mlkmlq`kmlhe Eiqhwki` x hwziwqhn. Ixd ohahn Di`` ex}} dh}qjh%}qh``q zhwahn ai}} }b`mlh hebqkbni`hn Dwijhn akh ahw Jxqimlqhw

i`} ebwi`k}mlhn @imfex}qh}q thw}qinahn zk}}hn zk`` kn hknhe

7<3 Tj`. Miw`b Eiqqbjnb „“]ml`ð}}hàbfxehnq‛ ” hknh i`qhwniqkth Knqhwswhqiqkbn‐ Tkhwqh`% oilwh}lhdqh dðw dwhkh Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj 1,9+ ,7333+ ]. 89%84.

7<9 Tj`. Fbekqhh ahw inqkdi}mlk}qk}mlhn Zkahw}qina}fáesdhw ahw AAW ,Lj.+ ]] ke Hkn% }iq Fbnjwh}}%Thwìj Ghw`kn 9;8: ]. 74;.

7<7 Tj`. Miw`b Eiqqbjnb} Hwzkahwxnj in Obln M. _keehwein? „In Immbxnqinq Sb}h} i}Mwheiqkbn H|shwq‐ kn M. Eiqqbjnb J. Wxab`d Ix}mlzkq%@kh} Qlh}h} $ Ak}}hwqiqkbn}Swh}} Mlkmijb 7338 ]. <:%9;16 ahw Ghkqwij hw}mlkhn hw}qei`} ke Knqhwnhq innb 73336tj`. zzz.tlb.bwj"JG"m"ME"Wk}sb}qi%nhz%hnj.lqe`.

7<= Zb`djinj Ghn ,Lj.+ Akehn}kbn ah} Tô`fhwebwa} Bàhngbxwj Eðnmlhn 9;;9. Zi`%qhw N. ]innknj Akh Ixd`ô}xnj ah} b}qhxwbsák}mlhn Oxahnqxe} Jwighwq Qðgknjhn9;<=.




=87

Jxqimlqhn ðghw akh Dwijh ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ighw ixml whknjiw nkmlq} thw`bwhn lighn.

Akh Fbeshqhnðghw}mlwhkqxnjhn ah} Jxqimlqhw} ixd nkmlq%

jh}mlkmlq}zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Jhgkhqh li`qhn }kml ehnjhneáÒkj knJwhnhn xnqhw}qwhkmlhn ighw akh Qhnahn ah} Jxqimlqhw} akh Dwi%jh ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ekq knli`q`kmlhn Dwijhn x thwzhml%}h`n.

=. Fxn}qjhwhmlqlhkq ahw Ghjxqimlqxnj

=.9. Dwhklhkq ahw Indinj}thwexqxnj Kn hknhw dwðlhwhn Thwôddhnq`kmlxnj liq ahw Jxqimlqhw akh „dxn%

aiehnqi`h Ghahxqxnj ahw Ei|keh “ah benkgx} axgkqinaxe h}q‛‐,in i``he ex}} jhzhkdh`q zhwahn+ inhwfinnq xna Thwgbq}dbwah%wxnjhn i`} „In}ml`ij jhjhn ai} Swknks ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq}dwhk%lhkq‐ xwðmfjhzkh}hn.7<1 Qhnahnkh`` zkhahwlb`q ahw Jxqimlqhw akh}h Dh}q}qh``xnj ixml kn }hknhe Jxqimlqhn ,]. 99+ dðlwq ohabml}bj`hkml „zhk eôj`kmlhwzhk}h hkn}mlwánfhnah Xe}qánah‐ in,hga.+. Ahw Jxqimlqhw iwjxehnqkhwq h} fônnh dwij`kml }hkn bg akhwiakfi`h Kndwijh}qh``xnj hknhw Qlh}h `hjkqke }hk. ,„V․U fônnqh

ein i`}b dbwex`khwhn? „Mbnqwi h|k}qhnqkie nhjinqhe nbn h}q ak}% sxqiqkb‐ ” ekq hknhe ahw akh H|k}qhn gh}qwhkqhq k}q nkmlq x }qwhk%qhn+ ]. 996 „bg V․U ai} }{}qheiqk}mlh Gheðlhn V․U hkn igzhk%mlhnah} Jh}ieqgk`a x hkmlnhn V․U ifhsqigh` záwh }kml }h`g}qJwhnhn khlhn eð}}qh gz. xw Hknli`qxnj tbn Jwhnhn jh%zxnjhn zhwahn }b``qh.‐ ]. 9=6 „Ighw h} k}q fhknh}zhj} ix}jh%eimlq ai}} VQb`hwin jhjhnðghw wiakfi`hn Whtk}kbnk}ehnU ixmlixd ahnohnkjhn Whtk}kbnk}ex} Inzhnaxnj dknahn fônnqh ahw ke

jinhn bahw kn Qhk`hn “Ix}mlzkq `hxjnhq‛‐ ]. 98.+]sáqhw }qh``q ahw Jxqimlqhw ainn akh Dwijh bg akh Ghkqwájh ke

ghjxqimlqhqhn Gxml „hknhe }b`mlhn Vwiakfi`hnU Whtk}kbnk}ex}xxwhmlnhn }kna‐ ,]. 73 áln`kml ]. 79+. Ixd ]. 7; }mlwhkgq ahw Jxqimlqhw h} }mlhknh „ix}jh}ml`b}}hn x }hkn ixml ahn Ghkqwájhntbn Dixwk}}bn xna Wxab`d ohnhn Mliwifqhw ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kml%fhkq xxjh}qhlhn‐ hnq}mlhkahq }kml ohabml }sáqhw jhjhn akh}hn]mlhkn i`}b dðw akh Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ixml akh}hw Ghkqwájh ,].

7<1 Hwn}q Nb`qh ]qwhkqsxnfqh X``}qhkn Dwinfdxwq" Ghw`kn 9;;= ]. =3<.




=8=

=7+. Zálwhna ahw Jxqimlqhw ghðj`kml ahw Ghkqwájh tbn Dixwk}}bndbwei`h Hknzánah tbwgwknjq ,sb`kqk}mlh Wlhqbwkf gz. „xnðghw%}hlgiwh Sb`hekf‐ ]. 7; áln`kml ]. =9+ }kna h} jhjhnðghw ahn

Ghkqwájhn Wxab`d} swknkskh``h Hknzánah ai ah}}hn Ghkqwájh „dif%qk}ml ixd hknh “@hxjnxnj ah} Lb`bmix}q‛ lknix}V`ixdhnU‐ ,]. 7<+ gz. zhk` Wxab`d „tbn ahw Nkmlq%H|k}qhn V․U hknhw Hna`ô}xnjahw Oxahndwijh‐ ðghwhxjq }hk ,]. 7;+. Ahw Jxqimlqhw }qh``q aiekq ” keehw ke Fbnoxnfqkt ” kn ahn Wixe gh}qkeeqh Indinj}thwex%qxnjhn }hkhn hghn eôj`kmlhwzhk}h abml xnx`á}}kj. H|s`kkq zkwahw ixd ]. 97 zb hw sb}qx`khwq akh Zk}}hn}mlidq }b``h }kml ainn„ekq hknhe Dbw}mlxnj}thwgbq hknthw}qinahn hwf`áwhn‐ zhnn h}

dðw hknh Ghlixsqxnj fhknhw`hk ðghwswðdgiwh Ghzhk}h jhgh xnaziw ix} Jwðnahn „h`hehnqiwhw Skhqáq‐. Akh}hw In}iq }qh``q dwhk%`kml ai} zkmlqkj}qh Jwxnaswknks ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq ixd ahn Fbsdai}} hqzi} náe`kml nxw ainn i`} wkmlqkj injh}hlhn zhwahn finnzhnn h} axwml ðghwswðdgiwh Ghzhk}h thwkdkkhwq k}q. Ah} Jxqiml%qhw} Aiw`hjxnj x hknhe i``jhehknhn Swknks hwlbghn `khdh ohabmlaiwixd lknix}? oh zhnkjhw hknh Ghlixsqxnj ghzhk}giw k}q xe}bxninzhkdh`giwhw k}q }kh xna xe}b zhnkjhw aiwd }kh lknqhwdwijq

zhwahn. Lkhw bddhngiwq ahw Jxqimlqhw hknh bddhn inqkzk}}hn}mlidq%`kmlh oi }bjiw zk}}hn}mlidq}dhkna`kmlh Hkn}qh``xnj akh in ahw Zxwh` }hknhw Thwzkwwxnj `khjhn eij gh}qkeeqh Indinj}thwex%qxnjhn bahw Ix}jinj}l{sbqlh}hn dðw sbqhnqkh`` xnx`á}}kj hwf`á%whn x zb``hn.

Bg ai} ghjxqimlqhqh Gxml Ix}}ijhn hnqlá`q akh ahe Swknksahw dwhkhn Indinj}thwexqxnj zkahw}swhmlhn liq ahw Jxqimlqhw nkmlq xnqhw}xmlq. Akh} k}q axwmlix} nkmlq qwktki` ai hkn hwlhg`kmlhw

Qhk` ahw @kqhwiqxw x akh}he Qlhei ixd akh hknh bahw inahwh Zhk%}h jhwiah }b`mlh inqkzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Qigx% gz. Thwgbq}dbwah%wxnjhn di}q zkh }h`g}qthw}qána`kml fb`sbwqkhwq.

=.7. Hwjhgnk}bddhnlhkq Lkhw k}q kn hw}qhw @knkh tbn Ghahxqxnj bg akh Ixqbwhn ah} gh%

jxqimlqhqhn Gxmlh} }kml klwh Hwjhgnk}}h tbn Awkqqhn tbw}mlwhkghn`i}}hn gz. ekq Ghxj ixd Qwiakqkbn Siwiakjehn Ixqbwkqáqhn

Abjehn Qigx} jh}h``}mlidq`kmlh bahw oxwk}qk}mlh Hwziwqxnj}li`%qxnjhn x}z. Kn zhkqhw @knkh ghqwkddq akh} abjeiqk}mlh Hwf`áwxn%jhn ahw Ixqbwhn }h`g}q blnh Ghxj ixd Awkqqh hqzi knahe gh%




=81

}qkeeqh In}kmlqhn h| miqlhawi i`} xnhw}mlðqqhw`kml zilw xndhl`% giw xnzkahw`hjgiw x}z. hwf`áwq xna"bahw _zhkdh` dðw xneôj`kml gz. dwhth`lidq thwxwqhk`q zhwahn. Ahw Jxqimlqhw liq akh}h Dwijh

nkmlq xnqhw}xmlq. Hw zkwdq ziw hknhe ahw ghkqwijhnahn Ixqbwhn„xnd`h|kg`hn Abjeiqk}ex}‐ tbw ,Dixwk}}bn ]. =3+ ohabml nkmlqekq Ghxj ixd kwjhnazh`mlh fbnfwhqhn ÁxÒhwxnjhn ke ghjxqiml%qhqhn Gxml.

=.=. Gh`hjxnj tbn Qiq}imlhnghlixsqxnjhnAhw Jxqimlqhw ghhkmlnhq „ai} Tbwgwknjhn xngh`hjqhw Ghlixs%

qxnjhn‐ i`} hknh} ahw Fhnnhkmlhn tbn „xnzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlheAbjeiqk}ex}‐ ,]. ;+ xna ke Jhjhn}iq aix akh „ðghwswðdgiwhGhxjnileh ixd inahwh V․U Wh}x`qiqh‐ i`} hkn „dbwei`h} Fwkqhwk%xe‐ ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ,]. 73+. Hw jh}qhlq ahe ghjxqimlqh%qhn Zhwf six}mli` x akh}h} Fwkqhwkxe x hwdð``hn ,hga.+. Hknhzhnkj}qhn} }qkmlswbghniwqkjh Ðghwswðdxnj ahw ke Gxml injhdðlw%qhn Gh`hjh dðw Qiq}imlhnghlixsqxnjhn }mlhknq ahw Jxqimlqhw nkmlqaxwmljhdðlwq x lighn ohahndi``} hwzálnq hw h} nkmlq.

Ixd ahw inahwhn ]hkqh }qh``q ahw Jxqimlqhw }h`g}q Qiq}imlhngh%lixsqxnjhn ðghw ai} ghjxqimlqhqh Gxml gz. ah}}hn Qlhei ixdakh hw nkmlq gh`hjq gz. akh gh`hjqhn Qiq}imlhn xzkahw`ixdhn?

Ixd ]. 1 }mlwhkgq hw akh Ix}}ijh ahw ]]%Eánnhw Wxab`d LôÒxna Fxwq Jhw}qhkn }hkhn „xniglánjkj tbnhkninahw‐ hnq}qinahnáln`kml „Ix}}ijhn ahw Bsdhw hknh} }mlzhwhn Hwaghghn}‐. I``hw%aknj} zxwahn akh Ix}}ijhn tbn LôÒ xna Jhw}qhkn xnqhw ei}}k%the _zinj ,Dwhklhkq}hnqxj Awblxnjhn Ek}}lina`xnjhn Db`%qhw+ jhjhnðghw Ghlôwahn jheimlq akh }mlbn x Fwkhj}hkqhn klwh

Swbsijinaiifqktkqáqhn fbbwaknkhwq liqqhn.

7<8

Akh}h Fbbwakniqkbnnile niml ahe Fwkhj kn Dbwe ahw thw}mlkhahnhn i``kkhwqhn Fbe%ek}}kbnhn ke Wilehn ahw Tbwghwhkqxnjhn dðw akh akthw}hn Niml%fwkhj}swbh}}h }bjiw bddkkh``hn Mliwifqhw in. Ah} Jxqimlqhw}Ehknxnj áln`kml `ixqhnah Ix}}ijhn fônnh ein „zhahw hwdknahnnbml hwzknjhn‐ ,]. 1+ k}q ailhw }bzbl` tô``kj xndxnakhwq i`}ixml bddhnfxnakj ixd ahw di`}mlhn xngh`hjqhn Swáek}}h ahw „Xn%iglánjkjfhkq‐ akh}hw Ix}}ijhn tbnhkninahw ixdjhgixq. Akh zb%

7<8 Tj`. aix Zhwnhw Ei}hw iiB. ,Ine. 7=;+ ]. ==;%=1=6 Haziwa Wbhf I``kha Ziwqkeh Aks`beim{ Zk`h{ Nhz [bwf 9;8< ]. 73;d.




=88

eôj`kml i`} Gh`hj jhaimlqh injhg`kmlh Siwi``h`h tbn Ix}}ijhnakh xnqhw _zinj tbw ekqhkninahw fbeexnkkhwhnahn Ghlôwahnigjh`hjq zxwahn ekq }b`mlhn Ix}}ijhn akh }sbnqin tbn _hxjhn

tbn Niqxwfiqi}qwbslhn igjh`hjq zxwahn `á}}q eknah}qhn} _zhkdh`in ahw Hwn}qlidqkjfhkq ahw Iwjxehnqiqkbn ah} Jxqimlqhw} ixd%fbeehn.

Ixddi``hna k}q ai}} ahw Jxqimlqhw jhwiah ainn zhnn hw }hknhnFbeshqhnghwhkml thw`á}}q aix qhnakhwq Qiq}imlhnghlixsqxn%jhn blnh nimlswðdgiwh Ghzhk}h hkndiml kn ahn Wixe x }qh``hnbgzbl` jhwiah kn }b`mlhn Dá``hn ai} Jhjhnqhk` hwdbwahw`kml záwhxe }kmlhwhn Gbahn xnqhw ahn DðÒhn x ghzilwhn. ]b hqzi }hknh

Ghlixsqxnj qhmlnk}ml Swkekqkthwh} fônnh hddkkhnqhw }hkn i`} Eb%ahwnh} ,]. 71+ akh „Hwf`áwxnj ahw Akddhwhn‐ tbn mlhek}mlhnIni`{}hzhwqhn „`hxmlqhq ixml ahe @ikhn hkn‐ ,]. 7:6 ix} Wxab`d}Ghkqwij jhlq akh}h} Hkn`hxmlqhn nkmlq lhwtbw)+ xna ]innknj xnaGhn zðwahn ghk klwhn ahebjwislk}mlhn Xnqhw}xmlxnjhn tbn„fwkqkfzðwakjhn Swáek}}hn‐ ix}jhlhn gz. x „ehqlbak}ml V․Udwijzðwakjhn Hwjhgnk}}hn‐ fbeehn ,]. 7<+ zbghk ahw Jxqimlqhw h} lkhw }bjiw x hw`áxqhwn xnqhw`á}}q zh`mlh Swáek}}hn ziwxe fwk%

qkfzðwakj gz. zh`mlh Ehqlbahn zh}li`g dwijzðwakj }hkhn.Jwðnah dðw hknh Fwkqkf in Ghn hwjhghn }kml ziw ix} ahe ghjxq%imlqhqhn Gxml nkmlq ighw Jwðnah dðw hknh Fwkqkf in ]innknj. _x%eknah}q akh}h ghaðwdhn ailhw ahw Nhnnxnj xna Hw`áxqhwxnj.

Ixd ahn ]hkqhn ==d. ghlixsqhq ahw Jxqimlqhw akh Whtk}kbnk}qhnhnqzhwqhqhn six}mli` „_hxjhnix}}ijhn kn h|qwhehe Ix}eiÒh‐xna ðgqhn „Abfxehnqhn jhjhnðghw hknh h|h}}kth Fwkqkf‐. Kn kl%whw Six}mli`kqáq k}q akh}h Ghlixsqxnj xngh`hjq. Xnqhw ahn tkh`hn

yxh``hnfwkqk}mlhn Ghkqwájhn ah} ghjxqimlqhqhn Gxmlh} náe`kmllá`q ahw Jxqimlqhw i``hkn ahn tbn Lhwghwq Qkhaheinn dðw hknh „xhknhe H|qwhe‐ jhdðlwqh Abfxehnqhnfwkqkf ,]. 78+. Ðghwakh} záwhx hwziwqhn ai}} ahw Jxqimlqhw xnáml}q hknei` ahdknkhwq igzinn hknh Yxh``hnfwkqkf i`} „h|h}}kt‐ hknxbwanhn k}q zi} hw oh%abml xnqhw`á}}q.

=.1. Ak}fx}}kbn xna Ix}zhk}xnj tbn Jhjhniwjxehnqhn

Ahw Jxqimlqhw ghwðlwq akh}hn Sxnfq nxw qinjhnqki` knahe hw ahe ghjxqimlqhqhn Zhwf xjh}qhlq h} ghkhlh „}kml fhknh}zhj}tbwnhle`kml ixd Zhwfh tbn inahwhn Whtk}kbnk}qhn‐ ,]. 73+. Bg




=84

Jhjhniwjxehnqh hwzálnq xna ak}fxqkhwq zhwahn `á}}q ahw Jxqiml%qhw xnghlinah`q zi} hkn ghaixhw`kmlhw Einjh` k}q.

=.8. ]iml`kmlhw ]swiml}qk` Ahw Jxqimlqhw fwkqk}khwq gh}qkeeqh sb`hek}mlh Qhweknk ,].

73d. 71d.+ akh hw ohabml nkmlq i`} }b zhkqjhlhna ghqwimlqhq ai}}aiaxwml „akh dbwei`hn Fwkqhwkhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq nkmlq hw%dð``q }kna‐ ,]. 79+. I`} Jwxna dðw akh}h Qb`hwin jhjhnðghw jh`h%jhnq`kmlhw Sb`hekf dðlwq hw hknhw}hkq} hkn „qx yxbyxh‐ ,ax ixml+ in,]. 79%78+ }bzkh inahwhw}hkq} ai}} injh}kmlq} ahw „Thw}ml`xnjhn%lhkq zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhw xna sb`kqk}mlhw Ebqkth‐ ixd i``hn ]hkqhnakh}hw Ix}hkninahw}hqxnj hkn jhzk}}h} EiÒ in Sb`hekf gz. sb%`kqk}mlhw Wlhqbwkf „xnthwehkagiw‐ }hk xna nkheinahe „xe Tbw%zxwd jheimlq zhwahn‐ }b``h ,]. =7+.

Ein láqqh }kml dwhk`kml hknh Ghzhwqxnj tbwlinahnhw Sb`hekfhnixdjwxna bgohfqkthw Fwkqhwkhn jhzðn}mlq. Nxw zhk` hkn Jhjnhw }mlkesdq bahw jiw awblq whmlqdhwqkjq akh} nbml ìnjh nkmlq ai}}ein xwðmf}mlkesdq xna %awblq. Lkhw jkgq h} fìwh Jwhnhn akhahw Jxqimlqhw ixd ]. ; ixml inwhkÒq knahe hw hknhn Diniqk}ex} i`}xnzk}}hn}mlidq`kml ghhkmlnhq „ahw hknhn Dhkna thwnkmlqhn zk``‐.Akh fbn}hn}dálkjhn Jwhnhn qb`hwkhwgiwhw Sb`hekfhn `khjhn abwqzb akh Shw}ôn`kmlfhkq}whmlqh Awkqqhw thw`hqq zhwahn hqzi axwmlGh`hkakjxnj Gh}mlkesdxnj Thw`hxeaxnj Ixddbwahwxnj x bahw Gk``kjxnj tbn Jhzi`q% xna Zk``fðweiÒnilehn.

Zhnn xe Ghk}skh` ahw Whtk}kbnk}qhnjhjnhw xna ]skhjh` %Whaifqhxw Dwkqobd Eh{hw ðghw akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn }ijq ein eð}}h„akh Di}mlk}qhn V․U }mlìjhn zb ein }kh qwkddq‐7<4 }b zðwah ixml

hkn Whmlqdhwqkjxnj}thw}xml ekq Ghxj ixd ai} Swknks „qx yxb%yxh‐ hknhn áln`kmlhn whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn Jhzi`qixdwxd jhjhn hqig%`khwqh Lk}qbwkfhw nkmlq aitbw whqqhn fônnhn i`} k``hjkqke xna jwbgxnzk}}hn}mlidq`kml x jh`qhn. Ai}} }b`mlh Thw`hqxnjhn ahw Shw%}ôn`kmlfhkq}whmlqh Awkqqhw ke ghjxqimlqhqhn Gxml tbwfbeehn`hjq ahw Jxqimlqhw nkmlq aiw. Hknkj akh Whswbaxfqkbn hknhw K``x}q%wiqkbn ix} ahe ahxq}mlhn Eáwmlhn tbe „Gwhnnhnahn Six`knmlhn‐lá`q hw dðw „xnjhlôwkj xna dðw hkn Thw}qbÒ jhjhn zk}}hn}mlidq`k%

mlh Ei|kehn‐ ,]. 78+ blnh ohabml x hwf`áwhn ziwxe akh} }b7<4 Bddhnhw Gwkhd tbe 97.7.7331 tj`. J. Wxab`d Tbw`h}xnjhn iiB. ,Ine. 88+ ]. 9:8.




=8:

k}q ahnn akh Whswbaxfqkbn hknhw 983 Oilwh i`qhn zbl`ghfinnqhnK``x}qwiqkbn thw`hqq shw }h nkheinah} Shw}ôn`kmlfhkq}whmlqh. Jinke Jhjhnqhk` akhnq akh K``x}qwiqkbn ahw Hwf`áwxnj ziwxe }b tkh`h

_hxjhn zkahw akh Qiq}imlhn ghlixsqhqhn Ehn}mlhnfôwshw fônn%qhn tbn }h`g}q gwhnnhn xna G`xq }hk hkn jxqhw Gwhnn}qbdd. JinhJhnhwiqkbnhn tbn Hxwbsáhwn zxwahn ke Fknah}i`qhw axwml akh@hfqðwh tbn Eáwmlhn zkh ahe tbe „Gwhnnhnahn Six`knmlhn― }b%ki`k}khwq }b ai}} h} axwmlix} nkmlq tbn ahw Lina x zhk}hn k}qai}} akh}h Jh}mlkmlqh in ahw Gi}k} ohnhw di`}mlhn _hxjhnix}}ijhn`khjq. Akh}h} Ghk}skh` hkjq kn zh`mlhe Ix}eiÒ ahw Jxqimlqhw ixdjwxna }hknhw hkjhnhn ]bki`k}iqkbn xw „Skhqáq‐ ,]. 97+ jhjhn%

ðghw gh}qkeeqhn lk}qbwk}mlhn Ghlixsqxnjhn x hknhw wiqkbni`hnGhxwqhk`xnj hknh} ]imlthwli`q} nkmlq kn ahw @ijh k}q.Kn hknh áln`kmlh Wkmlqxnj ahxqhq ixml ah} Jxqimlqhw} Ghehw%

fxnj hw ligh kn inahwhe _x}ieehnlinj „ehlwhwh Fiwkfiqxwhnjh}hlhn akh tbn }ml`hmlqhe Jh}mleimf hxjhn‐ ,_x}iq ]. 9 ghðj`kml ahw Tkhwqhòilwh}lhdqh dðw dwhkh Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj +.Ðghw Jh}mleimf `á}}q }kml ghfinnq`kml nkmlq }qwhkqhn6 ixd ohahnDi`` ighw k}q Jh}mleimf fhkn Fwkqhwkxe ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq.

Ahw Jxqimlqhw ghhkmlnhq Ghðjh ah} Ixqbw} Iwnx`d Nhxeikhw ixd Si}}ijhn ah} I`qhn Qh}qiehnq} i`} „inqk}hekqk}ml‐ ,]. 71+. Kn}hknhw sbsx`áwhn Ghahxqxnj ghhkmlnhq akh}h} Iaohfqkt Shw}bnhnakh Oxahn ix} hqlnk}mlhn gz. wi}}k}mlhn Jwðnahn swknkskh`` ig%`hlnhn. I`} hknh Xnqhwiwq ah} Wi}}k}ex}tbwzxwd} zkwfq ahw Inqk%}hekqk}ex}tbwzxwd lhxqxqijh ohabml ixd áxÒhw}qh Zhk}h }bkiìx}jwhnhna oi gk}zhk`hn }bjiw h|k}qhnthwnkmlqhna finn i`}bdi``} hw xnghwhmlqkjq k}q i`} k``hjkqkehw Hknjwkdd kn ai} Shw}ôn`kml%

fhkq}whmlq Awkqqhw ghqwimlqhq zhwahn.Ix} Nhxeikhw} ÁxÒhwxnj akh tbe Jxqimlqhw fwkqk}khwq zkwa

eij }kml hknh nhjiqkth Zhwq}mláqxnj gh}qkeeqhw I}shfqh ah}I`qhn Qh}qiehnq} xna aiekq ahw oðak}mlhn Wh`kjkbn hwjhghn. I`%`hwaknj} `á}}q }kml aiwix} nkmlq }ml`x}}db`jhwn Nhxeikhw lhjh ahnOxahn jhjhnðghw hknh wi}}k}mlh gz. wi}}k}qk}mlh Ignhkjxnj swkn%kskh``hw Niqxw. Ai Nhxeikhw }kml hghn}b ig}mláqkj ðghw akhJwxnaìjh ahw mlwk}q`kmlhn Wh`kjkbn áxÒhwq ,hw}qh ]hkqh }hknh} Ghk%

qwijh}+ knahe hw }kml ðghw ahn mlwk}q`kmlhn Ixdhw}qhlxnj}jìxghnebfkhwq zhk}q Nhxeikhw} Sb`hekf hlhw ixd hknh iqlhk}qk}mlh Hkn%




=8<

}qh``xnj i`} ixd Inqk}hekqk}ex} lkn. Ohahndi``} }b``qhn akh}mlzhwzkhjhnahn Tbwzðwdh ah} Jxqimlqhw} gh}}hw ghjwðnahqzhwahn xe nkmlq }h`g}q kn ahn Thwaimlq x jhwiqhn sb`hek}mlhw

Niqxw x }hkn.Ixd áln`kmlh Zhk}h fwkqk}khwgiw k}q ah} Jxqimlqhw} Ghnxqxnjahw Ghjwkddh „@hxjnhw‐ gz. „@hxjnxnj― ke _x}ieehnlinj ekqahe Lb`bmix}q%Whtk}kbnk}ex} ,]. 9 98 78 7:d.+. „@hxjnhn‐ k}qai} Gh}qwhkqhn zkahw gh}}hwh} Zk}}hn ekqlkn hknh Xnqhwfiqhjbwkhah} @ðjhn}. Hknhn Ehn}mlhn hknhn „@hxjnhw‐ x nhnnhn }qh``qhkn ebwi`k}mlh} Zhwqxwqhk` aiw xna k}q ailhw sbqhnqkh`` jhnix}b gh%`hkakjhna zkh oheinahn hknhn „@ðjnhw‐ x lhkÒhn. ]bìnjh h}

nkmlq xeknah}q Knakkhn aidðw jkgq ai}} hkn Ehn}ml hnqjhjhn}hknhe hkjhnhn Zk}}hn hqzi} gh}qwhkqhq k}q h} hknh Thw`hqxnj}hknhw Shw}ôn`kmlfhkq}whmlqh kln hknhn @hxjnhw x nhnnhn. I``hw%aknj} ex}} ixml hwzálnq zhwahn ai}} ahw Jxqimlqhw kn DxÒnbqh7= ,]. 19+ fìw}qh``q ai}} akh whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh Ghlixsqxnj tbn ahw Ji}fieehwqlh}h i`} Fwkhj}swbsijinai „fhknh}di``} tbn tbwnlh%whkn i`} hkn Ghzhk} tbn `ðjhnlidqhw Jh}knnxnj jh`qhn‐ fônnh xnakn }hknhe _x}iq tbe 8.7.7334 }qh``q hw wkmlqkj?

„Ah}li`g gkn kml }bjiw ahe Ghjwkdd “@hxjnxnj ah} Lb`bmix}q‛jhjhnðghw }fhsqk}ml. Hw }hqq oi ahn Fwkqk}khwqhn tbn tbwnlhwhknlhwig zhk` hw kle akh tb``h Fhnnqnk} ah} dðw ahn Fwkqkfhw “Zil%whn‛ x}mlwhkgq xna kle i`}b ahn jxqhn Jìxghn ig}swkmlq.‐ ,_x%}iq ]. 8+

=.4. Yxh``hnfwkqkf @bghnah Zbwqh dknahq ahw Jxqimlqhw dðw akh tbn akthw}hn ghk%

qwijhnahn Ixqbwhn ah} ghjxqimlqhqhn Gxmlh} axwmljhdðlwqhnYxh``hnfwkqkfhn ,Fôl`hw Obwain Nh{ Zhmfhwq Zi`hna{ Gi`` Nhxeikhw ]. 79%7= 78+ akh hkn „Fbnqwisxnfq x hknhe ahw ixd%dá``kj}qhn ]mlzimlsxnfqh ahw hqig`khwqhn @kqhwiqxw‐ }hkhn ,]. 77+.I``hkn akh Yxh``hnfwkqkf axwml L. Qkhaheinn xe Qlhei „Gigko[iw‐ hw}mlhknq ahe Jxqimlqhw i`} hknh „x hknhe H|qwhe jhdðlw%qh‐ Fwkqkf ahw hw ahnnbml akh @hjkqkekqáq nkmlq ig}swkmlq ,„hknThwdilwhn ai} V․U nkmlq ix}jh}siwq zhwahn }b``qh.‐ ]. 78+.

]sáqhw hwf`áwq ahw Jxqimlqhw ohabml hw li`qh ai} yxh``hnfwkqk%}mlh Thwdilwhn ahw Whtk}kbnk}qhn dðw „jwbg hkn}hkqkj xna kn}bdhwnxnx`á}}kj‐ ,]. ==+ zhk` }kh ekq klwhw „h|h}}kthn Fwkqkf‐ in _hx%




=43

hknhw Ðghwswðdxnj hnqkhlhn zi} hghn}b liw}mlh whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhFwkqkf lhwtbwwxdq. Ahw Jxqimlqhw }h`g}q ghjhlq akh}hn diqi`hn xn%zk}}hn}mlidq9kmlhn Dhl`hw knahe hw akh Qlh}h ixd}qh``q hkn Thw%

gwhmlhn dðw ai} h} fhknh Ghzhk}h jhgh eð}}h ix} Skhqáq i`}b ix}Dwôeekjfhkq i`} zilw injhnbeehn zhwahn ,]. 97+. Hknh Qlh}hx ghlixsqhn ahwhn Hkjhn}mlidqhn náe`kml ai} Dhl`hn tbn Gh%zhk}hn klwh Ðghwswðdxnj `bjk}ml xneôj`kml eimlq k}q ighw jwbgxnzk}}hn}mlidq`kml ai }kh ahwiwq jhjhn Zkahw`hjxnj}thw}xmlhkeexnk}khwq zkwa.

H} finn oi ex}} ailhw jh}ml`b}}hn zhwahn ai}} ahw Jxqimlqhw akh}h zh}hnq`kmlhn I}shfqh ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ah}li`g

nkmlq xnqhw}xmlq ” bahw eôj`kmlhwzhk}h nbml nkmlq hknei` fhnnq2 ” zhk` hw hghn }h`g}q Qhk` akh}hw hqig`khwqhn Xnzk}}hn}mlidq`kml%fhkq k}q.

_x`hqq láqqh ein }kml jhzðn}mlq ahw Jxqimlqhw láqqh }hknheJxqimlqhn hknhn }{}qheiqk}mlhn Ixdgix jhjhghn ” hghn}b hknEhwfei` ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq) ” hqzi knahe hw indinj} gh%jwðnahq aiwjh`hjq láqqh zh`mlh Fwkqhwkhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkqhw dðw wh`htinq lá`q xe akh}h ainn i`} Eh}}`iqqh ahn hknh`nhn

Ghkqwájhn ah} ghjxqimlqhqhn Gxmlh} inx`hjhn.

M. ]ml`x}}db`jhwxnjhn

Ahw Jxqimlqhw liq ” ke Zh}hnq`kmlhn ai} Qlhei }hknh} Jxqimlqhn}ixdqwijh} thw%

dhl`q knahe }kml hqzi zhk Awkqqh` ah} Jxqimlqhn} nkmlq ekqahe Ixdqwij}qlhei ghdi}}hn6

” }hknh Fbeshqhnjwhnhn i`} Jxqimlqhw ðghw}mlwkqqhn knahe hw }kml x Qlhehn áxÒhwq dðw akh hw niml hkjhnhn Injighn fhknH|shwqh k}q gz. akh }bjiw ix} tô``kj iwqdwheahn Ak}ks`knhn}qieehn6

” }hknhn Ixdqwij nkmlq fxn}qjhwhmlq axwmljhdðlwq knahe hw zh%}hnq`kmlh I}shfqh ah} Jxqimlqhn}ixdqwijh} ” akthw}h Fwkqhwkhnahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ” ix}`á}}q xna }h`g}q zkhahwlb`q xnaekqxnqhw ixd ei}}kth Zhk}h jhjhn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Swknk% skhn thw}qôÒq.




=49

Ai} Jxqimlqhn }bzkh ahw Jxqimlqhw }kna ailhw i`} ján`kml xn%jhhkjnhqh Ghzhk}ekqqh` igx`hlnhn.

Jhweiw Wxab`d Lhkah`ghwj 71.7.733:

Nimlqwij

Ai} bgkjh Xwqhk` k}q liw}ml. H} eij }bjiw xndikw }hkn ahnnSwbd. Aw. Hwn}q Nb`qh liq }hkn Jxqimlqhn ðghw „ehkn‐ Gxml nkmlqdðw akh k}b`khwqhn Thwzhnaxnj hknkjhw zhnkjhw Wkmlqhw thwdi}}qakh hkn Jxqimlqhn ðghw akh Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq hwzðn}mlqhn xnazkh ehkn Gxml ai lknhknsi}}q. Swbd. Nb`qh ziw }kml }hlw zbl` gh%

zx}}q ai}} akh}h} Jxqimlqhn jh`hjhnq`kml in akh Ôddhnq`kmlfhkqjh`injhn zðwah xna ai}} akh} akh zilwh Ghzálwxnj}swbgh }hknhw Ghzhwqxnj }hkn zðwah? zkh zðwahn akh i``jhehknh Ôddhnq`kmlfhkqxna }hknh Jhjnhw kn ahw ifiahek}mlhn Zh`q }bzkh kn ahn Ehakhnixd }hknh exqkjh ” bahw `hkmlq}knnkjh2 ” Thwqhkakjxnj hknh} ahw ie ehk}qhn thwxnj`kesdqhn Lb`bmix}q%@hxjnhw whijkhwhn2 Ailhw k}q Nb`qh} Jxqimlqhn kn hw}qhw @knkh hkn Thw}xml ahw ]h`g}qwhmlq%dhwqkjxnj thwdi}}q kn hknhw Zhk}h xe akh Injwkddh akh hw tbn }hk%

nhn Jhjnhwn xna Dhknahn hwziwqhq tbwghxjhna igxzhlwhn. Xnai`} }b`mlh} eij ein h} zbl` i`} Ehk}qhw}qðmf in}hlhn.




=47

Inlinj 1? Thwdi}}xnj}zkawkjh}Jh}mlkmlq}akfqiq

Jðnqhw Ghwqwie?

Ahw Whmlq}}qiiq xna }hknh Tb`f}thwlhqxnj}%Nbth``h/

Ahw Gxnah}qij liq ª 9=3 ]qJG ahw „Tb`f}thwlhqxnj‐ xn%

qhw ]qwidh }qh``q ke Hk`thwdilwhn thw}mláwdq xe thwehknq`k%

mlhn Qijh}ghaðwdnk}}hn Whmlnxnj x qwijhn. Zh`mlh Whmlq}%

jðqhw ahw Jh}hqjhghw jhjhn zh`mlh Injwkddh kn zh`mlhn

Jwhnhn }mlðqhn zb``qh ziw }mlbn 9;;1 ghk ahw Nhxdi}}xnjah} Siwijwidhn xnf`iw xna xe}qwkqqhn jhg`khghn6 akh ohqkjh

Nbth``h thwqkhdq akh _zhkdh`. ª 9=3 ]qJG hnqlá`q kwwhjx`áwh}

Ix}nileh}qwidwhmlq xna }qhlq aiekq xna kn}bzhkq x Thwdi}%

}xnj}whmlq xna Ehknxnj}dwhklhkq ke Zkahw}swxml. Ahw Jh%

}hqjhghw ex}} }kml lkhw x hknhw Wkmlqxnj}ánahwxnj axwml%

wknjhn xna ” ðghw 43 Oilwh niml ahe Hnah ah} „Awkqqhn Whk%

mlh}‐ ” hknhn zhkq tbwinjhqwkhghnhn ahxq}mlhn ]bnahwzhj

thw`i}}hn xe x ahn nbwei`hn EiÒ}qághn hknh} `kghwi`hnWhmlq}}qiiq} xwðmfxdknahn.

K. Hkn`hkqxnj

Hkn I}}bkiqkbn}qh}q xe ]qkmlzbwq „Tb`f}thwlhqxnj‐ zðwahthwexq`kml hknh thwzkwwhnah Dð``h tbn Niehn ixd ai} Siskhw ix% ghwn6 xna ahw Qh}q zðwah }xg}qinkh`` akh thwgwhkqhqh Ehknxnj bd%dhngiwhn ai}} ein hkn siiw swhfáwh Qlhehn ghk xn} ôddhnq`kml

nkmlq in}mlnhkahn bahw ðghw }kh ohahndi``} ghk Jhdilw ahw Ámlqxnjnxw whahn aðwdh zkh hkn Dhwn}hlebahwiqbw. Ai}} akh}h} Xwqhk` xbghwd`áml`kml xna ahw Siwijwid gh}}hw k}q i`} }hkn Wxd ánahwqnkmlq} aiwin ai}} hknkjh }hknhw H`hehnqh ahw nbqbwk}mlhn Swi|k}Tbw}mlxg `hk}qhn kln kn sb`kqk}mlhn Ix}hkninahw}hqxnjhn i`}Fhx`h x thwzhnahn.

/ Jðnqhw Ghwqwie Nhxh Oxwk}qk}mlh Zbmlhn}mlwkdq 7338 Lhdq 79 ]. 91:4”91:<. Ke In%}ml`x}} in Sb}mlhw NOZ 7338 ]. 9=94. ” Ahw Ixqbw ziw x`hqq Tbw}kqhnahw Wkmlqhw ie @J Liegxwj.




=4=

KK. Akh Nhxdi}}xnj

Axwml Jh}hq tbe 71.=.73389 k}q ahe ª 9=3 ]qJG hkn zhkqhwhw ,tkhwqhw+ Ig}iq injhdðjq zbwahn ahw ìxqhq?

ª 9=3. ,1+ Ekq Dwhklhkq}}qwidh bahw ekq Jhà}qwidh zkwa gh}qwidqzhw ôddhnq`kml bahw kn hknhw Thw}iee`xnj ahn ôddhnq`kmlhn Dwkh%ahn kn hknhw akh Zðwah ahw Bsdhw thw`hqhnahn Zhk}h aiaxwml}qôwq ai}} hw akh niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlh Jhzi`q% xna Zk``fðwlhww%}mlidq gk``kjq thwlhww`kmlq bahw whmlqdhwqkjq ․

Akh}h Nhxdi}}xnj k}q ie 78.=.7338 kn Fwidq jhqwhqhn.

KKK. Tbwjh}mlkmlqh

Akh Xezina`xnj ah} i`qhn Vinqkfbeexnk}qk}mlhnU Fì}}hn%fiesd%Siwijwidhn kn hknh ” fnissh xna nbml khe`kml fìwh ” ]qwidnbwe jhjhn Tb`f}thwlhqxnj axwml Jh}hq tbe 1. <. 9;437 ziw hknh Whifqkbn ixd gh}qðwhnah Qijh}ifqxi`kqáqhn jhzh}hn=.Oilwhlnqh }sáqhw liqqh hkn jìqqh} Ek}}thw}qhlhn ah} }b jhninnqhnhw}qhn Ahmfhwq%Xwqhk`} ah} GJL tbe Dwðloilw 9;;11 xw Db`jhai}} akh Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq xna ahw Jh}hqjhghw innilehn hknh

Ix}mlzkq%@hxjnxnj fônnh nkmlq gh}qwidq zhwahn zi} ighw nkmlqxqwid. H} ziw náe`kml `ánj}q ” nbqighnh? fxw tbw ahe <. 8. 9;<8ahe 13. Oilwh}qij ahw ahxq}mlhn Fiskqxìqkbn) ” ª 9;1 ]qJG ai%lkn jhánahwq zbwahn ai}} akh @hxjnxnj }b`mlhw N]%Thwgwhmlhntbn Ieq} zhjhn i`} Gh`hkakjxnj thwdb`jgiw ziw 8. Ahw GJL liqqhai} qiqwkmlqhw`kmlh Ahmfhwq%Xwqhk` `hakj`kml ah}li`g ixdjhlbghnzhk` ziw akh Gh`hkakjxnj nkmlq ighw aiwðghw lknix} ixml akh Hw%}mlzhwxnj ahw thw`hxeahwk}mlhn Lhqh ,}bj. yxi`kdkkhwqh

Ix}mlzkq`ðjh niml ª 9=3 9 ]qJG+ qiqwkmlqhw`kml dh}qjh}qh``q zbw%ahn ziw. Akh ðghw}mláxehnah Hesôwxnj ke Kn% xna Ix}ìna ighw `khÒ }kml axwml fhknhw`hk Hwf`áwxnj ehlw aáesdhn }bnahwn i``hn%di``} axwml hknhn hnq}ml`b}}hnhn zhnnj`hkml }iml`kml ðghwd`ð}}k%jhn Ghfhnnqnk}ifq ah} Jh}hqjhghw}4. ]b zxwah swbesq ” }mlbnke Bfqbghw 9;;1 ” ahe ª9=3 ]qJG hkn nhxhw Ig}iq = injhdðjq:.Ohqq ziw akh hkndimlh @hxjnxnj Gk``kjxnj xna Thwliwe`b}xnjix} abssh`qhe Jwxnah }qwidgiw? i`} Gh`hkakjxnj ekq gk} x hknhe

Oilw xna i`} Tb`f}thwlhqxnj ekq gk} x dðnd Oilwhn. Ekq hknhw kn%qhwh}}inqhn Ghjwhnxnj? }bki`h Iaáyxin }mlwánfqh ahn Qiqgh%




=41

}qina ailkn hkn ai}} Thwsônqh} }bzhkq xnqhw inahwhe ahw }qiiq}% gðwjhw`kmlhn Ixdf`áwxnj bahw áln`kmlhn _zhmfhn akhn`kml hwìxgq g`khg<.

Jxq hln Oilwh }sáqhw }qina akh Sb`kqkf ” }qinahn Siwqhkhn Siw%ìehnq xna Whjkhwxnj }qina akh ahxq}mlh Ôddhnq`kmlfhkq ” tbw ahw ginjhn Dwijh zkh ahw 43. Oilwh}qij ah} Fwkhj}hnah} ie <. 8.7338 ekq lhk`hw Lixq x ðghw}qhlhn }hk. Injh}kmlq} hw}mlwhmfhn%ahw NSA%D`hjh`hkhn ke }áml}k}mlhn @inaqij xna ahw ghawánjhn%ahn Ix}}kmlq xe fwkqk}mlhn Aiqxe ie Dhwn}hl}mlkwe hw`hghn xeð}}hn zkh Fb`bnnhn sôgh`nahw Nhbnik} }kml tbw ahe Ghw`knhw Lb`bmix}q%Eilnei` x}ieehnwbqqhqhn xna axwml ai} Gwinahn%

gxwjhw Qbw eiw}mlkhwqhn }mlkhn fìw x }hkn ai}} jhjhn }b`mlhXeqwkhgh hqzi} jh}mlhlhn eð}}h. Ighw zi}2 Lk`dh thw}swiml hknhÁnahwxnj ah} Thw}iee`xnj}whmlq} akh i``hwaknj} }qwidwhmlq`kmldìnfkhwq zhwahn }b``qh ” axwml hwnhxqh Thw}mláwdxnjhn ah} ª 9=3]qJG. _ziw ziwhn Li}}swhakjq Lb`bmix}q%@hxjnxnj }bzkh ohj`k%mlh Thwzhnaxnj tbn Nik}{egb`hn bahw %siwb`hn; `ánj}q thwgb%qhn6 ighw knzk}mlhn zx}}qh ein ai}} akh „Nhb}‐ nkmlq nxw axee xna axesd }bnahwn ixml }mlìx xna jhwk}}hn ziwhn xna

ii`jìqq axwml Jh}hqh}`ðmfhn x }ml`ðsdhn thw}qinahn6 akh ziwhni`}b x }qbsdhn. Ie 99.7.7338 }qh``qh akh Gxnah}ox}qkeknk}qhwknhknh Jh}hqh}knkqkiqkth tbw xna thwìxqhqh ai}} }kml ahw ]qiiq gk}%ìnj zhjhn ah} lblhn Winj} ahw Ehknxnj}% xna Thw}iee`xnj}%dwhklhkq ekq ahwhn Hkn}mlwánfxnj }mlzhw jhqin ligh nxn ighw ” ixml i`} ]kjni` in oxnjh Ehn}mlhn ” @ðmfhn }ml`khÒhn eð}}hxnqhw inahwhe axwml hknhn nhxhn Ig}iq ah} ª 9=3 ]qJG ahex%db`jh gh}qwidq zhwah „zhw kn hknhw Zhk}h akh jhhkjnhq k}q ahn ôd%

dhnq`kmlhn Dwkhahn x }qôwhn ôddhnq`kml bahw kn hknhw Thw}iee%`xnj akh niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlh Jhzi`q% xna Zk``fðwlhww}mlidq thw%lhww`kmlq bahw thwliwe`b}q‐93. Thwlhww`kmlhn `khjh ixml ainn tbwzhnn N]%Xnwhmlq}thwlá`qnk}}h kn hknhe sb}kqkthn Ghzhwqxnj}x%

}ieehnlinj hw}mlkhnhn bahw zhnn aighk sb}kqkth Zhwqifhnqh jh}hqq zðwahn xna }qwidgiwh Gk``kjxnj fônnh ixml xnqhw Tbwgh%li`q bahw fbnf`xahnq hwdb`jhn. Jknj ai} tkh``hkmlq in akh ]xg}qinhknkjhw Jwxnawhmlqh2 Aiwðghw jig h} ixml knnhwli`g ahw Whjkh%

wxnj}fbi`kqkbn hk`kjh Ahgiqqhn ighw }mlbn hknhn Ebniq }sáqhw




=48

si}}khwqh akh Nbth``h ” `hkmlq igjhzinah`q zkh hw}kmlq`kml ” akhig}ml`khÒhnahn Siwìehnq}`h}xnjhn.97

KT. Dwheafôwshw ke ̀ kghwi`hn Whmlq}}qiiq29. ª 9=3 KKK ]qJG

Kn ahw @kqhwiqxw dknahn }kml jhzkmlqkjh _zhkdh` }mlbn aiwin bg}kml dðw ahn ,ohqq xnthwánahwqhn+ Ig}iq = ah} ª 9=3 ]qJG hknwhmlq`kml `hjkqkekhwgiwh} ]mlxqjxq dknahn `á}}q.

K}q h} akh Hlwh ahw Bsdhw ahw ôddhnq`kmlh Dwkhah ahw Jwxna%fbn}hn} i``hw Ahebfwiqhn hkn in}qánakjh} sb`kqk}mlh} F`kei ix%Òhnsb`kqk}mlh Ghìnjh bahw akh jh}mlkmlq`kmlh Zilwlhkq2 Dðw @hqqhwh x }bwjhn k}q ]qwidwhmlq jhzk}} xnqixj`kml ” ighw ixmltbn ahn inahwhn L{sbqlh}hn `á}}q }kml ohah ekq qwkdqkjhe Jwxna knDwijh }qh``hn9=. Xna zi} lhkÒq gk``kjhn tbw i``he ixml `hxjnhn91 xna thwliwe`b}hn ” bgohfqkt xna }xgohfqkt2 _kh`q akh Tbw}mlwkdqnxw ixd ahn Gô}hn ixml ixd ahn Axeehn xna ahn ahw `hkmlqdhw%qkj bahw nikt nimlsìsshwq2 Zi} jk`q dðw Ðghwhxjxnj}qáqhw2 Hknqhk`zhk}h} @hxjnhn hwdð``h ahn Ghjwkdd ah} Thwliwe`b}hn} hnq%}mlkha ahw GJL ie 77.97.733198 zhnn ahw Qáqhw akh jh}mlkmlq`k%mlhn Qiq}imlhn kn klwhe zilwhn Jhzkmlq thw}ml`hkhwh jhjhnðghw ahe jh}mlkmlq`kml inhwfinnqhn Xedinj ah} Ei}}hnebwa} akh Bs%dhwil`hn lhwxnqhwwhmlnh akh jh}mlkmlq`kml dh}q}qhlhnah ” ai}lhkÒq fwidq gk}lhwkjhw i`} jh}kmlhwq jh`qhnahw Hwfhnnqnk}}h ” Jwô%Òhnbwanxnj nkmlq nxw ke Winaghwhkml kn Dwijh }qh``h ․ Ai}`hxmlqhq nxw ixd ahn hw}qhn G`kmf hkn ahnn lkhw finn nkmlq} inah%wh} jh`qhn i`} }bn}q kn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq? Akh Jwhnhn ahw Hw%

fhnnqnk} `khjhn nkh dh}q ixml nkmlq ghðj`kml ahw Bsdhwil`hn knIx}mlzkq94 akh ke @ixdh ahw _hkq jin bddkkh`` tbn hqzi tkhw Ek``kbnhn ixd hknh Ek``kbn fbwwkjkhwq zbwahn }kna xna akh qiq}áml%`kml tkh``hkmlq aiwðghw tkh``hkmlq ighw ixml aiwxnqhw jh`hjhn li% ghn9:. Zhw finn lkhw thwgkna`kml hknhn Winaghwhkml gh}qkeehnzhw akh Jwhnhn ah} Jh}kmlhwqhn ig}qhmfhn2 Ahw Qiqgh}qina ah} ª9=3 KKK ]qJG zkwdq }b`mlh xna tkh`h zhkqhwh Dwijhn ixd ahnhn lkhw ighw nkmlq nimljhjinjhn zhwahn finn.

Ai} xejwhkdhnah Swbg`he bg akh Tb`f}thwlhqxnj tbw ahw thwdi}}xnj}whmlq`kml jiwinqkhwqhn Ehknxnj}dwhklhkq gh}qhlhn finn`á}}q ziw ixml ahwhn Ig}áqh 9 xna 7 nkmlq xnghwðlwq k}q dwhk`kml




=44

abwq axwml hknh Ix}`hjxnj akh ke _zhkdh` ai} dwhkh Zbwq xnjh%fwánfq `á}}q zbl` nbml `ô}giw 9<. Ahn Ig}iq = ighw qwkddq akh Swbg%`heiqkf ekq tb``hw Zxmlq? Akh Ehknxnj}dwhklhkq gh}kqq ahn lblhn

Winj ahn klw ai} GThwdJ ke @ðql%Xwqhk` tbe 98.9.9;8< gh}mlhk%nkjq liqqh9; ” ekq jhwiahx gh}mlzôwhnahn Zbwqhn)73 ” lhxqhnkmlq zhnkjhw i`} aiei`}.

Ai} GThwdJ liq gk}ìnj nbml fhknh Jh`hjhnlhkq jhnbeehn ª9=3 KKK ]qJG thwdi}}xnj}whmlq`kml x swðdhn79? ghehwfhn}zhwqinjh}kmlq} ahw knzk}mlhn hwlbghnhn xna }kml ixdawánjhnahn Gh%ahnfhn.‣

7. Akh Nbth``khwxnj ah} Ig}iqh} 1

H} k}q eðÒkj x swðdhn bg ixml akh}hw Ig}iq ghk áxÒhw}q wh}q%wkfqkthw Ix}`hjxnj }hknh} Zbwqìxq} i`} nbml thwdi}}xnj}fbndbwex whqqhn záwh. Akh Gxnah}ox}qkeknk}qhwkn }h`g}q náe`kml liq ahnZk``hn ah} Jh}hqjhghw} ekq klwhn bghn kqkhwqhn xna inahwhnIx}`hjxnj}lknzhk}hn x Swbqbfb`` jhjhghn akh di}q gh`khgkjhWhk}hn kn} Gìxh `hjkqkekhwhn zðwahn. Hghn}b dwxmlq`b} záwh h}}kml ixml lkhw hwnhxq xe akh Ahdknkqkbn lhwfôee`kmlhw ]mlxqjð%

qhw x eðlhn. Akh siwìehnqiwk}mlhn ]siqhn sdhkdhn h} tbn ahnAámlhwn ai}} h} akh sink}mlh Inj}q tbw Gkàhwn xna Ghwkmlqhn ” kn}gh}bnahwh tbe <.8.7338 kn Ghw`kn ,„zkahwzáwqkj xnhwqwáj`kml}mláa`kml }mlána`kml jhehkn ․)‐+ ” xna hknhw zh`qzhkqhn Hnq%wð}qxnj ziw ahw akh G`kqifqkbn x thwainfhn k}q. Finn ahw Jh%}hqjhghw akh Gkàhwd`xq xn}hwhw Ehakhnjh}h``}mlidq }qhxhwn2 ” bd%dhngiw xneôj`kml) @i}}hn }kml tbn Whmlq} zhjhn }mlána`kmlhxnhwqwáj`kmlh Ehknxnj}áxÒhwxnjhn thwgkhqhn2 Ai} GThwdJ liq

ai} fðw`kml77

xnqhw Lknzhk} ixd Iwq 8 K 9 JJ ,Ehknxnj}dwhklhkq+ekq jwbÒhw Hnq}mlkhahnlhkq thwnhknq? Ixml zhw Lkq`hw} ]mlxà ieIx}gwxml ah} _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhj} sxg`kk}qk}ml gh}qwhkqh }qhlhxnqhw akh}he Thwdi}}xnj}}mlxq.7= Ai} k}q ai} fwidqtb``h i`qh Si%qlb} ah} @ðql%Xwqhk`} nkmlq ahw g`hkmlh sb`kqk}ml fbwwhfqh _xn%jhn}mlìj ah} _hkqjhk}qh} ahe dðw ai} Zijnk} hknhw dwhklhkq`kml%bddhnhn ” xna ah}li`g ixml wk}finqhn ” Bwanxnj ohah} Thw}qána%nk} dhl`q71.

‣ Ie 1.99.733; liq ai} Gxnahw}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq ahn ª9=3 Ig}. KT ]qJG i`} thwdi}%}xnj}fbndbwe igjh}hjnhq tj`. Ine. 77<6 J.W.




=4:

T. Ix}g`kmf

Ai} ahxq}mlh Ix}mlzkq%Qigx k}q axwml akh ]mlbil xqkhd}q ghjwðnahq xna `hjkqkekhwq78. ª 9=3 KKK ]qJG dwhk`kml jhlôwq x ahn

dwijzðwakjhn Fbn}hyxhnhn akh lkhw jhbjhn zbwahn }kna6 xna}hknh Ðghwqwijxnj ixd „Qwiginqhn%Qigx}‐ ,K}hn}hh+? di}q gh`khgkjhinahwh Qlhehn akh ekq ahw N]%_hkq ah}li`g kn Thwgknaxnj jh% gwimlq zhwahn zhk` Lhww}mlidq ke Ak}fxw} ðghw }kh jhzbnnhnzhwahn }b`` thwjkdqhq ai} sb`kqk}mlh xna jhk}qkjh F`kei. Ixml ahw nhxh Ig}iq 1 }qh``q hknh }b`ml‛ zhkdh`lidqh Zhkqhwxnj aiw ahwhnJwxnaeinjh` ixml axwml wh}qwkfqkth Ix}`hjxnj fixe lhk`giw zá%wh. Gwxjjhw mliwifqhwk}khwq ª 9=3 KKK ]qJG xqwhddhna i`} ahxq}mlh}

]bnahwdi``%Jh}hq74 ah}}hn h|bwgkqinq%hknei`kjh Thwinì}}xnj i`%`hkn h} lkhw jh}qiqqhn fônnqh Thwdi}}xnj}whmlq ix}nile}zhk}h ghk}hkqh x }mlkhghn. Zhnn ein ahe x}qkeeq ex}} ein x%j`hkml ghahnfhn ai}} ohahndi``} lhxqh ðghw 43 Oilwh niml aheHnah ahw N]%Lhww}mlidq akh _hkq lhwinwhkdq akh}hn ]bnahwzhj ghlxq}ie x thwì}}hn. Nxw akh} xna nkmlq hknh ” di}q jwhnhn`b}h) ” nhxh Ix}zhkqxnj ahw Nbwe finn hwn}qlidq xw Ahgiqqh }qhlhn.Ahw Thw}xml ighw ” jin ke Jhjhnqhk` ” }bjiw inahwh hxwbsák%

}mlh bahw ixÒhwhxwbsák}mlh @ánahw dðw akh ghk xn} hnqzkmfh`qhn]shki`tbw}qh``xnjhn kn Sd`kmlq x nhlehn xna xe Ghk}skh`zh`qzhkq ai} Lifhnfwhx ámlqhn x ì}}hn7: exqhq jh}shn}qk}mlin ․

Zkwa ahw Jh}hqjhghw akh Fwidq xe Xe}qhxhwn ixdgwknjhn2Bahw jin ke Jhjhnqhk` ahe ª 9=3 ]qJG ðghw fxw bahw ìnj hknhzhkqhwh Hqijh ind`kmfhn oh niml ifqxh``hn Qijh}ghaðwdnk}}hn zkhh} }mlbn Qwiakqkbn k}q xna Ghkdi`` ohahndi``} dðlwhnahw Ehakhnthw}swkmlq2 Ainn záwh i``hndi``} ai} GThwdJ nbml hknh `hqqhLbddnxnj.

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Xn}mlxà x ghqhxhwn xna ixd Dwhk}swxml x }hqhn. Abml xeAhi`hn gwixmlq ein hknhn Thwqhkakjhw ahw ghke Jhwkmlq kn lblheIn}hlhn }qhlq xna hkn }b`mlhw ghdina }kml nkmlq kn ehknhe Qwkb.Ai ziw jxqhw Wiq qhxhw.

Hw}mlzhwhna fie hqzi tkhw Ebniqh tbw Thwlina`xnj}ghjknnlknx ai}} akh Hlhdwix ehknh} Sd`kmlqthwqhkakjhw} @xazkj Gbmf in Lkwnfwhg} hwfwinfq ziw }b ai}} ehkn Sd`kmlqthwqhkakjhw gk} hq%zi xw Ekqqh ahw Lixsqthwlina`xnj di}q tô``kj ix}dkh`. H} ex}}qh

i`}b hkn nhxhw whsxqkhw`kmlhw Inzi`q lhw.

KKK. Ahw Ahi`

Kn akh}hw @ijh liqqh hknh Xnqhw}qðqhwkn zhk Ebniqh tbw Thw%lina`xnj}ghjknn akh „]mlnis}kahh‐ ahn ghwðleqhn ahxq}mlhn]qwidthwqhkakjhw Wb`d Gb}}k x dwijhn bg hw ehknhn Di`` ðghwnhl%ehn zðwah. Zkahw i``h Hwziwqxnjhn }ijqh akh}hw qiq}áml`kml x ohabml zxwah ai} Einaiq hw}q ifqkt i`} kml ekq ehknhn Hknì}%}xnjhn kn ahw Lixsqthwlina`xnj }mlbn dhwqkj ziw ahnn akh Fbw%wh}sbnahn ekq ahw Fin`hk Gb}}k liqqh }kml zhjhn ahw xnnôqkjìnjzkhwkjhn wkmlqhw`kmlhn _hn}xw ,ekqxnqhw di}q zhk Ebniqh@ixdhkq dðw hknhn Gwkhd)+ ðghw tkhw Ebniqh lknjhbjhn. Akh}h@ijh liqqh dwhk`kml ahn Tbwqhk` dðw ekml ai}} Gb}}k ekml nkmlqehlw ghk ehknhn Hknì}}xnjhn }qôwhn fbnnqh xna dðw Gb}}k ai}}hw }kml nkmlq x }qiwf ôddhnq`kml h|sbnkhwhn ex}}qh. Qiq}áml`kml}kjni`k}khwqh Gb}}k} Fin`hk ein zðwah jiw nkmlq ehlw kn}Lixsqthwdilwhn hknjwhkdhn }bnahwn nxw akh Whtk}kbn ah} in}qh%lhnah Xwqhk`} xna hthnqxh`` hknh Thwdi}}xnj}gh}mlzhwah axwml%dðlwhn zb``hn.

I`} kml hknhe oðnjhwhn Fb``hjhn ix} Gb}}k} Fin`hk ghk ah}%}hn Gh}xml ke Jhdánjnk} Hnah Oinxiw 733: hw`áxqhwqh ai}} kml keSwknks blnh hddhfqkth Thwqhkakjxnj }hk xna awknjhna oheinahn}xmlh ahw ghk ahw Fieehw ix}`bqhn fônnh bg h} dðw hknhn Ahi`Thwlina`xnj}}skh`wixe jhgh hwf`áwqh hw }kml ghwhkq lknqhw ahnFx`k}}hn kn akh}he ]knnh dðw ekml ainn hknjwhkdhn x zb``hnzhnn ahw whmlqh _hkqsxnfq jhfbeehn }hk. Ahw }hk ainn jhfbe%




=;8

ehn zhnn ahw Fieehw fìw zðwah ai}} }kh akh Zil` ligh zk%}mlhn hknhe ifhsqig`hn Ahi` bahw hknhw ìnj lknix}jhbjhnhnFbnd`kfqthwqhkakjxnj zkh ke siwi``h`hn Di`` jhjhn Hwn}q _ðnah`.

Kml }b``qh ailhw kn hkn siiw zhnkjhn Thwlina`xnj}qijhn aidðw }bw%jhn ai}} ehknh Thwqhkakjhw hknh ahwiwqkjh Fbnd`kfq}qwiqhjkh gh%jknnhn zðwahn zbwixdlkn akh Fin`hk Gb}}k fxw ainiml lknqhw ahn Fx`k}}hn ingkhqhn zðwah ein zðwah }bdbwq ohah Thwqhkak%jxnj}qáqkjfhkq hkn}qh``hn zhnn nxw hkn hnq}swhmlhna nkhawkjh}]qwideiÒ injhgbqhn zðwah. _x zhkqhwhn _xjh}qánank}}hn ziw kmlxnqhw fhknhn Xe}qánahn ghwhkq i`}b fhkn Ig}mlzôwhn fhkn Fi%ehwiahnthwwiq fhknh Knqhwthnqkbn xe @ô}mlhn tbn Zhg}hkqhn

bahw Ghhnakjxnj whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhw Xnqhwnhlexnjhn x}z.7<:

Niml zhk Qijhn Ghzhk}inqwij}ifqktkqáqhn tbn ehknhw Thwqhk%akjhwkn ]{`tki ]qb` xna ekw ie 97. xna 9=.7.733: }swiml Whmlq}%inzi`q Six`} tbn ahw Fin`hk Gb}}k ainn ghk ahw 7. JwbÒhn ]qwid%fieehw xna ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq tbw xna winnqh abwq ðghwwi%}mlhnahwzhk}h zhkq bddhnh Qðwhn hkn. I`} hknkjh Ghaknjxnj ekw }qiqq ahw hkjhnq`kml tbwjh}hlhnhn dðnd Oilwh Lidq „nxw‐ 7µ Oilwhx thwsi}}hn thwìnjqhn Wkmlqhw xna ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq `hakj`kml

ai}} kml ohnh ]qwidthwqhkakjhw tbw akh Qðwh }hqh akh axwml ai}_ðnah`%Thwdilwhn bddhngiw ai} jh}ieqh @inajhwkmlq Einnlhke knInj}q xna ]mlwhmfhn thw}hqq liqqhn xna ai}} kml ohah Thwqhkak%jxnj}qáqkjfhkq hkn}qh``h. 7µ Oilwh ziwhn zhnkjhw i`} kml ekw knahn fðln}qhn Qwáxehn hwlbddq xna zi} ekw }bjiw akh bsqkek}%qk}ml}qhn Swbslhqhn tbwix}jh}ijq liqqhn xna akh Ghaknjxnj Thw%qhkakjhwn x fðnakjhn akh ekw blnhlkn nkmlq} nxqqhn ziw hkndimlxna ekq `hkmlqhe Lhwhn x hwdð``hn. Ai} hknkjh zi} kml ghaix%

hwqh ziw ahw Xe}qina ai}} kml ai} h|qwi dðw akh}hn Swbh}} injh%dhwqkjqh Jxqimlqhn ah} Lk}qbwkfhw} Aw. Wb}h7<< }bzkh ohnh} tbnSwbd. Aw. Hwn}q Nb`qh7<; ” hkn}ml`khÒ`kml ehknhw fwkqk}mlhn Ini`{}hah}}h`ghn7;3 ” nkmlq ehlw zðwah hkndðlwhn fônnhn.

Zhnn _ðnah`} wiakfi`h Fbnd`kfqthwqhkakjxnj}}qwiqhjkh ixml}bn}q x nkmlq} nðqh ziw }b liq }kh h} ekw xeknah}q hweôj`kmlq

7<: _xe _x}qinahfbeehn ah} Ahi`} tj`. ixml akh ôddhnq`kmlhn Hwf`áwxnjhn ahw Whmlq}in%zá`qh Ei|kek`kin Six`} xna @xazkj Gbmf ke Inlinj < ig ]. 193.

7<< Tj`. Inlinj =.9. ]. =37.7<; Tj`. Inlinj =.7. ]. =93.7;3 Tj`. Inlinj =.=. ]. =1:.




=;4

}hknh Thwqhkakjhw i`} Ig}mlwhmfxnj}ziddh hknx}hqhn xe dðw ekml hkn zhkq jhwknjhwh} ]qwideiÒ lhwix}xlinah`n.

Ainfh Hwn}q)

KT. Akh S`áab{hw}

Akh ie 8.=.733: jhli`qhnhn S`áab{hw} ziwhn ailhw nxw nbmlDbwe}imlh blnh ohah knli`q`kmlh Ghahxqxnj. Xe}b hw}qixn`kmlhw ziw h} ainn ai}} ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q Inawhi} Jwb}}einn ohn}hkq}}hknhw s}hxaboxwk}qk}mlhn Sìqqkqðahn inqkwhtk}kbnk}qk}mlhw Qhxdh`}%ix}qwhkgxnjhn keehwlkn xjhghn ex}}qh ai}} kml zbl` zkwf`kmlzhahw hkn Niqkbni`}bki`k}q nbml hkn Inqk}hekq gkn. Akh} ix} aheExna hknh} }qiiq`kmlhn Nikoájhw} x lôwhn k}q zbl` ai} Ei|k%exe ah}}hn zi} ein hwziwqhn finn. I`} h} ainn aiwxe jknjai} tbn ahw ]qiiq}inzi`q}mlidq jhdbwahwqh whìqkt „ekàh‐ ]qwid%eiÒ tbn 7µ Oilwhn Lidq dðw ahn whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn Bghwqhxdh` xwhmlqdhwqkjhn lôwqhn }kml akh Ix}dðlwxnjhn ah} ]qiiq}inzi`q} h%lhw zkh ai} S`áab{hw hknh} Thwqhkakjhw} in }b ai}} ehkn Thwqhk%akjhw Six`} hqzi} kn Thw`hjhnlhkq jhwkhq i`} hw }h`ghw s`áakhwqhblnh aighk akh Zbwqh ah} ]qiiq}inzi`q} hkndiml zkhahwlb`hn xzb``hn. Zi} Lhww Six`} ainn ix} ahe ]qhjwhkd tbwqwxj ziw nxw qhk`zhk}h xna kn jwbghn _ðjhn ekq ekw igjh}swbmlhn jhzh}hnzh}li`g kml ohah Thwinqzbwqxnj aidðw ig`hlnh.

T. Akh eðna`kmlh Xwqhk`}ghjwðnaxnj

Ai akh eðna`kmlh Xwqhk`}ghjwðnaxnj ke Thwj`hkml xw }mlwkdq%`kmlhn hqzi} zhnkjhw ix} ehknhe Gxml kqkhwqh aidðw ighw ehlw

x ghjwðnahn thw}xmlqh zhwah kml nxn ixd akh}h ix}dðlw`kml hkn%jhlhn.

_x Ghjknn ehknqh ahw Tbw}kqhnah Wkmlqhw kn }hknhw eðna`k%mlhn Xwqhk`}ghjwðnaxnj ie 98.=.733: ìskaiw hw fônnh nkmlq hw%fhnnhn ziwxe ahw ª9=3 ]qJG thwdi}}xnj}zkawkj }hkn }b``h. HknhIx}hkninahw}hqxnj ekq ahn tbn ekw tbwjhgwimlqhn Iwjxehnqhnlkh`q hw bddhngiw nkmlq dðw nôqkj. ]bainn zkaehqh }kml Wkmlqhw ]mlzig ahw tbn ekw fwkqk}khwqhn Ahdknkqkbn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq ah}

ahxq}mlhn Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq} tbe Oilw 9;;1. Kml láqqhabwq hknh Si}}ijh ix}jhì}}hn ziwd hw ekw tbw kn ahw aiwjh`hjq




=;:

zðwah akh Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq aðwdh nkmlq zk``fðw`kml }b ahdk%nkhwq zhwahn ai}} h} ixd hknhn }h`ghw si}}h.

Akh}h tbn ekw ix}jhì}}hnh Si}}ijh ah} Xwqhk`} ah} Gxnah}%

thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq} xnqhw}qwhkmlq nxw ehknh Fwkqkf aiwin ai}} h}}kml ðghwzkhjhna xe lhkÒh @xdq linah`q. Ai}} Zk}}hn}mlidq xnaZk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ” zkh ðgwkjhn} i``h Ghjwkddh ” nkmlq zk``fðw%`kml ahdknkhwq zhwahn aðwdhn k}q ahwiwq }h`g}qthw}qána`kml ai}}ein }kml nkmlq aidðw whmlqdhwqkjhn ex}} }b`mlh Qwktki`kqáqhn ghke_kqkhwhn ix}xì}}hn.

Wkmlqhw ]mlzig ziwd ekw ziw nkmlq h|s`kkq tbw kml láqqh ekw hknh ekw jhnhleh Ahdknkqkbn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq xwhmlqjh%

}mlnhkahwq }hknh nimldb`jhnahn Ix}dðlwxnjhn `khdhn ighw jhnixaiwixd lknix}. Injh}kmlq} ehknhw qkhdjhlhnahn xna xedi}}hnahnIx}dðlwxnjhn xw Ahdknkqkbn tbn Zk}}hn}mlidq xna Zk}}hn}mlidq%`kmlfhkq zálwhna ehknhw Hknì}}xnjhn akh jhwiah nkmlq tbn ekw }qieeqhn }bnahwn tbwzkhjhna tbn hknhe ahw ghfinnqh}qhn xnainhwfinnqh}qhn Zk}}hn}mlidq}qlhbwhqkfhw Fiw` W. Sbsshw aiwd ein zbl` akh Dwijh }qh``hn bg ahw Tbw}kqhnah Wkmlqhw zálwhnaehknhw Hknì}}xnjhn ðghwlixsq xjhlôwq liq. Ixml ðghw akh Xn%

x`á}}kjfhkq zk``fðw`kmlhw Ghjwkdd}ahdknkqkbnhn ligh kml kn ehknhnHknì}}xnjhn ix}dðlw`kml whdhwkhwq. Ighw ixml ai} }mlhknq aheWkmlqhw hnqjinjhn x }hkn.

In}ml`khÒhna hwf`áwq Wkmlqhw ]mlzig }hknhn Jhdi``hn in ahw Ahdknkqkbn ah} Gxnah}thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq} Zk}}hn}mlidq }hk „i`%`h} zi} niml Dbwe xna Knli`q i`} hwn}qlidqhw Thw}xml xw Hwekqq%`xnj ahw Zilwlhkq inx}hlhn k}q.‐ Zi} }kml aiwin in}ml`b}} ziw hkn Siwiahghk}skh` ah}}hn zi} kml i`} zk``fðw`kmlh Knqhwswh%

qiqkbn}eôj`kmlfhkq ah} }mlzieekjhn Ghjwkdd} „hwn}qlidq‐ kn ehk%nhn Hknì}}xnjhn jhwðjq liqqh. Zkh hwfhnnq Wkmlqhw ]mlzig bg h} oheina hwn}q ehknq ekq ahw ]xmlh niml ahw Zilwlhkq2 Jin hkn%diml? Zhw Zkqh kwbnk}mlh {nk}mlh bahw }iwfi}qk}mlh Ghehw%fxnjhn eimlq k}q nkmlq hwn}qlidq xna finn ah}li`g ixml nkmlq dðw }kml ghin}swxmlhn hwn}qlidq akh Zilwlhkq hwekqqh`n x zb``hn.

I`} hw}qh} Ghk}skh` dðw ehknh injhg`kmlh Xnhwn}qlidqkjfhkq k%qkhwqh ahw Wkmlqhw hknh Si}}ijh ixd ]. =3d. ehknh} Gxmlh} Tbw`h%

}xnjhn ,Xwqhk` ]. =8+?7;9

7;9 Tj`. ai} Xwqhk` bn`knh? zzz.jhweiwwxab`d.mbe"shw}hmxqh"abm}"Wxab`dRXwqhk`.sad.




=;<

„W? Kml lbddh ai}} ]kh hkn Jh}sðw dðw ai} }kml ailknqhw thwghwjhnah Ex}qhw ahw injh`}áml}k}mlhn xna kbnk}qk}mlhn

Fwkhj}% xna Ekq`hka}swbsijinai ghfbeehn? 9;33 9;94

9;73 9;74 9;=4 9;17 9;;9 ․9;;9 ziw dwhk`kml zkhahwxe i``h} hwdxnahn zkh ixml akh }sáqhwhn Ghlixsqxnjhn tbw Iehwkfi} zhkqhe Fwkhj jhjhnahn Kwif ke Oilw 733= ai}} ahw Kwif Ei}}hnthwnkmlqxnj}zid%

dhn gh}kqh xna già hkn}hqhn zhwah ” zbghk akh}ei` i``hw%aknj} akh “Ei}}hnthwnkmlqxnj}ziddh‛ Ji}fieehw gz. _{f`bn

G nkmlq hwzálnq zxwah. Ighw zkh K}wih`} ghfinnqh Qijh}hk%qxnj Li‛iwhq }qb` thwfðnahqh?

“Ahw Fwkhj ke Kwif zxwah tbn 78 nhbfbn}hwtiqkthn Knqh`%`hfqxh``hn ix}jhlhmfq akh ehk}qhn aitbn Oxahn akh Swá}kahnq Gx}l awánjhn ahn Jinj ahw Jh}mlkmlqh x ánahwn.‛

W? Zhk` oi zkh zkw i``h zk}}hn akh Oxahn kn K}wih` hknhn swáthnqkthn ]mlxq tbw hknhw Ix}wbqqxnj ekq Ziddhnthwnkml%qxnj}ziddhn thwakhnhn ” ekq bahw blnh Ji}fieehwn xna _{f%`bn G bg akh}h Ghawblxnj nxn dwhk hwdxnahn k}q bahw nkmlq․

_? Lôwh kml ai _{nk}ex} lhwix}2 Ehknhn ]kh hqzi nkmlq

ai}} Oxahn ]mlxq tbw Thwnkmlqxnj thwakhnhn2 W? Ahw _{nk}ex} ghkhlq }kml `hakj`kml ixd akh Dá``h zb hk%nh }b`mlh Ghawblxnj hknh whknh Hwdknaxnj ziw. Ohah Tb`f}%gz. Wh`kjkbn}jwxssh thwakhnq ]mlxq tbw awblhnahw Thwnkml%qxnj. Oxahn }kna ai fhknh Ix}nileh.‐I`} zhkqh} Ghk}skh` hwzálnqh ahw Tbw}kqhnah Wkmlqhw db`jhn%

ah Si}}ijh ixd ]. :4 ehknh} Gxmlh} ,Xwqhk` ]. 13+?„_? Zhnn h} ahn Ládq`knjhn jhìnj awhk Oilwh ìnj ahn

Gix hknhw Inìjh x thwôjhwn ghzhk}q ai} ainn nkmlq ai}} Aimlix hkn Dhwkhnìjhw ziw zb akh Ládq`knjh blnh Gh}qwi% dxnj niml Gh`khghn lhwxeqwôah`n fbnnqhn2

W? Tbw}kmlq) Ekq }b`mlhn ]shfxìqkbnhn eimlhn ]kh }kml }qwidgiw)‐Wkmlqhw ]mlzig thwzkh} }bainn ixd ehknh Hknì}}xnjhn kn

ahnhn kml xjhjhghn ligh ai}} akh}hw l{sbqlhqk}mlh Hknzxwd ah}_xlôwhw} bddhn}kmlq`kml kwbnk}mlhw Niqxw }hk zi} injhg`kml akh

Xnhwn}qlidqkjfhkq ehknhw Ig}kmlqhn ghzhk}h. I`} awkqqh} Ghk}skh`




=;;

kqkhwqh ahw Wkmlqhw hknh Si}}ijh ixd ]. 7=9 ah} Gxmlh} ,Xwqhk` ].1<+?

„_? Kml ligh ai hknh inahwh Dwijh. Zhnn ai} Jhgkhq xe

ai} @ijhw Gkwfhnix lhwxe }b }xesdkj ziw zkh ]kh xtbw hw%zálnqhn finn ein ai ðghwlixsq hknkjh Ehqhw qkhdh Jwxghn jwighn blnh ixd Jwxnazi}}hw x }qbÒhn2

W? Ai} k}q hkn lhwtbwwijhnahw Hknzina) _zhk }imlthw}qán%akjh ]qxakhn lighn qiq}áml`kml xniglánjkj tbn hkninahw nimljhzkh}hn ai}} ahw Jwxnazi}}hw}qina kn xna xe Gkwfhn%ix innb 9;19 gk} 9;11 nxw zhnkjh Ahkehqhw xnqhw ahw Bghw%

d`ámlh ìj. Qkhdh Jwxghn ziwhn ai whmlq }mlnh`` ekq Zi}}hw

tb``jhìxdhn. _? Zkh thwgwhnnq ein ahnn @hkmlhn xnqhw Zi}}hw2 W? Ekq ]mlziwhw ]]%Eijkh tkh``hkmlq. _? Ai} k}q nkmlq fbek}ml) ]kh `hxjnhn ahn Ei}}hnebwa xna

eimlhn aiwðghw nbml Zkqh) W? Lighn ]kh hknh gh}}hwh Hwf`áwxnj2‐

Ixml akh}hw }iwfi}qk}mlh ]iq ghzhk}h ehknh Xnhwn}qlid%qkjfhkq. Akh}h awhk Ghk}skh`h }hkhn }b Wkmlqhw ]mlzig nkmlq akh

hknkjhn ]qh``hn in ahnhn kn ehknhe Gxml wlhqbwk}mlh ]qkèkqqh`tbwfáehn akh ahw Fieehw i`} Ghzhk} ehknhw Xnhwn}qlidqkjfhkqakhnqhn.

Nhlehn zkw xnáml}q hknei` xjxn}qhn ahw Fieehw in h} }hkqiq}áml`kml hkn Einjh` in Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq zhnn ein wlhqb%wk}mlh ]qkèkqqh` zkh hqzi Kwbnkh _{nk}ex} xna ]iwfi}ex} bahw jiw kn Dbwe hknh} }kes`hn Zkqh} thwzhnahq ai}} i`}b Lxebw knAhxq}mlìna }qwidgiw k}q. Zhw liq ai jhìmlq)2)"

I`` akh inahwhn Fwkqhwkhn ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq akh kml knehknhn Hknì}}xnjhn ak}fxqkhwqh liq akh Fieehw ainn i``hwaknj}hkndiml ðghwjinjhn. Ke Fb``hfqkt ahw akthw}hn Fwkqhwkhn fônnqhakh Dwijh bg hkn Zhwf kn kwjhnahknhw Zhk}h fwkqkfzðwakjh wlhqb%wk}mlh ]qkèkqqh` hnqlá`q zbl` nxw hknh xnqhwjhbwanhqh Wb``h }skh%`hn }ijhn zkw hknei` 93(. Xna }h`g}q akh}h 93( láqqh kml ekqehknhe Gxml nkmlq tô``kj thwdhl`q ahnn }ml`khÒ`kml hnqlá`q ehknGxml ixd 883 ]hkqhn `hakj`kml hknkjh whfìekhwqh ]qh``hn. I`}b }i%

jhn zkw hknei` kml láqqh akh}hn Sxnfq ahw Dwhklhkq tbn k``hjkqkehw Wlhqbwkf nxw x 83( hwdð``q. Ainn záwh ehkn Gxml ighw keehw




133

nbml x ;8( zk}}hn}mlidq`kml. ,Ai ghðj`kml ahw inahwhn Fwkqh%wkhn fhknh Fwkqkf hwdb`jqh }qhlhn ekw akh}ghðj`kml hghn ” kn ax% gkb swb whb ” ohzhk`} 933( x.+

Zhnn }kml Wkmlqhw ]mlzig }mlbn ixd ai} Xwqhk` ah} Gxnah}%thwdi}}xnj}jhwkmlq} }qðqq }b láqqh hw hknei` zhkqhw`h}hn }b``hn.Abwq }qhlq náe`kml ixml ai}} akh Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq hw}q ainnnkmlq ehlw jhjhghn k}q zhnn akh hwdbwahw`kmlhn Fwkqhwkhn „}{}qh%eiqk}ml thwdhl`q‐ zhwahn. Jhnix ai} ighw k}q dðw ehkn Gxml zh%ahw ghðj`kml ahw fwkqk}khwqhn wlhqbwk}mlhn ]qkèkqqh` nbml jinjhzk}} ghðj`kml inahwhw zhkqix} zkmlqkjhwhw Fwkqhwkhn ahw Di``.]ml`khÒ`kml k}q ai} fhkn Zkqgxml.

I``hwaknj} k}q }mlbn akh Ghlixsqxnj gh}qkeeqh wlhqbwk}mlh]qkèkqqh` ghzkh}hn akh Xnhwn}qlidqkjfhkq ah} In`khjhn} ah} Ix%qbw} tô``kj xnghjwðnahq. Ein finn }bjiw xejhfhlwq iwjxehnqkh%whn? oh sb`hek}mlhw xna }iwfi}qk}mlhw oheina iwjxehnqkhwq xe}bhwn}qhw ehknq hw h} zilw}mlhkn`kml. Ai}} Sb`hekf tbn einmlhn@h}hwn nkmlq hwn}q jhnbeehn zkwa k}q aighk hkn jin inahwhw ]imlthwli`q. Ein aiwd ailhw nkmlq akh Knqhnqkbn ah} Ixqbw} ekq ahw Zkwfxnj ghke @h}hw thwzhml}h`n.

H} fbeeq `hqq`kml aiwixd in ziwxe ein hkn gh}qkeeqh} wlh%qbwk}mlh} ]qkèkqqh` hkn}hqq. Zhnn ahw Hkn}iq ix} akaifqk}mlhnJwðnahn hwdb`jq xe hknhn iwjxehnqiqkthn gz. zk}}hn}mlidq`k%mlhn ]qinasxnfq x thwahxq`kmlhn k}q hw axwmlix} ghwhmlqkjq. Ixd xnx`á}}kjh Zhk}h xnzk}}hn}mlidq`kml iwjxehnqkhwq ein ahdknkqkthw}q ainn zhnn ein wlhqbwk}mlh ]qkèkqqh` hkn}hqq xe Injwkddhnkmlq hqzi ixd Iwjxehnqh }bnahwn ixd Shw}bnhn axwmlxdðlwhnzkh kml kn ehknhn Hknì}}xnjhn aiwjh`hjq ligh.

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137

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aiekq ekq lblhw Zilw}mlhkn`kmlfhkq x hknhw hesdkna`kml lôlhwhnDwhklhkq}}qwidh jhdðlwq láqqh thwkmlqhqhn zkw kn Ðghwhkn}qkeexnjxna x}ieehn ekq ]qiiq}inzi`q Jwb}}einn }bdbwq niml Xwqhk`}%thwfðnaxnj ixd zhkqhwh Whmlq}ekqqh` zbekq ai} Xwqhk` kn akh}heIxjhng`kmf whmlq}fwádqkj zxwah.

TK. Akh }mlwkdq`kmlh Xwqhk`}ghjwðnaxnj

„Ahw Injhf`ijqh Jhweiw Wxab`d zkwa zhjhn Tb`f}thwlhq% xnj kn Qiqhknlhkq ekq Gh`hkakjxnj xna Thwxnj`kesdxnj ah} Inahnfhn} Thw}qbwghnhw kn zhk Dá``hn x ahw Jh}ieq%




13:

dwhklhkq}}qwidh tbn zhk Oilwhn xna }hml} Ebniqhn thwxwqhk`q. Lkn}kmlq`kml hknh} Ghqwijh} tbn 79.433 Hxwb zkwa ahw Thwdi`` ah} Zhwqhw}iqh} injhbwanhq. Ai} Zhwf tbn Jhweiw Wxab`d

“Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q. ]qwkqqkjh Dwijhn ke Fwhx%thwlôw‛ zkwa hknjhbjhn. Ahw Injhfìjqh qwájq akh Fb}qhn ah}Thwdilwhn}.‐ ,Xwqhk` ]. 7+ Ahw Akfqkbn ahw eðna`kmlhn Xwqhk`}ghjwðnaxnj db`jhna zkwa

ke }mlwkdq`kmlhn Xwqhk` ghlixsqhq ehknhe Gxml }hk ah}li`g akhZk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq igx}swhmlhn „zhk` h} ekq il`whkmlhn sb%`hek}mlhn xe Qhk` ixml {nk}mlhn Si}}ijhn xna Ghehwfxnjhnaxwml}hqq‐ }hk xna zhk` kml aiwkn „akh @hkahn ahw Bsdhw ah} Lb%

`bmix}q kn} @ámlhw`kmlh‐ jhbjhn láqqh ,Xwqhk` ]. 7= áln`kml]. 48+.Akh `hqqh Ghlixsqxnj k}q bddhnfxnakjhw Xndxj. Kml ligh nkmlq

akh @hkahn ahw Bsdhw kn} @ámlhw`kmlh jhbjhn ” ein thwj`hkmlhnxw akh ke Ig}mlnkqq A.KKK.= ehknhw Hknì}}xnjhn kqkhwqhn gz.ixdjhdðlwqhn Si}}ijhn akh ai} Jhjhnqhk` ghzhk}hn ” }bnahwn gk}zhk`hn `hakj`kml ig}xwah bddhnfxnakj bahw ghzhk}giw xnzilwhGhlixsqxnjhn Awkqqhw ðghw injhg`kmlh jh}mlkmlq`kmlh Tbwfbee%

nk}}h akh }kml xahe axwml klwhn Knli`q xehk}q }h`g}q ahw @á%mlhw`kmlfhkq swhk}jhghn. Ai ghaiwd h} tbn ekw fhknh} _x}iqh}.Akh ]hkqhn 7=”4= ah} Xwqhk`} hnqli`qhn ainn 7: ekqxnqhw }hlw

ìnjh _kqiqh ix} ehknhe Gxml akh tô``kj xnfbeehnqkhwq inhk%ninahwjhwhklq zhwahn ” }b i`} zðwahn }kh dðw }kml }h`ghw }swhmlhn.Ai} qxn }kh tkh``hkmlq ixml i``hwaknj} ke Ixjh ah} xnghdinjhnhn@h}hw} zbeôj`kml nkmlq ke ]knnh ahw Wkmlqhw. Sb`hekf ohahndi``}ex}} ein ekqxnqhw ekq ahw @xsh }xmlhn.

Hknh hw}qixn`kmlh Xndálkjfhkq xe `bjk}mlhn Ahnfhn ghzhk}qakh Ghlixsqxnj ahw Fieehw ehkn Gxml }hk tbe „Zk``hn xw Swbsijkhwxnj ahw Qlh}hn ah} Lb`bmix}q%Whtk}kbnk}ex} jhswájqxna nkmlq tbn ahe Gh}qwhghn niml Zilwlhkq.‐ ,Xwqhk` ]. 7=+ Zb gh}qhlq ai hkn Fbnd`kfq bahw jiw hkn Zkahw}swxml2 Kml ligh ahnZk``hn ohnh Qlh}hn x thwgwhkqhn ,5 swbsijiwh+ akh kml dðw zilw li`qh xna akh jhehknlkn xnqhw ahe Ghjwkdd „Lb`bmix}q%Whtk%}kbnk}ex}‐ }xg}xekhwq zhwahn. Zhnn akh Fieehw ehknq Whtk}k%

bnk}ex} xna Zilwlhkq }hkhn shw ahdknkqkbnhe ekqhkninahw xnthw%




13<

hkngiw ainn k}q h} akh Fieehw akh hknh abjeiqk}mlh xnzk}}hn%}mlidq`kmlh Tbw}qh``xnj tbn Zilwlhkq liq nkmlq kml.

]sáqhw ghlixsqhq ai} Xwqhk` kn áln`kmlhw Einkhw ehkn Gxml

hnqli`qh„bddhn}kmlq`kml xn}ml`ð}}kjh Iwjxehnqiqkbnhn V․U akhixml ahe knqh``kjhnqhn Injhf`ijqhn ghzx}}q }hkn eð}}qhn xna akh ah}li`g ahn ]ml`x}} nilh `hjhn ai}} h} kle `hakj`kml xeakh Swbsijkhwxnj whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhw Qlh}hn jknj V․U‐ ,Xwqhk`]. 48+ Tbwzhj aiwd kml dh}q}qh``hn ai}} h} ahe Jhwkmlq thwzhlwq k}q

x zk}}hn zi} ekw xw _hkq ahw Igdi}}xnj ah} Gxmlh} ghzx}}q

ziw. Zhkqhwlkn ligh kml ke Jhjhn}iq x akh}hn ahxq}mlhn Wkml%qhwn nkh ghlixsqhq kn jh}mlkmlq`kmlhn Dwijhn akh Zilwlhkq ekq ig%}b`xqhw ]kmlhwlhkq x fhnnhn xna xndhl`giw x }hkn. Zhnn kml i`}bqwbq ehknhw Knqh``kjhn Dhl`hw jheimlq lighn }b``qh ” hknh Dwijhakh x f`áwhn ahe knnhwzk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Ak}fxw} bg`khjq gh%}qkeeq ighw fhknhe ]qwidjhwkmlq ” zi} db`jq aiwix} ghðj`kml ahw Zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlfhkq ehknh} Gxmlh}2 Zhw Dhl`hw eimlq k}q xn%zk}}hn}mlidq`kml2 Ai i``h Zk}}hn}mlidq`hw Dhl`hw eimlhn jkgq h}

kn Zkwf`kmlfhkq fhknh Zk}}hn}mlidq`hw2Akh tbe Jhwkmlq ghlixsqhqhn „bddhn}kmlq`kml xn}ml`ð}}kjhnIwjxehnqiqkbnhn‐ }kna ðgwkjhn} i``h} inahwh i`} bddhn}kmlq`kml.Akh}h Gh}mlx`akjxnj ziw jhjhn akh Ix}dðlwxnjhn kn ehknheGxml jhwkmlqhq akh }kml ekq Oðak}mlhn ]shnahnfiesijnhn ekqLb`bmix}q%Ghlixsqxnjhn ke Hw}qhn Zh`qfwkhj xna ainiml ghdi}%}hn.=39 Akh Dwijh bg kn ahn Oilwhn 9;9:”9;7: qiq}áml`kml 4 Ek``k%bnhn Oxahn tbn hknhe Lb`bmix}q ghawblq ziwhn bahw nkmlq zkh

oðak}mlh @bgg{jwxsshn zálwhna akh}hw Oilwh ghlixsqhqhn k}q xfbes`h| xe }kh i`} „bddhn}kmlq`kml‐ lknx}qh``hn. Zhnn akhFieehw ehknh fxwh Iglina`xnj aix nkmlq ðghwhxjhna dina}b láqqh h} klw i`} injhg`kml hwn}qlidqhw Zilwlhkq}}xmlhwkn jxq xJh}kmlq jh}qinahn inlina ahw tbn ekw jhninnqhn Yxh``hn x swð%dhn bg ehknh ]ml`x}}db`jhwxnjhn aitbn jh}qðqq zhwahn bahw nkmlq.

=39 Lixsq}áml`kml gi}khwhna ixd Abn Lhaah}lhkehw} Dbw}mlxnj}hwjhgnk}}hn thwôddhnq`kmlqkn Ahw hw}qh Lb`bmix}q. Oðak}mlh ]shnahnfiesijnhn ekq Lb`bmix}q%Ghlixsqxnjhn ke Hw}qhn Zh`qfwkhj xna ainiml Mi}q`h Lk`` Sxg`k}lhw} Li}qknj} 7331.




13;

Akh Ghlixsqxnj ahw Fieehw in j`hkmlhw ]qh``h }ml`khÒ`kml kmlláqqh akh eôj`kmlh Ðghwlôlxnj ahw _il` ahw Lb`bmix}q%Ðghw`h% ghnahn axwml oðak}mlh @bgg{jwxsshn nkmlq swbg`heiqk}khwq k}q

jìqq di`}ml zkh }kml }bjiw ix} ahe _kqiq ke Xwqhk` }h`g}q hwjkgqhnqnbeehn ehknhe Gxml ixd ]. 1:?„Ighw kml eômlqh lkhw jiw fhknh ahdknkqkth _il` ahw Ðghw%

`hghnahn dh}q`hjhn xei` ai} }qiqk}qk}mlh Ix}jinj}eiqhwki` dðw akh lkhw aiwjh`hjqhn Ðghw`hjxnjhn x xn}kmlhw xna ahex% db`jh akh ]qwhxgwhkqh xn}hwh} Hwjhgnk}}h} x jwbÒ k}q xe ai%wixd }kmlhwh ]ml`x}}db`jhwxnjhn ixdxgixhn.‐ ,Xwqhk` ]. =<+ Ixml akh}ghðj`kml láqqh h} ahn hwn}qlidqhn Zilwlhkq}}xmlhwn

akh}hw ]qwidfieehw jxq x Jh}kmlq jh}qinahn x swðdhn bg xnaknzkhzhkq ehknh Injighn axwml akh kqkhwqhn Yxh``hn jh}qðqqzhwahn bahw nkmlq. Dwhk`kml `khjq }b`ml hknh Ixdjigh ohn}hkq} ahw Fbeshqhn xna ah} eôj`kmlhn Iwghkq}ixdzinah} hknh} ]qwid%jhwkmlq}. H} ziw ailhw xnthwehkagiw ai}} akh}h} Jhwkmlq aiaxwmlai}} h} }kml kn zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh ]qwhkqdwijhn knli`q`kml hknek}ml%qh }hknh Ghdxjnk}}h xna Fbeshqhn ðghw}mlwkqq xna db`j`kml xhknhe s}hxaboxwk}qk}mlhn Xwqhk` fbeehn ex}}qh.

Aix hkn `hqqh} Ei` Swbd. Fiw` Sbsshw?991

„H} k}q akh Ebah Iwjxehnqh nkmlq hwn}q x nhlehn }khnkmlq hknei` thw}xml}zhk}h }b ixdxdi}}hn zkh }kh dbwex`khwq zxwahn }bnahwn kn klnhn nkmlq} inahwh} x }hlhn i`} hknh Iwqkn ahw }kml qkhdhwh kwwiqkbni`h Ebqkth xna Qhnahnhn Vinjhg%`kml JWU ix}awðmfhn. Akh} k}q V․U hknh Hkn}qh``xnj akh }b%

j`hkml niml ahn xnghzxÒqhn Ghzhjjwðnahn xna Ahqhweknin%qhn ke }bki`hn ]qinabwq ah} Ahnfhw} ix}}sálq }qiqq xhw}q akh

Jð`qkjfhkq ah} Iwjxehnq} }h`g}q x xnqhw}xmlhn. V․U Ighw zhnn fhkn Thw}xml jheimlq zkwa hwn}qlidqh Iwjxehnqh ixmlzkwf`kml hwn}q x nhlehn ainn jìxgh kml }kna zkw ghwhml%qkjq akh Infìjh ah} Kwwiqkbni`k}ex} x hwlhghn6‐

Xna dwhk niml Zb`djinj Six`k?=37 „Akh}h} Xwqhk` k}q nbml nkmlq hknei` di`}ml)‐

=37 Wxab`d H. Shkhw`} kn }hknhw Lbeeijh in „Zb`djinj Hwn}q Six`k 9;33%9;8<‐ Gkb% jwislkmi` ehebkw} bd dh``bz} bd qlh Wb{i` ]bmkhq{ Ga. 8 Wb{i` ]bmkhq{ 9;43 ]. 9:8%9;7? „․ i dwkhna }lbzha lke qlh sishw bd i {bxnj sl{}kmk}q zlkml lh }x}shmqha zi}nbq bd jwhiq ti`xh gxq bn zlkml lh zinqha Six`k‛} tkhz}. Six`k wheiwfha }ia`{ “Qliq‛}nbq wkjlq. Kq‛} nbq hthn zwbnj.‛―




193

Inlinj <? Hwf`áwxnjhn tbn Whmlqinzá`qhn




199




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191

Inlinj ;? Thwqhkakjxnj thwgbqhn




198




194

Inlinj 93? Ai} @hghn jhlq zhkqhw

Ie Qij ehknhw Dwhkì}}xnj ,8.:.733;+ hesdknj ekml ie Jh%dánjnk}qbw ehkn Dwhxna Aw. Fb}khf ahw ekml kn }hknhe Zijhn x}kml niml Lix}h dxlw zb kml ekq kle xna }hknhw Dwix hkn `hmfhwh}Dwðl}qðmf jhnkhÒhn axwdqh. Ainiml dxlw kml ainn ekq ahe KMHniml Fô`n zb ekml ehknh Dwix hwziwqhqh ekq ahw kml xnqhw aheAbe x Ekqqij iÒ. Tbn ai ix} jknj h} ainn x ehknhn H`qhwn zbzkw ,hkn}ml`khÒ`kml xn}hwhw 1 Oilwh i`qhn Qbmlqhw+ gk} Indinj Ix%jx}q g`khghn. Zálwhna ahw _hkq hwdxlw kml tbn ehknhe X]%

Inzi`q ai}} akh jhjhn ekml ke Nbtheghw 7338 thwlánjqh dðnd% oálwkjh Hknwhk}h}shwwh kn akh X]I keehw nbml `áxdq. Ekq hknhw Wðmffhlw kn akh ]qiiqhn tbw Hnah 7393 ziw i`}b fixe x whmlnhnbgzbl` zkw hknhn Inqwij ixd tbwhkqkjh Ixdlhgxnj ahw ]shwwh}qh``qhn.

Nimlahe ehknh Dwix xna Qbmlqhw Indinj Ixjx}q kn akh ]qii%qhn xwðmfjhfhlwq ziwhn knkqkkhwqh kml ailhw }bdbwq „Sìn G‐? Kmlbj zhnkjh Qijh }sáqhw niml Hi}qgbxwnh hknhw ]qiaq ke ]ðab}qhn

Hnjìna} zb kml ghwhkq} zk}mlhn 9;;4 xna 9;;; jhzblnq liqqh.Indinj ]hsqheghw 733; fie ehknh á`qh}qh Qbmlqhw ix} hw}qhw Hlh,aiei`} di}q 98 Oilwh+ x ekw niml Hnjìna xe ekq ekw hkn]mlxòilw kn Hnjìna x thwgwknjhn. Hnah Bfqbghw }qkhÒhn ainnehknh Dwix xna oðnj}qh Qbmlqhw x xn}. Niml hknkjhn x hwziw%qhnahn Indinj}}mlzkhwkjfhkqhn nbwei`k}khwqh }kml xn}hw Diek`khn%`hghn wi}ml. Niml fxwhw _hkq zhqqhkdhwqhn ghkah Qômlqhw xe akhJxn}q klwh} Sisi} ahn }kh oi gk} tbw fxwhe hkjhnq`kml jiw nkmlq

wkmlqkj jhfinnq liqqhn.Indinj Iswk` 7393 d`bjhn ehknh Dwix xna oðnj}qh Qbmlqhw zkhahw xwðmf kn akh ]qiiqhn. Ehknh á`qh}qh Qbmlqhw eimlqh keOxnk 7393 klw gwkqk}mlh} ]mlx`h|iehn xna ke Ixjx}q thwgwimlqhkml ekq klw xna ehknhe ]bln hknhn awhkzômlkjhn ]swimlxwìxgke Dwinfwhkml. Ainiml gwiml kml akh _h`qh kn Hnjìna ig xna whk}%qh hkqzhk`kj niml Eh|kfb kn ahw Lbddnxnj ai}} ehkn Inqwij ixd hknh Aixhwixdhnqli`q}jhnhlekjxnj kn ahn X]I ,„Jwhhnmiwa‐+

niml Igìxd ahw Hknwhk}h}shwwh nxn già sb}kqkt gh}mlkhahn zðw%ah. Ighw aiwix} zxwah hw}q hknei` nkmlq}․




19:

Keehw zkhahw zxwah kml tbn ahn X]%Ghlôwahn ixd hknhn }sá%qhwhn _hkqsxnfq thwqwô}qhq gk} ein ekw ainn fxw tbw ahe Oil%wh}zhml}h` 7393"7399 ekqqhk`qh ein fônnh nkmlq ig}hlhn bg xna

zhnn ainn zinn ehkn Di`` oh hnq}mlkhahn zhwahn fônnqh. Ailhw whkmlqhn zkw Indinj Dhgwxiw 7399 jhjhn akh X.].%Whjkhwxnj hknhXnqáqkjfhkq}f`ijh hkn akh ainn qiq}áml`kml dwxmlqhqh? niml hknkjhe oxwk}qk}mlhn Lkn xna Lhw zxwah ekw ke Ox`k 7399 qiq}áml`kml hknHknwhk}htk}xe ix}jh}qh``q ekq ahe kml fniss awhk Zbmlhn }sáqhw niml Lix}h x Dwix xna Fkna whk}hn fbnnqh.

Xna zhnn }kh nkmlq jh}qbwghn }kna․

Di``} ]kh ehkn ]mlkmf}i` zhkqhw thwdb`jhn zb``hn `iah kml ]khhkn ehknh Zhg}hkqh x gh}xmlhn? zzz.JhweiwWxab`d.mbe



Dðw jhjhnzáwqkjh Swhk}h xna @khdhwgiwfhkq zhnahn }kh }kml gkqqh in Mi}q`h Lk`` Sxg`k}lhw} SB Gb| 71=Xmf²hà QN77 ;IZ JwbÒgwkqinnkhn6 heik`? }i`h}Ctlb.bwj Knqhwnhq? zzz.tlb.bwj"}lbs

Jhweiw Wxab`d? Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q. ]qwkqqkjh Dwijhn ke Fwhxthwlôw ]hkq 9;;7 lá`q Jhweiw Wxab`d Tbw`h}xnjhn xe Lb`bmix}q. Akh} k}q hknh `kqhwiwk}mlhIx}iwghkqxnj akh}hw Tbw`h}xnjhn injhwhkmlhwq ekq ahn nhxh}qhn Hwfhnnqnk}}hn xhknhe Qlhei ai} akh Whjkhwxnjhn shw ]qwidwhmlq whjx`khwhn. Ai} Gxmlh} k}q hkn Aki%`bj zk}mlhn ahe Whdhwhnqhn ahw akh zkmlqkj}qhn Hwfhnnqnk}}hn aiw`hjq xna ahnWhifqkbnhn ix} ahe Sxg`kfxe ekq fwkqk}mlhn Hknzánahn xna Jhjhniwjxehnqh. Akhðg`kmlhn Iwjxehnqh jhjhn hknh fwkqk}mlh qigx`b}h Jh}mlkmlq}ghqwimlqxnj zhwahn

}iml`kml ak}fxqkhwq. Akh}h} Gxml k}q hkn Fbeshnakxe tbn Inqzbwqhn ixd akh zkml%qkj}qhn Dwijhn xe Lb`bmix}q. Ekq ðghw qix}hna Yxh``hnthwzhk}hn k}q akh}h} `hkmlqthw}qána`kmlh Gxml akh gh}qh Hkndðlwxnj kn akh}h} gwinalhkÒh Qigxqlhei }bzbl` dðw ahn knqhwh}}khwqhn @ikhn zkh ixml dðw Jh}mlkmlq}`khglighw.

8:4 ]. I8 sg }"z k``. Gkg`. Knah|

Jhweiw Wxab`d? Ix}mlzkq%@ðjhn. @hjhnahn, @ðjhn, Tbwxwqhk`h

‐Ai} Kn}qkqxq dðw _hkqjh}mlkmlqh liq ahn @hxmlqhw%Ghwkmlq zkahw`hjq― ” hknh @ðjh.‐Swh}}im liq akh Whtk}kbnk}qhn qhmlnk}ml zkahw`hjq― ” Swh}}im iwjxehnqkhwqh nkh qhml%nk}ml. ‐Akh Mlhekfhw Aw. Jwhhn xna Aw. Gik`hw lighn @hxmlqhw xna Wxab`d zkahw`hjq―

” akh ghkahn }kna xnhlw`kmlh ]qðeshw. ‐Swbd. Eiwfkhzkm zkh} niml aiÒ kn Ix}mlzkq

Ehn}mlhn thwji}q zxwahn― ” Eiwfkhzkm liq }hknh Hwjhgnk}}h jhdá`}mlq. ‐Swbd. tinSh`q ghzkh} akh Ji}fieehwn tbn Ix}mlzkq― ” hw zkhahwlb`qh akh Dhl`hw }hknhw Tbw%jánjhw. Akh}h xna inahwh Xnzilwlhkqhn zhwahn kn akh}he Gxml ixdjhjwkddhn xna i`}ai} hnqìwtq zi} }kh }kna? sb`kqk}mlh @ðjhn akh jh}mliddhn zxwahn xe ak}}kahnqhLk}qbwkfhw x thwqhxdh`n xna akh Zh`q kn Lb`bmix}q%Fnhmlq}mlidq x li`qhn. Hwján%xnj}gina x Wxab`d} Tbw`h}xnjhn ðghw ahn Lb`bmix}q.

=<1 ]. I8 sg }"z k``. Knah|

Miw`b Eiqqbjnb? ]mlkddgwxml. Tbe Xnqhwjinj ahw Lb`bmix}q%Bwqlbab|khIxdjwxna ahw ziml}hnahn @izknh whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhw Sxg`kfiqkbnhn xe Lb`bmix}q }ilhn}kml akh bwqlbab|hn Lk}qbwkfhw jheðÒkjq ahw hqzi} hnqjhjhn x }hqhn. Ailhw hw}mlkhnIndinj 7399 hkn ]ieeh`gina ahw tbwjkgq akh Iwjxehnqh fwkqk}mlhw Lk}qbwkfhw x zkahw`h%jhn. Ghhkmlnhna dðw akh}h ]qxakh k}q ai}} zkhahw hknei` akh whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn Iwjxehnqh

swifqk}ml jiw nkmlq ak}fxqkhwq zhwahn. Fixe hknh} ahw tkh`hn whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn Zhwfh zkwaixml nxw hwzálnq. Kn ]mlkddgwxml `hjq Eiqqbjnb akh shkn`kmlh BghwÃáml`kmlfhkq xna abjei%qk}mlh Kjnbwin akh}hw Lk}qbwkfhw jniahn`b} g`bÒ. Hkn xe} inahwh Ei` zkwa ahxq`kml ai}}ahwhn Ghlixsqxnjhn qhk`zhk}h tô``kj xndxnakhwq }kna bahw bdq aiwixd ghwxlhn ai}} Yxh``hntô``kj thwhwwq xna hnq}qh``q zhwahn. Inlina }hknhw ghhknawxmfhnahn Yxh``hnfhnnqnk}}hdðlwq Eiqqbjnb akh Qlh}hn akh}hw Lbdlk}qbwkfhw jhfbnnq ia ig}xwaxe. Ai} bwqlbab|h Jh%}mlkmlq}gkà ah} ‐Lb`bmix}q― liq ailhw hknhn tô``kjhn ]mlkddgwxml hw`kqqhn ” zkh innb aixei` akh Qkqinkm.

=3< ]. I8 sg k``. Gkg`. Knah|

Jhweiw Wxab`d? Ai} Wxab`d Jxqimlqhn ðghw akh Ji}fieehwn tbn Ix}mlzkq Ahw X]%Lknwkmlqxnj}h|shwqh Dwha @hxmlqhw thwdiÒqh 9;<< hkn Jhwkmlq}jxqimlqhn ðghw akh Ji}fieehwn tbn Ix}mlzkq. Dikq? ‐Qhmlnk}ml xneôj`kml.― Aiaxwml xqkhd}qthwxn}kmlhwq eimlqh }kml 9;;9 ahw aiei`} ie Ei|%Sìnmf%Kn}qkqxq kn ]qxqqjiwq swb%ebtkhwhnah ahxq}mlh Aks`be%Mlhekfhw Jhweiw Wxab`d kn }hknhw Dwhkhkq aiwin x

swðdhn bg @hxmlqhw whmlq liq. Akh} k}q hknh hwzhkqhwqh Nhxix}jigh ahw Hwjhgnk}}h tbnWxab`d} mlhek}mlhn qhmlnk}mlhn xna iwmlkqhfqbnk}mlhn Xnqhw}xmlxnjhn. ]kh }qh``hn@hxmlqhw} Xnqhw}xmlxnjhn ixd hknh }kmlhwh Jwxnaìjhn? ‐Qhmlnk}ml xneôj`kml.―

‐Akh}h zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlhn Ini`{}hn }kna shwdhfq.― ‑ L. Zh}qwi Innh%Dwinf%]qkdqxnj

‐akh}hVwU Ghwkmlq V․U exÒ i`} zk}}hn}mlidq`kml innhlegiw ghhkmlnhq zhwahn.― ‑Swbd. Aw. Lhnwk Wiex Jhwkmlq}jxqimlqhn xe Wxab`d Jxqimlqhn

713 ]. I8 jhg. qhk`z. diwgkj k``.




Oðwjhn Jwid Qlbei} Fxh} Miw`b Eiqqbjnb? ]bgkgbw. Swbsijinai xna Zkwf`kmlfhkq

_zk}mlhn 78.333 xna 7 Ekb. Oxahn }b``hn kn ]bgkgýw ,B}qsb`hn+ zk}mlhn 9;17 xna9;1= kn Ji}fieehwn ekqqh`} Ml`bw bahw hknhw }mlziwhn D`ð}}kjfhkq jhqôqhq zbwahn}hkn. Niml ahe Ebwa zxwahn akh Fieehwgôahn ixdjhfìssq xna akh @hkmlhn tkh`hnkn Lbl`wáxeh tbn zb }kh x Ei}}hnjwághwn jh}mliddq xna abwq ghhwakjq gz. thw%

gwinnq zbwahn }hkn }b``hn. Akh}h slinqi}qk}mlh Thw}kbn thw}mlzina già kn ahw Ebq%qhnfk}qh? Ebqbwigji}h }qiqq Ml`bw xna fhknh ixdfìssgiwhn Gôahn ghdil` akh Bwqlb%

ab|kh. Akh}h xna inahwh Ig}xwakqáqhn xna Di`}mlaiw}qh``xnjhn ̀ hjq akh}h} Gxml bddhn.Ke @ijhw axwmljhdðlwqh iwmláb`bjk}mlh Xnqhw}xmlxnjhn dðlwhn x diqi`hn ]ml`xÒdb`%jhwxnjhn dðw akh Thwnkmlqxnj}ìjhwqlh}h. Inlina tkh`hw Abfxehnqhn zkwa }ml`khÒ`kmlzkahw`hjq aiÒ akh „Hna`ô}xnj‐ xna „Ahsbwqiqkbnhn kn ahn B}qhn‐ Mbahzôwqhw dðw Ei}}hnebwa ziwhn. ]bgkgýw ziw hkn }kes`h} Axwmljinj}ìjhw} jhn B}qhn.

874 ]. I8 sg k``. Gkg`. Knah|

Miw`b Eiqqbjnb Oðwjhn Jwid? Qwhg`knfi. Thwnkmlqxnj}ìjhw bahw Axwmljinj}ìjhw2

Kn ahe kn B}qsb`hn jh`hjhnhn @ijhw Qwhg`knfi }b``hn zk}mlhn 9;17 xna 9;1= zk%}mlhn :33.333 xna = Ekb. Ehn}mlhn xejhgwimlq zbwahn }hkn. I`} Ebwaziddhn zhw%ahn ghlixsqhq? ebgk`h bahw }qiqkbnáwh Ji}fieehwn6 thwôjhwna bahw }bdbwq zkwfhnah}

Jkdqji}6 xnjh`ô}mlqhw Fi`f6 lhkÒhw Aiesd6 h`hfqwk}mlhw ]qwbe6 Akh}hìgji}h․ Akh@hkmlnieh ahw Bsdhw }b``hn ixd ]mlhkqhwlixdhn tbn ahw Lôlh ehlw}qômfkjhw Láx}hw di}q blnh Gwhnn}qbdd }sxw`b} thwgwinnq zbwahn }hkn. Eiqqbjnb xna Jwid ini`{}khwhnakh}h} bd²kh``h Qwhg`knfi%Gkà ghðj`kml }hknhw Hnq}qhlxnj @bjkf xna qhmlnk}mlhnEimlgiwfhkq xna zhk}hn inlina tkh`hw Abfxehnqh niml zi} Qwhg`knfi zkwf`kml ziw?hkn Axwmljinj}ìjhw. Ixdexnqhwna }kna akh bwkjknh``hn _hxjhnix}}ijhn }bzkh jh%fbnnq hnqìwtqhn Ig}xwakqáqhn ahw hqig`khwqhn Jh}mlkmlq}}mlwhkgxnj.

1=7 ]. I8 sg k``. Gkg`. Knah|

Miw`b Eiqqbjnb? Ghéįhm kn Swbsijinai, _hxjhnix}}ijhn, iwmláb`bjk}mlhw Dbw}mlxnj xna

Jh}mlkmlqh_zk}mlhn 433.333 xna = Ekb. Oxahn }b``hn kn Ghéįhm ,B}qsb`hn+ zk}mlhn Nbt. 9;19xna Ah. 9;17 ekqqh`} Akh}h`ji}fieehwn xnjh`ô}mlqhe Fi`f ]qiwf}qwbe bahw Ti%fxxefieehwn hwebwahq zbwahn }hkn. Akh @hkmlhn }b``hn ixd wkh}kjhn ]mlhkqhwlixdhn}sxw`b} thwgwinnq zbwahn }hkn. Ghéįhm k}q akh „f`hknhwh‐ ]mlzh}qhw tbn Qwhg`knfi.Akh}h ]qxakh gh}mlwánfq }kml ailhw ixd nhxh I}shfqh xna thwzhk}q }bn}q ixd akh Ix}%}ijhn xna Ini`{}hn ah} bghn ixdjhdðlwqhn Qwhg`knfi%Gxmlh}. H} zkwa akh Hnq}qhlxnjah} bd²kh``hn Jh}mlkmlq}gkàh} ah} @ijhw} hw`áxqhwq xna hknhw qkhdjhlhnahn Fwkqkf xnqhwbjhn. Kn Ghéįhm fie h} Hnah ahw 9;;3hw Oilwh x iwmláb`bjk}mlhn Xnqhw}x%mlxnjhn ahwhn Hwjhgnk}}h ini`{}khwq zhwahn. Akh}h Wh}x`qiqh zkahw`hjhn akh Qlh}htbn hknhe Thwnkmlqxnj}ìjhw.

9:3 ]. I8 sg k``. Gkg`. Knah|

Oðwjhn Jwid Miw`b Eiqqbjnb? F@ Eioainhf. Hknh lk}qbwk}mlh xna qhmlnk}mlh ]qxakh

Ke @ijhw @xg`kn%Eioainhf }b``hn ke 7. Zh`qfwkhj oh niml Yxh``h zk}mlhn 83.333xna ðghw 9. Ekb. Ehn}mlhn xejhfbeehn }hkn. Gi}khwhna ixd hw}mlôsdhnahw Ini`{%}h tbn Swkeáwyxh``hn xna eiqhwkh``hn ]sxwhn ah} tbwei`kjhn @ijhw} thw}hqq akh}h}Gxml ahw @ðjh tbn Ehn}mlhnthwji}xnjhn kn Eioainhf ahn Qbah}}qbÒ. Akh Ixqbwhnfbeehn x hknahxqkjhn xna }mlbnxnj}`b}hn ]ml`xÒdb`jhwxnjhn xw zkwf`kmlhn Jh%}mlkmlqh xna Ghahxqxnj ah} @ijhw} akh akh bd²kh``h Qlh}h hw}qôwhn blnh akh tkh`hnEkÒlina`xnjhn x hnq}mlxàkjhn akh tbn Eioainhf} ]]%Fbeeinainqhn qiq}áml`kml

xjhì}}hn zxwahn. Jwid xna Eiqqbjnb }mlxdhn aiekq hwnhxq hknh }bwjdá`qkj whmlhw%mlkhwqh} ehqlbak}mlh} Zhwf ai} hknhn lblhn ]qinaiwa }hqq.=78 ]. I8 sg qhk`z. diwgkj k``. Gkg`. Knah|




O. Jwid M. Eiqqbjnb? Ai} F@ ]qxqqlbd xna }hknh Dxnfqkbn kn ahw

N]%Oxahnsb`kqkf

Ai} Fbnhnqwiqkbn}ìjhw ]qxqqlbd ,Zh}qswhxÒhn+ k}q tbn zh}q`kmlhn Lk}qbwkfhwn nkh%ei`} xnqhw}xmlq zbwahn. Ahw sb`nk}ml%fbeexnk}qk}mlh @kqhwiqxw xdb`jh ziw ]qxqqlbd hkn ‐Lk`d}thwnkmlqxnj}ìjhw.― Jwid xna Eiqqbjnb lighn akh}h Qlh}h xnqhw}xmlq kn%ahe }kh sb`nk}mlh @kqhwiqxw }bzkh Abfxehnqh ix} wx}}k}mlhn sb`nk}mlhn xna lb``án%ak}mlhn Iwmlkthn ini`{}khwqhn. Akh Ixqbwhn ghzhk}hn aiÒ ]qxqqlbd fhkn ‐Lk`d}%― bahw

inahwzhkqkjh} Thwnkmlqxnj}ìjhw ziw. Ahw i`} Ji}fieehw ghhkmlnhqh Wixe ziw `h%akj`kml hknh Hnqìx}xnj}fieehw. Akh} k}q hkn Ehk`hn}qhkn ahw Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnjahn fhkn hwn}qlidqhw Lk}qbwkfhw kjnbwkhwhn finn.

911 ]. I8 sg qhk`z. diwgkj k``. Gkg`. Knah|

Skhwwh Eiwik} Akh Ji}zijhn. Hknh fwkqk}mlh Xnqhw}xmlxnj

9;<1 }qiwg ahw hlhei`kjh ]]%Bghw}qxweginndðlwhw Zi`qhw Wixdd injhg`kmlhw Thwinq%zbwq`kmlhw dðw ahn Hkn}iq tbn Ji}zijhn xw Ehn}mlhnqôqxnj kn hknhe f`hknhn mlk%`hnk}mlhn Abwd. Akh Swh}}h `khÒ }kml akh}h Jh`hjhnlhkq x hknhw nhxhn Lhqfiesijnhnkmlq hnqjhlhn. Skhwwh Eiwik} gh}ml`bÒ aiei`} ahw Dwijh ahw ghwðleq%ghwðmlqkjqhnJi}zijhn akh gk} x ohnhe _hkqsxnfq nbml nkhei`} hwn}qlidq xnqhw}xmlq zbwahn ziwakh klw jhgðlwhnah Ixdehwf}iefhkq x zkaehn. Kn ehlwoálwkjhw Iwghkq liq SkhwwhEiwik} }b jxq zkh i``h tbwlinahnhn Abfxehnqh _hxjhnix}}ijhn xna Ghwkmlqh xakh}he Qlhei jh}ieeh`q. I`} hw akh}h jhnixhw xnqhw akh @xsh nile qwiqhn il`whk%mlh Inbei`khn xqijh tbn ahnhn akh hknh ghdwhea`kmlhw ziw i`} akh inahwh }b aiÒ}kml akh _zhkdh` ah} Thwdi}}hw} in ahw lk}qbwk}mlhn Whi`kqáq akh}hw Dilwhxjh keehw ehlw thw}qáwfqhn.

xw _hkq ix}thwfixdq6 }qiwf hwzhkqhwqh NhxixÃijh jhsìnq

Abn Lhaah}lhkehw? Ahw Hw}qh Lb`bmix}q. Oðak}mlh ]shnahnfiesijnhn ekq

Lb`bmix}q%Ghlixsqxnjhn ke Hw}qhn Zh`qfwkhj xna ainiml.

‐]hml} Ek``kbnhn Oxahn tbn Lb`bmix}q ghawblq―? Akh} ghlixsqhqhn Ehakhn zkh akh Nhz [bwf Qkeh} ” ighw }mlbn 9;9;) Abn Lhaah}lhkehw} dxnakhwqh} Gxml abfxehn%qkhwq akh Swbsijinai niml ahe Hw}qhn Zh`qfwkhj akh ghlixsqhqh ai} b}qhxwbsák}mlhOxahnqxe ghdánah }kml ie Winah ahw Thwnkmlqxnj zbghk akh e{}qk}mlh 4%Ekb.%_il`keehw zkhahw ixdqixmlqh. Oðak}mlh ]shnahnfiesijnhn kn Iehwkfi gwimlqhn wkh}kjh]xeehn xnqhw ahw Swáek}}h hkn aiekq lxnjhwnah Oxahn x hwnálwhn. ]kh zxwahn

ohabml }qiqq ah}}hn dðw kbnk}qk}mlh xna fbeexnk}qk}mlh ‐fbn}qwxfqkth Xnqhwnhlehn―thwzhnahq. Ahw Hw}qh Lb`bmix}q k}q hknh hkn}mlnhkahnah Xnqhw}xmlxnj ahw }mlìxix}jhlhmfqhn Fiesijnh tbn Jwhxh`% xna Thwnkmlqxnj}swbsijinai zhk Oilwhlnqhtbw ahe injhg`kmlhn Lb`bmix}q ah} _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhjh}.

9:1 ]. I8 sg k``. Gkg`. Knah|

Zi`qhw N. ]innknj? Akh IxÃô}xnj ah} b}qhxwbsák}mlhn Oxahnqxe}Zkh tkh`h Oxahn zxwahn Bsdhw ahw niqkbni`}bki`k}qk}mlhn Oxahnthwdb`jxnj2 Zi`qhw N.]innknj }qðqq }kml ixd akh Hwjhgnk}}h tbn Tb`f}ál`xnjhn xna inahwh Ghwkmlqh akhhw di}q ix}}ml`khÒ`kml i``kkhwqhn xna oðak}mlhn Yxh``hn hnqnbeehn liq. Kn }hknhw Jh%}ieqgkìn fbeeq hw innálhwna ixd :83.333 oðak}mlh Thw}mlb``hnh zálwhna ahw _hkqah} _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhjh}. Akh}h} Gxml ziw hknh whtk}kbnk}qk}mlh Lhwix}dbwahwxnj ixd akh akh hqig`khwqh Jh}mlkmlq}dbw}mlxnj gk} lhxqh nxw hknh Inqzbwq liq? qbq}mlzhkjhn.Ixml ai} hknkjh Zhwf ahw Jhjhn}hkqh xw Dwijh ahw Bsdhwil`hn ahw Oxahn zálwhnaah} _zhkqhn Zh`qfwkhj} , Akehn}kbn ah} Tô`fhwebwa} 9;;9+ thw}mlzhkjq akh Iwjx%

ehnqh akh}h} Fì}}kfhw} xna xejhlq akh aiwkn ixdjhhkjqhn Iwjxehnqh. Akh}h} Gxmlk}q zbeôj`kml hknh} ahw zkmlqkj}qhn ohei`} thwdiÒqhn whtk}kbnk}qk}mlhn Gðmlhw.=73 ]. I8 sg Gkg`. Knah|



Oðwjhn Jwid? Wkh}h ixd qônhwnhn DðÒhn. Wix` Lk`ghwj xna }hkn Zhwf ðghw ahn ‐Lb̀ bmix}q―

Akh}h fxwh ]qxakh k}q hknh Aheb`khwxnj ahw hnqwi`hn Ghlixsqxnjhn ahw Lb`bmix}q%Qlh}h axwml hknh fwkqk}mlh Xnqhw}xmlxnj tbn Wix` Lk`ghwj} finbnk}mlhe Zhwf AkhThwnkmlqxnj ahw hxwbsák}mlhn Oxahn. H} fbnhnqwkhwq }kml ixd ohnh ]hkqhn kn Akh Thw%nkmlqxnj akh akwhfq tbe injhg`kmlhn N]%Ei}}hnebwa} in ahn Oxahn linah`n. Jwid `hjq akh ]mlzámlhn xna Ig}xwakqáqhn tbn Lk`ghwj} gh}qhn ‐Ghzhk}hn― dðw hkn Thwnkml%qxnj}swbjwiee dðw Ji}fieehwn xna dðw akh ghlixsqhqhn 4 Ekb. Bsdhw }mlbnxnj}`b}

bddhn. Ixd lxebwtb``h Iwq thwnkmlqhq akh}h} Gxml Lk`ghwj} oáeehw`kmlhn Thw}xmlEi}}hnthwnkmlqxnj kn Ix}mlzkq xna inahw}zb x ghzhk}hn. ]hknh dbfx}}khwqh Fðwheimlq ai} Gxml x hknhw h|h``hnqhn Hkndðlwxnj kn ahn Whtk}kbnk}ex}.

943 ]. I8 sg k``. Gkg`. Knah|

Oðwjhn Jwid? Ix}mlzkq? Qáqhwjh}qánank}}h xna Ixjhnhxjhn ah} Lb`bmix}q Ai} hw}qh zk}}hn}mlidq`kmlh Fbeshnakxe tbn _hxjhnix}}ijhn ðghw akh injhg`kmlhOxahnthwnkmlqxnj kn Ix}mlzkq. Dðw ai} tbw`khjhnahn Zhwf zxwahn akh Ix}}ijhn }b

ghwðleqhw _hxjhn ini`{}khwq zkh? W. Twgi O. Qighix M. Tik`ìnq%Mbxqxwkhw W. LôÒ]. @hzhnqli` I. Dhkn}k`ghw ]. Awijbn L. Qixghw E. Fxì D. Eð``hw E. GhnwbxgkD. Jwkf}ml S. Gwbia O.S. Fwhehw I. @hqqkml M.]. Ghnah` E. N{k}`k B. @hnj{h`

W. Gômf H. Zkh}h`... Jwid jkgq akh dðw }hknh Ini`{}h ix}}mlìjjhghnahn Si}}ijhnakh}hw Ix}}ijhn zkhahw akh }kml ixd akh injhg`kmlh Ei}}hnthwnkmlqxnj kn Ix}mlzkq

ghkhlhn xna xnqhwkhlq }kh hknhw dimljhwhmlqhn fwkqk}mlhn Ini`{}h. Ai} Hwjhgnk} k}qhw}mlðqqhwna? Fhknh ahw Ix}}ijhn finn ghðj`kml ahw aiwkn hnqli`qhnhn Ji}fieehw%Ghlixsqxnjhn i`} jìxglidq hknjh}qxdq zhwahn. Abml xwqhk`hn ]kh }h`g}q.

7<3 ]. sg I8 Gkg`. Knah|

Miw`b Eiqqbjnb? ]bnahwghlina`xnj kn Ix}mlzkq. Hnq}qhlxnj xna Ghahxqxnj

Ghjwkddh zkh ‐]bnahwghlina`xnj― xna ‐]bnahwifqkbn― }b``hn Qiwnzôwqhw dðw akhQôqxnj tbn Ládq`knjhn jhzh}hn }hkn zhnn }kh kn ahxq}mlhn Abfxehnqhn ix} ahw

Fwkhj}hkq ixdqixmlqhn. Ekq akh}he Gxml `hjq Miw`b Eiqqbjnb akh gk}lhw ix}dðlw`kml%}qh Iglina`xnj x akh}he qh|q`kmlhn Swbg`he tbw. Knahe hw tkh`h xehk}q gk}lhw xn% ghfinnqh Abfxehnqh ðghw Ix}mlzkq xnqhw}xmlq zhk}q Eiqqbjnb niml aiÒ Ghjwkddhakh ekq ‐]bnahw%― indinjhn ziw tkh`hw`hk Ghahxqxnj liqqhn akh ohabml kn Ghxj ixd Ix}mlzkq kn fhknhe hknkjhn Di`` hqzi} ekq Qôqxnjhn x qxn liqqhn. Akh}h zkmlqkjh]qxakh ghzhk}q aiÒ akh ðg`kmlh Swi|k} ahw Hnqkddhwxnj hknhw injhg`kmlhn Qiwn}swimlhaxwml akh _xzhk}xnj fwkeknh``hw Knli`qh dðw liwe`b}h Zbwqh ” hknh ]ml`ð}}h`fbesb%nhnqh ahw hqig`khwqhn Jh}mlkmlq}}mlwhkgxnj ” tô``kj xnli`qgiw k}q.

943 ]. I8 sg. k``. Gkg`. Knah|

Miw`b Eiqqbjnb? Ix}mlzkq? Akh hw}qh Thwji}xnj Jhwðmlq xna Zkwf`kmlfhkq

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