gofF gkfnsf] ] kl/sNkgf · viii. यो पाड़⠉㸀 ᰉ㸉尨ीजाड़⠉䀀...

gofF g]kfnsf]kl/sNkgf

viii

Ajaya

Typewriter

यो पाना जानीजानी खाली छोडिएको हो ।

;Dkfbgdf]xg d}gfnL

gofF g]kfnsf]kl/sNkgf

© ;f];n ;fOG; jxfM

k|yd ;+:s/0f M l8;]Da/ @))^

cfj/0f M ljnfz /fO{

k|sfzs;f];n ;fOG; jxfMsf nflulxdfn lstfalxdfn P;f]l;P;gkf6g9f]sf, kf]=a=g+= !^^, nlntk'/, g]kfnkmf]g M %%$@%$$ • ̂ ofS; M %%$!!(^Od]n M [email protected]

j]a;fO6 M www.himalassociation.org

…lxdfn lstfaÚ nlntk'/l:yt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf …lxdfn P;f]l;P;gÚsf] k|sfzg ;ª\sfo xf] .

d"No M ? !))÷–

ISBN 99933 43 82 X

gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf M zflGt, k'glg{df{0f tyf ljsf; ljifos sf7df8f}Fdf@)^# c;f]h !)–!! ut] ;f];n ;fOG; jxfM / PS;g P8 g]kfnåf/fcfof]lht /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] k|ltj]bg . ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf tyf k|ltj]bg k|sfzgsfnflu PS;g P8 g]kfnåf/f cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] .

Naya Nepalko Parikalpana

e"ldsf

df3 !( sf] zfxL sbd;Fu} /fHo / ljb|f]xLaLrsf] b'O{kIfLo åGå /fhgLltskf6L{, /fHo;+oGq / dfcf]jfbL u/L lqkIfLo åGådf kl/0ft eof] . b]z c‰ulx/f] clglZrttftkm{ ws]lnof] / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ c‰ hl6n aGb}uP . of] ult/f]w lg/Gt/ hf/L /Xof] . b/af/n] /fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf]cl:tTj :jLsf/ u/]g .

sf7df8f}Fdf /fhgLlts ult/f]w sfod /x]s} a]nf @)^@ ;fpgdfdfcf]jfbLn] k|lt:kwf{Tds /fhgLltdf k|j]z ug{] lg0f{o u¥of] . o;sfnflu klxnf] ;t{ xltof/ Joj:yfkg k|lqmof;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf]lgjf{rg lyof] . o; lg0f{on] kf6L{ / ljb|f]xL kIfsf aLrdf afx|a'Fb];xdltsf] cfwf/ agfof] / a[xt\ hgcfGbf]ngsf] vfsf sf]g{ ;3fof] .cfGbf]ng ;kmn ePkl5 le/sf] l8ndf k'lu;s]sf] b]z nf]stflGqsk|lqmofsf] ;'/lIft d}bfgdf kmls{of] . o;n] ubf{ bL3{sfnLg zflGtsf]of]hgf agfpg clg ;fdflhs k'g:yf{kgf tyf ljsf; / cfly{sk'g;{+/rgfsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ ;lsg] eof] . ;du|df lx+;fsf] dfqfdfpNn]vgLo ¿kdf sdL cfof] h;n] eljiok|lt cfzf ug{] cfwf/ lbPsf]5 . tyflk xltof/ Joj:yfkg, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, cGtl/d ;/sf/ /;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg vfnsf zª\sf–pkzª\sf/x]sf 5g\ .

o;} ;Gbe{df PS;g P8 g]kfn / ;f];n ;fOG; jxfMn] ldn]/ zflGt,k'glg{df{0f tyf ljsf; ljifodf @)^# c;f]h !) / !! ut] sf7df8f}FdfPp6f /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP . b'O{ lbg rn]sf] To;;Dd]ngdf ;/sf/sf k|ltlglw, ;d'bfosf cu'jf, hgdt lgdf{tf, ljåfg\,;dfh;]jL, jlsn, k|fljlw1, ljsf; ljz]if1nufotn] ljleGg ljifodf5nkmn ug{'ePsf] lyof] .

vi

;Dd]ngdf tLgcf]6f d"n ljifox¿ zflGt, k'glg{df{0f tyf ljsf;sfaf/]df 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . zflGt zLif{scGtu{t Pn ;fNef8f]/sf]zflGt k|lqmofsf] cg'ej, g]kfndf /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf pkfo, xltof/Joj:yfkg, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo / hjfkmb]lxtf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg /;+ljwfg;ef clg k'glg{df{0f zLif{scGtu{t dfgjLo k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgf5nkmnsf ljifo /x]sf lyP . o;} u/L ljsf; / pGglt 5nkmnzLif{scGtu{t k/]sf lyP .

o;afx]s, pb\3f6g ;qdf g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf g]tf eLdaxfb'/ tfdfªsf]pb\3f6g dGtJo / Oog dfl6{gsf] dGtJo /flvPsf] lyof] . cGTodf, gofFg]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ljifodf /fdz/0f dxt / lgnfDa/ cfrfo{n] cfˆgfdGtJo /fVg'ePsf] lyof] .

;Dd]ngsf] p2]Zo s'g} 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ug{' lyPg . o;n] dflyplNnlvt tLgcf]6f zLif{sdf ts{;ª\ut 5nkmnnfO{ cl3 a9fpg rfx]sf]lyof] . To;}n], tL ljifodf ePsf 5nkmn Pp6f sf]7fdf ;Lldt g/x'g\ eg]/of] k|ltj]bg k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . ;Dd]ngsf qmddf ul/Psf k|:t'lt /ePsf 5nkmndf p7]sf s'/fnfO{ ;Dkfbg u/]/ oxfF /flvPsf] 5 .

cGTodf, ;Dd]ng ;kmn agfpg / of] k|ltj]bg k|sflzt ug{sf nflucfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg ug{] PS;g P8 g]kfn, ;Dd]ngdf ePsf 5nkmnsf]l6kf]6 /fVg] u0f]zaxfb'/ l3ld/], bLks cof{n / ljj]s/fh df}o{ tyfk|ltj]bg ;Dkfbg u/L k':tssf ¿kdf tof/ kfg{] df]xg d}gfnLnfO{ xflb{swGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F .

vii

ljifo;"rLe"ldsf v

!= pb\3f6g ;q !eLdaxfb'/ tfdfªOog dfl6{g

@= Pn ;fNef8f]/df zflGt k'g:yf{kgf !!xlsg zfe]h

#= /fHosf] k'g;{+{/rgf M ;ª\3Lotf @!s[i0f vgfnclgns'df/ ‰fkl/ yfkf;Ltf/fd tfdfª;'/]Gb| kf08]

$= hjfkmb]lxtf, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo / zflGt #^dlGb/f zdf{

%= cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg;ef %!6Lsf/fd e§/fO{eLdfh'{g cfrfo{s[i0f xf5]y'

^= ljsf; / pGglt ^(;Ls] nfn

&= dfgjLo k'g;+{/rgf / k'g:yf{kgf *&l8NnL/fd bfxfn

*= xltof/ Joj:yfg (@w'|js'df/

(= gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf !)#/fdz/0f dxtlgnfDa/ cfrfo{

cg';"rL !!&

viii

Ajaya

Typewriter

यो पाना जानीजानी खाली छोडिएको हो ।

;~rfnsxl/ zdf{

:jfut dGTJo/fh]Gb| k|wfg

pb\3f6g dGtJoeLdaxfb'/ tfdfª

dGtJoOog dfl6{gwGojfb 1fkgclgn kGt

pb\3f6g ;q

2 • gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf

xl/ zdf{d ;f];n ;fOG; jxfM;Fu cfa4 5' . of] sfo{qmd PS;g P8 g]kfn;Fuldn]/ u/]sf xf}F . ;f];n ;fOG; jxfM ljut rf/ jif{b]lv ;dfh lj1fgsfIf]qdf sfo{/t Pp6f ;+:yf xf] . u}/;/sf/L If]qdf ;dfh lj1fgnfO{ lj:tfl/tug]{ p2]Zon] nlntk'/sf] kf6g9f]sfdf o;n] Pp6f k':tsfno ;~rfng u/]sf]5 . j'mg} klg k|Zgx¿ p7\5g\ eg] To;sf] lg/fs/0fsf lglDt 5nkmnsfj}1flgs cfwf/x¿ x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf xfdLx¿sf] /x]sf] 5 . PS;g P8;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txaf6 p7\g] cfjfhx¿nfO{sf7df8f}Fdf cyjf ljleGg If]qdf a;]/ cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|fl1s ;d'bfo,g]tfx¿ ;a};Fu ;f‰f ;+jfb xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] xfdLn] PS;g P8nfO{ of] ;Dd]ngdf;f‰]bf/sf ¿kdf /f]h]sf xf}F . pxfFx¿n] To;nfO{ ;xif{ :jLsf/ ul/lbg'eof] .

dnfO{ cfh o; d~raf6 8f= xs{ u'?ªsf] ;D‰gf cfO/x]sf] 5 . cfheGbfsl/a tLg jif{cufl8 ;f];n ;fOG; jxfM n] ;dfj]zL nf]stGq ;DaGwdfcGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . 8f= xs{ u'?ªn] o;} d~raf6dx]zrGb| /]UdL n]Sr/ lbg'ePsf] lyof] . cfh oxL d~rdf pleP/ ;f];n;fOG; jxfM pxfFnfO{ ;D‰gf ug{ rfxG5 . pxfFn] ;dfh lj1fgsf] lgdf{0fsflglDt dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'ePsf] lyof] . uPsf] zlgaf/ s~rghª\3fdfePsf] x]lnsf]K6/ b'3{6gfdf k/L lgwg x'g'ePsf 8f= xs{ u'?ª Pj+ cGolbjª\ut cfTdfx¿sf] ;D‰gfsf lglDt s]xL a]/ df}gwf/0f u/L cfhsf] sfo{qmd;'? ug{sf lglDt xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5' .

ca d :jfut dGtJosf lglDt ;f];n ;fOG; jxfM sf 8f= /fh]Gb| k|wfgnfO{cg'/f]w ub{5' .

/fh]Gb| k|wfgeLdaxfb'/ tfdfªHo", ;+;b ;b:ox¿, u0odfGo kfx'gf, ;xefuL, ;xsdL{ tyf;fyLx¿,

gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf • 3

zflGt, k'glg{df{0f / ljsf; gfds ;Dd]ngdf tkfO{+x¿nfO{ ;f];n ;fOG;jxfM / PS;g P8sf tk{maf6 xflb{s :jfut ug{ rfxG5' . sf7df8f}F pkTosfaflx/af6cfpg'ePsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Gofgf] :jfut ug{ / wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . c‰ljz]if u/L, Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] cg'ejaf/]df xfdLnfO{ atfpg cfpg'ePsf xfd|fljz]if kfx'g xlsGr rfj]hnfO{ klg :jfut ug{ rfxG5' .

cfˆgf] Jo:t sfo{qmdaf6 ;do lgsfn]/ oxfF cfpg'ePsf]df tkfO{+x¿nfO{w]/} wGojfb . tkfO{+x¿sf] ;xeflutfn] o; ;Dd]ngnfO{ c‰ a9L ;"rgfd"ns,hLjGt / hf]l;nf] agfpF5 eGg] ljZjf; nfu]sf] 5 . dnfO{ s] cfzf nfu]sf]5 eg] xfdL ;a}n] Pscsf{sf j'm/f Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg]5f}F / Pscsf{af6 l;Sg]5f}F .dnfO{ s] ljZjf; 5 eg] ljljw ljrf/ / ;f]rfO eP klg xfdL ldn]/ gofFg]kfnsf] sNkgf ug{ ;S5f}F / g]kfnsf] k'glg{df{0f u/L o;nfO{ zflGtk"0f{,;d[4, ;dfj]zL, Gofof]lrt / ;dtfd"ns agfpgsf nflu df}lns / g]kfnLtl/sf ;'‰fpg ;S5f}F . g]kfn lwdf ultsf] eP klg b[9 af6f]df nfUg] qmddfPp6f c;lxi0f', x'j'mdL Joj:yfnfO{ kmfn]/ csf{] x'j'mdL zf;g kSj}m :yfkgfx'g]5}g . o;sf ;§fdf b]ze/ x'g] 5nkmn / ;+jfbn] tfls{s / ;xL hfgsf/Ldfcfwfl/t ts{ cl3 ;f5{ . /fhgLlts slrª\un / lx+;fsf] wDsLnfO{ kG5fpF5 .xfdL ;a} g]kfnLsf nflu s] j'm/f pko'Qm x'G5 eGg]af/]df 5nkmn ug{sfnflu ;f}xfb{k"0f{ jftfj/0fdf :jtGq / k|:6;Fu clg ;xli0f'tfk"j{s g]kfne/5nkmn x'g] jftfj/0f aGg'k5{ . g]kfn xfdL ;a}sf] ;f‰f ;Dkbf xf] . of]ljleGg ;a} lnª\u, ;a} hflt, ;a} hghflt, ;a} wd{ dfGg], ;a} efiff af]Ng]/ ;a} /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] xf] To;}n], gofF g]kfn agfpg]k|lqmofdf a/fa/L / k"0f{ ¿kdf efu lng] g};lu{s clwsf/ xfdL ;a};Fu 5 .

clx+;fTds, ;lxi0f' tl/sfn] g]kfnsf] cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs /;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0f ug{] cfd ;xdltk"0f{ af6f] /f]hf}F . a'4sf] b]z g]kfndfclx+;f / dWodfu{k|lt k|lta4 xf]cf}F . o; ;Ddn]gdf 5nkmnsf nflu clwstd;do 5'6ØfOPsf] 5 . xfdL ;s];Dd w]/} ;xefuLx¿n] 5nkmndf efu lng'xf];\eGg] rfxG5f}F . To;}n], o;kl5sf ;qdf af]Nbfv]l/ 5f]6f]df, ljifoj:t'df s]lGb|teOlbg'xf]nf . x/]s ;q ;'? x'g] a]nfdf ;dodf cfˆgf] l;6df al;lbg'xf]nf .

d o; ;Ddn]gsf] ;xcfof]hs PS;g P8, ljleGg ;qsf ;efklt, ;+of]hs/ k|:tf]tf, l6Kk0fLstf{ / ;xefuLnfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . of] ;Dd]ngcfof]hgf ug{ ;xof]u ug{] ;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbG5' . cGTodf, o;;Dd]ngsf] cjwf/0ff tof/ ug{] / ;Dd]ng ug{ xfdLnfO{ xf};nfk"j{s 3R3Rofpg]sgsdl0f bLlIftnfO{ klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .


xl/ zdf{eLdaxfb'/ tfdfª g]kfnL /fhgLltdf lgj}m nfdf] ;dob]lv ;ª\3if{/t x'g'x'G5 .@))& ;fnb]lv g} ;ª\3if{/t x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] aGb's klg p7fpg'eof] . zflGtk"0f{cfGbf]ngdf klg nfUg'eof] . b'O{ k6s;Dd ;+;b ;b:o x'g'eof] . dGqL klgx'g'eof] . hgtf kl/rfng ug]{ /fhgLlts zlStsf lglDt g]kfnd} Pp6fpbfx/0fLo JolStTj x'gx'G5 . pxfFnfO{ ;Dd]ng pb\3f6g ug{ cg'/f]w u5{'

xltof/sf] /fhgLlt ca u|fXo 5}geLdaxfb'/ tfdfª

cfb/0fLo ljåt\hg, /fhgLlt1x¿ / dlxnf tyf ;Hhgj[Gb .;f];n ;fOG; jxfM / PS;g P8sf] ;+o'St cfof]hgfdf ePsf] oqf] dxŒjk"0f{

hd36df cfˆgf j'm/f /fVg kfpg] / o;sf] pb\3f6g ug{] cj;/ kfPsf]dfd cfk"mnfO{ cfef/L 7fGb5' / cfof]hsx¿nfO{ ;j{k|yd wGojfb lbG5' .

zflGt, k'g:yf{kgf / ljsf;sf] zLif{s lbP/ ;'? ul/Psf] b'O{lbg] hd36cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . zflGt t ;a}n] rfx]j}m j'm/f xf] . zflGtljgf dflg;/xg ;Sb}g of dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g eGg] 7x/ ;a}sf] 5 .slxn]sfxLF d'bf{zflGt klg x'G5 . w]/} sfn;Dd xfdL d'bf{zflGtj}m txtxdfa;]/ afFr]sf lyof}F . xfd|f] z[ª\vnf To;/L ;'? ePsf] lyof] .

jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] ;ft ;fnsf] kl/jt{gn] zflGtsf] pb\3f6g ul/lbPsf]lyof] . Tolt a]nf 7"nf] qmflGt ePsf] lyof] . kl/jt{g ePsf] lyof] . !)$jif{;Dd hdf]6 lnP/ a;]sf] Pp6f zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ ;ft ;fnsf] qmflGtn]Wj:t u/]sf] lyof] .

xfdL zflGtsf nflu ef}tfl/O/x]sf 5f}F . xfdLn] xltof/ p7fof}F . slxn]sfxLFzflGt :yfkgfsf nflu klg xltof/ p7\g'kb{5 . clnslt an k|of]u gul/sg,clnslt lj:kmf]6gsf 7"nf7"nf cfjfhx¿ glbnfOsg lg/ª\j'mz zf;sx¿n]xfd|f j'm/fx¿ ;'Gbf /x]g5g\ . t/ xltof/ dfWod x}g eGg] j'm/frflxF xfdLdx;'; u5f}{F .

o;kflnsf] hgcfGbf]ng cAan bhf{sf] /Xof] . of] hgcfGbf]ngn] oqf]kl/jt{g u¥of] ls lxhf] xfdLn] sNkgf u/]sf] oyfl:yltjfbLsf] ;fdGtL /k|ltlqmofjfbL ;+:sf/nfO{ Wj:t agfOlbof] . cfGbf]ng gePsf] eP o;nfO{xfdLn] xfd|f] dfgl;stfaf6 v'ls{P/ klg lgsfNg ;Sb}gYof}F . cfh g]kfnLx¿s]Gb|laGb'df a;]sf 5g\ . Tof] eGHofªdf a;]sf 5g\ h;n] cfˆgf] cufl8sf]uGtJodf k'Ug'k5{ .


oxfF k'g;+{/rgfsf] j'm/f klg p7]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf j'm/f klg p7]sf 5g\ .cGttM uP/ eljiosf] g]kfn s:tf] agfpg] eGg] klg xfd|f] nIo 5 . d}n]lj1x¿af6 k|]/0ff lng] u/]sf] 5' . lsgeg] g]kfnLdf Pp6f pvfg 5 nf]snfhVofn ug'{kb{5 . /fhgLlts kf6L{sf dflg;x¿n], c¿ dflg;x¿nfO{ x]/]/ nf]snfhsf]Vofn /fVg'kb{5 . b'ef{Uo s] eof] eg] $^ ;fndf kl/jt{g t eof] t/ nf]snfhlal;{lbP . To;sf/0f xfd|f] uGtJo cndlnof] . uGtJo cndlnPkl5 Hjf/ef6fcfpFbf] /x]5, xfdLn] g;f]r]sf] pknlAw kfPsf 5f}F . /, dnfO{ nfU5 caof] pknlAwnfO{, of] ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] cjlwnfO{, b'lgofFe/sf] b'lZrGtf 6fpsf]dfv]nfP/ x'Fb}g /x]5 . o;nfO{ k|lta4tfsf ;fy cul8 nfg'k5{ .

xfd|f] ;ft bnsf] u7aGwg 5 . dfcf]jfbL klg cjt/0f ePsf 5g\ .e'OFd'lg a;]sf] k|fs[lts rLh e'OFdfly cfpFbf p;sf] hLjg, cl:tTj hgtfn]d"Nofª\sg ug]{ 7fpF cfpF5 . To;df pgLx¿ d'vl/t x'g ;S5g\ ;Sb}gg\Tof] t eljio / pxfFx¿sf] sfdsf/afxLn] atfpg] g} 5 . t/ dnfO{ nfU5pxfFx¿ cjZo vfl/P/ cufl8 a9\g' x'g]5 .

xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] j'm/f p7]sf 5g\ . d t eG5' 5'/L af]s]sf] Pp6fdfG5] klg vt/gfs x'G5 lsgeg] To;n] b'3{6gf lgDTofpF5 . s;}n] ghfg]/,sxLF nl8of] kl8of] eg] klg Tof] xltof/n] cfk"mnfO{ rf]6 k'¥ofpF5 . To;sf/0fxltof/sf] /fhgLlt ca u|fXo 5}g . s;}nfO{ klg . ;+;f/df nf]stGqsf]Hjf/ef6f cfPsf] 5 . dnfO{ nfU5 ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj t x'G5 x'G5 .;+ljwfg;efsf af/]df klxnf af]Ng] ;fyLx¿ PSsf–bf]Ssf lyP t/ ca of];a}sf] ;f‰f Ph]G8f ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlts kf6L{sf dflg;x¿ cln sdhf]/b]lvGy], xF'bf /}Ú5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] j'm/f ubf{ pgLx¿ xlRsGy] . clns 7"nfg]tfn] s]xL eGg] xf] ls eg]/ . pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ :ki6 lyPg . t/ caTof] ljrf/nfO{ :ki6tfsf ;fy ;+ljwfg;efdf n}hfg'kb{5 / j'm/f] klg 6'ª\uf]nufpg'kb{5 .

xfdL /fhgLltzf:qsf kl08tx¿;Fu /fhgLlts zf:qsf efif0f ;'GYofF},kf]yLx¿ kN6fpYof}F . t/ o;kflnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gdf /fhgLltzf:qsflstfa ;a etfe'ª\u eP . of] cfGbf]ngdf cfpg] dflg;sf uf]8fdf rKknl;afo s]xL lyPg . uf]ª\ua', snª\sL, sf]6]Zj/, hxfF;'j}msf cfGbf]ngdf rKknx¿sf]e/df/ cnkq b]v]kl5 ofb x'GYof] P of] t x'g] / gx'g]aLrsf] klg t n8fOF/x]5 lg . dfG5]sf] hfu/0fsf] dfkb08 To;af6 b]lvG5 . o;kflnsf] cfGbf]ngn]h'g pknlAw xfl;n u¥of] g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df of] 3l/3l/ bf]xf]l/b}g xf]nf .

/fhgLlts Oltxf;sf] kl/jt{gsf] cfwf/ ;ft ;fnaf6 ;'? eof] . ;ft


;fndf åGå eof] . Pp6f k/Dk/fnfO{ yfDg] zlSt lyof] eg] csf]{ kl/jt{gsf/LzlSt . !% ;fndf r'gfj eof] . :jod\ b/af/n] Pp6f ;+ljwfg lbof] .Tof] klg :jljj]ssf] wf/f /fv]/ . clg ;q ;fndf ;+;b lj36g u¥of] .:jljj]ssf] wf/fsf andf zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfn] lj36g ug{ ;lsGYof] . +t/;]gf k|of]u u¥of] . hg/nx¿ cfP/ To; avtsf hgk|ltlglw, k|wfgdGqL,c¿ dGqLx¿ / ;f/fnfO{ ;dft]/ nlu;s]kl5 clg dflg;nfO{ la:tf/} yfxfeof] . oqf] 7"nf] sf08 ePsf] /x]5 . dnfO{ nfU5 clxn]sf] b/afl/of cl:tTjsf]k|Zg hf] p7]sf] 5 To;n] ToxL a]nf cfˆgf] vf8n vlg;s]sf] /x]5 . 36gfqmdsf]o;/L ljj]rgf ubf{ of] b'lgofFdf, gofF ;'?cft ePsf] 5 . d}n] oxfFx¿nfO{Oltxf; k9fO/xg'kb}{g . oxfFx¿n] ;d'Ggt g]kfnsf] eljiosf] vfsf dfqlvlrlbg'eof] eg] of] b'O{ lbgsf] ;Dd]ng ;kmnLe"t ePsf] 7fGb5' .

hgtfsf] OR5f M zf;gsf] cfwf/Oog dfl6{g

eLdaxfb'/ tfdfª, pkl:yt u0odfGo ;xefuL / ;fyLx¿,zlgaf/sf] x]lnsf]K6/ b'3{6gfn] ubf{ g]kfn / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfok|lt ePsf]

eofgs gf]S;fgLk|lt d /fi6«;ª\3sf] tk{maf6 ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub}{ d]/f egfO;'? u5{' .

o; ;Dd]ngsf cfof]hsx¿nfO{ d awfO{ lbg rfxG5' . zflGt :yfkgf,k'g:yf{kgf / ljsf;sf] k|lqmof g]kfnLx¿j}m g]t[Tjdf cl3 a9\g'k5{ . o;;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6g ;qdf pkl:yt x'g] / af]Ng] lgDtf kfpg'nfO{ d ljz]ifflwsf/kfPsf] ;D‰G5' . o;nfO{ d}n] g]kfndf /fi6«;ª\3 csf{sf dfdnfdf x:tIf]kug{] afXo zlSt xf]Og eGg] j'm/fsf] dfGotfsf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5' . /fi6«;ª\3c¿ ;b:o /fi6«sf] hlQj}m g]kfnsf] klg cfˆg} ;ª\u7g xf] . g]kfnn] /fi6«;ª\3sf];b:otfsf nflu nfdf] n8fOF n8]sf] 5 . clg p;n] /fi6«;ª\3df cfˆgf];xeflutfk|lt uj{ u5{ .

/fi6«;ª\3n] g]kfndf ljsf; / dfgjLo ;xfotfsf If]qdf nfdf] ;dob]lvsfd ul//x]sf] 5 . t/ lat]sf s]xL jif{x¿df /fi6«;ª\3n] klxn]sf eGbfw]/} sfd u/]sf] 5 . dxf;lrj sf]kmL cGgfgn] tLg jif{eGbf cln klxn]/fi6«;ª\3n] g]kfnn] ef]lu/x]sf] eoª\s/ ;z:q o'4 cGTo ug{sf nflu ;Sbf];xof]u ug{'k5{ eGg] lg0f{o ug{'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] w]/}h;f] cj;/df r'krfk/ slxn]sfxLF v'n]/ g]kfnnfO{ zflGtsf] af6f]df lxF8\g dxf;lrjsf] clkm;n]ug{ ;Sg] ;xof]u vf]Hg'eof] . cfZro{nfUbf] j'm/f s] 5 eg] g]kfnsf ;/sf/n]


dx;'; ug{'eGbf w]/} klxn] g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ n] /fi6«;ª\3sf];Defljt e"ldsfsf] :jfut u¥of] . dfr{ @))% df ;/sf/n] dfgj clwsf/pRr cfo'Qm n'O; cfa{/nfO{ g]kfndf cfˆgf] sfof{no vf]Ng lgDtf lbPkl5/fi6«;ª\3n] of] cj;/ kfof] . d}n] g]kfndf To; sfof{nosf] g]t[Tj ug{]df}sf kfPF . ;/sf/n] dfgj clwsf/ pRr cfo'QmnfO{ lgDtf o;} u/]sf]lyPg . c¿ ;/sf/x¿n] To;f] ug{ lbPsf] ;Nnfx / cGt/f{li6«o gful/s;dfhsf] ;xof]udf g]kfnL gful/s ;dfhn] rnfPsf] cleofgn] ubf{ p;n]To;f] u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] sfof{no vf]lnPkl5 / d To;sf] k|ltlglwsf ¿kdflgo'Qm ePkl5 d}n] ljutsf s]xL jif{sf c;fwf/0f 36gfx¿df sfd ug{]ljz]if cj;/ kfPF .

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljifo u}//fhgLlts / Psbd} /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf] 5 .of] /fhgLlts ¿kn] Ps kIfdf nfUb}g t/ o;n] ;a}sf] /fhgLlts clwsf/sf]/Iff u5{ . To;}n], xfd|f] sfof{non] w]/} /fhgLltsdL{x¿sf] glhssf] ;DaGw/fv]/ sfd u¥of] . sfdsf l;nl;nfdf /fi6«;ª\3n] g]kfnn] o:t} /fhgLltsdfu{ cjnDag ug{'k5{ eg]/ eg]g . ;DdfggLo dxf;lrjn] o'4lj/fd u/]/zflGtk"0f{ / ;dfj]zL ;+jfbdf nfUg af/Daf/ cfXjfg ug{'eof] .

;fj{hlgs 7fpFdf d o:tf] j'm/f eGg nfnflot x'Gy]F, …hgtfsf] OR5fg} ;/sf/sf] zf;gflwsf/sf] cfwf/ x'g'k5{ .Ú d}n] h'g kl/l:yltdf sfdu/]F Tolt a]nf To;f] eg]sf] eP pRr cfo'Qmsf] k|ltlglwn] kfPsf] clwsf/If]q gf3]sf] eg]/ d]/f] cfnf]rgf x'g] lyof] . dflysf] jfSo dfgj clwsf/sf]ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f @! df n]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnL hgtfn] cfˆgf]rfxgf JoQm u/] . dnfO{ nfU5 pgLx¿n] zflGt / k|hftflGqs :jtGqtfsf]:yfkgfsf] rfxgf JoQm u/] .

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ If0fdf c‰ a[xt\ lhDd]jf/L lgefpg] cj;/dxf;lrjaf6 kfPsf]df d}n] c‰ a9L ljz]ifflwsf/ kfPsf] dx;'; u/]sf]5' . ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f @! n] eg]sf] 5, …hgtfsf] OR5f g};/sf/sf] zf;gflwsf/sf] cfwf/ x'g'k5{ .Ú hgtfn] :jR5 :jtGqtfk"j{s,ljgfs/sfk uf]Ko dtbfg k|0ffnLdfkm{t cfjlws ¿kdf o:tf] OR5f JoQmug{ kfpg'k5{ . hgcfGbf]ng !@ a'Fb] ;d‰bf/Ldf plePsf] lyof] h;n] g]kfnsf]eljio ;+ljwfg;efdfk{mt lgwf{/0f ul/g] / ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg :jtGq/ lgikIf 9ª\un] x'g]5 elgPsf] lyof] . lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf / k|r08n]/fi6«;ª\3nfO{ k7fPsf 5'§f5'§} kqdf ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;+ljwfg;efsf]lgjf{rgsf nflu :jtGq / lgikIf jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ / ;du| zflGt k|lqmofdf


;xof]u ug{ /fi6«;ª\3sf] d2t vf]h]sf lyP .;z:q åGå, lx+;f / qf;sf] jftfj/0faf6 ;du| zflGt k|lqmofsf nflu

:jtGq / lgikIf jftfj/0f tof/ ug{' w]/} 7"nf] / sl7g r'gf}tL xf] / of]sfd g]kfnLx¿sf] sfFwdf 5 . /fi6«;ª\3n] p;nfO{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf rf/cf]6fIf]qdf dfq} ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 .

klxnf], /fi6«;ª\3nfO{ dfgj clwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nodfk{mt dfgjclwsf/sf] cg'udg ug{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . k"j{ d"Nofª\sg ld;gsf] cGTodf:6]k]mg 8f]ld:6]o/n] dfgj clwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nonfO{ o; sfdsfnflu c‰ ;'b[9 agfpg l;kmfl/; ug{'ePsf] lyof] . t/ dfgj clwsf/ cg'udgsf]sfdsf] k|efjsfl/tf /fi6«;ª\3sf] sfddf dfq e/ kb{}g . g]kfnsf] Ifdtfdfklg e/ k5{ . g]kfnsf dfgj clwsf/ ;+:yfx¿ / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf sfddf klg e/ k5{ . dnfO{ cfzf 5, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfO{ clxn] cfˆgf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{sf nflu rflxg]:jtGq / k|efjsf/L g]t[Tj rfF8} k|bfg ul/g]5 . ;efd'v ;'jf; g]DjfªoxfF x'g'ePsf] eP d pxfFnfO{ pko'Qm k|lqmofåf/f, ;s];Dd rfF8f] dfgj clwsf/cfof]usf] g]t[Tj 5gf]6 ug{] lbzfdf pxfFn] /fVg'ePsf] rf;f]sf nflu wGojfblbg] lyPF .

bf];|f], /fi6«;ª\3nfO{ o'4lj/fdsf a]nfdf cfrf/;+lxtf cg'udg ug{ cg'/f]wul/Psf] 5 . olt a]nf o:tf] cg'udg cfjZos 5 eGg] j'm/f xfdLn] ‰G8}b'O{ xKtfcl3 g]kfnL ;]gf aof/]s aflx/ lg:Sof] eg]/ cf/f]k nufpFb} b]znfO{s]xL ;dosf nflu :tAw kfg{] sfd ePaf6 klg dx;'; u/]sf 5f}F . o;36gfdf cfrf/;+lxtf /fli6«o cg'udg ;ldltn] t'?Gt} sfd u¥of] / p;n]eljiodf o:tf] cj:yf cfpg glbgsf nflu cfrf/;+lxtf ckof{Kt ePsf]/ c‰ a[xt\ tyf :ki6 j'm/f pNn]v ePsf] k"0f{ o'4lj/fd ;D‰f}tf ug{' cfjZosePsf] j'm/f cf}FNofof] . o:tf] ;D‰f}tfdf b'j} kIfsf ;]gfn] s] ug{ x'G5,s] ug{ x'Fb}g / pgLx¿sf aLrdf k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ x'gsf nflu s:tf] ;+oGqx'g'k5{ eGg] j'm/f klg pNn]v x'g'k5{ . dnfO{ s] cfzf 5 eg] o:tf] ;D‰f}tfug{] tof/L eO/x]sf] 5 h;df /fi6«;ª\3n] dxŒjk"0f{ sbd p7fpg ;S5 .

t];|f], /fi6«;ª\3nfO{ b'j} kIfsf xltof/ / ;]gf Joj:yfkg ug{] sfddfd2t ug{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf nflu dfcf]jfbLsf n8fs" / xltof/tf]lsPsf SofG6f]Gd]G6df /xg] / g]kfnL ;]gf / p;sf xltof/ Aof/]sleq}/xg] j'm/fsf] lgu/fgL ug{'k5{ . o; ljifodf b'j} kIfaLr ;xdlt ePsf] 5/ of] j'm/f /fi6«;ª\3nfO{ n]lvPsf] kqdf k|ltlalDat ePsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLsf


g]tfx¿;Fusf] d]/f] 5nkmndf d'Vo /fhgLlts d'2fx¿ ;dfwfg ePdf pgLx¿SofG6f]Gd]G6df /xg] j'm/fdf g]tfx¿ k|lta4 /x]sf] atfP .

t/ xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf tf}/tl/sf eg] kl5 lglZrt ul/g]5 eg]/ kqdfelgPsf] 5 . /fi6«;ª\3n] cg'udg ug{] j'm/fsf] cfwf/sf af/]df zflGt ;ldltn]b'j} kIfsf jftf{ 6f]nLnfO{ k7fPsf] zflGt ;D‰f}tfsf] d:of}bfdf pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . t/ ToxfF ;a} j'm/f pNn]v 5}g\ .

rf}yf], ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu lgjf{rg ko{j]Ifs pknAw u/fpg/fi6«;ª\3nfO{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . lgjf{rgsf] ko{j]If0f / To;sf] k|lqmof lgZroklg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 t/ Tof]eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ j'm/f lgjf{rgsf] tof/L / Joj:yfkgsf]xf] . dnfO{ ;xof]u ug{] ;fgf] ;Nnfxsf/ ;d"xdf lgjf{rg ;Nnfxsf/ klg5 h;n] o; j'm/fdf ;xof]u dfu]sf v08df ;Nnfx lbg ;S5g\ .

dnfO{ xltof/ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf ef]lnsf] ;qn] /fd|f] ;Nnfx b]nfeGg] nfu]sf] 5 . dnfO{ o; ljifodf ;'Gg dg 5 . t/ dnfO{ dfgj clwsf/sfljifodf klg rf;f] 5 .

o; sfo{qmdn] hjfkmb]xL / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo zflGt k|lqmofsf nfludxŒjk"0f{ j'm/f xf] eGg] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . dxf;lrjn] sfg'gL /fh / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLgGofosf ;DaGwdf cu:t @))$ df ;'/Iffkl/ifb\;dIf k|ltj]bg k]; ug{'ePsf]lyof] . To;df pxfFn] eGg'ePsf] lyof], o;sf w]/} df]8n 5g\ . ljleGg b]zdfToxfFsf] kl/l:ylt x]/]/ ltgsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o; dfdnfdf klg g]kfnn]cK7Øf/f] a]xf]/]sf] 5 . x/]s b]zdf o:tf] ug{'k5{ t/ cfˆg} k|sf/n] / cfk}FmaLrdf 5nkmn u/]/ . t/ o;f] ug{] qmddf c¿ b]zsf / /fi6«;ª\3sf cg'ejn]d2t ug{ ;S5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] o; dfdnfdfw]/} hfgsf/L lbg ;S5 .

cGTodf, tkfO{+x¿n] Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] cg'ej ;'Gb} x'g'x'G5 . o;df dnfO{v';L nfu]sf] 5 . xlsg rfe]hn] o; dfdnfdf s]xL ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

zflGt k|lqmofdf w]/} r'gf}tLx¿ 5g\ . o;sf] ;kmntf /fhgLlts bn /gful/s ;dfhdf e/ k5{ . /fi6«;ª\3 t ;xof]u ug{] dfq xf] .

clgn kGto; ;df/f]xdf pkl:yt ePsf]df d PS;g P8 / ;f];n ;fOG; jxfMsftkm{af6 oxfFx¿nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' . PS;g P8n] of]sfo{qmddf ?lr b]vfpg'sf sf/0f 5g\ . xfdLn] s] 7fGof}F eg] b]zsf] lg0f{ok|lqmofdf ljkGg JolStsf] kx'Fr geP;Dd ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsFb}g . clxn]sf]


cfGbf]ngdf xfdLh:tf ljsf;sf ;f‰]bf/ klg cl3 cfof}F . o;n] ubf{ /fhgLltk|ltsf]ckgTj klg a9]/ uof] .

nfdf] ;do;Dd gful/s tyf /fhgLlts / cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[ltsclwsf/ cnu j'm/f x'g\ eGg] cjwf/0ff cfof] . To;}n], clxn] gful/s tyf/fhgLlts clwsf/sf If]qdf sfd ug{] ;+:yfx¿ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+:yfsf¿kdf lrlgG5g\ eg] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf If]qdf sfdug{] ;+:yfx¿ ljsf;jfbL ;+:yfsf ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ .

!((# df cfPkl5 oL ;a} clwsf/ plQj}m dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ eGg] dfGotf:yflkt eof] . xfdLnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] ljsf; / dfgj clwsf/ ;Fu;Fu}ufFl;Psf j'm/f x'g\ . xfdL clxn] s] k|of;df nfu]sf 5f}F eg] casf] s]xLjif{df clxn] dfgj clwsf/jfbL eg]/ lrlgg] ;+:yfx¿ klg ljsf;jfbL eg]/lrlgpmg\ / clxn] ljsf;jfbL eg]/ lrlgg] ;+:yfx¿ klg dfgj clwsf/jfbLeg]/ lrlgpmg\ . lsgeg] b]zsf] k|ultsf nflu /fhgLlts clwsf/ clg cfly{styf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;Fu;Fu} hfg ;Sg'k5{ .

To;}n], xfdLn] klg b]zsf] /fhgLltsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{'k5{ eGg] 7fGof}F .lsgeg] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] n8fOF eg]sf] /fhgLlts;Fu klg hf]l8Psf] 5 .cGTodf, o; ;df/f]xdf cfOlbg'ePsf]df d Psk6s k]ml/ xflb{s wGojfbJoQm ub{5' .


Pn ;fNef8f]/df zflGt k'g:yf{kgfk|:tf]tf

xlsg zfe]h;+of]hs

sgs bLlIft


sgs bLlIftxlsg rfe]hn] xfdLnfO{ cfh ljb|f]xL annfO{ v'nf /fhgLlts zlStdf ¿kfGt/0fug{] qmddf Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] cg'ej ;'gfpg' x'g]5 . Pn ;fNef8f]/ / g]kfndfs]xL j'm/fdf ;dfgtf 5 . ToxfFsf] ljb|f]xL zlStn] cfk"m k/flht ePsf] dx;';u/]sf] lyPg . oxfF klg cj:yf To:t} 5 . ToxfFsf] zflGt k|lqmofdf /fi6«;ª\3;xefuL lyof] . oxfF klg ;xefuL 5 . o; ;Gbe{df xfdLn] ;ft ;d'b|kf/af6cfPsf xlsg rfe]hsf] j'm/f ;'Gg' pkof]uL x'G5 . xlsg km/laGbf] dftL{ k|mG6km/ g];gn lna/];g -PkmPdPnPg_ sf /fhgLlts g]tf x'g'x'GYof] . !(*!b]lv !(*^ ;Dd pxfF cfk}Fm n8fOFdf ;+nUg x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] PkmPdPnPgsf]cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw a9fpg] sfd klg ug{'ePsf] lyof] . clxn] pxfF a'l4hLjLx'g'x'G5 .

Pn ;fNef8f]/df o'4 / zflGtxlsg zfe]h

d PkmPdPnPgsf] k"j{ ;b:o x'F . t/ d oxfF To; ;+:yfsf] k|ltlglwsfx}l;otdf af]Ng nfu]sf] xf]Og . d}n] zflGt k|lqmofsf af/]df JoQm ug{] ljrf/x¿PkmPdPnPgsf] cflwsfl/s ljrf/ xf]Ogg\ .

d]/f] cfhsf] k|:t'lt d"n ¿kdf tLg efudf ljeflht 5 . klxnf], Pn;fNef8f]/sf] u[xo'4sf] 5f]6f] Oltxf; . bf];|f], clGtd ;D‰f}tfeGbf klxn] ePsfjftf{sf] cg'ej . t];|f], clGtd ;D‰f}tfsf] k|lqmof .

!= ;fNef8f]/sf] u[xo'4w]/} ljZn]ifsx¿n] Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] u[xo'4nfO{ !(%) kl5sf] Nofl6g cd]l/sLOltxf;sf] ;a}eGbf 3fts u[xo'4 eg]sf 5g\ . o'4sf] oltlj£g k|efj Nofl6gcd]l/sfsf c¿ b]zn] ef]u]sf 5}gg\ .

PkmPdPnPg o; o'4sf] Pp6f v]nf8L lyof] . of] !(&) sf] bzsdf


:yfkgf ePsf] kfFr /fhgLlts / ;}lgs ;ª\u7gsf] u7aGwg xf] . logLx¿o;cl3 dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL ;+:yf lyP . t/ o;df u}/dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbLzlSt klg lyP . o;df ;dfhjfbL–k|hftGqjfbL klg lyP . o;sf ax';ª\Vosn8fs"x¿ d'lQmsf] wd{bz{gaf6 k|efljt Sofyf]lnsx¿ lyP .

Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] csf{] zlSt k|hftflGqs–qmflGtsf/L df]rf{ -Pkm8LcfO{_klg lyof] . o;df j}wflgs /fhgLlt kf6L{x¿ lyP . of] b]zsf] ;aeGbf dxŒjk"0f{;fdflhs cfGbf]ng lyof] . PkmPdPnPg / Pkm8LcfO{sf] u7aGwgn] Pn;fNef8f]/sf], cd]l/sf ;dly{t ;/sf/ lj?4 !@ jif{] n8fOF n8]sf] lyof] .

Pn ;fNef8f]/sf cGo v]nf8Lx¿df ljb|f]xLsf] lj/f]w ug{] kIf lyof] .of] zlStn] !(&( b]lv !((@ ;Dd Pn ;fNef8f]/df zf;g u/]sf] lyof] .oBlk pgLx¿sf aLrdf w]/} j'm/fdf dte]b lyof] .

cGt/f{li6«o zlStx¿ csf{ v]nf8L lyP . o'4sf] d"n sf/0f Pn ;fNef8f]/df;fdflhs Gofosf] cefj lyof] . t/ o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o hut\df ePsf]zLto'4;Fu klg hf]8]/ x]g{'k5{ . To;}n], Pn ;fNef8f]/ Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf]zLto'4sf] d}bfg aGof] .

cd]l/sL /fi6«klt /f]gfN8 /]ugn] cd]l/sfsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf Pn ;fNef8f]/hlt dxŒjk"0f{ csf{] j'mg} /fi6« 5}g eg]sf lyP . Pn ;fNef8f]/ cd]l/sL ;}Go;xfotf kfpg] t];|f] 7"nf] b]z lyof] . Pn ;fNef8f]/n] !(*) b]lv !((@ ;Ddcd]l/sfaf6 ;f9] tLg lalnog 8n/ ;}lgs ;xfotf kfPsf] lyof] .

Pn ;fNef8f]/df c¿ klg cGt/f{li6«o v]nf8L lyP . tL x'g\ So'af /lgsf/fu'jf . So'afn] lgsf/fu'jf / o; If]qsf c¿ qmflGtsf/L zlSt ljz]ifu/L PkmPdPnPgnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf] lyof] .

@= clGtd ;D‰f}tf x'g'eGbf cl3sf] zflGtjftf{clGtd ;D‰f}tf x'g'eGbf klxn] /fi6«;ª\3sf] tŒjfjwfgdf ;/sf/ / PkmPdPnPgsf aLr jftf{ ePsf] lyof] . of] jftf{sf] klxnf] k|of; lyof] . Tolt a]nf;}lgs ;dfwfgnfO{ b'j} kIfn] k"0f{ ¿kdf Tofu]sf lyPgg\ . olt a]nf zflGtk"0f{/fhgLlts ;dfwfgsf] af6f] /f]lhPsf] lyPg . o; lbzfdf lxF8\g] of] klxnf]k|of; dfq lyof] .

;g\ !(*& df jftf{ k|lqmofn] o'4nfO{ tLj| agfof] . b'j} kIfn] ;Defljtjftf{df cfˆgf] cj:yf bx«f] t'Nofpg ;}lgs zlSt a9fP . of] ;DejtM ;}lgsåGåsf] ;a}eGbf s7f]/ r/0f lyof] h;n] Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] ;a}eGbf a9Lljgfz u¥of] .


!(*( df o'4 Pp6f df]8df cfOk'Uof] . PkmPdPnPgn] /fhwfgL / aflx/sfw]/} efudf zlSt lj:tf/ u/]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿sf ;}lgs ;x/df b'O{ xKtf;Dddf]rf{ s;]/ a;]sf lyP . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fHosf ;}lgs 6's8Lx¿ h];'O:6k'/f]lxtn] rnfPsf] ;]G6«n cd]l/sg ljZjljBfnodf k;] . ToxfF pgLx¿n]5 hgf h];'O:6 k'/f]lxtnfO{ df/] . tL k'/f]lxtx¿n] zflGtsf kIfdf cfjfhp7fpFb} cfPsf lyP . pgLx¿sf] xTofsf] cGt/f{li6«o hut\n] eT;{gf u¥of] .

o; cj:yfdf ;/sf/, ljb|f]xL / cd]l/sL k|zf;g ;}lgs ;dfwfgpko'St 5}g eGg] j'm/fdf ljZj:t eP . of] /fhgLlts If]qdf cfPsf] 7"nf]kl/jt{g xf] .

o;afx]s ;f]leot o'lgogsf] ktg cflbh:tf cGt/f{li6«o sf/0fn] klgcd]l/sfnfO{ Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] n8fOF cGTo ug{ ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]Ngk|f]T;fxg lbof] .

#= zflGt ;D‰f}tfl8;]Da/ !(*( df /fi6«;ª\3sf] tŒjfjwfgdf zflGt k|lqmof ;'? eof] .of] b'O{ jif{;Dd rNof] . zflGt k|lqmofsf b'O{ kIf lyP . klxnf] o;n] ;D‰f}tfsfp2]Zo kl/eflift u¥of] . o;sf ;fdfGo l;4fGt / k|lqmofx¿ o; k|sf/lyP M— /fhgLlts dfWodaf6 ;s];Dd rfF8f] åGå ;dfwfg ug{] .— b]zsf] k|hftfGqLs/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] .— dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfgsf] Uof/]G6L ug{] .— ;fNef8f]/sf] ;dfhsf] PsLs/0f ug{] .

oL rf/cf]6f p2]Zon] zflGt k|lqmofsf tŒjx¿ lgwf{/0f u/] . o;afx]sc¿ klg dxŒjk"0f{ k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ul/Psf lyP h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ M— zflGtjftf{ uf]Ko x'g] .— zflGtjftf{ / ;D‰f}tf k|lqmof lgjf{w / lg/Gt/ rln/xg] .— zflGtjftf{sf k|lqmof / o; sfddf ePsf k|ultaf/]df /fhgLlts bn

/ gful/s ;dfhnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] dfWod to x'g] .bf];|f] ;D‰f}tfn] clGtd ;D‰f}tfsf ljifoj:t' lgwf{/0f u¥of] . o;df ;z:q

an, dfgj clwsf/, Gofo k|0ffnL, r'gfj k|0ffnL, ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/, cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f cflb lyP .

ca d tLgcf]6f d"n j'm/fdf cfˆgf] k|:t'lt s]lGb|t u5{' . klxnf], ;dfhsf]lg/:qLs/0f ug{] . bf];|f], zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug{] . t];|f], PkmPdPnPgsf


sfo{stf{nfO{ ;fdflhs / gful/s hLjgdf k'g:yf{lkt ug{] .PkmPdPnPgsf sfo{stf{nfO{ /fhgLlts If]qdf k'g:yf{kgf ug{] sfd /fhgLlts

/ ;}lgs If]qsf] cfwf/e"t ;'wf/ u/]/ dfq ;Dej x'GYof] .!(() df Pn ;fNef8f]/sf ;}lgsn] b]zdf zf;g u/]sf] ‰G8} Ps bzs

ePsf] lyof] / ;fNef8f]/sf] ;z:q andf ̂ % xhf/ l;kfxL lyP . cw{;}lgsan klg lyof] h;df b'O{ nfv hjfg lyP . pgLx¿;Fu xltof/ klg k|z:tlyof] . cd]l/sL ;xof]udf ;z:q an bx«f] ePsf] lyof] . To;}n], lg/:qLs/0fsf]ljifo dxŒjk"0f{ lyof] / of] ;D‰f}tfsf] ;a}eGbf cK7Øf/f] kIf klg lyof] .jft:jdf ;D‰f}tfsf] tof/Lsf b'O{ jif{sf] *) k|ltzt ;do o;} ljifon]vfof] . lg/:qLs/0fsf w]/} kIf lyP . ;/sf/L ;]gfsf] ;ª\Vof 36fpg] /PkmPdPnPgsf] ;]gf eª\u ug{] j'm/f klg o;df lyof] .

o; qmddf ;a}eGbf klxn] ;]gfsf] gfd k]m/]/ k|hftGqsf nflu /fli6«o;]gf agfOof] . o;nfO{ ;z:q gful/s k|zf;gsf] cwLgdf /flvof] .

;]gfsf] e"ldsf b]zsf] ;Ldf ;'/Iff ug{]df ;Lldt kfl/of] . o;nfO{ zflGt;'/Iffsf sfdaf6 cnu /flvof] . zflGt ;'/Iffsf nflu /fli6«o hgkb k|x/Lu7g ul/of] .

;z:q ansf] ;ª\Vof ^% xhf/af6 36fP/ !@ xhf/ kfl/of] . o'4sfa]nf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf nflu lhDd]jf/ ;z:q ansf !)) hgfhlt pRr kb:y clwsf/LnfO{ sf/afxL ul/of] .

cw{;}lgs ;+/rgfsf] cGTo ul/of] . ;]gfsf] cwLgdf /x]sf] / o'4sfa]nfdf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf sfddf d'l5Psf] /fli6«o u'Ktr/ ljefueª\u ul/of] . /fi6«kltsf] cwLgdf /xg] u/L gofF u'Ktr/ ljefu u7g ul/of] .o'4sfndf ePsf HofbtLx¿sf] cWoog u/L d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f tof/ug{ 6y PG8 l/slG;n];g sld;g -tYo / d]nldnfk cfof]u_ u7g ul/of] .o;n] b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug{] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{] nIo /fv]sf] lyof] .;]gfsf nflu dfgjLo / j}1flgs lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . ank"j{s etL{ug{] sfdsf] cGTo ul/of] .

PkmPdPnPgsf ;a} ;}Go eª\u ul/of] . o;sf xltof/ klg gi6 ul/of] .oL ;a} sfd k]ma|'c/L !((@ b]lv l8;]Da/ !%, !((@ sf aLrdf ul/of] .

zflGt ;'/Iff bf];|f] dxŒjk"0f{ j'm/f lyof] . o;sf nflu gofF hgkb k|x/Lu7g ul/of] . o;n] /fhgLlts ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f k}bf u¥of] .

PkmPdPnPgsf n8fs"x¿nfO{ ;dfhdf k'g:yf{lkt ug{] j'm/f dxŒjk"0f{ lyof] .of] sfd c¿ dxŒjk"0f{ ljifodf /fhgLlts ;xdlt ePkl5 dfq x'g ;SYof] .


pgLx¿nfO{ ;dfhdf k'g:yf{lkt u/fpgsf nflu lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfOP M

— ;a} /fhgLlts aGbLx¿sf] l/xf ul/of] .— pgLx¿nfO{ gofF /fhgLlts bn u7g ug{ lbgsf nflu gofF sfg'g agfOof] .— lgjf{;gdf ePsfx¿nfO{ lkmtf{ af]nfOof] .— PkmPdPnPgsf ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ nfO;]G; lbOof] . pgLx¿n] o'4sf a]nfdf

/]l8of] :6];g rnfPsf lyP . o'4kl5 oL /]l8of]nfO{ pgLx¿n] j}wflgs/]l8of] agfP .

— pgLx¿n] r'gfj k|rf/sf nflu cfd ;~rf/dfWoddf ;do lsGg ;Sg]Joj:yf ul/of] . PkmPdPnPgn] o;sf] /fd|f] pkof]u u¥of] .

— zflGt ;D‰f}tfsf] k|df0fLs/0f;DaGwL cfGtl/s ;+oGqdf PkmPdPnPgnfO{;xefuL agfpg] Joj:yf ul/of] .

— PkmPdPnPgsf dflyNnf txsf g]tfnfO{ ljz]if ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ul/of] .

!((@ / !((# df PkmPdPnPgn] cfˆgf] /fhg}lts 3f]if0fkq / lgodfjnLk'gn]{vg u¥of] . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf p2]Zox¿ cfwf/e"t ¿kdf kl/dflh{t u/] .PkmPdPnPg o'4sfndf eGbf lanj'mn} gofF eof] . PkmPdPnPg ax'njfbL,k|hftflGqs, qmflGtsf/L, ;dfhjfbL ;ª\u7gdf k]ml/of] . PkmPdPnPgn] Pn;fNef8f]/df zflGt k|lqmof ;'b[9 ug{] / k|hftflGqs qmflGtnfO{ a9fjf lbg]3f]if0ff u¥of] .

PkmPdPnPgn] lgjf{rgsf nflu k|efjsf/L ;+oGq agfof] . ‰G8} b'O{ jif{dfpm bf];|f] 7"nf] /fhgLlts zlSt aGof] . !(($ df lx+;f / wDsLsf] 8/eP klg klxnf] /fi6«ktLo lgjf{rg, /fli6«o ljwflosfsf] lgjf{rg / :yfgLolgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf PkmPdPnPgn] /fd|f] dt Nofof] .

PkmPdPnPgsf k"j{ n8fs"x¿nfO{ k|x/Ldf egf{ ul/of] . !(($ sf] lgjf{rgkl5pgLx¿sf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ gu/kflnsf, ;/sf/sf ljleGg cª\u / /fli6«o;efdf ;dfj]z ul/of] .

PkmPdPnPgn] !((@–(# df /fhgLlts xTof a]xf]g{'k¥of] . o;df p;n]^) hgf sfo{stf{ / tLg hgf s]Gb|Lo g]tf u'dfof] . of] xTof cleofg;/sf/ jf ;]gfn] rnfPsf] lyPg . of] xTof ;z:q / k'/ftgkGyL zlStn]u/]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿ zflGt k|lqmof efF8\g rfxGy] .

gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xfotf / cGt/f{li6«o bafan] ubf{ o; 36gfsf] 5fglagul/of] . !((# df cGt/f{li6«o ljz]if1, k|x/L / sfg'gL ljz]if1n] l/kf]6{


tof/ u/] h;n] 8]y :Sjfo8 elgg] of] Uofªn] PkmPdPnPgsf sfo{stf{sf]s;/L xTof u/]sf] lyof] eGg] pNn]v u¥of] . of] l/kf]6{ k|sflzt ePkl5yk /fhgLlts xTof ePg .

ca d Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] zflGt k|lqmofdf /fi6«;ª\3sf] e"ldsfaf/]df j'm/fu5{' . zflGt ;D‰f}tfsf] k"0f{ kfngf u/fpg] sfddf /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfgePsf] eP Pn ;fNef8f]/df hlt pknlAw xfl;n ul/P tL xfl;n x'g]lyPgg\ .

;fNef8f]/sf] zflGt k|lqmofdf /fi6«;ª\3sf] e"ldsfk|lt ;fNef8f]/sf hgtfn]s[t1tf k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . /fi6«;ª\3n] zflGt k|lqmofsf nflu ;|f]t;fwg/ k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fof] . /fi6«;ª\3n] /fhgLlts ;D‰f}tfsf] kfngf,r'gfj k|0ffnL / dfgj clwsf/ If]qdf ;'wf/afx]s o'4lj/fd, ;}lgs 5'6Øfpg]sfd, PkmPdPnPgsf] ;}lgs ;+/rgf eª\u ug{] sfd cflbsf] lgu/fgL u¥of] .zflGt ;D‰f}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] ;do–tflnsfcg';f/ sfd ePsf] 5 ls 5}geg]/ x]g{] sfd klg /fi6«;ª\3n] u¥of] .

Pn ;fNef8f]/df /fi6«;ª\3sf rf/cf]6f ljefun] sfd u/]sf lyP . ;}lgsljefu, k'ln; ljefu, dfgj clwsf/ ljefu / lgjf{rg ljefu . oL rf/cf]6fcf}krfl/s ljefun] ug{] sfdafx]ssf If]qdf klg /fi6«;ª\3n] e"ldsf v]Nof] .zflGt ;D‰f}tfdf pNn]v ePsf sfd sfof{Gjog ePsf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eg]/x]g{] cflb .

d]/f] k|:t'ltnfO{ ;s];Dd a[xt\ / Jofjxfl/s agfpg] sf]l;; u/]sf] lyPF .o;f] ug{] x'Fbf k|:t'lt clnslt nfdf] eof] . d]/f] k|:t'lt ;'lglbPsf]df wGojfb .

k|Zgf]Q/sgs bLlIft

b'O{cf]6f b]zsf] kl/l:ylt km/s x'G5, ToxfF ckgfpg] tl/sf klg km/s x'G5g\eGg] j'm/f ljrf/ ub{} ca xlsgsf] k|:t'lt;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf 5nkmnsfnflu cg'/f]w ub{5' . ;a}eGbf klxn] d} k|Zg u5{' .

n8fs" ansf] ¿kfGt/0f cfhsf] d"n k|Zg xf] . Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] cg'ejn]s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] /fli6«o ;]gfnfO{ g5f]Osg ljb|f]xL ;]gfsf] dfq j'm/f p7fof]eg] s]xL klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . xlsgn] eg]cg';f/, /fhgLlts ;]gfdf cfwf/e"t;'wf/ gul/sg ljb|f]xL ;]gf gful/s hLjgdf k|j]z ub{}g\ . pxfFn] Pn ;fNef8f]/sf];]gf ̂ % xhf/af6 !@ xhf/df 36fPsf], /fli6«o ;]gfsf] gfd abn]sf], ;]gfdflyk"0f{ lgoGq0f sfod ePsf], ;]gfsf] sfdsf] k'gM kl/efiff ul/Psf], zflGt


;'/Iffsf nflu k|x/L u7g ul/Psf], Ps ;o hlt ;}lgs clws[tnfO{ sf/afxLul/Psf] / u'Ktr/ ljefunfO{ ;]gfaf6 x6fP/ /fi6«kltsf] cwLgdf /flvPsf]j'm/f atfpg'eof] .

cd]l/sfn] k|z:t ;|f]t;fwg pknAw u/fPsf] ;]gfdf o:tf] ;'wf/ ug{slt ufx«f] eof] <

xlsg zfe]hof] sfd Psbd} sl7g lyof] . t/ ;D‰f}tfsf] cGTolt/ cfOk'Ubf PkmPdPnPgdfq} xf]Og ;fNef8f]/sf] ;|DefGt ju{ klg ;}lgs ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 eGg]j'm/fdf ljZj:t eof] . s]xL ;}lgs clws[tn] klg of] sfd cfjZos 7fg] .o; sfddf ;fNef8f]/sf] ;dfhsf ljleGg If]qsf dflg;x¿ ;lqmo eP .

s[i0f xf5]y';]jfaf6 x6fOPsf /fli6«o ;]gf / eª\u ul/Psf ljb|f]xL ;]gfnfO{ s] cj;/lbOof] <

xlsg zfe]hpgLx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts / gful/s hLjgdf k'g:yf{lkt u/fpg'k5{ . o;sfnflu ;D‰f}tfd} lglZrt sfo{qmd ug{] eg]/ pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . b'j}lt/sfl;kfxLnfO{ hldg lbOof] . pgLx¿sf nflu ;Lkd"ns tflnd rnfOof] h;n]pgLx¿n] /f]huf/Lsf ljleGg cj;/ kfpFy] . t/ o'4df efu lnPsf w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{oL sfo{qmdn] ;d]6]g . Pn ;fNef8f]/df o'4kl5 ;fdflhs lx+;f / ck/fwa9] . oL ck/fwdf n8fs" dfq} lhDd]jf/ 5}gg\ . t/ o:tf 36gfdf pgLx¿klg ;+nUg kfOP .

;'/]z cfn]Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf s:tf] lyof] < PkmPdPnPg dfcf]jfbLxf] ls xf]Og < zflGt k|lqmofdf afXo x:tIf]k ljz]if u/L cd]l/sL x:tIf]ks:tf] /Xof] . o;nfO{ s;/L kG5fOof] <

xlsg zfe]ho'4cl3 ;fNef8f]/sf] ;dfh Psbd} w|'jLs/0f ePsf] lyof] . ;fgf] dWodju{n]o'4df ;lqmo ¿kdf efu lnof] .


;fNef8f]/df dfcf]T;]t'ªsf] Tolt k|efj lyPg . !(&) df cfk"mnfO{ dfcf]jfbLeGg] ;fgf] ;d"x lyof] . PkmPdPnPg dfcf]jfbL ;ª\u7g xf]Og .

cd]l/sfsf] x:tIf]ksf ;Gbe{df PkmPdPnPgn] b]zsf] e"/fhg}lts jf:tljstf:jLsfg{'k¥of] . lsgeg] Pn ;fNef8f]/df cd]l/sfsf] e"/fhg}lts rf;f] lyof] .t/ Tof] rf;f] Gofof]lrt lyof] ls lyPg eGg] j'm/f xfdLn] eGg] xf]Og .

sgs bLlIftPkmPdPnPg dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL, ;dfhjfbL–k|hftGqjfbL / d'lQmsf] wd{ l;4fGtaf6k|]l/t dflg;x¿sf] u7aGwg lyof] . oL ljleGg ljrf/wf/f ePsf zlStnfO{s] j'm/fn] Psfsf/ u/fPsf] lyof] <

xlsg zfe]hpgLx¿aLr Go"gtd /fhgLlts sfo{qmddf ;xdlt lyof] . pgLx¿n] k|hftflGqs–qmflGtsf/L ;/sf/ agfpg rfx]sf lyP . !(*) sf] bzssf] dWolt/ o;df;'wf/ u/]/ cfd /fli6«o ;xdltsf] ;/sf/ agfpg] nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf lyP .

lji0f' pk|]tLd]nldnfksf sfddf s]–s:tf sl7gfO ef]Ug'k¥of] <

xlsg zfe]hzflGt ;D‰f}tfdf 6«'y PG8 l/slG;n];g sld;g -tYo / d]nldnfk cfof]u_agfpg] k|fjwfg lyof] . o; cfof]un] o'4sf a]nfdf ePsf dfgj clwsf/pNnª\3gsf 36gfsf] cg';Gwfg u¥of] / ;'‰fj k|:t't u¥of] . ;fNef8f]/dfs] ePsf] lyof] eGg] j'm/f kQf nflu;s]kl5 dfq d]nldnkfsf] k|lqmof;'? x'GYof] .

cfof]un] s]xL sbdx¿ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] . sltko ;'‰fjx¿df b'j}kIfsf] c;xdlt lyof] . cfof]usf] Pp6f ;'‰fj lyof] — o'4sf a]nfdf dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g ug{] b'j} kIfsf dflg;nfO{ b; jif{;Dd /fhgLlt ug{/f]s nufpg'kg{] . t/ To;sf] sfof{Gjog ePg .

sgs bLlIftPkmPdPnPgn] klg o'4sf a]nfdf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g u/]sf] lyof] ls/fHosf] ;]gfn] dfq <


xlsg zfe]hPn ;fNef8f]/df &) xhf/ dflg; dfl/Psf lyP . afx« xhf/ dfG5] a]kQfePsf lyP . kfFr nfv dflg; 3/ 5f8]/ cGoq uPsf lyP . tLdWo] ()k|ltzt 36gfdf /fHo lhDd]jf/ lyof] . ‰G8} kfFr k|ltztsf nflu PkmPdPnPgnfO{lhDd]jf/ 7x/fOPsf] lyof] .

sgs bLlIftPn ;fNef8f]/sf] hg;ª\Vof xfn ^) nfv 5 . o'4sf a]nfdf %) nfvlyof] . Tolt yf]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf] b]zdf &) xhf/ dflg; dfl/Psf], !@xhf/ a]kQf kfl/Psf] / kfFr nfvn] 3/af/ 5f8\gk/]sf] j'm/fn] ToxfFsf] o'4slt 3fts /x]5 eGg] b]vfpF5 .

Pn ;fNef8f]/ / g]kfn b'j} b]zsf] zflGt k|lqmofdf ;xof]u ug{ /fi6«;ª\3sf];xof]u dfluPsf] 5 . /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;xeflutf ;DaGwdf 6]l/hf lj6lkmN8nfO{s]xL atfOlbg cg'/f]w ub{5' .

6]l/hf lj6lkmN8d o'4sf a]nfdf Pn ;fNef8f]/df kqsf/ lyPF / o'4sf a]nfdf ToxfFsfw]/} efudf e|d0f u/]sL lyPF . ToxfF ;D‰f}tf k|lqmof rn]sf a]nfdf o'4/f]lsPsf] lyPg . /fi6«;ª\3 / cd]l/sfsf] ;DaGw lgj}m sl7g lyof] . /fi6«;ª\3n]Pn ;fNef8f]/df sfd ubf{ lgikIf k|df0fLs/0f / cjnf]sg ug{] e"ldsf lgjf{xu/]sf] lyof] . of] w]/} sl7g sfd lyof] .

/fi6«;ª\3df ;a} kIfaf6 nuftf/ 7"nf] bafa cfPsf] lyof] . of] ;sf/fTdsklg lyof] . o;}sf] kmn:j¿k PkmPdPnPg /fhgLlts zlStsf ¿kdf pbfof] .gful/s ;dfhn] klg /fi6«;ª\3af6 w]/} 7"nf] cfzf u/]sf] lyof] . tL dfun]/fi6«;ª\3nfO{ cl3 a9\g k|]l/t u/] .

;fdflhs / cfly{s c;dfgtf ef]u]sf] / åGån] lklN;Psf h'g;'j}m ;dfhdfklg k'g:yf{kgfsf] j'm/f cK7Øf/f] x'G5 . To:t}, ;'/Iff If]qsf] ;'wf/ klgPsbd} sl7g lyof] . of] w]/} nfdf] k|lqmof xf] .


k|d'v jStfs[i0f vgfnl6Kk0fLstf{

clgnj'mdf/ ‰fkl/ yfkf

;Ltf/fd tfdfª;'/]Gb| kf08];+of]hsxl/ zdf{

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf M ;ª\3Lotf


s[i0f vgfn;ª\3Lotf, /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfsf] k|d'v d'2fsf] ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . o;sf]dfu cl3 al9;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] km/s–km/s :j¿kaf/] ax; k|f/De eO;s]sf]5 . clxn] g]kfndf ;}4flGts cfwf/df åGå 5 . ;ª\3Lotfdf k|j]z u/]kl5;|f]t;fwgnfO{ lnP/ åGå ;'? x'G5 .

clxn] g]kfndf eO/x]sf ;ª\3Lotfsf ax;df tLg y/Lsf j'm/f p7]sf5g\ . If]qsf cfwf/df ;ª\3Lo zf;g, hftLotfsf cfwf/df ;ª\3Lo zf;g/ k|b]zsf cfwf/df ;ª\3Lo zf;g .

;ª\3Lotf eg]sf] n]gb]gsf] j'm/f xf] . o;sf/0f cfk"mn] eg]h:tf] jf Pp6f;ª\3n] eg]h:tf] u/L ;ª\3Lo zf;g Joj:yf :yfkgf x'g ;Sb}g . ;|f]t;fwg,ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt ;a} cfwf/df x]bf{ dw];sf] dfq Pp6f ;ª\3 x'g ;Sb}geGg] d]/f] dfGotf 5 . dw];, kxf8 / lxdfn u/]/ 5'§} k|fGt agfpg] xf]eg] Tof] ;ª\3Lotf x'g} ;Sb}g .

;dfh ljsf;sf qmddf hfltsf cfwf/df d'lvofx¿n] zf;g u/]sf x'g\ .cfw'lgsLs/0f;Fu} / /fHosf] lj:tf/ x'g yfn]kl5 ;fgf] ;d"xdf dfq a;]/;a} j'm/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g g;lsg] x'gfn] /fHosf] pTklQ ePsf] xf] . o;sf/0fhftLo ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;jfn klg Tolt ;do–;fGble{s gxf]nf .

clxn] ;dfhsf ;a} ;d"xsf] klxrfg, k|ltlglwTj / kx'Fr s;/L a9fpg;lsG5 eg]/ ax; eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ ;ª\3Lotfdfkm{t cufl8 a9fpg;lsG5 .

/fhgLltdf w]/} a9L k|rf/afhL x'G5g\ . yf]/} j'm/f oyfy{ x'G5g\ h;nfO{Jojxf/df ptfl/G5 . kf6L{ / g]tfx¿n] h] eG5g\ To;}nfO{ ;To dfGg' x'Fb}g ./fhgLltdf k|rf/afhLsf] cToGt clgjfo{ tŒj xf] . k|rf/afhLljgf /fhgLltrNb}g . t/ k|rf/afhL b]zsf] gLltdf kl/0ft x'Fb}g . k|rf/ ul/Psf yf]/}rLh dfq b]zsf] gLltdf kl/0ft x'G5g\ . cfh x/]s kf6L{x¿n] of] j'm/f dx;';ug{] a]nf cfPsf] 5 .


slxn]sfxLF k|rf/afhLn] unt 7fpFlt/ n}hfG5 . To;sf/0f clxn] cfTdlg0f{osf]clwsf/ cEof; ug]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef ;fd"lxs ¿kdf cfTdlg0f{osf]clwsf/ cEof; ug]{ ynf] aGg ;Sb5 . ef]lnsf] /fHo;+/rgfsf af/]df xfdLToxfF ;D‰f}tf u5f}{F . x/]s ;d'bfon] ;D‰f}tf u5{ . t/ ;D‰f}tf cl:tsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldlt ag]h:tf] gxf];\ . ;D‰f}tf ug{ g;lsg] ;+ljwfg;efagfof}F eg] csf]{] b'ef{Uo x'G5 . ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;D‰f}tf ug{ ;lsg] d~rsf¿kdf tof/ ug{sf nflu kf6L{x¿ clxn]b]lv g} tof/ x'g'kb{5 . xfdLx¿n]ug]{ 5nkmn / ;+jfbn] To;sf] jftfj/0f agfOlbg'kb{5 . cfj]u, k|ltlqmofjf å]ifaf6 cln dfly p7\g'k5{ . dfG5] xf}F, cfj]u x'G5, k|ltlqmof klg cfpF5 .o;af6 xfdL k"0f{tof d'St x'g ;Sb}gf}F . t/ Tof]eGbf dfly p7\g] k|oTgu/f}F . ;ª\3Lo zf;gsf af/]df ts{ / tYodf cfwfl/t 5nkmn rnfpFm .

g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;ª\3Lo zf;g Joj:yf cfjZos 5 . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]ts{ g} k|hftGq lj/f]wL xf] . s]Gb|df zlSt 5, o;nfO{ tn n}hfg] j'm/fcfhsf] b'lgofFdf eGg ldN5 < o;kflnsf] cfGbf]ngdf hgtfn] zlSt xfdL;Fu5 eg]/ To;nfO{ k|of]u u/] . To;sf/0f g]kfnsf] e"efuleq xfdL g]kfnLhxfF x'G5f}F clwsf/ ToxLF x'G5 . hgtfn] lbg] clwsf/ dfq oxfF l;+xb/af/dfcfOk'Ub5 . s]Gb|df cfOk'Ub5 . To;f] ePsf] x'gfn] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xf]Og ;xLcy{df :jfoQ zf;g PsfO rflxof] . o:tf PsfO b;cf]6f x'G5g\ ls afx|cf]6fx'G5g\ < gfd s] /fVg'k5{ < d clxn] eGg ;lSbgF . Pp6f ;d'bfosf] klxrfg;Fuhf]8]/ gfd /fVbf c¿n] g/fd|f] dx;'; ug{ ;S5g\ . gfdn] klg ;a} dflg;nfO{efjgfTds ¿kdf cfslif{t u5{ . gfd;Fu cfj]u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . To;f]x'Fbf ;a}sf] ;xdlt x'g], a9L lgikIf gfd vf]Hg ;S5f}F ls < k|s[lt ;a}sfnflu ;dfg xf]nf . o; lx;fadf klg x]g{ ;S5f}F xf]nf .

ljsf;sf lx;fan] klg x]g{'k5{ . b'O6f–tLgcf]6f sf/0fn] ubf{ . g]kfndf/fHosf] kbflwsf/L hxfF a:5, ljsf; ToxLF x'G5 . cfheGbf aL; jif{cufl8sf]sf7df8f}Fdf 6]lnkmf]g gk'u]sf 7fpFdf ;lrj a:g k'Uof] eg] 6]lnkmf]g klgk'UYof] . clxn] klg ;lrj a;]sf] 7fpFsf] af6f] lkr x'G5 . ;a}yf]s k'U5 .lhNnfsf] lgjf{rg If]q klg To;} u/L ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] j'mgf, b'u{d lhNnfaf6 /fhgLlt ug]{ dfG5] d'n'ssf] /fhgLltdf:yflkt g]tfsf] ¿kdf a:g] xf] eg] p;sf] ;f/f Wofg sf7df8f}Fdf 3/hdhf]8\g] x'G5 . clg ljs]Gb|Ls/0f sxfF x'G5 < To;}n] :jfoQ ;/sf/ cfjZosx'G5 . g]kfndf sf7df8f}Fh:tf !) cf]6f zx/ ag] eg] cj;/x¿sf] lj:tf/x'G5 . cj;/x¿ a9\5g\ . hghflt / efiffsf sf/0fn] dfq xf]Og ljsf;sf


sf/0fn] klg g]kfndf ;ª\3Lo zf;g Joj:yf rflxG5 .;ª\3Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf] j'm/f ug{ xfdLnfO{ c‰} w]/} cWoogsf] vfFrf]

5 . ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ckgfof}F eg] g]kfn 6'lqmG5 eGg] xf]Og . ;ª\3Lozf;g k4lt ckgfof}F eg] dw]z 6'lqmG5 eGg] unt wf/0ff 5 . To;f] xf]eg] t, dw];nfO{ xfdLn] g]kfnsf] e'efu g} dfg]sf] /x]g5 . dw];sf hgtfnfO{xfdLn] kTofPj}m /x]g5f}F . pxfFx¿n] 6'qmofP/ n}hfg'x'G5 < dw];df cj;/x¿Jofks eP eg] pxfFx¿n] kfl/ ef/tlt/ x]b}{ x]g'{x'Gg . ;ª\3Lo zf;g k4ltn]cj;/ lgdf{0f ul/lbg] lalQj}m pxfFx¿sf] akmfbfl/tf a9\5 . cfˆgf] ;Gtfgb/;Gtfg;Ddsf] sNof0f oxL e"efu leq 5 eGg] efjgf hfu]/ /fHok|ltsf]k|ltj4tf a9\5 .

xf], unt 9ª\uaf6 ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf agfof] eg] b]z 6'lqmg klg ;S5 .w]/} j'm/f ljrf/ u/]/ ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf tof/ ug{] xf] eg] b]zsf] k'g{lgdf{0f/ zflGt k|lqmofsf] /fd|f] hu tof/ ug{ ;S5f}F .

xl/ zdf{s[i0f vgfnn] 5nkmn cufl8 a9fpgsf nflu w]/} ;+j]bgzLn j'm/fx¿ /fVg'ePsf]5 . pxfFsf] k|:t'ltsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ 5nkmn ubf{ klg 8]9 306fdf gEofOg;S5 . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ug{]eGbf ;ª\3Lo zf;g Joj:yf cfjZos xf]ls xf]Og eGg] j'm/f klg lg:s]sf] 5 . csf]{ ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/ s]x'g ;S5 < hghftLotf xf] ls If]qLotf xf] ls eGg] j'm/f klg cfPsf] 5 .hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0fsf j'm/fx¿ klg lg:s]sf] 5 . xfd|f] tof/L s:tf] lsl;dsf]x'g'k5{ < ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfn] xfd|f] ;a} ;fdflhs ;d"x jf hghfltsf ljifonfO{;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g < oL r'gf}tLnfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg ug{] eGg]j'm/fx¿ x]g{'k5{ . 5nkmn ubf{ log} j'm/fdf Wofg lbg d cg'/f]w u5{' .

cj d clgnj'mdf/ ‰f, kl/ yfkf, ;Ltf/fd tfdfª, ;'/]Gb| kf08]nfO{ clxn]ePsf] k|:t'ltsf af/]df cfˆgf] ljrf/ /flvlbg cg'/f]w ub{5' . ;aeGbf klxnfclgnj'mdf/ ‰fnfO{ cfdGq0f ub{5' .

clgnj'mdf/ ‰f;aeGbf klxn] d dw];L ;d'bfosf] JolSt ePsf gftfn] oxfFx¿nfO{ s] ljZjf;lbnfpFm eg] /fhgLltdf cfpg] d]/f] OR5} lyPg . dw];df /fhgLlt ug]{nfO{lalu|Psf] elgG5 . o;y{ /fhgLlt gug]{ kl/jf/, /fhgLlt gug]{ ;+:s[lt ePsf]dw];df /fhgLlt ug{ cToGt ufx|f] /x]5 . d oxfFx¿nfO{ s] klg egf}F eg]


dw];Lx¿ /fi6«jfbL x'G5g\ ls x'Fb}gg\ eGg] j'm/fsf] af/]df t dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .Tof] t csf{n] yd{ld6/ nufP/ hfFRg] xf] . t/ d Pp6f 36gfaf/]df atfpF5' .d dw];sf] Pp6f ufpFdf uPsf] lyPF . ToxfFsf] cfwf ufpF g]kfndf / cfwfufpF ef/tdf k/]sf] /x]5 . To; a]nf hldGbf/x¿n] h;n] g]kfndf a:5'eGof] To;sf] 3/ g]kfnlt/ kfl/lbof] h;n] ef/tlt/ a:5' eGof] To;sf]3/ ef/t kfl/lbof] /] . cyf{t\ g]kfndf a;]sf dw];Lx¿ ot} a:5' eg]/ g}a;]sf x'g\ . s;}n] eoª\s/ o'4 lht]/ ltgLx¿nfO{ ldnfPsf] xf]Og .

d ut xKtf dw];df ePsf] Pp6f 36gf;Fu hf]8\g rfxG5' . ut xKtfs[i0fr/0f >]i7sf] xTof eof] . hgtflGqs t/fO{ d'lSt df]rf{n] To;sf] lhDdflnof] /] eg]/ ;'lgof] . xf] ls xf]Og Tof] hos[i0fhL;Fu j'm/f eof] eg] ;f]wf}Fnf .s[i0fr/0f >]i7 dfl/Fbf b'O{ hgf dw];L klg ;Fu} dfl/P . s[i0fr/0f >]i7nfO{dfg{]x¿sf] k|ltsf/ ubf{ pgLx¿ dfl/P .

dw];df clxn] *& cf]6f ;+;bLo If]q 5g\ . To;dWo] $& hgf kxfl8ofn]dw];LnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug'{x'G5 . dfwjj'mdf/ g]kfn ;f+;b ePsf] If]qdf kxfl8ofsf]dt Ps ;o klg 5}g xf]nf . eP klg Ps ;o÷b'O{ ;o xf]nf . dnfO{olsg yfxf 5}g . cToGt yf]/} 5 . t/ pxfFnfO{ eoª\s/ dtn] lhtfOof] .To;y{ dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] dw];Lx¿n] xfdL /fi6«jfbL xf}F eGg] k6s–k6sclUgk/LIff lbO/fVg'kb{}g . uh]Gb|gf/fo0f l;+xsf] ;fydf nfu]/ /fhgLlt u/]sf]dfG5] d . pxfF hlxn] klg s] eGg'x'GYof] eg] xfdLnfO{ g]kfnsf j'mg} klggful/sn] ef]u]eGbf Ps OGr klg a9\tf clwsf/ rflxPsf] 5}g . t/ xfdLklg g]kfnL ePsfn], hgs / a'4sf b]zsf gful/s ePsfn] xfdLnfO{ a/fa/Lsf]clwsf/ rflxG5 .

k|r08n] aGb'''s rnfpg l;sfOlbPkl5 clg /ftf/ft pgnfO{ j"m ul/lbPkl5hos[i0f uf]Otn] b]z dfu]sf 5g\ . lsgeg] k|fGt dfUg] t k|r08hL cfk}Fmx'g'x'G5 . 6'lqmPkl5 ‰g\ qmflGtsf/L j'm/f ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . qmflGtsf/L x'g'kbf{b]z g} dfu]sf] xf] ls h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 . t/ Tof] cfd dw];Lsf] k|ltlglwTjToxfFaf6 x'G5 ls x'b}g dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . t/ dw];Lx¿ cToGt /fi6«jfbLx'G5g\ . xfdLn] PsLs[t g]kfnleq dw];Lsf] jf JolStut ¿kdf j'mg} JolStsf]klxrfgsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf 5f}F . olt ;kmfO lbg}kg]{ eof] .

dw];sf nflu xfdLn] /ut t aufPsf 5}gf}F lsgeg] xfdL /Stkftk"0f{cfGbf]ngdf ljZjf;} ub}{gf}F . t/ kl;gf aufPsf 5f}F . dw];Lsf] clwsf/sfnflu kl;gf aufPsf 5f}F . xfdLn] kl;gf aufPsfn] dw];sf] ;+/rgf s:tf]x'g'k5{ eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{] lhDdf xfdLn] kfpg'k5{ . lnDa"jfg agfpg] ls


gagfpg] < v'Da'jfg agfpg] ls gagfpg] < sf7df8f}Fsf] g]kfn pkTosfnfO{s] agfpg] < eGg] ljifodf xfdL w]/} sd]G6 ub}{gf}F . lsgeg] kf6L{sf k|To]sb:tfj]hdf dw];L ;d'bfo / kxf8sf hghflt eg]/ n]Vg] u/]sf eP klg kxf8sfhghflt jf blnt jf cGo ;d'bfosf nflu xfdLn] clnslt klg sfd u/]sf5}gf}F . To;}n], To;sf af/]df k|ltlqmof lbg' plrt xF'b}g . t;y{ kxf8df sltk|fGt agfpg], s] agfpg] eGg] j'm/f ToxLF a;f]af; ul//x]sf e"ldk'qx¿sf] xf]eg] dw];nfO{ s;/L k'g;+{/rgf ug{] eGg] d"n lhDdf xfd|f] x'g'kb{5 eGg] xfd|f]bfaL xf] . xfdL dw];jfbL ;ª\u7g, /fhgLlts bn ;a}n] Ps dw];sf] kl/sNkgfu/]sf 5f}F . dw];nfO{ ef}uf]lns ¿kn] ljeflht ubf{ klg Pp6} If]q xf] . ;f+:s[lts¿kn] ljefhg ubf{ klg Pp6} If]q xf] lsgeg] dw]; Pp6} ;+:s[ltdf afFlwPsf]5 . df3 ! ut]nfO{ s;}n] df3L eG5 eg] s;}n] To;nfO{ ds/ ;ª\qmflGteG5 . s;}n] tLnf ;ª\qmflGt eG5 . s;}n] lvr8L eG5 . t/ Tof] Pp6} j'm/fxf] . To;}n] dw];nfO{ Pp6} dw]; /xg lbg'kb{5 .

ca afFsL /Xof] Pp6f b]znfO{ sltcf]6f ;ª\3Lo k|fGtdf afF8\g], ;ª\3Lok|fGtnfO{ slt clwsf/ lbg] oL j'm/fx¿df ;D‰f}tf ug{ ;lsG5 . dw];leqjf j'mg} klg k|fGtleq c¿ :jfoQ k|b]zx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ j'm/fx¿ x'g ;S5g\ .cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ kfOG5 eg] Tof] /fd|f] xf] . t/ ;b\efjgf kf6L{n] Tof]dfu u/]sf] 5}g . xfdL ;ª\3Lo zf;gsf] j'm/f u5f}{F, To;df k|fGtLo zf;gsf]j'm/f u5f}{F, Ps dw];sf] j'm/f u5f}{F . j'mg} vf; hfltsf lx;fan] agfpgplrt x'G5 xF'b}g To;df w]/} sd]G6 gu/f}F . hfltsf] gfpFdf gagfP/ c¿j}mgfddf agfOof] eg] Tof] /fd|} x'G5 . o:t} x'g'k5{ eGg] xfd|f] c8fg 5}g .k|f]k]m;/ vgfn;Fu afFsL j'm/fdf ;xdt 5' .

;Ltf/fd tfdfªxfdL hghfltx¿n] vf; u/L d}n] ;ª\3Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf] j'm/f @)#)÷#@;fnb]lv p7fpFbf / lstfa n]Vbf d}n] h]n klg ef]u]F, ;fDk|bflos eg]/ j'm6fOklg vfPF . t/ k|f]k]m;/ vgfn h:tf JolStTjx¿n] p7fPkl5 of] j'm/f /fli6«oax;df cfPsf] 5 . xfdLn] h'g lsl;dn] of] d'2f p7fOcfPsf lyof}F To;nfO{eg] o;n] clnslt cGoq df]l8lbPsf] klg 5 . t/ dw];sf] dfdnfdf dw];nfO{dfq} lg0f{o ug'{kb{5, hghfltsf] dfdnfdf hghfltn] dfq} lg0f{o ug'{kb{5eGg] xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f xf]Og . of] /fHo ;a}sf] xf] . of] /fi6«nfO{ sfod /fVg;ª\3Lo zf;gdf hfg ;a}n], ;a}sf If]qdf ax; ug{ ;Sof}F eg] kxfl8ofn]klg dw];nfO{ d]/f] b]z xf] eGg ;S5, dw];Ln] klg kxf8nfO{ d]/f] b]z xf]


eGg ;S5 . dw];sf ljifodf xfdLn] klg af]Ng kfpg'kb{5 . dw];Ln] klgxfd|f] ljifodf cWoog ug'{kb{5 . kxf8sf] ljifodf dw];Ln] cWoog} gug]{eg] Tof] /fhgLlt1 x'g ;Sb}g h:tf] nfUb5 .

hftLo / efiffsf] ;j]{If0f gePsfn] xfdLn] d'n'snfO{ s;/L, stf n}hfg]eGg] j'm/f eGg ufx|f] 5 elgG5 . xfd|f] klxnf] dfu g} s] 5 eg] d'n'sdfhflt / efiffsf] ;j]{ x'g'kb{5 . xfdLn] plxn]b]lv eGb} cfPsf] oxL xf] . hgu0fgfaf6k|fKt tYofª\sn] k"0f{ tl:a/ b]vfpFb}g . To;}n] g]kfndf slt hflt 5, sltefiff 5 eGg] j'm/fsf] lgSof{}n t'?Gt ug{'k5{ . To; 6f]nLdf e"uf]nljb\ rflxG5ls, ;dfhzf:qL rflxG5 ls dfgjzf:qL rflxG5 ls, Oltxf;ljb\ rflxG5ls, efiffzf:qL rflxG5 Tof] /fVg'k5{ .

@)^@ / ̂ # sf] cfGbf]ngn] xfdLnfO{ tLgcf]6f hgfb]z lbPsf] 5 . Pp6fxf] zflGt :yfkgf . csf]{ /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf / t];|f]rflxF u0ftGq . /fHosf]k'g;+{/rgf dw];Lx¿ / hghfltx¿n] rfx]sf] xf] . lsgeg] /fHosf] zlStn]logLx¿dfly o'uf}Fb]lv bdg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] /fHo vf]O eGg]cg'e"lt klxn]b]lv g} eO/Xof] . To;f] ePsfn] xfdLn] of] /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfx'g'kb{5 eGg] j'm/f w]/} klxnf a'́ of}F . Oltxf; k9\of}F / xfdLn] ef]Uof}F . g]kfnLghfg]sf sf/0fn] d zfvf clws[t x'g ;lsgF eGg] j'm/f ha d}n] cg'eju/]F To;kl5 d]/f] efiffdf zfvf clws[t x'g] 7fpF sxfF xf] eg]/ d /fi6«a}ª\ssf] clkm;/ x'g k'u]F . ToxfF g]kfnL rflxFb}g lyof] . cª\u|]hL af]Nbf x'GYof] .t/ nf]s;]jf cfof]udf g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff eg]kl5d tfdfªsf] efiff sxfF k|of]u x'g] < @)@* ;fndf cy{zf:qdf PdP u/]b]lvclxn];Dd d ToxL vf]hLdf 5' . d}n] /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf oxLFg]/ x]/]sf] 5' .g]jf/L efiff klxnf t Tof] g]kfnL efiff lyof], g]kfnefiff clxn] . g]kfnLcj}m{ ePsf] 5 . Tof]rflxF g]jf/df kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . Tof] efiffn], d}lynLefiffn] zfvf clws[t x'g] 7fpF sxfF xf] < clxn] d}n] /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfTo;}df x]/]sf] 5' .

vgfnn] l7j}m eGg'eof] klxnf xfdLnfO{ ;ª\3Lotfsf] j'm/f yfxf lyPg .klxn] xfdLn] :jfoQtfsf] dfq} j'm/f p7fPsf lyof}F . o;nfO{ ;ª\3Lotfdf n}hfg'k5{eGg] j'm/f kl5 cfof] . xfdLn] klg :jLsf/ u¥of}F . ;ª\3Lotfdf nfg] tLgcf]6fj'm/f 5g\ . Pp6f clxn] eO/x]sfnfO{ g} ljs]Gb|Ls/0f dfq} ug]{ . csf{], k|fGt–k|fGtdf afF8\g] t/ hfltnfO{ cfwf/ gagfpg] . csf{], hfltut cfwf/df 5'6Øfpg] .hfltnfO{ cfwf/ agfpFbf b]z 6'lqmG5 eg]/ 7"nf] 8/ b]vfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . t/j'm/f] To;f] xf]Og . clxn] tfdfª efiffdf /]l8of] sfo{qmd, tfdfª efiffdf :j'mn,


sn]h, ljZjljBfno rNg], tfdfª efiffdf clws[t x'g], tfdfª efiffdf /fHorNg] eGg] j'm/f g]kfndf ;Dej 5 ls 5}g < xfdLn] vf]h]sf] of] xf] . t/xfdLn] tfdfªx¿sf] dfq} /fHo x'g'kb{5 eg]sf] 5}g .

xfdLn] hflt, efiff / ;+:s[ltnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ul/g'kb{5,;ª\3Lo zf;gdf 9fNg'kb{5 eg]sf 5f}F . tfdfª :jfoQ k|b]zleq c¿ hfltx¿klg 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] klg ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'gkb{5 . ToxL eP/r'gfjnfO{ klg xfdLn] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] x'g'k5{ eg]sf 5f}F . Tof]r'gfjn] tfdfª k|b]zdf tfdfª #% k|ltzt / v; hflt #) k|ltzt 5eg] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ToxfF kfpF5 . ToxfF klg ;fgf–;fgf If]qdf c¿hfltx¿ 5g\ eg] ltgn] klg Tof] Onfsfdf :jzf;g kfpF5g\ — lhNnf :t/sf],uflj; :t/sf], gu/kflnsf :t/sf] . Tof] tfdfªx¿sf] dfq} /fHo x'g] xf]Ogt/ pgLx¿n] ToxfF cu|flwsf/ kfpF5g\ .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] cflbjf;Lx¿nfO{ x/]s 7fpFdf cu|flwsf/ lbnfpFb} cfPsf]5 . klxnf pgLx¿sf] e"ld x'gfn] To;dfly pgLx¿sf] cu|flwsf/ x'g'kb{5 .To;f] eof] eg] dfq} pgLx¿sf] efiff, ;+:s[lt, wd{ / k/Dk/fn] zf;g ug{;S5 . tfdfª k|b]zdf tfdfª efiff k|d'v efiff x'G5 . c¿ efiffdf klgk9fO x'G5 . v; efiff x'g ;Snf . d}lyn k|fGtdf d}lynL efiff k|d'v x'g;S5 . v; efiff /fHosf] efiffsf lx;fan] bf];|f] efiff x'g ;Snf . cª\u|]hLt];|f] x'g ;Snf . hflt / ;+:s[ltnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ /fHo ;+/rgf ubf{ d'n'slau|b}g .

clxn] ldlynf If]qnfO{ b'O{ efudf afFl8lbPsf] 5 . tfdfª a:tLnfO{ u08sL/ jfUdtLdf kfl/Psf] 5 . xfdL xfd|f] If]q Pj}m 7fpF /xf];\ eGg] rfxG5f}F .v;fg slt xf] Tof] Ps 7fpF /xf];\ . ls/fFtx¿sf] klg To:t} Pj}m 7fpF /xf];\ .

kl/ yfkfnf]stGqdf k"jf{u|x /fVg kfOG5 . t/ d]/f] k"jf{u|x of] xf] eg]/ eGg'k5{ .k"jf{u|xnfO{ dfkb08 agfpg ldNb}g . cfu|xx¿ cf–cfˆgf x'G5g\ . cfˆgfcfu|xx¿ cfk"mnfO{ pQd nfUg ;S5g\ . t/ ;j}sf nflu Tof] ;jf]{Qd x'g;Sb}g . ;jf]{Qd ljsNk lgsfNgsf nflu o; k|sf/sf 5nkmnx¿ rflxG5g\ .

g]kfndf sfª\u|]; / sDo'lg:6 u/L b'O{cf]6f /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f 5g\ .oL b'j} kf6L{x¿n] b]zdf Pp6f Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ eG5g\, kf6L{df cj}{m Joj:yfnfu" ub{5g\ . sfª\u|];n] kf6L{df /fi6«kltsf] zf;g nfu" ub{5, b]zdf ;+;bLoax'bnLo nf]stGq Nofpg] eG5 . sDo'lg:6x¿n] rflxF ;fd"lxs g]t[Tj eG5g\


t/ Kofgn l;:6d nfu" ub{5g\ . To;nfO{ g/fd|f] efiffdf Uofª eGbf x'G5 .c;ª\lutx¿ 5g\ . b]zdf h] Nofpg] xf], kf6L{leq klg ToxL NofpFm g . clgTo;kl5 d]n x'G5 .

d cy{zf:qL xf]Og, efiffsf] ljBfyL{ x'F . dfG5] h] x'g vf]H5 Tof] x'ggkfpg] /x]5 . Pp6f x'g vf]H5 csf]{ x'G5 . /fhgLltdf ls cfTd;dk{0fug'{kg{] /x]5 ls cl3 a9\g'kg]{ /x]5 . lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf k|wfgdGqL ePsfa]nfdf dnfO{ /fHo lj?4sf] ck/fw nfu]sf] lyof] . ;'?df s] u/]sf lyof}}FeGg] j'm/f Tolt yfxf lyPg . :jzf;g–:jzf;g eGYof}F, t/ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfdfnfu]sf /x]5f}F eGg] aNn yfxf kfPF .

clxn]sf] ljZjdf @) k|ltzt dfG5]x¿sf] xftdf *) k|ltzt ;|f]t;fwg/x]5 . *) k|ltztsf] xftdf rflxF @) k|ltzt dfq ;|f]t;fwg /x]5 . cd]l/sfdfklg ToxL xf] . oxfF klg ToxL xf] . clncln km/s dfq xf] . ToxfFsf] dhb'/n]y|L lk;df 6fO{ afFWg ;S5 . kfFrtf/] xf]6ndf uP/ vfg ;S5 . sf/ r9\g;S5 . df]afOn lng ;S5 . kmNof6df a:g ;S5 . tL; jif{kl5 3/ lsGg;S5 . 5 jif{kl5 sf/ lsGg ;S5 . Tof] cnu j'm/f xf] . ;Lldt /fhgLlts7fn'x¿n] ;|f]t;fwg sAhf u/]sf] x'gfn] To;f] ePsf] xf] . /fhfsf] xftdfzf;g hfFbf b/af/sf] eQf slt k|ltztn] a9Øf] eGg] j'm/f] xfdLn] b]Vof}F .

cfTdlg0f{o / hfltx¿sf] cyjf /fi6«x¿sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] j'm/fnfO{ 5'6Øfpg'k5{eGg] nfU5 . cfTdlg0f{osf] j'm/f] JolStdf nfu" x'G5 . s] vfg], s] nufpg],j'mg efiff af]Ng], j'mg wd{ dfGg], j'mg ;+:s[lt dfGg], sxfF uP/ a:g] eGg]j'm/f] p;sf] clwsf/sf] j'm/f] xf] .

hxfF;Dd hfltx¿sf] cyjf /fi6«x¿sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] j'm/f5 Tof] 5'l§g kfpg] clwsf/ xf] . dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] g]kfndf j'mg} klghfltx¿n] /fi6«sf ¿kdf ljsf; u/]sf 5}gg\ . To;f] ePsf] x'gfn] clxn]xfdL Tof] lbzfdf ;f]Rg ;Sb}gf}F . ef]ln ;lsPnf, eljiodf s] x'G5 Tof]xfdLn] eGg ;Sb}gf}F .

clxn];Dd xfdLsxfF /fHosf] ;Tj hglxt}ifL ePg, hgljå}ifL eof] . /fHon]hgtfnfO{ s]xL lbg ;s]g / hgtfn] klg /fHosf] tk{maf6 s]xL cfz u/]g .ToxL eP/ of] /fHo olt lg/Lx ePsf] 5 ls o;n] hgtfaf6 j"mt p7fpgklg ;Sb}g, /fh:j p7fpg klg ;Sb}g . To;f] ePsf] x'gfn] o; k|sf/sf]/fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf x'g cfjZos 5 . lsg cfjZos 5 eg] of] /fHosf];+/rgf cfk}Fm lx+;f e8\sfpg] vfnsf] 5 . To;nfO{ åGåljb\x¿n] ;+/rgfutlx+;f eGbf /x]5g\ .


d pbfx/0f lbg rfxG5' . ;u/dfyf c~rn ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] r'r'/f]b]lvlnP/ laxf/sf] af]8{/;Dd k}mlnPsf] 5 . t/ ;u/dfyf c~rnsf] c~rnc:ktfn laxf/sf] af]8{/sf] glhs ;Kt/Lsf] /fhlj/fhdf /flvPsf] 5 . ef/t,laxf/sf dfG5]n] ToxfF cfP/ Tof] c:ktfnsf] pkef]u ug{ ;S5g\ . t/ :ofª\af]r]sf];]kf{ bf]rf / aSv' nufP/ ToxfF ‰g{ ;Sb}g . p;nfO{ cf}nf] nfU5 . dw];sfdflg;nfO{ n]s hfFbf ;f; k]mg{ ufx|f] ePh:tf] lxdfnsf dfG5] pkrf/ ug{dw]; ‰¥of] eg] p;n] cfFvf klg b]Vb}g, sfg klg ;'Gb}g .

csf]{ j'm/f], g]kfnh:tf] b]znfO{ clxn];Dd /fi6«–/fHo cyjf hfltsf] /fHosf]¿kdf ljsf; ug{ vf]lhof] . t/ oxfF j'mg} klg hflt ax';ª\Vofdf 5}g .;a}eGbf w]/} eg]sf] 5]qLx¿ x'g\ hf] !% k|ltzt 5g\ . 7j'm/L klg ld;fOlbFbf!* k|ltzt x'G5 . hghfltx¿df ;a}eGbf w]/} eg]sf] du/x¿ x'g\ hf] gf}k|ltzt hlt 5g\ . To;f] ePsf] x'gfn] /fi6«–/fHosf] ljsNk /fHo–/fi6« xf] ./fHo cfk}Fm /fi6« x'g'k¥of] . hgtfn] of] /fHo d]/f] xf] eg]/ eGg ;Sg'k¥of] .ljZjsf c¿ b]zdf klg To:t} b]lvPsf] 5 . efiff cflbsf] j'm/f Tolt ;d:ofsf]j'm/f xf]Og . /f]dflG6l;hd k9fpFbf cle ;'j]bL ;/n] kk'jf Go'lugLsf] j'm/fug{'x'GYof] . ljZjdf clxn] 5 xhf/ efiff af]lnG5 . To;dWo] ^)) effiffkk'jf Go'lugLdf af]lnG5 . dfG5]x¿ a;fOF ;/]/ uP . w]/} efiff eP . ToxfFx/]s dft[efiff x/]s 7fpFdf cf}krfl/s efiff 5 . t/ ;Dks{ efiffrflxF cª\u|]hL/fv]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/of] . d];]8f]lgodf a;]sf cNjflgofx¿n] :jzf;gdfu] t/ /fHon] s] eGof] eg] ltdLx¿ 5l/P/ a;]sf 5f}, ltdLx¿sf] /fHo:jzf;g x'g] vfnsf] 5}g . ltdLx¿sf] efiffnfO{ /fHon] cf}krfl/s efiffsf]dfGotf lbG5 . ltdLx¿nfO{ d~h'/ 5 eGbf pgLx¿n] sfObf x'G5 eg] .Tolt eP t of] /fHo xfd|f] eOxfNof] lg eg]/ pgLx¿n] dfg] . d'Vo j'm/f/fHo hgtfsf] lxt}ifL x'g'k¥of] .

;+;f/df PsfTds / ;ª\3fTds Joj:yf 5g\ . xfd|f] b]zdf rflxF clxn]cw{;ª\3fTds Joj:yf nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] nfU5 . hftLo÷If]qLo :jzf;gsfcfwf/df cyjf k|fb]lzs :jzf;gsf] cfwf/df nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ PsfTdsJoj:yf g/fd|f] eg]sf] xf]Og . PsfTds Joj:yf ePsf] a]nfotdf :sl6;kfpG8, cfol/; kfpG8 / :6ln{ª kfpG8 u/L tLgcf]6f d'b|f rN5g\ . ToxfFtLg–rf/cf]6f ;+;b 5g\ . :jf:Yo, lzIff, /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs If]qdf /fHon]lhDdf lnPsf] 5 . ;ª\3Lo zf;geGbf sd 5}g . tLgcf]6f k};f rNg] b]zsxfF 5 ;+;f/df eGg'xf];\ t <

xfdLn] :jzf;gsf j'm/f ubf{ kfFrcf]6f cfwf/ lng'knf{ eGg] nfUb5 .


hg;ª\Vof, :yfgLo e"uf]n tyf ef}uf]lns cg'j"mntf, eflifs ;d"x, cfly{scGt/;DaGw / cGTodf ;fd'bflos÷;+f:s[lts agfj6 . xfd|f] h:tf] b]zdftTsfnsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, /fli6«o ;'/Iff / df}lb|s gLlt oL tLgcf]6fj'm/fafx]s c¿ clwsf/ :jfoQ If]qnfO{ lbg'k5{ . tL :jfoQ If]qx¿n] dft[efiffdflzIfflbIff xfl;n ug{ kfpg'k5{ / dft[efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffagfpg kfpg'k5{ . xfdL sxfF k¥of}F eg]/ lrGtf ug'{kg]{ j'm/f 5}g . j'mg}7fpFdf j'mg} hfltsf] :jzf;g g} eof] eg] ToxfFsf cGo hfltx¿nfO{ cfˆgf]hfltsf] :jzfl;t If]qk|lt cfslif{t x'g] clwsf/ klg lbg'kb{5 . pm ToxfFcfP/ klg a:g kfpg] / pm cGoq} a:g hfg klg kfpg] .

xfdLn] Pp6f lgisif{ lgsfNg ;S5f}F t/ uDeL/ 5nkmn cfjZos kb{5 .g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf 5nkmnsf] ;+:s[lt aNn ;'? ePsf] 5 . x'j'md k|dfª\uLaf6,lgb]{zgaf6 rNg] b]z xf] of] . klxnf t xfdLn] ;+:sf/ g} k]mg{'k5{ . c;kmnx'g] eGg] j'm/f xf]Og . cfheGbf kGw|–aL; jif{ klxn] o:t} sfd ubf{ /fHolj?4sf] ck/fw v]Kg'k¥of] . cfh oxfF To:tf] ck/fw nufpg sf]xL cfpFb}g .lbg cfpg] /x]5 eGg] j'm/fdf d 9'Ss 5' .

;'/]Gb| kf08]/fHonfO{ ;ª\3Lotfdf cfwfl/t k'g;+{/rgf ug{] eGg] j'm/f xfd|f] kf6L{n] klgeg]sf] 5 . t/ ;ª\3Lotfdf hfg'kb{5 eGg'sf] cy{ PsfTds /fHo v/faeGg] xf]Og . lsgeg] j}mof}F PsfTds /fHox¿n] cToGt pRr:t/sf] k|hftflGqscEof; u/]sf 5g\ . zlStsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f u/]sf 5g\ . csf{lt/ ef/tsf]h:tf] ;ª\3Lo /fHodf /fHo;ef / /fHo ;/sf/nfO{ s]Gb| ;/sf/n] j'mg}klg If0f lj36g ug{ ;S5 . To;f] x'gfn] ef/t aflx/ x]bf{ ;ª\3Lo /fHoh:tf]b]lvP klg ;f/df PsfTds /fHo xf] . To;n] ;ª\3Lo /fHosf] wf/0ffadf]lhd/fHonfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . To;f] x'gfn] ;ª\3Lo eGg] gfd lbg]lalQj}mHofbf /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] / PsfTds eGg]lalQj}m bdgsf/L x'G5 eGg] xf]Og .

/fHosf] ;ª\3Lotf tnaf6 ljsl;t x'g] ub{5 . cd]l/sg / :jL;sf]df]8nsf] ;ª\3Lotf of] ltd|f] /fHo xf] eg]/ s;}n] sfl6lbPsf] xf]Og . cfk}Fmljsl;t ePsf /fHonfO{ pgLx¿n] dfGotf lbP . cd]l/sfdf klxn] !# cf]6f/fHo lyP . pgLx¿ a;]/ ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf agfpF5f}F eg]/ ;xdlt u/] .:jL6\h/NofG8df SofG6gx¿ lyP . pgLx¿ a;]/ ;+o'Qm /fHo agfpg] ljifodf;xdlt u/] . t/ xfdLrflxF j'mg /fHo s;nfO{ lbg] eg]/ j'm/f ub}{5f}F . To;sfaf/]df aNn 5nkmn ub}{5f}F .


xfd|f] b]zdf s]xL If]qdf hftLo a;f]af;sf ;3g If]qx¿ lgM;Gb]x 5g\ .Tof] xfd|f] ljz]iftf xf] . t/ xfd|f] a;fOF;/fO / cjl:yltdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn]s:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 eg] h;/L k'g;{+/rgf u/] klg Pp6f hfltsf]ax'dt x'g] b]lvFb}g . h;/L sf6] klg Tof] ax'hftLo / ax'eflifs g} x'G5 .To;f] x'gfn] k'g;{+/rgfsf] cfwf/ ax'hftLo / ax'eflifs x'G5 eGg] j'm/f:jLsf/ ug'{kb{5 .

g]kfnsf] tYofª\s x]bf{ gf}cf]6f lhNnfdf 5]qLsf] ax'dt /x]5 . 5]qL, afx'g,;Gof;L, 7j'm/L hf]8Øf] eg] !* lhNnfdf ax'dt x'Fbf] /x]5 . logLx¿ &% dWo]$* lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d"xdf k5{g\ . blntx¿nfO{ klg oxL ;d"xdf/fVof] eg] of] ;d"x %% lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d"x x'G5 . u'?ª Ps, tfdfªPs, du/ Ps, g]jf/ Ps, yf¿ Ps lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d"x x'g] /x]5 .

To;f] ePsf] x'gfn] xfdLn] c¿ j'mg} b]zn] ckgfPsf] df]8nsf] gSsnug{ ldNb}g . k|ltlglwTj / e"uf]n oL b'O{cf]6f j'm/fnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} /flvPg eg]/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf cw'/f] x'G5 . lglZrt 7fpFdf 3gTj ePsf hghfltn]t dnfO{ of] 7fpF rflxof] elg/x]sf 5g\ . t/ j'mg} Pp6f hghfltsf] eGbfw]/} -!# k|ltzt_ hg;ª\Vof ePsf blntsf] j'mg} e"efu 5}g . p;nfO{ j'mg7fpF lbg] < tLg xhf/ dt NofP/ dgfªaf6 Ps hgf u'?ªn] lhT5 . t/#) nfv dt ePsf blntn] k|ltlglw;efdf Ps hgf klg ;b:o lgjf{lrtug{ g;Sg] xf] eg] Tof] k|0ffnL xfdLnfO{ d~h'/ 5}g elg/x]sf 5g blntn] .of] uDeL/ k|Zg xf] ls xf]Og < dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] j'm/f klg To:t}5 . of] kIf clnslt cf]‰]ndf k/]sf] 5 .

dw];sf] Pp6} efjgf 5 eg]/ elgG5 . t/ pxL efjgf ePsf w]/} /fHox'G5g\ ls x'b}gg\ < efiff Pp6f x'gfn] Pp6f /fHo x'G5 eGg] j'm/f ul/G5 .t/ b'lgofFdf of] j'm/f ;To b]lvb}g . hd{gLdf Pp6} efiff hd{gL 5 . t/ToxfF /fHo ;ª\3Lo 5 . To;f] x'gfn] t/fO{ Pp6f ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts If]qx'g]lalQj}m Pp6f /fHo x'G5 eGg] b]lvb}g . ToxfF klg ax'hflto / ax'eflifsljz]iftfx¿ 5g\ . /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ o:tf j'm/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

5nkmns[i0f xf5]y'

;'/]Gb| kf08]n] kf6L{x¿n] ;ª\3Lotfdf hfg] eg]/ cflwsfl/s lg0f{o u/] klgTo;sf nflu g]kfnsf] cj:yf Tolt ;sf/fTds 5}g eGg] j'm/f ug{'eof] .t/ oxfF s] j'm/f x]g{'k5{ eg] /fHon] cfˆgf] :jfy{ cg'¿k If]q jf lhNnf


afF8\5 . /f0ffx¿n] b]z clwstd s/ c;'Ng] lsl;dn] y'Dsf–y'Dsf agfP .To;k5fl8 k~rfotn] &% lhNnfdf afF8Øf] — Pp6} efiff Pp6} b]z Pp6}e]if eg]/ . /fHosf] k'g;+{/;rgf eGg] xf] eg] &% lhNnf eGg 5f8\g'k5{ .o;sf nflu k|lta4tf 5 ls 5}g eGg'k¥of] . k/Dk/fb]lv pk]lIft ;d'bfosf]zf]if0fsf nflu /fHon] hfgLhfgL zf]if0f ug{] vfnsf] ;+/rgf agfPsf] 5 .To;nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' x'Fb}g . gofF ;+/rgf ;dfj]zL x'g'k5{ .

xfdLn] JolStut kl/ro lbFbf d]/f] 3/ oxfF eg]/ eG5f}F eg] ;d'bfon]klg kl/ro vf]Hbf ef}uf]lns If]q vf]H5 . Pp6f hfltsf] a:tL ePsf 7fpFx¿sf]Pp6f ;+/rgf aGg ;S5 ls ;Sb}g < To;sf] gfd s] /fVbf /fd|f] Tof] 5nkmnu/f}Fnf . ;dfj]zL ;+/rgfn] k/Dk/fb]lv pk]lIft &) k|ltzt dflg;nfO{ Gofolbg ;Sg'k5{ . Ko"7fgsf] k'5f/b]lv c3f{vfFrL;Dd du/ If]q b]lvG5 . ztk|ltztdu/ x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf] If]q klxrfg ug{;S5f}F . clxn] ;b/d'sfd afx'g, 5]qL, g]jf/sf] a:tLsf] s]Gb|df 5 . u'NdLsf];b/d'sfd tD3f;eGbf dfly 8fljg eGg] 7fpFdf ;b/d'sfd /fv]sf] eP du/a;f]af; ePsf] To; If]qdf klxn] af6f] k'UYof], c:ktfn k'UYof], sn]h k'UYof] .

k'g;+{/rgf eg]sf] klxn]sf j'm/fnfO{ pN6Øfpg' xf] . ;ª\3Lotfn] ;d'bfonfO{ef}uf]lns If]q lbG5 . d]/f] gfd;Fu j'mg} ef}uf]lns If]q ufFl;Pkl5 dfq dToxfF nufgL u5'{ . d}n] d]/f] cfˆgf] 7fpF 5 eG5' . o;nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf gsfg{'x'Fb}g . klxrfgsf] j'm/fnfO{ ef}uf]lns If]qeGbf aflx/ /fv]/ o; ;jfnnfO{/fd|/L ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsFb}g .

;'/]Gb| kf08]hftLo, eflifs If]q 5Fb} 5}gg\ eg]sf] xf]Og . d To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ulb{gF .r]kfª dlxnfn] Pp6f 5nkmndf s] eGg'eof] eg] dsjfgk'/, wflbª /lrtjgnufotsf 5cf]6f lhNnfsf lglZrt If]qdf r]kfª a:tL 5 . clxn]%) xhf/eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf lhNnf 5g\ . r]kfªsf] hg;ª\Vof %@xhf/ rfgr'g 5g\ . pxfFn] s] eGg'eof] eg] xfd|f] d'Vo a;f]af; ePsf] If]qdfPp6f lhNnf agfOlbg] xf] eg] xfdLn] Pp6f lhNnf ;efklt, Pp6f ;f+;b5fGg ;SYof}F . o; j'm/f;Fu d ;xdt 5' . To;/L klg k'g;+{/rgf ug'{kb{5 .t/ o;f] x'FbfxF'b} klg b]zsf] ax'hftLo / ax'eflifs tl:a/ b]lvG5 eg]sf]x'F . afpGg xhf/ r]kfª a;]sf] 7fpFsf c¿ uflj; hf]8\bf ToxfFsf] hg;ª\VofPs nfv xf]nf . To;sf] cy{ ToxfF r]kfªafx]s c¿ klg a:5g\ eg]sf]xf] . klxrfg gvf]Hg] eg]sf] xf]Og d}n] .


bf];|f], d}n] s] eGg vf]h]sf] xf] eg] lglZrt If]q gePsf blnt / ;a}If]q ePsf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] k|Zg klg x]g{'k5{ . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjckgfof] eg] dfq pgLx¿sf] ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . k|fb]lzs dfqu/]/ ;Sb}gf}F . k|ltlglwTjsf] j'm/fnfO{ klg ;Fu;Fu} hf]8]/ nfg'kb{5 . d]/f]egfO Tof] xf] .

lzjaxfb'/ u'?ªhftLo, k|fGtLo, ;ª\3Lo ;jfn clxn] p7]sf ;jfn xf]Ogg\ . oL j'm/f p7fpFbfxfdLnfO{ ufpF / lhNnfsf g]tfn] xKsfPsf lyP . …ltdLnfO{ oxfFaf6 lgsflnlbpFm <hftLo / ;fDk|bflos j'm/f u/]/ ;dfh vnaNofpg] <Ú eg]/ 7"nf :j/n] xfdLnfO{xKsfpg] u/]sf lyP . clxn] xfdLnfO{ an ldn]sf] 5 . xfdLn] hftLo ;jfnp7fpFbf, e"ldk'qsf] ;jfn p7fpFbf c‰} klg oyfl:yltjfbL lrGtg af]Sg] ;fyLx¿o;n] d'n'sdf ljv08g NofpF5, hftLo ;Gt'ng vnaNofpF5 eGg] j'm/f ug{'x'G5 .cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f dfu /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf xf] . lxhf]] Ps b]z, Ps /fHo,Ps efiff, Ps e]if eGg] gf/f nufP/ /fHon] xfdLnfO{ bf;sf ¿kdf k]n]sf]lyof] ca Tof] gxf];\ eGg] cfu|x ub{5' .

anaxfb'/ 8uf}/f;aeGbf klxnf d Ps t/fO{sf] ljifodf xfd|f ;fyLx¿sf] wf/0ff /fVg rfxG5' .;ª\3Lo zf;g Joj:yf nfu" ug{sf w]/} sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . /fHodf x/]ssf]kx'Fr sfod xf];\ eGgsf nflu o;f] u/]sf] xf] .

bfªb]lv klZrdsf] yf¿jfg If]qsf] ljlzi6 ;++:s[lt / ljlzi6 efiff 5 .xfdL Pp6} t/fO{sf] cjwf/0ffdf uof}F eg] To;sf] ;b/d'sfd e/tk'/ ofjL/uGhdf x'G5 xf]nf . xfd|f nflu sf7df8f}F / Tof] p:t}p:t} xf] . xfd|f]kx'Fr t pxLFsf] pxLF /xG5 . To;}n], o; ljifodf yf¿ sNof0fsfl/0fL ;ef,;b\efjgf kf6L{ clg dfcf]jfbL ;a} a;]/ s;/L l5gf]kmfgf] ug]{ eGg] sf]l;;ul//fv]sf 5f}F . xfdL clxn] j'mg /fHo s;nfO{ lbg] eGg] 5nkmn ub}{5f}F .clxn]eGbf @#* jif{k5fl8 hfg] xf] eg] ToxfF cnu–cnu hflt / efiffsfcfwf/df /fHo lyP . To;}sf cfwf/df j'mg /fHo s;sf] eGg ;lsG5 .

k|]d kl/of/blntx¿ Pj}m 7fpFdf a;]sf 5}gg\ . To;sf/0fn] ;ª\3Lo /fHo kl/sNkgfubf{ blntx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;dfg /xg ;Snf < blntx¿n] cu|flwsf/ s;/L


k|fKt ug{ ;Snfg < o; ljifodf kof{Kt u[xsfo{ x'g cfjZos 5 . d ;ª\3Lo/fHosf] ljkIfdf 5}g . t/ ;ª\3Lo /fHo lgdf{0fsf qmddf blntx¿sf] ljifodfkof{Kt u[xsfo{ x'g cfjZos 5 .

;ltzrGb| ‰fckfª\usf] ;jfn t/fO{b]lv kxf8;Dd, k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;DdldNg] vfnsf] 5 . g]kfndf j'mn hg;ª\Vofsf] b; k|ltzt ckfª\u 5g\ .ckfª\u lzIff, :jf:Yo, hflu/af6 k"/} jl~rt 5g\ . gofF g]kfndf pgLx¿sf]clwsf/ s] xf]nf <


hjfkmb]lxtf, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo / zflGtk|:tf]tf

dlGb/f zdf{5nkmn ;~rfngzf]efs/ a'9fyf]sL


zf]efs/ a'9fyf]sLnf]stGqsf] :yfkgfkZrft\ / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg GofonfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg ug]{eGg] ljifo /fli6«o ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo eof] . o; d'2fnfO{ zflGt k|lqmof;Fu;Fu}s;/L n}hfg] eGg] ljifodf /fli6«o ax; eO/x]sf a]nfdf xfdL oxfF e]nfePsf 5f}F . xfdLn] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt b'O6} kIfnfO{ p7fpg'k5{eGg] nfU5 . b; jif{sf] åGå / nf]stGq :yfkgfsf] !( lbg] nfdf] hgcfGbf]ngsfa]nf 36]sf 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt JolStnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] / dfgj clwsf/pNnª\3gstf{nfO{ Gofosf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] ljifonfO{ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofon];d]6\5 .

d cfk"m o;af/]df w]/} gaf]lnsg dlGb/f zdf{nfO{ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofoeg]sf] s] xf] < g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf of] lsg cfjZos 5 < o;sf] k|lqmofs;/L cl3 a9fpg'k5{ < zflGt k|lqmofdf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo lsg dxŒjk"0f{5 < cflb ljifodf cln lj:t[t ¿kdf JofVof ul/lbg cg'/f]w ub{5' .

‰fFlubf] b08xLgtfdlGb/f zdf{

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo cyjf hjfkmb]lxtfsf ljifodf 5nkmn ubf{ a]xf]g{'kg{];a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tL eg]sf] o; ljifodf TolQ ?lr gx'g' klg xf] . b08xLgtf‰fFlub} uPsf a]nfdf To;nfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug{] eGg] j'm/fsf] ax;rflxFPsbd} sdhf]/ 5 .

hjfkmb]lxtf eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolStn] cyjf j'mg} klgpQ/bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{ JolStn] j'mg} sfd u/]sf] cyjf gu/]sf] sf/0faf6l;h{gf x'g] cj:yfsf nflu ;d]t lhDd]jf/ x'g] j'm/fnfO{ hgfpF5 . t/ o;n]w]/} If]q ;d]6\g ;S5 . w]/} If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ oxfF;Dej 5}g . cfhsf] 5nkmndf xfdLn] uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsfck/fwx¿df To;sf bf]ifLx¿nfO{ s;/L hjfkmb]xL agfpg] eGg] ljifodf hf]8


lbG5f}F . lx+;fsf a]nfdf 7"nf] dfqfdf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g x'g] ub{5 .To:tf] dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf 36gf / dfgj clwsf/ HofbtLsf j'm/fnfO{s;/L ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 < xfd|f] cg'ejsf cfwf/df ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf];+/rgf s:tf] x'g'kb{5 < c¿ b]zsf] s:tf] cg'ej 5 < c¿ b]zaf6 l;Sg;lsg] j'm/fx¿ s]–s] 5g\ < eGg] ljifodf d]/f] k|:t'lt s]lGb|t /xG5 . of]ljifo xfdL ;a}sf nflu gofF xf] . d o; ljifosL lj1 xf]Og . t;y{,d dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf kLl8t;Fu glhs a;]/ sfd ubf{v]l/ cfk"mn]ef]u]sf cg'ej oxfFx¿;Fu afF8r'F8 ug{]5' . To;kl5 s:tf] ;+/rgf x'g'k5{eGg]af/]df 5nkmn ug]{5f}F eGg] d}n] cfzf /fv]sf] 5' .

clxn] h'g /fhg}lts kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 Tof] kl/jt{gsf] kIfdf /fli6«ocyjf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df hgdt agfpg] sfddf dfgj clwsf/sf] ljifoj:t'n] ;a}eGbf w]/} e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . t/ of] kl/jt{g;Fu;Fu} ljutdf ePsfdfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf olt w]/} 36gfx¿nfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg ug]{ cyjfdfgj clwsf/sf] j'm/fnfO{ s;/L ;'lgZrt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ax; Psbd}cf]‰]ndf kfl/Psf] 5 . hjfkmb]xL j'mg} klg nf]stflGqs ;dfhsf] k"j{ ;t{xf] . xfdLsxfF hjfkmb]lxtf gePsf] kl/k]|Iodf ;ª\qmd0fsnLg Gofosf] h'gcjwf/0ff 5 To;n] s;}nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg s;/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5eGg]af/]df d s]xL j'm/fx¿ /fVg rfxG5' .

xfdL ;a}n] cg'ej u/]sf] j'm/f xf] — uPsf] b; jif{df g]kfndf w]/}7"nf] Iflt ePsf] 5 . w]/} dfG5]x¿ dfl/P . kGw| xhf/ hlt dflg; dfl/Psf]cfFs8f 5 .! dfl/Psf w]/} dflg;x¿sf] /]s8{ /flvPsf] 5}g eGg] xfdLn]cg'ej u/]sf 5f}F . ;of}F dfG5] a]kQf kfl/Psf 5g\ . xhf/f}Fn] oftgf kfPsf5g\ . xhf/f}F dlxnfx¿ anfTs[t ePsf 5g . w]/} dflg;x¿ lj:yflkt ePsf5g\ . sltko o:tf ufpFx¿ 5g\ hxfF k|To]s 3/sf] Pp6f g Pp6f ;b:ols t dfl/Psf] 5 t ls t a]kQf ePsf] 5, ls oftgf kfPsf] 5 .

clxn] xfdLsxfF ePsf] ;+/rgf ljutdf ePsf oL ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolStnfO{;hfo lbg / kLl8tx¿nfO{ Gofo lbg kof{Kt 5}g . of] ;+/rgfn] Gofo lbg;s]sf] 5}g . Pp6f klg ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg eP/ cbfntdf d'2f rnfOPsf]5}g . g]kfn ;a}eGbf w]/} dflg; a]kQf kfl/g] b]zsf ¿kdf ;"rLs[t eof]cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] g]kfndf b08xLgtfsf] cj:yfPsbd} ´ofFlub} uPsf] 5 . of] dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gstf{x¿n] pGd'lSt

! OG;]ssf cg'';f/ oL b; jif{df !# xhf/ #$# dflg; dfl/Psf 5g\ .


kfO/xg] ;+:s[ltsf] k|ltlaDa dfq xf] . ljgfsd/0f olt w]/} dfG5]x¿ dfl/Psf5g\, Tolt w]/} dfG5]n] kL8f ef]u]sf 5g\ Tof] j'm/fsf] Gofok"0f{ tl/sfn] 6'ª\uf]gnufOsg nf]stflGqs kl/kf6L{sf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsGg . ljutdf ePsfdfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf ck/fwsf bf]ifLx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] / kLl8tnfO{Gofo lbg] sfd ;Fu;Fu} cufl8 ga9fOsg zflGt k|lqmof cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}g .

j'mg} b]z lx+;f cyjf Psbd} 7"nf] o'4af6 nf]stflGqs k|hftflGqs kl/kf6Ldfk|j]z ub{5 Tolt a]nf ljutdf ePsf dfgj clwsf/sf pNnª\3gsf ljifonfO{s;/L ;Daf]wg ug]{ / To;sf kLl8tx¿nfO{ s;/L Gofo lbg] h;n] ubf{o:tf 36gf eljiodf bf]xf]l/Fb}gg\ eGg] j'm/f lglZrt ub}{ ;dfhdf lbuf] zflGts;/L :yfkgf ug]{ eGg] j'm/f ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofoleq kg]{ ljifo x'g\ . clxn]g]kfndf ;'? ePsf] zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ s;/L d2t k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eGg]ljifosf] 5nkmn ubf{ xfdLn] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf ljifodf klg 5nkmndfug{'kb{5 .

g]kfndf b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ dnhn ug]{ y'k|} ;f]rfOx¿ 5g\ . y'k|}lrGtg 5g\ . sfg'gL Joj:yf 5 . @)$^ k5fl8 /fhg}lts kl/jt{g;Fu;Fu}hgcfGbf]ngsf a]nfdf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g ug{] bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo ug{'kYof{] .To;f] ug{ g;s]sfn] b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[lt c‰ a9L alnof] eof] . @)$^;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng bafpg] qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3gsf ljifodfcg';Gwfg ug{ dlNns cfof]u u7g ePsf] lyof] . cfof]un] y'k|} ljifodfcg';Gwfg u/]/ k|ltj]bg tof/ u¥of] . t/ k|ltj]bgn] bf]ifL 7x¥ofPsf j'mg}klg JolStdfly sf/afxL ePg . dlNns k|ltj]bg lgj}m nfdf] ;do;Dd ;fjh{lgsul/Pg . dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog gePsfn] klg g]kfndf b08xLgtfa9]sf] xf] . o;n] ;fdflhs If]qdf k|efj kf¥of] . Gofo If]qdf c;/ k'¥ofof] .k|x/L k|zf;gdf c;/ k'¥ofof] . @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng bafpg k|d'v e"ldsflgjf{x ug]{ JolStx¿n] g} @)^# ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng bafpg klg k|d'v e"ldsfv]Ng kfP .

To;k5fl8 klg dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf ljleGg 36gfx¿sf] cg';Gwfgug{ y'k|} cfof]u ag] t/ ltgsf ;'‰fjx¿ sfof{Gjog ePgg\ . k|hftGqk|ltdfG5]sf] ljZjf; klg la:tf/} u'Db} uof] . k'ln; k|zf;gk|lt s;}sf] klgljZjf; ePg . Gofokflnsfk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; klg lu¥of] . o;n] ubf{dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf 36gf lg/Gt/ eO/x] . o;n] b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[lth/f] uf8]/ a;]sf] 5 eGg] b]vfpF5 . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] ;+/rgfn] of];+:s[lt x6fpg s] ug{'k5{ eGg] j'm/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .


@)%@ ;fndf dfcf]jfbLn] ljb|f]x ;'? u/]kl5 klg dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsfy'k|} 36gfx¿ eP . /fHon] cftª\ssf/Lsf gfddf, ck/fwLsf gfddf / dfcf]jfbLn]ju{zq'sf gfddf, ;'/fsLsf gfddf w]/} gful/ssf] xTof u/]sf 5g\ . w]/}gful/s cª\ueª\u eP/ clxn] Psbd} af]l‰nf] hLjg lhpg afWo 5g\ .dfG5]n] cfˆgf] 3/kl/jf/ / ;dfh 5f8]/ cGoq hfg'k/]sf] 5 . o:tfw]/} ufpFx¿ 5g\ hxfFsf w]/} JolStx¿ Pj}mrf]l6 w]/} clwsf/af6 jl~rtePsf 5g\ .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] j'm/f ubf{ åGånfO{ hGdfpg, To;nfO{ a9fpg,To;nfO{ 7"nf] agfpgdf d2t ug]{ s]–s:tf tŒjx¿ 5g\ eGg] j'm/fsf] ljZn]if0fx'g'kb{5 . o;f] ug{'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;dfh zflGtk"0f{ nf]stflGqs kl/kf6Ldfk|j]z u/]sf a]nfdf ljutdf ePsf HofbtL bf]xf]¥ofpg xF'b}g eGg] j'm/f ;D‰fpg'xf] . ljutdf ePsf ck/fwx¿sf] cg';Gwfg u/]/ kLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbg ;s]gf}Feg] csf]{ ljb|f]xsf] aLhf/f]k0f x'G5 eGg] j'm/f @)$^ ;fnsf] cg'ejn] klgb]vfPsf] 5 .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf ;Gbe{df rf/cf]6f j'm/f k|d'v ¿kdf cfpF5g\ .klxnf], ljutdf ePsf ck/fwsf ljifodf ;To–tYo kQf nufpg 6«'y sld;gagfpg] . bf];|f], kLl8tnfO{ s:tf] lsl;dsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg] cyjf s:tf] lsl;dsf]Gofosf] ;+/rgf tof/ ug]{ eGg] j'm/fsf] lgSof]{n ug{] . t];|f], kLl8tnfO{s;/L k'g:yf{lkt ug]{ eGg] j'm/f x]g{] . /, rf}yf], bf]ifLnfO{ s;/L sf/afxLug]{ eGg] j'm/f lgwf{/0f ug{] . ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zx¿n] tof/ kf/]sf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLgGofosf gd'gf oL rf/cf]6f ljifodf s]lGb|t 5g\ .

bf];|f] ljZjo'4 nuQ} gfhLx¿n] u/]sf] g/;+xf/sf] cg';Gwfg ug{sf nflu;}lgs cbfnt u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . To;n] cg';Gwfg u/]/ ;}lgs k|d'vx¿nfO{sf/afxL ug]{ k|lqmof yfn]kl5 ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] j'm/f ;+;f/e/ 5nkmnsf]ljifo aGof] . To;kl5 ;+;f/sf y'k|} b]zx¿df o;sf] w]/} rrf{ ePsf] 5 .y'k|} b]zx¿n] o;nfO{ k|of]udf NofPsf 5g\ .

xfdLn] ;a}eGbf w]/} ;'Gg] u/]sf] df]8n blIf0f clk|msfsf] 6«'y PG8 l/slG;n];gdf]8n xf] . g]kfndf o; ljifodf w]/}n] 5nkmn u/]sf 5g\ . clxn] xfdLsxfFklg To:t} 6«'y sld;g rflxG5 eg]/ elgG5 . t/ xfdLsxfF kl/l:ylt km/s5 . lsg km/s 5 eGg] j'm/f a'́ g h?/L 5 . clk|msfsf] ;Gbe{df 6«'y PG8l/slG;n];g Psbd} dxŒjk"0f{ lyof] lsgeg] ToxfF ePsf hfltxTof Psbd}uf]Ko ¿kdf ul/Psf lyP . Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf w]/} b]zx¿df klg ToxL cj:yflyof] . uf]Ko tl/sfn] dfG5] dfg{] . s;}n] b]v]sf] 5 eg] p;nfO{ klg dfg{] .


;fIfLx¿ lgld6ØfGg kfg{] . To;n] ubf{ 36gf s;/L 36\of], s;n] 36fof]eGg] j'm/f yfx} gx'g] . To;}n], ToxfFsf dflg;n] oL k|Zgsf] pQ/ hfGg] Psbd}7"nf] OR5f /fv] . Tof] hfGbfv]l/ cfk"mnfO{ Gofo x'G5 eGg] w]/}n] 7fg] .

xfdLn] w]/} 36gfsf] /]s8{ /flv;s]sf 5f}F . Psbd} Jojl:yt tl/sfn]clen]v u/]sf 5f}F . dfG5]nfO{ s;n], s;/L xTof u¥of] eGg] j'm/fsf] k|df0fxfdL;Fu 5 . dfG5]nfO{ s;/L a]kQf kfl/of], j'mg Aof/]sdf /flvof] cyjfj'mg Sofkdf /flvof], slt lbg;Dd /flvof], To; k5fl8 s] eof] eGg] j'm/fPsbd} Jojl:yt tl/sfn] clen]v ul/Psf] 5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] 5 .;a} k|df0f cufl8 cfO;s]sf 5g\ . To;}n] xfdLsxfF sf/afxLsf] j'm/frflxFdxŒjk"0f{ 5 . 6«'y sld;g agfpg] g} xf] eg] klg To;n] clxn] kQf nufpgg;s]sf j'm/f kQf nufpg'k5{ . xfd|f] d"n WofgrflxF Tof] sld;gn] l;kmfl/;u/]sf j'm/f sfof{Gjog u/]/ b08xLgtf cGTo ug]{lt/ hfg'k5{ .

;]/flnof]gsf] pbfx/0fn] xfdLnfO{ b08xLgtf x'g lbg' x'Fb}g eGg] kf7 l;sfPsf]5 . ToxfFsf ljb|f]xLn] cftª\s l;h{gf ug{sf nflu w]/} dfG5]nfO{ Pj}m 7fpFdf/fv]/ pgLx¿ ;a}sf] cª\ueª\u ul/lbGy] . nfdf] ;do;Dd rn]sf] u[xo'4cGTo ePkl5 ToxfF zflGt k|lqmofsf] yfngL eof] . ;/sf/ / ljb|f]xLaLrePsf] ;D‰f}tfcg';f/ ljb|f]xL kIfnfO{ klg ;/sf/df ;fd]n u/fOof] / ljutdfdfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g ug]{x¿nfO{ cfddfkmL lbOof] . ljb|f]xL kIf klg ;/sf/dfcfof] . t/ To;sf] Ps dlxgf klg laTbfglaTb} dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gbf]xf]l/of] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf :jod\;]jsx¿dfly klg cfqmd0f x'g yfNof] .cyf{t\ ;a} k|s[ltsf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf 36gfdf cfddfkmL lbFbf,tL JolStnfO{ hjfkmb]xL gagfpFbf o:tf] x'G5 eGg] j'm/f k|:6 eof] . To;kl5ToxfF kmf}hbf/L cbfnt u7g eof] . To;k5fl8 dfq} lx+;fdf sdL cfof] .

dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/aLrdf ePsf] ;xdltkl5 ;/sf/n] ljleGg sf/fuf/df/x]sf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ Pj}mrf]l6 d'Qm ul/lbof] . ltgsf] s;'/ s] lyof] eGg]j'm/f x]b}{ gx]l/sg pgLx¿ lj?4sf] cleof]u lkmtf{ lng] lg0f{o ;/sf/n] u¥of] .o;n] xfdL cGwfw'Gw cfddfkmL lbg] rngtkm{ pGd'v x'Fb}5f}F eGg] b]vfPsf]5 . o;n] 8/nfUbf] eljiosf] ;ª\s]t ub{5 . lsgeg] lx+;fsf] k'g/fj[lt ToxLFaf6x'G5 . lx+;fsf] aLhf/f]k0f ToxLFaf6 x'G5 .

csf]{ j'm/f, xfdLsxfF l:ylt Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . ljutdf dfgj clwsf/sf]pNnª\3gdf k|ToIf ¿kn] ;+nUg kIf g} Gofosf] ;+/rgf tof/ kfg]{ 7fpFdfk'u]sf 5g, k'Ub}5g\ . rf/cf]6f kIf lx+;fdf k|ToIf ¿kn] ;+nUg lyP . klxnf]dfcf]jfbL . bf];|f], bnsf] ;/sf/ hf] clxn] ;ft /fhg}lts bnsf] gfdn]


lrlgG5 . t];|f], df3 !( kl5 ;Qfdf /x]sfx¿ . rf}yf], ;/sf/L ;+/If0fdfcyjf ;/sf/n] l;h{gf u/]sf lelhnfGt]x¿ . clxn] df3 !( kl5 ;Qfdf/x]sfx¿ dfq} clnslt sdhf]/ ePsf x'g\ ls eGg] 5 . lelhnfGt]x¿nfO{ca ;/sf/L ;+/If0f k|fKt 5}g . oLb]lv afx]s ljutdf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsfj'm/fdf cfk}Fm k|ToIf ¿kn] ;+nUg zlStx¿ g} clxn] zf;gdf 5g\ . pgLx¿ljhoL ag]sf 5g\ . ljutdf u/]sf tL HofbtLx¿sf] lgikIf 5fglagsf nflupgLx¿n] ;xof]u u5{g\ ls ub{}gg\ eGg] j'm/f dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . g]kfnsf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLgGofodf b]lvPsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tL oxL xf] . kof{Kt bafa cfPg / kLl8tx¿sfkIfdf cfjfh p7]g eg] ;Qf;Lgx¿n] lbg] Gofo s:tf] x'g ;S5 < cyjfpgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf] Gofosf] ;+/rgfn] kLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbg ;S5 ls ;Sb}g <

o;afx]s oL j'm/fx¿ klg dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ — k'ln;–k|zf;g cg';Gwfgug{ slQsf] ;Ifd 5 < Gofoklnsf Gofo lbg slQsf] ;Ifd 5 < ;/sf/Ljlsnx¿ cfˆgf] kIf /fVg slQsf] ;Ifd 5g\ <

ljutdf h] eof] ltgnfO{ la;{g'k5{ eGg] j'm/f klg clxn] ;'lgb}5 . kLl8tsfkIfdf, dfgj clwsf/sf If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;d"xn] Gofosf] j'm/f p7fpFbf pgLx¿nfO{zflGt efF8\g] tŒjx¿ eg]/ laNnf nufpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ xfnrln/x]sf] zflGt k|lqmof slQsf] lbuf] x'G5 cyjf zflGt eGg] j'm/f s] xf],Tof] s;sf nflu xf] / To;nfO{ s;n] kl/eflift ug]{ xf] eGg] k|Zg ug'{kg]{a]nf cfPsf] 5 . To;sf] hjfkm xfdLn] vf]Hg'k/]sf] 5 .

xfdLn] c¿ b]zsf] cg'ej klg x]g{'k5{ . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofodf hf]8glbFbf Pn ;fNef8f]/sf kLl8tx¿n] clxn] klg kL8f ef]lu/xg'k/]sf] 5 . ToxfFbf]ifLnfO{ cbfnt pEofP/ sf/afxL ug]{ k|lqmof ;'? ul/Pg . ToxfF b08xLgtfnfO{cGTo ug{ ;lsPg . clxn] o;sf] k|efj ToxfFsf] Gofokflnsfdf k/]sf] 5elgG5 .

xfdLn] ljutnfO{ la;]{/ cufl8 a9\g'k5{ eGof}F eg] zflGt k|lqmof lbuf]x'g ;Sb}g, nf]stflGqs kl/kf6L sfod x'g klg ;Sb}g . ca xfdLn] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLgGofosf] ;+/rgf tof/ ug'{k5{ . Pp6fn] csf]{nfO{ k'¥ofPsf] b'Mv cyjf zf/Ll/sIfltk"lt{sf] j'm/f ug{'k5{ . dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] klg k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu k|efjsf/Lk|0ffnL ePg eg] pgLx¿ klg ;d:ofdf k5{g\ . lsgeg] xltof/ la;fpg]lalQj}mpgLx¿ ;dfhdf k'g:yf{kgf x'g ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g . of] kl/l:yltnfO{ j'mg}g j'mg} lx;fan] ;Daf]wg gul/sg xfdL cufl8 a9\g ;S5f}F h:tf] nfUb}g .

xfdLn] b'O{cf]6f ;dosf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf j'm/fx¿ x]g{'k5{ .Pp6f, dfcf]jfbLn] ljb|f]x yfNg' klxn] ePsf dfgj clwsf/ HofbtL . csf]{


dfcf]jfbLn] ljb|f]x yfn] otfsf HofbtL . oL b'O{ cjlwdf kLl8t ePsfx¿nfO{Gofo lbg] j'm/f g} ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] bfo/f x'g'k5{ .

bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng bafpg] qmddf ePsf HofbtLsf] cWoog ug{ Pp6fcfof]u ag]sf] 5 . of] cfof]usf l;kmfl/;sf] xfnt klg dlNns cfof]usfl;kmfl/;j}m h:tf] gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg . bf]ifLdfly sf/afxL ug{sf nflu /fhg}ltsrfxgf x'g'k5{ . o;cl3 clen]v eO;s]sf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf bf]ifLx¿nfO{s;/L sf/afxL ul/G5 x]g{ afFsL 5 .

kLl8tn] s:tf] Gofo vf]h]sf 5g\ Tof] j'm/f a'́ g / pgLx¿nfO{ s;/Lk'g:yf{lkt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] j'm/f x]g{ 5'§f5'§} ;ldlt agfpg ;lsG5 . tL;ldlt aGg'cl3 xfdLn] s] j'm/f Vofn /fVg'k5{ eg] xfdLsxfF ePsf sfg'gkof{Kt 5}gg\ . /fodf‰L cfof]u ag]sf] 5 Tof] cfk}Fmdf q'l6k"0f{ 5 eg]/ g]kfnl:yt;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] dfgj clwsf/ pRr cfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] elg;s]sf]5 . uDeL/ k|s[ltsf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf ck/fwdf kl5 aGg] sfg'gcl3af6} nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . To:tf] Joj:yf ca aGg] ;+ljwfgdf/fVg ;lsG5 . To;kl5 a]kQf agfpg], oftgf lbg], u}/Goflos xTof ug{],anfTsf/ ug{], nfdf] ;do;Dd y'gfdf /fVg], dflg;nfO{ cfˆgf] ;DklQ pkef]uug{af6 jl~rt t'Nofpg] sfdnfO{ uDeL/ ck/fwsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{;lsG5 . o:tf ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg u/]/ bf]ifLdfly sf/afxL rnfpg ;lsG5 .

k|x/Ln] cfk}Fmn] g} u/]sf HofbtLsf] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g eGg]k|ZgrflxF 66\sf/f] ¿kdf p7]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo sf] x'g ;S5g\ </fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] klg lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lsG5ls < of 5'§} lsl;dsf] h'l8l;on k'ln;sf] cjwf/0ff leœofP/ cg';Gwfgsf]lhDdf To; lgsfonfO{ lbg] < oL k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .

Ifltk"lt{sf] j'm/f k};fdf dfq x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 . Psl5gsf nflu, ;a}nfO{;ft–;ft nfv k};f lbpFm / of] j'm/fnfO{ lal;{lbpFm eGg ;lsG5 < olQn]dfq Gofo x'G5 eg]/ eGg ;lsFb}g lsgeg] kLl8tx¿sf] cfjZostf / kL8fsf]dfqf km/s–km/s 5 . cfkmGt a]kQf kfl/Psf], dfl/Psf] / cfk}Fmn] klg oftgfkfPsf] x'gfn] dflg;x¿n] dfgl;s ;d:of ‰]ln/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] Tof]kL8fnfO{ s;/L pkrf/ ug]{ eGg] j'm/f klg k'g:yf{kgfleq kg{'k5{ . ljsf;sfo{qmd NofP/ pgLx¿sf] ef}lts cfjZostf k"/f ug{] j'm/fnfO{ klg Gofo;Fuhf]8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .


5nkmnclgn kGt

l;o/flnof]gsf] uNtLaf6 xfdLn] kf7 l;Sg ;S5f}F . 6'«y sld;g / l/slG;n];gsld;g 5'§f5'§} agfpg'kg{] /x]5 . Pp6} agfpFbfrflxF dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf36gf kQf nfpg' / d]nldnfk ug{' eGg] cy{ nfUbf] /x]5 . 6«'y sld;geg]sf] To:tf] x'g'k5{ h;n] tYo kQf nfufpF5 . klxnf tYo kQf nufP/Oltxf; n]Vg'k5{ o:tf]–o:tf] 36gf ePsf] lyof] eg]/ . To;kl5 l/slG;n];gsld;g u7g ug]{ ls gug]{ eGg] j'm/f x]g'{k5{ .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] d'Vo ;d:of s] xf] eg] oxfFleq lj8Dagf 5— d]nldnfk klg ug{'kg{] clg b08xLgtf x'g lbg klg gx'g] . l;o/flnof]gdfg]e/ cu]g cyf{t\ ca o:tf] slxn] gxf];\ eGg] cleofg rnfOof] . åGåkZrft\s]xL j'm/f la;{g'kg]{ x'Fbf] /x]5 . clg ;a} j'm/f la;{g' gx'g] klg /x]5 . hgtfn]xfdL s]xL j'm/f la;{G5f}F eGg'k5{ eg] s]xL j'm/f la;{g ;Sb}gf}F klg eGg'k5{ .o;f] ePsf v08df b08xLgtf x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 . s]xL j'm/f ;fª\s]ltsklg x'g ;S5g\ d]nldnfk k|lqmofdf . åGå/t kIfn] xfdLn] uNtL u/]sf lyof}Feg]/ :jLsfg{ ;S5 . x/]s dfG5]nfO{ sf/afxL gxf]nf t/ dfkmL t dfUg;lsG5 . h:tf] bf];|f] ljZjo'4df ePsf HofbtLsf nflu clxn] cfP/ dfkmLdflu/x]sf 5g\ slt b]zn] . kLl8tx¿dWo] slt d/]/ uP . pgLx¿n] s]xLkfpFb}gg\ . t/ s;}n] dfkmL dfUbf sf]xL dfG5]n] cfk"mnfO{ Gofo u/]sf] cg'eju5{ . o;f] x'gfn] xfdLn] GofonfO{ slt cj:yfdf sfg'gL sf/afxL ug]{,slt cj:yfdf bf]ifLn] dfkmL dfUg] / sltkonfO{ cfly{s Ifltk"lt{ ug]{ u/LtLg tl/sfn] x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 .

ck/fw ug{]n] dfkmL dfu]sf j'm/f b]zsf] Oltxf;df n]Vg'k5{ . zxLbx¿sf];flns agfOof] / dfg{]n] dfkmL dfu]sf] 5 eg] Tof] j'm/f klg ToxfF n]lvg'k5{ .ljb|f]xL kIfn] dfkmL dfu]sf] 5 eg] Tof] j'm/f ToxfF n]lvPsf] x'g'kb{5 . uNtLul/;s]kl5 dfkmL dfUg'kg]{ /x]5 x} eGg] j'm/f ;a}nfO{ yfxf lbg . ljb|f]xsfa]nf ePsf cfk/flws k|s[ltsf 36gfx¿sf] /]s8{ Oltxf;df /Xof] eg]To;n] b08xLgtf /f]Sgsf nflu clnstf d2t u5{ . o;f] ul/Pg eg]csf{] vt/f x'G5 . dfcf]jfbLsf] ljb|f]x d"ntM /fhg}lts k|j[mltsf] lyof] .ljb|f]xL /fhg}lts rl/qsf] lyof] . Tof] /fhg}lts rl/qleq /x]/ s]xL cfk/flwslqmofsnfk ePsf x'g ;S5g\ . t/ clxn] xfdLn] b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltagfof}F eg] ef]ln cfkf/flws rl/qsf] ;d"x /fhg}lts vf]n cf]8]/ cfpg];Defjgf x'G5 .


uf]kfn lzjfsf]6Lljutsf] ck/fw, HofbtL / dflg;x¿nfO{ k/]sf] kL8fnfO{ dflg;n] j'mg} klgxfntdf la;{g ;Sb}gg\ / la;{g' klg xF'b}g . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] ljifoxfd|f] d'n'ssf ;Gbe{df dfq} nfu" x'g] gf}nf] ljifo xf]Og . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLgGofo eGgfn] cfFvfsf] abnf cfFvf lng] j'm/f] klg xf]Og . cGtTjuTjf d]nldnfkxf];\ eGg] xf] . t/ d"ne"t ¿kdf p7fOg] j'm/f s] xf] eg] xfdLn] GofokZrft\sf]zflGt vf]h]sf xf}F ls zflGtkZrft\sf] Gofo < of zflGt dfq vf]h]sf xf}F <cGt/f{li6«o l;4fGt cyjf dfgj clwsf/sf x/]s l;4fGtn] Gofo x'g'kb{5eG5g\ . GofokZrft\ zflGt eGgfn] zflGt k|fKt ug{sf nflu klg Gofok|bfg ug'{kb{5 eGg] hgfpF5 . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo zflGt ;D‰f}tfsf] Kofs]hsf]Pp6f c+zsf ¿kdf of /fhgLlts Kofs]hsf] Pp6f c+zsf ¿kdf cfpg'k5{ .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] k|;ª\u cyjf To;sf ;+oGq slxn] agfpg] eGg]j'm/f dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . sDaf]l8ofdf @) jif{kl5 To:tf] ;+oGq ag]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf]kl/j]z, w/ftn / ToxfFsf] ;ª\qmd0fsf] kl/j]znfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ To:tf] lsl;dsf]Gofo k|0ffnL cjnDag ug{'k5{ jf ;++oGq :yfkgf ug'{k5{ . ;do Gofosf]b'Zdg klg xf] / ldq klg xf] . nfdf] ;do;Dd kv]{/ klg Gofo lbg ;lsG5 .sltko cj:yfdf nfdf] ;do;Dd kv{Fbf s] kmfObf x'G5 eg] dflg;n] klxn]ePsf HofbtL la;{g klg ;S5g\ .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{'k5{ . /fli6«o k'g;{+/rgf sf]ifcljnDa :yfkgf ug'{k5{ . eTs]sf 3/x¿ dfq agfpg] j'm/f xf]Og . dflg;sf]kL8fsf] pkrf/ klg o;df k5{ .

klxn] xfdLn] u/]sf] cWoogsf cg';f/ åGån] ubf{ g]kfndf b'O{ nfv !@xhf/ b]lv b'O{ nfv &@ xhf/;Dd dflg;x¿ cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt 5g\ .!) b]lv !@ nfv dflg;x¿ ef/t uPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgfsf]j'm/f, k'gP{sLs/0fsf] j'm/f klg ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] cª\usf ¿kdf /xg'k5{ .

ef]ln k]ml/ åGåsf] sxfnLnfUbf] kl/l:ylt gcfcf];\ eGgsf nflu cGt/fli6«okmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] ljwfgnfO{ cljnDa cg'df]bg ug'{k5{ . ;'/Iff lgsfosf];'wf/ gul/sg ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] k|lqmof cufl8 a8\g ;Sb}g .

csf]{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] r]g ckm sdfG8df !* jif{eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfhlt klg etL{ ul/Psf 5g\ pgLx¿nfO{ ToxfFaf6 lgsfNg'k5{ . afnaflnsfnfO{;]gfdf egf{ ug{] sfdnfO{ bl08t ug{'k5{ .


Ps/fh e08f/L/fhfnfO{ gx6fOsg dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg nfu" x'g ;Sb}gYof] . ;]gfn]lsg b08 kfPgg\ < c‰} klg kfpFb}gg\ . c‰} klg dflg;x¿ a]kQf eO/xG5g\ .c‰} klg dfG5] dfl/G5g . Tof] :jfefljs j'm/f xf] .

u0ftGq cfPkl5 o:tf ;+oGq slt agfpF5f}F slt . To;f] gul/sg vfnLs]Gofsf] j'm/f u¥of], Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] j'm/f u¥of] . blIf0f clk|msfsf] j'm/fu¥of] . To;f] u/]/ x'Fb}g . g]kfnsf] kl/k]|Iodf b'Zdg eg]sf] /fhf xf] . /fhfnfO{Wj+; ug'{k5{ . u0ftGq Nofpg'k5{ . To;f] eof] eg] o:tf ;+oGq slt aG5g\slt < o:tf ljåfg\ t slt cfpF5g\ slt < åGåsf ;+ljwfg agfpg] lj4fg\klg slt cfpF5g\ < ;f/fsf ;f/f cfpF5g\ . Tolt a]nf ;+oGq agfpg] j'm/fx]/f}Fnf . ljlwzf:q x]/f}Fnf . b08xLgtfsf] j'm/f klg x]/f}Fnf .

dfcf]jfbLaf6 dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g s;/L eof] eGg] j'm/f a'́ g'k¥of] .cfTd/Iffsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{v]l/ dfG5] df/]sf 5g\, kL8f 5 . b08xLgtfePsf a]nfdf k};fn] Ifltk"lt{ lbP/ dfq} ;fdfwfg x'g ;S5 < xhf/f}F g]kfnLhgtf a]kQf kfg]{ k'ln;nfO{ kmfF;L lbP/ xfd|f] ;d:of ;fdfwfg x'g ;S5 <;]gfsf] k|d'vnfO{ kmfF;L lbP/ ;d:of ;fdfwfg x'G5 < lbg t lbg}k5{ . klxn];fdfGtjfbL /fHo;QfnfO{ Wj+; agfpFm . g]kfnLn] rfx]sf] ;+ljwfg agfpFm .To;kl5 clg bf]ifLx¿nfO{ sf/afxL ug]{lt/ nfuf}F . b08xLgtf x'g'k5{ eGg]d]/f] dfGotf xf]Og . b08 lbg}k5{ . rfx] h:tf];'j}m xf];\ . cfTd/Iffsf] a]nfs:tf] cj:yfdf p;n] ck/fw u/]sf] 5 Tof] klg x]l/g'k5{ . cfTd/Iffsfa]nf h];'j}m ug{ kfOG5 eg]/ d}n] eGg vf]h]sf] xf]Og . To;sf klg dfGotfxf]nfg\ . xfdLn] dfgjLo sfg'gsf j'm/f u/]sf 5f}F . dfgj clwsf/sf] j'm/fu/]sf 5f}F . cGt/f{li6«o dGotf 5g\ .

8L=aL= ;fzª\s/k|:t'ltdf ;/sf/af6 ePsf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf j'm/f dfq} cfP .dfcf]jfbLn] w]/} dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g u/]sf 5g\ . To;nfO{ s;/L lnP/hfg] < To;} u/L of] ;To–tYo cfof]u agfpg] j'm/fdf g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 cj:yf5 . gagfpFbf klg x'G5 eGg] vfnsf j'm/f cfP . dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf7"nf, uDeL/ k|s[ltsf 36gfsf] dfq} /]s8{ /flvPsf] 5 . ufpFsf ;–;gf7flgPsf 36gfsf] /]s8{ /flvPsf] 5}g . ltgnfO{ la;{g' x'Fb}g . To;sf/0f,xfd|f] b]zdf klg ;To cfof]u cfjfZos 5 .


cldt 9sfnxfdLsxfF h;n] dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g u¥of] pxL ljhoL ePsf] 5 . To;}n],;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] j'm/f cfpg]lalQj}m ef]ln klg o;nfO{ kG5fpg vf]lhG5 .To;f] x'g glbg o; ljifonfO{ /fli6«o cleofgsf ¿kdf n}hfgsf nfluj'mg ;do pko'Qm x'G5 < o; j'm/fnfO{ xfdLn] slxn] p7fpg] < gful/s;dfhn] slxn] p7fpg] < dfgj clwsf/sdL{n] slxn] p7fpg] < ;~rf/dfWodn]slxn] p7fpg] < slt a]nf j'm/f p7fpFbfv]l/ /fd|f] k|efj k5{, b08xLgtf x'Fb}g,/fHokIf / ljb|f]xL b'j}nfO{ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf ;+/rgf tof/ ug{sfnflu 6'«y sld;g -5fglag cfof]u_ / l/slG;n];g sld;g -d]nldnfk cfof]u_agfpgsf nflu jftfj/0f tof/ x'G5 .

dfcf]jfbLx¿ rGbf p7fPsf], dfG5] lk6]sf], dfG5] df/]sf] ;a} cfTdf/Iffsfnflu, b]z agfpgsf nflu xf] eG5g\ . ;]gfsf dflg;x¿ sfg'g / ;+ljwfgsf]/Iff ug{sf nflu dfG5] df/]sf] eG5g\ . To;}n], ef]ln g]tfx¿n] dfgj clwsf/pNnª\3g ug{]x¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ / o:tf j'm/fnfO{ e/;s kG5fpg vf]H5g\ .

sgs bLlIft;a}sf] cfˆgf]–cfˆgf] e"ldsf x'G5 . hf] dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0fdf nfu]sf5g\ pgLx¿n] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf af/]df ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ . hf] jftf{dfnfu]sf 5g\ pgn] jftf{df nfUg'k5{ .

s;s;n] sxfF–sxfF / s;/L HofbtL u/] < bf]/Dafdf s;n] u¥of] < df8Ldfs;n] u¥of] < j'mg ;d"xn] eGg] j'm/f dfq xf]Og j'mg JolQm ;+nUg lyPeGg] j'm/f klg vf]Hg'k5{ . of] k|lqmof ;'? ePsf] 5, nuftf/ eO/xg'k5{ .g]kfndf dWodju{, pRr dWodju{ / wgLju{ slxNo} klg h]n hfFb}gg\ .ljut %) jif{sf] Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] sf7df8f}Fsf] pRr dWodju{sf] dflg;h]n uPsf] 36gf xftdf uGg ;lsG5 . b08xLgtfsf If]qdf gofF j'm/f yfNg'k5{ .

åGåsf sf/0flt/ hfpFm, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] j'm/f gu/f}FeGg ldNb}g . dfcf]jfbLleq klg HofbtL ug]{x¿ 5g\ . pgLx¿sf af/]df cg';Gwfggug]{ < To;sf] dtna t k]ml/ ;]gfn] u/]sf HofbtLn] klg t 5'6 kfpg]eof] . To;/L 5f]8\g t ldNb}–ldNb}g .

c¿ b]zdf cfof]u ag]sf] lyof], To;}n] oxfF klg cfof]u agfpg'k5{ eGg]xf]Og . cGt 6'«y sld;g lyof] oxfF klg 6«'y sld;g x'g'k5{ eGg] xf]Og .g]kfndf d}lns lsl;dn] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un]x]g{] xf] ls < g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ ;/sf/df hfg pGd'v 5 . uO{ klg xfN5


xf]nf . To;kl5 dlNns, /fodf‰L OToflb cfof]unfO{ j'mg{ ldNb}g . Tolta]nf b'j} kIf ;/sf/df ePsf] dfGGg'k5{ . ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo / hjfkmb]lxtfsf]ljifo hgtfaf6 cfpg'k5{ . ;/sf/n] cfof]u agfOb]nf eg]/ a:g' xF'b}g .c¿ g} s]xL k|lqmofaf/]df ljrf/ ug'{k5{ .

k|sfz 1jfnLdfgj clwsf/, Gofo / hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ yflt /fv]/ ul/Psf /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn]:yfloTj NofpFb}g . b08xLgtf Psbd} dxŒjk"0f{ j'm/f xf] . gful/s ;dfhn]kLl8tx¿sf] cfjfhnfO{ /fli6«o txdf Nofpg ;S5 . klxn] jf:tljstf a'‰]/To;kl5 j'mg sfo{ljlw 7Ls 5 eGg] j'm/f lgSof{]n ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

clxn]sf] d'Vo ;d:of ck/fwsf] /fhgLlts/0f xf] . j'mg} kIfn] ck/fwu¥of] eg] To;nfO{ /fhgLlts /ª lbP/ pGd'lSt kfpg] cj:yf 5 . /fhgLlts;+/If0fsf cfwf/df x'g] ck/fwn] x/]s If]qnfO{ Wj:t kf5{ .

ci6nIdL zfSoj'mg} klg cf/f]kdf, j'mg} klg axgfdf xTof, dfG5]n] dfG5]nfO{ xTof ug]{,lx+;f ug]{, anfTsf/ ug]{ eg]sf] h3Go ck/fw xf] . j'mg} klg axfgf /j'mg} klg cf/f]kdf o:tf] sfd ug{ lbg' x'Fb}g . b08xLgtfnfO{ cGTo ug}{k5{ .o;f] ug{ ;s]gf}F eg] Pskl5 csf]{ ck/fw eO/xG5g\ . dNlns cfof]usf]k|ltj]bg nfu" gu/]sf] kl/0ffd xfdL cfh ef]Ub}5f}F .

dnfO{ nfU5 Gofo eGg] j'm/f ;wF}el/ x'g'kb{5 . ;ª\sd0fsfnsf] cj:yfdfdfgj clwsf/ xggsf c‰} w]/} 36gfx¿ x'g] u5{g\ .

xfdLn] nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yfkgf ug{ ;s]gf}F eg] Gofo / zflGtsf];jfnnfO{ lbuf] agfpg ;Sb}gf}F . ;]gfleq nf]stfGqLs/0f cToGt} h?/L 5 .;+;bdf xfdLn] ;}lgs ljw]os kf; u¥of}F . Ps dlxgf nufP/ ax't 5nkmnu/]/ . t/ o; ljw]osn] ;]gfleq nf]stfGqLs/0f u5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf]5}g . ;]gfleq, ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iff lgsfonfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf lzIff s;/L lbg]/ o;nfO{ nf]stfGqLs/0f s;/L ug]{ eGg] j'm/fx¿ ;f]Rg cToGt} h?/L 5 .

dLg/fh kGyLxfdL ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug'{k5{ . cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5gldNb}g . dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g ug{]x¿nfO{ s;/L ;hfo lbg] eGg] j'm/fdflåljwf 5 h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g . h;sf] dfgj clwsf/ xgg ePsf] 5 tL


JolStsf cfFvfaf6 x]g{ ;Sof}F eg] j'm/f k|:6 x'G5 .ufpFdf dflg;x¿ w]/} kLl8t 5g\ . Pp6f pbfx/0f lbg rfxG5' . Ko"7fgsf]

laHjf/ eGg] 7fpFdf :s'naf6 3/ cfO/fv]sf b; hgf aRrfx¿ af?bL w/fkdfk/] . Ps hgf aRrf d/] . c¿ gf} hgfdWo] s;}n] v'§f u'dfP . s;}n]xft u'dfP . s;}sf] z/L/el/ 5/}{5/f{ 5 . pgLx¿ hLjge/sf nflu g a:g;Sg], g p7\g ;Sg], g /fd|f];Fu ;'Tg ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] of] w/fks;n] yfKof] eGg];Dd yfxf kfpg ;s]gg\ .

/fdbofn ofbjPp6fn] csf{]nfO{ cfIf]k nufpg] sfd clxn] klg eO/fv]sf] 5 . dfcfjfbLx¿n]klg abdf;L ul//fv]sf xf]nfg\ . pgsf gfddf c¿n] klg ul//fv]sf xf]nfg\ .k'ln; g} klg ;+nUg b]lvG5 sltko s];df . To:tf] ;a} lsg eO/fv]sf]5 eg] xfdL ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf 5f}F . o:tf j'm/fx¿nfO{ klg s;/L/f]Sg] eGg] j'm/f x]g{'k5{ .

dlGb/f zdf{;+;f/sf tfgfzfxx¿n] cfˆgf] tfgfzfxL sfdnfO{ hgtfsf nflu eg]/ cfTd/Iffub{} cfPsf 5g\ . cfTd/Iff ug{ kfOG5 . t/ To;sf lgod x'G5g\ . To;sfljZjJofkL dfGotfx¿ 5g\ . tL dfGotfleq a:g'k5{ . hlt;'j}m dxfg\ / pTs[i6p2]Zon] ul/Psf] lsg gxf];\ gful/ssf] xTof u/]/ gful/ssf] clwsf/sf];+/If0f u/]F eGg] cfTd;Gt'li6 slxn] klg, s;}n] klg /fVg kfpFb}g . gful/sa]kQf kf/]/ d}n] gful/s clwsf/sf af/]df j'm/f p7fPF eGg kfOFb}g . Tof]ug{] pGd'lSt, Tof] eGg] pGd'lSt, Tof] sfd ug{] :jR5Gbtf s;}nfO{ klg 5}g .tL ;a} ck/fw x'g\ . hlt;'j}m /fd|f] p2]Zon] u/]sf lsg gx'g\ ltgnfO{ cGt/f{li6«odfgj clwsf/ sfg'gn] ck/fw dfg]sf 5g\ . tL ck/fwx¿df pgLx¿ hjfkmb]xLx'g}k5{ . To:tf ck/fwsf kLl8tn] Gofo kfpg}k5{ eGg] l;4fGtsf cfwf/dfxfdL ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf af/]df 5nkmn ul//fv]sf 5f}F .

/fHo jf dfcf]jfbL h'g;'j}m kIfn] u/]sf] xf];\, uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] dfgjclwsf/ xgg ug{]nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg}k5{ . o;sf nflu xfd|f] cfˆg} b]zsf];+oGq alnof] x'g'k5{ . kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt oxfFj}m ;+oGqalnof] x'g'k5{ . oxLFsf] k'ln;n] cg';Gwfg ug{'k5{ . oxLFsf] ;/sf/L jlsnTo:tf] d'2f lnP/ cbfntdf hfg ;Ifd x'g'k5{ . oxLFsf] Gofofnon] Gofolbg ;Sg'k5{ eGg] j'm/f jiff{}Fb]lv p7]sf 5g\ . t/ klg To;f] gePsf sf/0f


afWo eP/ xfdLn] ca o:tf ck/fwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntdf nfg'k5{eg]/ eGg'k5{ .

xfdL nf]stflGqs k2ltdf 5f}F eg]/ uj{ klg ug{], xfdL hgtfsf k|ltlglwxf}F klg eGg] clg hgtfsf kL/dsf{ cyjf hgtfdfly ePsf] cGofosf] Pp6fklg ck/fwdf cg';Gwfg gug]{ xf] eg] o;n] s] j'm/fsf] ;ª\s]t u5{ < o:tf]cj:yfdf xfdL nf]stflGqs k4ltdf 5f}F, xfdL hgtfsf k|ltlglw xf}F eGg]g}lts cfwf/ u'D5 ls u'Db}g <

ljutdf ePsf hlt klg HofbtLx¿ 5g\ To;sf] ;g'jfO gx'g] xf] eg]o:tf 36gf eljiodf klg bf]xf]l/g ;S5g\ . To;n] ubf{ HofbtLx¿nfO{ Gofok"0f{tl/sfn] 6'ª\uf] nufpg] k4ltsf] j'm/f ul/G5 . xfdLn] of] sfd ug{ l9nf]eO;Sof] . Gofosf] j'm/f ug{ ;do klv{/xg'kb{}g .

dfgj clwsf/ o; If]qdf sfd u5{' eg]/ a:g] ;+:yfx¿n] dfq p7fP/k'Ug] ljifo xf]Og of] . ;a} If]q kl/rflnt x'g'k5{ . To;f] gePj}m sf/0fn]/ g]kfnsf] dfgj clwsf/ cfGbf]ng ;ª\j'mlrt lx;fan] cl3 a9]sfn] b08xLgtfsfaf/]df hlt 5nkmn x'g'kg{] xf] Tolt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .


cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg;efk|:tf]tf

6Lsf/fd e§/fO{eLdfh{'g cfrfo{s[i0f xf5]y';+of]hsxl/ zdf{


xl/ zdf{of] ;q cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg;efsf af/]df x'g]5 . cfh xfdLaLrtLg hgf jStfx¿ x'g'x'G5 . pxfFx¿sf] cf–cfˆgf] If]q 5 . eLdfh'{g cfrfo{/ 6Lsf/fd e§/fO{ jlsn x'g'x'G5 hf] s]xL ;do otf kqklqsfdf ;+ljwfg;DaGwLljifodf n]lv/xg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFx¿nfO{ xfdLaLr kfpFbf v';L nfu]sf] 5 .

csf{ ;fyL x'g'x'G5 s[i0f xf5]y' . pxfF g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] 5nkmndfcWoog–cWofkgdf k|ltli7t x'g'x'G5 . ljut s]xL ;dob]lv k|hftGq;Fu ;DalGwtljifox¿ ljz]if u/L k|hftGqsf] lgu/fgL, k|hftGq;DaGwL ;j]{If0f / g]kfndfbnsf] lgdf{0faf/]df n]Vb} / af]Nb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 . s[i0f xf5]y' ;]G6/ km/g]kfn :6l8h -;Lgf;_ ;Fu ;DalGwt x'g'xG5 .

d tLg} hgf jStf ;fyLx¿nfO{ :jfut ub}{ cfhsf] sfo{qmd ;'? ug{rfxG5' . pxfFx¿sf] 5f]6f] k|:t'ltnfO{ xfdLn] 5nkmnsf] yfngLsf ¿kdf lnPsf5f}F . d klxn] k|To]s jStfnfO{ sl/a !) b]lv !% ldg]6 lbg rfxG5' .To;kl5 5nkmndf hfpFm .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg6Lsf/fd e§/fO{

bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 5nkmn u/L cfPsf], kqklqsfdf cfˆgf wf/0ffx¿;fj{hlgs u/L cfPsf] x'gfn] 5nkmnsf nflu s]xL ljifox¿ /fVg' dfqpko'St x'G5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . xfdL tLg hgfn] ;Nnfx u/]/ ljifo afF8]sf5f}F . d cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf dfq} s]lGb|t x'g]5' . eLdfh{'g cfrfo{ ;+ljwfg;efdfs]lGb|t x'g'x'g]5 / s[i0f xf5]y' ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLltdf s]lGb|t x'g'x'g]5 .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tTsfn} cfjZos ePsf] j'm/f xfdLn] dx;'; u/]sflyof}F . @)^# ;fn h]7 $ ut]sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffsf] ;§f cGtl/d;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] eP ;aeGbf pQd x'g] lyof] . hgcfGbf]ngn] Pp6fdxŒjk"0f{ If]qdf kl/jt{g Nofof] . zf;gdf kl/jt{g NofOlbof] . …lsª Og


kfln{ofd]G6Ú cyf{t\ ;+;bdf /fhfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ To;n] ;dfKt ul/lbof] ./fhfnfO{ ;+;beGbf aflx/ /flvlbof] . k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffn] ;+;bdf /fhfsf]cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dfKt kfl/lbof] . To;kl5 ePsf ;+;bLo sfdsf/afxLx¿df/fhfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fOPg .

To;} u/L sltko l;kmfl/;x¿ /fhfdf uP/ dfq} nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgn]u/]sf] lyof] . To;nfO{ klg 3f]if0ffn] ;dfKt ul/lbof] . To;f] ePsf] x'gfn]xfdLn] Tolt a]n} cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{' ;aeGbf pko'St x'g] lyof]eg]sf xf}F . To;f] u/]sf] eP clxn];Dddf ljb|f]xL zlSt klg d"nwf/df cfO;Sg]lyof] . of] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg cjlw o;cl3 g} ;dfKt eO;s]sf] x'g] lyof] .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tTsfn} hf/L gu/]sfn] j'm/f afl‰Psf] 5 . k|ltlglw;efsf]3f]if0ffaf6 xfdLn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u¥of}F / 3f]if0ff ;+ljwfgeGbf 7"nf] xf]eg]/ xfdLn] Tof] 3f]if0ffd} pNn]v u¥of}F . 3f]if0ff;Fu afl‰g] ;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfgx¿lgliqmo x'g]5g\ eg]/ eGof}F . oyfy{df 3f]if0ffn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg]lyPg . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf cfˆgf dfGotfx¿ 5g\ . ljlwzf:qsf cfˆgfdfGotfx¿ 5g\ . ;+ljwfgjfbsf cfˆgf dfGotfx¿ 5g\ . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf:yflkt ePsf d"No / dfGotfx¿nfO{ xfdLn] cfˆgf] 3f]if0ffsf] dfWodåf/fkl/jt{g ug]{ hdsf]{ u¥of}F . Tof] kl/jt{gsf] cfsfª\Iffk|lt, hdsf]{k|lt xfdL;a} ;xdt lyof}F t/ Tof] l;4fGttM ldNg] j'm/f lyPg .

o;sf] kmn:j¿k s] eof] eGg] b'O6f pbfx/0f d oxfF pNn]v ug{ rfxG5' .Pp6f hgcfGbf]ngsf] bdgdf ;lqmo /x]sf elgPsf s]xL kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{xfdLn] sfg'gL sf/afxL ug]{ k|oTg u¥of}F t/ ;kmn ePgf}F . cbfntj}m dfWodåf/fpgLx¿ 5'6\g k'u] . Tof] cbfntsf] bf]if lyPg . xfd|f] /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf]bf]if lyof] .

bf];|f], tTsfnLg ;+ljwfg clxn];Dd klg axfn /x]sfn] k|ltlglw;efsf]3f]if0ffsf] j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;'? u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sfgfddf, k|ltlglw;efsf gfddf, k|wfgdGqLsf gfddf sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/Lu/]sf] 5 . ca pm 3f]if0ffsf] j}wflgstfdf k|j]z u5{ . ef]ln ;jf{]Rr cbfntn]k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff ;+ljwfg;Fu afl‰of] eGof] eg] crDd dfGg' x'Fb}g .cbfntn] To:tf] k}m;nf u¥of] eg] sfg'gsf] ljBfyL{sf gftfn] xfdLn] To;sf];Ddfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;sf] ljsNk 5}g . oL b'O{cf]6f j'm/fdf xfdL r'Sof}FeGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 .

t];|f] j'm/f, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L eO;s]sf] eP ljb|f]xL zlSt g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ clxn];Dddf cGtl/d ;/sf/df al;;s]sf] x'g] lyof] . o; ;+ljwfgsf]


lj?4df xltof/ p7fPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ oxL ;+ljwfgcGtu{t cfP/ pm ;/sf/dfa:g rfxFb}gYof] .

of] cfGbf]ngn] u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ug{ klg ;s]g . cfh;Dd ljb|f]xL/ ;ft /fhgLlts bnsf aLrdf ePsf j'mg} klg ;lGw–;D‰f}tfdf u0ftGqeGg] zAb /flvPg . hgcfGbf]ngn] /fhfnfO{ ̂ ofSg rfx]sf] xf] . ToxfF nfu]sfgf/f, ToxfF ePsf] ;xeflutf / @))& ;fnb]lv @)^! ;fn df3 !( ;Ddsf/fhfsf sbd x]bf{ of] k|lqmof eljiodf gbf]xf]l/of];\ eGg] rfx]j}m xf] hgcfGbf]ngn] .o;df ;fob s;}sf] b'O{dt 5}g . t/ u0ftGq :yfkgf ePsf] 5}g .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /fhfsf] :yfg s] x'g] eGg] ljjfb p7]sf] 5 . ljlwzf:qsfcfwf/df, ;+ljwfgjfbsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf cfwf/df, ;dfh lj1fgsf c¿zf:qx¿sf cfwf/df s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] ;dfhdf h] j'm/fsf] cl:tTj 5,h'g kbfy{sf] jf r]tgfsf] cl:tTj 5 To;n] cfˆgf] :yfg cf]u6\5 . of]zfZjt lgod xf] ;dfh lj1fgsf] . clxn] gf/fo0flx6Ldf /fhf 1fg]Gb| 5g\ .of] zfZjt ;To xf] . gf/fo0flx6Ldf /fhf 1fg]Gb| 5g\ eg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf/fhfsf] :yfg s] x'g] eGg] k|Zg 5 . ToxL sf/0fn] ubf{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]3f]if0ff klg /f]lsPsf] 5 . xfdL s] eGg ;S5f}F eg] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffePsf] ldlt @)^# h]7 $ ut]b]lv cfh;Dd jf k|:tfljt cGtl/d ;+ljwfg3f]if0ff x'g] ldlt;Dd /fhfsf] :yfg h] 5 Tof] :yfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf/xg]5 . /fhfsf] clxn]sf] :yfgnfO{ hgcfGbf]ngsf/L zlStx¿n] klg :jLsf/u/] . hgtfn] klg :jLsf/ u/] . hgtfn], hgcfGbf]ngsf/L zlStx¿n] cGtl/d¿kdf /fhfsf] cl:tTj :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .

ljb|f]xL zlStn] /fhfsf] j}zfv !! ut]sf] 3f]if0ffsf lj?4df b]zJofkL¿kdf clglZrtsfnLg rSsfhfdsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] xf] . u0ftGq k|fKt geP;DdcfGbf]ng hf/L /fVg] p;n] eg]sf] xf] . t/ j}zfv !% ut] k|ltlglw;efa;]/ To;n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ eg]kl5 ljb|f]xL zlStn] b]zJofkLrSsfhfd / u0ftGq gcfpGh]n;Dd hgcfGbf]ng hf/L /fVg] eGg] cfˆgf]k"j{ 3f]lift sfo{qmd lkmtf{ lnof] .

cfGbf]ngsf] /fk /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltlglw;efn] j}zfv @) ut]leq /fhfnfO{u2L Tofu ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] eP, /fhfn] b'O{cf]6f j'm/f uy]{ xf]nf . oft /fhu2L TofUg] lyP of d ltd|f] 3f]if0ff dflGbgF, hgdt ;ª\u|xsf dfWodaf6hgtfn] h] k}m;nf u5{g\ Tof] k}m;nf :jLsf/ ug{ tof/ 5' eGg] lyP xf]nf .t/ k|ltlglw;efn] Tof] df}sf r'sfof] . cfGbf]ngsf/L zlStx¿ r's] .

To;sf/0f dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] h]7 $ kl5sf] /fhfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ g]skf


-dfcf]jfbL_ / ;ft bn / cfd hgtfn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'gfn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdfclxn] /fhfsf] e"ldsf h] 5 ToxL e"ldsf /xg]5 . @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgsf]e"ldsf /xg]5}g .

ca ;ft /fhgLlts bnn] /fhfsf ljifodf 6'ª\uf] nufpg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .;+ljwfg;ef;Fu} jf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg cufj} g]kfndf /fhf;lxtsf] ;+ljwfgaGg] ls /fhfljgfsf] eg]/ 5fGg] clwsf/ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ lbg' ;aeGbf pQdljsNk xf] . g]kfnL hgtfn] h] k}m;nf u5{g\ Tof] k}m;nfadf]lhd ;+ljwfg agfpg]lg0f{o ug{' ;aeGbf a'l4dfgLk"0f{ / ;+ljwfgjfbsf] l;4fGt cg'¿k x'G5 .

;+ljwfg;efnfO{ /fhtGqsf] 6'ª\uf] nufpg 5f]8Øf}F eg] Tof] csf]{ 7"nf]e"n x'g]5 . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg gaGg], algxfn]df klg b'O6f ;+ljwfgPj}mrf]l6 aGg] vt/f d}n] b]v]sf] 5' . kfls:tfgdf o:t} ePsf] lyof] . cGoqklg To:tf] ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef eg]sf] ;xdltsf] ;ef xf] . g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_ sf ldqx¿n] ;'?;'?df lgM;t{ ;+ljwfg;ef eGg'x'GYof] . clxn]pxfFx¿ lgM;t{ eGg'x'Gg . b'lgofFdf ;+ljwfg;ef lgM;t{ eGg] j'm/f sxLF x'Fb}g .h;n] lgM;t{ x'G5 eG5 To;n] cfwf/e"t j'm/f a'‰]sf] 5}g .

;+ljwfg;efn] ;f/e"t kl/jt{g ub}{g . ;f/e"t kl/jt{g ePsf j'm/fx¿nfO{lnlka4 ug]{ sfd;Dd u5{ . ;f/e"t j'm/fnfO{ klg ;+ljwfg;efdf nu]/ rf/–kfFr ;o dfG5]x¿sf aLrdf 5f]l8of] eg] Ps ;o dfG5]x¿ Psflt/ xf]nfg\,rf/ ;o Psflt/ xf]nfg\, cyjf tLg ;o Psflt/ xf]nfg\, b'O{ ;o Psflt/xf]nfg\ . ToxfF ax'dt / cNkdtsf cfwf/df lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfof]eg] cNkdtjfnfn] xfd|f] efjgfsf] sb/ ePg, xfdL 5'§} ;+ljwfg n]V5f}F eGg]vt/f d}n] b]v]sf] 5' . To;}n] /fhtGqsf] lgSof]{n ;+ljwfg;efaf6} u/f}F eGg]lbzftkm{ d'n'snfO{ gn}hfcf}F .

olt eO;s]kl5 cGtl/d ;+ljwfg s;n] hf/L ug]{ k|Zg cfpF5 . gofF;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ug{] b'O{cf]6f tl/sf 5g\ — ;+j}wflgs lg/Gt/tf jf qmflGtaf6 .qmflGt ;DkGg ePsf] eP qmflGtsf/L zlStn] cfˆgf] zlStsf] dfWodåf/fcGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ ;SYof] . t/ qmflGt ;DkGg ePsf] xf] eGg] dnfO{nfUb}g . qmflGtsf] rl/q af]s]sf] hgljb|f]x ;kmn ePsf] xf] . ljlwzf:qdfj}wtfsf] k|Zg cxd\ ag]/ cfpF5 . qmflGt ;DkGg ePsf] eP of] k|Zg p7\b}gYof] .t/ To;f] gePsf] x'gfn] xfdLn] ;+j}wflgs lg/Gt/tfsf] af6f] ckgfpg'k5{ .k|ltlglw;efaf6} cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff x'g'k5{ . To;f] ubf{ j}wflgstfsf]k|Zg ToxfF cfpFb}g . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ k|ltlglw;efdf 5}g . p;sf] efjgfsb/ ug{sf nflu cf7 /fhgLlts bnx¿n] To;nfO{ /fhgLlts ¿kdf kf;


ul/;s]kl5 To;nfO{ hf/L ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu dfq} k|ltlglw;efdf nfg;lsG5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]adf]lhdsf] cGtl/d Joj:yflksfToxL lbg hGdG5 . cfˆgf] pQ/flwsf/Lsf] hGdsf] 3f]if0ff ub}{ k|ltlglw;efsf]d[To' ToxL lbg x'G5 . of] ;aeGbf ;'/lIft / ljlwzf:q cg'j"mn af6f] xf]eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfg;ef M k|lqmof / ;dofjlweLdfh'{g cfrfo{

xfdLn] ;+ljwfg;ef eGgfn] cfd dflg;n] a'‰]h:t} ;+ljwfg agfpg] Pp6f;ef jf ljlw eg]/ a'́ g] u/]sf 5f}F . t/ ;+ljwfgsf] zf:qdf ;+ljwfg;efnfO{of]eGbf s]xL km/s / s]xL ulx/f] ¿kdf a'́ g] ul/G5 . tL j'm/f a'́ gsfnflu o;sf] agfj6sf] k|lqmofnfO{ x]g]{ ul/G5 .

clxn];Dd ;+;f/sf sl/a !(% /fi6«df lnlvt ;+ljwfg 5 . oL ;+ljwfgagfpFbf w]/} k|lqmof ckgfOPsf] 5 . t/ ltgsf] ;du|df ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;+ljwfgagfpg] b'O6f k|lqmof ePsf] b]lv|G5 — ljz]if1n] agfpg] / hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdfagfpg] .

klxnf] tl/sfdf ;+ljwfg agfpg] lhDdf ljz]if1nfO{ lbOPsf] x'G5 . of]k|lqmof ckgfpFbf s]xL clehft ju{sf] ;Nnfx / pgLx¿aLrsf] ;D‰f}tfsfcfwf/df ;+ljwfg tof/ x'G5 . o;/L agfOPsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ s/f/ jf ;D‰f}tfsf]b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . ;+ljwfg agfpg] of] klxnf] df]8n xf] .

t/ kl5 ;+ljwfg eg]sf] ljz]if1n] dfq agfpg] ljifo xf]Og eGg] ljrf/cfof] . o; ljrf/cg';f/ ;+ljwfg hgtfsf] b:tfj]h ePsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{hgtfn] g} agfpg'k5{ . To;kl5 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ljz]if1sf] dfq xf]Oghgtfsf] klg ;xeflutf rflxG5 elgof] .

;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg'sf] bfz{lgs kIf klg 5 . ;+ljwfgnfO{;jf]{Rr sfg'g elgG5 . sfg'gsf] clGtd ;|f]t hgtf xf] . hgtfn] ;+ljwfgn]v]g eg] ;+ljwfgn] ;jf]{Rr sfg'gsf] zlSt k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] cfwf/e"tdfGotf xf] .

;+ljwfg;ef eg]sf] oxL bf];|f] df]8nsf] Pp6f ¿k xf] . ;Dk"0f{ ¿k eg]xf]Og . ;xeflutfTds ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] Pp6f :j¿k xf] .

oL b'O{cf]6f df]8naLrdf Psbd} tflTjs cGt/ x'G5 . klxnf] df]8nn]agfOPsf] ;+ljwfg s/f/sf] b:tfj]h xf] eg] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 agfOPsf] ;+ljwfg;+jfbsf] b:tfj]h xf] .


;+ljwfg;efsf dfWodaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg' eg]sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ s/f/sf]xf]Og ;+jfbsf] b:tfj]h agfpg' xf] . ;+jfbsf] b:tfj]h agfpg] ePsf] x'gfn];+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpFbf b'O6f j'm/f ax't dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5g\ — k|lqmof/ ;do;Ldf . sltko ;+ljwfgzf:qLx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg]k|lqmofnfO{ k|lqmofk|wfg ljifo eg]sf 5g\ . o;df d k"0f{tM ;xdt 5' .

of] j'm/f ga'l‰sg cyf{t\ o; dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ gul/sg ;+ljwfg;efaf6;+ljwfg agfpg vf]Hof] eg] ;+ljwfg j'mg} klg xfntdf /fd|f] xF'b}g . To;f]ubf{ ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg agfPsf] klg 7xb}{g . To;}n] ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t;+jfbsf] b:tfj]h agfpg vf]Hbf k|lqmof / ;donfO{ ax't dxŒj lbOG5 .To;}n] ;+ljwfg;ef eg]sf] k|lqmofåf/f lgb{]lzt / ;do nfUg] ljifo xf] .o;nfO{ :jLsfg'{k5{ . o; k|lqmofdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|of]hgsf nflu b]znfO{sfo{zfnf agfOG5 . o;/L ;+ljwfg agfpFbf sDtLdf tLgcf]6f r/0fdf hgtfsf];xeflutf vf]lhG5 .

klxnf], ;+ljwfg;ef u7g x'g'eGbf cl3sf] r/0f . o; r/0fdf gofF /fHosf]uGtJo s] x'g] < gofF ;+ljwfgsf] uGtJo s] x'g] < /, nIo s] x'g] < cflbljifosf] lg0f{o ug{] a]nfdf gful/sx¿sf] ;xeflutf vf]lhG5 . b'lgofFdf sxLFst} klg ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg aGg] j'm/f lgM;t{ xF'b}g . ;+lwfg;ef hlxn]klg ;t{;lxtsf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgM;t{ ;+ljwfg agfpg' hlt 7"nf]b'ef{Uo / vt/gfs v]n s]xL klg x'Fb}g . o; r/0fdf /fHosf] l;4fGt /cfwf/e"t uGtJo to ug{ hgtfsf] ;xeflutf vf]lhG5 .

bf];|f], ;+ljwfg;ef u7g eO;s]kl5sf] r/0f . o; r/0fdf ;+ljwfg;efcGtu{tljleGg ;ldlt, dxf;ldlt, pk;ldlt agfOG5g\ . tL ;ldlt / ;~rf/dfWoddfkm{thgtf ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfddf ;xefuL x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf] dtnfO{ lnP/;+ljwfgsf] b:tfj]h jf d:of}bf tof/ ul/G5 .

t];|f], ;+ljwfg;efn] u/]sf] d:of}bf cg'df]bgsf] r/0f . of] d:of}bfnfO{hgtfn] k|ToIf lgjf{rg cg'df]bg u/] eg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] rqm ;dfKt x'G5 .oL k|lqmofnfO{ ;du|df /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] Kofs]h elgG5 .

xfdLsxfF /fi6« lgdf{0f jf k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ eGg]af/]df e|d 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf]u7g ePkl5 o;n] hfb'h:t} u/L /fi6«sf] lgdf{0f ul/lbG5 eGg] cfd ;f]rfO5 . ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t /fi6«sf] k'g;{+/rgf ug{' eg]sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofdf 5nkmn,;f]wgL, cfd ;xdltdfkm{t hgtfsf] ;xeflutf h'6fpg' xf] . oL ;a} sfdsfnflu ;do ax't dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . tLg dlxgf jf 5 dlxgfdf ;+ljwfg;efaf6;+ljwfg agfpg' eg]sf] lanj'mn unt sfd xf] . kof{{Kt ;do vr{ ug{


;lsFb}g, ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;lsFb}g eg] of] ljlwaf6;+ljwfg gagfpg' g} hftL x'G5 .

;+ljwfg;efsf] ;'Gb/tf — o;af6 ;fv lgdf{0f ug]{ eGg] j'm/f — k|lqmof/ ;dofjlwh:tf b'O{cf]6f tŒjdf lge{/ x'G5 . hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf nfluk|lqmof dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 eg] hgtf;Fu 5nkmnsf kof{Kt ;do 5'6Øfpg' cltdxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .

;+ljwfg agfpg] geGg] xf] jf To;nfO{ c¿ s]xL gfd lbg] xf] eg] 7Lj}m5 . xf]Og ;+ljwfg} agfpg] eGg] xf] eg] oL j'm/f clgjfo{ ¿kdf dfGg'k5{ .

;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfd ;a}eGbf klxn] k|mfG;df ;'?ePsf] xf] . ToxfF xfdLsxfF h:t} b'O{ dlxgfdf ;+ljwfg agfpg] elgPsf] lyof] .pgLx¿n] tLg dlxgf nufP . lny'lgofdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g ePkl5 ;+ljwfgaGg tLg jif{ nfUof] . k|lqmof ;'? ePb]lvsf] ;do hf]8\g] xf] eg] t kfFr–;ft jif{eGbf l56f] sxLF klg ;+ljwfg ag]sf] 5}g . kfls:tfgdf cf7 jif{nfUof] . blIf0f clk|msf ;aeGbf kl5Nnf] ;kmn df]8n xf] . ToxfF ;+ljwfgaGg !(() af6 ;'? ePsf] dfGg] xf] eg] ;ft jif{ nfUof] . !(($ df;'? ePsf] dfGg] xf] eg] tLg jif{ nfUof] . O6nLdf tLg jif{ nfUof] . ;+;f/sfj'mg} klg b]zdf ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpFbf k|lqmof / ;donfO{ ;Ddfgul/Psf] 5 .

;+;f/sf sl/a $) /fi6«df ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf]5 . t/ oLdWo] clwsf+z b]zdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|of]u c;kmn ePsf] 5 .;+ljwfg;ef cfk}Fmdf a]7Ls eP/ xf]Og . To;sf] ;~rfngdf a'l4 gk'¥ofPsfn]xf] . 9ª\u k'u]g eg] ;+ljwfg;ef /fli6«o ;d:of / /fli6«o Ifltsf] ;aeGbf7"nf] sf/0f aGg] /x]5 eGg] j'm/f oL $) dWo] #% cf]6f b]zsf] pbfx/0fn]k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . tkfO{+–xfdLn] ;dod} ;sf/fTds x:tIf]k u/]gf}F eg] g]kfndfklg of] lgolt bf]xf]l/g] a9L ;Defjgf 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef c;kmn x'g' k5fl8tLgcf]6f k|d'v sf/0f b]lvG5g\ .

klxnf], ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg gx'g' . ;ª\qmd0fsfn ;+ljwfg;efsfnflu ;aeGbf klxnf] sbd x'G5 . To:sf] ;xL Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPg eg];+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg ;lsFb}g . o;s} sf/0fn] w]/} b]zdf ;+ljwfg;efc;kmn ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf of] lgolt nueu bf]xf]l/O;Sof] . cGtl/d;+ljwfg o;sf] d"n b[i6fGt xf] . h'g 9ª\un], h'g ;d"xaf6 !% lbgdfcGtl/d ;+ljwfg agfpg] sf]l;; eof] ;+ljwfg;efdflysf] ;aeGbf 7"nf]b'ef{Uo ToxLFaf6 ;'? eof] . xfdL Tof] a]nf ax't lrRRofof}F . xfdLn] o;sf]


lj/f]w u¥of}F . t/ sxLF st} klg ;'g'jfO ePg .bf];|f], ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7gdf 9ª\u gk'¥ofpg' . g]kfndf of] lgolt bf]xf]l/g]

k|an ;Defjgf 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7gsf af/]df ;ft bn, dfcf]jfbL cflbaLrdfcfh;Dd klg ;xdlt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

t];|f], ;+ljwfg;efaf6 x'g] pknlAwsf af/]df dflg;nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpgg;Sg' . 7"nf] dxŒjfsfª\Iff /fv]/, nfdf] k|lqmof ckgfP/ agfPsf] ;+ljwfgn]dflg;sf cfsfª\Iff k"/f gePsfn] ;+ljwfg;ef c;kmn ePsf 5g\ . of] cj:yfklg g]kfndf bf]xf]l/g] ax't ;Defjgf 5 . To;}n] hgtfnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efaf6x'g] clwstd pknlAwsf af/]df a'‰fpg'k5{ . of] j'm/f a'‰fpg ;lsPg / cfˆgf]a9]sf cfsfª\Iff ;+ljwfg;efaf6 k"/f gx'g] b]Vof] eg] dfG5]n] ljb|f]x u5{ .

;+ljwfg;ef ;kmn ePsf b'O{–tLgcf]6f b]z g]kfnsf nflu cg's/0fLo5g\ . To;df klg O6nL g]kfnsf nflu ;a}eGbf cg's/0fLo pbfx/0f xf] .O6nL ;+;f/sf] Ps dfq b]z xf] hxfF ;+ljwfg;efaf6 /fhtGq kmflnPsf]lyof] . O6nLdf !($^ df ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg] j'm/f rNof] .Tolt a]nf ToxfF g]kfndf clxn] ePh:t} /fhtGq /fVg] ls kmfNg] eGg] ljifodf7"nf] ljjfb eof] . sltko dflg;x¿df ;+ljwfg;ef lgM;t{ ug]{, ;+ljwfg;efdfk7fOPsf dflg;n] h:tf] ;+ljwfg agfpF5g\ ToxL 7Ls x'G5 eGg] wf/0ffklg lyof] . t/ ToxfFsf a'l4hLjLx¿n] lgM;t{ ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t b]zn] vf]h]sf];+/rgf / b]zn] vf]h]sf] ;+ljwfg aGg ;Sb}g eGg] ljrf/ u/] . To;kl5/fhtGq ls u0ftGq eGg] ljifodf hgdt ;ª\u|x ul/of] . v;]sf] dtsf]%#=$ k|ltzt u0ftGqsf] kIfdf /x]sfn] u0f/fHo O6nLsf] ;+ljwfg agfpg];t{;lxt ;+ljwfg;ef u7g eof] . ;+ljwfg;efn] o; ljifodf cGoyf n]VgkfPg . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# df ;+ljwfg nfu" ePkZrft\ /fhf O6nL 5f8]/lgjf{l;t x'g'kg]{ eGg] pNn]v eof] . /fhfn] s]xL ;do dfg]gg\ t/ kl5 pgn]dfg] . pgL lgjf{l;t eO;s]kl5 O6nL u0f/fHo eof] .

sltko dflg;x¿ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 /fhtGq kmfNg ;lsFb}g eG5g\ . Tof]lanj'mn unt j'm/f xf] . of] g]kfnsf nflu 7"nf] cj;/ xf] . ljgf/Stkft,ljgf7"nf] Iflt ;+ljwfg;efaf6 /fhtGq kmfNg] cj;/ cfPsf] 5 .

;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpgsf nflu s]xL sbdx¿ clgjfo{ ¿kn]p7fpg'k5{ . ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] Joj:yfkg ltgdWo] Ps xf] . ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf];xL Joj:yfkg gul/sg ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg ;lsFb}g .

bf];|f] ljifo xf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g . ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g ubf{ oL ljifox¿dfWofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ — k|ltlglwTj k4lt s] x'g] < lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{


ljlw s] x'g] < lgjf{rg k4lt s] x'g] <k|ltlglwTjsf] k4lt cyf{t\ k|ltlglw lgwf{/0f ug]{ tLgcf]6f tl/sf 5g\

— ax'dt k4lt, ;dfg'kflts k4lt / ldl>t k4lt . ax'dt k4lt ckgfof]eg] ;dfg'kflts k4ltsf] j'm/} ug{ kfOFb}g . If]q ljefhg u/]kl5 x/]s If]qdfpDd]bjf/ p7\5g\ . h;n] a9L dt NofpF5 p;n] lhT5 .

;dfg'kflts k4ltdf Ps JolSt b'O{dt klg x'g ;S5 . ;dfg'kfltsk4ltdf klg b'O6f 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsG5 — Psn ;ª\qmd0fLo / ;"rLdf cfwfl/t .Psn ;ª\qmd0fLo k4ltsf]] kmfObf s] xf] eg] o; k4ltdf dt v]/ hfFb}g .dt x:tfGt/0f x'g] k|0ffnL xf] of] .

;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts k4ltsf] Ps dfq j}1flgs tl/sfcg';f/b]znfO{ Pp6f dfq lgjf{rg If]q agfOG5 . dtbfgkqdf ;"rL /flvG5 . g]kfndfb'O{ ;"rL agfpg'k5{ eG5' d . ;"rL …sÚ df bnsf] gfd /fVg] …vÚ df ju{-dlxnf, hghflt, blnt cflb_ sf] gfd /fVg] . Ps hgf dtbftfn] b'O{ 7fpFdfdt xfN5 . ;"rL …sÚ df rfx]sf] bnnfO{ dt xfN5 . ;"rL …vÚ df rfx]sf]ju{nfO{ dt xfN5 . v;]sf] dtsf] k|ltztsf] gDa/ tof/ x'G5 . j'mg} cd"sbnn] %) nfv dt kfof] eg] %) nfv k|ltzt a/fa/ p;n] gDa/ kfpF5 .

Tof] gDa/sf cfwf/df k|ltlglw sf] x'g] eGg]af/]df k]ml/ b'O6f af6f] 5g\ .aGb k|0ffnLdf uof] eg] k|ltlglwsf] gfd klxn] g} lbPsf] x'G5 . gfdfjnLagfpg'cl3 dfkb08 agfpg'k5{ .

;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts k4lt / cf/If0f km/s j'm/f x'g . ;dfg'kfltsk4ltaf6 klg k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf clt cNk;ª\Vos ju{nfO{ cf/If0flbg ;lsG5 .

;+ljwfg;efn] agfPsf] ;+ljwfg hgdt ;ª\u|xaf6 cg'df]bg ug{'kb{5 .To;f] ePg eg] ;+ljwfg;efdf 5flgPsf k|ltlglwsf sfdnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{];+oGq x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 hgtfn] ;+ljwfg agfpg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfgsf]d:of}bfnfO{ hgtfn] cg'df]bg ug{ kfpg'k5{ . o;f] gx'Fbf hgtfn] ;+ljwfgagfpg kfpFb}g . ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg] lgjf{lrt dfG5] t hgtf xf]Og .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLlts[i0f xf5]y'

cfGbf]ngn] lglZrt nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 . of] cfGbf]ngk5fl8sf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg/fhgLlts uf]/]6f] xf] . o; cfGbf]ngn] rf/cf]6f nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lyof] .klxnf], /fhfsf] zf;gsf] cGTo . /fhfsf] zf;gsf] cGTo eg]sf] u0ftGq


xf] jf cfnª\sfl/ss /fhtGq, h] eP klg cfGbf]ngn] /fhfsf] zf;gsf]cGTo rfx]sf] lyof] . bf];|f], ;z:q o'4nfO{ zflGtk"0f{, k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLoJoj:yfdf ¿kfGt/ ug{] . t];|f], ;dfj]zL nf]stGqtkm{ pGd'v /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf .of] nIo o;cl3 lgwf{/0f ePsf] lyPg . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf of] j'm/fpNn]v 5}g . rf}yf], k|ufltzLn ;dflhs cfly{s gLlt .

;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t algg] gofF ;+ljwfgdf oL j'm/f cfwf/e"t l;4fGt x'g;S5g\ . oL nIo k|flKtsf nflu cfGbf]ngstf{x¿ cyf{t\ gful/s ;dfh,;ft kf6L{ / dfcf]jfbLaLrdf Ps k|sf/sf] ;xdlt 5 . nIo :ki6 5 t/nIo k|flKtsf nflu ;ª\qmd0fsfndf xfdLn] lxF8]sf] af6f] nIotkm{ pGd'v5 ls 5}g < o;sf nflu ;a}eGbf klxn] /fhgLlts ;d‰bf/L rflxG5 .

oxfFg]/ s]xL c;xdltsf j'm/f 5g\ h;sf] ;'?cft !@ ;"qLo ;d‰bf/Laf6ePsf] 5 . of] ;d‰bf/L ub{}v]l/df c;xdlt lyof] . lg/ª\j'mz /fhtGqsf]cGTo eGg] j'm/fnfO{ s;/L JofVof ug]{ < u0ftGq eg]/ JofVof ug]{ ls cfnª\sfl/s/fhtGq eGg] < d]/f] ljrf/df cGtl/d ;+ljwfgnufotsf sl7gfOx¿sf] h8ToxL xf] . t/ cfGbf]ngsf g]tfx¿n] s] j'm/f a'́ g'k¥of] eg] b]z b|'tultdfu0ftGqtkm{ bf}l8O/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL hgtf ca klxn]sf h:tf 5}gg\ . ‰G8}^) k|ltzt ;fIf/ 5g\ .

Oltxf;sf x/]s r/0fdf nf]stGqnfO{ /fhfn] wf]sf lbPsf 5g\ . @))&;fndf k|hftGq cfof], !& ;fndf vf]l;of] . $^ ;fndf k|hftGqsf] bf];|f]k|of]u eof] . c;f]h !* jf df3 !( df /fhfn] k|hftGq vf];] . @))&;fnb]lv clxn];Dd xfdLn] rf/ hgf /fhf ef]Uof}F . tLg k':tfsf rf/ hgf/fhfx¿df Pp6} k|j[lQ b]lvof] — df}sf cfpgf;fy k|hftGq kmfNg] . g]kfnLx¿n]ca Oltxf; a'‰]sf 5g\ — /fhtGq ;w}F k|hftGqsf lglDt vt/f xf] .

pGgfO; lbgsf] cfGbf]ngsf w]/} nIo eP klg Ps;"qLo gf/f lyof] —/fhtGq x6fpg] . ;+;bsf] 3f]if0ffsf] ;fª\s]lts dxŒj s] xf] eg] To;n]g]kfnL /fHosf cª\ux¿af6 >L % zAb x6fof] . >L % zAb x6fpg] eg]sf]Tof] ;+:yf c;fGble{s eof] eg]sf] xf] . To; k5fl8 ePsf dt ;j]{If0fx¿sfkl/0ffdn] klg s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] klxn]sf t'ngfdf c‰ a9L hgdt u0ftGqtkm{pGd'v 5 .

ljjfbsf] csf{] a'Fbf xf] å}w zf;g . xfdLsxfF å}w zf;g 5 . Pp6fcflwsfl/s g]kfn ;/sf/ h;sf] k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf x'g'x'G5 .csf{] dfcf]jfbLsf] ;/sf/ . cf}krfl/s ¿kdf Tof] lj3l6t eof] eg] klgTof] 5Fb}5 . å}w zf;g ePj}m sf/0fn] dfcf]jfbLafx]s c¿ kf6L{sf g]tfx¿


ufpF hfg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;ft /fhgLlts bndf ;d]l6Psf 7"nf jf ;fgf;a} bnn] ufpF hfg vt/f dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ . bzF} dgfpg hfFbf t hf]lvdePg xf]nf t/ /fhgLlts j'm/f lnP/, hgdt lgdf{0f ug{ hfFbf pgLx¿n]hf]lvd b]v]sf 5g\ . å}w zf;gn] ubf{ sf7df8f}Fdf ePsf] ;/sf/ lgliqmoeO/fv]sf] 5 . k]6«f]nsf] efp a9\bf zflGt ;'Joj:yf ePg . cfdL{sf xltof/cfof] eg]/ dfcf]jfbLn] b]z 7Kk kf/] .

oL b'j}dWo] j'mg} klg ;/sf/n] k"0f{ ¿kdf ;/sf/sf] h;/L sfd u/]sf]5}g . oL b'O{cf]6f zf;gnfO{ Psfsf/ ug]{ ljlw / k|lqmofx¿ gckgfOsg/fhgLlts 6'ª\uf] nfUnfh:tf] nfUb}g .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLltsf] csf{] k|lqmof ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofsf af/]df 6LsfhL/ eLdfh'{ghLn] lgj}m k|sfz kfl/;Sg'eof] . d Pp6} dfq j'm/f dfq u5{' .cGtl/d ;+ljwfg lsg rflxof] eg] h]7 $ ut]b]lv g]kfn /fhgLlts 3f]if0ffsfe/df rn]sf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg agfpg' eg]sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] pknlAw,dfcf]jfbL / ;ft bnaLrsf] !@ a'Fb] ;d‰bf/L / ;+;bsf 3f]if0ff oL ;a}sfpknlAwnfO{ sfg'gL ¿k lbg' xf] . d]/f ljrf/df olt 7"nf] j'm/fnfO{ ;ftbn / dfcf]jfbL b'j}n] sd dxŒj lbP . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg agfpgjfddf]rf{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ tLg} hgf cf–cfˆgf] kf6L{sf bf];|f] g]tf lyP .clxn] s:tf dflg;x¿nfO{ k7fPsf 5g\ < o;n] s] ;ª\s]t u5{ eg] oft pgLx¿n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] dxŒj ga'‰]sf] xf] cyjf a'‰]/ klg To;nfO{sd cfFs]sf] xf] .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLltsf] klxnf] r/0f ;+ljwfg;efdf uP/ 6'ª\luG5 .oxfF d @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg lsg c;kmn eof] eGg] j'm/flt/ Wofgfsif{0fug{ rfxG5' . o;sf w]/} sf/0fx¿ xf]nfg\ . d Pp6f sf/0f dfq atfpF5' .Tof] s] eg] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg /fhgLlts ;D‰f}tfsf] b:tfj]h dfqlyof] . o;df ;fdflhs ;D‰f}tfsf] cefj lyof] . ;fdflhs ;D‰f}tfsf] hudfag]sf] /fhgLlts b:tfj]hsf] dfq hLjg nfdf] x'G5 . ca aGg] ;+ljwfg;efn];fdflhs ;D‰f}tsf] hudf plePsf] /fhgLlts b:tfj]h s;/L agfpg] k|Zg;a}eGbf 7"nf] k|Zg xf] . ;+ljwfg agfpFbf /fhgLlts ;D‰f}tf dfq x'g'ePg,;fdflhs ;d"xx¿aLr klg ;D‰f}tf x'g'k¥of] .

xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt s] x'g'kb{5 eg] Aof/]s Ps 7fpFdfeof] eg] cf;{gn csf]{ 7fpFdf x'g'k5{ . cfdL{ Aof/]s / cf;{gn eg] 5'§f5'§}x'G5 eGg] ljZjJofkL lgod xf] . xltof/;Fu t dfG5] 8/fpF5g\, 8/fpF5g\ .;a} dfG5] axfb'/ xF'b}gg\ . axfb'/ eP klg ;w}F axfb'/ x'b}gg\ . cfGbf]ngdf


$) nfv dfG5] Pj}mk6s cfpF5g\ . ;w}F To:tf] x'Fb}g . ljb|f]xsf] k[i7e"ldaf6;ª\qmd0fdf hfFbf xfdLn] klg Aof/]s / cf;{gn 5'§f5'§} xf] eGg] ljZjJofkLdfGotf cg';/0f ug{'k5{ . To;f] ug{ ;s]gf}F / ;]gfnfO{ xltof/;Fu} /fVg]xf] eg] klg Aof/]sx¿ a:tL eGbf 6f9f /fVg'k5{ . hgtfnfO{ eoaf6 d'St/fVgsf lglDt . g]kfnL ;]gfn] t ;ft bnsf] u7aGwgsf j'mg} bnsf] k|ltlglwTjub{}g . t/ …hg;]gfÚ n] t dfcf]jfbL kf6L{sf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ . xltof/ af]s]/zflGtk"0f{, :jtGq, lgikIf r'gfj x'g ;Sb}g . a:tL glhj}m aof/]s a:of]eg] dfG5]df dfgl;s c;/ k5{ . ;a} dfG5] eljiok|lt cfk"mnfO{ c;'/lIft7fGb5g\ . dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ef]6 xfNg grfxg] dfG5]nfO{ eo x'G5 .

;/;fdfg k'¥ofpg ;lhnf] x'gfn] Aof/]s /fhdfu{ 5]pdf /fVg] eGg] ;'lgG5 .;/;fdfg k'¥ofpg] j'm/f 7"nf] xf] ls r'gfjdf hgtfn] eod'St eP/ ef]6xfNg] jftfj/0f agfpg] j'm/f 7"nf] xf] <

5nkmnxl/ zdf{

tLg} hgf jStfx¿sf] j'm/f ;'lg;s]kl5 s] nfUof] eg] ;'Gb/ eljiosf] sNkgfsflglDt cfhsf] ;ª\qmd0f dxŒjk"0f{ /x]5 . cfhsf] ;ª\qmd0fnfO{ xfdLn] hlt;lhnf];Fu kf/ nufpg ;Sof}F Tolt g} ;'Gb/ eljiosf] cfwf/ aG5 . pxfFx¿sf]k|:t'ltdf /fhgLltn] k|d'v 7fpF kfPsf] 5 . ca 5nkmn ;'? u/f}F .

;'af]w Kofj'm/]nxfd|f] ;/f]sf/sf] ljiforflxF dfgj ;'/Iff xf] . o;leq dfG5]sf] cfwf/e"tdfgj clwsf/b]lv cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;a} j'm/f cfpF5g\ . ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf]kl/l:ylt a8f] lg/f;fhgs 5 . dfcf]jfbLx¿ cfˆgf] jr{:j sfod ug{sfnflu lxhf] h;/L, h] ul//x]sf lyP cfh klg To;/L g} ToxL ul//x]sf5g\ . /fHorflxF zflGt x'G5 eGg] gfddf hgtfsf] /Iff ug'{kg]{ cfˆgf] st{Joaf6ljd'v ePsf] 5 . oL b'O{cf]6f j'm/fnfO{ Vofn gul/sg xfdLn] ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf]ljj]rgf u¥of}F eg] Tof] ck"/f] x'G5 .

x:t u'?ªxfdL cufl8 a9\g] xf] eg] c¿ ;a} j'm/fnfO{ yflt /fv]/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg6'ª\uf] nufpg'kg{] b]lvof] .


zf]efs/ a'9fyf]sL;+ljwfg;ef of zflGt k|lqmof /f]lsg'sf k5fl8 /fhgLlts zlStx¿df /x]sf]k'/ftgjfbL ;f]rfO lhDd]jf/ 5 . /fhgLlts k|lqmof / zflGt k|lqmof cToGt}uf]Ko 9ª\un] ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ .

nf]s/fh a/fnclxn]sf] cj:yfnfO{ d ;ª\qmd0fsfn dflGbgF, lsgeg] ;ª\qmd0fdf ;f]rfO:ki6 x'G5, To;sf] cfˆgf] lgod x'G5, sxfF hfg] eGg] uGtJo x'G5 . xfdLnfO{uGtJo yfxf 5}g . cfnª\sfl/s /fhtGqdf hfg] jf u0ftGqdf hfg] eGg]af/]dfc‰} klg ax; rln/x]sf] 5 . s]xL klg j'm/f :ki6 5}g eg] ;+ljwfg;efsf]j'm/f sxfFaf6 cfpF5 < ef/tdf cª\u|]hx¿ kmls{Pkl5 ToxfF /fhf, dxf/fhfx'Fb}g eGg] j'm/f klxNo} yfxf lyof] .

d}n] tLg–rf/ jif{b]lv of] cfGbf]ngnfO{ xfkm xf6{]8 cyf{t\ cfwf dfqdg lbPsf] cfGbf]ng eg]/ n]v]sf] 5' . wGo g]kfnL hgtfn] oqf] dfr{ u/] .t/ @))& ;fnb]lv clxn];Dd cfOk'Ubf klg xfd|f] g]t[Tjsf] a'l4 knfPg .xfdL PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf 5f}F / xfdL Hofb} 7"nf] kl/jt{gsf] ;ª\3f/df 5f}FeGg] j'm/f pgLx¿n] a'‰]gg\ . To;n] ubf{ låljwf b]lvPsf] 5 . låljwf ePkl5lbzf kQf nfUb}g .

of] ;/sf/ qmflGtaf6 cfPsf] xf] eGg] j'm/f lal;{OPsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLx¿n]lglZrt j'm/fx¿df ;D‰f}tf ub{} lxF8]sf 5g\ . ;+;bdf 6]s]/ cufl8 hfg'kg{]dfoxL ;+;bdfkm{t ;a} j'm/f agfpg] eg]/ nfUg'ePsf] 5 /fhgLlts bnsfg]tfx¿ .

xfdLn] tof/L u/]sf 5}gf}F . lbzf lglZrt 5}g . ;fx;L g]t[Tj 5}g .clg /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o zlStn] bafa lbG5g\ / kl/l:yltnfO{ cs{} :j¿kdfablnlbG5g\ .

pxfFx¿sf] j'm/f ;'lg;s]kl5 xfdL k]ml/ @))& ;fnd} k'U5f}F ls eGg] nfUof] .3'Db} lkmb}{ ?Dhf6f/ eg]h:t} . j'mj'm/sf] k'5/nfO{ hlt cfO/g u/] klg j'mOSskms]{/ afª\luG5 eg]h:t} x'G5 ls h:tf] nfUg yfn]sf] 5 .

/3'hL kGtg]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;+ljwfg;efaf6 dfq u0ftGq cfpg] ;Defjgf sd 5 .xfdLn] agfPsf] ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqL cfnª\sfl/s /fhf rflxG5 eGg'x'G5 .d nf]stGqdf ljZjf; ug]{ dfG5] ePsf] x'gfn] cfnª\sfl/s /fhf rflxG5


eg]afkt lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfnfO{ ufnL ulb{gF . pxfFn] nuftf/ oxL j'm/felg/xg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] j'm/f k]ml/Psf] 5}g . cfGbf]ngsf a]nfdf pxfFn]af/Daf/ eGg'x'GYof] — /fhfn] a]nfdf a'l4 k'¥ofPgg\ eg] nf]stGqsf] wf/klg u0ftGqsf] wf/;Fu ldl;g ;S5 eg]/ . pxfFsf] ljrf/df c;xdt x'g;Sg'x'G5 . t/ pxfFsf] lrGtg / ljrf/df l:y/tf / lg/Gt/tf 5 .

pxfFsf] of] j'm/fnfO{ g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf s]xL g]tfx¿n] lul/hfafa'sf] JolStutljrf/ xf] eg]kl5 dxfdGqL s]aL u'?ªn] g]kfnL sfª\u|]; slxn] klg u0ftGqjfbLlyPg eGg'eof] . o;af6 s] a'l‰G5 eg] ;+ljwfg;efdf hfFbf klg of] c;xdltb]lvG5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfg;ef cfk}Fm ‰u8f u/]/ a:g ;Sb5 . u}/sDo'lg:6zlStx¿ cfnª\sfl/s /fhtGqsf] j'm/f ug]{ / dfcf]jfbL, Pdfn], hgdf]rf{n]dfq u0ftGqsf] j'm/f ug]{ l:ylt cfof] eg] u0ftGq Nofpg ‰g\ ufx|f] x'G5 .

v]d/fh ;]9fO{eLdfh'{ghLn] eg]sf] Pp6f j'm/f dxŒjk"0f{ nfu]sf] 5 . g]kfndf cfˆgf j'm/fug{sf nflu k|z:t hgzlSt 5 . To;nfO{ xfdLn] ;xL tl/sfn] kl/rfngug{'k5{ . t/ oxfF s] b]lvof] eg] a'l4hLjLx¿ d a'l4hLjL 5' eg]/ a:g] clgc¿ a'l4 lng grfxg] 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ clxn];Dd lgrf]8 cfpg ;s]g .a'l4hLjL Toltv]/ dfq} a'l4hLjL x'G5 ha p;n] a'l4 afF8\5 .

j;Gt yfkf;+ljwfg;efdf hfg] kSsf eof] . ca tkfO{+x¿n] ;+ljwfg;efdf hfFbf o:tf–o:tf vt/f 5g\ . hfg] af6f]rflxF of] xf] eg]/ atfOlbg'eP x'g] lyof] .

eLdfh'{g cfrfo{;'af]w Kofj'm/]nn] p7fPsf] dfgj ;'/Iff lrQa'́ bf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg;Fu;Fu}zflGt ;D‰f}tf klg ug{'k5{ .

j;Gt yfkfn] a8f] dxŒjk"0f{ j'm/f ug'{eof] . ;do cefjn] d}n] cl3 a'Fbfut¿kdf j'm/f ug{ ;lsgF . d}n] g]kfnsf nflu s]xL sbd ;'‰fPsf] 5' .— dfcf]jfbL;Fu /fHosf] zflGt ;D‰f}tf ug{] . kf6L{–kf6L{aLrsf] ;D‰f}tfsf]

/fhgLlts d"Noafx]s s]xL klg cy{ x'Fb}g . /fHo ;+nUg eP/ o;f] u/]sf]5}g .

— cGtl/d ;+ljwfgnfO{ k'gn]{vg u/]/ ldnfpg] .— cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ldnfpFbf klxn] uGtJo to ug]{ — nf]stflGqs u0f/fHo


g]kfn . o;df ljjfb eof] eg] hgdt ;ª\u|x ug]{ .— ;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 ;+ljwfg;ef u7g ug]{ .— cGo ;+oGq tof/ ug{] . ;+ljwfg;ef u7g eO;s]kl5 dfq} ;+;b lj36g

ug{] .— ;+ljwfg;efn] tof/ u/]sf] d:of}bf cg'df]bgsf nflu hgdt ;ª\u|x ug{] .

hgdt ;ª\u|xaf6 cg'df]lbt gofF ;+ljwfg cfPkl5 gofF /fHo :yfkgfx'G5 .

6Lsf/fd e§/fO{uGtJo lgwf{/0f eO;sk]kl5 j'mg k|lqmofaf6 hfg], ;ª\qmd0fnfO{ s;/L Jojl:ytug]{ / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf s]–s] j'm/f /xg] eGg] j'm/fsf nflu /fhgLlts;xdlt rflxG5 . To;nfO{ /fli6«o zflGt ;D‰f}tf cyjf h] gfd lbP klgTof] j}wflgs x'G5 . To;kl5 vf; ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtx¿ klg to u/f}F .zflGt ;D‰f}tf jf /fhgLlts ;D‰f}tfdf efjL g]kfnsf] sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf,Gofo Joj:yf, cfly{s cj:yf o:tf] x'G5 eGg] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] x'G5 .To;nfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf cg'df]bg ul/G5 .

Ps/fh e08f/Lk|:t'tstf{ ;fyLn] cToGt d]xgtsf ;fy w]/} lstfa k9]/ j'm/f /fVg'eof] .Toqf] lstfa k9\g w]/} h'u nfUYof] . t/ lstfa k9\g] Pp6f j'm/f xf] .rLh lbg] csf]{ j'm/f xf] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg agfpg Ifdtf ePsf dflg;lyPgg\, /fhgLltn] Ifdtf ePsf NofpFb}g, cfk"mn] eg]sf] dfGg] dfG5] NofpF5eGg] a'‰F] . /fhgLlts g]tf eGg] j'm/f To;} x'Fb}g . lstfa t w]/} k9\g ;lsG5 .Tof] ;lhnf] 5 . t/ rLh lbg], /fhgLlts g]tf x'g] j'm/f Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g .hgtf k9\g] j'm/f ;lhnf] 5}g . hgtf k9\g] j'm/f, hLjg k9\g] j'm/f, l;ª\uf]/fhgLlt k9\g] j'm/f b]znfO{ of] 9ª\un] xfFS5' eGg] j'm/f Tolt xf]RofP/ af]Ng'x'G5 h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g . lstfasf] l;4fGtn] b]z rNb}g .

cfpFbf lbgdf ;+ljwfg agfpg'k¥of] eg] oxfF ePsf lj4fg\x¿nfO{ /fVg'kb{5 .lsgeg] pxfFx¿n] /fd|f] k9\g'ePsf] 5 . pxfFx¿nfO{ k|fljlws j'm/fx¿sf] 1fg5 . Tof] la;{g'x'Gg . t/ xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf] ;+ljwfg ¿kdf cToGt /fd|f],cd]l/sfsf] h:tf] geP klg x'G5 . xfdLnfO{ /fhfsf] cGTo / ;Qf hgtfdfePsf] j'm/f rflxof] . ;+ljwfgdf /fd|f dL7f j'm/f gn]lvP klg x'G5 . efiffbf]xf]l/P klg x'G5 . h'l/:k|'8]G; -ljlwzf:q_ gldn] klg x'G5 . g]kfnLsf] h'l/:k|'8]G;


x'g]5 . O6nL ;kmn ePsf] pbfx/0f lnOof] . g]kfnnfO{ pbfx/0f glng] <gagfpg] < g]kfndf Tof] JolStTj hGdg ;Sb}g < b'lgofFdf hGd]sf 7"nf7"nfg]tfx¿ o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf dfq} hGdg] x'G5 < g]kfnn] Tof] g]t[Tj lbg ;Sb}g <

s[i0f vgfnoxfFsf] 5nkmn ;'gl;s]kl5 d s] 6'ª\uf]df k'u]F eg] xfdLn] kl/jt{gsf] 9f]sfvf]Ng ;s]sf /x]g5f}F . xfdL cw'/f] cfGbf]ngaf6 c‰} klg kLl8t /x]5f}F .;ª\qmd0fsf af/]df s[i0f xf5]y'n] clnslt eGg vf]Hg'ePsf] lyof] t/ csf]{lt/hfg'eof] . clxn]sf] ;ª\qmd0fsf] j}wflgstfsf b'Ocf]6f ;|f]t 5g\ . Pp6f@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg / csf{] cfGbf]ng . ;ft bn ;+;b / ;/sf/dfa;]/ sfd ubf{ $& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ x]/]/ u5{ . cfGbf]ngnfO{ klg cfwfb]V5 . k"0f{ kl/jt{g vf]lh/x]sf c¿ dflg;x¿n] $& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg b]Vb}gg\ .cfGbf]ng dfq b]V5g\ . cfGbf]ngsf] j}wflgstfaf6 ;ª\qmd0f cufl8 a9\g'kg]{xf] . ;ft bn oL b'O{ vfnsf j}wflgstfaf6 d'St geP;Dd ;ª\qmd0f k"0f{x'g ;Sb}g .

a'l4hLjLx¿sf] sfd ljsNk lbg] xf] . g]tfx¿sf] sfd ljsNk 5fGg] .xfdL xhf/fF} ljsNk lbg ;S5f}F . g]t[Tjsf] klxrfg Toltv]/ x'G5 hltv]/p;n] cfˆgf cufl8 ePsf xhf/f}F ljsNkdWo] d'n'ssf nflu pQd xf]OgcfjZos ljsNk 5fGg ;S5 . g]tf ePsf e/df dfq g]t[TjnfO{ dfGg] j'm/fcfpFb}g . p;n] d'n'snfO{ ;ª\s6af6 lgsfn]/ clGtd laGb'df k'¥ofpg ;Sg'kb{5 .

s[i0f xf5]y';ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLltsf] Joj:yfkg ug{] eg]sf] å}w zf;g cGTo ug{'xf] . o; j'm/f;Fu w]/} ;d:ofx¿ ufFl;Psf 5g\ . å}w zf;g cGTo u/]kl5dfq} hgtfsf] ljZjf; a9\5 .

;ft /fhgLlts bn / dfcf]jfbLx¿n] cl3 ;f/]sf k|lta4tfnfO{ Jojxf/dfptfg{'k5{ . To;f] ePg eg] u8a8 x'G5 . rfx] afx|a'Fb] xf];\ jf cf7a'Fb];D‰f}tf, tLk|lt k|lta4tf b]vfpg'k5{ .

csf{] j'm/f, åGå Joj:yfkg jf cGtl/d ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] Joj:yfkg eg]sf]cNk;ª\Vossf] km/s ljrf/nfO{ k"0f{tof c:jLsf/ ug{] xf]Og . ;a} kf6L{x¿n]Pp6} nfOg lbg], Pp6} gLlt agfpg], Pp6} ch]G8f lng] xf] eg] km/s–km/sljrf/wf/f / km/s–km/s kf6L{ cfjZos xF'b}g . nIodf Go"gtd k|lta4tfrflxFx'g'k5{ . Tof] nIoleq gLltx¿ km/s x'g ;S5g\ .


oL j'm/fx¿nfO{ ;a}n] cfTd;ft\ u/]/ Totflt/ hfg'k5{ eg]/ nfu]sfv08df ;ª\qmd0fsfn clxn] b]lvPh:tf] kL8fbfos, sl7g / si6s/ x'Fb}g .d cfzfjfbL 5' .

eLdfh'{g cfrfo{Ps/fhhLn] xfdLnfO{ Oª\lut u/]/ k|xf/ u/]kl5 hjfkm lbg}k¥of] . k9\g], kl/>dug]{ dfG5]nfO{ pxfFn] xNsf ¿kn] k|:t't ug'{eof] . of] a8f] lj8Dagf xf] .cWoog gug]{, k|lqmof gckgfpg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg;ef s;/L ug'{x'G5 < ;+ljwfgs;/L agfpg'x'G5 < o:tf] xr'jf ts{ ug'{xF'b}g .


k|:t'tstf{;Ls] nfn;+of]hsclgn kGt

ljsf; / pGglt


clgn kGto; ;];gdf xfdLn] ljsf; / pGglt cyjf ljsf; / k|ultsf ljrdf s]km/s 5 eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{]5f}F . k|:tf]tf ;Ls] nfnn] To;sf] P]ltxfl;sljsf;qmd k]; ug'{x'g]5 .

pGgltsf ;t{x¿;Ls] nfn

of] ljifo w]/} rrf{ gePsf] ljifo xf] . ljsf;sf] j'm/f t xfdL w]/}n] ;'Gg]u/]sf 5f}F . t/ stfstf pGgltsf j'm/frflxF x/fof] . w/0fLw/ sf]O/fnfn]/f0ffzf;gsfnd} n]v]sf] sljtfnfO{ aLkL sf]O/fnf a/fa/ p4[t ug]{ ug'{x'GYof] .

hfu hfu ca hfu g hfupGglt ljif] ca nfu3f]/ lgb ca tf kl/Tofuef] eof] clt ;'Tof} ca hfu .

pxfFsf] sljtfdf ePsf b'O{cf]6f zAb hfu/0f / pGglt d]/f] lbdfudfal;/x]sf 5g\ . t/ oL zAbx¿ g]kfndf w]/} jif{b]lv stfstf x/fPsf 5g\ .ljsf; zAbn] Rofk]/ NofPsf] 5 . g hfu/0fsf] j'm/f x'G5, g pGgltsfj'm/f . Psy/L k|ultsf] j'm/f ub{y] t/ ax;sf] d'n d'2frflxF ljsf; g} eof] .w]/} jif{b]lv .

cfhsf] of] k|:t'lt d 8S6/ xs{ u'?ªsf] ;D‰gfnfO{ ;dk{0f ug{ rfxG5' .lsgeg] g]kfndf If]qLo ljsf; cyjf :yn ljsf;sf] j'm/f ubf{, pgL;Fu;xdt eP klg c;xdt eP klg, j'm/fsf] ;'?cftrflxF xs{ u'?ªaf6} ug'{kg]{x'G5 . xs{ u'?ªnfO{ 5'6ØO{ lbP/ g]kfndf ljsf;sf] k|of;sf] ax; cf/Deug{ ufx|f] 5 . rfx] Tof] If]qLo cjwf/0ffsf] j'm/f xf];\ cyjf leqL dw];sf]


hª\un km8fgL u/]/ ToxfF dflg; a;fpg] j'm/f xf];\ cyjf cfbz{ uflj;/ gu/f]Gd'v ufpFsf] cjwf/0fsf] j'm/f xf];\ cyjf hghflt hfu/0fnfO{ ljsf;;Fuhf]8g] j'm/f xf];\ . oL ;a} d'2fx¿df 8s6/ xs{ u'?ªsf] af}l4s b]gnfO{a]jf:tf u/]/ ax; cufl8 a9fpg ;lsFb}g .

pGgltsf] cjwf/0ff s;/L cfof] To;sf] o'/f]ksf] nfdf] Oltxf; 5 .o;sf] ;'?cft k'ghf{u/0fsfnaf6 eof] . rf}wf}F, kGw|f}F / ;f]x«f}F ztfAbLdfzf:qLo j'm/fnfO{ k'ghL{jg lbg'kb{5 eGg]af6 k'ghf{u/0fsf] ;'?cft ePsf]lyof] . To;kl5 ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLdf cfOk'Ubf wd{nfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u/]/ hgd'vLagfpg] cjwf/0ff cfof] . clg ;qf}F / c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf 1fgsf] j'm/f cfof] .olt a]nf o'/f]ksf w]/} lrGtsx¿n] ;dfhnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ef}lts ljsf;n]dfq k'Ub}g ;flxTo, snf / hLjgz}nLdf klg ;'wf/ Nofpg'kb{5 eGg] cjwf/0ffcl3 ;f/] . To;kl5 c7f/f}F / pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn]o'/f]ksf] zlStnfO{ :yflkt u¥of] . afkm OlGhg, /]Nj], kfgLhxfh, Aofª\lsª;]jf / ljdfsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ ;+;f/df o'/f]k]nL zlStx¿sf] jr{:j :yflkteof] . oL rf/cf]6f j'm/fsf] ljsf;sf nflu sDtLdf klg kfFr ;o jif{ hltnfUof] . of] kfFr jif{sf] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; xfd|f] ;f‰f ;DklQ xf] .

ljsf; . ;+:s[tdf ljsf;sf] cy{ clns cfWoflTds k|sf/sf] x'Fbf] /x]5 .Hof]ltu{do eGbf] /x]5 . pHofnf]lt/ nfUg] k|lqmofnfO{ ljsf; elgG5 . ljsf;sf]zAb cWofTdk"0f{ / pGgltnfO{ ;d]6\g] lsl;dsf] 5 . 8]enkd]G6 eGg] cª\u|]hLzAbsf] cy{ clnslt hl6ntflt/ hfg] eGg] /x]5 . oxfF ljsf; eGgfn]cª\u|]hLsf] 8]enkd]G6sf] g]kfnL ¿kfGt/sf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5' . ;+:s[tdf ePh:tf]lx;fan] xf]Og .

ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf k|Zg p7fpg' cfhsf] 5nkmnsf] p2]Zo xf] . ljsf;sf]cjwf/0ff bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 cfof] . ljsf; zAb k|of]u ug{] cy{zf:qL cfy{/n]lj; x'g\ . pgn] cy{zf:qdf gf]an k'/:sf/ kfPsf lyP . pgn] klZrdfd'n'sx¿sf] h'g k|lqmofaf6 k|ult eof] Tof] k|lqmofnfO{ ul/a d'n'sx¿df gSsnug{ ;Dej 5}g eg]sf lyP . pgsf] s] egfO lyof] eg] klZrdf d'n'sdfcf}Bf]uLs/0f ;'? ePkl5 s[lifaf6 lj:yflkt dhb'/x¿nfO{ cf}Bf]uLs/0fn] ;lhn};Fu;f]:g ;Sof] . pklgj]zx¿df cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] 7"nf] ahf/ ePsfn] Tof];Dej eof] . 7"nf] ahf/ ePsf] x'gfn] s[lifaf6 lj:yflkt dhb'/x¿nfO{ pBf]un]lnof] . To;n] ubf{ ;x/Ls/0f / cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdfk{mt cfly{s ljsf;eof] . pgsf cg';f/, ev{/} :jtGq ePsf d'n'sx¿df of] k|lqmof ;Dej5}g . lsgeg] cfw'lgstfn] ubf{ hlt dfG5] s[lifaf6 lj:yflkt x'G5g\, ltgnfO{


pBf]un] sfd lbg ;Sb}g . To;}n] ev{/} :jtGq ePsf b]zsf] cy{tGq b'O{cf]6fj'm/fdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 — s[lif / pBf]u . s[lif / pBf]unfO{ ;Fu;Fu} ljsf;ug'{kb{5 . b'j}df hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . o;sf] nuQ} ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf x]G;l;unsf] Soflk6n ;6{kmnsf] cjwf/0ff cfof] . pgn] klg gf]an k'/:sf/kfPsf lyP . pgn] s] eg] eg] ev{/} :jtGq ePsf d'n'ssf pBf]ux¿n]s[lifaf6 lj:yflkt dhb'/x¿nfO{ sfd lbg ;Sb}g dfq} xf]Og pgLx¿;Fu pBf]uvf]Ng klg k'FhL x'Fb}g . pgn] NofPsf] k'FhLsf] cefj -Soflk6n ;6{kmn_ sf]cjwf/0ffcg';f/ oL b]zx¿df pBf]u vf]Ng k'FhL k'Ub}g . To;}n] k'FhLsf] k|jfxx'g'kb{5 . To;sf nflu ;x'lnot b/df nufgL ug{'k5{ . ljZj Aofª\s, cGt/f{li6«od'b|f sf]if, clk|msg 8]enkd]G6 Aofª\s, Pl;og 8]enkd]G6 Aofª\sh:tf ljleGgAofª\sx¿sf] cjwf/0ff x]G; l;unsf] of] ljrf/af6 k]|l/t 5 .

To;kl5 u'gf/ Dof8{nn] Pl;og 8«fdf gfds k':ts n]v] . o;df pgn]s] eg]sf 5g\ eg] hlt;'j}m u/] klg, h];'j}m u/] klg, cf}Bf]uLs/0f u/] klg,;x'lnot b/sf] nufgL leœofP klg ;/sf/ k|efjsf/L geP;Dd t];|f] ljZjsfd'n'sx¿df ljsf; x'Fb}g . ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf dxŒjk"0f{ j'm/f xf] . k|hftGq,nf]stGq cyjf h'g;'j}m tGq eP klg To:tf] ;/sf/ pQd ;/sf/ xf] h;n]pQd tl/sfn] sfd u5{ . ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf a9fpg]lt/ ;xof]uL /fi6«x¿sf]Wofg hfg'kb{5 eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ lyof] .

o; ljrf/sf] 7ØfSs} pN6f] ljrf/ ldN6g lk|m8Dofgn] NofP . pgn]lghL If]qnfO{ nufgLsf] cj;/ glbP;Dd ljsf; x'Fb}g eGg] ts{ u/] . pgsfcg';f/ ljsf;sf] ;aeGbf pQd dfWod oxL xf] .

To;kl5 /a6{ Dofsgdf/fsf] csf{] cjwf/0ff cfof] . pgn] s] eg] eg]k'FhL klg ;d:of xf]Og . ;/sf/ klg ;d:of xf]Og . lghL If]q klg ;d:ofxf]Og . d"n ;d:of eg]sf] k|ljlwsf] xf] . ul/a d'n'sx¿df pGgt aLplahg,s[lif cf}hf/ cyjf uf8L cflbh:tf pGgt k|ljlwsf] cefj 5 . To;}n] pgn]k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f cyf{t\ dfgj ;fwg ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'k5{ eg] .

;Q/Lsf] bzssf] cGTo / c;Lsf] bzssf] ;'?lt/ kfls:tfgL ljåfg\ dsa'nxsn] ljsf;nfO{ dfgjLo ljsf;;Fu hf]8\g'k5{ eg] . o;} k|;ª\udf /fi6;ª\3Loljsf; sfo{qmd -o'=Pg=8L=kL=_ n] dfgj ljsf;sf] j'm/f ugf{;fy cGt/f{li6«od'b|fsf]if / ljZj Aofª\sn] :jtGq Jofkf/, k'FhL k|jfx, pbf/Ls/0f, lghLs/0f/ ljZjJofkLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ eg] . pgLx¿n] cly{s j[l4df hf]8 lbP .pgLx¿sf cg';f/, o'=Pg=8L=kL=n] eg]h:tf] dfgj ljsf;n] dfq k'Ub}g .

To;kl5 ljZj Aofª\sj}m ljlnod :6nL{n] ljsf; ug{nfO{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{


dxŒj lbg'k5{ eg] . o;nfO{ afª\nfb]zsf] u|fdL0f ljsf; Aofª\ssf] df]8neGg yflnof] . To;kl5 cdTo{ ;]g cfP . pgn] ljsf; eg]sf] nf]stGq;Fuhf]l8Psf] j'm/f xf] eg] . pgn] ef/tsf] pbfx/0f lbP/ s] eg] eg] cfly{sljsf; eP/ dfq k'Ub}g . ;aeGbf ul/a ef/tLo / ;aeGbf wgL ef/tLosf]jflif{s cfDbfgLdf () nfv u'0ffsf] km/s 5 . h'g ;dfhdf oqf] cGt/x'G5 To;nfO{ ljsf; ePsf] ;dfh dfGg ;lsFb}g . ef/tsf] h:tf] k|hftGqkof{Kt 5}g . o;nfO{ c‰ ulx/f] agfpg'k5{ . o;sf nflu nf]stflGqs ¿kfGt/0fug{'k5{ .

o;sf] nuQ} k]ml/ gf]an k'/:sf/ kfpg] csf]{ cy{zff:qL hf];]km O= l:6lUn6\hn]ljsf; eg]sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug'{ xf] eg] . pgsf cg';f/, ha;Dd/f]huf/ pknAw x'Fb}g ta;Dd dfG5]n] vfg kfpFb}g, dfG5] zflGt;Fu a:gkfpFb}g .

cfhsfn ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 alnof] ePsf] 7fpFdf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf]j'm/f 5 . o;cGt{ut :jf:Yo / lzIffh:tf ;]jfdf ;a}sf] kxF'rsf] j'm/f 5 .xfn;fn} cfP/ k]ml/ u'g/ Dof8{nsf] cjwf/0ffsf] k'g;{+/rgf ul/Psf] 5 h;n]/fHonfO{ alnof] agfpg'k5{, c¿ j'm/fx¿ To:t} xf] eG5 . ;]K6]Da/ !! dfcd]l/sfdf ePsf] cfqmd0fkZrft\ /fHo alnof] x'g'kbf]{ /x]5 eGg] ljrf/ bx|f]ePsf] 5 . cfuf] nfu]sf a]nf ToxfF kmfo/ la|u]8j}m sd{rf/L, ;/sf/j}m sd{rf/LhfFbf /x]5g\ . cfkt\ljkt\ k/]sf a]nf ;/sf/j}m k'ln; hfFbf] /x]5, ;/sf/j}m;]gf hfFbf] /x]5 eGg] k|dfl0ft eof] . lghL If]qsf j'm/f hlt;'j}m u/] klg/fi6« lgdf{0fsf a]nfdf alnof] ;/sf/ rflxFbf] /x]5 eg]/ clxn] ljZj Aofª\sn]elg/x]sf] 5 . ul/aL 36fpg] / ;dfj]zLs/0fh:tf ;a} j'm/f 5f8]/ clxn]ljZj Aofª\sn] ;/sf/nfO{ alnof] agfpg'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff a9fPsf] 5 .

lat]sf %) jif{df ljsf;sf] kl/efiff ablnPsf] 5 . ljleGg cy{zf:qLx¿n]gf]an k'/:sf/ kfpFb} uP . ;+;f/sf] w]/} nufgL eof] .

g]kfndf cfPsf] ;aeGbf klxnf] cjwf/0ff pGglt xf] . bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5h'4zdz]/nfO{ s]xL klZrdf d'n'sdf k9]sf ljåfg\x¿n] cf}Bf]uLs/0f ug{ ;'‰fjlbP . pBf]u vf]Nof] eg] hª\un km8fgLaf6 sdfPsf] k};f cyjf uf]vf{nLx¿nfO{a]nfotdf a]r]/ sdfPsf] eGbf a9L k};f sdfpg ;lsG5 eg]/ pgLx¿n];'‰fj lbP . To;sf cfwf/df pgn] h'6 sf/vfgf, rfdn ldn, bfn ldn,t]n ldn, sf7 ldn :yfkgf ug{ nufP . lj/f6gu/b]lv lnP/ wgu9L;Dd .t/ pBf]u /fd|/L rNg ;s]g, lsgeg] ltgdf gfpF c¿ pBdLsf] /x]sf] ePklg lgliqmo ;f‰]bf/sf ¿kdf /f0ffx¿sf] lgoGq0f lyof] . @))& ;fnsf]


kl/jt{gdf pgLx¿n] pBf]udf ePsf] cfˆgf] ;DklQ ;'/lIft gx'g] 7fg] . To;kl5k'FhL b]zaflx/ uof] / cf}Bf]uLs/0f /f]lsof] .

@))& ;fnkl5 ?;sf] cfly{s k|ultaf6 k|efljt rfx] g]kfnL sfª\u|];sfg]tf x'g\ cyjf c¿ j'mg} bnsf g]tfx¿ x'g\ pgLx¿ ;a}n] ef/tdf g]x¿n]nfu" u/]sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfbz{ 7fg] . To;}df cfwfl/t eP/ sf]zL 8Øfd/ u08s 8Øfdsf] j'm/f cfof], hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgf, jL/uGh lrgL sf/vfgf,sTyf ldn cflb v'n] . ljb]zL /fi6«x¿sf] ;xof]u h'6fpFb} 7"nf7"nf cfof]hgfnfu" ul/of] .

;Q/Lsf] bzsdf xfa{8{, O6g / 6f]lsof] ljZjljBfnoaf6 k9]/ cfPsf/fhf jL/]Gb|sf ;Nnfxsf/x¿n] g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] pkof]u ub{} Jofj;floss[lif ckgfpg ;Nnfx lbP — pRr kxf8L e]sdf kz'kfng, dWo kxf8dfkmnk"mn v]tL / t/fO{df cGg v]tL . To;df pgn] hfkfgLx¿sf] ;xof]uklg kfP . To;kl5 c¿ ;x/x¿sf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5, ufpFsf] ljsf; u/]/k'Ub}g eg]/ hd{gx¿n] ;xof]u u/] . If]qLo / PsLs[t ljsf; ug'{kb{5 eg]/cd]l/sLx¿n] ;xof]u u/] . PsLs[t If]qLo ljsf; sfo{qmd klg ;'? eof] .

oL j'mg} j'm/f sfd gnfu]kl5 jL/]Gb|n] cfˆgf] cfsfª\IffnfO{ Pl;ofnL dfkb08df‰f/] . To;kl5 cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{df ‰f/] . t/ oL ;a} j'm/fljb]zL ;xfotfdf cfwfl/t lyP . o;af6 bnfnx¿sf lbg lkm/] . w]/} dWodjuL{odfG5]x¿ /ftf/ft wgL eP . g]kfndf klxnf]k6s ljs/fn cfly{s ljifdtfb]lvof] . vfg gkfpg] JolStx¿ b]lvg yfn] . sf7df8f}Fdf dxFuf uf8L /7"nf7"nf 3/ b]lvg yfn] . sf7df8f}Fsf cln gfd rn]sf w]/}h;f]sf] sdfOhª\unsf] sf7 laqmL, 7]Ssfk§fsf] sld;g / ko{6gsf] gfpFdf vf]lnPsfs]xL 7"nf xf]6nx¿df cfwfl/t b]lvG5 . logaf6 ;fdfGo hgtfnfO{ nfek'Ug ;Sg] ;Defjgf g} lyPg . s[lifsf] gfpFdf dn cfot x'GYof] cg'bfglbP . To;sf] cfoftdf sld;gsf] olt w]/} v]n x'GYof] ls l;Q} NofOPsf]dn klg ls;fgn] lsGbf ef/taf6 cfpg] dneGbf dxFuf] kYof{] . bnfnx¿sf]Toqf] ljlw v]n rNYof] .

;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf Jofkf/ ko{6g / lgdf{0fsf] xfjf nfUof] . of]klg ljb]zL ;xfotfdf cfwfl/t ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff lyof] . gAa]sf] bzsdfbftfx¿n] k|hftGq;Fu hf]l8Psf] pbf/Ls/0f, lghLs/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsfj'm/f NofP . Tolt a]nf;Dd d wgL x'F eGg nfh dfGg] cj:yf lyof] .!(() cl3 oqf] ul/a d'n'sdf wgL x'g' eg]sf] uf}/jsf] j'm/f xf]Og eGg]lyof] . To;kl5 crfgs wgL x'g' uf}/jsf] j'm/f x'g yfNof] . clg oltlj£g


ul/aL ePsf] d'n'sdf dxFuf df]6/, c;fWo} dxFuf /]:6'/]G6, c;fWo} dxFuf+sk8f rNg yfn] . ;f]x| xhf/ ?lkofF kg{] h'Qf d}n] klxnf]k6s ljzfnahf/df !((@ df b]v]sf] x'F . To;eGbf cufl8 d}n] To:tf] dxFuf] h'Qf lhGbuLdfslxNo} b]v]sf] lyOgF . ;f]r]sf] klg lyOgF . d}n] k;n]nfO{ …of] b]vfpgnfO{dfq /fVg'ePsf] <Ú eGbf p;n] …xf]Og laS5Ú eGof] . …ljb]zLx¿n] lsG5g\xf]nf lgÚ eGbf p;n] eGof], …sxfF ljb]zLx¿n] o:tf] dxFuf] h'Qf lsGg' <g]kfnLx¿n] kf] lsG5g\ .Ú

@))) kl5 ljsf; gePsfn] dfq} eGg ldNb}g lx+;fn] klg e"ldsf v]n]sf]lyof] sfdsf] vf]hLdf ljb]z hfg] / ToxfFaf6 sdfP/ Nofpg] rng a9Øf] .o;n] g]kfndf kfgLsf] kmf]sfh:tf] Ifl0fs ;d[l4 b]lvPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsfnflu, d]/f] ufpFdf kSsL 3/ x'g] rf/–kfFr hgf dfq lyP . clxn] Ps ;ogf3]sf] 5 . b'O{–rf/ jif{ aflx/ sfd u/]/ NofPsf] k};f sxfF nufgLug{] < c¿ nufgLsf] af6f] yfxf 5}g . To;}n] p;n] 3/ agfP/ b'O{–tLgjif{df Tof] k};f ;S5 . oxfF sfd kfpFb}g . clg k]ml/ kmls{P/ hfG5 sfdkfOG5 ls eg]/ . hf] hfg ;Sb}g pm cfk/flws ultljlwdf nfU5 .

PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf c;n zf;g, ul/aL lgjf/0f, dfgjLo ;'/Iff / ;dfj]zLljsf;h:tf zAbx¿ rNtLdf 5g\ . ljutsf] cg'ejaf6 xfdLn] s]xL kf7l;s]sf 5f}F . klxnf], /fHo;Fu;Fu} ;d'bfo / lghL If]qsf ;+/rgf ag]gg\eg] h:tf];'j}m cjwf/0ff NofP klg / hlt;'j}m nufgL u/] klg To;n] ck]lIftk|ltkmn lbg ;Sb}g /x]5 . bf];|f], ;/sf/, ahf/ / ;d'bfo oL tLgcf]6fzlSt s]Gb|dWo] j'mg} Pp6fnfO{ 5f8]/ hfg g;lsg] /x]5 . ;/sf/ lsgk|efjzfnL x'g'k5{ eg] w]/}n] w]/} lsl;dsf bfaL / lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . ltgnfO{ldnfpg] sfd ;/sf/sf] xf] . xfdL w]/} ljb]zL ;xof]udf cfwfl/t 5f}F /ljb]zL ;xof]u ;a} ahf/af6 rNg] zlSt xf] . To;}n] ahf/nfO{ klg xfdLn]k'/} a]jf:tf ug{ ;Sb}gf}F . ;d'bfo xfd|f nflu lsg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 eg] w]/};f:+s[lts ljljwtf ePsf] d'n's / pGgltsf] s]xL v'8\lsnf] dfq cufl8a9]sf] ;dfhdf dflg;sf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu ;d'bfoeGbf csf{];+:yf 5}g . aRrfsf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug]{ csf{] ;+:yf 5}g, ;+o'St kl/jf/ g}rflxG5 . j[4j[4fx¿sf] :ofxf/;';f/ ug]{ 7"nf7"nf c:ktfnx¿ 5}gg\ . sf]xLdfgl;s /f]uL 5 eg] wfdL–‰fFqmL, cyjf hf]uL–dxfTdfsf] z/0f lng'afx]sc¿ pkfo 5}g . c;fWo] /f]u nfUof] eg] dlGb/ guO{ ;'v kfpg] cj:yf5}g . o:tf a]nfdf ;fd'bflos–;f+:s[lts ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] dxŒj klg w]/}5 . oL tLgcf]6fsf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug{'k5{ .


/fhgLlts cfd ;xdlt ePg eg] cfly{s pGglt c;Dej k|foM x'Fbf] /x]5 .cfwf/e"t j'm/fdf cfd /fhg}lts ;xdlt rflxFbf] /x]5 . bf];|f] j'm/f, ;f+:s[ltsljrf/wf/f / dfG5]sf] Jojxf/sf] ;a} j'm/fx¿nfO{ Wofg glbOsg cfly{s ljsf;sf]of]hgf agfpg g;lsFbf] /x]5 . hUufsf] ;+:s[lt gePsf hUufljxLgnfO{ ;/sf/n]hUuf lbP klg p;n] To;df v]tL ub}{g . a]r]/ rf}sLbf/L ug{ snsQf jf aDaO{k'U5 Tof] . s[lifsf] ;+:s[lt g} x'G5 . xfdLsxfF afx'g h]l6P x'G5g\ h;sf nfluxnf] ;dfTg' g} kfk nfUg] j'm/f xf] . clg kz'kfngsf] ljz]if1 x'G5 7j'm/L .p;n] sxfFaf6 uf]a/ 5'g' < sxfFaf6 d/]sf] hgfj/ 5'g' < hlt;'j}m cfw'lgstfsf]j'm/f u/] klg ;f+:s[lts rngnfO{ 7ØfDd} a]jf:tf ug{ g;lsg] /x]5 .

t];|f], km8\sf] eGg] h'g rng 5 lg /ftf/ft ;ayf]s k]mg{] . of] cjwf/0ffa8f] e|fds x'Fbf] /x]5 . /fhf dx]Gb|n] eGy] c¿n] !)) jif{df u/]sf] sfd!) jif{df ug]{ cyjf s[i0fk|;fb e§/fOn] eGy] ca g]kfnnfO{ :jL6\h/NofG8agfpg] / sf7df8f}FnfO{ l;ª\ufk'/ agfpg] . pGglt ug{sf nflu b'O{ sbdcufl8 a9Øf] clg s]xL uNtL u/]sf] yfxf x'G5 clg Ps sbd k5fl8 kms{g'kbf]{ /x]5 . b'O{ sbd cufl8 uP/ Ps sbd k5fl8 kmls{of] eg] klgPs sbd cufl8 a9]j}m 7x5{ . xfdL;Fu o'/f]ksf] h:tf] %)) jif{ gxf]nf .dfG5]sf rfxgf al9;s]sf 5g\ . t/ %)) jif{ 5}g eg]/ c¿n] %)) jif{dfu/]sf sfd xfdLn] kfFr jif{df ug{ ;Dej 5}g . Pp6f Jofjxfl/s ;do;LdfrflxFbf] /x]5 .

csf]{, ;+:yfx¿ /ftf/ft gaGg] /x]5g\ . uflj; t agfof}F xfdLn] . slxn]tLg nfv, slxn] kfFr nfv cg'bfg s]Gb|af6 k7fof}F . Tolt u/]/ gx'g] /x]5 .tL ;+:yfx¿ aGg s]xL ;do t nfUbf] /x]5 . Tof] cg'bfg /ftf/ft a9fP/Ps s/f]8 ulb{g] xf] eg] tL uflj;x¿n] s] ug]{ < ltgLx¿sf] vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf5 < g]kfnsf] clxn]sf] jflif{s ah]6 slt ;o ca{ rfgr'g 5 . ToxL klgvr{ ug{ ufx|f] 5 . oxfF k]6«f]n kfOPnf cyjf ljb]zLx¿n] w]/} k};f b]nfg\ .cd]l/sgx¿n] ;}lgs cv8f vf]n]/ oxfF w]/} k};f cfpnf . t/ To;af6 t'?GtpGglt xf]nf eg]/ xfdLn] cfz /fVg'x'Fb}g . lsgeg] Tof] vr{ ug{ / krfpg;Sg] Ifdtf /ftf/ft ljsl;t gx'g] /x]5 . Tof] eOlbPsf] eP t ;fpbLc/]laof cyjf gfOh]l/ofh:tf d'n's w]/} pGgltzLn / ljsl;t eO;Sy] .pGglt ug{sf nflu c¿ s]xL j'm/f klg rflxFbf] /x]5 .

xfdLsxfF ljleGg vfnsf sfo{qmdsf cjwf/0ff cfP . hd{gx¿n] p2]ZopGd'v sfo{qmd of]hgf eGy] . hfkfgLx¿n] rflxF nfeflGjt ;d"x eg] . cyf{t\s;}n] ul/lbg] / s;}n] To;af6 nfe lng] ;DaGw lyof] Tof] . o:tf] l;4fGtaf6


cfpg] ljsf;n] ljsf; x'Fb}g . nfdf] cjlwsf], w]/} sfdx¿ ;Fu;Fu} ug]{ sfo{qmdrflxG5 . Pp6f pbfx/0f lnpFm, g]kfnsf] d':tfª / ef/tsf] lxdf~rn k|b]zdf:ofpsf] la?jf ‰G8}–‰G8} ;Fu;Fu} /f]lkPsf] xf] . %) sf] bzslt/ lxdf~rnk|b]zdf !) jif{kl5 h'g 7fpFdf af6f] aG5 eGg] yfxf lyof] ToxfF :ofpsf]la?jf /f]lkof] . :ofp kmNg yfNbf af6f] alg;s]sf] lyof] . xfdLsxfF hxfFaf6f] agfpFb} lyof}F ToxfF g :ofp /f]Kof}F g ;'Gtnf /f]Kof}F . hxfF /f]Kof}F ToxfFaf6f] agfpg] of]hgf agfPgf}F . xfd|f] If]qx¿ afFl8of] — dWokxf8sf] rl/sf]6j/k/ :jL6\h/NofG8sf] lhDdfdf . l;Gw'nL If]q hfkfgsf] lhDdfdf . /fKtLIf]q cd]l/sfsf] lhDdfdf . kf]v/f / wgj'm6f If]q a]nfotLx¿sf] lhDdfdf .Pp6f 7fpF Pp6f d'n'sn] lhDdf lng] / ToxfF ltgn] h] hfg]sf] 5 ToxLug]{ . cd]l/sgx¿n] clns 7"nf] of]hgf ?rfpg] x'gfn] af6f]df nufgL u/] .hfkfgLx¿n] ;fgf] v]tL, df5fkfng cyjf h'gf/ v]tL u/] . :jL;x¿n] rLh/ rsn]6 agfpg / b"w pTkfbg ug{ hfg]sf lyP, ToxL u/fP .

lzIff, :jf:Yoh:tf j'm/fdf s;}sf] ?lr ePg . lsgeg] logn] tTsfnk|ltkmn lbFb}gy] . tTsfn kmf]6f] lvr]/ cfˆgf] d'n'sdf nu]/ b]vfpg gkfOg]j'm/f eP oL . olt k|ltzt lzlIft eP eg]/ t u|fkm dfq b]lvG5 c¿ s]xLb]lvb}g . o:tf] dg{ nfu]sf] la/fdLnfO{ Onfh u¥of}F eg]/ To;n] t s]xLklg b]vfpg ldNb}g . ljsf; x'gsf nflu sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t ljsf; x'g'kbf{]/x]5 . To;sf] g]t[Tj xfdL cfk}mn] lng'kbf]{ /x]5 .

vfB;'/Iffsf] j'm/f gul/sg pGglt x'Fb}g . ljsf; xf]nf t/ pGglt xF'b}g .s[lif pTkfbg / kz'kfngsf] aLrsf] ;DaGw tf]l8of] xfdLsxfF . Pp6f pbfx/0fglbOsg b]vfpg uf¥xf] 5 . hfkfgLx¿n] ubf{ hgsk'/ If]qdf Jofks df5fkfng;'? eof] . clns k};fjfnx¿n] ;fj{hlgs kf]v/L 3"; VjfP/ cfˆgf] gfddfbtf{ u/fP . tL ;fj{hlgs kf]v/Lsf] l8n r/g If]q x'g] ub{Yof] . ToxfF cat/sf/L v]tL x'g yfNof] . xfdL kg36 eG5f}F, kfgL hDg] If]q ToxfF df5fkfngeof] . o:tf hUuf gePsf ul/an] kf]v/Lsf] l8ndf afv|f r/fpg kfPgg\ .yf]/} hldg x'g] ls;fgx¿n] afN6Ln] af]s]/ xf];\ ls cyjf k}gL l‰s]/ xf];\yf]/}ltgf] hldgdf t/sf/L v]tL ub{y] . Tof] kfgLsf] ;|f]t ca df5fkf]v/Leof] . ToxfFaf6 pgLx¿n] kfgL nfg g;Sg] eP . kf]v/Lsf] l8ndf ¿vx'Gy] . ¿vsf] kftkltª\u/ / xfFufn] ul/asf] 3/df vfgf kfSYof] . Tof];a} ;vfk eof] . pgLx¿nfO{ pmhf{sf] clgsfn k¥of] . vfg–nfpg gkfpg]ePkl5 ljkGgx¿ kGhfalt/ jf c;dlt/ dhb'/L ug{ uPsf 5g\ . clxn]cfP/ t s]xL ?lrn] hfg] klg 5g\ .


ul/ax¿sf nflu ;fj{hlgs kf]v/L / ltgsf l8nsf] dxŒj a]jf:tf ul/of] .o:tf sfo{qmdn] ubf{ w]/} hldg x'g]x¿ Jofj;flos v]tLlt/ nfu]sf 5g\ .ltgLx¿ 3f]8f r9\g]af6 df]6/;fOsn r9\g] eP . s]xL t sf/ lsGg ;Sg]eO;s] . ptf ul/ax¿ ‰g\ ul/a eP . j'mg} klg sfo{qmdaf6 kmfObf kfpg]cyjf gf]S;fg kg{] ;d"xx¿ a;]/ of]hgf ldnfpg'k5{ .

kxf8df ;fd'bflos jgn] ubf{ kmfObf ePsf] 5 . t/ To;n] r/g If]qdfhfg /f]s nufPsf] 5 . afv|fkfngsf nflu kftkltª\u/ vf]Hg] 7fpFdf hfgkfPgg\ eg] ul/ax¿sf] lxt x'Fb}g . o:tf r/gx¿ x/fpFb} uPsf 5g\ . dw];dfxf];\, rfx] kxf8df xf];\, vfB;'/Iffsf nflu o:tf] 7fpF h?/L 5 .

bf];|f] pmhf{ ;'/Iffsf] j'm/f . d}n] cl3 g} eg]F ljkGg ju{nfO{ eft ksfpgufx|f] eP/ uPsf] 5 . d]/f] h:tf] ufpFdf kftkltª\u/ lng hfg] 7fpF 5}g .n8]k8]sf] bfp/f vf]Hg hfg] 7fpF 5}g . ul/ax¿n] d§Lt]n lsGg ;Sb}gg\ .lah'nL 5}g . eP klg o:tf] dxFuf] lah'nL lsGg ;Sb}gg\ . vfg]j'm/f ePksfpg] bfp/f 5}g . bfp/f eP vfg]j'm/f lsGg] pkfo 5}g . To:tf] cj:yf5 . hf8f]df bfp/fsf] Psbd} 7"nf] ;d:of x'Fbf] /x]5 . clg r}t / ebf}–c;f]hlt/ Psk6s vfg]j'm/f lsGg] ;d:of x'G5 .

bfp/f lbP/ x'G5 ls, ;:tf] lah'nL lbP/ x'G5 ls cyjf ;f]nf/ Kofgnh8fg u/]/ x'G5 ls pmhf{sf] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . kxf8df atf;]8fF8f hxfFx'G5g\ . kxf8df atf;af6 lah'nL lgsfn]/ dflg;nfO{ pmhf{ pknAw u/fpg;lsG5 . nufgL ug{ ghfGof xf]nf xfdLn] . dw];lt/ ‰G8}–‰G8} gf} dlxgft 3fdaf6 pmhf{ lng ;lsG5 . pkfo t 5 lg . w]/}–yf]/} h] xf]nf . dxFuf]–;:tf] h] xf]nf . ;Defjgf t 5 lg . ljz]if1 / o;af6 kmfObf–a]kmfObflng]x¿aLrdf ;D‰f}tfaf6 x'g] j'm/f xf] Tof] .

Wofg gk'u]sf] csf]{ If]q lzIff xf] . ;o–8]9 ;o jif{cufl8 Pp6f lzIffk4lt cfof] . To;}nfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb} nluof] . klxnf] r/0fdf k9\g], n]Vg]/ cª\sul0ft cyf{t\ cfwf/e"t ;Lk l;Sg], bf];|f] r/0fdf ;fdflhs / Jofjxfl/slj1fg l;Sg] . clg cGTodf uP/ cg';Gwfg / cfljisf/lt/ nfUg] . o:tf]vfnsf] lk/fld8 x'g'kg{]df l;lnG8/h:tf] agfOPsf] 5 lzIff k2lt . dfWolds:t/ k|fylds txsf] ‰G8} ;dfgfGt/ 5 . o;n] rf/}lt/ ;d:of v8f u/]sf]5 . o;df klg clnslt ;f]Rg'k5{ .

xfdLn] 7"n7"nf c:ktfn vf]Nof}F . gl;{ªxf]d vf]Nof}F . g]kfndf PlGhcf]Knf:6x'G5 eg]/ uj{ u5f{}F . t/ clwsf+z dflg;n] c‰} klg ;kmf vfg]kfgL vfgkfPsf 5}gg\ . cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf 5}g . xfn;fn} 8fS6/afx]ssf :jf:YosdL{n]


x8tfn u/] . sf7df8f}Fsf] k9}of ju{ ltgLx¿k|lt ;xfg'e"lt /fVb}gy] . pgLx¿eGy] — logLx¿n] s] pTkft u/]sf] xf]nf < b'O{ tx a9'jf lsg rflxof] <d t eG5' ltgLx¿nfO{ b'O{ tx xf]Og kfFr tx a9'jf ul/lbFbf x'G5 . lsgeg]Ps hgf u}/8fS6/ :jf:YosdL{n] hlt ul/anfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 sf7df8f}FsfhDd} 8fS6/n] Tolt ;]jf k'¥ofPsf 5}gg\ . ltgnfO{ hlt tx a9'jf ubf{klg s]xL km/s kb}{g .

Pd=aL=aL=P;=, Pd=8L= / Pd=P;= cflb OToflbdf dnfO{ s]xL dtna 5}g .;x/L If]qafx]s c¿ s;}nfO{ Tof];Fu j'mg} n]gfb]gf 5}g . ltgLx¿ ls tpknAw x'Fb}gg\ ls dflg;n] ltgsf] lkm ltg{ ;Sb}gg\ . d]/f] ufpF glhj}msf];x/ clg lhNnf ;b/d'sfd hn]Zj/ xf] . ToxfF Ps hgf klg 8fS6/ a:b}g .hgsk'/df a:5 . 8Ø'6L ug{rflxF hn]Zj/df cfpF5 . lsgeg] hn]Zj/dfp;sf] k|fOe]6 lSnlgs rNb}g . s]xL u/L hn]Zj/df al;xfNof] eg] klgp;sf] lkm ltg]{ k};f xF'b}g . ul/asf] t s] j'm/f < To:tf] 8fS6/sf] s] sfd <To:tf 8fS6/ xfdLn] s]sf nflu pTkfbg ul//fv]sf] < xfdL ls t k;ndfuP/ ;f]W5f}F s] cf}iflw vfg] eg]/ ls ToxL :jf:Yo ;xfosnfO{ ;f]W5f}F .

rf/ xhf/cf]6} uflj;df cfwf/e"t ;~rf/ s]Gb| x'g'k5{ . ;s] t OG6/g]6,geP klg 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf . cfhsfn t ;f]nf/ Kofgnsf] klg df]n 36\b}uPsf] x'gfn] Tof] c;fWo} dxFuf] j'm/f klg xf]Og . d}n] Ps–b'O{ hgf hfGg]–a'́ g];Fu j'm/f ubf{ pgLx¿n] s] eg] eg] x/]s uflj;nfO{ a;]{lg 5'6ØfOPsf]kfFr nfv ?lkofFsf] s]xL k|ltzt vr{ ug]{ xf] eg] x/]s uflj;df cTofw'lgs;~rf/ s]Gb| /fVg ;lsFbf] /x]5 .

oL cfwf/e"t j'm/fsf ;fy} uj{ ug{] sfd klg ug{'k5{ . dfG5] ePkl5uj{ ug{] 7"nf nufgLsf j'm/fx¿ klg rflxFbf] /x]5 . k|fGtLo ;/sf/ aGof]eg] dfly elgPsf cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿ k|fGtLo ;/sf/n] u5{ . s]Gb| ;/sf/n]rflxF 7"nf] nufgLsf / w]/} ;do nfUg] vfnsf of]hgfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .lsgeg] g]kfn PsLs/0fkl5 g]kfnn] uf}/j ug{ ;Sg] dfgjlgld{t ;+/rgfg]kfndf Pp6} klg /x]g5 . /f0ffx¿sf] b/af/nfO{ uf}/j ug]{ dfgj ;+/rgfeGg ldn]g . eLd;]g yfkfsf] w/x/fnfO{ ;fx«} uf}/j ug]{ ;+/rgf eGg ldn]g .s]xL jif{cufl8 xfdLn] agfPsf] s0ff{nL k'n kmh'n vr{ ePsf] ;+/rgf xf] .Tof]eGbf w]/} sd vr{df / w]/} sd ;dodf /fd|f] k'n aGg ;SYof] . Pp6f/fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] ;+/rgf st} agfpg'k5{ . clns 7"n} If]qkmndf . To;dflxF8\g ;lsg] u/L g]kfnsf] ;fgf] gS;f xf];\ . To;df ;fgf] ;u/dfyf xf];\h;df ckfª\u, aRrf cyjf ToxfF hfg} g;Sg] dw];Lx¿ klg r9]/ P ;u/dfyfdf


r9]kl5 o:tf] x'Fbf] /x]5 eGg ;j"mg\ . rf/sf];] ‰f8L o:tf] x'Fbf] /x]5eGg ;j"mg\ .

To;df lxhf] Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] ;fyLn] eg]h:t} zxLbx¿sf] gfpF n]lvof];\ .yfxf eP hltsf] tl:a/ ToxfF nufOof];\ . g]kfnsf ljljw efiffefifLsf] ;ª\u|xfnoToxfF xf];\ . kf];fsx¿sf] ;ª\u|xfno ToxfF xf];\ . ;+:s[ltsf] ;ª\u|xfno ToxfFxf];\ . g]kfnsf] k|To]s :j'mn] ljBfyL{ ToxfF uP/ ;lhnf];Fu cfˆgf] b]z a'́ gkfpg] cj:yf xf];\ .

of] ;fx}| cK7Øf/f] j'm/f xf]Og xf]nf . Pn ;fNef8f]/df gful/s ;dfhn]g} u/] . xfdLsxfF u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;ª\3 5, s]–s] hflt 5 . d}n] ;'g]cg';f/u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf sfd ug]{x¿ jif{sf] !%) nfv l6«k ljb]z e|d0f u5{g\ .Ps l6«kdf !) 8n/ 5'6ØfOlbof] eg] of] sfd !) jif{leqdf u}/;/sf/L;d'bfon] g} ug{ ;S5 . c;Dej t xf]Og . otflt/ c¿ s;}n] ;f]Rg] xf]eg] ;/sf/n] klg Wofg lbg'kb{}g . lghL If]qn] klg Wofg lbg'kb}{g .

x'nfsL /fhdfu{sf] lgdf{0f / lj:tf/ csf]{ Pp6f uj{ ug{ nfos k|f]h]S6x'g ;S5 . o;n] g]kfnnfO{ gofF 9ª\un] ;f]Rg] cj;/ lbG5 . Tof] s] eg]dw];nfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] OlGhgsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{ . xs{ u'?ªn] ;f]r]h:t}pQ/–blIf0f /fhdfu{ agfP/ To;nfO{ x'nfsL /fhdfu{;Fu hf]8\g] xf] eg] Tof]csf]{ uj{ ug{ nfos ;+/rgf x'g ;S5 .

g]kfndf Ps ;ocf]6f hlt cfb{z ;x/ agfpg w]/} 7"nf] nufgL rflxFb}g .clxn]sf] &% lhNnfsf] cjwf/0ffn] xfd|f] ;f]rfOnfO{ g} stfstf kmsf{OlbPsf]5 . /fhf dx]Gb|n] /fhgLlts lgoGq0fsf lx;fan] sf]/]sf] &% lhNnfsf] cjwf/0fflanj'mn unt 5 . lhNnfsf /]vf g :yfgLo ;+:s[lt;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf 5g\g :yfgLo e"uf]n;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf 5g\ . g :yfgLo s[lif pTkfbg;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf5g\ g :yfgLo >d;Fu . Psbd} dgnfUbf] u/L sf]l/Psf] 5 . vfnL sxfFsf] k|d'v JolSt 5 < To;nfO{ s;/L lhNnf ;efklt agfpg ;lsG5 < cyjfTo;nfO{ s;/L /f=k=;= agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] /fhgLlts lgoGq0fsf] lx;fan]afFl8Psf] 5 . Tof] lx;fan] g;f]r]/ !)) cf]6f hlt ;x/s]lGb|t If]q, ljsf;If]qx¿ agfpg ;lsG5 . To;df sltcf]6f uflj; kb{5g\ eGg] j'm/frflxFxs{ u'?ªh:t} cyjf Tof]eGbf c‰ /fd|f] gofF k':tfsf e"uf]nljb\x¿ a;]/ ;f]Rg'k5{ .

cfkt\sfnLg p4f/ of]hgf csf{] /fli6«o uj{sf] ljifo x'g ;S5 . pRrkxf8L If]qsf nflu Ps lsl;dsf], dWokxf8L If]qsf nflu csf{] lsl;dsf],r'/] / dxfef/t If]qsf nflu csf]{ lsl;dsf] / dw];sf nflu csf]{ lsl;dsf]of]hgf agfpg ;lsG5 . o;df cln a9L nufgL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .


5nkmnclgn kGt

clt g} cfsif{s k|:t'ltsf nflu ;Ls] nfnnfO{ wGojfb . cf}Bf]uLs/0f gePsf];dfh cf}Bf]uLs/0fdf hfFbf h'g vfnsf] tgfj x'G5 g]kfndf ToxL vfnsf]tgfj b]lvG5 . @)$& ;fnb]lv @)%@ ;fn;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ 5f8]/ c¿;dodf s:tf] vfnsf] zf;g rflxG5 eGg] ljifodf xfd|f] ;xdlt x'g ;s]g .dnfO nfU5 Pp6f 7"nf] b'ef{Uo xf] lsgeg] of] j'm/f c¿ sltko b]zn] Ps;o, b'O{ ;o, tLg ;o jif{cufl8 g} ;dfwfg u/] . xfdLnfO{ ljsf;sf nflu,pGgltsf nflu j'mg vfnsf] /fHo Joj:yf rflxG5 eGg] ljifodf cfd ;xdltsfod ug{] cj;/ klxnf]k6s cfPsf] 5 . xfdLx¿;Fu 5nkmnsf nflu sl/aPs 306f ;do 5 . ca 5nkmn ;'? u/f}F .

/fhj'mdf/;Ls] nfnsf] k|:t'ltdf w]/} ljifo ;d]l6Psf] eP klg g]kfnL ;dfhsf] jf:tljstfsf]Pp6f kf6f] 5'g g;s]sf] xf] ls h:tf] nfUof] . g]kfnL ;dfh clxn] klgPs k|sf/sf] j0ff{>d Joj:yfj}m txdf ljefhg ePsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ljz]ifJolStn] ljz]if k|sf/sf] sfd ug{'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff 5 . k'/]TofOF ug{' clt pQdsfd clg ;8sdf ePsf] kmf]xf]/ ;kmf ug'{ ;fgf] sfd eg]/ sfdnfO{ ;fgf]7"nf] agfpg] rng clxn] klg 5 . ufO{k"hf ug]{ dfG5] 7"nf] x'g], clg afv|f]jf afFb/k"hf ug]{ dfG5] ;fgf] x'g] rngn] ubf{ dfgjLo ;Ddfg u'd]sf] 5 .

dfgjLo ;Ddfgdf hf]8 lbg] ;s]gf}F eg] xfdLn] vf]h]sf] h:tf] ljsf;cyjf kl/jt{g eP klg k|ult x'Fb}g xf]nf .

;Ls] nfntkfO{+sf] j'm/fdf d k"0f{ ;xdt 5' . Pp6} j'm/f s] eg] j0ff{>d Joj:yfeGg'eof], j0f{ Joj:yf eGg vf]Hg'ePsf] xf]nf . xfdLsxfF j0f{ Joj:yf 5t/ j0ff{>d Joj:yfrflxF 5}g . j0ff{>d Joj:yf eOlbPsf] eP To;n] >dsf]OHht ub{Yof] . j0f{ Joj:yfn] >dsf] OHht u/]g .

/fdbofn ofbj;Ls] nfnsf n]v kqklqsfdf k9\bf OlGhlgo/ dfG5]n] ;~rf/dfWoddf olt/fd|f] u/]sf] b]Vbf cfZr{orlst x'Gy]F . t/ cfh pxfFnfO{ ljsf;lj1sf ¿kdfklg b]Vbf ‰g} v';L nfu]sf] 5 . pxfFn] clt /fd|f];Fu ljZn]if0f ug'{ePsf]


5 . dnfO{ Pp6f–b'O6f j'm/f yKg dg nfUof] . g]kfndf ljsf;sf nfluoqf] ljlw ;fwg cf]Ol/Psf] 5 . ;g\ !(%) b]lv g]kfndf j}b]lzs ;xof]usf]k|jfx Hofb} a9b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . t/ klg ljsf; lsg c;kmn eof] < ul/aLsf]:t/ 36\g lsg ;s]g < e|i6frf/ lsg 36\g ;s]g <

g]kfndf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf gfddf ;a} j'm/f s]Gb|Ls[t eof] elgG5 . ;Gt'lntljsf; / If]qLo ljsf;sf] j'm/f ePsf] eP w]/} xb;Dd ;d:of x6\Yof] xf]nf .g]kfndf clt ul/a klg 5g\ clt wgL klg 5g\ . wgL / ul/aaLrsf] vf8nal9/x]sf] 5 .

;Ls] nfno;df d]/f] w]/} eGg' s]xL 5}g . Pp6f e|daf6 rflxF xfdL d'St x'g'kb{5 .g]kfndf w]/} ljb]zL ;xfotf cfPsf] xf]Og . xfdL ul/anfO{ Ps–b'O{ ca{8n/ c;fWo} w]/} nfu] klg ljsf; pBf]usf b[li6df Tof] Psbd} ;fgf] xf] .

If]qLo ljsf;sf] j'm/f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ Tof];Fu hf]l8Psf] /fhgLltsk|Zg 5 . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf agfPkl5 Tof] j'm/f ;dfwfg x'G5 eGg] d}n] dfg]sf]5' . o;sf af/]df lxh} 5nkmn eO;s]sf] 5 . pGgltlt/ nfUg] xf] eg]If]qLo nufgLsf] cg'kft ldnfpg}k5{ .

oxL cfly{s jif{sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6df dxf]Q/L lhNnfdf k|ltJolStnufgL %%% ?lkofF /x]5 . sf7df8f}F lhNnfdf, sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf xf]Ogk|ltJolSt nufgL !^ xhf/ ?lkofF /x]5 . sf7df8f}Fjf;L dxf]Q/Ljf;LeGbf#@ u'0ff dxŒjk"0f{ /x]5 /fHosf nflu . ;/sf/L nufgLdf of] cj:yf 5eg] lghL If]qsf] nufgLsf] t ‰g\ j'm/} gu/f}F . sf7df8f}Fsf] pkef]Qmf sltu'0ff dxŒjk"0f{ 5 To;sf] lx;fa} 5}g . o;nfO{ tf]8\gsf nflu k|fb]lzs;+/rgfdf guOsg ;'v} 5}g . t/ k|ltJolSt nufgL dfq} ;a} j'm/f xf]Og .k|ltju{lsnf]ld6/ nufgL klg x]g{'k5{ . hUufhldg ef/ dfq xf]Og ;|f]t klgxf] . j'mg} 7fpFdf dflg; yf]/} 5g\ eg]/ Tof] 7fpFnfO{ sfd gnfUg] 7fGg'x'Fb}g . ef/tn] l;oflrg hf]ufpgsf nflu Pp6f rkfltsf] !^ xhf/ ?lkofFkg]{ u/L vr{ ul//x]sf] 5 . hUuf klg dxŒjk"0f{ xf] . ToxfF klg nufgLk'¥ofpg}k5{ .

uf]ljGb Gof}kfg]xfd|f] s[lif dGqfno clxn] klg Jofj;flos s[lif ug]{ xf] ls cyjf h}ljsk|ljlw ckgfP/ v]tL ug{] ls eg]/ cndndf 5 . :ki6tf 5}g . xfdL sxfF


hfFb}5f}F, stf hfFb}5f}F / s] ub}{5f}F eGg] yfxf 5}g . dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] g]kfndfs[lif If]qsf] ljsf; ug{}k5{ . s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿ vf]Ng}k5{ . t/ pBf]uaGb eO/x]sf 5g\ .

;fu/ Gof}kfg]lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf y'k|} k};f vr{ u/]/ ag]sf cfjlws of]hgf 5g\ .t/ jflif{s of]hgf agfpg] a]nfdf cfjlws of]hgf kN6fOFbf] /x]g5 . lj/f6gu/gu/kflnsfdf ev{/} @$ s/f]8sf] ah]6 k|:t't ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] &@k|ltzt ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf nufOPsf] 5 . ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ ljsf;dfGg] rng 5 . afFsL k|zf;lgs sfddf vr{ eof] . gu/kflnsfn] ToxfFsf]d';x/ a:tLdf !) jif{ sfd ubf{ / b'O{ ca{ vr{ ubf{ klg d';x/sf] hLjghxfFsf] ToxLF x'g] cj:yf k]mg{'k5{ .

/f]zgd':tfª xf];\ of dgfª of tfKn]h'ªsf] pQ/L e]s lxdfnL If]qsf] ljsf;sf]j'm/f ubf{ r/g ljsf;sf] j'm/f gul/sg x'Fb}g . ToxfF e]8fRofª\u|f kfNg]xf] eg] ToxfFsf] e]8fRofª\u|f sf7df8f}F Nofpg bz}F kv{g'kb{}g .

pQ/–blIf0f af6f]sf] j'm/f ubf{ ;'gf}nL–afun'ª–h]fd;f]d–nf]dfgyfª–ltAathfg] af6f]n] pi0f k|b]z, Gofgf] k|b]z, lxdfnL k|b]z / ltAatL k7f/;Dd l5rf]N5 .o;f] x'gfn] o;n] ljleGg If]qnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 . /fi6« lgdf{0fdf ljljwtfsfaLrdf Pstfsf] efjgf hfU5 .

dgLif k|wfg;Ls] nfnsf] k|:t'ltdf cfly{s, ef}uf]lns kIfsf] j'm/f cfPsf] 5 t/ ljsf;sf]/fhgLlts kIfsf] j'm/f clns sd ePsf] xf] ls h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf]nIo b'|t cfly{s ljsf; ug{' xf] ls < ljsf;sf] clGtd nIo hLjg:t/df;'wf/ eGg] j'm/f cl3 cfPsf] lyof] . gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/ bafP/ljsf; ug{ ;lsFb}g ls < o;nfO{ /fhgLlts kIfaf6 klg x]g{' h?/L 5 .

j'mdf/ yfkf8fS6/ gePdf eGg] lstfasf n]vs 8]la8 ag{/n] s] eGg'ePsf] lyof] eg]hgtfsf] ;]js tof/ ug{] xf] eg] ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ -xfdLsxfFdlxnf :jf:Yo :jod\;]ljsf elgG5_ tof/ ug'{k5{, ;Lldt dflns cyjf


wgL dfG5]x¿sf] ;]jf ug'{k5{ ljz]if1 8fS6/ tof/ ug{'k5{ .:jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] b'O{ tx a9'jf dfu]sf /x]5g\ kfFr tx a9'jf ul/lbFbf

klg x'G5 eGg] j'm/f cfof] . of] pgLx¿sf] tnasf] j'm/f;Fu klg ;DalGwt5 . pgLx¿nfO{ sDtLdf klg tLg hgfn] vfg k'Ug], a:g k'Ug] / s]6fs]6LnfO{k9fpg k'Ug] tna lbg'k5{ . cfwf/e"t lzIff, :jf:Yo / vfg]j'm/f kfpg' dflg;sf]clwsf/ xf] .

uug yfkf/fhgLltsf] bL3{sfnLg nIo JolStsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ yk lj:tf/ ug]{ xf] .ljsf; gx'Fbf JolStsf] :jtGqtf ;fF3'l/G5 . To;}n] ljsf; /fhgLlts j'm/fxf] . ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] j'm/f ubf{ To;sf] /fhgLlts kIfnfO{ 5f]8\gldNb}g .

dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] ;/sf/ ;an x'g'kb{5 . ;a}eGbf a9L ;an x'g'kb{5 ./fHo ;a}eGbf a9L alnof] x'g'kb{5 . /fdz/0f dxtn] Og l8k]mG; ckm l8df]qm;LeGg] lstfa n]Vbf pxfFn] g]kfnL sfª\u]|;sf] ;/sf/sf] kfnfdf d]l8sn sn]hv'n] eg]/ n]Vg'ePsf] 5 . clxn] cf7–gf}cf]6f sltcf]6f d]l8sn sn]h 5g\ .Pp6f 8fS6/ pTkfbg ug{ /fHon] !%–@) nfv ?lkofF nufgL u5{ . To;/Ltof/ ePsf () k|ltzt 8fS6/ Ps jif{ klg sfd gul/sg ljb]z hfg]rng 5 . ;/sf/ alnof] eP/ Pp6f dfq lg0f{o ulb{g] xf] eg] xfdL 8fS6/nfO{tLg jif{{;Dd g]kfndf /fVg ;Sg] /x]5f}F . gq hlt 8fS6/ tof/ eP klg,lghL If]qn] hlt d]l8sn sn]h vf]n] klg g]kfndf 8fS6/ x'Fb}gg\ .

k|an/fh kf]v/]nrLg / ef/tsf] ufx{:y pTkfbg j[l4 cf7–b; k|ltzt 5 . g]kfnsf] rflxFPs–b'O{ k|ltztdf ‰/]sf] 5 . xfdLn] gLlt kl/jt{g u/]/ g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lnscjl:yltaf6 kmfObf lng ;S5f}F . x'nfsL /fhdfu{sf] j'm/f dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .o;} qmddf dw];nfO{ sf7df8f}F;Dd hf]8\gsf nflu /]ndfu{ agfpg ;lsG5 .sl/a–sl/a !^ ca{ hltdf of] aGg] /x]5 . o;sf] k|ltkmn kfFr jif{leqdfcfpFbf] /x]5 . o;af6 ;a}nfO{ nfe k'U5 .

k|To"if jGt8fS6/ xs{ u'?ªn] cfˆgf] Pp6f 5f]6f] n]vdf Ps 7fpFdf s] eGg'ePsf]5 eg] g]kfnsf] 1fg ;d"x csf{sf] b]vfl;vL ug{] rngn] kLl8t 5 . pxfFn]


s] eGg vf]Hg'ePsf] lyof] eg] ;g\ !(%) kl5sf] g]kfndf 1fgsf] v]tLug]{x¿ cfˆg} w/ftndf pleP/, g]kfnL w/ftnnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ zAbsf]df}lns pRrf/0f ug]{, cyjf df}lns ljZn]if0f ug]{eGbf klg 8n/;Fu;Fu} af]s]/cfpg] 1fgsf ljleGg cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ l6Kg] qmd rNof] .

vfB;'/Iffsf] j'm/f ubf{ aflxl/ofx¿n] a'‰]h:tf] 1fgsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{;Sg] cyjf w/0fLw/ sf]O/fnfsf] k':tfn] a'‰]sf] k|ult / pGglth;/L a'́ g] <

;Ls] nfnxfdL;Fu nufgL ug{sf nflu ;|f]t;fwg ;Lldt 5g\ . To;}n] of] ;Lldt ;fwgsxfF nufgL ubf{ To;af6 ;fdflhs Gofo x'G5, ;dtf x'G5 / To;sf] kmnkfOG5 eGg] j'm/f x]g{'k5{ .

:yfgLo lgsfo dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . ;a} lhNnfx¿sf] u'?of]hgf 5 . sltcf]6flhNnfx¿df t l/ª/f]8 agfpg] Knfg 5 . t/ Tof] ;a} sG;N6]G;L ;+:sf/sf]pTkfbg xf] . tLdWo] clwsf+z of]hgfx¿ Wofg lbg nfos 5}gg\ . sd;]sdd}n] b]v] hltsf]df clwsf+z Wofg lbg nfos 5}gg\ . of]hgfaf6 kmfObfkfpg] jf a]kmfObf k'Ug]x¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fP/ PsLs[t of]hgf agfpg ;lsG5 .sf7df8f}Fsf] sG;N6ofG6n] h'Dnfsf] PsLs[t ljsf; of]hgf agfpF5 . g]kfnsf]ljsf; of]hgf cd]/LsL ljz]if1n] agfPh:t} xf] of] .

ljsf;sf] /fhgLlts kIfsf] dxŒjsf af/]df ljjfb ug]{ 7fpF g} 5}g .cy{zf:q eGg] ljifo !( cf}F ztfAbLkl5 dfq} cfPsf] xf] . o;cl3 cy{/fhgLlteGg] ljifo dfq lyof] . /fhgLlt / cy{ olt hf]l8Psf] 5 ls To;nfO{5'6ØfP/ x]g}{ ldNb}g .

/fhgLltsf] s]Gb|Lotf geOsg ;dfh ¿kfGt/0f x'Fb}g . /fhgLltsf] s]Gb|Lotfeg]sf] hgtfsf] ;jf{]Rrtf xf] . of] nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf dfq} ;Dej x'G5 .n]lggn] s] eg]sf lyP eg] dfG5]n] cfˆgf] ju{ af]N5 . juL{o lxtsf] j'm/faf]N5 . ef/tsf ljåfg\ /fddgf]x/ nf]lxofn] s] eg]sf lyP eg] xfd|f]lt/ju{;u{ s]xL x'Fb}g, hft af]N5 . cfˆgf] hftsf] lxt x]/]/ dfq dfG5] af]N5 .g]kfnsf] b'ef{Uo s] eOlbof] eg] Tof] b'O6} Pp6} 5 . juL{o¿kn] h;sf] jr{:j5 hftLo¿kn] klg To;}sf] jr{:j 5 . oL b'O6} ldn]kl5 t p;sf] jr{:jJofks x'g] g} eof] .

xfdLsxfF ljsf; k|of]uzfnfsf] j'm/f klxnf]rf]l6 xs{ u'?ªn] p7fPsf x'g\ .a'l4hLjLx¿ el/ofh:tf eP eGg] j'm/f dfgjzf:qdf klxn]b]lv g} lyof] . pgn]To;nfO{ cfly{s of]hgfdf hf]8] . pgsf] c¿ h]h:tf sdhf]/Lx¿ eP tfklg


s] j'm/f dfGg'k5{ eg] pgL kl/jt{g x'g\ / df}lns x'g ;Sy] . uNtL ug{]sf]g]t[TjcGtu{t sfd ug{] dfG5]n] dfq uNtL ub{}g /] . g]t[Tj eg]sf] uNtLug]{ hf]lvd p7fpg] xf] . xs{ u'?ª uNtL ug{ / hf]lvd p7fpg ;Sg] dfG5]lyP . pgL;Fu d w]/} j'm/fdf ;xdt x'Fb}gy] . cfk|jf;sf] k|ltj]bg To;dWo]Ps lyof] . t/ klg pgL hf]lvd p7fP/ gofF lsl;dsf] cWoog ug{ ;Sg]dfG5] lyP . g]kfndf To:tf dfG5]x¿sf] lgtfGt cefj b]lvPsf] 5 . cfk"mnfO{t'?Gt kmfObf x'g] If]qeGbf aflx/ uP/ ljxª\ud b[li6sf]0fn] hf]lvd p7fpg]JolStx¿sf] klg cefj b]lvPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf nflu 1fgsf] pTkfbg dxŒjk"0f{j'm/f xf] . ef]Nt]o/ gePsf] eP k|mfG; s:tf] x'GYof] < cyjf ?;f] gePsf]o'/f]k s:tf] x'GYof] < ufGwL gePsf] ef/t s:tf] x'GYof] < g]x¿ gePsf] ef/ts:tf] x'GYof] < cyjf cdTo{ ;]g gePsf] ef/tsf] :j¿k stflt/ hfGYof] <xfdLn] hlt;'j}m ufnL u/] klg ;f]Rg] dfG5]x¿ rflxFbf] /x]5 . ;f]Rg] dfG5]x¿/ftf/ft aGb}gg\ /x]5g\ . ul/a d'n'sdf ;f]Rg] dfG5] agfpg ‰g} ufx|f] x'Fbf]/x]5 . ofL ;a} r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ x]bf{v]l/ To:tf ;+:yfx¿ rfFlxbf] /x]5 h;n];f]Rg] dfG5]nfO{ k|>o lbg ;sf];\ . o:tf ;+:yf g]kfndf b]lvPgg\ . /fHosf]k|d'v lhDd]jf/L xf] Tof] . g]kfnsf] lghL If]q klg ;f]Rg] dfG5]nfO{ k|>olbg ;Sg] vfnsf] b]lvPg . lsgeg] lghL If]q tTsfn kmfObflt/ dfq} nfUof] .cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] klg ;f]Rg] dfG5]nfO{ k|>o lbg ;s]g . lsgeg]ltgsf] ch]G8f d'VotM 8f]g/ lgb]{lzt g} x'g uof] . Psbd} hf]lvd p7fpg;Sg] xs{ u'?ª h:tf JolStx¿ x'g'k5{ . xs{ u'?ªn] klg ;'?df rflxF /fHosf];+/If0f kfPsf lyP . s]xL cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+/If0f klg kfPsflyP . bftfx¿sf] ;+/If0f klg kfPsf lyP . To;}n] ubf{ uNtL ug{ ;Sg]/ To;nfO{ ef]Ug ;Sg] pgsf] Ifdtfdf j[l4 ePsf] xf] . t/ TolQn] k'Ub}g .

clgn kGt;Ls] nfnnfO{ wGojfb . clxn] ax;df ePsf ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfx¿5g\ h;nfO{ kfFrcf]6fdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . !_ /fhgLlts ljsf;,@_ ;fdflhs ljsf;, #_ cfly{s ljsf;, $_ ef}lts ljsf; / cGTodf-%_ dfgjLo ljsf; . o;nfO{ ;Ls] nfnn] ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 k|:t't ug'{eof] .


dfgjLo k'g;{+/rgf / k'g:yf{kgf

k|:tf]tfl8NnL/fd bfxfn


;~rfnsclxn] xfdL dfgjLo k'g;{+/rgf / k'g:yf{kgf ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ nfu]sf5f}F . o; ljifodf k|:t'lt ug{sf nflu xfdL;Fu k|fWofks, 8fS6/ l8NnL/fdbfxfn x'g'x'G5 . pxfF hfg]dfg] cg';Gwfgstf{, ;dfhzf:qL÷dfgjzf:qL x'g'x'G5 .xfdL åGåeGbf kl5sf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] r/0fdf u'lh|O/x]sf 5f}F . o; ;Gbe{dfdfgjLo k'g;{+/rgf / k'g:yf{kgf ljz]if u/L ;fdflhs ;lDdngsf ljifodf5nkmn ug{ nfu]sf 5f}F .

dfgjLo k'g;+{/rgf / k'g:yf{kgfl8NnL/fd bfxfn

xfdLn] /fhgLltsf w]/} ukm ;'Gof}F . xfd|f] ax; /fhgLlteGbf aflx/ hfgslxn] klg ;s]g . gofF g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fsf] ;'?cft ubf{ ;dfhzf:qLo kl/j]zaf6gofF g]kfn s;/L lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsPnf cyjf g]kfnL ;dfh} s:tf] k|sf/sf]5 eGg] a'´g clt cfjZos 7fg]/ d cfˆgf] k|:t'lt ub{}5' .

xfd|f] 5nkmnsf] zLif{s åGå ;lsO;Sof], ca zflGt x'G5, To;}n] k'glg{df{0f/ k'g:yf{kgfsf] a]nf cfof] eGg] vfnsf] 5 . d]/f lx;fadf xfdL Tof] cj:yfdfk'lu;s]sf 5}gf}F . d}n] tLgcf]6f ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5' .

klxnf], k[i7e"ld cyf{t\ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] agfj6 . xfdLdf g]kfnL ;dfhsf]Oltxf;, e"uf]n / ;+:s[ltsf] c1fgtf 5 . To;}n] ;a}eGbf klxnf d 5f]6s/Ldfg]kfnL ;dfhsf] agfj6, Oltxf; / e"uf]nsf af/]df 5f]6f] rrf{ u5{' .

bf];|f], zflGt . zflGt ljsf;sf nflu geO{ gx'g] j'm/f xf] . xfdLn] zflGtx'g]lalQj}m cfly{s ljsf; x'G5 eGg] ;f]rfO /fv]sf 5f}F . Tof] ;xL xf]Og .zflGt cfk}Fmdf ljsf;sf] Bf]ts xf]Og . zflGt geOsg x'Fb}g . t/ o;sf;fy;fy} cfly{s qmflGt gu/];Dd / To;n] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ g;d]6];DdzflGt eP klg ljsf; x'Fb}g .

t];|f], zflGt ePkl5 g]kfndf lj:yflkt ePsf dflg;x¿nfO{ s;/L k'g:yf{kgf


ug{] eGg] ljifodf k|sfz kf5{' . dfgjLo k'g;{+/rgf / k'g:yf{kgfdf s]–s] cK7Øf/f 5g\ eGg] j'm/f pNn]v u5'{ .

ca klxnf] ljifoj:t'df hfpFm . zf;sx¿n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] agfj6 ga'́ bfxfd|f] ;dfh k5fl8 ws]lnof] . lxhf]sf zf;sn] klg a'‰]gg\, cfhsfn] klga'́ g] vfnsf] of]hgf 5}g . g]kfn cfheGbf @#* jif{cufl8 ;–;fgf 6'qmfx¿dfljeflht lyof] . st} afO;] st} rf}aL;] /fHo lyP . sxLF ls/fFt k|b]z lyof] .g]kfn hlGdPj}m lbg ax'eflifs, ax'hftLo / ax'wfld{s ;dfh lyof] . ;dfhsf]ljsf;sf qmddf zf;sx¿n] cfˆgf] kmfObfsf nflu of] ax'eflifs, ax'hftLo/ ax'wfld{s ;dfhsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ Ps5q agfpFb} nu] . o; k|lqmofdf b'O{ju{sf] l;h{gf eof] . Pp6f zf;s ju{ / csf]{ zf]lift ju{ . b/af/;Fuglhs ePsf JolStx¿n] kmfObf kfpFb} uP . csf]{ ju{ pk]lIft x'Fb} uof] .ljsf;sf k|lqmofdf oxfFsf ljleGg ;d"xnfO{ cnu ul/of] . pgLx¿nfO{ ;Fu;Fu}nluPg . oxL ;fdflhs pk]Iffn] ubf{ g} g]kfndf åGå ePsf] xf] .

bf];|f], zflGtsf] j'm/f u/f}F . 5nkmnx¿df xfdLn] zflGt–zflGt eg]sf x'G5f}F .g]kfnsf] @#* jif{sf] Oltxf;df !)–!% jif{eGbf a9L czflGt ePsf] 5}g .zflGt x'g]lalQj}m ljsf; x'Fbf] /x]g5 . xfd|f] b]z ;fwg;|f]t gePsf] b]zxf]Og . xfdL;Fu kxf8 klg 5, lxdfn klg 5, t/fO{ klg 5 . xfdL;Fulgj}m k9]n]v]sf dfG5]x¿ klg 5g\ . xfd|f] ;f+:s[lts ljleGgtf klg 5 .t}klg ljsf; ePg . d}n] a'‰]sf] ljsf; eg]sf] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;]jf /j:t' k|bfg ug{' xf] . d'vsf] efif0f xf]Og .

!(&) k5fl8 g]kfndf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf #) xhf/ hlt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf 5g\ . ‰G8}!#@ cf]6f cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf g]kfnsf] ljsf;df nfu]sf 5g\ .t/ v} g]kfnLsf] hLjg:t/ ;'w]|sf] < clxn] klg %@ cf]6f lhNnfdf #! k|ltztg]kfnL lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg 5g\ .

g]kfnL ;+:sf/ s:tf] 5 eg] hlxn] klg, x/]s 7fpFdf cfˆgf dfG5]sf]laulauL x'G5 . x/]s 7fpFdf cfˆgf] dfG5] x'g'kg]{ . of] /f]u lxhf] zfxj+zdfklg lyof], /f0ffj+zdf klg lyof] . k|hftGqdf klg ToxL xf] . x'FbfxF'bf clxn]nf]stGqsf] ;/sf/df klg cfˆgf] dfG5]eGbf aflx/ sf]xL hfFb}g . sf] of]Uo5 eGg] j'm/fsf] dtna 5}g\ . tLg–rf/ dlxgfb]lv lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf]pks'nklt, /]S6/, /lh:6«f/ lgo'lSt ePsf] 5}g . s;nfO{ j'mg kb eg]/efua08f gldn]/ lgo'lQm /f]lsPsf] 5 .

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] dfG5]sf] cfsfª\Iff a9fOlbP . t/ cfly{s ljsf;


ePg . /fhgLlts rfxgf Psbd} w]/} 5 t/ jf:tljstf cs{} 5 . oxL cGt/n]ubf{ åGå l;h{gf eof] .

g]kfndf 7"nf dfG5]n] u/]sf ck/fwdf dfkm kfpg] rngsf] k/fsfi6f5 . 7"nf dfG5]sf nflu oxfF sfg'g} 5}g h:tf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ k'g:yf{kgf/ k'glg{df{0fdf uf¥xf] x'G5 .

dfcf]jfbLn] ljb|f]x ;'? u/] otf w]/} dfG5] dfl/Psf 5g\ . s]xL dfG5]/fHon] df/]sf] 5 . s]xL dfcf]jfbLn] df/]sf 5g\ . xhf/f}F dfG5] lj:yflktePsf 5g\ . OG;]ssf] Pp6f tYofª\scg';f/ @))% ;Dddf %) xhf/eGbfa9L dflg; lj:yflkt ePsf lyP . dfcf]jfbL cfkF}m lj:yflkt ePsf] tYofª\slgsfNg afFsL g} 5 . pgLx¿sf ldlnl;of slt 5g\, xltof/wf/L slt 5g\To;sf] tYofª\s cfpg afFsL 5 . b'j} tk{maf6 a]kQf kfl/Psf dfG5]sf]j'm/f a]Un} 5 . o'4sf a]nfdf laR5fOPsf] af?bL w/fkdf k/]/ slt dfG5]ckfª\u ePsf 5g\ To;sf] klg xfdL;Fu tYofª\s 5}g . af?bL w/fk j'mg–j'mg 7fpFdf laR5fPsf] 5 eGg] j'm/f xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g . aRrfn] hª\undfv]nfpFbf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ e]6] eG5g\ . slt dlxnf anfTs[t eP eGg] tYofª\sklg xfdL;Fu 5}g . afa'cfdf b'j} dfl/Psf 6'x'/f slt 5g\ eGg] tYofª\sklg xfdL;Fu 5}g . pgLx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] j'm/f dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .

eTs]sf] k'n agfpg xfdL ;lhn} ;lsxfN5fF} . eTs]sf] :s'n agfpg xfdL;lsxfN5f}F . t/ cfly{s k'g:yf{kgf u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g . dflg;sf] dfgl;sk'g:yf{kgf x'g'k5{ . dfcfjfbLx¿n] lj:yflkt agfPsf dflg;x¿ ufpFdf uP/s;/L a:g] < ToxfFsf] jftfj/0f s:tf] x'G5 < ;aeGbf 8/nfUbf] kf6f]rflxFs] 5 eg] clxn] dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] xltof/sf] qf;n] dflg;n] s]xL eGg ;s]sf5}gg\ . ef]ln xltof/ la;fpg]lalQj}m s] x'G5 < x/]s dfG5]n] x/]s dflg;nfO{lrG5 . dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] k'g:yf{kgf Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . lxhf] ck/fwu/]sfnfO{ b08 glbg] xf] eg] b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[lt a9\b} hfG5 . lxhf] abdf;Lu/]sf dfG5] ef]ln ;/sf/df hfnfg\, ltgnfO{ b08 lbg] ls glbg] eGg] j'm/fcfOxfN5 . ;a}nfO{ b08 dfkm ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] b]zdf ef]ln k]ml/ zflGtx'Fb}g . b08xLgtfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsFb}g . abdf;L u/]sf] dfG5]nfO{ h]n}dfxfNg'k5{ eGg] 5}g . c¿ lsl;dn] klg b08 lbg ;lsG5 .

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] d]nldnfksf] efjgf xfdLn] u'dfPsf 5f}F . dfG5]k|lt dfG5]sf]ljZjf; u'd]sf] 5 . xfdL ToxL cj:yfdf kms{g ;S5f}F ls ;Sb}gf}F < g]kfnL;dfhsf] k'/fgf] agf]6 sfod x'G5 ls x'Fb}g < lxhf]sf] ;fdflhs kl/j]za:g ;S5 ls ;Sb}g <


xfdLn] ug{ vf]h]sf] k'glg{df{0f / k'g;{+/rgf Hofb} cK7Øf/f] k|lqmof xf] .

;+of]hsca cl3 ePsf] k|:t'ltdf l6Kk0fL / 5'6]sf ljifo yk u/f}F . lx+;f cGToePkl5sf] k'g:yf{kgf / k'glg{df{0fdf s]lGb|t /x]/ 5nkmn u/f}F .

5nkmnanaxfb'/ 8uf}/f

;ª\s6sfnsf a]nfdf d a;df uO/x]sf] lyPF . cfdL{ r]skf]:6df Pp6f ;}lgsn]yf¿x¿ ;a} aflx/ lg:s eg]/ eGof] . To:tf] eGg] 5'6 s;n] lbof] < tTsfnLgzf;sx¿n] lbP . dfcf]jfbLn] hlt dfG5] df/]sf] 5 Tof]eGbf a9L dfG5] z]/axfb'/b]pjfn] df/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;xl/ofn] ufpFn]nfO{ b'Mv lbPsf] 5 .

Ps/fh e08f/Ldfcf]jfbLnfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ eGg] j'm/f cfklQhgs nfU5 . lxhf]sf] dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{b'O{–rf/cf]6f OGh]S;g lbP/ ufpFdf a;flnlbg], vfg–nfpg lbg], n'uf–;'uflbg], s;}nfO{ s] ulb{g] . of] s:tf] ;f]r xf] < tkfO{+x¿nfO{ yfxf 5 xf]nflg #% xhf/eGbf a9L t n8fj"m hgd'lSt ;]gf 5g\ . Ps nfveGbf a9Lhgldlnl;of 5g\ . ufpFsf] ;'/Iff ug{ . Ps nfveGbf a9L sfo{stf{ 5g\kf6L{sf . Ps nfveGbf a9L hg;Qfdf ;+nUg 5g\ — ufh;k|d'v, pkk|d'v,j8fk|d'v o:tf .

clwsf/, ljsf; / zflGt kfPsf lbgdf dfG5]nfO{ ;'Ts]/Lsf] kL8fkl5;'Gb/ aRrf b]v]kl5 Tof] kL8f d'St ePh:t} x'G5 .


xltof/ Joj:yfkgk|:tf]tfw'|jj'mdf/;+of]hsxl/ zdf{


xl/ zdf{xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] ljifo k|:t't ug{ xfdL;Fu Ps hgf dfq} jStf x'g'x'G5 .w|'jj'mdf/ . pxfF l;gf;;Fu cfa4 x'g'x'G5 — w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv . ;'?dflrlgof j}b]lzs ;DaGwaf6 ;'? ug'{eof] . cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] ljBfyL{ x'g'x'G5 .ljut s]xL jif{b]lv xltof/sf af/]df hg{nx¿df klg n]Vb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 .

xltof/ Joj:yfkg ;a}eGbf a9L rrf{sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ s;/La'́ g] < o;cl3 ;+ljwfgsf] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . of] j'm/f To;df klg p7]sf]lyof] . ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df xltof/sf] ljifo / gful/ssf];'/Iffsf ljifodf w|'jj'mdf/n] af]Ng'x'G5 .

xltof/ /fHon] dfq af]S5w|'jj'mdf/

xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf af/]df y'k|} rrf{ kl/rrf{ eP . t/ xltof/ Joj:yfkgsfljifodf ;+:yfkg kIfsf JolQmx¿n] h;/L Wofg lbg'kg]{ lyof] of] ̂ dlxgfsf]cjlwdf Tof] b]lvPg .

gofF g]kfnsf] sNkgf ug]{ eGg] k|;ª\u 5 . d cfk"mnfO{ efUodfgL 7fG5'lsgeg] gofF g]kfnsf] sNkgf ug]{ a]nfdf xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] ljifodfdnfO{ af]Ng lbPsf] 5 . o; ;Dd]ngdf xfdLn] g]kfndf r'gf}tLafx]s c¿j'm/f b]v]j}m 5}g . d}n] o; ljifonfO{ cj;/sf ¿kdf lng vf]h]sf] 5' .ef]lnsf] g]kfnsf] sNkgf ubf{ ;]gflagfsf] g]kfn sNkgf ug{ ;S5f}F ls ;Sb}gf}F <xfdLn] s;};Fu o'4 n8\g' 5}g, s;}sf] e"efunfO{ lht]/ cfk"mdf ;dfj]z ug'{5}g . xfdL ;a} d'n'sx¿;Fu ;f}xfb{ jftfj/0fdf afFlr/fv]sf 5f}F eg] ;]gflsg rflxof] eg]/ cfk}m;Fu k|Zg ug]{ ls gug]{ < ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3df !(@cf]6f ;b:o d'n's 5g\ . tLdWo] !$ cf]6fdf ;]gf 5}g . g]kfndf To:t}x'g ;S5 ls ;Sb}g <

xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] j'm/f ugf{;fy xfdLn] ;fª\u7lgs l;4fGtsf] ;xfotfn]


x]g{'kg{] x'G5 . o; l;4fGtsf] ;Gbe{af6 x]bf{ ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL b'j}n] xltof/Joj:yfkgnfO{ h;/L kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ Tof] ljs[t kfl/Psf] 5 h:tf] nfU5 .

pgLx¿n] clxn] xltof/ 8fnf] cf}/ ;/sf/df hfcf] eg]h:tf] b]lvG5 .;/sf/ xltof/ lgliqmo gul/sg ltdLx¿nfO{ cGtl/d ;/sf/df /fVg ;Sb}gf}FeG5 . dfcf]jfbL /fhgLlts ;xdlt geOsg xltof/ lgliqmo kfg{] cyjflg/:qLs/0f ug]{ k|Zg ub}{ gu/ eG5 . xfdL klxn] ;/sf/df hfG5f}F, clgdfq xfdLn] s] ug'{knf{ u5f}{F eg]/ eg]sf] 5 . o:tf] lsl;dsf] lj8Dagf5 . o;nfO{ xfdL ult/f]w klg eg]/ eG5f}F .

xltof/ / u'l/NnfnfO{ xfdL cnu ub}{ 5'6ØfpF5f}F, xfdLnfO{ ;/sf/dfhfg b]pm g afaf eg]/ dfcf]jfbLn] eG5 eg] ef]ln dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/dfa;]/ /ftf] ‰G8f ePsf] uf8L r9]/ lxF8]sf] b]Vg yfN5f}F, ;nfd klg 7f]Sg'kg]{cj:yf cfpF5 .

b'O6f /fHo / b'O6f ;]gf 5 egL :jLsf/ ug'{ 5 eg] dnfO{ s]xL eGg'5}g . x}g eg] k/Dk/fut kl/efiffcg';f/ xltof/df /fHosf] Psflwsf/ x'G5,pm afx]s c¿;Fu xltof/ x'Fb}g . /fHo PstGqLo xf];\ jf ;j{;QfjfbL, lx6n/sf]h:tf] gfhLjfbL xf];\ jf k|hftflGqs, xltof/ /fHo;Fu} x'G5 . t/ clxn]xltof/dflysf] /fHosf] Psflwsf/nfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] 5 . p;sf]cfˆg} lsl;dsf] ;]gf / u'l/Nnf kmf}h 5 . o;nfO{ p;n] zlStdf hfg]k|j]z laGb'sf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 .

g]kfn clxn] ;fdfGo cj:yfdf 5}g . o;nfO{ c‰} ;ª\s6sfnd} 5 eg]x'G5 . b]zdf c/fhstf JofKt 5 . ;/sf/n] c/fhstf lgoGq0f ug{ ;s]h:tf]dnfO{ nfUb}g . /fHosf tLgcf]6f pQ/bfloTj x'G5g\ . Pp6f hgtfsf] ;xeflutfePsf] . clxn]sf] /fhgLltdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf 5}g . csf{] ;fj{hlgs sNof0f .of] j'm/f klg g]kfndf clxn] 5}g . t];|f], zflGt ;'/Iff . zflGt ;'/Iff klg5}g . To;}n], d t g]kfnnfO{ clxn] c;kmn /fHoj}m ¿kdf kl/eflift u5'{ .

g]kfndf ;ª\s6sfn ;lsof] t < åGå ;dfKt ePkl5 dfq xltof/ Joj:yfkgx'G5 . g]kfndf åGå ;dfKt ePsf] 5}g . dfcf]jfbLn] åGåsf] ¿k k]m/]sf] dfqxf] . pm ca hª\undf 5}g . p;n] j'mg} 7fpFdf cfqmd0f u/]sf] 5}g . o;nfO{hgtfsf] txdf rnfO/x]sf] 5 . hah{:tL k};f p7fpg]b]lv lnP/ ljleGglsl;dsf cfk/flws k|j[lQsf lqmofsnfk dfcf]jfbLn] ul//fv]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n]sfd ug{ ;s]g x} eg]/ hgtfnfO{ atfpg dfcf]jfbLn] To;f] ul//fv]sf] 5 .zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg g;s]kl5 hgtf ;/sf/af6 cnluP/ hfG5 .olt a]nfdf dfcfjfbLn] eg]h:tf] …cS6f]a/ l/ef]n';gÚ ug{ ;lhnf] k5{ .


xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] j'm/f ubf{ xfdLn] g]kfndf b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltsf]cGTo eof] < eGg] k|Zg ;f]Wg'k5{ . clxn] cftª\ssf/L lj/f]wL P]g jf cWofb]znfu" 5}g . t/ ;/sf/L JolSt cyjf cGo JolQmx¿n] u/]sf cfk/flwj}megf}F cyjf u}/sfg'gL lqmofsnfk ePsf 5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3geO/x]sf 5g\ . tL ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk ug{]nfO{ ;hfo lbg ;s]sf] 5}g .To:tf dfG5]nfO{ ;/sf/n] sfg'gsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg ;s]sf] 5}g . pN6f]s] b]lvof] eg] hfFra'‰ cfof]un] sf/afxL ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿klxn] lgnlDat eP t/ clxn] cfP/ pgLx¿ sfddf kms{]sf 5g\ . sltt a9'jf eP .

oL ;Dk"0f{ j'm/faf6 klg g]kfndf b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltn] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf]b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] ;]gf / k'ln;sf] dgf]an lug{] x'gfn] o;f] u/]sf] eG5 .;/sf/n] hgtfsf] dgf]an lu/]sf], hgtfdf lg/f;f 5fPsf] rflxF b]v]g .of] csf{] b'ef{Uo xf] .

o;/L cj'mzn 7xl/Psf] Joj:yfksn] xltof/ Joj:yfkgh:tf] ;+j]bgzLn/ b]znfO{ cufl8 a9fpg 7"nf] of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] ljifonfO{ s;/L cufl8a9fpg ;S5 . d]/f ljrf/df xltof/ Joj:yfkg eg]sf] clxn]sf] rfFhf]kfFhf]dfq ldnfP/ tTsfnsf] ;d:of 6fg{] vfnsf] lg0f{o lnP/ ef]ln h] knf{To;} a]nf u/f}Fnf eg]/ 5f]8\g] j'm/f xf]Og . clxn] Joj:yfkg u/]sf j'm/fn]ef]ln kmnbfoL kl/0ffd s;/L Nofpg ;S5 eGg] j'm/fdf xfdLn] Wofg lbg'k5{ .t/ ;/sf/L kIf / dfcf]jfbL kIf s;}n] klg oL j'm/f u/]sf 5}gg\ . dfcf]jfbLn]xltof/ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;/sf/df l5g{nfO{ k|j]zåf/ dfq 7fg]sf] xf] eg] d]/f]eGg' s]xL klg 5}g . pgLx¿n] xltof/ ;dk{0f u/] klg x'G5 . lg/:qLs/0fu/] klg x'G5 . lgliqmo kf/] klg x'G5 .

@)^@ ;fn dª\l;/ & ut] ;ft bn / dfcf]jfbLn] afx|a'Fb] ;D‰f}tf ul/;s]kl5d}n] clxn] b]lvPsf lvrf]nfx¿ ToxL a]nfdf cfF}NofPsf] lyPF lxdfn va/klqsfdf .Tolt a]nf oL bnx¿ ;/sf/df a;]sf lyPgg\ . clxn] ;/sf/df a;]kl5klg pgLx¿n] Tof] j'm/fnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s x]/]sf 5}gg\ .

dfcf]jfbLn] klg xfdLnfO{ ;/sf/df l5/fcf], x}g eg] xfdL etfe'ª\u u5f}{F/ hyfefaL u5f}{F / cfk/flws lqmofsnfkaf6 ltdLx¿nfO{ t;f{P/ 7Ls u5f}{FeGg] wf/0ff /fVg'sf] ;§f xltof/ Joj:yfkg eg]sf] b'j}tk{msf] j'm/f xf] eg]/eGg ;Sg' kb{Yof] . t/ Tof] eg]gg\ . xltof/ Joj:yfkg ;xdltdf ul/g]j'm/f xf] . zlSt k|of]u u/]/ ul/g] j'm/f xf]Og . j'mg} klg j'm/fsf] Joj:yfklg ;D‰f}tf / cfk;L ;d‰bf/Laf6 cfk;L lxtj}m nflu ug]{ j'm/f xf] eg]


xltof/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ a]nfdf g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ rflxF s] ug]{ t < g]kfnL;]gf kfgLdflysf] cf]efgf] eP/ a:g] < ;z:q k|x/L 5 . p;sf] klg Aof/]s5 . To;nfO{ s] ug]{ < hgkb k|x/Ldf klg xltof/ 5 . g]kfnL ;]gf (@–($ xhf/ 5g\ elgG5 . ;z:q k|x/Ldf nueu @) xhf/, hgkb k|x/L nueu$*–%) xhf/ 5g\ . k|r08n] cl:t cfk"m;Fu ;ft l8lehg, gf}cf]6f la|u]8,!( cf]6f a6flnog / tLgcf]6f l8lehg u/L #% xhf/ ;z:q u'l/Nnf /Ps–8]9 nfv hlt ldlnl;ofx¿ 5g\ eg]sf 5g\ .

xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] k|fljlws k|lqmofdf hfg] a]nfdf 6fpsf] uGg}k5{ .bf];|f]df xltof/sf] e08f/ x]g{'k5{ . t];|f]df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Aof/]s slt 7fpFdf5 < sltcf]6f Aof/]s 5 < g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Pp6f ;]S;gdf !# hgf dfG5]x'G5g\ . clg Knf6'gdf $% hgf x'G5g\ . To:t} u/]/ sDkgLdf !$% x'G5g\/ a6flnogdf $%) hlt x'G5g\ . klxn] of] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'k5{ . o;sf;fy} k|r08n] bfaL u/]sf] l8lehgdf slt ;]gf 5g\ eGg] tkfO{+ xfdLnfO{yfxf 5 < !( cf]6f a6flnogsf] j'm/f u/]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg';f/Pp6f a6flnogdf &%) hgf aGb's lnP/ bf}l8g] dflg; x'G5g\ . OlGhlgol/ªkmfF6df sfd ug{] clg eft ksfP/ v'jfpg] u/L Ps xhf/ hjfg hlt x'G5g\ .xfdLn] xltof/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ xf] eg] oL ;Dk"0f{ j'm/fnfO{ klxn] :ki6 kfg{'k5{ .To;kl5 dfq xfdL csf{] r/0fdf hfg ;S5f}F .

To;kl5 ;+o'St 6f]nL agfpg'k5{ h;df b'j} kIfsf JolStx¿ ;+nUg x'g'k5{ .To;kl5 xltof/ / ;]gfnfO{ cnu ug{] ls < pgLx¿nfO{ vfBfGg s;/L k'¥ofpg]eGg]b]lv lnP/ tkl;nsf c¿ j'm/f ug{'k5{ . xfdLn] ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ j'm/fs] 5 eg] dfcf]jfbLn] xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df ;/sf/df a:g]j'm/fdf dfq hf]8 lbG5 eg] xfdL To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}gf}F . dfcf]jfbLn]xltof/ lnP/ ;/sf/df k:g kfpFb}g . sxLF klg gePsf] j'm/f xfdLn]u¥of}F eg] kz'klt afafsf] b]z ePsf] x'gfn] h] klg x'G5 eg]/ crDddfGg'k5{ .

/fhgLlts ¿kdf dfGotf lbnfpg vf]Hg] j'mg} klg ;d"xn] xltof/ b]vfP//fhgLlts kf6L{ eg]/ bfaL ug{ kfOFb}g . of] j'm/f dfcf]lfbLx¿n] 68\sf/} a'́ g'k5{ .dfcf]jfbLx¿nfO{ d]/f] csf]{ cg'/f]w 5 . /fi6«;ª\3sf] dfgj clwsf/ sfof{non]xfn} hf/L u/]sf] k|ltj]bgsf] zLif{s g} dfcf]jfbL HofbtL eGg] 5 . cl3ev{/} ;'af]w Kofj'm/]nn] eGg'eof], dfcf]jfbLx¿n] aRrfx¿nfO{ df/]sf 5g\ .oL ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cfk/flws k|j[lQsf kl/0ffd x'g\ . hgtfsfnflu ul/Psf lqmofsnfk elGbgF d slxn] klg . dfcf]jfbLtk{maf6 o:tf


lqmofsnfk hf/L /x'Gh]n xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf ;Gb{edf ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{h;/L eP klg ª\ofs]/ xltof/ 5'6fpg}k5{ . lsgeg] ;/sf/ klg xltof/sfcfwf/df ;/sf/ ag]sf] bfaL u5{ . dfcf]jfbL klg xltof/j}m cfwf/df cfk"m;/sf/ ePsf] bfaL u5{ . Tof] 7fpFdf hgtfnfO{ sxfF /fVg] eg]/ g ;/sf/n];f]r]sf] 5 g dfcf]jfbLx¿n] ;f]r]sf 5g\ . hgtf gePsf] ;Qf sxLF x'G5 <hgtf gePsf] ;/sf/ sxLF x'G5 < hgtfj}m s/sf cfwf/df afFRg'kg]{ ;/sf/n]hgtfsf] zflGt ;'/Iffb]lv lnP/ ;Dk"0f{ cleef/f jxg ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf;ug'{k5{ . g]kfnL ;]gf xf];\ jf dfcf]jfbL u'l/Nnf xf];\, ltgLx¿n] hgtf t;f{P/b]z cufl8 a9fpF5f}F eGg] sNkgf ug'{x'Fb}g .

dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/aLrsf] clxn]sf] ;d:of ljZjf;sf] ;d:of xf] . ljZjf;sf]jftfj/0f tof/ ug{] sfd b'j} kIfn] u/]sf 5}gg\ . g dfcf]jfbLn] ;/sf/nfO{ljZjf; u5{ g ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ . tn s]xL u8a8L eof] eg] lul/hfafa'n]kmf]g u/]kl5 ;a} j'm/f ldN5 . b'O{–rf/ lbg ;Dks{ ePg eg] k]ml/ ;a} uG8fuf]n;'? x'G5 . ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{] tl/sf ToxL xf] < k|r08 klgPs JolSt, lul/hfafa' klg Ps JolSt . pm dfcf]jfbL ;jf{]Rr, lul/hfafa'xfd|f] ;jf]{Rr g]tf, k|wfgdGqL ePsf gftfn] . pxfFx¿ b'O6fsf] j'm/f ldNof]eg] ;a} j'm/f /fd|f] eof] . b'O6fsf] j'm/f ldn]g eg] eg] ;a} j'm/f g/fd|f]eof] eg]/ xfdLn] s;/L dfGg] < of] tl/sf b'j} kIfn] TofUg'k5{ .

clxn] /fi6«;ª\3sf] xf}jf lkmFhfOPsf] 5 . Tof] a]sf/ xf] . /fi6«;ª\3 eg]sf];3fp ug]{ Pp6f yk ;fwg dfq xf] . p;n] xfdLnfO{ lgb{]zg lbFb}g . lbg;Sb}g . To;f] ug{' p;sf] l;4fGt ljk/Ltsf] j'm/f xf] . p;n] t xfdLnfO{;3fpg] dfq xf] . p;n] xfd|f] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{lt/ ;'‰fj lbg / cfu|xug{ ;S5 . xfdLn] /fi6«;ª\3af6 a9L cfzf u/]/ Oofg dfl6{g g]kfndf5Fb}5, xfdLnfO{ s]sf] b'Mv eGg'x'Fb}g . kqsf/b]lv a'l4hLjL pgLx¿j}m k5fl8bf}8Fbf s]xL klg x'Fb}g . ;Dk"0f{ sfd ug{] tkfO{+ xfdL g} xf] . xfdLn] hf]ltg'k5{ .xfdL g} nfUg'k5{ . o:t} ljrf/–ljd{z u/]/ eP klg cfk"mnfO{ nfu]sf] j'm/flgw{Ss;Fu /fVg ;Sg'k5{ .

/fi6«;ª\3nfO{ k7fPsf] kqdf b'j} kIfsf xftxltof/ tyf ;]gfx¿nfO{ oyf]lrt\¿kaf6 Joj:yfkg ug]{ eg]/ k|lta4tf JoSt u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;]gfnfO{Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu clxn] klxn] slxn] gcfPsf] cj;/ cfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{;/sf/df a;]sfn] u'Dg lbg'ePg . of] cj;/ xf] — ;]gf 36fpg] . o;a]nfdf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ltdLx¿sf] ;a} ;]gf ;vfk u¥of} eg] xfdL g]kfnL ;]gf%) xhf/df cf]/fN5f}F eg]/ afu]{lgª ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g ;/sf/ < xfdLn]


g]kfnsf] ;]gfsf] Oltxf; k9\bf of] ;hfj6sf nflu xf] eg]/ k9]sf xf}F .;nfdL, dnfdL / u'nfdLafx]s o;n] s]xL u/]g . ;nfdL, u'nfdL / dnfdLhfgnfO{ Pp6f a6flnog klg rflxFb}g, Pp6f sDkgL eP k'U5 . To;f] ePPs nfv ;]gf xfdLnfO{ lsg rflxof] < sf];Fu n8\g <

To;}n], g]kfnL ;]gf $) xhf/df ‰f5f}F{ eg]/ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ pgLx¿sf];]gf x6fpg nf]e b]vfpg'k5{ . dfcf]jfbLnfO{ j'mg} lsl;dsf] kmfObfglbg] xf] eg] p;n] tkfO{+n] eg]sf] j'm/f lsg dfGg] < o;/L gofF g]kfnsf]kl/sNkgf ubf{, xltof/ Joj:yfkg ubf{ g]kfnnfO{ lgMz:qLs/0f klgug{ ;lsG5 .

xl/ zdf{pxfFn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf a[xt\ j'm/f p7fpg'ePsf] 5 . ca xfdL o;} ljifodfs]lGb|t eP/ 5nkmn u/f}F . cK7Øf/f] / ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf j'm/f ubf{ eflifsdof{bf sfod ug{'x'g xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5' .

slkn >]i7;}lgs ;+:s[ltn] k/kL8fafx]s s]xL klg ub{}g . o;nfO{ xfdLn] r'gf}tL lbg'k5{ .o;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{'k5{ .

clgn kGtclxn] xfdLsxfF b; xhf/ dflg; a/fa/ Ps hgf 8fS6/ 5, t/ !@%hgfsf lglDt Pp6f ;]gf÷k|x/L kg{ cfpF5 . Tof] xfdLnfO{ rflxG5 t <

clxn] sf7df8f}Fdf ;ª\ul7t ck/fw lsg a9]sf] 5 eg] dflg;n] aGb'srnfpg l;s]sf] 5 . lxhf] /fhgLlts p2]Zosf nflu Aofª\s n'6\g]n] /fhgLlt5f8]kl5 cfk/flws p2]Zosf nflu Aofª\s n'6\5 . dfcf]jfbL ;]gf xf];\ jfg]kfnL ;]gf p;n] ;Ddfghgs sfd kfPg eg] t p;n] s] u5{ < dfcf]jfbLsf#% xhf/ dfG5]n] aGb's rnfpg l;s]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] s] u5{g\ < g]kfnL;]gfnfO{ %) xhf/df ‰fbf{ hflu/ u'dfpg]x¿n] s] sfd unf{g\ < otflt/Wofg lbg'k5{ .

k|rng s] 5 eg] slt ;]gf 5 eGg] eGbf klg slt aGb's 5 eGg]k|Zg ul/G5 . Pp6f aGb's 5 eg] Pp6f ;]gf x'G5 . To;sf cfwf/df;ª\Vof tf]lsG5 . h:tf] dfcf]jfbLn] clxn] #% xhf/ ;]gf eg]sf] 5 ef]ln@% xhf/ aGb's lnP/ cfof] eg] To;nfO{ @% xhf/ g} dflgG5 .


k|To"if jGtw'|jj'mdf/n] /fhgLlts l;4fGtsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf lnP/ eGg'eof] — xltof/df/fHosf] Psflwsf/ x'G5 eg]/ . xfdLn] g]kfndf s]xL jif{ otf @! cf}F ztfAbLdfo:tf] x'G5 eg]/ ;'Gb} cfPsf 5f}F . Tof] /fhgLlts l;4fGt klg k]ml/P/ kf7Øk':tsdfxltof/df /fHosf] Psflwsf/ x'Fb}g eGg] kf] n]lvg cfpF5 ls < lsgeg]c¿n] c;kmn /fHo eg]sf clk|msfsf w]/} b]zdf b'O{y/Ln] xltof/ af]s]sf5g\ . c;kmn gelgPsf xfd|} l5d]sL b]zx¿ ef/t, >Lnª\sf, afª\nfb]z,kfls:tfgdf klg w]/} ;+:yf jf JolStsf] :jfldTjdf xltof/ 5 . oxL l;4fGtnfO{clnslt JofVof ub{} hfFbf xltof/df /fHosf] dfq Psflwsf/ x'Fb}g eGg]dfGotf :yflkt eP/ c/fhstfnfO{ ;fdfGo cfj:yf dfg]/ a:g'kg{] lbg cfpF5ls cfpFb}g <

u0f]zbQ e§k}7f/L ul/Psf] qmflGt cyf{t\ k|f]S;L jf/;Fu h'Wg'kg{] lgolt af]s]sf] g]kfnh:tf]d'n'snfO{ ;]gf/lxt agfpg] kl/sNkgf ug{' slt pko'St xf]nf <

dx]Zj/dfg >]i7w|'jj'mdf/sf] cjnf]sg sfNklgs b]lvof] . dfcf]jfbL ;]gf cfGbf]ngsf] k[i7e"ldePsf] ;]gf xf] eGg] oyfy{nfO{ xfdLn] OGsf/ ug{ ldNb}g . dfcf]jfbLx¿ zflGtk"0f{9ª\un] ax'bnLo Joj:yf dfGg cfpF5' elg/x]sf 5g\ . o; cj:yfdf xltof/sf]6'ª\uf] nufpg dfcf]jfbL ;]gf, gful/s ;dfh, ljz]if1, /fi6«;ª\3, g]kfn;/sf/sf] ;]gf, ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLsf k|ltlglw ;lDdlnt ;ldlt u7g u/]/;]gf uGtL ug{], xltof/ uGtL ug{] / ltgnfO{ yGSofpg] ug{'k5{ . To;kl5;]gf eg]/ ls6fg ePsf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;/sf/n] e/0fkf]if0f ug{'k5{ .

nf]s/fh a/fng]kfnL ;]gfn] rLg / ef/t;Fu o'4 n8\g ;Sb}g . ljutsf] b; jif{n] cfGtl/so'4 n8\g klg ;Sb}g eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ klg aL; xhf/d};Lldt ubf{ x'G5 h:tf] nfU5 . o;sf] cy{ ;]gf rflxFb} rflxFb}g eGg] xf]Og .zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug{, 8j}mtLh:tf ck/fw /f]Sgsf nflu rflxG5 .

dfcf]jfbLx¿n] ax'njfbL k|hftGq dfG5f}F elg;s]kl5 pgLx¿nfO{ xltof/gi6 u/]/ dfq ;/sf/df hfcf] eGg] j'm/f x'Fb}g . b]zsf] /fhgLlts ;d:ofsf];dfwfg Tolt cK7Øf/f] xf]Og . c¿n] cK7Øf/f] agfOlbPsf] dfq xf] .


cd[tf yfkfxltof/ljxLg g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g eGg] k|Zg p7Øf] .dfcf]jfbLx¿ ;fFRr} g} xltof/ljxLg ;+;f/ b]Vg rfxG5g\ . oxL ;'Gb/ ;kgf;lxtsf]nIo af]s]/ lxF8]sf] x'gfn] k|:tf]tfsf] egfO -cfk/flws lqmofsnfk eg]sf]df_k|lt cfklQ 5 .

b'O{cf]6f ;]gf /xG5 ls /xFb}g ljifodf klg ;f]Rg ;lsG5 . ljlwljwfgeg]sf] dflg;n] agfPsf x'g\ .

;'af]w Kofj'm/]n;]gf ePkl5 ;Qf x'G5 eGg] lrGtgsf sf/0fn] b'O{cf]6f ;Qf 5 elgof] .hos[i0fn] klg cfˆgf] ;]gf ePsf sf/0f t];|f] ;Qf ePsf] b]vfP . rf}yf];Qf klg 5 dw];L 6fOu/ eGg] . Pp6f d'n'sdf Pp6f dfq ;]gf x'G5eGg'sf] cy{ s] eg] sfg'gsf] kfngf x'g'k5{ eGg] xf] . xftdf aGb's ePkl5sfg'g lsg 6]g{] < sfg'gsf] zf;g klg Gofok"0f{ xf];\ eGg] j'm/f ;a}n] dflgcfPsf5g\ . xltof/ / ;]gf Joj:yfkgsf] j'm/f ubf{ dfgj clwsf/ sfg'gsf a'Fbfx¿/fv]/ Pp6f 8j'md]G6 agfpg'k5{ h;sf] pNnª\3g u/]afkt /fHo / dfcf]jfbLjf hf] sf]xLn] klg cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfcg';f/sf] ;hfo kfpg] k|aGw ug{'k5{ .

åGådf ;fd]n ePsf kIfx¿n] ha;Dd lbg] j'm/f a9L ub{}gg\ ta;DdzflGt cfpFb}g . xfdL t lbg] xf]Og lng] j'm/f ul//fv]sf] 5f}F . xltof/ Joj:yfkgdfPp6f 7"nf] uNtL s] b]v]sf] 5' eg] qmflGtsf/Lx¿ k]G;g vfgnfO{ qmflGtsf/LePsf xf]Ogg\ . clxn] qmflGtsf/Lx¿ klg /fHoaf6 e/0fkf]if0f kfpg] SofDkdfhfFb}5g\ . To;f] xf] eg] b]zsf #@ nfv a]/f]huf/n] e/0fkf]if0f dfUnfg\ lsgdfUnfg\ <

ldlnl;ofsf] xltof/ s] ug{] < ltgnfO{ xltof/ gdfGg' x'Fb}g . lsgeg]aGb's h;n] af]s] klg plQj}m vt/gfs x'G5 .

;Ls] nfnd]l;gug dfq} xltof/ xf] ls n7\7L klg xltof/ xf] < xltof/ eg]sf] s]xf] eGg] ljifodf ;j{dfGo kl/efiff rflxG5 .

3gZofd kf}8]ncfOl/; l/klAnsg cfdL{ / la|l6; ;/sf/sf aLrdf ;D‰f}tf ePsf] s]xL jif{kl5;Ddklg cfOl/; l/klAnsg cfdL{;Fu xltof/ lyof] . ;+;f/df o:tf pbfx/0f c¿


klg x'g ;S5g\ . To;}n] b'O{cf]6f ;]gf sxLF klg x'Fb}g eGg] xf]Og .d oxfF b'O{cf]6f leqL j'm/f atfpg rfxG5' . afx|a'Fb] ;xdlt tof/ ePsf

a]nfdf dfcf]jfbLn] ;ft bnnfO{ ;f]w]sf] lyof] o'4lj/fd u/f}F eg]/ . Toltv]/lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf, dfwj g]kfn, clds z]/rg nufot ;a}n] clxn] o'4lj/fdug{'x'\Fb}g eg]sf lyP . pgLx¿n] ltdL ltd|f] 7fpFaf6 7f]s xfdL xfd|f] 7fpFaf67f]S5f}F eg]sf lyP .

hgcfGbf]ngsf] lj/f6 k|bz{gdf cfPsf hgtf g t dfcf]jfbLn] dfq} k7fP/cfPsf] xf] g t ;ft bnn] NofP/ cfPsf] xf] . dfcf]jfbL / ;ft bnsfaLrdf h'g ;xdlt eof] To;n] /fhg}lts lgsf; lbG5 eGg] 7fg]/ hgtfpN6]/ cfPsf] xf] .

dfcf]jfbL ;]gfnfO{ :jLsf/ gug{] xf] eg] Pp6} pkfo 5 ls dfcf]jfbL;]gfnfO{ l;Wofpg] ls /fHosf] ;]gfnfO{ l;Wofpg] . o;f] ug{] cEof; ePsf]xf] . t/ c;kmn eof] . To;}n] klxn] ;xdlt ePh:tf] b'j} ;]gfnfO{ Joj:yfkgug{'k5{ . of] ljlzi6 cj:yf xf] .

nlnt a:g]t/fhgLlts ;dfwfgljgf xltof/ dfq Joj:yfkg elgof] eg] Tof] d"v{tf x'g]5 .clxn] dfcf]jfbLsf] /fhgLlts ch]G8f s] xf] eGg] klg :ki6 x'g'k5{ — ;Qfdfq xf] ls ;+ljwfg;ef xf] <

zf]efs/ a'9fyf]sLxltof/ Joj:yfkgsf] j'm/fnfO{ a[xt\ Kofs]hsf ¿kdf x]l/g'k5{ . of] zflGtk|lqmofeGbf 5'§} j'm/f xf]Og .

s[i0f vgfnxltof/ / ;]gf /fHonfO{ alnof] agfpgsf nflu ;xof]uL dfWod dfq xf]eGg] dfGof] eg] cln ;lhnf] x'G5 . csf{] /fHosf af/]df xfdL ;xdlt lgdf{0fsf]k|lqmofdf 5f}F . ;xdltk"0f{ /fHo alg;s]kl5 b'O{cf]6f ;]gf, b'O{cf]6f ;QfeGg] j'm/} cfpFb}g .

x:t u'?ªxltof/eGbf xltof/ rnfpg] JolStsf] dfgl;stf vt/gfs xf] h:tf] nfU5 .xltof/ rnfP/ dfq} lhT5', xltof/ rnfP/ dfq} ;d:of ;dfwfg u5{' eGg]


dfgl;stf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbLsf] xf];\ jf p;sf lj/f]wLsf] h;sf] ePklg vt/gfs x'G5 .

;'/]z cfn]xltof/ Joj:yfkgsf af/]df j'm/f ubf{ cGt/f{li6«o cg'ejx¿nfO{ klg x]g{'k5{t/ xfd|f df}lnstfnfO{ klg TolQj}m Wofg lbg'kg{] x'G5 . g]kfnL ;]gf /fli6«o;]gf xf]Og eGg] j'm/f k:6 eO;s]sf] 5 . ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] zflGt ;]gfdfefu lnFb}df Tof] /fli6«o ;]gf x'Fb}g .

Pp6f cfZro{ s] nfU5 eg] xltof/ dg kg{] sf]xL 5}g . ;]gf dg k/fpg]sf]xL 5}g . t/ pgLx¿ /fHorflxF eO/xg'k5{ eG5g\ . xltof/ gePsf] ;]gf/ ;]gf gePsf] /fHosf] kl/sNkgf ub{}{gg\ . xltof/ lgif]w ug{] xf] eg] ;]gfx'g'ePg . ;]gf geP /fHo x'g'ePg . /fHo ePkl5 ;]gf t x'G5 x'G5 .;]gf 5 eg] xltof/ x'G5 .

w|'jj'mdf/;dli6ut ¿kdf eGg] xf] eg] cfhsf] sfo{qmd lzIffd"ns nfUof] . tkfO{+x¿n]eGg'ePsf w]/} j'm/fx¿ dgg ug{'k5{ . d}n] klg l;Sg ;S5' . g]kfnL ;]gfsf];Gbe{df j'm/f ubf{ xfdLn] o;sf] k'gu{7g ug{'k5{ . dfcf]jfbLn] klg /fhgLltsl;4fGt k5fl8 /fv]/ aGb's cufl8 /fv]sf] 5 . l;4fGtsf] s;}n] lj/f]w ub{}g .


gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgfk|:tf]tf

/fdz/0f dxtlgnfDa/ cfrfo{

;+of]hssgs bLlIft


sgs bLlIftxfdLn] clnslt dxŒjfsfª\Iff /fv]/ o; ;Dd]ngnfO{ zflGt, k'glg{df{0f /ljsf;;DaGwL /fli6«o ;Dd]ng eg]sf lyof}F . /fli6«o t x'g k'Uof] lsgeg]sf7df8fF} pkTosfaflx/af6 w]/} ldqx¿ ;xefuL x'g'ePsf] 5 . d}n] a'‰]cg';f/clnslt eP klg b]zJofkL ¿kaf6 :j/ cfPsf] h:tf] b]lvof] . lat]sf b'O{lbgsf ;qx¿df tf]lsPsf ljifodf ax;, ljjfb eP . ltgdf slt ulxl/P/hfg ;lsof] jf slt ulxl/P/ hfg ;lsPg eGg] ljifodf ;xefuLx¿ cfk}Fmn]d"Nofª\sg ug]{ j'm/f xf] . d]/f] lghL ljrf/df rflxF st} ulx/f] k'luof], st}ax;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOof] . 5nkmn / ax;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] klg sfdclt dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

lbuf] zflGt eg]kl5 ;+ljwfg;efsf] j'm/f 68\sf/f] cfpF5 . To; ljifodf5nkmnsf nflu h'g vfnsf] cfwf/ rflxG5 Tof] cfwf/ tof/ ug{ of] ;df/f]x/ cGt klg eO/x]sf ax;n] cfwf/ k|bfg u5{g\ . dgfl;a ax; cufl8a9\g'k5{ . zflGt lelqof] eg]b]lv g]kfnL ;dfh Psbd dl;gf–dl;gf ljrf/nfO{klg lnP/ cufl8 a9\g ;Ifd 5 . xfdLn] hgcfGbf]ngdfk{mt klg s] b]Vof}Feg] cfd hgtfn] /fhgLlt a'‰]sf /x]5g\ . oxL a'‰fOsf sf/0fn] g} ;+ljwfg;efdfk{mt/fd|f] eljio agfpgsf nflu g]kfn ;'xfpFbf], g]kfnL hgtf ;'xfpFbf] /fli6«o;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] k|:6 ePsf] 5 .

oxfF tkfO+{x¿n] afa'/fd e§/fO{nfO{ b]Vg'ePg . pxfF cfpg'x'g] 5}g . pxfFn]kmf]g u/]/ lxh} s] eGg'eof] eg] lxhf]nfO{ to ul/Psf] kf6L{x¿aLrsf] 5nkmnef]ln jf kl;{ x'Fb}5 . To;sf] tof/Lsf] sfd lxhf]af6 cfh ;/]sf] x'gfn]pxfF cfpg c;dy{ x'geof] . To;sf] dtna Ps vfnsf] c;Gt'ngx'g uPsf] 5 . xfdL;Fu cy{dGqL /fdz/0f dxt x'g'x'G5 . clg lgnfDa/cfrfo{ x'g'x'G5 . /fdz/0f dxt ;/sf/df x'g'x'G5 . lgnfDa/ cfrfo{ :jtGqa'l4hLjL . s;}n] pbf/ jfdkGyL ljrf/ /fVg] dflg; eG5g\ . dfcf]jfbLljb|f]xL kIfaf6 xfdLn] afa'/fd e§/fO{nfO{ 8fs]sf lyof}F . pxfF cfpg g;Sg'


ePkl5 xfdLn] o;/L g} cufl8 a9f}F eGg] ;f]Rof}F .

ax'njfbL /fhgLlt / j'mzn cy{tGq/fdz0f dxt

clxn] xfdL Oltxf;sf] cToGt} ;+j]bgzLn 38Ldf 5f}F, rf}af6f]df 5f}F . of];ª\qmd0fkl5 b]z stf hfG5 eGg] k|Zg ;a}sf] dgdf v]ln/fv]sf] 5 . o;sf]Pp6f ;sf/fTds kIfrflxF s] 5 eg] clwsf+z g]kfnL / af}l4s ;d'bfon]7"nf] cfzf u/]sf] 5 . cj:yf lau|g] xf] ls eg]/ zª\sf ug{]x¿ klg 5g\ .t/ cTolws ax';ª\Vos dflg;rflxF of] b]zsf] eljiok|lt cfzfjfg\ 5g\ .clxn] zflGt k'g:yf{kgf ePsf] 5, ca xfdL lbuf] zflGtsf] af6f]df 5f}F .hgtfnfO{ ;fFlRrj}m alnof] agfpg] nf]stGqsf] :yfoL hu a:g yfn]sf] 5eGg] cfzf clwsf+zn] u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;'vb eljiosf nflu of] Pp6f/fd|f] ;ª\s]t xf] .

gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgfsf] j'm/f ubf{ d b'O{cf]6f j'm/fdf hf]8 lbg rfxG5' .Pp6f xfd|f] /fhgLlts eljio s] xf] < /, csf]{ xfd|f] cfly{s eljio s] xf] <

/fhgLlts eljiok|hftGqsf] ljsNk 5}g . nf]stGqsf] ljsNk 5}g . t/ k|hftGq eg]sf] s:tf]k|hftGq xf] < o;sf af/]df ;a} :ki6 x'g'k5{ . of] pbf/ k|hftGq xf] . sfg'gsf]zf;g ePsf], ax'njfbL, zlGtk"0f{ k|lt:kwf{Tds, dfgj clwsf/sf ljZjJofkLdfGotfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] k|hftGq x'g'k5{ . o;k|lt ;a} k|lta4 x'g'kb{5 .k|hftGqsf] of]eGbf csf]{ ljsNk x'Fb}g .

k|hftGqsf w]/} kl/efiff x'G5g\ . sxLF hgu0ftGq elgG5 . sxLF k|hftflGqsu0ftGq elgG5 . ca ;a}n] cfk"mnfO{ k|hftGq g} eG5g\ . hgjfbL, k|hftflGqsu0ftGq, hgu0ftGq gfdsf sltko ;j{;QfjfbL zf;g klg ljleGg d'n'sdf5g\ . ltgn] klg cfk"mnfO{ k|hftGq eG5g\ . t/ g]kfnsf] eljio ax'njfbLk|hftGqdf 5 hxfF sfg'gL /fh x'G5, k|lt:kwf{Tds /fhgLlt x'G5 / hf]dfgj clwsf/sf ljZjJofkL dfGotfk|lt k|lta4 x'G5 . g]kfndf ToxL k|hftGqx'g'k5{ . t/ k|hftGqnfO{ s;/L k|hftflGqsLs/0f ug{] r'gf}tL 5 . PGyf]gLlulnªsf egfOdf k|hftGqnfO{ s;/L k|hftflGqs agfpg] eGg] j'm/f g} k|hftGqsf;fd' /x]sf] r'gf}tL xf] . ax'njfbL, klZrdf z}nLsf], pbf/ k|hftGqnfO{ klgs;/L k|hftflGqs agfpg] eGg] 7"nf] r'gf}tL xfdL ;fd' 5 . xfdLnfO{ k|hftGqdfq eP/ k'u]g . To;nfO{ yk k|hftflGqs agfpg] h?/t k¥of] . xfdLn]


ljut aif{df hftLotf, efiff, hghflt, wd{ / ;+:s[lt;DaGwL r]tgf a9]sf]b]v]sf 5f}F . cfˆgf] If]qLo klxrfg, hghftLo klxrfg / pkhftLotfsf] klxrfgvf]Hg] r]tgf clxn] lgj}m a9]sf] 5 . of] g]kfnsf] dfq ljz]iftf xf]Og .;f/f ;+;f/el/ g} o; ljifodf 7"nf] ax; eO/x]sf] 5 . casf] r'gf}tLrflxFhghftLotfaf6 cfPsf] 5 . of] rfxgfnfO{ ldnfpg ;Sg] k|hftGq x'g'k¥of] .o; rfxgfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] k|hftGq x'g'k¥of] / ;a}eGbf tNnf] ju{nfO{alnof] agfpg] k|hftGq x'g''k¥of] . k|hftGq eGgfn] jfs\:jtGqtf, ef]6 xfNg]/ r'gfjdf p7\g], ;~rf/dfWodsf] :jtGqtf dfq xf]Og . k|hftGqsf] eljio;a}eGbf tNnf] txsf hgtfn] slt clwsf/ kfof] eGg] j'm/fdf lge{/ ub{5 .h;n] tNnf] ju{sf hgtfnfO{ a9L clwsf/ lbG5 Tof] jf:tljs k|hftGq xf] .

clxn] ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL eof] eg] a9L k|hftGq x''G5 eGg] klg ax; 5 .csf]{ lsg ;ª\3Lo dfq} To;eGbf c‰ cufl8 hfg] eGg] klg ts{ 5 . :yfgLolgsfonfO{ a9L clwsf/ lbof] eg] To;n] dflg;sf rfxgf k"/f u5{ . g]kfndfw]/} hghflt 5g\ . :yfgLo txdf pgLx¿sf] hlt a9L k|ltlglwTj x'G5 dflyNnf]txdf Tolt x'Fb}g . pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj hlt dfly uof] plt 36\b} uPsf]5 . :yfgLo txdf rflxF pgLx¿sf] /fd|f] k|ltlglwTj 5 . To;sf/0f :yfgLotxdf zlSt lbg'k¥of] . hlthlt dflysf] kq a9fpFb} hfg'x'G5 :yfgLo txsf]clwsf/ pltplt 36\b} hfG5 . lxGb':tfgdf sltko /fHodf :yfgLo k~rfotn]tLg xhf/ ?lkofFeGbf a9\tf vr{ ug{ lhNnf kl/ifb\af6 kf; u/fpg'kb{5 .Tof] k|sf/sf] ;ª\3Lo :j¿kn] t hgtfnfO{ ‰g\ sdhf]/ agfpF5 . To;}n]:yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L clwsf/ lbg'k5{ eGg] ax; eO/x]sf] 5 .s]Gb|n] Psbd} sd clwsf/ lnP/ :yfgLo txdf a9LeGbf a9L ;fwg lbg;Sof] eg] To;n] :yfgLo txsf] cfsfª\Iff k"/f u5{ .

clxn]sf] ljsf;sf] cg'ejn] klg s] b]vfpF5 eg] hxfF hgtfsf] ;lqmo;xeflutf 5, hgtfn] cfkF}mn] ljsf; lgdf{0f ;'? u/]sf 5g\, pgLx¿sf];xeflutf ePsf] 7fpFdf ;a}eGbf a9L k|ltkmn cfPsf] 5, kl/of]hgfx¿ ;kmnePsf 5g\ . rfx] vfg]kfgLsf], u|fdL0f vfg]kfgLsf] j'm/f ug'{xf];\, rfx] ‰f]n'ª\u]k'nsf] j'm/f ug'{xf];], rfx] af6f]3f6f] lgdf{0fsf] j'm/f ug'{xf];\, rfx] :s'n ;~rfngsf]j'm/f ug'{xf];\, hxfF hgtf cfk}Fmn] clwsf/ lnP/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf5g\ ToxfF of]hgf ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .

o;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] pbfx/0f ;fd'bflos jg xf] . aL; jif{ klxn] g]kfnnfO{;+j]bgzLn b]z elgGYof] . d cd]l/sfdf x'Fbf htftt} Pp6f ;fgf] 8j'md]G6«Lb]vfO/xGy] . To;df b]vfOPsf] lyof], g]kfnsf] kxf8 cToGt sdhf]/ 5,


ToxfF jftfj/0fLo k|sf]k x'g yfn]sf] 5, e":vng eO/fv]sf] 5, klx/f] uO/fv]sf]5, af9L cfO/fv]sf] 5 lsgeg] ToxfFsf] jg ;dfKt eof] . hª\un ljgfzsfsf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfn ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf a9L jftfj/0fLo ljgfzsf] csf{] 7fpFaGb}5 . !(*)÷*% lt/sf] j'm/f xf] ljZj Aofª\sn] oxL ultdf jg ljgfzeO/x]df cfufdL @) jif{df g]kfndf Pp6f ¿v klg afFsL /xFb}g eg]/ klgn]Vof] . t/ hgtfn] ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ lhDdf lnPkl5 clxn]g]kfnsf ufpFdf htfht} xl/ofnL b]Vg kfOG5 . ca g]kfndf jftfj/0fLok|sf]k x'G5 eGg] j'm/f s;}n] klg eGb}g . hgtfn] k|ToIf lhDd]jf/L lnPsf7fpFdf pb]snfUbf lsl;dsf ;kmntf kfOG5 eGg] j'm/f g]kfndf b]lvPsf]5 . To;sf/0f xfdLn] Tof] ju{nfO{ zlStzfnL agfpg'k¥of] . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf]lhDdf klg ToxL ju{nfO{ lbg'k¥of] . dflyNnf] txnfO{ yf]/}eGbf yf]/} dfqclwsf/ lbg'k¥of] . dflyNnf] txn] clwsf/ cfk"mdf lvRg'ePg . cfheGbf@% jif{cufl8 ;/sf/} ;a}yf]s lyof] t/ clxn] To:tf] 5}g . zf;g s]Gb|Lo;/sf/n] dfq ug]{ xf]Og, :yfgLo lgsfo klg 5, gful/s ;dfh klg 5,lghL If]q klg 5 .

cg'ejn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] ;/sf/ hlt 7"nf] eof] Tolt e2f x'G5,To;sf sfddf l9nfO x'G5, To;n] tTsfn ug{'kg{] sfd ug{ ;Sb}g / rfF8f]lg0f{o lng ;Sb}g . ;/sf/ eGg]lalQj}m xfd|f] b]zdf dfq xf]Og ;a}lt/ cj'mznx'G5 elgG5 . To;}n], :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg'k5{, gful/s ;dfhnfO{lhDd]jf/L lbg'k5{ . sltko If]qdf lghL If]qnfO{ lbg'k5{ . o;n] k|hftGqnfO{Jofks agfpF5 . d}n] k|hftGqnfO{ k|hftflGqs agfpg'k¥of] eg]sf] o;} ;Gbe{dfxf] . k|hftGqsf ;fd' /x]sf] r'gf}tL eg]sf] pbf/, ax'njfbL k|hftGqnfO{ s;/Lk|hftflGqs agfpg] eGg] xf] . gofF g]kfndf k|hftGq dfq} eP/ k'Ub}g o;nfO{lj:tf/ ug{'k5{, yk k|hftflGqsLs/0f ug{'k5{ .

cfly{s eljiocj d cfly{s kl/b[Zosf af/]df s]xL eGg rfxG5' . clxn]sf] Pp6f ;d:ofs] xf] eg] ;f/f ;+;f/el/ cfly{s ch]G8f cu|kª\lQmdf /x]sf] 5 . xfdL b]z–ljb]zdf hfFbfv]l/ b]V5f}F b'O{–tLg jif{df k"/} k]ml/Psf] x'G5 . ToxL ultdf s;/Lbf}8g] eGg] lrGtf ;a}df 5 — ;/sf/, gful/s, gful/s ;dfh cflb .kmnfgf] d'n'ssf hgtfsf] eGbf /fd|f hLjg:t/ s;/L agfpg] eGg] . hLjg:t/s;/L p7fpg] eGg] . k"jf{wf/df nufgL u/]/ gofF j[l4sf nflu cfjZosk"jf{wf/ s;/L tof/ ug]{ eGg] . t/ b'ef{Uojz g]kfndf cfly{s ch]G8fn]


dxŒj kfPsf] 5}g . xfdL /fhgLlts ljifodf ?dlNnPsf 5f}F . c¿ d'n'ssf;fd' lz/ 7f8f] kfg{ cfly{s ljifonfO{ dxŒj lbg}k5{ . csf{] pkfo 5}g .

xfdLnfO{ nfh dg'{ eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfn rfF8} g} blIf0f Pl;ofsf] ;a}eGbf ul/a b]z x'Fb}5 . xfdL clxn] klg /fhgLlts ljifodf s]lGb|t 5f}F .cfly{s ljifodf Wofg k'¥ofpg ;s]sf 5}gf}F . b]znfO{ s;/L cfly{s ¿kn];+j[4 agfpg ;lsG5 eGg]lt/ /fli6«o ax; ePsf] 5}g . hgtfsf] hLjg:t/;'wfg{ ;lsPg eg] xfd|f] eljio 5}g . xfd|f] OHht afFsL /xFb}g .

clxn]sf] ;+;f/df b]zsf] cfsf/ dxŒjk"0f{ dflgb}g . gful/ssf] hLjg:t/s:tf] 5 To;sf cfwf/df k|lti7f lgwf{/0f x'G5 . cfly{s ljifon] k|wfgtfkfPkl5 hLjg:t/ ;'w|g] cfznfUbf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g yfN5 .

cfly{s ljsf;sf] j'm/f ubf{ xfdL ;w}Fel/ hn;|f]tdf wgL 5f}F eG5f}F .To;df zª\j}m 5}g . g]kfnsf] hn;Dkbfn] g} g]kfnnfO{ t'?Gt ;d[4 agfpg;S5 . cfufdL @)–@% jif{leq g]kfnnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg ;Sg] j'mg} ;Dkbf5 eg] Tof] hn;|f]t xf] . t/ xfdLn] To;sf] Ps k|ltzt klg pkof]u ug{;s]sf 5}gf}F . lsgeg] hn;|f]tsf] j'm/f ubf{ ljjfb x'G5 . o;sf] j'm/f ug{]lalQj}mof] /fhgLlts ljifo aG5 . of] ;fx«} b'ef{Uosf] j'm/f xf] . x/]s ldg]6 x/]s;]s]G8df nfvf}F 8n/ To;} au]/ v]/ uO/x]sf] 5 . au]/ v]/ uO/x]sf] kfgLdfq pkof]u ug{ ;Sof] eg] a;]{lg v/af}F 8n/ sdfO x'G5 . xfdL blIf0fPl;ofsf] kfj/ xfp; aGg ;S5f}F .

xfd|f] h}ljs ljljwtf o:tf] 5 ls Ps 306f uf8Ldf lxF8\bf lxdfnob]]lvpi0f k|b]zsf] hnjfo' e]l6G5 . oqf] 7"nf] crDd ;+;f/df sxfF x'G5 < To;dflyh}ljs ljljwtfn] s[lif, h8La'6L, jg ;Dkbfsf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf ylklbPsf]5 . o;nfO{ xfd|f] ;d[l4sf] ;|f]t agfpg ;S5f}F .

ko{6gsf] plQj}m ;Defjgf 5 . xfdL lzIff, :jf:Yosf nflu s]Gb|laGb'aGg ;S5f}F . 3/aflx/ v]lng] v]ns'bsf nflu g]kfnsf] df};d /fd|f] 5 .oxfFsf] df};d ;+;f/j}m ;a}eGbf /fd|f]dWo]df k5{ . o:tf] ljlzi6tfn] ubf{xfdLsxfF k|z:t ;Defjgf 5 . oL ;DefjgfnfO{ pkof]u ug{]lt/ w]/} sfdePsf klg 5g\ . t/ Totflt/ d hfGgF . d eljiosf] dfq j'm/f] ub}{5' .oL ;a} j'm/fn] klg g]kfnnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg ;S5 .

t/ ;fwg x'Fb}df dflg; wgL x'G5 eGg] 5}g . ;fwgsf ;fy}, ;xL gLlt,nufgLsf nflu pko'St vfnsf] jftfj/0f, /fd|f] ;/sf/ / k|lta4 /fhgLltsg]t[Tj ePdf dfq} ;d[l4 cfpF5 . xfdLn] cfk"msxfF ePsf] hn;|f]tsf] Psk|ltzt klg pkof]u ug{ g;s]af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] ;fwgn] dfq s]xL lbFb}g .


k|lta4tf, pko'St jftfj/0f, /fd|f] ;/sf/ / bx«f] ;+:yf geOsg ;|f]t /;fwgsf] ufyf dfq ufP/ s]xL x'Fbf] /x]g5 .

Pd=cfO{=6L=sf] :s'n ckm d]g]hd]G6sf l8g Nof:6/ yf]/f]n] s] eg]sflyP eg] cGoq gePsf] ;|f]t cfk"m;Fu ePsf b]zx¿ wgL x'G5g\ eg]/ cy{zf:qsfkf7Øk':tsdf k9]sf] j'm/f k'/fgf] eO;Sof] . ;|f]tn] cfk}Fm wgL agfpFYof] eg]a|flhn wgL x'g'kg]{, ;f]leot o'lgog wgL x'g'kg]{ t/ ltgLx¿ clxn] klgljsf;f]Gd'v b]z x'g\ . clnslt klg ;|f]t;fwg gePsf] hfkfgh:tf] d'n's;+;f/sf] ;d[4 b]zdWo]df k5{ . ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf b|'tultdf cfly{s j[l4eO/x]sf b]zx¿df l;ª\ufk'/, tfOjfg, xªsª / hfkfg k5{g\ hxfF clnsltklg ;|f]t;fwg 5}gg\ . ;f]leot o'lgogdf Toqf] ;fwg 5, a]lNhoddf Toqf];fwg 5 t/ pgLx¿sf] cfly{s j[l4 lwdf 5 . cyf{t\ ;fwg x'g]lalQj}m;d[l4 g'x'g] /x]5 .

cd]l/sf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfdf w]/} wgL 5 t/ ToxfFsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdfk|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] of]ubfg tLg k|ltzteGbf sd 5 . cd]l/sfsf] ;d[l4dfToxfFsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] of]ubfg gu0o 5 .

lxGb':tfgsf] cy{tGq b|'tultdf cl3 a9]sf] 5 t/ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf andfxf]Og ;"rgf k|ljlwsf andf cyf{t\ dflg;sf] lbdfuL zlStsf andf . lxGb':tfgdfsf]Onfdf cfwfl/t pBf]uaf6 ljsf; x'g'kg{] xf] t/ ToxfF ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwLpBf]u lsg Nofpg'k¥of] t < lsgeg] clxn]sf] ;+;f/df b|'tt/ ultdf a9]sfpBf]ux¿ dfgj zlStdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . b"/;~rf/ clxn]sf] b|'tt/ ultdfa9]sf] pBf]u xf] . of] dfgj zlStdf cfwfl/t 5 . 7"nf] ;Defjgf ePsf]csf]{ pBf]u ;"Id hLj lj1fg xf] . sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]u xf] . oL ;a}dfgj zlStdf cfwfl/t 5g\ .

ljsf;sf] j'm/f ubf{ lgof{tnfO{ x]g{'k5{, ;+;f/sf] ahf/nfO{ x]g'{k5{ . cfGtl/sahf/nfO{ dfq Wofg lbg] cfly{s of]hgfsf] eljio 5}g . :jb]zL ahf/nfO{dfq Wofg lbg] xf] j[l4b/ yf]/} x'G5 . ljb]zsf] ahf/ x]g{'k5{ . lgof{t gul/sgj'mg} klg d'n'sn] ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . lgof{t ug{sf nlu pTkfbsTja9fpg'k¥of] . pTkfbsTj a9fpgsf nflu gofF 1fg rflxof] . dhb'/sf] u'0f:t/;'wfg{'k¥of] . To;kl5 dfq ;+;f/sf] ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] ;fdfg ;:tf]dfpTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . clxn] rLg ;f/f ;+;f/sf nflu r'gf}tL ag]/ cfPsf]5 . klZrdL ahf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cfly{s qf; rLgaf6 5 lsgeg] rLgn];+;f/sf j'mg} klg j:t' cToGt} ;:tf]df pTkfbg u5{ . clxn] cd]l/sfsf]6«]h/L lan rLgn] lslg/x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] pTkfbsTj /fd|f] ePsfn] ubf{


pgLx¿ cfˆgf ;fdfg a]Rg ;S5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ o;f] ug{ ;S5g\ .xfd|f]df klg sfk{]6 pBf]u /fd|f] lyof] . xfdL Go'lhNofG8af6 pmg NofpFYof}F

/ oxfF sfk]{6 agfP/ P6nflG6sdf a]RYof}F . Tof] xfd|f] pBd lyof] . rfx]klZdgf pBf]u egfF} rfx] ufd]{G6 pBf]u egf}F oL ;a} ljb]zL ahf/df cfwfl/tlyP . ljb]zL ahf/ kfpgsf nflu xfdLn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg'k¥of] . To;sfnflu hgzlStdf c‰ a9L nufgL ug{'k5{, cf}Bf]lus zflGt rflxG5 . gqeg] xfd|f] cfly{s eljio 5}g .

g]kfnsf] cfly{s eljio ;'Gb/ agfpgsf nflu ;/sf/sf] ;a}eGbf w]/};|f]t;fwg u|fdL0f If]qdf hfg'k¥of] . ;a}eGbf tNnf] If]qdf hfg'k¥of] . lg0f{oug]{ clwsf/ :yfgLo :t/nfO{ lbg'k¥of] . ToxL df]8n w]/} ;kmn ePsf] 5 .ljutsf] cg'ejn] ToxL b]vfpF5 . cfw'lgs o'udf ;/sf/afx]s c¿ klgIf]q 5g\ h;n] ;dfhdf e"ldsf lgefpF5g\ . :yfgLo ;/sf/, lghL If]q,gful/s ;dfh ;a}nfO{ cfˆgf]–cfˆgf] If]qdf e"ldsf lbg'k5{ . clg k"jf{wf/ljsf;df w]/} nufgL ug{'k5{ . oL ;a}sf nflu :yfoL zflGt rflxG5 . cfly{scjwf/0ff eg]sf] kf6L{–kf6L{sf] km/s x'G5 . hgtfn] h;sf] cfly{s sfo{qmdnfO{ef]6 lbG5 cfly{s of]hgf To;}n] tof/ u5{ . t/ zflGt / /fhg}lts eljiosfdfdnfdf clxn] Go"gtd ;xdlt eof] eg] To;n] gofF g]kfnsf] cfly{s pGgltsf]cfwf/zLnf agfpF5 .

lx+;fd'St /fhgLlt, qf;d'St g]kfnLlgnfDa/ cfrfo{

klxnf] j'm/f t gofF g]kfnsf] sNkgfaf/] dnfO{ af]Ng elgPsf] 5 . Tof]sNkgf g} xf] s] < gofF g]kfnsf] sNkgf lsg rflxof] < Tof] j'm/f clnslteGg' cfjZos 5 . gofF g]kfnsf] sNkgf ug{' eg]sf] g]kfnsf] clxn];Ddsf]h'g klxrfg 5 To;af6 xfdL ;Gt'i6 5}gf}F eGg] xf] . g]kfn lje]bo'St 5hxfF blnt 5g\, cToGt lgs[i6 lje]b 5, hxfF dlxnfx¿ klg lje]bdf k/]sf5g\ . g]kfn oqf] ljljwtfo'St x'FbfxF'b} klg ltgLx¿ ;a}nfO{ /fHon] ;d]6\g;s]sf] 5}g . oqf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ xF'bfxF'b} klg hLjgdf si6 5 / xfd|f;DaGwx¿ q"m/ rl/qsf 5g\ . lx+;f 5 . k|e'Tj 5 .

k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{af6 dfq xfdL lrlgg] dfgjlgld{t ;f}Gbo{af6 glrlgg]xf]Og . xfdL ca gofF g]kfn, gofF klxrfgsf] g]kfn, xfdLn] lgdf{0f u/]sf]g]kfnsf] klxrfg agfpg rfxG5f}F eGg] xf] . of] gofF klxrfg s:tf] x'g'k5{eGg] j'm/f g} ;fob gofF g]kfnsf] j'm/f xf] . t/ g]kfn o'4d'St, g]kfnL


qf;d'St / /fhgLlt lx+;fd'St eof] eg] dfq gofF g]kfnsf] sNkgf ug{;lsG5 / gofF g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] xfdLnfO{ o'4d'Stg]kfn rflxPsf] 5 . lx+;fd'St /fhgLlt rflxPsf] 5 . qf;d'St g]kfnL rflxPsf]5 . Tof] eof] eg] dfq gofF g]kfn aGg ;S5 / Tof] aGg] k|lqmof cufl8a9\g ;S5 .

xfdL lxhf]sf] klxrfgaf6 gofF g]kfnsf] klxrfgdf hfg rfxG5f}F eg]sf]ljZjnfO{ xfd|f] b]zn] gofF g]t[Tj, gofF af6f] lbg] xf]Og, ljZjsf] GofofwLz;/xsf]b]z agfpg vf]h]sf] xf]Og . cyf{t\ gofF g]kfnsf] j'm/f ubf{v]l/ gofF cfbz{l;4fGtsf] k|of]uzfnf g]kfnnfO{ agfpg vf]lhPsf] xf]Og . of] klg k|:6x'g'k5{ . xfdLn] ljZjn] k|fKt u/]sf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[ltsIf]qsf cg'ejx¿nfO{ a6'n]/ To;af6 nfeflGjt x'g rfx]sf] xf] . xfdLn]ljZjaf6 k[ys\ eP/ gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ vf]h]sf] xf]Og, ug'{x'Fb}g .ljZj;Fu hf]l8Psf] :jfledfgL g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] . gofFg]kfnsf] ;f]r ubf{v]l/ d olt dfq eGg ;S5' ls Tof] gofF g]kfndf cfhsf;DaGwx¿ x'g]5}gg\ hf] ;fdfGtL k|e'Tjaf6 lgb]{lzt 5g\ . /fhgLltdf, kl/jf/df,wd{df, ;+:s[ltdf, kf6L{df, ofjt\ j'm/fdf ;fdfGtL k|efj /x]sf] 5 . Pp6fsf]k|e'Tjdf c¿ a:g'kg]{ eGg] k|j[lQ xfaL 5 . gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ubf{v]l/xfdL To:tf] g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf u5f}{F hxfF ;fdfGtL ;DaGw ;dfKt eP/gofF nf]stflGqs ;DaGw :yflkt x'G5g\ . kl/jf/df, /fhgLlts kf6L{df, ;fdflhs;ª\3;+:yfdf, /fHodf / ;dfhdf nf]stflGqs ;DaGw :yflkt x'G5g\ . cyf{t\gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf k'/fgf ;DaGwx¿af6 gofF ;DaGwx¿df k|j]zsf]kl/sNkgf xf] .

dnfO{ nfU5 xfdLn] 5nfª dfg]{ j'm/f w]/} ug'{x'Fb}g . xfdLn] Jojxf/dfptfg{ g;lsg] cfbz{lt/ hfg'x'F'b}g . xfdLn] Tof] ug'{ vf]Hg'k5{ hf] xfdL cTolws¿kdf ug{ ;S5f}F, h'g j'm/f ;Dej 5 . ;DefjgfeGbf aflx/ uP/ gofFl;4fGtsf] k|of]uzfnf agfpg vf]Hof}F eg] xfdL vfN8f]df hflsG5f}F . w]/};ª\s6df km:5f}F . k'jL{ o'/f]k, ;f]leot;ª\3, sDaf]l8of OToflbsf pbfx/0fxfdL ;fd' 5g\ . :jod\ tflnjfgsf] ckmuflg:tfgsf] pbfx/0f klg 5 . To;}n]Totflt/ hfg' pko'St x'G5 h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g .

/fhgLlts ;d:ofx¿ gofF g]kfndf klg pTkGg xf]nfg\ t/ ltgsf] ;dfwfg/fhgLlts tl/sfn] g} ul/g'kb{5, ;}GojfbL tl/sfn] xf]Og . b'Mvsf] j'm/f s]5 eg] nf]stflGqs :jtGqtfsf], /fhgLlts :jtGqtfsf] jftfj/0fdf klg @)%@;fnb]lv oxfF /fhgLlts ;d:ofnfO{ ;}lgs ¿kn] ;dfwfg ug]{ af6f] ckgfOof] .


;}lgs ¿kn] ;dfwfg ug]{ af6f] Pp6fn] ckgfof] eg] /fHooGqn] klg ;}lgs¿kn] g} To;nfO{ ;fdgf ug]{ af6f] ckgfof] . o;n] ubf{ /fhgLlts ;d:ofsf];dfwfgsf nflu ;}lgs af6f]nfO{ a9L k|f]T;flxt eof] . ca Tof] af6f] TofUg'kb{5 .gofF g]kfndf /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ x'g]5g\ . cfhsf] kfFr–;ft jif{kl5 klg .t/ tL /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ k"0f{tof /fhgLlts kf6L{ x'g]5g\, ;}Gojfbaf6 d'St,lghL /fHo;Qfsf] wf/0ffaf6 d'St, k|e'TjjfbL wf/0ffaf6 d'St .

xfdLn] gofF g]kfnsf] sNkgf ug{ lsg yfNof}F eGg] j'm/flt/ klg clnsltWofg hfg' cfjZos 5 . pGgfO; lbgsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] xfdLnfO{ To;sf]cfwf/ k|bfg u¥of] . Tof] hgcfGbf]ng s] lyof] eGg]af/] b'O{ zAb eGg' klgcfjZos 5 . lg/ª\j'mz /fhtGqaf6 d'lSt, lg/ª\j'mz /fhtGqsf ;Dk"0f{;+/rgfx¿af6 d'lSt, hgo'4af6 d'lSt / hgo'4sf ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgfaf6 d'lStsf];Defjgf b]v]/ Toqf] hgpef/ cfPsf] lyof] . of] hgcfGbf]ng nf]stGqsflglDt lyof], zflGtsf lglDt lyof] . t/ Tof] c‰ sfod eO;s]sf] 5}g .nf]stGq / zflGtn] :yfloTj k|fKt ug{ afFsL g} 5 . /fHo / dfcf]jfbLclxn] klg o'4/t kIfx¿ x'g\ . ltgLx¿n] o'4sf] cGTosf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf5}gg\ . clxn] klg xfdLn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] tof/Lsf lglDt ;Dk"0f{ af6fx¿df/x]sf cj/f]w ;dfKt kfl/;s]sf 5}gfF} . ;+ljwfg;ef x'G5 ls xF'b}g eGg]c‰} cfzª\sf 5 . gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ug{sf lglDt t ;+ljwfg;ef;Ddk'Ug'k¥of] .

oxfF s] elgG5 eg] 7"nf] sfd ubf{v]l/ ;fgfdl;gf g/fd|f j'm/f x'g hfG5g\ .s]xL dflg; dfl/G5g\, s;}sf] ;DklQ gi6 x'G5 eGg] j'm/f ul/G5 . t/dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] dflg;sf] hLjg, dflg;sf] :jtGqtf, dflg;sf] 3/sf]cIf'0ftf l‰gfdl;gf j'm/f xf]Ogg\ . dflg;nfO{ p;sf] :jtGqtf, /fhgLlts:jtGqtf, gful/s :jtGqtf, kfl/jfl/s :jtGqtf, 3/leqsf] ;Dk|e'tfnfO{l‰gfdl;gf j'm/f dflgG5 eg] gofF g]kfn lgdf{0f x'Fb}g . k'/fg} lg/ª\j'mztfjfbLg]kfn aG5 . clxn] ;xl/of g]kfn Ps lsl;dsf] lg/ª\j'mztGqaf6 s]xLxb;Dd d'St ePsf] 5 . t/ u|fdL0f g]kfn csf]{ lsl;dsf] clwgfosjfbsf]dftxtd} /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] cfhsf d'Vo zlStx¿, dxfzlSt kf6L{ eg] klgx''G5 . tLdWo] Pp6fsf] k|ltlglwTj 8f= /fdz/0f dxtn] ug{ ;Sg'x''G5 eg]csf]{ 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{n] ug'{x'g] lyof] . b'ef{Uo pxfF cfpg'ePg . pxfFx¿¿kfGtl/t x'g'k¥of] . gofF g]kfn agfpg of]Uo x'g'k¥of] . dfcf]jfbL klg¿kfGtl/t x'g'k¥of] . lxhf]sf] ;f]raf6 gofF ;f]rdf cfpg'k¥of] . g]kfnL sfª\u|];klg ¿kfGtl/t x'g'k¥of] . afx« jif{sf q'l6, afx« jif{sf ck|hftflGqs cfGtl/s


Jojxf/af6 s]xL kf7 l;Sg'k¥of] . afx« jif{df kf6L{sf sf/0fn] b]zn] ef]Ug'k/]sf]cj:yfaf/] klg hgtf;dIf k|:6 ¿kdf cfOlbg ;Sg'k¥of] .

gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ubf{ d}n] %) jif{kl5sf] j'm/f ug{ k/]sf] 5}g .d}n] nuQ} tLg–rf/ jif{kl5sf] j'm/f u/]sf] x'F . Tof] Tjl/t ¿kfGt/0fsf] g]kfnx'g]5 . b'|tultdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] g]kfn x'g]5 . o;n] g]kfnsf] /fhgLltnfO{,g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ / ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿nfO{{ abNg]5 . To;sf] lglDttkfO{+ xfdL klg ¿kfGt/ x'g'k5{ . xfdL kfl/jfl/s dflns aGg 5f]8\g tof/x'Fb}gf}F / cfk"mnfO{ ¿kfGt/ ug{ tof/ x'Fb}gf}F, cfˆgf] kf6L{nfO{ ¿kfGt/ ug{tof/ x'Fb}gf}F eg] Tof] Tjl/t g]kfn aGb}g . To;}n], ;'Gb/ g]kfn, d}qLk"0f{g]kfn, ;b\efjsf] g]kfn, zflGtk"0f{ g]kfn, ljsf;df cufl8 a9]sf] g]kfn/ ljZjn] ;Ddfg ug]{ g]kfn agfpg rfxG5f}F eg] xfdLn] b'O{–tLgcf]6f j'm/fdfWofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .

Pp6f j'm/f s] eg] of] g]kfn s;}n] rdTsfl/s ¿kdf agfpFb}g . :jtGqgful/sn] dfq gofF g]kfn agfpF5g\ . To;sf/0f gful/snfO{ s]Gb|df /fVg'k¥of] .d}n] hgtf eg]sf] xf]Og . Wofg lbg'xf];\ . j}mof}F /fhgLlts kf6L{ / To;sfg]tfx¿n] hgtfsf] j'm/f ub}{ JolStsf] :jtGqtf, JolStsf] xTof u/]sf pbfx/0fxfdL;Fu 5g\ . To;}n] JolStnfO{, gful/snfO{ s]Gb|df /fVg'k¥of] . hgtfsf];fj{ef}d;Qf eg]/ gful/ssf] ;fj{ef}d;QfnfO{ j'mlNrg] k|j[lQ x'g'xF'b}g . To;nfO{;Dk|e'Tjdf /fVg'k¥of] . To;nfO{ ;Dk|e'Tjdf /fVof}F eg] To;n] g} olt pmhf{lbg]5 ls gofF g]kfn lgdf{0f x'g ;S5 . :jtGq gful/sx¿sf], ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg gful/sx¿sf] b]zn] g} of] b]znfO{ gofF cg'xf/ lbg ;S5 . ;'Gb/cg'xf/ lbg ;S5 . ;'vb cg'xf/ lbg ;S5 . rdTsf/ x'Fb}g t/ s]xL jif{;DdTof] k|of; hf/L /Xof] eg] kl/0ffd rdTsfl/s x'g ;S5 .

:jtGq gful/s, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg gful/s eGg'sf] cy{ s] xf] eg]p;n] tLgcf]6f j'm/f cj;/, ;'/Iff / ;Ddfg kfpg'k¥of] . To;sf] lhDd]jf/L/fHon] lng'kb{5 . Tof] jftfj/0f aGg'kb{5 .

af}4 ljrf/df tLgcf]6f j'm/f cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ ¿kn] n]lvPsf] x'G5 .a'4sf] hGdsf] b]z xF'bfx'Fb} klg xfdLsxfF Totflt/ Wofg lbPsf] 5}g . tLtLgcf]6f zAb kfnLd} eG5' . d d]xtf . s?0ff d'lhtf . d}qLk"0f{ x'g'k¥of] .;a}lt/ ;dfhdf . s;}k|lt klg ljå]ifsf] efjgf x'g'ePg . d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGwx'g'k¥of] . ;dfhdf czSt x'G5g\ . k5fl8 k/]sf x'G5g\ . sf]xL clwsf/af6jl~rt ePsf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿k|lt ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] k|j[lQ dflg;dfx'g'k¥of], /fHodf klg x'g'k¥of] . cyf{t\ s?0ff x'g'k¥of] . cfk"meGbf czStx¿k|lt,


k5fl8 k/]sfx¿k|lt, c;dfg l:yltdf /x]sfx¿k|lt .xfdLdf gofF k|j[lQ s] 5 eg] s;}n] unt lsl;dn] ;DklQ cfh{g u/]/

;Dkg eof] eg] To;n] t Sof uha u¥of] eg]/ eG5f}F . t/ /fd|/L sfdu¥of] eg] p;sf] v'§f tfG5f}F . To;}n] xfdLn] c¿sf] k|ultdf, jl/kl/sf]k|ultdf, cfˆgf ;xgful/sx¿sf] k|ultdf v';L klg x'g'k¥of] . To;af6 xlif{tklg x'g'k¥of] . d'lhtf To;nfO{ elgG5 . k|ultnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/]gf}F eg] xfdLk|ult ug{ ;Sb}gf}F . Pp6f j'm/f lglZrt ¿kdf eGg'kb{5 . Tof] s] eg] /fHog]kfnLsf] x'g'kb{5, j'mg} kf6L{sf], j'mg} kl/jf/sf], j'mg} ;d"xsf] /fHonfO{ ;+ljwfgtMcyjf Jojxf/tM cª\lst ul/lbg] xf]] eg] To;n] klg xfdLnfO{ :jtGq gful/s,;fj{ef}d;Qf gful/s aGg lbFb}g . :j+od\ dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n] klg s] Wofglbg'k5{ eg] ax'bnLo nf]stGqk|ltsf] p;sf] k|lta4tfnfO{ dfcf]jfbL ;]gf,dfcf]jfbL /fHo, dfcf]jfbL cbfntsf] cjwf/0ffn] v08g ul//fv]sf] 5 . To;nfO{kl/Tofu gubf{;Dd ax'bnLo nf]stGqk|ltsf] p;sf] k|lta4tfn] k'li6 kfpFb}g ./fHo ;a}sf] ;f‰f x'g'kb{5 . /fHodf /fi6«df /x]sf ljljwtfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjx'g'kb{5 . o;n] dfq ;fd"lxs klxrfgnfO{ b]vfpg ;S5 . clxn] cToGt}cK7Øf/f] l:ylt 5 . xfdL ;ª\qmd0fsfndf 5f}F . of] ;ª\qmd0fsfn k"/f gu/LTjl/t ¿kfGt/0fdf k|j]z ug{ ;Sb}gf}F .

clxn] ;ª\qmd0fsfnd} ;Dk"0f{ ‰u8f lgld6ØfGg kfg{ vf]Hg] / cfk"mn]h]–hlt lng ;lsG5 o;} a]nf lnOxfNg] k|of; dfcf]jfbLnufot ljleGg If]qaf6ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;f] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] kl/sNkgf 6f9fsf] ljifo aGg;Sb5 . xfdLn] ;+ljwfg;ef;Dd k'UgnfO{ h]–h] ug'{kb{5 Toltdf dfq} Wofgs]lGb|t u¥of}F eg] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 xfdLn] gofF /fhgLlts ;DaGw ePsf]g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;S5f}F / gofF g]kfn agfpg] /fhgLlts / sfg'gLd"n cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5f}F .

d}n] cl3 g} eg]F gofF g]kfndf ;fdfGtL ;DaGwx¿ x'g'x'Fb}g . t/ ;fdfGtL;DaGwsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf] /fhgLltnfO{ :jtGqtfsf] afws /fhtGqclxn] klg /lx/x]sf] 5 . gofF g]kfndf /fhtGq x'g]5}g . To;df d ljZj:t5' . gofF g]kfn u0ftflGqs g]kfn g} x'g]5 . t/ Tof] u0ftflGqs d"No xfd|f]kl/jf/df klg cfpg'k¥of] . Tof] u0ftflGqs d"No g]kfnsf kf6L{x¿df klgcfpg'k¥of] . Tof] u0ftflGqs d"No g]kfnsf] ;dfhdf klg cfpg'k¥of] . Tof]u0ftflGqs d"No n}ª\lus ;DaGwx¿df klg cfpg'k¥of] . hghfltx¿aLrsf;DaGwx¿df klg cfpg'k¥of] . g]kfnaf6 /fhtGqnfO{ labf ug'{sf] cy{ u0ftflGqs/ nf]stflGqs d"Nox¿n] htftt} k|efj kfg{'k¥of] . ltgsf hudf g]kfnsf]


zflGt, k'glg{df{0f / ljsf; ;'b[9 xf];\, lbuf] xf];\ .w]/} ;'vb eljiosf] lrq k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . c¿ w]/} b]zsf] ljsf;nfO{

pl5g]sf] lrq k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ubf{v]l/xfdLn] o:tf] g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf u/f}F hxfF xfd|f ;DaGwx¿ /fd|f x'g\ .

cg';"rL !sfo{qmd tflnsf


zflGt, k'glg{df{0f, ljsf;/fli6«o ;Dd]ng

!)–!! cflZjg @)^#, sf7df8f}Fsfo{qmd tflnsf

klxnf] lbg !) cflZjg @)^#

(M#)–!)M)) gfd btf{ / lrofkfg

!)M))–!!M)) klxnf] Kn]g/Lpb\3f6g, eLdaxfb'/ tfdfª, g]tf, g]kfnL sfª\u|];dGtJo, Oog dfl6{g, /fi6«;ª\3sf dxf;lrjsf :jsLo k|ltlglw

!!M))–!!M!) lj>fd

!!M!)–!M)) bf];|f] Kn]g/Lljb|f]xL ;]gfsf] ¿kfGt/0f M Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] cg'ejxlsg zfe]h, g]tf, kmf/fa'Gbf] dftL{ lna/];g k|mG6 -PkmPdPnPg_k|Zgf]Q/

!M))–@M)) lj>fd

@M))–$M)) klxnf] ;q -uf}/L xn_/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf M ;ª\3Lotfk|d'v jStf M s[i0f vgfnl6Kk0fLstf{ M clgnj'mdf/ ‰f, kl/ yfkf, ;Ltf/fd tfdfª, ;'/]Gb| kf08]

@M))–$M)) klxnf] ;q -zª\s/ xn_hjfkmb]lxtf, ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo / zflGtk|d'v jStf M dlGb/f zdf{

$M)) lj>fd


bf];|f] lbg !! cflZjg @)^#

(M))–(M#) lj>fd

(M#)–!!M#)bf];|f] ;q s -uf}/L xn_cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg;efk|d'v jStf M s[i0f xf5]y', eLdfh{'g cfrfo{, 6Lsf/fd e§/fO{

bf];|f] ;q v -zª\s/ xn_ljsf;af6 pGgltlt/k|d'v jStf M ;Ls] nfn

!!M#)–!@M#) lj>fd

!@M#)–@M#)t];|f] ;q s -uf}/L xn_dfgjLo k'g;{+/rgf / k'g:yf{kgfk|d'v jStf M l8NnL/fd bfxfn

t];|f] ;q v -zª\s/ xn_xltof/ Joj:yfkgk|d'v jQmf M w|'j j'mdf/

@M#)–#M)) lj>fd

#M))–$M#) lrofKn]g/L ;dfkg ;qgofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgflgnfDa/ cfrfo{/fdz/0f dxt

gofF gkfnsf] ] kl/sNkgf · viii. यो पाड़⠉㸀 ᰉ㸉尨ीजाड़⠉䀀...

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Transcript of gofF gkfnsf] ] kl/sNkgf · viii. यो पाड़⠉㸀 ᰉ㸉尨ीजाड़⠉䀀...