Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 1 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe...

Hier wird Wissen Wirklichkeit Computer Architecture – Part 2 – page 1 of 17 – Prof. Dr. Uwe Brinkschulte, Prof. Dr. Klaus Waldschmidt

Part 2 Microprocessor Development -History and Future

Computer ArchitectureSlide Sets

WS 2010/2011

Prof. Dr. Uwe BrinkschulteProf. Dr. Klaus Waldschmidt


• The beginnings of the microprocessor era are closely related with the names of Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce.

• They founded the well-known company Fairchild Semiconductors in Mountain View, California, in 1957.

• Gordon Moore was the president and Robert Noyce the chief in design and development.

• Most of the basics of modern Planar Process Technology has been proposed and implemented in this company.

The Beginnings


• At this time Gordon Moore made his prediction about the increasing complexity in chip design.

• This prediction became true over decades and is the most cited statement about the exponential growth of transistor count in integrated chips.

• It is well known as Moore-curve or Moore’s Law which shows the doubling of transistor count every 18 month

The Beginnings


Moore’s Law

Gordon Moore: Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, Electronics, Vol 38, Mr. 8, April 19, 1965


• 10 years later the company Intel was founded by the same two engineers.

• The main motivation for founding Intel was the replacement of the bulky and low capacity ferrit-core-memories by integrated memories on the basis of silicon.

• Intel became soon one of the leading companies for mass production of integrated memories.

• The responsible engineer scientist for the development of DRAMs was Andy Grove.

Foundation of Intel


year

µP-development

Production of first IC

Production of memory chips (DRAM)

First IntelProzessor Chip

Intel 4004 Intel 8008Intel 8080

Intel 32 Bit CISC Architectures

Intel 386Intel 486

1957 1968 1974 1984 2002 2004 2010

EPICIA64 arch. Itanium Chips

Intel Prozessor series:Pentium, Pentium Pro Pentium II, III, IV

Foundation of FairchildSemicon-ductor

Foundationof Intel

Core 2 DuoQuad Core

Core i7


1971: 4004 2 300 Trans. 10 µm 740 kHz1972: 8008 3 500 Trans. 10 µm 800 kHz1974: 8080 6 000 Trans. 6.0 µm 3 MHz1978: 8086 29 000 Trans. 3.0 µm 10 MHz1982: 80286 134 000 Trans. 1.5 µm 12 MHz1985: 80386 275 000 Trans. 1.0 µm 33 MHz1989: 80486 1.2 Mio Trans. 800 nm 50 MHz1993: Pentium 3.1 Mio Trans. 800 nm 66 MHz1995: Pentium Pro 5.5 Mio Trans. 600 nm 200 MHz1997: Pentium II 9 Mio Trans. 350 nm 300 MHz1999: Pentium III 9.5 Mio Trans. 250 nm 600 MHz2000: Pentium 4 55 Mio Trans. 180 nm 2 GHz2001: Itanium 25.4 Mio Trans. 180 nm 800 MHz2002: Itanium II 221 Mio Trans. 180 nm 1 GHz2006: Core 2 Duo 291 Mio Trans. 65 nm 3 GHz2007: Core 2 Quad 582 Mio Trans. 65 nm 2.4 GHz2009: Core i7 731 Mio Trans. 45 nm 3.3 GHz

Intel Microprocessors


The beginning of the microprocessor era was in the seventies initiated by a joint project of Intel and the Japanese company Busycom.

The project deals with the design of integrated chips for a calculator specified by Busycom.

Instead of the development of several special chips, a new concept was proposed by Ted Hoff and Federico Faggin, both designer of Intel.

The concept of microprocessor


They combined the functionality of the special chips to one microarchitecture with an own instruction set.

The instruction set was comparable to the ISA of a DEC minicomputer at that time.

A chip set of 4 chips was designed (4001, 4002, 4003, 4004) where the complete instruction set microarchitecture was integrated on one chip (4004)

The concept of the microprocessor was born.




Journal: Electronic News



The 8008 microprocessor origined from a similar cooperation

The Datapoint Coorp. ordered Intel to develop a control component for a terminal

The project failed (control was too slow), but the resulting chip was sold by Intel as 8008


Microprocessor families

After the start of the microprocessor era in the beginning of the seventies new series and families of microcomputers with rapidly increasing performance has been developed.

The high reputation of Intel in the group of microprocessor manufactures was founded by the series 4004, 8008, 8080 followed by 80286, 80386 and 80486 up to the well known PentiumX series.

Due to the high success in microprocessor mass production Intel decided to refuse from the memory market and to concentrate in the microprocessor design.


Microprocessor familiesOther important companies designed and fabricated their own successful microprocessor families as e.g.:

• Motorola with the MC680XX series

• IBM with the Power PC architecture

• Texas Instruments with TMS 320XXX

• DEC/Compaq with Alpha processor family

• Transmeta with the Crusoe processors

• Intel/Siemens with I 8051

• Intel/HP with Itanium family

• Sun with Sparc (Ultra Sparc)


Microprocessor applications

Examples for applications are:

• PCs, Multi-Media-PCs, Workstations, etc.

• Embedded Systems, Smartcards, Cell phones, Palmtops, etc.

• Server, High End Server, Computer nets, etc.

Microprocessors and memory chips are the basic integrated components of all modern computer applications.

All recent operating systems inclusive LINUX are available for microprocessors.


Intel 4004

Design-gap

Software-productivity (8% -10% growth p.a.)design-productivity (20% -25% growth p.a.)Gates/cm² (M

oores Law, 59% growth p.a.)

(s)Intel Pentium IV

system-on-chip

1969 2000 2010

# tra

nsis

tors

year

2300

55 M

500 M

Moore curve and design gaps


CISC / RISC paradigm

From the beginning of the microprocessor era up the end of the eighties, the CISC paradigm (Complex Instruction set) was dominant.

These decades are characterized by assembler programming.

Therefore the programmer should be supported with complex instructions.

A high level functionality on the level of the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) was intended to bridge the semantic gap between machine instructions and high level language.

The basic technology was microprogramming. Complex machine instructions are decoded by microcode.

Prominent representation for this class of CISC processors is the x86 ISA.


CISC / RISC paradigm

In the beginning of the eighties, a new concept, the RISC paradigm (Reduced Instruction set) was developed.

By having simple instructions, these could be executed more quickly.

The main idea was, even so programs growing larger the overall execution time could be reduced by quicker execution. This idea came true!

The RISC idea mainly triggered and influenced modern processor microarchitecture

All today’s high performance microprocessor consist of an internal RISC kernel

Some of them (e.g. Intel Pentium) hide this RISC kernel by a CISC like ISA layer (e.g. for compatibility reasons)

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