Intro Ch. 7 Memory PPT Skeletons

8/6/2019 Intro Ch. 7 Memory PPT Skeletons

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Chapter 7 Memory


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W hat is MEMORY ?

Memory internal record ofsome prior event orexperience; a set of mentalprocesses that receives,encodes, stores, organizes,alters, and retrievesinformation over time


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Video

Rememberingand Forgetting w/ Phil Zimbardo fromthe Discovering Psychology series


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T hree Stages of Memory Stage 1Stage 1 - Sensory Memory is a

brief representation of a stimuluswhile being processed in thesensory system

Stage 2Stage 2 - Short- T erm Memory(S T M) is working memory Limited capacity (7 items)

Duration is about 30 seconds Stage 3Stage 3 - Long- T erm Memory

(L T M) is large capacity and long

duration


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verv ew o emoryModel


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I ntegrated Model Concepts

Encoding process oftranslating info intoneural codes (language)that will be retained inmemory

Storage the process ofretaining neural coded

info over time Retrieval the process ofrecovering info frommemory storage


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n egra e o e oMemory


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Overview of L T MOverview of L T M


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V arieties of L T MV arieties of L T M

T

wo types of LT

M Semantic memory refers to factualinformation

Episodic memory refers to autobiographical

information as to where and when an eventhappened


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Organization of L T M

Retrieval Cue a clue orprompt that helpsstimulate recall andretrieval of a stored pieceof information from long-term memory

2 types:1. Recognition2. Recall

1.Ziegarnik Effect


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Memory Measures

Recognition is when a specificcue (face or name) is matchedagainst L T M

Recall is when a general cue isused to search memory Relearning - situation where

person learns material asecond time. Quicker to learn material 2 nd

time


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F lashbulb Memories

W here were you when you firstheard: T hat T he WT C had been crashed

into? T hat the federal building had

been bombed in Oklahoma City?

T hat Princess Diana had beenkilled in a car wreck?


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A natomy of Memory

Bilateral damage tothe hippocampusresults in anterogradeamnesia (Patient H.M.)


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A natomy ofMemory

Amygdala : emotional memory and memory consolidationBasal ganglia & cerebellum : memory for skills, habits and CCresponsesHippocampus : memory recognition, spatial, episodicmemory, laying down new declarative long-term memoriesThalamus , formation of new memories and workingmemoriesCortical Areas : encoding of factual memories, storage of

episodic and semantic memories, skill learning, priming.


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F orgetting

F orgetting isthe inabilityto recallpreviouslylearnedinformation

F orgetting rate is steep just after learningand then becomes a gradual loss of recall


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Serial Position Effect

R ecall immediatelyafter learning

R ecall several hoursafter learning

R ecall from R ecall fromLTM STM

LTM

P rimacy effect remembering stuff atbeginning of list better than middle

Recency Effect remembering stuff atthe end of list better than middle


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Study Strategies

Distributed practicerefers to spacinglearning periods incontrast to massedpractice in whichlearning iscrammed into asingle session

Distributed practiceleads to betterretention


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T heories of F orgettingT heories of F orgetting Proactive interference : old information

interferes with recall of newinformation

Retroactive interference : newinformation interferes with recall of oldinformation

Decay theory : memory trace fades withtime

Motivated forgetting : involves the lossof painful memories (protective memoryloss)

Retrieval failure : the information isstill within L T M, but cannot be recalledbecause the retrieval cue is absent


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Organization of L T M

T ip-of the tonguephenomenon : person canteasily recall the item, but

shows some recall for itscharacteristics (it beginswith the letter .)


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A mnesiaA mnesia A mnesia is forgetting produced by

brain injury or by trauma Retrograde amnesia refers to

problems with recall of information

prior to a trauma A nterograde amnesia refers to

problems with recall of informationafter a trauma

Point of Trauma

R etrograde amnesiaAnterograde amnesia


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I ssues in MemoryI ssues in Memory Reasons for inaccuracy of

memory: Source amnesia : attribution of a

memory to the wrong source (e.g. a dreamis recalled as an actual event)

Sleeper effect : a piece of informationfrom an unreliable source is initiallydiscounted, but is recalled after the sourcehas been forgotten

Misinformation effect : we incorporateoutside information into our ownmemories


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Memory StrategiesMemory Strategies Mnemonic devices are strategies to

improve memory by organizinginformation Method of Loci : ideas are associated

with a place or part of a building Peg- W ord system : peg words are

associated with ideas (e.g. one is abun)

W ord A ssociations : verbalassociations are created for items tobe learned

Intro Ch. 7 Memory PPT Skeletons

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