JeHHHrpan 1990 - booksite.ru · JtOCB ÖH, nOCKOJEbKy POA ^eJIOBe^eCKHM H6MHCJIHM Ö03 H3HK8, TO...

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JeHHHrpan 1990

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T e n e p i npoanajm aM pyeM f lp y ro f i acn sK T n p o ö J ie M u , a h m s h h o ,TO , KaKHM 0 Ö p a 3 0 M H3 UK0 B8 H JIHHHOCTB H aK JiaflH B aeT OTIieHaTOK Ha CaMy CHCTGMy H3HK8 •

Cym ecTB yioT p a 3JiH H rae m h b h h h o t h o g h t b j i b h o ceMaHTHKH tb k o K CJI0 B0 0 Ö p a 3 0 B aTeJIB H 0 ii MOÄ8 JIH, KaK KOHBepCHH. CnpaBeflÄHBO OTM e- n a n nopaaH T G JiB H oe p a 3 H o o ö p a 3 He JieKCHHBCKOii ceMaHTHKH o T c y d - CTaHTHBHUX K0 HB6 pTHpOBaHHUX rJ ia rO JIO B , HBKOTOpiie HCOJIBÄOBaTBJIH OTKa3 UBa!OTCH OT BHHeJI6 HHH OÄHOrO K3 K0 r 0 - T 0 3 H8 H8 HHH KaK 3 H a H e - h h h B ceii M O flejm . O hh y T B e p a fla io T , h t o K O H B epTH poBaH H ue r j i a r o j m o ö p a 3 yioTy c B M a h th h o c k h s r p y n n u h n o f l r p y n n u , od pasy K niu ie o t k p h - T u e c i i h c k h [5 , c . 8 7 - 1 0 0 , 5 a , C . I 2 3 Ü .

y OTCyöCTaHTHBHHX KOHBepTHpOBaHHHX IV iarO JIO B , KOHeHHO,0CTB 6ÄHH06 3H3H8HH8 MOÄ6JIH, P8HB 0 KOTOpOM nofWST H6CKOJIBKO hüdk6 > % o *e KaoaeTCH pa3Hooöpa3HH jieKCHHecKux 3HaH8Hnü oTcyö- CT3HTHBHHX TJiarOJIOB, TO MOKHO yÖBÄHTBCfl, HTO OHH nepBflaiOT nOHH- THfl OTHKflB He 0. JDOÖHX fleÄCTBHflX, üpOIjeCCaX a m COCTOJIHHflX.TaK, HTO MOJKHO Ä6JiaTB C AOMOM H HTO C HHM MOJR0T IipOHCXOflHTB? B H€M moscho stHTB, ero moxho npoflaTB hjih KynHTB, oh mokst cropeTB, pa3pyniHTBCH, crHHTB h t.ä. TeM He M eH ee, amviHÄCKHÄ rjiaroji t o house 0T3HanaeT "odacnaHHTB n uu rteM , yKpuTB noa Kpumy" h T.n. Ecjih p e n B hast o s e ftctbhh, cbh33hhom c nopom KOM , to KOHBepTH- poBaHHüfl rjiaroji to dust yica3HBaeT H a to, hto noponiKOM hto-to nocunaioT, ho ero He paccunaioT h He BuöpacHBaioT. Ecjih uce hmsbt- ch b BH®y mutt, to K0HBepTHp0BaHHHfi rjiaroji to duatoöo3HaHa- eT, hto miJiB yÖH paioT, cTHpajoT, a He HadjncwatoT, HanpHMep, KaK OHa KJiyÖHTCfl HJIH HTO-HHÖy^B B 9 T 0M P 0f l8 . IIpHM6 H aT 6JIBH0 , HTO rtpHM6 h .IT 6JIBH0 K ÜTHIIBM 3 T 0 T rJffirO JI 0 3 HBHaeT "K ynaT B C H B nH JIH ".

TOHHO T3 K3KS, 8 0 JIH OÖpaTHTBCfl K CJISflyiOlUGfi JIBKCHKO—CSMaHTH- HBCKoit r p y n n e rJiarO JIO B a H T Jm ß C K o ro h3 h k 3l , t o m o k h o j C g ä h t b c h , h t o b h h x o T p a sa io T C fl i i o h h t h h o KOHTaKTS c c y iu e ö , a H8 0 nO K H -

- 7 -

flamm 3enra, noTepn ee H3 BHuy h T.n. Cp. to beaeh - to push or pu.ll (a boat, a ship) up on the shore or beach; to ground - (of a ship) (cause to) touoh the sea bottom; to strand - (of a ship) (oause to) run agroundj to land - to go, come, put, on land (from a ship, aircraft, etc.).

Cjiefl0BaTejn>H0 , mh ä o o th h cêotaTB b h b o ä , h t o n o ko iibqpchh oöpasyfflTCH r-narcwoi, odoaHaâroume jwfiCTBiw, npoqecoH h c o c to h - hsui, xapaKTepH8yeMH6 n o npe^MSTy m h sbjiohhio , oöo3H3H8HH0My MOTHBHpyKXUHM CymeCTBHT8JH>HHM, B C00T1.3TCTBHH C 8 r0 CHJtBHOB0- POHTHOCTHOÜ COUHaJEBHOfi $yHKUH8Ä HOT COIfHaJIBHO OCMHCJieHHUMnpeÄHa3HaêHHeM. Bcuiee Toro, no 9toü caMofi 8kthbhoS h npoayic- THBHOÖ MOÄ6JTH OÖpa3yiOTCfl rJiarOJIU, OdOSHaTOKOlHe H6 * C6 HOT JDO- ÖH0 CBA3H M0»wy np0BM6TaMH peajIBHOrO MHpa, a JIHIUB CBH3H "HHT0- pecHHe" r jih HSJioBeKa, yBHiaHHH© ero rjrasaira h raue Bcero Ha- ÖjnoflaeMue b c$epe ero xhshh.

ECOT OÖpaTHTBCfl K 01110 OflHOÄ OTCVÖCTaHTHBHOfi MOH0OT C C y$ . -er TO MOHCHO yd0flHTBCH, HTO HO Heß OÖpasyiOTCH CyiH0CTBHT0JIB-

h u 0 , oÖ o sH araw uu je Jirn ja h Heonym eBJieHHue n p e jo ie T H , $yHKUHH, n peÄ H a3 HaêHHC k o t o p u x Taioite o c m h c ju d o tc h o t o h k h 3peHHH c h j ib - HOBepoHTHocTHtii c 'B flseß npo sM ex oB p e a jiB H o ro M Hpa. ü o ä o ö h o k o h - B8pTHpoBaHHHM w ia ro jia M oTcydcTaH TH B H ue HtasHa o t q T aK xe n e p e - flaiOT, TaK CKS3a T B , "KOHOTpyKTHBHHÜ" aCHOKT Ä0HT0OTHOCTH V&ÄO- B 6K 8. H3HK0B08 BHB8HH0 M Hpa, OTpa3HBID00CH B STOfl MOfl0OT, TaKO- BO, HTO, HanpHMep, lawyer - H0JIOB0K, HM0»mnfi OTHOm0HH0 K 3a - KOHy, OKasHBaeTOfl .a^BOKaTou, a He H apym m ejieM saKOHa; hat er - "UÜIflnHHK" H potter - "ropmeHHHK" - T0MH, KTO np0H 3B 01H T COOT- B6TCTByiQIQH0 np0,HM6TH h /h O T HpOflaGT HX, HO H0 B O pyeT HOT UOp- THT H T . f l . HHHMH CJIOBaMH, C 03Ä aB afl H3HK, H0JIOB0K KaK ÖU 3 8 JI0-xw b 0r o KOHiienTyaJiiHyK) cHCTSMy cboio yBöpeHHocTB b tom , tc o MHP BOKpyr Hero $yHKOHOHHpyeT B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOHCTpyKTHBHH- MH, ä H0 pa3pyiUHT0JIBHUMH HOT XaOTHTOCKHMH T0HH0HQHHMH.

B 3aKJDcm6HH6 cjiöÄyeT oc t3h obh tbch eqe Ha oähoä ctopohs

OTpaX0HHfl OTTO00TH H0JIOB0Ka B fl3HK0B0Ä CHCT0M0, KOTOpafl HM60T

H0nOCp0flCTB0HHO0 OTHO1D0HH0 K UßJISOt H 3aflaqaM HCCOTflOBaHHÜ H3H-

Ka. H.fl.ApyTBHOBa oöpamaoT BHHMaHHe Ha to., h to ouohkh, cb oö -

CTB0HHH6 CJI0B8M, yKa3HB8I0T Ha OOOTB0TCTBH0 HOT H0COOTB0TCTBH0

noJioi0HEH Ren b mhps HHTepecaM qejiOBOKa. HanpHMep, hot

CmOHOK lyw nn$p, TOC6JI, apH$MeTH^0CKHX fl0ßCTBHfi, 3B03H, ra jiaK -

- 8 -

thk h T .n . (6 , c . t f . CjiQÄOBaTejiBHO, nofloÖHoe HadjnoneHHfl h. tojibko oöoramaei hhuih shbhhh, ho h aaxHO o MBTO,nojioriiHBCKoa TOHKH 3P6HHH. OHO, C O.QHOÜ CTOpOHH, yK83HBaBT Ha HaHöoJiea nepcneKTHBHHe HanpaBJieHaa HayHHoro noHcica, a c apyro fi - o ö i h c - HH6T ITPHHHHH B03M 0XHHX HBräTHBHHX p63yjII>TaTOB HC CJIBflOBäHUft B

H6K070PHX OÖJiaOTHX H 3HKB. E.C.KyöpHKOBa, BuoTynas b npeHHHX Ha KOH$epeHipm no Mop-

$bmhkb, BHCKa3aJia npennoJioxeHHe o Heu;ejiecooöpa3HocTH nonnTOK

yCTaHOBJiehhh 3H8hshhü TaitHx buhjibhhbmux mop$ob, kdk "k - b

" k t o " , "K o ro " h T .n . h ''h - b " h t o " , "n e r o " h T .n . co o tb b tc tb b h —

ho npocTo HOTOMy, h to 3 to HepasyMHO, s t o hb HyxHd hbjiobbhboko-

My co3HaH®o. Hochtbjihi»: p yccK oro hsukb ÄOCTaTOHHO T o ro , h to n o -

ÄOÖHHB M0P$H OÖJiazam 3H8HHMOCTB10 H C HTH8JIH3 HpyiOT CMHCJI0B08

paajraHHe. WrOrOM BHB10H3JIOH0HHOMy M0X6T IIOCJiyMTB peK0M9HÄ8UHH, HTO

b CBoeM HCCJieflOBaTejiLCKoft h np6no,naBaTBJn.cKoil sbhtbjibhocthJTOHTBHCTH 0H8BHHH0 flOJIKHil, OÜHpaHCB HS HWeiOUlHBCH y HHX 3 HS HHH

chctbmu n3UKa, b öojiBioefi CTsneffli n CMejiee npHMewiTB cboh cbb-

flBHHH 0 H6JTOB6K6 BOOÖU1B, H8CT0{tHHB86 HCK8TB B H3HK6 K CnOCO-ö a x e r o HcnojB>30BaHHH ü p o h b j ib h h h 3 jiraBoro cm hc-to Hapojca, Öo jü -

me ÄOBBPHTL HHTyHUHH HOCHTBJIBÜ H3HK3 U CBOeÜ COÖCTB8HHOfi K8K HCCJTBÄOBaTeJIBfi. JtüHrBHCTaM, OHBBHÄHO, HyXHO CMGJI08 H Cn0JIB 30- B8TB B CBOHX HCCJIBÄOBaHHHX nOJDCOÄH, KOTOpUS y x e MHOrHB TOflH nponaraHitapyeT D.Ü.AnpecHH, a hmbhho, onacaHHe h3uk3 Ha ocho- B6 "HaHBHOrO" BOCnpHHTHH MHpa H0CHT8JIHMH H3HKE. 3TOT SBTOp HBOflHOKpaTHO CnpaBeflJTHBO nOKa3UB8JI, HTO H3HK HB tojibko a H t p o - HOUBHTPHHBH, HO H 3rOIJSHTpHH0H B 3H8HHT8JIBH0 ÖOJümefi CT6116HU, HBM 3 T 0 npBÄCTaBJianOCB TpaflHUHOHHO [7 , c.73l .

Onopa Ha Taxoa BocnpaHrae hb c t8 b h t n o « comh8hhb pe3y jo .-

TaTH B ÖOJIBDieit CTeneHH, HBM OÖlflOHeHHH M8X8HH3M0B H3UK8, H8—

npiIMBp, Ha OCHOBB OTHOU18HHÜ JIOTHKH, K KOTOPUM MH HOCTOHHHO

npHÖaraBM. Ilpa 3tom OKaaHBasTcs, h to "HemraccHHecicaH Hayica r y -

M8HH3HpyBT n03H8HHB, OTHBflB HB CyÖtBKTKBHpyfl d ro " [8, C.73] .

3th npHHnjniH h tbhabhuhh bcb uiHpe npoHHKaioT h b ryM8HHTapHH9

HCC^e^0B8HKH. l/l 3T0 HB CJiyHafiHO. HflöT fl8M 0KpaTH38L(HH HayKH.3 t .o npoHRJweTCH b to m , hto nccji6flOBaT6Jin bcb name yÖestflamTCfl,

HTO n03H8HHB P83BHB8BTCH HOCpeflCTBOM flOÖHBaHHH HOBHX $8KT0B H

OCMHCJtBHHH HX H8 OCHOBB 3flpaBOrO CMHCJI8. ÄBMOKpaTHH XB IjapHT

- 9 -

T3M, rae odmecTBo *hbgt no 3&vqh8m' supaBoro CMuoJta cBoero H a- pona.

IIpHMenaHEHI . ryMÖOJiBTJT B. lfadpaHHUe TpyflH no H3HK03HaHHK>. - M.,

1 9 8 4 .. 2 . KapayjioB K).H. PyccKHfl h 3hk h h sh k ob sh jn r a o c T B . - M .,1 9 8 7 .

3. Hewson J . Article and Houn in English. - The Hague- Paria. Mouton, 1972.4 . EaXTHH nt.M. 3CT6THK0 CJIOBSCHOrO TBOpqeCTBa. - M., 1986.

5. Jeanersen 0. A Modern En^lish Grammar on Historical Frinciplee. - Pt, VI. - Londoi -Copenhagen. 1954* 5a. MeuiKOBO .J i. CjIOBOOÖpS3OB8HH0 C0Bp6M6HH0r0 SHrjIHHCKOrO H3HKa. - M. , I9?6.6 . ApyTKHOBa H .Ji,. IlpaKTHHecKoe paccyxêHHe h h3hk / / Cym- HOCTB, P33BHTH0 H (fyHKUHH H3HK8. - id ., I98r\

7. AnpeoHH D .I. JfeKcireecKafl ceMaHTHKa. ChhoHHMir'ieckhe epefleTBa A3HKa. - M., 1974; Ero ;ne. JleßKCHc b jiskohkg h rpaM- M8THK0 H H3HBH3H KäpTHH3 MHpa / / COMHOTHKa H HH(J)0pM8THKa. - M., 1966. - Bun. 28.8 . Ky3H0UOB B .r . BcTpeTO. - M ., 1 9 8 4 .

H.B.EarpaMOBa (JleHiiHrpaji)0 W i TBHLAX JEKCHHECKOii HHTEPqEPEHUHH B PElEBOii ÄEHTEJffiHOCTH BIUnmrBOB

JIeKCKM6CK3H HHT0p(J'0p0HUHfl HBJW6TCJI CJI0ACTBH6M M0ÄI.H3HKO- EOÜ imSHTH'I:HKaUHli jlGI'CHMfiOKKX GOTHimt ( MO pT*! M, (VTOB, CJI0H0C0M9- T3HHfl, (I)p33eojiorHH ecK H x emniHn) [ i , c.IIO ] .

Ilo MH6HK0 Ö0JIBIIIHHCTB3 JIHHrBHCTOB, CJIOBapHHÜ COCTof' CHJTTK— gtch HaHdoJiee "npoHHuaeMofi” oÖJiacTBio H3UKa, oöincHHeTca T6M, MTO OÖJiaCTB JI8KCHKH MOÄeJüipOBBH3 CJiaöee , H6M OÖJiaGTI. rpSM- M3THKH HJIH <J)OHeTHKH. Ilo MH6HHK) K3.A .AJIJ’KTeHKO, "OTKPUTOCTB" JI0K- CHH8CK0Ü CHCT0MH H3HK3 OdiHCHHeTCfl T8M, V IO -V6KCHK3, B OTJIHHHe OT rpaMMBTHKH H $OHeTHKH, He MOK0T HOJIHOCTBIO 0Tp33HTB EeCB H0- JioBe’iecKHß onuT h OKpyutaBiimfi Hac BHemmili mhp, noaior.Ty öojibiuhh- CTBO JI0KCHKO—C0MaHTinGCKHX PHHOB II OTKpOnOJieÜ KaiKflOrO H3HK3 COaepHCHTCH B "OTKPHTOM" CCCTOHHHH, T.0. B nOCTOÄHHOM n p e^pac- nojioaceHHH k mhhob3ixhhm [ I , c .126] . Tskhm oöpaaow, jeKCHêcKan HHTepc[)ep0HHHfl HBJW0TCH HaHÖOJI0 e paCnpOCTpaH0HHHM H BMeCT8 c TSM H3HM0H00 H3yM0HHHM BHÔM HHT6p$«peHHHH.

y.BsliHpsMx pasjum aoT 3 Buna $oh0T]TC0ckoü h h ts pcj>epbhuhh; CBepxHH5rö0p0HHHamro (overdifferentiation), IiejI.O,RHW;epeHlIHaiTlTlü ( underdif ferentiation), peilHTepnpeTanJlM (reInterpretation). iip:iKiuniH 3Tok KJiaccHijtaKaiyiH öhjjh nepeneceHK B . iO. P o 3 e hub e iirom k jl.M./MBH v. c'c-py rpaf.maTHKH [2] .

- 10 -

AHajiH3 cjiyM aeB JieKCHHecKoß HHTepcJepeHUHH cBHA0TBJH>CTBy- 6T 0 TOM, HTO KHaCCH$HKai0£H BHT6p$8p6HUHH, npeWIOKSHHaH y.BafiHpafixoM, npHMSHHMa h k c$epe JieKCHHecKofi HHTep$epeHmm,

'hto mojkst öhtb npooJunocTimpoBaHo cuteflyioBunffl cj^hshmh:I • CBepxHH$$epeHUHaxfliH — n e p e H o c K aK o ro -Jfflö o lU K êpeH iiK -

ajn> H oro npH 3H aica H3 H3yneHHoro HSHua (H j ) b n3y naeM u fi (H g )

npH OTCyTCTEHH B H6M TaKOrO npH3H8K3 ( f l j + H g - ) . *3 h e f e i t h e r - s e l f b a d - S h e f e i t b a d . B osB paT H oe m b ctO h m sh h 6 b nepBOM CJiyHas y n o T p e ö ® ieT C H n o aH aJiorH H c m oho jibb npe.u-’iosB H iw b p y c -CKOM H3 HK6 .

2. H6ÄOflH$$epeHu>iamiH - H6Hcnojn>3OB8HH0 nH jJepeHmiajifcHO— r o npHSHaKa H3yHaeM oro aauK a b cjiynaB e r o oTcyTCTBHa b poähom H3HK6 ( f l r - , H2+ ) . CJIOBO f a c u l t y , HMBOmBB 3HaHBHH6 I) CIIOCOÖ- hooth; 2 ) cnocodHocTB bocdpuhthh; 3) oöjiacTB HayKH; 4) oTseê- HH6 B y 3 a , ynOTpeÖJIHBTCH pyCCKOrOBOpHUlHMH TOJIBKO B nOCJieflHBM SHaHBHHH.

PßHHTepnpBTamw - nepepacnpeêJiahhs pa3jniHHTeji£Hux npH3- HaKOB, np« Kotopom aHcpiIepeHiiHajitHue npn3naKK n3ynaeMoro h3ukb 3aMBHHMTCH flH^JflpBHIIHaJIBHHMH UpH3HaKaMH H3yH0HHOrO H3UKB

* to ß ° i n t h e o in e m a - t o go to t h e c in e ia a .KaK o n e f ly e r H3 Buui6CKa3aHHoro, miaccmJuKamw iiHTep<iepeH-

u h h , n p eM on teH H afl / .B a ü H p a lix o M .1i m $OHBTHH6CKoro ypoBRH, hbjw- BTCH yHHBBpcaJDiHOfi H M0K6T ÖUTB HCn0JII>30BaHa Ha JDOdOM ypOBHe. 0äH3KO b 3T0M 3aiunoHa0TCH h ee HenocTaTOK, n0CK0Ja>Ky yHHBap- caJiBHHfi x a p a K T a p K Jiaccn$HKaiiH H MeiuaeT b o n p saeJ iB H ira cneiyicpHKH HHT8pc[)6peHIlHH Ha OTflBJtBHOM H3UKOBOM ypOBHBf

10iaccH $H K auH fl / . B a t o p a i b c a ynoB JieT B opH B T s a a a n a M H c c jie ,u o - ' B8 HHH JIHHrBHCTHHeCKOrO H COIfläOJIHHrBHCTHHeCKOrO aCneK TO B HHTBp • ^ e p e H io m . H t o K a c a e T o a s e M e T o u H H e c n o ro a c n e K T a , t o 3A e c t H y - K6 H ö o j i e e UHilxJ-epeHnjipoBaHHufi n o ju t o n , oT pasaiom H ii c n 8 ipi$H K y y c -BO0 HHH H3 HK8 Ha flaHHOM ypO B H B .

yHHTHBan HHTsrpaTHBHHÜ x a p a K T e p y n e ö H H x J ie K c tr ie c ia u c e ju i - HHH, MH paCCffflTpHBaeM HX Ha pa3JtHHHHX TpaUHUJ. HHHX, a T a ICKe CM61U8 HHHX ypOBHJÜC.

hoHKpBTHHM M aT spnajiO M a H a Jn i3 a n o o n y m i i $aKTHH 0 cKHfi w a T e - p n a j i , (fHKCHpyiöinHü c u iy n a a o iu h ö o h h o ü p b h b b o ü ä s h t o j i b h o c t h c T y - A 0htob, H3 y H a ra n a x a u r J u rä c K u f i H3 HK KaK B T o p o ft H H ocTpaH H H ii n p n nepBOM H8 M6IXKÖM. .

- II -

AH8JIM3 JI0KCHH0CKHX 9ÄHHHU (JIE ) npOBQHHÄOfl H8 TpaflHUHOHHHX (f OH6 THH6CK0M, Op$Orpa$HTOCKOM H J10KCHKO—G6MBHTHHMKOM ypOBHflX, b K aH ecTBe c o n p e n e j i t n o r o paccM aTpHBaJiCH J10 KCHKO-rpeMMaTireeCKHfi ypOBSHB.

M3yH0HH0 JIE Ha 3TOM ypOBHG CBH38H0 C TOM, HTO OflHH H T0 K8 3H8H6HHH KaK B P8MK8X OfflHOrO H3HK8 , T8K H B P83HHX H3HK8X, MO- ryT öhtb BupanteHH cpejicTB aM H jr e x o ir iä C K o ro h rpavnviath h o o K o r o ypOBHeH, HTO 38 CT8 BJIJ-I0T rOBOpHTB 0 HeOÖXOflHMOCTH npHBJI0H6HHH JIOKCHKH npH .13yH0HHH rpaMMaTH’TI [3, 0.61 . B CBA3H 0 9THM, n pe jicT aB JM eT cfi cnpaBOjuM BiiM h oöp aT H oe y T B apK u eim o o h o o ö x o ä h -MOCTH yH0Ta rpaMMaTBKH npH H3yH0HHH JI8KCHKK.

K3yH0HH0 HHT0pdfep0HmiH Ha CMeiUSHHOM JleKCHKO—rpaMMaTHH0— CKOM ypOBH0 n03B0JIHJ[0 BHÄ0JUITB RBa 86 BHUa I KOHUeilTyajrbHylO H cT p y KTy ja iy io .

KoHuenTyajo.HaH H H TapfopoH m ifl b o 3 h h k 8 6 t b pe3yjn>T aT 6 Tnno- JIOrHHBCKOrO CBO0OÖp83HH CJIOBapHMX COCTaBOB KOHTaKTHpyiÜfflHX H3H- k o b (a H rjm iic K o r’o , H0M 0UKoro, p y c c K o r o ) .

KaK H3B0CTHO, BH6H3HK0B8H JteÜCTBHTeJEbHOCTB l!0-pa3H0My CT- pasaoTCH b pa3jmHHHX H3HK3X. 3HaK h 3HaHeHK6 B cHJiy onpejicjien- HUX KyjrBTypHO—IIOTOpMHeCKHX H C0ÖCTB6HH0 JIHHrBHCTIIH6CKHX IipHHHH nojiynaeT b ksxaom h3uk8 cneumfaiHecKyro cooTHaceiiHOCTL, no p£3- HOMy cerweHTHpyH ßeftcTEHTeJiBHOCTB, b p03yjn>TeTe nero coothoch- T6J1BHH0 3JI8M6HTH B pa3HHX H3UKaX H0 COBnaMBT (nOJIHOCTLB IUIII qaCTHHHo), HTO H CT3HDBHTCH npHHHHOfl HH.epêpemflni [4, C.38] .

CjOBa HecyT b BHCKasHBaHiwx jih ö o jieH0TaTHBH0e, jmöo cur- HH$HKaTHBH06 3HaH8HH0. CjIOBa C ,H8H0T8THBHHM 3'.DSH6HH8M p e n p e — 30HmpyiOT 0JIHHHHHH0 B8HIH, B TO BpSMH KaK CJIOBa, H8CymH8 CHrHH— lfHKaTHBHOe 3H3H0HH0, BUpaSCaiOT IIOHHTHfl, T.0, MHCJIB OÖ OÖIfleM [5 , 0.7}. E cjih K om ienT H ,no;j k o to p h m h nonpa3yM 6BaeTCfl jnoöan ^HCKpoTHafl cowpataTOJiBHafl ©iHHHqa (oöpaa) 003HaroiH [5, c.5] , b KOHTaKTHpynuaix H3UKax coBnaâioT, a pasjoinaioTCH jihuib ä o c h t - liaTOpN, TO HHiap$0p0HIIHH, KaK UpaBHJIO, H6 B03HHKaeT.

Oöhhho 8T0 npoHCxojWT b Tax cjiynafix, Koma oda Koppejih- ra B KOHTaKTHpyiOUtHX H3HK8X HM6I0T ,H8HOT8THBHO0 3HaH0HH0 (T.0. jrfm B BUCK83HB8HHH BHpaJtaST npe^CTaBJI0HH0 0 8SHHHHH0M): pyc.- noriva ', höm. - Löffel; aHTJi. - spoon. Ecjih K0 pacxoxfl0HHH b KOHTaKTHpyramHX asuKax 3aTparHBaioT oöjectb KOHqenTOB, to hsh3-

H3HK0E9H HHTeiêpBHIXHH, KOTOpafl B H0KOTOpuX CJiyHSHX MO- - 12 -

IK6T P08JIH3OBSTBCH B PQHH B BHflS P0M6BHX OUIHÖOK. HanpHMep:

B npe&HOJiceHHH *1 m ie s my h o u se B 3H8H6HHH "fl OKanan no flOMJ (ceM be)" HM66T MBCTO Me*lH3HK0Bafl HHTep$epeHIflW Ha ypOB- He KOHiienTOB (Koim enTyajiBHafl). H andojiee THiUnHHM CJiy^aeM CTpyKTypnofi hiitg p$epe huhh hbjw gtch HenpaBuntHoe ynoTpeÖJieHHe npe jy ioroB b npe.iutoxHo—hmbhhhx h npo jy ioK H o-rjiarojibhhx c o ^ e T a -HI1HX.

B cJiQÄyromeM npeÄJioaieHHH *1 go to home hmbst möoto mgäpbh- 3UK0B8H HHTapcpepeHDHH Ha ypoB”e CTpyKTypu (cTpyKTypHan).

ynoTpeÖJieHHa npe/yiora to mokbt öhtb BbraBaHO KaK oTpewne- HH0M roBopHinero nepejjaTB 3HaH8HH9 decnpe’yiojKHorr .naTejr&Horo nafle*a (no ana-normi c pyccKHM "a Kuy äomqü"), TaK z SHaneHHe npejyioxHoro aaTejiBHoro naaexa , (JyHKuHOHHpyiomero b h0mbukom H3HK9 (loh gehe nach Hause).

Me)KBH3HK0Bafl KOHitenTyajiBHaH HHTep$epeHmw npoflBJweTca Ha jreKCHKO—ceMaHTH'qecKOM ypoBHe, rae lweamy KOHtjenTaMH pa3Horo ypoBHH oöortn'pHMH HaöjnoaaioTCH rH no-ranepoH H M H ^ecK H e CBH3H. B 38BHCKM0CTH OT HanpäBJieHHH CBH3I1 (KaKOtö KOHQSnT ÖepÖTCH 3a ompaBHoe), pa3jamafoT CM3B reHepaJm3amm (BHHO-poaoBaä) h CBH3B CneiIHajH3aminfPOflO-BHflOBaH) [5].

ECJIH OTHO1U0HHH C6M0HTHH6CKHX CTpyKTyp, KOppe JIHpyfOtHiDC B "KOHTaKTHpy 'HHX H3HK8X JIE, COOTBOTCTByiOT OTHOfflSHHeM CBH3H r0H6- pajTH3ai0iH, TO Tun B03M0KH0Ü M03Klfl3HKOBOfi HHTep$0peHqmi OOOT- BeTCTByeT H0.HO,HH(£$epeHUHaiflIH (T.0 . HM66T Me CT 0. y HHfHUJip OBS H- Hoe BHpaxeHHe ceMaHTinecKHx npn3HaKOB KomjenTa n3yHaeMoro H3UK3): pyc. — BaroH; aarJi. - carriage, coaoh, oar, waggon.

ÜPH OTHODJ0HHHX CeMaHTHqeCKHX CTpyKTyp JIE B KOHTaKTHpyiO- 1UHX H3HK3X, COOTBeTCTByiMUDC CBH3K CHeiflKUIiraaipDI, B03HHK86T BSW M0ÜPBH3HKOBOfi HHT9p(JiePOHIPIH, COOTB0TCTByK)mHfl CBH3H Cn0imaJH3a- UHH (T .e . ÄH$$0peHiiHpoBaHHoe BHpa cGHHe ceMaHTnqecKHX npasHaKOB IE B HHOCTpaHHOM S3HK8 IIOJiyTOST yHH^HIpipOBaHH00 BHpa3K0HH0 B Kopp0jmpyitm0M JE ponHoro H3HKa): pyc. - xymoscmiK, apTHCTj 8HTJI. - artist.

üocKOJiBKy HccjiOÄOBaHHe KoimenTyajiBHHx CBH3eii cji0B03ima- hhü He orpamumBaeTCfl paMKaMH oflHoro H3HKa (ecjm penB He we r 0 BHyTpHH3HK0B0M HHTep$6peHrciui), EHU6JIH6M abs THna rirao-räne-

•flOM ( 3JtaHH0, noMBmeHHe) - houa'' J10M (c0MefiHH0) onar - home

- 13 -

pOHHMHHeCKpft CBflSH m * K S K0HQ6IIT8MH OflHOrO «311X8. üpHMSpOM HHTepJIHHrBHCTHMe CKOfi rHnO-rHII0pOHHMHH8CKOtt CBflSH HBJUBOTCH JE Tana: pyo. öohtbch - aHrj[.to be afraid of, to fear»

ngUMSpOM 1 HHT.epJDIHrBHCTHUeCKoft rHIIO—rHIIOpOHHMHHBckoM c b h - 3h M oryT ö k t b JIE T r a a : f i e ld i ) nojre, npocxpaH O T B O , i io k p h to q TpaBofi; 2) HrpoBoe nojie; 3) none cpaxeHHH.

CpsÄMeTOM jxaJiBHeümero aHajm38 öy^eT TunojiorHH HHTepjmHr- b h c th h b c k h x m no-ranep o h h m h h q c k k x c b h30ü M0am y K op p ecno H flH - pyKXUHMH JIE KOHTaKTHpyKXHHX H3HKOB.

AH8JIH3 JIE, COCTaBJXJBHUHX JIQKGHH0CKHfi MHHHMyM, IIOflKpsnjI0 H- HUfi 3KCnepHM8HTajCbBUMII Ä8HHHMH, CBHH6T8JIBCTBy8T 0 TOM, HTO OOHOBHyn TpyÄHOOTB npH H3yH8HHH HHOOTpaHHOrO H3HK8 aoCT8BJIH10T JIE, odteÄHHeHHHe CBH3Bio roH opajnraaijH H b paMKax H HTepjnm rBH - CTHH6CKOÜ runO-ranepOHHMHH.

Hhxg npeflCTaaneHa JumrBncTiniecKafl TunojiorHH sthx JIE, pa3- paöoTaHHan Ha ochobs yneTa cosepaaTer^Hnx othouishhö ksk Me*wymnspOHUMOM H rHII0HHM8MH, 0 OflHOtt OTOPOHH, TSK H MGSUy THnO- HHM3MH - c apyro#.

PeayjBTavH npoB0fi8HHoro aHaJDoa, a Tarate aaHHue, noJiynoH- HHe flpyrnMH aBTopaMH [6;7], iio3Boji®ot bhuqjihtb b paMKax pac- 0M8TpHPfl0MHX HBJHäHHft rpynny' JI6KCHHQCKHX 0ÄHHHÜ, B KOTOpOÖ TH- nepoHHMy b pyccKOM H3HK0 oooTBBTCTByioT äbs hjih Öojrtme mnoHH— MOP B 8HTJIHfiCK0M H3UK6. B 38L/ICHM0CTH OT B38HM00TH0U1G HHfl M9H- jxy hhmh moxho BHfleJiHTB cjreayionui0 MHKporpynnH:

1. ranoHHMH coothoohtch M8»wy coöofl Kax "oömoeAacTh^e": pyc. ÖOHTBCH - aHM. to be a fra id o f amb./amth. (oömee 3Ha- H8HH0) , to fe a r (onaoaTLCH, oxhuötb nero-jmöo H0*0JiaT0JiBHoro).

2 . rnnOHHMH COOTHOOHTCH MBSJiy COÖOÄ K8K "adC TpaK TH O 0/K O H - K p8T H 08n : pyo. äo m - aH TJt. home (flOMauiHHß onar), house

t (3Ä8HH0).3 . rHnOHHMH pa3H 0C T0p0HH 8 XapaKT0pH3yiOT cnoöoö npO T 0K 8-

HHH Ä00CTBHH (OOCTOHHHO): p y C . BCT8B3TB - SHTJI. to ge t up (npÖCH IiaTBCfl, BOTaBaTB C nO C T0JD l), t o r i a e CmQäJIBHHO nOÄHH- M 8TB0H), to Stand u p (BCT8B8TB H3 IIOJIOXSHHJI JIOKa/CBW fl).

4. rnnOHHMH P83Ä0JWIOT HP0ÄM0TN (nOHHTKH) B 000TB6T0TBHH c BunojiHfioMHMH hmh $yHKUHHMH: pyc. aBTodyc - amvi. bus (b np0A0Jiax ropofla ), ooach (flajiBHero oji6äob8Hhh).

5 . rwnOHHMb! B aHTJIBÄCKOM H3HKG HBJIHIOTCH MH0r03HHHHHMH- 14 -

CJIOBaMH, COBnauaiOIUHMH B OflHOM H3 SHaTOHHä (HaCTHHHH0 CHHOHH— mh): pyc. jnopji - aHM. people jdoäh; men I) MyKTHHu; 2)jnojffl.

6. rmiOHHMH npoTHBonocTaBJiHK)TCH no wreneHH hhtshchbhjcth oöo3HaHaeMoro nproHaKa: pyc. doae3H6 - aHTJr. disease (cepte3- Hoe 3aöoJieBaHHe), iiiness (jierKO HeflOMorame).

- 7 . rnnOHHMH HaXOjyiTCK B OTHODISHHHX SHaHTHOCSMKH (BHyTpeH-Hefl aHTOHHMHH) : pyo. H3B0CTHHÜ - aHTJI. famOUS (SHaMeHHTHÖ, H3- B8 CT Hilft -*- nOJIO)KHT0JIBHafl OKpaCKa), notorious (ü3B6CTHUfi - OT- pimaTejEbHaH oxpacKa).

8. rffllOHHMH B aHTJmflCKOM H3HK0 COOTHOCHTCH C nUIfTOHHMOM b pyccKOM H3HK0 Kan qacTH n II0TO0; pyc. Hora - aHrji. foot (cTynim), leg (ocTaJEBHan racTB Hora).

9. OTHODI0HHH M0«Hy rifllOHHMaMH BapBHpyiOTCJI DO JIHHHH $yHK- UHOHaJiBHUx cTmieß: pyc. jeoäh - aHra. people (HeüTps JiBHHfi c t i m b ), foik (pa3roBopHHfi cthjib).

10. 3yHKIBIOHHpOBaHH0 rrniOHHMOB OÖyCJIOBJItHO HX CHHTaKCHHS— cko ü BajisHTHocTBK: pyci öucipufl - aHM. quick (npeiHMymecT- BeHHO np0OTKaTHBHO) , fast (B ÖOJIBUIHHCTB0 CJiyâeB aTpHÖyTHBHO) .

11. QynKrjHOHnpoBaHiie rnnoHHMOB 0dycJi0BJieH0 hx ceMaHTHMe- ckoü E eriTitocTBio: pyc. HCKaTB - a H M . to look for + N (ooncr.), to seek+ N (abst.);pyc. cpeflH - amvi. between + N (2 yqacTHHKa), among + N (do- Jiee 2 -x yMacTHHKOB).

12. O'-oöyio rp y n n y cocTaBJünoT JIE, HaxojyimHecH b othouibhh- HX KB33H—rUnepOHHMKHOCKOß CBH3H, T .0 . ranÖHHlÜH OIÜHÖOqHO COOT- HOCHTCH rOBOpHUlHMH C flByMH rHIIGP0HHM3MH B pOflHOM H3HK9, KOTO- PH 0 HaXO,HHTCH Mexmy Codoß B OTHOQGHHHX OMOHHMJUt--: pyc. I ) y 3 - HaTB (noJiytHiTB CBefleHHa) - aHTJi. to learnj. pyc. 2) y3H3TB ® ( btophhho y3H aTB,vono3H aTi) - a H M . to reoognize jihiio hjih npe jw oT , BHBeHHHi-i n p a su ic ) .

B peîi odyâeMHX CMeuieHne ranoHHMOB npoHcxo^HT dJiaroaapfr HX HenpaBKWBHOMy COOTHeCSHHH) c OMOHHMaMH pyCCKOrO H3HK3, T.8. onocpeÔBaHHo, b pesyjr&TaTe qero B03HiiKaK)T oiuhöich thiki

+ What did you recognize about George?TaKOBH ocHOBHue pa3pan;H JJE, odtejumeHHux cbh3b» renepa-

jm3aujTH, b paMKax MeHtHSUKOBofi rmio-rHnepoHHMHii.C MeTOflircecKofi totoh speHHH ohh npeflCTasJOTOT doJiBmoii hh-

Tepec, TaK KSK H03HaHH0 3THX CBH3efi IipHBOflHT K dOJIBHIOf-Ty KOJHI—- 1 5 -

H6 CTBy THHH’IHHX, yCTOÖMHBHX JI8ECm6CKHX OfflHÖOK.MeHee 3HaqHMy» ( koot'jqctböhho _h kshsctbshho) rpynny

npe«cTaBJWBT JIE, oöksahhshhus cbh3i>io cnemiajiH3aiaiji (MHoro— 3HaHHojjy cjiOBy b airrjiHflcKOM aauK e cooTBSTciByeT p*w oflH03Ha^- HUX CJIOB B pyCCKOM H3HK8) 8HTJI. a c t u a l - pyC. I ) peaJIBHO Cy- meCTByKHOHß; 2 ) 00Bp6M8HHUÜ»

3th JIE HyxAfiUTCfl b cneioiajitHofi c6MaHTii3aiijin b opothbhom cJiynae^B SKcnpeccHBHoft pe^ra oöynaeMHe BocnpoH3Bon«T tojibko OßHO H3 3HaH6HHÄ rifflepOHHMa (TTO COOi'BeTCTByST HaflOr.H^epeH- UHaiiHH no y.Baltepafixy) . IIpH peuenraBHOM BocnpiwTHH owhöohho B00np0H3B0flflT 3H3H8HH8 JIE, OCOÖ8HHO, eCJIH JIE, KOppeJIHpyKtUHa B KOHTaKTHpyMUHX H3HK3X, HBJlHIOTCH MaCTHHHHMH OMOHHMb.iH aHrJI.f a s h i o n - pyc. I ) cnoooö, MaHepa; 2) $acoH, MOnejn>, c th j ib , M 0»a.

TaKOBH HaHÖojiee x ap aK T ep m e cjrynaH b pacxoaweHHH cgmbh— THKH JIF- B K0HT3KTHpyB®HX H3HK8X, KOT 3pH6 HBJWIOTCfl npHHHHOfi KOHIienTyaJIBHOfl MeXfbflSHKOBOß HHTep$epeHIlHH.

üpHMSHaHHAI, SJiyKTenKo 10.A. JlHHTBHOTirqecKHe acneKTu aByfl3ireHH. -

Khsb TS74.*2. Po3eHUB0fir B.K)., y»«aH JI.M. HHTeptfrepemiiw h rpamjaTH-

H8CKH6 KaTeropHH // HccjiBflOBamifl no cTpyKTypHolt. THnojiomH. - M., 1963.

3. r y jm r a E.B ., UleHueJO." E.H. rpaMMaTHKO—jig k c h ^ sck h ö no- Jlfl B C0BPGM8HHOM H8M8mCOM H3HK8. - M ., 1969.4. Hobhkob JI.A. , Kb8hob B .B ., KeaafiTeHe E .H ., Thxohob

A.H. Cobj?6M8hhhK pycoKKfi a3Hk : TeopeTinecKHfi Kypc. JleKCHEOJio- thh. - 1YU, 1967.

5. Hhkhthh M.B. JI8KCHH60K08 BHaneHne b CJioBe h c jio b o co - H6TaH«H. - RnaflHMHp, 1974.6. 3jn>HHOBa H.M.,‘ JleftH MJW HeKOTODtie tpmhocth aHrjmfi- CKOrO H3HK8: Ü8KCineCKH0 enpaBOHHHK. - JI., I9o3.

7. ApÖeKOBa T.H. JleKCHKOJiorHH aHrjiHHCKoro H3HKa (npaKTH- MecKHfi Kypc). - M., 1977.

C.JI.I^HUiaHOB (HoBropo.il)K BOHPOCy 0 CEMAHTH'IECKOM CTATyCE

KOHHOTATMBHOK) 3HA<ffiHMH

$yHKUH0HHp0BaHH6 S3HK8 K8K cpejicTBa HejioBe’iecK o ro ödme- HHH OrmpaeTCH Ha CnOCOÖHOCTB CJIOBa - OCHÖBHOit 3HaHHM0li 9ÄHU-I- q u H3HK8 BHnOJIHflTB Hapjffly C HOMHHaTHBHOfi 0II8H0HH0—KB8JM$HK8- THBHyK) fyHKIOßO, $OpMHpOBaTt IJSJIOCTHHfi OÖpa3 Ä8HOT8T8 HJIH pe- $epeHTa. B 8KT6 KOMMyHHK8HHH Cyöl,8KT pe^H 3aKp8IWH8T 38 npSfl-

- 16 -

M0TOM HaHMeHOB&HBfl 18 XapaKTepHCTHKH, KOTOpue HBJWDOTCfl BHyf- P8HH8 3H8HHMUMH ÄJIfl KQFO OaMOrO B Ä8HH0Ö CHTyaUKH.

U em iocTHaH opH eH Tam w x'OBopHmero B oruioiyaeTca b k p h tg p h h OU8HKH, OOOTHOCHMHM 0 KBaJIH$HKaUHOHHOfl C gtipofi, pacnpOCTpaHflH- h o ö b aq h h o m counyM S» O co d y » p o jn . arp a io T o u e m u i, HMeamae b K anecTB e C B oero ocH O Baaiw n y scT B a h jih SMOipm. B aK cn o ;io rn H e- CKOM HCaie^OnaHMH A.A.IlBKHa BUGKaSHBBeTCH n p6jinOJIOK6HH€, HTO "oueH KH , HBJIHHUH8CH BHP8/K6HH6M HyBOTBa CHMnaTHH, aHTHIiaTHH, CKJIOHHOCTH, Ö83p a 3JIHHHfl H T . n , , MOHIIO ÖUJIO ÖU HQ3B8TB BltyTpQH-hhmh" Ce, c .3 fl ..

B HBJI6 HH31 KOHHOTaUHH HBXOÄHT D0IUI0U(GHH6 Ha ft3UK0B0M ypOB- H8 T8 accouHaTHBHue 0BH3H h np6Ä 0TaBJ!8HHH, K0T0pue conpoBoawa- jot n p o u e c c oTpajxeHHH oöieKTHBHOfi .neßctbhtg jibiioctu u cjiocoöct- Byira npeoöpasoBaHHio ee b accoujiaTaBHHfl p a n HejroBenecKHx smokhH.

no« KOHHOT8THBHHM 3H8 H8 HH8M MU BCA8A 38 B.H.TSÄHH HOHH- MaeM "cewaHTHHecKyio cyumocTB, y3yajiBHo mm 0KK83U0iiajh .h o bxo- Aflmym b coMaHTHKy äshkobhx 8ähhhii h Bupaaaicuy» 3m o th b h o -o u o - H0HH08 TS CTHJHICTHH8CKH M8 pKHpOBSHH08 0TH0U18HH8 CydlGKTa pGHH K Ä8fiCTEHT8JIBH0CTH npH 8 8 0Ö0 3H3 HGHHH B BUCKS8U£aHHI{, KOTOpOS nojiyvaaT Ha ochob8 STOß HHjiopMauHa aKcnpcccHEHufi aiJjfeKf [2,C .5 ] . B 0U6H0HH0M K0Mn0H8HT8 KOHHOTaTHBUOrO 3HaH8HHH SKTyaJIH— snpyeTCH 3naH8HH8 npH3Haxa hjih K anecTB a, BHyTpewHe npn cym ero 0Ö03HaHaeM0My npa^M eiy u m hbji8hhm h SHaHHMoro j w i cyö iem a P8HH. MOTHBaimefl ÄflHHOfl H3HK0B0fi $0pMU M0K8T ÖHTB pH» HOCJie- .HOBaTeJiBHux, ycTofiHHBHX accom iauH ß b C03H9HHH ro B o pß ine ro .

ro ß o p f l o p o jra accoqH auH ß b co3ä3 hhh odpasH oil SKcnpeccHH, JT.B.Hiepda yKa3HBSJi: "CymHOOM o ö p aaa B o a ce hb b orcyTCTBHH o o - nyTCTByiomiix a c c o im a ia d l , a hmbhho b M H o ro o ö p aaim a r a x n o o n e a m a . OflHaKO 3T0 MH0r00(5pa3H8 H8 Ö6CK0H8HH0, a B081fÄ a Kysa-HHÖyfll. H anpaBJieH o: rb jio xyflo*HHKa coctoht b tom , h to ö h HanpaBHTB n e - odxoÄHMue, x otb h K8H8TKH8 accotpiaiyiM n o onpeaeJisHHOMy r /y r a . Ä8JI0 KpHTHKH H TOjatOBaTejIH - BCKPUTB 3Ty HanpaBJISHHOCTB II y x a - 3 3TB T8 BHpa3HT8JIBHU8 CpeflCTBa, KOTOpHG ynOTpeÖHJI B flaHHOM CJijHae xyaosH itk" £3 , 0 .1 8 3 ] .

Ha npHMepe o tä8Jibho B3HToro CBepxi|jpa30Boro sjtKHCTBa H3

poMSHa JistOHa ArwaiiKa " l o o t a r tp g o " (H .Y . , 1979) npocjieflHM.

$0pMHp0B8HH8 XyÄ0S8CTB8HH0r0 0Öpa38 npH B38HM0A8ÜCTBHH BC8X

KOMHOHeHTOB KOHHOTaTHBHOrO 3H 8H 6H H H "U onday’ s wau b rea k fa u t

- 17 -

light bleaches you blotohily, drnvina the goodnesa frou your thickuaaa, makea the bathrobe a limp, atained tube flapping diaoonaolatoly, exposing aallen decolletage... The skin between your breaata a aad aallcw, a but yellow... I feaat vvith the coffee on your drabneua. Evei’y wrinklo and ßickly tint a relief and a revenge. The children yammer. The toastar aticku. üoven yoara have w o » thia wornan.

r.naB»oe ;ieficTByicmee jumo n0BQCTB0Bahhh - T am riH u i: aM epw - KQUeU, MHCTep BVUIBCOH, npeAnpHKIVTOIBHli ÖH3H0CM6H, 0Öpa3U0BUfi Cef.TBHHllH, He CKp«BaeT OBOerO HQJtOBOJILCTEa KH3HBK), npH nOMOIUH OT^QJTbHO B3HT0Ü fleTajm nepeaaeT HBnpnn3HeHHoe OTiioiueHne k H e- Kor,u£i droi3KHM, a T e n e p i. - tfecKOHöTOO .uajieKHM jhoärm ( a te n e , jx e - Tfffli): "The skin betv/aen your breaata a aad aailow, a bit yellow... üonday v/an breakfaat light bleachos you blotchily, draina the goodness from your thicknesa... The children yainmer".

ÖTpimaTSJIBHaH 0U6HK8 JJ.8TepMHHFpy8T XyÔHteCTBeHHilii 0<5pa3 MHCCHC lilUIBCOH, npH 3T0M KHT8HCH$HKaTOpH Tjma (blotchily, sickly) ycH.raBaioT HeraTHBH.oe OTHoiuemie k peqepeuTy, SKcn.ra- mipyeMOMy jdiujb npn homouih junmoro a npuT/ccaTeJiBHoro wecTOHMü- Hiifi. 0öpa3 rjiaBHoro fleiicTByiomero .mua oöpacTaeT j;oiio.fiHHTajrb- HHMH aCCOipiaUHHMH, BOlLHOUiaH B 3HaÎIT6.>IBIIO)i CTGIieHH HpaBCTBÖH— HII8 H 3CT6TH^6CKH6 OpH6HTHpU IIOBeCTBOBaTeJIH.

H3M8H6HHH B npOCTpaHCTBSHHO—BpBMSHHOM KoiiTHHyyMe reAJ'T K H3M6HGHK0 b aKCHojiormreckom Moayce Bcero npOJI3Be,U0HHH: OH CTaHOBHTCH B ÖOJIM16H CT 8 ITC HH HpotnreHUM: ...The man, he ar- rowa off to work, jouating for right-of-way, rering on the thin hard edge of the legal speed limit. Out of domestic muddle softneas, pollar, flacoidity, into their city atone is hia province. The winning of coin. The maneuvering of ab- atractiona. ülaking heartless thinga run. Oh, the in aniiaate... J'.KHafvffi HOCTB HOBOÜ 0ÖCT8H0BKH OnpeflG^fleT Henp0ÄCKa3y0HOOTL no- BGjieiuw repofl, ho oraBHUHO ero cTpeivuiemie 0C30ö0,hiitbch ot Tex CTepeoTimoB noBeflerain, noTopae HaBHSHBaior ewy ö j ih s k h g . Ceom noTpeöHoeTB b noJio:iHTe.U£HHX 3!.!ouimx h oorpHX omyuiemiHX oh pea- JiH3yeT b mumojisthhx BCTpeâx c npeÄCTaBMTeJH.miu,ai®! npeicpacnoro nojia, .uocTaB.imromnx ewy newajio npiwTHnx MirnyT: "...taken by surpn.se., then he misaed the furning of the aeaiiingful hour

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of ten, cau&ht the look, raoist and ßirliah OrreHOK Hpo~hhh Boe öojnbUM nopexo;urr b caTHpy h rporeoK, b neu a»Top yera- HaBjmBaeT rpaHHny Jnrraoro onwTa h Öhthh cbohx nepcoaasQflj ... and quick the momentoua moral of this storybeing. An ex-pected ßiftf ia not worth giving... Ha npowccoHHii ucero iiobö- CTBOEaHiw pa3BepnyTaH XapaKTepHCTHKH fleflcTBynmtix jmu otmchgimi3MOTHBHOOTBJO H OU0HOHHOCTBK), HTO npKUaOT Xyfl0;xeCTB6HHHM O d p a - 3aM U6JIOCTHOCTI. H BHpa3HT6JIBH0CTB. B CaTnpHHOCKOM paCCKa38C.XaKCJffl "Hubert and Uinnie*(Fublished in Kodern En^iiah Short staries of the twentieth Century. M., 19ÖQ) n p o u e o o (JopMHpoBaHiiH 3M0THBH0- 0u6H0HH0r 0 MO.uyca liH oit, hom b p a c o u n 3e J ;x .A im a i 'K a . E ueH Tpe nQ BecTi'OBam m - c y ^ tö a j(Byx jtfw gJI, X&n- d e p r a J lsn s ju ia h M hhuk. IIx BCTpena h nsanM noe oÖJnmeHHB b f.mpe B o eoö m ero o T n y ^ n ehhh c T a jm ojiyHafiHHM Hiurem teM , npoiicinej;miiM n o - TOMy, h to o d a ho HcnuTiJB8JiH npem ne rjiydoKHX nyBCTB, ho n o T p e d - hoctb b 3TOM y K ajy io ro cynjecTBOBaJia "...For Hubert Lapell this first love-affair was extremely important. "Important" was the word he had used himself when he waa writing about it in his diary. It was an event in his life, a real event for a change... The thing was a bit of a frand, yea, really, he decided, rather a frand... For Uinnie, however, love was no frand at all.

I!s nepBofi xapaKTepncTHKH repoeB ct3hobhtch hoho, hto bos- MOSCHOCTB CHaCTJIMEOrO C0 B 3 8 MOKfly HHMH Majß, T8K K8K «BElCyT HMH pa3.iHHHue n c d y x A eH H fl: «All the same, Bald Hubert, one must have a certain amount of actual non-imaginative experlenee.You can't really know yourself without coming into collision with events, can you?" - Uinnie adored him protectively, maternally - for he was only twenty and waa very young, and she was nearly twenty-nine.

Oi^eHOHHue X apaK TepHCTHKH aBTopa OTJinnaioTCH H po H H eii, no- C TeneH H O n e p e x o fljm ie J ; b c a p K a 3 M, K m oneB ue cJiO B a 3 K c n o 3 im im npo- H3Befl0HHH - lave-affair, a turning-peint, C OflHOfi CTOPOHH,H - maternally, protectively - o flpyroM, p a cK p H B a io r 3 a p o s t - Ä6HH6 B3 aKMHUX HyBCTB y p a 3JIHHHHX nO KH3HeHHOMy o n u T y JHOHefi: "All the saine, "said Hubert, one must have a oertain amount of actual non-imaginative experlence. - You can't really know yourself without coming into collision with events, can

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y o u ? " - S he a d o r c d h i n p r o t e o t l v e l y , m a t e r n a l l y - f o r h a w as o n ly tw e n ty a n d v e r y y o u n g , i n a p i t « o f t h e w r i n k l a b e tw e e n t h a b ro w s , a n d t h « lo n g w o rd a a n d t h a u n d e r g r a d u a t e * s n a w ly d ia c o v e x e d k n o w le d g e .

B pa3BHTHU c m e t a B axayD pojo> n p n o ö p s T a e T o ö p a 3 Xqjish XJiDMöap, npeBCTaBHTQJttHHuy BHoaieit 9JIHTH odmecTBa, BHpaacanqefl npe^eJiBHo hcho h oTKpoBeHHo im e a m h hopmh Mopajmt " i f you want to go to 1>ed « I t h th e young man, "she s a l d , " go to bed w ith him . The th in g h as no im p o rtan ce l n i t a e l f . At l e a s t n o t muoht I t ' s o n ly im p o rta n t b ecbuse i t makes p o e s ib le more a e c r e t c o n f id e n c e s , becauaa l t a t r a n g th e n s a f f e o t i o n , makea th e man i n a way dependen t on yo u . And th e n , o f o o u rse , i t ' s th e n a tu r a l t h in g . I 'm a l l f o r n a tu r e , ex cep t when i t comes to p a ln t in g o n a 's f a c e . Thay say t h a t f e r r e t s . . . " But U lnn ie n o tic o ’d t h a t ohe n e v e r f in is h e d th e s e n te n c e . . .

XapaierepHO, tto b cmn>Hofl n o 3imnM b stom MOHanore okssh- BSiOTCH JI6 KC 8 MH ferrets, thing, npHoäpeTanmne BC-neflCTBue SToro ottghok nefiopaTHBHoro CMHOna (a person who is doomad to negiaot). JleKceMa ferrets b äbhhom KOHTeKCTe noOTepKHBaeT HaMspsHHo yHOTHSHTejiBHoe oTHomeHHe roBopHiqero k k0hhujh8, bs- jnymeä ÖecmoflHoe cyiuecTBOBatnie: "John Mrs Giaraber suddanly oalled "Is-it true about ferrets?" - "Ferreta’b the voice from aoross the paisage repeated. With a rcmote Irritation - «Is what true about ferretB?" - "That the female die if they are not m äte "How on earth should Know?" - "But you generally know everything..•

JiHTOOOTHHiS CMHCJI, $OpMHpy0MHfi B KOHT6KCT6 MOHOHOTa X3JI3H BO K pyr JieKcewu ferrets, floncuiHHeTüfl okkb3H0Hajibhhmh fleropa- THBKHMH CMHCJI3MH, $0pMHpy6MHMH B KOHT0KCT8 BHyTp0HH0rO MOHO- Jiora X9JI3H JlSKOBMaMH "siok monkey, blotting-paper», KOTOPHS B flOOTaTO'IHOM CTeneHK MOTHBHpyWT 0TH0UI8HH8 X3JI3H K MkHHH.

B xapaitTepHCTHKo Mzhhh npepöJiaflaGT cocjiaraT8jn>HO0 Haiaio- H8Hae, B03M0XH0Ü HMnjmKaqaeJi K O T o p oro nB Jin e’iCH h 8 c ö h to ^ h o c t i> OütnnaHHÄ h noHCKOB codcTBSHHOro c^aoTia: She would have agood wife it she oould... She was just a great big healthy young wc:nan of twenty-eight who ought to have been marriad and the mather of ohild, and who waan't.

3 pasBHTKH oqeHOTHofi xapaKTöpHCTHKH n e p c o H a x e fi B axH an- 20 -

p o j i t npHHajtJiBJiCHT h x peneB uw peMapKSM. Hanö<wiBüiefi nepnoK yTH B- hoH BHpa3HT8Jn>HocTBW o ö m K & m psMapKH Taaa BomeTTa, npanTeJW X woöepTa . Oh - npeflO TaBirrejiB M ojiöaoro üokcw iqhiw , JtniueHHoro k h k h x - jih ö o hjuho3h ü . XapaKTepiaiM a jm peqa Taaa h b jw 6t c h oö iu m e aHT0H0Ma3Hfl: Listen to Stravinaky's Saore "said Ted Watchett, "and you're for ever exöused from going to Tibet or the Gold Ooast orany of those owful plaoee. And then there'a Dostoiev- sky instead of murder and D.H.Lawrence as a substitute for aex" •

3MOTHBHO-OU6HCniHHÜ nOT6HUHaJI COÖCTB6HHUX HM6H ÜOJiyHaeT B K0HT6KCT9 pöHH T3fla 0Öpa3HHÜ nOT6fQ|HaJi: B JOT8X T3Ä8 JDOÖO0ynoMHHaHHG KyjaTypHo-HOTopnecKHX peaJmfl, homhh8thbho jmnieH- hhx ouenoHHoro noTeHujiajia, npHoöpeiaaT onpeAejieHHHfl hpbbctb6h-KUtf nOATeKOT KSK CHMBOJI HHCTOTtl B OKpyxaXXlteM BpaJWeÖHOM MHpe.

CyaweHHH Ta^a ydeswaioT XtrodepTa b hgbosmokhooth Öutb C aOTJIHBHM B 9TOM BpaXWeÖHOM MHpfl. AcCGUHBiypi, BH3B8HHH0 pa3- MHumeHHHMH repon, oxBaTHBaioT KSK ÖHÖJteiiCKHe aJUD03HH: it waa invented by Adam, he said, "for varioua little transedental reaaona whioh you would probably find it diffioult to appre- oiate. Bu.t also for the very praotioal purpose of Keep- ing üva in order", TBK H pe$epeHUHH na $HJiooo$CKH9 KOHnetl- UJffl pa3JUIMHOli OpH0HTaUHH (OT MapTHHB JIlOTepa ÄO IOmB H reKCJIH, 3HaM0HHToro poACTBeHHHKa nHCaTSJlfl)»Voltaire, "he wrote in hffci diary - and he wrote it a seoond time in one of hie let- tsrs to idinnie - "Voltaire said that one died twio« once with the death of the whoie body and once before, with the death of one'a oapacity to love» And in the same way one id born twice, the second time being on the oocasion when firat falls in love*

ÜSHOTaTOM 9THX OTMS eHHHX HOMHHaUHÖ HBJIHÖTCß MeTa^öpHTO- ckh oTMeqeHKan odutecTBeHHaa u8hhoctb, K o fo p a a He mosst öutb 3KciumnnpoBaHa KaKHM—jihöo hhhm oöpaaoM.

IIooJreAHfls BOTpena Mhhhh h X Biodepra npoTekaeT Ha ipoHe iuuiiHoro pacrtBoTa npapoAH. Boe npacitH b OKpyataiomeM MHpe n o « - 'iepKHBöKT OTvyümeHHOCTB ^eJiOBSKB H EiiTHfl: Minnie waa iolone again in the garden.'Ripe, Ripe it lay there in the late aun- shine. Half of it was in ahadow now, but the rest of it, in the oolourad evening light, aeemed to have come to the final

- 2 1 -

and absolute perfection of maturity Bloomy with thundery ailence, the cholcest fruit of all time hung there, deli- oiously sweet, sweet to the oore, hung flushed and beautiful on the brink of darkness.

O öpas Mhhioi b ueKOTopofi cTeneHH juiuish HHUHBiwyajiBHocTH, y noA oÖ Jiem ie e e cnamtejno ÄOCTaTO^HO hcho p a c K p m a e T OTHouiemte n n c aT eJW k nofloÖHofl KH3H6HHofl no3Hiyin jihhhocth: "Minnie sat there quite still, wondering what had happned. Had he gone, had he really gone? The door closed behind him with a bang, and almost as though the sound were a Signal prearranged, a man walked out from the mill on to the dam and closed the sluice. And all at once the wheel was still. Apocalyptically there was silence; the ailence of soundlessnes took the place of that other ailence that was uninterrupted sound".

Qtman npoH3BefleHHH pacicpHBaeT rjiaB H yio KOHuenmno XaKC-ra - BCHKoe conpoTHBJieHHe 3KH3H6HHHM Tpy^HocTHM oöpeneHO Ha nopaace- HHG .

npHMSMaHMH1 . MBHH A.A. OCHOBaHHH JIOrilKH OU6HOK. - M ., 1 9 7 0 .2 . TeJTHH B.H. KOHHOTaTHBHHÄ acneKT CeMSHTHKII H0MHH3THB-

hhx e jim n m . - M ., 1 9 8 6 .3 . W epöa JI.B. OniiT jnmrBHCTHHeCKoro TOJiKOBamiH c t iC x o tb o - peifflfi / / CJoBSTCKoe HauKosHaHHe ,~ T . 2 . - J I . , 1 9 3 6 .

K .A .ry3eeBa (JteHMHrpa,z;), JI.M.PoHHKauiBiuiH (y c c y p H iic K )CEMHTIWECKHE OCOEEHHOCTH BHCK&3UBAIM C nPHCOESfflEHHOM BOTPOCMTEJttHOu ÂCTUO

BHCKa3HBaHHn o npHcoeflHHeuHofi BonpocHT6Jn>Hoii nacTtio, o r - HOCHinHecH no KOMMyHHKaTHBHOMy THny K BonpociiTejn.HHM npe;ym e- hhhm, BtwejiffiOTCfi cpe«H hex b ocoöyio rpyimy KaK no cBoeft

CTpyKType, TaK h no 3HaHemiio. IIpewiOKeHHH c npHcoejuiHeHHoii BOnpOOIITeJEbHOfi raCTBIO MOKHO 0TH8CTH K BOnpOCHTSJIBHHM npeflJIO- S6HHHM C HeCTamiapTHOfi CBMaHTHKOfi (no TöpMHHOJIOrHII E.B.Hajy- HeBoiä [ i , c .2 3 3 ] ) , tto oöiHCHHeTCH hx pasHooöpaaHHMH cTpyK— TypiIHMH 0C0Ö6HH0CTHMH.

BucKaauBaHHH c npHC0eaHH8HH0i‘i BonpocnTejr&Hoii âcTtio npextcraBJiHioT coöoß cJioacHHe AsyxâcTHue 0öpa30BaHHH. Oöliihm fljm Hcex CTpyKTyp hbjih0tch Hajnraie BonpocnTejitHoro 0Tpe3Ka. Ecjiefl 3a r.E.KHBHBHJiH [23 Ha30BeM hx rjiaBHyio, ocHOBKyro âcTB

- 22 -

npHcoeromffiomefi ^ a c T tn (O T ), a BonpocHTejiBHHß o T p e so x pe^H - npHcoeflKKeHHott BonpocHTejn>Ho» rabTBio (IIOT).

OöteKTOM H ccjießO E am w aaHHofl CTaTBH B ncT yna»T an efly rau ie THnH B«CKa3H B aH H ß :(I) It's rather beautiful, ian't it? (Chri-

-atie). (2) You haven't seen any other, have you? (Golding).(3) It was like that, was it? (Bates).(4) Give Jimmy a call, will you? (Oaborne). (5) Have a. seat, won't you? (Warren).(6) Let's have a cigarette, ahall we? (Oaborne1.(7) How time does fly, doesn't it? (Maugham).(8) And then do you know what I did with the money, do you? (Warren).

H3 npHBejiehhhx npnuiepoB ok6brhho, ’ito b OT MoryT y n o - TpeÖjiHTtcH p a s jo ra a te KOMMyHHKaTHBHiis THnH npeanosceiniß: nOB0- CTBOBaTejiBHHe, noEe/THTejiBHue, bockjihubtejtBHHe h BonpociiTeju- hu6 npeMoxenm. Oöiuhm jjb Bcefl rpynnu BonpocoB hbjih6tch hs- JIHTO6 ÜB1!, CBK3aHHOÜ HJIH He CBH3aHH0fl cTpyKTypHO c OT.

AH8JIH3 BUCKaSHBaHHÜ C HB4 OCJIOXHHeTCfl TOM, ’TTO nOMHMO pasjiHTOH b cipyKType OT, aainare BH0Ka3UB8HHH MoryT oÖJiaxaTb ' n pasjimuoil no-TOpnocTLBJ (tspmhh C.HsccjnjHa [ 3 ]). IIoä riOJiapHO- CTBD noHiitâeTCH cooTHomeHHS âcTei-i npojyroaceHHH c ÜB1! no m m m yTBepfmeHHH/oTpHUaHHH. üojwphoctb MOJK6T ÖHTB ÄBJX BUHOB. TaK HasKEaeMan oöpaTHan rTOJwpHOCTB (reversed polarity) HaÖJiKwaeT- Cfl E BU CK3 3KB3 HHHX, rflS OÄHa ^SCTB HBJW6TCH yTB6pflHT0JtBHOfl, 8 Apyran - oTpHuaTeJiBHofi: (+ -) hjih (- +). Ilpa nocTQBHHofl nojiap- HOCTII (constant polarity) OÖe TOCTH BH CKS 3 HBSHHH OOBHaflaBT no jihhhh yTBepTOemw/oTpHixaHiw: (+ +) ivnt (— ).

C jieH yeT o t m s t h t b , m to H a n ö o jie e ^ a c T O B C T p eâro T o a b h o k b — 3 HBanHH c HBM, r ; i 6 OT HBJweTCH n o B e c tB O B a T e jib h h m n p eflJio ateH H - eM , a ' B c e BH CK asuBaK H e h m g e t odpaT H yio no jw pH O C T B . Pente BCTpenaiOTCH BHCKa3UBaHHH C IIOT C nOBßCTBOBaTGJIBHHM CHHT8 KCH— MecKiiM TunoM npejuroM tem iÄ b rJiaB H ofl Ma c t h c n 0 CT0HHH0 fl n o j w p - h o c t b h ) , n p in ew n o j i02CHT6 jn>Hofi ( + + ) . üpxM epH C JIBOÜHUM O T pH Iia- HH6M npaKTHêCKH Ee BCTpe-qaKITCH.

OêHB paCIipOCTpaHeHHHMH HBJIffiOTGtf- BHCK83HB8HHH 0 I M 0 noBejnrrejrtHHM npeM oxtemrcM b OT. Kpaftne pe ;u to BCTpeâioTCfl EUCKa3HBaHHH C TIBTI , r« e OT HBJLfieTCfl BOCIUnmaTeJTBHHM HJIH BO- npocjiTejiBHuw npa,i;.rto™eiffleM.

IIpejuiojKSHHH c HER x a p a K T e p H 3 yioTCH t g m , ^ t ö w esucy h x n a - CT^nm c y m e c T s y e T c r p y K T y p n a n c b h 3 b .

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ncwreKamee b SB1! BHpascaeiqa jihhbhm MecTOHMemieM h öorJiaoyeToa o nofljxajKauiHM IH , a&Möiqan e r o . HoiunraeHHeM aueoB h b ju w ic h He- onpesejieHBoe MecTOHMeHHe one h oeM ahthShpobshhoe cjiobo th e r e , KOTopae, BucTyna« b pojm no.qjieatamero b i n , He 3aMeqa- BTCfl JTHTOHMH M6CT0HM6HHSMH, 8 B0pnp0H3B0.HHTCH B H8fi IIOJIHOCTHO: W ell, one w ould th in k t h a t , w o u ld n 't one? (Maugham). T h e re 's no a g e - l im i t , i s th e ra ? (B a te a ) .

r j i a r o j i , ynoT pedJW M & ifi b ÜB1! , h b ü h s t o h r j ia ro j iO M -p e n p e 3 0 H - "aHTOM, noBTopfljoiuHM BonoMoraTeJtBmrti, MOÄajiBHHö r j r a r o j i miH r j ia r o j t-o B H 3 K y , BxojwmHfl b c c c T a B cK a 3 y eM o ro IH . r j i a r o j i d o b

ÜB1! o o rJ ia c y e T C fl o rJiarojiO M -CK asyeM H M rjiaBHOfl nacra npejwoate- h e h B jn m e , HHCJie H BP8M8HH: 3 h e w a s a b a r m a i d , w a s n ' t s h e ? (M a u g h a m ). S h e r a t h e r w o n d e r s f r o m t h e p o i n t , d o e s n ' t s h e ? (W a u g h ) .

MCKJtOT8HHfl OOßTaBJKDOT BH0Ka3HBaHHfl B I M , TflG IH 8CTB

noBSJEHTejiBHoe npe;yioKeHne no KOMMyHHKSTHBHOMy THny. Mes^y IH H ÜB1! B T3KHX BHCKa3UBflHHHX H6T OTpyKTypHOft CBH3H.

CymeoTByioT paajmHue tohkh 3peHHH Ha t o , HBJißeTCH jih IHB T8KHX BHCKaSHBaHHflX HCTHHHO nOB0JTHT8JIBHHM npeflJtOÄteHHeM,K anas rJiaro jiH MoryT yKasHBaTB Ha b t o ,

P.ApÖHHH [4 , C.211] CHHTaeT, HTO ÜB1! B ÄBHHHX BHCKa3HB8- HHHX MOÄ6T ynOTpedJIHTBCH TOJIBKO C rJiarOJIOM w i l l .

B oraTBe npHHHMßeTCH Towa 3peHHH B,JI.Eojmn«xapa [ 5 ] h

P.XaflJicTOHa [ 6 ] , cooToamaa b töm, hto h apyrae rjiarojm MoryT ynoTpeÖJXflTBCH b IBS b ä8hhom Tune BHCKSsnEaHaß, rae IH - no-B8JIHT&JJBH06 np0ÄJIOX8HH8. HßJIHHHe nOB8JIHT8JIBHOrO H8KJtOHSHHf[ B IH CBHfleTeJIBOTByiBT 0 TOM, 'JTO 9TH npe ftHOJKe HHH HBJÜDOTCfl nOBa- JTHT6JIBHHMH nO KOMMyHHKflTHBHOMy THny. COHeTSHHe nOBBJMTeJIBHO- ro npefljtoseHHH o paajimtHUMH rjiarojiaMH b ICH AeMOHOTpnpykjt cjis- EyBUHe rrpHMepu: Keep qu iet, can’ t you, Papa? (Osborne). Go as fa r as the kiosk and get me a b o tt le o f railk, would you? (Making i t a l l R igh t). And honey piok up a pack o f c ig a re t- tea , oould you? (Updike).

Ha H8B 03MÖKH0CTB ynorpadJieHHfl OTpHHpTeJIBHOit $OpMK nOBB- jmTejiBHoro npefljro*eHHH b IH b paccM8TpHB86MHX BucKaauBaHmoc ,yKa3uBaeT P.ApÖHHH T4, o.207], ho npHMap: where did you lose that eye, rny man?sDön't lose the other, will you? (Golding) eBEseTejr&eTByeT o bosmoähocth ynoTpeÖJieraiß tbkhx $opM, Ha

- 24 - .

mto yKa3HBa»T k s p y r a e aBTopw (O .E cn ep c o H [ 7 , f > .4 7 2 ] ,P .X a ju - ctoh [6, c.219], ‘J .C .rp n u iK y H [8, c.lSJ).

O.'r.na »3 xapaKTepnux Hepr BHCKasHBaHnft c IE 1! - noAEirs-

HOCTB KBH. 0ÖHHIIO ÜB1! OTOHT D n00Tn03HmiH no OTHOHiGHH» K UH,

ho mohst H axoffu ncti h e HHTepno3HUHH, HanpHMep: It'b tho way thinjjB really ara, ian't it, everywhere? (Kasan).

B oTiniMiie ot .upyrax eiw o b BonpocHTejn>Hi« npe.u,iror.gHni! b

npe^JioxeHirac c IIBH ochobhum cpeacTBOw BupaxGHHH ueirrpa son po -

CHTGJTEHOCTH HBJIfieTCH ÜB1! . HaXOJWCB B HHTepn03HUHK, IBH BK®I-

HKBaeTcn b ocuoEHyio CTpyKTypy, EuaeJiaa u em p BonpociiTejaHOCTH

u orpaHHMHESH e r o (Jt.n.EepHHUKOBa [ 9 ] ) , B npvraejiemiOM nproiope

CJiOBa it'a the way thin^o roally are b x o ak t e neiiTp EOnpocH-

tg .ib h o c t h , o CJiobe everywhere h st sanpoca .

t e s p e c H o g crpyK T ypH oii oco ö eK n o cT iio j ib j ih q tc h h t o t tja k t , h t o lioivua IH - cjOF.Hono^HHHenHoe hjih ojioiKHOcoHiiiieHHOQ npeAJio-

x e H n e , T . e . co aep sH T ABa h jih <Janee CKasyaMHX, ITBH B oer.ua c o -

rJiacyeTO H to j ib k o c oahhm h s h h x , b h ä q jih h tb k h m oöpasoM o ä h h U6HTP BonpccHTdJiBHOOTH, nanpiiMep: I do no t have to c r y , do I ,

because he c a r r ie d me? (H em in gw ay).

B AaHIlOM BHCKa3UB8HtfH ÜBH H3X0AHTCH B HHTepn03HHHH, HC-

HO BUÄ6JMH OKaayeMOe, C KOTOpilM OHa coothochTch •HaxOÄHCt b nocTno3HUHH, HBH corJiacy^TCH tojibko o oähmm

CKa3yeraiM cJioxcHoro npeAJiosehhh. HanpHMep, b BUCKa3MBaHHH Oh,I th in k i t ' a r a th e r l a t e f o r t e a , i a n ' t i t ? (Maugham). HBH

coo th o ch tö h oo OKäsyQMHM npHÄaTOMHoro npeflJioseHHfi, a b CJie-

AyioiqeM npHMspe That shows you n e v e r u n d e rs too d me, d o e s n 't

i t ? (M ak ing i t a l l R ig h t ) IBM COöTHOCMföÄ oo CKasysMUM

r.iaB H oro npeflJioaeHHH.Ha 3Ha^6Hüe BKCKasHBaHHft c ÜBH EJmaex bkjik/h6hhq b irpefl-

JioseHHe pa3JiOTHHX caf/iaHTH^eciooc kom iiohshtob: pe3yjn>TaTHBHBix

C0B30B, MOÄaj]£HHX_ CJIOB, BBOßHHX Ep9,MI0K9 HHfJ, yCHJIHTejIBHOrO

EcnoM oraTejitHoro r jia ro jia do, noTopue MOÄH$HipipyioT 3HBH6HH6

npejyiostemiü o t o tt6 h k ob npeflncuioKeHiiH ao o tt6 h k öb yBep6HH0-

CT1I.TaK, yciuiHTeJiBHUü BcnoMoraTe.iLhhü rjiaroji do npHflaeT bu-

CKa3uBaHiiio oTTeHOK yBepeHHOCTH b npiiMepe: You do agree, don't you, Mary? (Uaking...). 'vfoflaJItHOe CJIOBO aurely TaK3K6 cnocoöcTByeT BiipaseHino yBepeHHOCTH roBopniAero, HanpHMep:

- 25 -

Surely you have never dealt with Fusiooista, have you? (Science). Pe3yjn>TaTKBHuü co»3 oo yKasuBaeT Ha to, *rro roBopnumfl npmnejt k xaKOMy-TO bubojjj , noATseraaeHH» cbohx npGjmojuMtenHii, HTO Tawse ttpiUaeT BHCKS3HBäHH!0 OTTGHOK yUGpeHHOCTH, KSK B npraepe: So, they’re away, are they? (Haailton-Paterson). Moâ^BHoe cjiobo probably bhocht b BUCKasuBaHHe ottghok npeflnojioxGmw, HeyBepeHHOCTH, HanpHMep: wecouid probably get ar.othor aeat, oouldn't wa, Lucy? (Waugh).

BBOjume npawioseuHH H.A .KopcwitKOBa [10 , C.I2J KaauBaei HHrpo.uyKTopaMH. ’laoTO hmghho mrapo^yKTop b BiicKaauBaHmix o LLBH aaeT bo3morhootb npaBiu&HO HCTOJiKOBan. nucKaauBaHne, HanpHM ep: I hope y o u 'r e no t c r y in g , a re you , J e n n ie ? (D r e is e r ) .

I ' l l b e t i t ' s th a t b la c k ie , i s u ' t i t ? (tfa te rh o u oe & I i a l l ) .

ÜHTpOfiyKTOp I hope yica3HBa6T Ha HGyBepGHHOCTB rOBOpHIUG-ro, a HHipoflyKTop I'll bet npaflaeT EucKa3HBaHmc ottghok yßo- PGHHOCTH. ÜHTpOflyKTOpH OCOÖHM OÖpaSOM BJIHflMT Ha pacnpGÄGJieHHG 0'rpHiiaTejn.HHX 9JiGMeHT0B b bucks3UBaHHßx c ÜB1!, HanpHMep: I don't think he likes it, though, does he?(Waterhouse & Hall).

H3 CTpyKTypti npHBeflemioro BucKa3biBahiih bewho, *rro ÜB1! CTpyKTypHO CBHSaHa c npHnaTOTOHM npeflJiosGHHeM IH . KaK oTMeqa- gt P.Kbgpk r i l , c .302], b kocbghkoä pein oTpmtaHHe, othochwg- gch k TJiaroJtaM yMCTBeHHoß ,neflT6Jn>HOCTH Tsma think, beiieve, auppose, expect, imagine, nopeHOCHTCfl Ha npncoGflHHHiomeecH k HHM IipHflaTOHHOG npGATOJieHHG, XOTH H He BHpaXeHO B npHÄaTO’IHOM npejyiojKGHHH 9KcmnmiiTH0 . H&rjme b npuBeaeHHOM trpHwepe nojro- JKHTGJIBHOfi nOJWpHOCTH B BOIXpOCilTGJIiHOM 0Tpe3K6, KOTOpHfi OOIVia-cyeTca hg c rJBBHUM, a o npnj’aTOTOHM npGÄ’ioxeimeM i n , hbjihgt-Cfl nOflTBGpWGHHGM TOrO, MTO OTpüUBT9JIBHOCTB npHCyTCTByGT K B npnuaTOMHOM npejwostGHHH. Ohgbhuho, tto 3afjeâiöi0 P.KßepKa cjiGÄyQT y^HTHBaTi npn paccMOTpGHHE B3anr,ro;teücTBiw pasjnreHHX toctgS npejuroacGHHil c üB1! no KaTaropun yTBepsaehhh/oTpuyahhh , T ,6 . npH yCTaHOBJIGHHH HOJUipHOCTH.

Ha Hspa3pb!BHyio cbh3b yTBGpaweram h oTpmâmin b BucKasu—

BaHiinx o IIB^ yKa3HBaGT h A.JT.TjianmoKora [12, c .9 8 ], Mmghiio

OTpmjaHHG B HHTpOflyKTOpe, no 66 MHGHHIO, npHBOOTT B TaiCHX Bbl- CKS3HB8HKHX K BUpaXCeHHK 3HaêHHfl HGyBGpeHHOCTE, C0MH6HHH B OTHOfflGHHH IIO.JIOJKHTeJIE.HLiX CBH30Ü.

C.IIacdJEHH [3 , c.62] oTMGâeT b ceasii c 3tum, q io b ließ—- 26 -

TpaJUHOM K0HT8KCT8 B- Ö68 yneT a BHTOH810IOHHUX OCOdöHHOCTe# 3Ha?6HH6 BUCKaaUBaHHfi 0 IB ? MOXBT ÖHTB OnpeAeJIBHO TOJIBKO 6m- ro f la p a noanpHOCTH, T .e . h&jihhh» OTpiiuaHiw b oähoü r s n acT eß npefljroseHHH.

Iira ic , coHGTaHHe pa3®iHHux ouHTaKCHH8CKHX rnnoB n p e w o n te - mtt c pa3jni'iHOÄ noJwpHoeTB» h p h b o a h t k BupaRe.Hioo p a a n o o ö p a s - HUX OTT0HKOB 3HaHGHHH. TaKHM 0<5pa30M, CHilTaKCHHeCKafl C 'rpyXTy- pa buckb3H Bahhü o IH3H n rp a e T öoju>uiyio pojn . npH onpeÄejteHira h x ” 3imeHHü.

Mcxoah h3 cT pyK rypao-ceM aH T ifiec iu tx ocoöeH nocTefi B ucK asu - BaHHti C ÜB1! , I.IOKHO CAeJQTB BUBOA 0 TOM, HTO 3HaH6HH0 A3HHHX BHCKaaHBaHHK onpeAeJineTCH n pn aHajQi3e iä3aHMOA0flcTBHH IBM oP83HUMH KOW.iyHIIKflTKBHHMH TUHaMH np8AJIOK0HHit B IH , C yHBTOM HX paSJIHHHOii nOJIflpHOCTH H JI0KCHM0CKOrO HanOJIH0HHH.

npHuenaHHa1 . IkA y^eB a E.B. BucKasuBaHHe n e r o c 00THeceHH00TB o A eß -

CTBHT0JILHOCTBIO. - M., 1985.2. Khbhbäjih r .E . üpeAJioaeHHH o npiicoeAHH8hhoü BonpocH-

TGJIBHOil naCTBU B aHT^HtiCKOM H3HK0! ABTOpej). AHO. . . . KaHA. ^ h jio ji. iiay K . - I . , 1 9 6 9 .3. llaaalin S. The Engllsh Tag Queation // Stockholm Stu-

dles iii Engliah. - N 60. - Stockholm, 1984.4. Arbini R. Jag Queationa and Jag Imperatives ln Eng

liah // Journal of Linguiatica. 1969. - Vol.5. - N 2.5. Bolinger D.L. Interrogative Sfcructurea of American

Engliah // Publication of The American Dialect Society. - N 28. - Alabama, 1957.

6. Huddleaton R. '/wo Approaohes to the Analyaia of Yaga // Journal of Linguiatlca. 1970. - Vol.6. - N 2.

7. Jeaperaon 0. A ilodern Engliah Grainmar on Hiatorical Frinciplea.- Part 5. - Copenhagen, 1940.8 . rpmincyH f .C . KoncTpyKQHH o npacoeAHHeHHofi HacTBD, BFJnoqaionefi rjiaroji-pe npe 3eHTaHT, b aHTJmßcKofi pa3roBopHoß penn // TeopuH h npaKTMta JiHHTBHCTinecKoro oimoaHim pa3roBopHoit p e ra . - Fopbkhh, 1979.

9. EepAHHKOBa Jt.II. ÜOÄTB0PÄHT6JüHH0 EOIipOCU B aHTJfflftCKOM H3HK6: ABTopetJ. ähc. . . . KaHA. HayK. - M., 1972.

1 0 . KopOJIBKOBa M.A. COMaHTHKO—CHHTaKCHHOCKH0 CBOÜCTBa B0- npocHTejiBHoro npsijiokehhh: AßTopef. ähc. ... Kanu.Hayn. 1*1 «f xytix •

11. Quirk R. A University Grammar of Engliah. - M., 1982.12. Tjianiu0K0Ba A.H. 0 nparMaTinecKOM acneKTe BonpocHTeja-

h0—oTpHuaTeJiBHux npsAttoiseHHlt ■ b aHiynificroM h3hks // nparMaTK^je- ckh0 XapaKTepHCTHKH tbkct8 h 'ero cMHcmoBaH HHTepnpeTaipH. - HajiBHHK, 1087.

- 27 -

A .lI .3 ß flT H H a (JlGHUHrpafl)' QEMAHTKKA 7 CJKSDQOS& ATPKByTIM&IX aiaBOCO^lAHlfi

B OOBP8M6HHOM aHTJIHÜCKOM S 3HK6 IIOJiy*niJIH OCOrfeHHO UlHpOKOe pacnpocTpp.HeHHs pe3J m H o r o pojia aTpHÖyTjiEHne oöpa3 oeshhh. K HKM MOXHO OTH6CTH H yCJtO»HeHHUe aTpwJyTHBHHe OJIBOCOHGTaUHH(YACC) - coêfahhh onpeêjmeMoro cymecTBHTejn>Horo c ÄEyxKOM- noneHTHoH aTpHÖyTHEHofi rpynnoft b npeno3Hmra k Heuy, HanpHMep: a cood-lookint: girl, an oil-producing Company.

Hohrtho aTpHÖyTHEHOft CBH3H npeanoJiaraeT onpeae-jyieworo npe^MöTa (semn) h npnanaKa, npiniHCHBaeMoro 3tomj npeflMGTy. B normte Eemi. onpe,ue.tHeTCfi Kay. hottc iuth HCKOTopan CymHOCTB, OÖJiaOTKÜUaH CEOÜCTBaMH H OTHOUIGHHHMH. B COBOKyilHOCTH CBOfiCTBa H 0TH0H16HHH COCT3FJIHJOT (oöpa3yK!T) ItpHSHSKH npeflr.«6Ta, ceiqn. Jlorme craitf cJroBapB-cnpapoHKKK xaeT cjreflyioniee onpeAGJiG- rare npüsHaKa: "HpusHaK - Bce to, b qeM npejtweTu, hbjighhho x o ä h u jqpyr c xpyrow iura b h g m ohii OT.’nrea’OTOH Jipyr ot jipyra;nonasaTe^B, cTopoHa npew.ieTa m m hbjighhk, no KOTopoi; moxiiö y3iiaTi>, onpeêJiHTB ran ormcaTB npeiuieT hjih HBJieime' [l, c.477.3. H flaues: "CsoficTBa npe/weTa npoHBJMioTCH (ho He nojiujraorcn) b npouecce B3ahmojibflctbhh npewieroB h onpe;tejiHiOTCH KaK to, hto npHcymo npemieTaM" [I, c.524l.

C To’n u i 3peHHH .’iorH K ii aTpnöyTUBHKG c jro B o c o q e T S H m n p e j i - CTaBJiHBT c o ö o f i OTHOW0HHG n p n aH a K a h o n p e f le ^ H e iio ro ( h k o r p a - H ira re a e M o ro ) n p e f lu e T a .

A T pw öyT , KaK n p a n m io , y n a sH B ae T 11a npii3H 3K , KOTopuf; o t -Ä ejin eT ÄaHHHii e k h n p e jw e T a ot J i p y r i a e r o e h ä o e .

M ccJieaoB aTeJtH aTpuöyTitBHHX c jio B O co ’isTaHHfi o T r^ ra io T c j ig - flynm no h x o c o ö e H H o c ra , KOTopue b paB n ofi cT eneH H ä o je k h h ö h t b n p n cy m n h ycJioütneHHHM aTpHöyTHBHHM c j o b 0c o ^ e r a h h s m :

1 . TeCHaH CBH3B OnpeflGJIGHHH C 0Iipej,GJIH3MHM, C K0T0PH1V oho oöpa3yeT gothuü KOMruieKC, BHCTynamiuKE e njiejyioKeHjni KaK oäho n e jiO 0 . OnpeÄ6Ji0HH0 h n o c B o e ii cbm8htkk0 h n o c e o g K f to p - MG Hepa3pHBH0 CEH38H0 0 Onp0fleJIH0MbTM CJI0B0M [ 2 , C. 1 7 6 ] .

2. T8CHaH CBH3B OnpGfleJIGHKH H OnpGfleJISGMOrO Y. 3aBHCH— m o o tb n e p B o ro o t B T o p o ro o d y c jro B jm B asT nosm m oH H yio h k o h -CTpyKTHBHyp} H0CaMOCTOHTeJIBHOCTJ> OnpGAGJTGHHfl: GCJIH O npe;i,8JIHe-

- 28 -

M06 M0ÄC8T $yHKUHOHHpOB8TB B npefflJIO!K0HHH BM8GT0 BC8T0 CJIOBOCO- qeTaHHH, TO npHCyÖCT8HTHBHH8 38BH0HMH6 'UtCBB CaMOCTOflTSJIBHO $yHKHH0Hnp0BaTt b npe.nJiojtceHim He MoryT. " 3 to cboH ctbo h b jih q t- ch BHeiDHHM mjih cjiOBOcO’ieTaHHfi h xapaKTepmyeT 8JI8M6HTH rp y n ra B IUI8H0 HX B3aHM0.UefiCTBHfl C CHHTaKCmeOKHMH 3JI8M6HT8MH, p8C- ncuroateHHHMH bhb HccjeflyeMofi rpynnH" [3 , c .5 8 ] ,

3 . TpeTkH 0C0Ö6HH0CTB aTpHÖyTHBHux cjioBocoMQTaHHÄ Kaca- 8TCH CBH3H CKHTaKCHTOCKOrO H C0M8HTHM8CKOrO 8CII8KT0B H SäKJDO— raeTCH b copnafleHHH hx rpaMMaTireecKoro h cMH&noBoro ijeHTpoB. npH aTpHÖyTKBHOß CBH3H B0KTOP $0pM8JIBHO—CHHT8KC1PI0CKOÜ 3aBH- chmocth coBna^aeT c BeraopoM ceMaHTHico-ceMaHTiraecKoft 3sbh- chmocth: sKcnraitaHflyM (hmh b0®h b üojfihhhtejibhom co^QTanrai) üOBnasaeT c rjiaBHHM, a sKCiunotaHT (hmh npHSHäica ,• cboäctbs, 0TH0U18HHH) - 0 38BHCHMUM CJIOBOM OÄOBOCO'I0TaHHH. TaKHM OÖpa- 3OM K C0ÖCTB6HH0 aTpHÖyTHBHHM CJIOBOCOM0TBHHHM HeJEE>3fl 0TH6-c t h cjioBocoMeTaHHH Tana "ropcm y oaepa", 'tem. coJwarcKaH". "Xoih3BBHCHM08 CJICBO B T8KHX COTeTaHUfflC H Ha3UBaJ0T OnpenaJieHBBM, & BC0 COH0T3HHG OnpefleJIHTanBHHM (aTpJÖyTHBHHM)t OT0BHBHO, ^TO SaiHCHMOe CJIOBO Iie Ha3UB80T npH3H3K ABHOTBTa M aB H O rO OJIOBa" [ 4 , 0 . 6 4 ] .

OCOÖ0HHOCTBK) yACC, HO CpeBH8HH)0 C OÖH'TOHMH aTpHÖyTHBHHMH OJIOEOCO'I0TaHUHMHJ flBJIfl0TCH TO, HTO Onp0fl0JIH0MO0 CJIOBO B flBHHHX CJIOBOCO^STaHMX BCTyn88T B C8M8KTOT6CKH8 0TH0U18HHH H8 0 0 BQ0MaTpndyTOM b u@JiOM, a jihuib c oflHofl 113 o r o H ac T e fi, H a n p m ra p :

a sn^k y -l^ ok ing g l r l ; a church-gglng wgman} slgw-m^vi^g n ic h ts .

X ap aK T ep CeMSHTHKO—CHHTaKCJKHBCKJDC 0TH0H16HHÄ MSjyty KOMHO- HeHTaiflM yACC cnpej'.eJiH eTC H , n p e r a e B c e r o , ceMaHTHKoli n p e ja n c a - T a , Bxojwmero b ero c o c T a B . B yACC b x o ä h t to j i b k o flByXMeoTHHe H MHOrOMeCTHHG npe«IOCaTH. OüHy H3 OTkpHBaeMHX HMH B8JI6HTH0- cT sfl sanoJiH H eT o n p e a e jw e M o e c j io b o . T b k , b c J io B o co ^ eT aH im x 00

BTOpHM K0OT0K8IITOM - npHH8CTH0M I Onp0fl8JIHeMO8 CJIOBO B C erfla ÜBJW0TCH cyöteKTOM aeficT B H H , B u p a aeH H o ro b te m n p a ia c T H e M : sad- lcoking housea, money-making a f f a i r a , a s te e l-p ro d u c in g Company, a fa r-g o in g t r a in .

Ilo cooT aB y paaHH© CJioBoco^eTaH&q m osho pasfloJDiTB Ha Tpn o c h o b h h g r p y i r n i :

I . CymeCTBHT8JtbH0e - npKHacTHQ I - OymeOTBHTCJIBHOe: a m an-oating t ig e r - the t i g e r e a ts menj

- 29. -

a tooth-baring amlle - the smile bares te«th.B onpeaejieH H ax ^ a tm o ro THna yACC oöpamaeT hb c e ö a bbbia»

HHe qepeflOBaHHe $opM eabhctbb HHoro h mhoxcb otbbHHoro m c m cy - tqeOTBHT6JQ>HUX. ECJIH B 7kC BM66T M6CT0 $OpMH 6flHHCTB6HHOrO HHCJra, TO B COOTBeTCTByEOUDC 06MBHTBH6CKHX TpaHC$OpMBX - $OpMB UH0xecTB6HH0r0 HHCJia. Mcn0jn>30BaHBe cymecTBHTejn.HHX b $opMe CAHHCTB6HHoro hbojib b cocTaBe /ACC noHHBpKBBaeT oöoönjaiomae SHaMöHne cymeoTBHTejiBHHX, hxoähwhx b ooct8b cjioatHoro onpeae- jtem tfl.

2 . Ilpw iaraTejiBHoe - npanacTHB I - cymecTBBT8Jn>Hoa:

a nice-looking boy - the boy looks nipe.3 . HapenHe/ocHOBa Hape hhh - npircacTus I - cymeoTBHTejn.-

HOe: a well-fitting suit - the suit fits well;a slow-moving train - the train movew slowly.KOMIIOHeHT npHHaOTHe I BHOCHT B YACC 3KCIUIHUHTHH8 OBMU

rpaM M aT iraeoxoro SH aneH M 38J io r a , bhäobo6 sHaneHHe aaBepiueHHO-OTH [ 5 ] . I*pBMM8THH80KB8 (C6MH B COHGTaHHH C JTBKCHH6CKBM 3H8H8-

hbbm ROMEOh6htob yACC $opMnpyioT JisKCHMeoKoe 3HaMeHHfl B o e ro 0Öpa30B8HHH. C 3aJtOrOBUMH 3HaH8HHHMH OBfl&aHH 0 6 MS HTHK 0 - CHH— '

TBKCBHBGKEB npH3HBKH BKTHBHOOTU, naCCHBHOCTH, CyÖ16KTH0CTH,oöteKTHuuXH a f lp . Hushho noaTOMy b cüobocohqtbhhhx co btophm

KOMüOHeHTOM - npjnacTHSM I onpeaeJMeMoa cjiobo Bcepsa h bjhbtch

oyöieKTOM ä b ö o tb b h .no CBMBHTBKO—OBHTBKCB'ieCKHM OTHOU10HHHM MÖKJQf KOMIIOH8HT8—

mb YAGC 00 btopum komiiohghtom npH^acTHSM I mokho paaaejnrri. Ha

ÄBe OCHOBHU6 rp yn iw :

I. OdtBKTHO—8KTHBH0—Cyöi6KTHH8 0TH01U8HHH: a shoulder- smacking oomentary - %ie oomentary smacks one's shoulder; a back-breaking work - the work breaks one's back. K HHM OTHO-

OHTCfl yACC 0 nepBHM KOMIIOH6HTOM - CymeCTBHT8Jn>HUM. B COCTaB

.flaHHHX YACC, Kan npaBiüio, hxoäh t npunacTiiH I , 0öpa30BaHHHe o t

Kay3aTEBHbix rJiarOJIOB, oTKpuBaiomHX BajieHTHocTB jv ih 06t e k t ob

JT.eÜCTBHH, BHpaateHHHX CyiUSCTBHTeJIBHHM - nepBHM KOMIIOH6HTOM

'/ACC. Ha CeMaHTHHeCKOM ypOBHB ESKTOpy GßOpMaJIBHO—CHHTaKCHHe—

OKOÜ 3aBH0HM0CTH B flaHHHX C.IOBOCOHQTaHHHX COOTB6TCTBy8T CyMMa

OÄHOHanpaBJieHHHX BeKTopoBÄop.MaHTifqeCKoii 33Bhchmoctm, HanpHMep!

an umbr.gi 1 a-matj.itig ahpp [ 0~\X +• B - Ö

- 30 -

2. KBaJIH(J)HKaTHBH0-aKTHBH0-Cydl8KTHHe OTHOIUBHJIflf: slow- passing nights - the nights pass slowly; a badly-hanging door - .the door hangs bädly. Cwfla o t h o c h t c h JÄCC c nepBHM k o miiohqhtom, BupsücsHHUM H3peHH9M, DCHOBofi HapcTOH, npmiara-teJBHUM: an ordinary-looking city; a fast-going train; & smart-looking ladyj an old-looking young man.

riepBHti KOMüOHeHT yACC naHHoro Tiina xapaKTepH3yeT flefi- CTBHe, BHpaxeHHoe npe^HKaTOM, c tohkh 3P9HEH xaparaepa ero IXpOTSKaHHH. üepBHMH K0MI10H6HT8MH T8KHX CJIOBOCOêTaHHÜ, KaK npaBiuio, hbjwiotch KaHQ ctbg hhu8 npiuiaraT9Jii>HHe v o m Hape hhh, coBnaflaraume c hhmh no $opMe: high, low, deep, near, far, last, hard, early, late, etc.

B rBH3H C 3THM, CJI0HCHH6 Onp9,H0 JI9HMH, BXOflHmHB B OOOT8B Ä8HHHX C JTOBOCO'TCTHHJIÖ, CnOCOÖHH OÖpaSOBHBSTI. CT0II0HH CP8BHB- HHß, KaK, HanpHMep: You are still the best-looking man in Engladd (S.W.Maugham).

npH CpaBHGHHH rJiaTOJIBHHX CJIOBOCOHeTaHHit H COOTBGTCTByD- mnx ycjiojsHeuHHX arpHöyTHBHüx cjioBoooHeTaHHH oMUCJioBaa pa3HH- W BRriBJweTCH b xapaKTepe npeflCTaBJiemiH npnsHaica bo bpbmbhh. DiarojiBHoe cjioBocoêTaHHe coothocht Harare a m OTcyiBTBHe npn3Haica co BpeMOHeM. She looked pale and tired (E.Shiber).You look better today (E.Shiber).

B npHBBÄehhhx BHine npenôsennjuc bpbmshhoH xapaw rep npn3- H8K8, BbipaJKe HHOrO npe,HHKaTHBHHMH CJIOBOCO’iaTaHHHMH looked pal« and tired, look better, OÖyCJIOBJniBSBTCH pB3JnrfflHMH BP0M9HHH- m $opwaMH rJia ro jia , BHCTynaramero b $opmbx Pr.Ind. h Past.Ind. AHajioriraHog ojiokhob onpe,nejceHHe npn oöosHaMBHim aioro npH3Ha- Ka hg coflepfftHT yKasaHHH Ha bp9M9hhoä xapawrop noojieflHero. 3äsci> npK3HaK npeflCTaBjreH k sk öoJiae w ra mbhbb iiootoakhhK.

CjIOKHHe Onp6fle.TOHHH npaflCTaBJUDOT npH3H3K Ö93 0TH806HHH aro k KaKOMy-jmöo BpeweHHOMy MOMeHTy. Ocäoöhoo pasjmna b OCOÖ8HHOCTH hstko BHflHO Ha CJieflyioineM npHMepe: Snow-clearing workers did not clear the streets that day (E.Shiber). TJia- rojiBHoe cJioB0coH6TanH8 oTjnmaeTCH ot ycjroKHeHHoro aipiidyTHB— Horo cjtOBOOO'qeTaHHfl öojiBiiiefi kohkpsthootbio o B oero 3HaêHJW.

B ycjiojkh9h h h x a Tpaöyt h b h h x cjioboc oêTaHHSX CO HTOPUM KOMIIOH0HTOM - npHâCTHÖM I B9KT0p $OpM8JIBHO-CJIKTBKOSTOCKOß3aBHCHM0CTii coBnaâeT no HairpaBJrerano o BeKTopoM coNsaHTirea-

- 31 -

CKofi aaBHCMMpoTH, HanRjfMap:s soap^produci5ig plant I* = B*+ Z?

< ! _ ■ ' — regier + ^ .* .u sh ip -b u ild in g yard A = B + (7-■ e *:— e ■■ fl'»-- . -

a coal-pröducln& mine A = ff + Cr3 to bosmojkho jihuib b Tex c-ny^afflc, Koraa onpeaejmeMoe cjiobo

Ha oeMaHTinecKOM ypoBHe hbjw6Tch cydieKTOM ä6üctbhh hjih otho- dtshhh, Bupas;eHHoro npn noMomii npiinacTHH I .

TaKHM o ö p a a o M , m ojkho c jie j ia T B BUBO,n, h t o o ^ h o ü H3 o c h o b h h x OOOdäHHOCSeU YACC CO BTOPUM KOMIIOH8HTOM npHHSCTHSM I 8CTB O fl- HOHanpaBJieHHOCTB C6MaHTHH8GKHX H $OpManBHO-CHHTaKCHH8CKHX 3a- BBOBMÖCTelt, T . 6 . 3 TH CJIOBOCOMeTaHILH HBJIHDTCH BlpHÖyTHBHHMH H H a CHHTaKOHHeOKOM H Ha ceMSHTHHeOKOM ypOBHHX.

npHM enaHUH 1 . KowiaKOB H .H . JIorHHecKHii CJioBapB-cnpaBOHmiK.-Jfa.n. 2-a

H o n p . h flon. - M.. 1975.2 . ÜMHpHHUKHH A.M. CüHTaKCKC SHTJUlBCKOrO A3UK3. - 1.1. ,1957.3 . BypaaKOBa B .B . Ochobh cTpyKTypH araoconeTaHiiH b coBpe- M6HH0M aHTJIHfiOKOM H3HK6 • - J I . , 1975 .4 . Hhkhthh iM.B. JleKCHHecKoe 3HaH8Hiie c jioßa: CTpyKTypa h KOMÖHHaTopHKa. - M., 1963.5 . EropoBa T.A. 0 eeMaHTHKe cjiojkhhx npnjiaraTejiLHHX b aHrjmlicKOM Ä3hiKe: Mbkb. cd . Hayhh. t d . - JE., 1965.S. Qjsßoiu h aaJiee; a - aewrop nopMajiBHO-cuHTaKOHHecKofi 3a-BHOHMOCTJi; B e " - BSKTOpa CeMaHTHH60K0Ü 38BHCIIM00TH.3.B.3yeBa (JEeHHHrpa.il)

KQHTPACTHBHAfl CEMAHlTOECKAfl CBH3 L JMCIHECKMX SHA’iEHHÜTepMHH " KOHTpaCTHBHHÜ" 0 d03H aH a8T OflHH H3 BITO0B IipOTÄBO-

IIOJIOJKHOCTH B H3HK8 E p8H 8B0fi Ä6HTeJn>H0CTH. nOHHTHfiEaH K 8 T 8 r0 - PHH npOTHBOnOJIOKHOCTH BXOÄHT B K p y r K aTeropH Ü ÄHaJieKTHKH, OT- p asa io m a x 3aKOHOM6pHOCTH PB3BHTHH BC8X HEJISHUft OKpy Kämme TO MH- p a , a Taiwce m h im s h iw . I I p o th b o i io j io k h o c tb n p e n c T a B jm e T c o d o ii K äk OAHy H3 CTOPOH OTaJI8KTHH8CK0r0 npOTHBOpeHHJT, TaK II C8M 0- CTÖHT8JIBHyiO Cpa3y B P33BHTHH J0I3JIGKTU'ieGKCrO npOTHBOpe^Hfl, n p o - THBOpeMHe, OdOOTpeHHOe ÄO KpaÜHOCTH.

IIpOTHBOnOJIOJKHOCTB - 9T0 He TOJIBKO OflHH H3 OCHOBHHX IipKH— IQinOB ÄHaJieKTHKH, HO H OAHH H3 38K0H0B ÄHaJTeKTHHeCKOÜ .’IOrHKH.B Jionoce npoTHBonojiOHHue üohhthh paccMaTpmam'o.'i k pk BHjtosue noHHTHH oflHoro h Toro ixe poÄOBoro iiohhthh, OTjm^aEiuiiec.'i ap y r

- 32 -

ot Äpyra b HaaöoJi&iueft CTeneHH. KoHTpacTEBHan npoTHBonanox- HOCTB - OCOÖHÜ BUS npOTHBOIIOJIOKHOCTH, OTpaaaiOUUlfi MaKCEMaJIBHHep a s j n r n w npH S H anoB ohhoA cyn jH ocT ii.

KoHTpaCT B JIHHTBHCTHK8 TpaflHIQIOHHO nOHEMBSTCfl lCaK CUHTfir— MaTEê C K06 npOTHBOH 0CT8BJI8HHe H3HK0BUX. 6ÄHHHH, KB K OC OÖSfl $H- ry p a pe^m. KoHTpacTEBHan accoiijtaTHBHaH CBH3B b ncExojiormt o o - HOBaHa Ha 0Tp8X6HHE Ä6ÜCTBHT6JIBH0CTli B MU111JI8HHH H8JI0B8K8. Co- rJBCHO TeopEH MHKporeH838- BOCnpEHTHH [ 1 1 y HeJIOBGKa HM6WTCH nepB$epBflHHe 3pHTeji£HHe h onyxoBHe peracT pu , cs jk jk tebho hb- CTpoeHHue Ha BiwejieHHe KOHTpacTHux odteKTOB b ex abhkshhe. KOHTpaCTEBHiia npOTHBÖnOJIOKHOCTH B KOrHHTHBHOÜ CTpyKType OTpa- xaioT Kax npoTEBonojio» :o c te , cyiqecTByuuuie b peajiBHHX othouiqhh- hx OKpyxanmero MHpa, tb k e npoTBBonojiOKHocTH, ôchobbhhhö Ha KJiaCCH$HKaiXEE H8JIOB8KOM-HpeflMeTOB E HBJieHEfi peaJÜHOÜ AeÜCTBM- T6JIBHOCTE E BOOÖpaxaeMHX MHpOB. » ,

IIOHHTBJiHUe KOHTpaCTH HaXOJLHT OTpaXSHES B KOHTpaCTaX C8- MaHTEHeCKEX. B JI6KCHM8CKEX 3HSH6HHHX MOryT COÄepxaTBCH C6MH, CBH3BHHH8 C KOHTpaCTHO npOTEBOnOJIOXHHMH 3HaH8HEHMH. HanpHMep, jteKCEHecke6 3hbh8hhh npE3HaKOBbix c j io b , KaK n p aB m io , co,uepacaT KOHTpaCTHBHH6 C8MH. I&KOB *6 CTSTyC KOHTpaCTHBHOft C6MH B CTpyKType JI6KCEM0 CKOrO 3HaH6HHH?

IIpE ECCJieAOB&HHE JI8KCHMeCK0r0 3Ha^8HHH MOXHO ECn0JIB30BaTB noHHTEG g H $ o p M aipioH H oro n o T e H io ia ja 3HaqeHHH C JioB a. MHgpopManji- OHHHfl nOTSHIOiaJI 3H3H6HMH OÖHHHO TpaKTOBBJICH KaK COBOKynHOCTB nepH$epB&fljx hpeshskob odteKTHBHoro cosepxaHHH sHaneHHH [2,C .1 8 ] . B HflCTOHmefi CT3TB8 HH$OpMailHOHHHÄ HOTeHIQiaJI 3HaH6HEH

CJIOBa paCCMaTpHBaeTOH KaK 0TKPHT08 MH0K6CTB0 C T8KyHEME rp a -

HHi;aMH, BKMHaKmee H8CKOJIBKO 3JT6M6HT0B: COflepXaTeJIBHOe HKPO E

nepm ppino. Häsphhm h ceMaME HHiJopManjioHHoro noTem inajia cw TaeM

T8, KOTOpue MOXHÖ BHJMJIHTb npE aHS^HSe (CJIOBapHHX fle$0HHUHÜ

êKCEHecKEX eflEHEii. IIepH$epHH cKJia,n;uBa8TCH Ha ochobo paajniH-

HUX CeMaHTEHeCKEX 'CBH38Ü 9JieM6HT0B HUpa 3 H a H H H C flpyrHMH 3HaH8HHHME. IIepE $epH H 3HaH6HHH - OÖUIEPHaH HNiIDIHUHTH3H 0ÖJJ8CTB, i i tS S a lä n a H TareKe M H o ro od pa3H u e accoijHaTHB H H e c b h 3 e . CeM H.BHfle- JM8MH8 MefOflOM nepSKpeiUHBaiOHHXOH CJIOBapHUX fl6$HHHHEM [ 3 l , CO- CTaBJIHBT nepHljepiDO 3HaH8HEH. M, HBKOHea, n epH $epE H HH$OpMaim- OHHOrO nOT8HHHaJia BKJDOT86T nOT6HQEaJCbHU8 C8MH,. K0T0PH6 M oryT ÖHTB BUBefleHH H3 0IHI03EHE® CJIOBa C flpyrHMH CJIOBaME B JieKCHHS-

- 33 -

CKOÖ CHCT0M8 H3HK8, a TSIOKe K<3 C0H8Ta8M00TH CJIOB.K0HTpaCTHBHH8 08MU MOryT BXOflHTB B HHCJIO «HepHHX C6M, 8

T 8 KHC6 Moxy t öhtb nepH$epKÜHHMH hjih noTQHiyiajrbHHMH. HanpHMep, ceMaHTHKa T Jia ro Jia hate (H eH aB H H eT t) TOJncyeTCfl KaK have a violent Tiislike of or for, cymeCTBHTeJÜHOe hate OÖiHCHffSTCfl KSK extreme or violent dislike oft ill-will [ 4 ] . B CJIOBapHHX Ä 6$HHHI1HHX 8 THX CJIOB COêpKHTCH K OHTpa CTHBHaÄ C 6 M 8 like (jdoöhtb), nepsfla io iusH noHflTHe o ö othoiughhh KpafiHe npoTHBonojioK- hom hate. AHaJEH3 ojioBapHHX n e^kH in flifi npm iaraTeJiB H H X benign H malignant b 3 H a H 8 HHHX, xapaKTepHsyromnx KaKOQ-TO sadojieBaHHe, n o K a3 H B aeT , h t o kohtpbcthbhhs cbm u M oryT öhtb BimeJieHH n p a co- nocTaBJieHHH nepeKpemHBammHxcfl ojioBapHHX Be$HiamHii. Benign 03- HaHaeT npt dangeroua, malignant - harmful tö life, violent. Harmful TCWiKyeTCfl KaK causing damage, injury, a TOJiKOBSHue dangarouä n o J iy n a e T cJieÄyiomee ccwepmaioie: -likely to cause (or be) danger, ie chance of suffering liability to suffer, injury or lo.?s of life. Harmful u dangeroUs oÖHapyjKHBaiOT 0 0 - myio anepH yn ceMy injury . SHaneHHe npiw araT eJiB H oro m a lig n a n t C0Ä8PKHT ceMy injury KaK HjiepUyio ceMy 3HaMenim npiu raraT eJiL - Horo harmful. KoHTpacTJiBHan ceMa b 3 na M eran CJiosa b e n ig nBOCGTaHaBJiHBaeTC53 KaK abaence of injury . KoHTpacTuoe n p o - THBonocT8BJieH«e cbm noflT B eproaeT cn cymecTBOBaHireM onno3nm tn benign - malignent Ha CHHTarMaTHqecKOM ypoBHe.

KoHTpacTHQ npoTHBonojiosHHe cJioBa nepejtKo' ynoxpeöJudoTCH coBMecTHo b ohhom KOHT8KCT8 u m iiepesaM n o co ß o ro npeacTaBJieHKH aBTopoM OKpysaromefi flefiCTBHTejr&HocTH, xapaKTupacTHKH ripoTHBO- nOJIOJKHOCTH Ä8iSCTBHTejTLHHX H BOOÖpaKaeMHX MHPOB. CHHTarMaTHH8- CKHfi KOHTpacT npe^cTaEJM eT coöofi aKTyajiH3anjno k o h tp b c th b h I jx ceM, coflepHtamaxcfl b HH$0pMami0HH0M noTeHipiaJie 3HaH6HHü. K o h t- pacTHBHaH ceMaHTHKa aKTyajm3yeTCH np ii cobm scthom ynoTpedjieHHir KOHTpaCTHO IipOTHBOnOJIOJKHHX CJIOB.

KoHTpacPHBHan n p o th bonoJioaHoctb b JieKCHKe aH rjn tiicK oro H-3UKa npeflCTSBJieHa Mpe3BuâüH0 urap0K0. MccjiBÔBaHUfl ko H ipacT - HO npOTHBOnOJIOHtHHX CJIOB (KOHTpa CTHBOB) BHHBHJIH JIGCHTKH TH COT npoTHBonocTaBJieHHfi [5 ; 6 ] .

KOHTpaCTHBHaH C8M8HTHH8CKafl CBH3B JI8KCHH8CKHX 3H8H0HHM MOJK8T ÖHTB T pex BEHOB: CEJIBHafl, CJtaÖaH, nOT6HD;iiaJIBHaH. Chjib- HHÜ KOHTpacT Cyiq6CTBy8T, KaK npaBIDIO, M6E,n;y 3H8xI8HIIHMH, b ko-

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TOPUX KOHTpaCTHBHH8 C0MU flBJtflPTCfl flflapHUtfli»- CJEÖuli KOHTpaCT

oTMeMaeTCÄ Mencfly jiskohhsckhmh 3HaM9HHHMH, ooÄepxtauiHMH nepH$e-

PHÄHH6 KOHTpacTHBHH6 C8MH. IIOTeHI]>ianiiHU0 KOHTpaCTHBU H0 CyLU0-

cTBynr b chctsm s h suks b acnexTQ CTaTHKH. noTempiajiBHHe koh t-

paCTüBU - KBJI8HH6, BO3HHKBKXU80 B peTOBOÜ JC6HT6JIBHOCTH. B 3 a-

BHCHMOCTH OT HHT6 HIJHH rOBOpamePO B P0H0BOÜ A8HT0JIBHOCTH MOryT

öu tb npoTHBonocTaBJieHH caMHe. pa3JiHHHue cJiOBa, He coAepxamne b CQMaHTHHeCKHX CTpyKTypaX npOTKBOnOJIOXHHX 3JBMeHT0B 3HaH0HHH.

OTHO1U0HHH M0Wjr KOHTpaCTHB8MH MOJKHO np0ÄCTBBHTB CJISÄyßipM OÖ-

pasoM: A «-» B - 0ÖH3aTaJH>HaH BaaHMHaa wnum vamw Meafly 3Ha-

H0HHHMH, COAepMCailtHMH KOHTpaCTHBHH0 C0MU B HÄP0. HanpHMep,hate h U k e oöoaHanaioT kbk öh äbb npoTHBonojioxHocTH o^Horo smouho- HaJUHOrO OTHOH0HHH BHCOKOÜ HHT0HCHBHOCTH, npOTHBOnOJliffltHOCTH no

aKCHOJiorHHe CKOMy napaMBTpy. ÖTHOuieHHe Meauiy CJiaöuMH KOHTpacth- BaMK moscho oöo3HaraTL KaK A?=2B. Hanpro/iep, npiuiaraTejiBHHe

vigilant - careless (BHHMaTeJiBHHÖ - Öe33adOTHuß) MoryT öhtb CBH38HH no KOHTpa CTy H 0 flpyrHMH CJIOBaMH. KOHTpa CTHBHaH C0M3H—

,THM0CKafl 0BH3B M0JMy HX 3HaH0HHHMH CJiaöaH, 3Ta 0nn03HUHfl MOX0T XapaKT0pH3OBaT6 JIHUIB KaKO0-TO Onp0Ä0JI0HHO0 OTHO1110HH0 HJffl CH-

TyaiOCO. M, H3KOH0II, OTHO1U0HHH M6SÄy 3HaH8HIWMH nOT8HUJiajt&HHX KOHTpa CT HBOB MOK0T HM0TB BTO A — ♦ B. KOHTpäOT BOSHHKSST Ha

ochob0 npoTHBonocTaBJieHHii caMux pa3JureHHX ceM b ceMaHTineciuoc CTpyKTypaX, a B KOMMyHHKaTHBHOM KOHT0KCT0 (ß K0HT8KCT8 P0H6-

Bofi CHTyanjm) oh aKryaJiH3yeTCfl, HanpHMep: Five yearB ago the remark would have enchanted. not embarrased him (P.V/eldon).

f.lOHCHO npHB0CTH 00(0 H 0 KOTOPH 0 npHMSpU CPMBHHX, CJffiÖHX H n O T 0 HUJiaJIBHHX KOHTpaCTHBOB. CHJIBH8fi KOHTpaCTHBHaH GBH 3 B HaÖ- jnoBaeTCH Mexfly 3 Hane«HHMH b ^ 0 kchh0 ckhx onno3H m w x , oTpaj&aD- mHX MaKCHMaJiBHHe p a 3jmHHü: npiuiaraTejiBHue dry-moist (cyxoft - BJBJKHhh), rieh - destitute (öoraTHfl - HHlUHfl), WiaroJiH kaap - abandon (xpaHHTB - öpOCHTt) H S p . CjiaÖHMH KOHTpa CTHBaMH C’TO- TaioTCH JieKCHHe ckhs onno3HHHJi, oTpasaioiiaie npoTHBonocTaBJieHim npn3HaK0B, KOTopue b JiorKKe o öh hho pacoMaTpiiuaioTCH KaK k o h t - papHH&, HanpHMep: npiuiaraTejiBHHe prodigal - parsimonious(me,n- pHM - CKynoß), frank - hypocritical (HCKpeHHHfi - JnmeMepmrö), Vigilant - oareleas (BHHNBTejlBHHit - Ö0 3 3 aÖOTHHfi). OnpejueJie- HH6 C8M8HTKMeCKOÜ CBH3H CJISÜUX KOHTpaCTHBOB MOKHO I10Ka3aTi Ha iipiiMepe JiBKCHHecKofi onno 3 HmiH frank - hypocritical. Frank -

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showing clearly the thoughta and feelingsj open; hypocritical - falsely making oneself appear to be virtuous or good. CltntHaH KOHTpa 0THBH3H CBH3B 3 Ha *10 HHH frank BHHBJIH6TCH CO 3Haii0HH8M seöretive, n0CK0Jn>Ky open TOimyeTCH K3K not seoret or distinguiahed, frank. Hypocritical OTpaxaeT KOHTpacT B npoHBJieHHH MUCJieii h ^ y b c tb , nepeâBaeMHÜ o bmoH falsely , t o e c T t no 0flH0f.iy H3 iig h h o c th h x nspaM eTpoB) napaM8Tpy xopouio - IUIOXO. iteH O 3aM6THTf>, HTO CymeCTBOBaHHG KOHTpaCTHBOB B H3HK6 c b h sq h o c k .TeropH efl ueHHocT", TaK KaK h c m m e , h c jradne KOHTpacthbh nepejiaw T pa3H00Öpa3HHe oiighkh iipgäm gtob h hbjighhü iUefiOTBHTGJTbHOCTH H BOOÖpaKSeMHX MHPOB. H eCJIH B 3HaHGHHHX CHJIBHHX H CJtaÖHX KOHTpa CTHBOB COflGpsaTCH KaK CyÖ’LSKTHBHHe, TaK H OdiGKTHBHHG $aKTOpU, TO B 3HaHGHHHX nOTeHUHaJIBHUX KOHTpaCTH—b ob npeoÖ JiasaeT cyöteKTHBHHM acnoKT o u g hk h . CBoiicTBa caM oro oÖieKTa hg xapaKTepH3yioTCH, a noposaeTCH jnroiB cydtSKTUBHOG o t -H0U16HH8 K HGMy.

KOHTpacT rBHSH CBH3B 3HaqeHHÜ - 3T0 O.HHH H3 cnocoöoB o p r a - HH3aUHH H3HK0B0r0 r/IKUÜieHHH, a TaiOKG OflHH H3 cnocoöoB CeM8HTH~ hgckoM opraHiraauHH TeKCTa, npctHBJiHiomiriicH HaHC'ojiee npico na .le it- CHHGCKOM ypOBiI2. MmGHHO CeMaHTHHGCKHÜ KOHTpaCT, OTpaSCGHHUÜ B. JreKCHMGCKHX 3HaM6HHHX, nOMOPaST npe.HCTaBHTB CJIOKHOCTB H n p o - THBOpG'IHBOCTB flSÜCTBHTGJIBHOrO H BOOÖpaacaeMOrO MHpOB. KoHTpa- cTHBHan ceMaHTHMGCKan CBH3B - BaraeiiiiMM Tun cb h 3h mgikä;’ .311a - M9HHHMH, nepejiaiomHiS othoiughhg êJiOBSKa k j ;g k c tb h t6 J ib h o c tii , K a- i 'e ro p ro an in o mgjiob6kom MHoroodpa3Hux npwsHaKOB cymHOCTeii.

KOHTpaCTHBH BKJHOMaiOT HG TOJIBKO OltGHOMHyO JIBKCHKy, HO H JieKCHKy, odo3HaMaiomyio MaKcnwajiBHO pa3Jm»iHne ctopohu o^noro p o - n a hjih BKfla: abatraot - praotical (aöCTpaKTHHii - npaKTimecKHÜ), acoidental - intended (cJiy'iafiHHH - HaMGpGHHHfi), habitual - aingular (oÖH’norä - HGodu^HHü); JEGKCHêoKHe onno3 mran, odo- 3HaHaiouiH8 npoTHBoncmoKHo HanpaBJieHHbie bgüctbhh hjih coctohhhh : agree - protedt ( corjiawaTBCH - npoTeCT0B8tb ) , keep - abandon (xpaHHTB - dpocHTB), mix - separate (cMeuiHBaTB - pa3,ueJiOTB). •IpHBGflGHHHG npHMGpiI Onn03HLIjrfi OTpasaiOT OflHOBpaMGHHUG HJIH npo- ctpaHCTBGHHUe KOHTpa CTH. IIpiI3H8KH CymHOCTG# MoryT ÖUTB OOOT— HOCHMH H0 TOJIBKO B npOCTpaHCTBG , HO H BO BpGMGHH, T. G. M03CH0 I’OBOPHTB H 0 nOCJieÄOBaTeJIBHHX ( hjih bpgmghhhx) KOHTpacTax: nicht - day (hotI - flGHB), moriiing - evening (yTpo - BGHGp),

- 36 -

winter - suinmer (3HM3 - JI8T 0 ), spring - autumn (ßeCHa - ocshb) , past - present (npoiiiJioe - HacTOnmee) , present - future (HacToamee - dynymee), fall asleep - wake up (3acHyTB - npo- CHyTBCH), olose - open (3aKputb - otkphtb) h T.fl.

CymecTBOBaHHe GeMaHTjrqecwix KOHTpacthbob Taioite cBflsaHO c npoTHBopeMaimiMH cyweHHHMH. OflHa h Ta x e cymnocTB b o^ho n t os e Bp6MH, B OflHOM H TOM SC0 IIOJIO!X6HJm, C TOMKH 3p6HHH OÄHOrO HT o ro »e yâoTHHKa KOMMyHHKamm hg mohcbt öhtb 0xapaKTepH30BaHa/ ÄByMH npOTHBOpeânmMH BHCKa3HBaHHHMH. OflHO H3 HHX ÖyÄ0T HC-THHHHM, a BTOPOB JIO/RHHM. ÖflHaKO 3T0 CnpaB0JWIHBO ATO JIOfHKH BH-

CKa3UBaHHH, B 0 CT0 CTB0HHOM H3HK0 B03M0JKHH CHTyaUEH, KOTOB Ofl-

HOBP6M0HHO aKTyajinayioTCfl KOHTpactho npoTHBonojiojKHHe' 3H aêm ra.B 3T0M cJiyâe KOHTpaCTKBHaH ceMaHTHrocksh CBH3B ^ a c ry n ao T KaKnparMaTJreecKafl KaTeropm ramta. Peô» hhöt o CB0e0Öpa3H0M aa-TH$pa3HO0 B p0HeBOii Ä8HT0JIBHOCTH, OÖ 3HaHTH0C6MHH B pSHH. P0-*10138# SHaHTHOCBMHH IipOHBJWeTCfl B Cyme CTBOB3H.IH u e jio ro POTaCJIOB B H3UK0, KÖT0PH6 MOryT ynOTpeÖJIflTLCH B peêBOÖ Ä0HT0JIB-HOCTH B noJlspHO npOTHBonoJiOKHHX 3Ha^0HHflx: nice 1 ) pleasant,fine; 2) bad; glorious 1) splendid, madnifioent; 2)dreadvul.*üpuMep: V/hat a glorious messJ You've got us into a nioe mess.

CnOCOÖHOCTB pa3BHBaTB nOJWpHO npOTHBOnOJIOJKHHe 3HaêHHH OÖHapyatHBaioT TaMKe CJiOBa fine, pretty, beauty, jolly H flp. «to, KaK npaBHJio, CJioBa, noT opne cb h3 3h h KOHTpacthbhoö ceM an- TjnecK ofi c"’T3Bio o flpyrnMH cjiOBaMH b H3HKe, oöpa3ynmH8 pa3JPra- HH0 KOHTpa CTHBHH0 0IHI03HUKH C flpyrHMH CJIOBaMH. CyiQ0CTBÖBaHH0 KOHTpaCTHBHOli C0MaHTOT0CKOfi CBH3H 0ÖM0HH8T nOHBJt0HH6 3H8H- THOC0MHH B H3UK6 H p0H0BOfi A0HT0JIBHOCTH, T.0. np0ÄCTaBJW0T COÖOÜ M 0XaHH3M p83BHTKH 3HaHTHOC0MHH. KOHTpaCTHBHH0 C0M8HT&— H0CKH0 CBH3H B CJiyâS 3HaHTHOG0MHH Onpe.HejM»T B03M0KH0CTH pacmiipsHiM HH$0pMaiiH0HHpr0 noTempiajia JieKcireecKoro 3Ha^0HHH flO IIOJIHPHO npOTH±)OnOJIOJKHHX 3JI0M0HTOB.

IIpiIM0 HS HHH1 . BGJIHMKOBCKHli B.M. COBP8M0HH8Ä K0rHHTHBH8H nCHXOJIOTCIfl.-

M., 1982.2. C0HT0HÖ0pr H.B. üeKCHH0CKaH ooMaHTmta aHrjmflcKoro r j i a r o j i a : / q e ö . nocoöa© k cnem cypcy / M o cK .ro c .no s.H H -T hm.

B.M..Hemma. - M., 1984.3. Nida E. Cojnponentiäl analysis of Meaning. An Intro^- ..

duotion to Semantic Structures. - The Hague - Paria, 1975.- 37 -

4. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current Engliah. New Edition / Ed. A.3.Hornby. - Oxford, 1978.

5. CaBHmcaH M.A. Oiiht ceMBHTmecKoro aHairasa aHrjntfioKHxCymeCTBHTeJIbHHX C B36IMH0 HpOTHBOHOJiaaHHMH 3HaH6HHHMH: ABTO-pa$. ä h c . . . . K ann.$B Ä O Ji.H ayK . - M.. 1977.(5. W e b s te r N .V Y eb s te r 's New D i c t i o n a r y o f Synonym s. - S p r i n g f i e l d , M erriam C o ., 19<” 3.B.B.KaöaKHH (JleHHHrpas)

CBMAHTHKA nOJMTOTECKOrO TEFMMHAIlpoÖJiaMa noÄBHXHocTH ceMaHTHKH ocoÖeHHO c j o k h s b c jiy n ae

nanHTimeoKOlt TepMHHOJiorHH, i\u e k oöhhhhm $aKTopaM , bjhihmuhm Ha H3M6H6HHe 3 Ha hg h h h cjiOBa, soöaBJifleTCH $aK T op n n e c u io n m e - CKofi n o 3HHHH. üpoöJieM a 9Ta o c o ö g h h o aKTyajiBHa b paiw tax m x - KyJUiTypHO—H3HK0B0r 0 OÖiaeHHH.

UnaojiorHH n o o th o u ib h h b k KyjiBTypa x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T c n ä b o ü - CTB8HHUM n0JI0JK8HH6M: OHa ( a MH HM66M B BHUy ÄB6 BeflymHQ HflSO- j io n iH MHpa - öy p jK y a3 H y» h c o ig ia jiH C T ire e c K y x )) , c o h h o » c t o p o h h , npHHa^^exHT jiaH H ofi KyjiBTypa, 3 8 hhm 8 Ji b nett t o h j ih h h o b m b c t o , c flpyrofi - HBJweTCH HaitKyitbTyp h o ü t npHHajyiesameB b c b m . BMeoTe o T8M, ÄJiH K d*.iöJ} Kyjn>Tyjn npKoyma Ha flaHHufi h c t o p h h b o k h ü m o - m 6ht o b o h , rocuo^cTByioiuaH HnaoJiorHH. Ta Kan couHO-KyjiBTypHaHCHTyaUHH B 3H8HHT6JIBH0Ä CTGIieHH H OnpBABJMBT Cn8UH$HKy CeMaHTHKH nojiHTHHe cK o ro TepMHHa.

OueHHBSH Ä H ana30H k o jib ö s h h ä ceMaHTHKH nojiHTHMecKoro T e p - M! H a, I*1’ MOX6M BHÄBJIHTB CJieÄyWHe nHKH: 9KBHBaJI6HTH0CTB; 3AKQH/LAW; $ o h o b h 6 p acx o sseH H H : IIAPTHH/paRTY; aH a jio rH s : HHOHEPU/SCOUTSJ T8K HasHBaeMue JioxHue ApysBH nepeBOAHmca: M M H IIH H /iilLIT lA . B n p e a e j ia x 9T o ro ä o b o jib h o n e c T p o ro cneK Tpa COOTHOU16HHH CeMaHTHKH H0JIHTHH6 CKOft TepMHHOJIOrHH Ha MBXKyJIB— TypHO—H3HK0B0M ypoBHe h paonojiara ioT C H Te c jiy n aH , k o to p h b mu H XOTHM paOCMOTpeTB B flaHHOfi CT8TB6 .

H antJojiee pacnpocTpaHBHHHM CJiynaeM ceMaHTHHecKofi noÄBHX- HOCTH B nOJMTHHB OKOÜ TepMHHOJIOrHH HBJIH6TCH HCn0JIB30B8HH6 TOJK- flecTBeHHHX TepMHHOB (n a me B c e r o , xoth h hb oöh38t b jH)Ho - h h -TepHaUHOHaJEH3M0B ) flJIfl 0Ö03H8HeHHH nOHHTHÜ, TpaKTy6MHX B pS 3- JIHHHHX HneOJIOrHHX p a 3JIHHHHM 0Öp830M: CBOEOM Aheedom, ßEMO- KPATH3/DEMOCRACY, IffABOCJOTE/JUSTICIi, e t c . B T8KHX CJiyHa.„x, KaK npaBHÄO, ’oäHH H Te SB aHTJI0H3HHHHe TepMHHH HCnOJrb3yiOTCH B npHJtOJKGHHH K p a 3JIHHHHM HflBOJIOrHHM, OflHSKO HepeflKO HCIIOJIB-

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flyiOTCÄ KSBHMKH JUW 0Ö03HaH9HHH paCXOWSHHÄ B XlOflXOflaX K ÄSH- HOMy noHflTBD:

The word "populär" takes on a different meaning in tfiis socialist aooiety as against its meaning ln the capitalist West (K.Omotoso).

MHOr03Ha^HOOT£ TOJIKOBSHHH TepMHHa - HBJI8HH0 paCHpOCTpa- H0HHO0, I103T0My nOJIKTHTOOKaH T0pMHHOJIOrHfl, B npHHUHIie, H0 np0ACT8BJtH0T coöofi H irre ro HOBoro. O tjik w om , n o saJty ii, mokho cTHTaTt jnniiB t o , h t o 3H aw rejiB H aji q a c T t 3 to ä TepMHHOJiormi CTaHOBHTCfl H3B60TH0ß pHHOBHM HOCHT0JIHM H3HK3, BXOJUIT h OÖlfley- noTp0ÖHT0jn>Hyio JieKOHKy, h noaT o^y t o , h t o b flpyrm c to p m h h o ch - CT6M8X HBJLH8TCH npe^MSTOM CTOpOB CnSUHaJIHCTOB, B Ä8HH0M CJiy- n ae K acaeT cn umpoKux cjioob HaceJieHHfl. B o t no^eMy b oTHOinemra q e jio ro p n ja tgpm hhob npH xojm rcH npHÖeraTB k KaBHwaM, h c h o jib - 30B8TB noKCHiiTejiLHue o d o p o ra , yTo jHHioiHHS no3Hmno aB Topa:

...what the Soviets call the intelligencsia (Amerioans would oall it the middle-class - engineers, scj-entists, army offioers, educated people) (H.Smith).

Webster'3 Third Mew International H0 CJiy’iaflHO yaeJWST TOJnCOBaHHlO 3TOrO PJCH3P/B 22 -CTpO^KH [ I , 0 .I I 7 5 ] ,

ItoeojiorirqecKafl noanuiM, nonKpeiumeMaH rpafmecKHM o$opM- jreiiHGM iioäoöhhx TepMHHOB, cpa3y nonaauBaeT, b kbkom 3Ha»i0Hiai HcnoJiBsyeTCH jiaHHufi TepMHH: Soviet propagandists proolaimed ojice again the division of the world into two camps, and the alleged threat of an 'Imperialist' onslaught on the USSR was used to justify the narrow concentration of Soviet eoonomic resources on heavy industry and military produotion [2* p.1 1 7 |.

KojieöaHiw b amenHH tgpmhhob 9Toro rana MoryT öhtb ctojib SHa^HTSJEEHH, TTO OHH fflHKCHpyiOTCH JT8KCHK0rpa$aMH: REVOLUTION 7. c. In the Marxist doctrine of social evolution the dass struggle... |3, III, p.1243]; OPPORTUNIST spec. in Socialism & Communism, an advocate of öpportunism [3, III, P*9Ö] . DOGMATISM a term of abuse for a Marxist tendency... ^4» p.50].

HepeflKO npnderaioT k yTo^iwiouiHM onpeflejreHHHM THna ByF3iyA3- HAH/HAPOJIHAH flEMOKPATHH, KHTAÜCKAfl KyiLTTPHAfl PEBOJCHHH, C 0- CMAJMCTMECKOE COPEBHOBAHME. OrsejiBHHe aHrJiOH3uTiHue tsjmhhh Hameii H«e ojiorira boumh b cjroBapB coBpeMeHHoro aHrjniflcKoro H3H- Ka, HanpHMep: socialist reaiism.

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HeKOTOjwa anoB a b panocax k o h k p 6 th o ü n o Jn rrira e c K o ft tb p m h h o - CHCT6MH npeaejiBHO o yaanT o b o § sHaneHHe h za p a sp jw a H ap im aT oja- h h x n epex o fljrr b c o ö c i r hhh0s R e v o lu t io n , c i v i l w a r , w a r,PARTY, etc. B npmtOX6HHH K PoOCHH, CM, BeJIHKOÖpHTaHHH, MHO— THM ÄPyrHM C ’paHaM nOflOÖHHG Tep'IHHH HanOJIHHIOTCfl KOHKpeTHUM OÄ- H03H8HHHM 3HaH0HH0M H H0 HyXjaiOTCfl B KOMM0HT8PHH, DO Kpg "HSÄ

-M epe juw onennaJiHOTOB.EOJIH 00CTH00HMU6 TepMHHH 3HaHHT6Jn>HO paCXOÄHTCH B CB08M

3HC19HHH, TO B IipaKTHKfl M8*KyJIBTypH0Ä -.OMMyHHKaiJHH HaÖJIHfflaiOT- o h K cu ieö ah h h M6KBy nepeocM uojreH H 6M a H i'jm ficK o ro c j ro ß a a 3anMCT— BOBaHHeM, K aK , H anpH M ep, b C Jiynae t s p m k h o b HAPCtC,, AIÜIAFAT, H0- MEHRÄATyPA, AEffimHT:

To eradicate the apalling wastages, to improve the quali- ty of gooda that people need, to eradicate "deficit" and black market, etc. (A.Browne).

Laat wrek we acoured Uoaoow for disinfectant, including the main chemist's ahop in the centre. No luck. Disinfectant was "defitsit": as they say (T.Bushell).

CoqaaJiBHaF uHOTBMa—hotohhhk m o s ö t n p n sa B aT B tb k o q do/r&moe3H3H6HH6 TOHHOCV'H K epeflaH H nOJIHTHH8OKOrO TepMHHa, HTO 39HMCTB0— Banne o t 8 h o b h t o h h s h s ö s x h h m . HaanyHinaM 0Öpa30M 3 T 0 m o eh o h o h c - h z t l oöo3HaH6HHHMH u o ü a p x o B , HOMeHKJiaTypa KOTopux npeflCTaBJijBHa npaK TH H ecR * b o B c e x a a tn c a x : KO^OJIB - UAPt - KA03EP - H1AX - DEflX- HEl'iJ 1 n p . o p . O C00TB8TOTByMUHMH BapHBHTaMH nepeflBHH 9THX TepMHHOB Ha aHTjmfioKOM, HeMeqKoti h jddöom flpyroM h s h k s .

BO3HHKHOBeHH0 TepMHHOB B BapHaHTBX JOJISl OÖO3HaH0HHH OflHOfO H T o ro s o p e$ ep eH T a HHor.ua o ö i h c h h o t c j i h c t o p h h s c k o ä c jiy n a ß H O - OTBD. TaK, C3B B 0B08M aHTJIOH3HHHOM OÖO3HaH0HHH npOTHBOOTOfHHH- UH HABOJIOrHHMH OT8JI 0Ö03HaH8TI>CÄ p a 3JIHHHHMH SKpOHHMBMH: GUEA H COMECON. ÜOOKOJQiKy SanaffHEH HH0OJIOrHH BKJKWUBaJia B nOHHTHO (JOMECON H0H3Ö0XHO HSraTHBHOe 3HaH0HH0, a COnHajIHGTHHaCKaH - n o jio xH T ejiB H o e, b tb p m b h omea s t h o x p a c x H c t o j ib npoH H o o p o c - j i h c l c o cJioBaMH, h t o HH$$ep0HUHpoB0HHoe y n o T peÖ JieH ae tb p m h h o b $aKTHH0CKH CTaJIO HOpMOfi, C peflKHMH HOIUnOHSHHHMH:

Looking across the Moscow River from 1;he Ukraina Hotel one sees a tall, modern building with two wings - the head- quarters of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA, or Comecon) (vt & E. Perlo).

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npHHa&TOXHOCTI, K TOfl HJIH HHOfl KHeOJIOrHH H6p6,UK0 0K33HBa—6 cth peniaiomefl b Biidpe oooTBeTCTByioiqero BapnaHTa, BtiOTynan b

pose CBoeodpa3Horo napo jw . B hqkotophx cjiyHajnc pas jn raw co

BpeMQHQM CTHpaBTCfl. TaK, nOCJie BT0p0fl MHpOBOÄ BOftHH ÄOJtrOG

Bpe«ts Haum aBTopu H3derajm TepMHHa s u e h r i l l a b npanosaHm k

HanjIOHaJIBHO—OOBOÖOflHT9Jn>HHM ÄBBK6HHHM H HapTHSaHCKOfi ÖOPBÖ8

coBeTCKoro H apoaa b ro s u O tg to c tb sh h o S boUhh. C eJN ac TepMHH PARTlSANy H ao, m h b cpe.tie 00BeT0Ji0r 0Bt saKpemuicfl a a napTH- 39HCKHM ÄBHK9HJI8M, a TepMHH GUERRILLA ynOTpeÖJIH6TCH B KaTOOTBS HeßTpaJtbHoro.

P a s jo n m ie TOJacoBamw h s k o to p h x tbpm hhob moxho o ö m o h h t l aaBHeft TpaÄHUjieft Hapojta. TaK, cjiobo ÜATPH0TK3M b pyccKOM H3HK8 nOHBJIH0TCH TOJIBKO B Ü0JI0KHT9JIBH0M K0HT8KCT8, B TC BpeMH KaKaHTjmftoKoe cjiobo p a t r io i i s m oxoxe c pyccKHM üPOIIArAEtHA, T .e .MOX6T ÜOHBJIHTBCfl H B H6r8THBH0M K0HT6KCT6, KaK, HanpHMep, B nnipOKO H3B6CTH0M BHOKaSHBaHHH C.ßsOHGOHa: P a i r i o t i s m i s th e l a s t r e f u g e o f a s c o u n d r e l ( S .J o h n s o n ) .

B 0TJJ8JIBHHX cjjy^aH x fopMajn>Hoe to sä sctbo HHTepHaqHOHajnis— MOB CO'I0Ta0TC3 C CymeCTB0HHUM paCXO*H8HH6M 3H8H6HHH, TTO ü p i - BOÄHT K dOJIBDIHM TpyÄHÖCTHM H' HejIOpa3yM0HHHM B MSKKyjIBTypHOModmeHHH, KaK b ojijmae c HHTepnaitHOHaJiHSMOM HAIfflOHAJM3M/satio-KALISM:

1 . a ) d e v o t io n t o o n e 's n a t i o n j p a t r i o t i s m j b ) e x o e s s iv e , n ä rro w , o r j i n g o i s t p a t r i o t i s m ; o h a u v in is m [1 , p . 9 4 6 j .

2 ,The p s y c h o lo g y , i< le o lo g y , w o r ld o u t lo o k a n d p o l i o y o f p r e f e r r i n g c e r t a i n n a t i o n s t o o t h e r s , o f e x t o l l l n g o n e 's ow» ’ n a t i 0 ÄaK£ SniSS?ni nfTOT HHTepHaqHOHBJmM pa3JmHHM o8paSlfe°HO- * nojiB3yeTCH b Hpothboctohiqhx a p y r a p y ry unecuiorHHx: eo jm bM8pKCHCTKO-JI8HHHCKOfi HD,0OJIOrHH 9T0 P63K0 OTpHUBT0JIBHH® TepMHH,to b dypsyasHOfi i^eojiorHH oh mo®6t h''hojihhtbch ooflepsaHHeM o CaMOfi pa3JIHHHOfi SMOiptOHaJtBHOfr OKpaCKOft - OT ÜOJIOXHTeJIBHOfl ÄO oTpmjaTejiBHoß.

B HeKOTopnx cJiyMaHX p a c x o ra e m w b 3H anehhh h o c h t y s e npHHUHiuiajiBHO H3pnnHHecKHft x a p a ic re p , KaK b c jiy v ae TepMHHa CHE— KyJlHIIHH/SPECULATIOH: "Ho CJIOBaM H3B6CTH0r0 dpHTaHCKOrO mpHOTaH .üpH TTa, "cneKyJMüHfl ( s p e c u l a t i o n ) öo Boeft onpeflejieHHOCTBB He TpaKTyeTCH b dpirraHCKOM n p a ß e , x o r ä h m o m t üph bscth ' neJioBeKa jn ido Ha CKaMBio nojicyÄHMHX, jihöo b iiajiaTy jiorhob ; p y c c r a # ü ” ’

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TepMHH "cnaKyJWrpw" ( a p e k u ly a t r ^ .y a ) , mbjio no cymeoTBy Ot.thhhhü no 3Hanehhid, BOTpenaeTCH b cnacKe npeoTyiweHHÜ, nepenHCJiGHHHX B COB6TCKOM yrOJIOBHOM KOSOKCe. . . " [ 6 , C .1 3 2 ] .

S p e c u l a t i o n i a a c y im in a l o f f e n e s i n t h e USSR ( R .A .C la r k ) .B o t noHBMy n p a o n n c a H im coBOTOKOft a o K c tb h ts jd iH O O th a m u io -

H3HMHH0 aBTOpU H0p0flKO 3aHMCTByX)T pyCOKyiO $ÖpMy .HaHHOrO HHTBp— HartHOHajmsMa:

I r e f u s e d , l o s t I he a c c u s e d o f a p e k u l y a t a l y a - b l a c k m ar- k e t e e r i n g (T h .T .H anunond).

The p r e s a l a a lw a y s t h u n d e r in g a t th e a e a p e k u ly a n ty . s p e - c u l a t o r a ( H .S m ith ) .

JIhÖo aB T o p u npH Ö oraioT k HHowy n pnS M y: ncnoja>3yioT a tn v io - H3HMHyn fopM y H H TepnaunoH aJiH 3M a, h o 3aiwnoHaioT e e b KaBHUK«, MapraipyH tom csmhm MOÄH$HKamno 3 Hane hhh T epn iH a:

You m u s t n ' t b uy i n o r d e r t o s e i l a g a in ; t h a t rnakes y ou a " s p e c u l a t o r " an d y o u c a n be a r r e a t e d (V /.W .M ille r ) .

I t i s f o r b id d e n , f o r ex am p le , t o " s p e c u l a t e " (b u y and r e s e l l p r o d u c ta f o r p r o f i t ) . . . (T im e . 2 3 .0 1 .1 9 8 0 ) .

Hhhmh cjiosaM H, mh o iih tb B03BpamaeMcn k bo3m okh octh p a 3 - jih h h o S • HHTQpnpeTaimH TepMHHa no THny COUJMMCTH^CKAH/ßyPHyAS- HAH JIEMÖKPATMH, icorfla paexosm em re npoÄCTaBjmeTCH npuHnraiHajiB- hhm, ho nojiaraeTC H npejuioTTHTeJiBHHM ts m h s MeHee coxpaim TB o o th h t o t ne HHTepHaustoHajra3M. /

XapaKTopHHM npHMepoM h b j ih g tc h T öpM ra COUCÖPEBHOBAHHE, k o - T opufi b npouw oM , a H opeflK o h c e i f a a c , b aH T JioH 3traoM EapHaHTe nepeflaiOT CJIOBOCOHeTaHHHMH ÜOCIALIST COMPKETITJOlt/i&lULA'TIOlf. Jüo— c5yn H3 3 t h x $ p a 3 npmcoflHTCjj b .h shhom c j iy n a e paccM aT piiB aT B KaK KajiLKy h i|0 J i0 o o o ö p a3 H O noflCHHTB. C nop 0 npeKM ymecTBe o ^ H o ro s a p n a H T a n e p e j f lp y ra M npeflC TaB Jw aTCH h c k jik h h to j i& h o cx o jia c T H - necKHM. O ä h sk o c H aC T yiu iehhsm 3 no xH nepecT pofiK H 9 k o h o m h c thCTaJTH TOBOPHTB 0 HeOÖXOJJHMOCTH HaJDTOIH B COBBTCKOfi 9KOHOMHK0 "KOHKypeHUHH11, ' no KpafiHeft M epe - "counajm cTiraecKO fl KOHKyp0H— HHH". AHTJI0H3HnHHlt B8PH8HT STOrO T0pMHH8 0ÄH03HaH9H - 30CIA- IjIST COMPETITION. l/l BOT TyT-TO H B03HHK88T ÖOÄBUiaa TpyflHOOTB, 8CJIH B OflHOM H TOM *0 T0KCT8 H0OÖXOÄHMO ynOMHHaTB OÖa ITOHfl- THH - COUCOPEBHOBAHUE H COHKAMCTMECKAfl KOHKyPEHLtHfl. EinHH- CTBÖHHHJri BHXO.Ii; BO H3Ö0SaHH0 H8nOHHM3HHH H/HOT JTOKHOrO TOJIKO- BaHJlH T6KCT3 - TepMHHOJIOrHHQCKaH npH B fl3K 8, i . e . nap aju ie jr& naH

- 42 -

noflava ( b OKOÖKax hjih b KanecTBe BBOÄHoro oöopoTa, Mepe3 aaim- Tyio) JiaTHHH3iipoBaHHoro pycoKoro TepMHHa, nosoöHo TOMy, «an sto flejram1 aBTopu b iiphboähmhx Bume npHMepax (uoÄpoöme cm. : [7 ,C.27-2& .

K 3B$0MHCTHTOCKHM CJteflyGT OTH0CTH H TOJIBKO HTO B03HHKU®fi b Haiuefi CTpaHe TepMHH MHJMIHH CHEUHAJEbHOTO HASHA'IEHHH, T.a. noHHTHe, w KOToporo Ha Sanaê HonojaayeTCH npHMOtt TepMHH riot polioe T,e. ÜOJBUHH DO BOPLEE C EECIIOPSUKAMH.

Croa xe czesse i othocthh ahiuiohs tiHHy 10 nepeaany TepMHHa (GOBETCKAfl) MHMIMH. Abhhhü HHTepHauHOHajni3M b xoae HCTopiree- CKOrO P83BHTHH npHOÖpeJI B pyCCKOM H3UK0 CnOUHlfHHeCKOO 3Haqe- HHe - POLiGiä, a cjiesopaTejiBHo, c ia ji "jioxhhm spyroM nepeBOÄHH- Ka". TeM He MOHee, b cobbtcktoc aHrJiOHSUMHHX nyÖjmKaioiHX hsh3- M9HHO HcnojiBsyuTOfl topmhhh m ilit ia (m a n ), B to BpeMfl KaK sanafl- HH6 aBTOpH KOJI6ÖJDOTCH M0Xfly HByMH HHT6 pHaUHOHaJIH3MaMH!

ffe asked the militia-man if there was any hope of finding a drink anywhere in the area. "have kvaas with me," he said... The first time in my life that I'd ever had a drink on the looal policeman (D.Cusack).

JIhöo noHCHHioT cneuH$HêoKoe 3iw<ienne HcnojtbsoBaHHH cjioßa MILITXA B IipHJIOXeHHH K COB0TCKOft flefiCTBHTBJIBHOCTH:

In the Soviet Union 'militia' means ordinary polioe (D.Cusack). (ÜOÄPOÖHee cm. : [8 , c .2 5 ] ) .

AHaJiorHMHHM 0Öpa30M, TepMHHH THTflöBAfl JtEfl-TEÜLHOCTB, K00nEPATHB(H0E JiBMEHKE) h rtp. h o ch t b H3BecTHoä CTeneHH 3B$0MHCTHH0CKHfi XapaKTSp H B aHTJI0fl3HHH0fi HHT0pnp0Ta- ipra npocTeüinHM 0Öpa30M MoryT öhtb nepeâHH private, T.e. "ra- oTHoe np0ÄnpHHHMaT0JiBCTBO b ycyiOBJWx coiijiajrK3Ma". H0 cjiyHaÄHo nOfiOÖHHG T0PMHHH B npHBOÄHMOM HHX0 npHMepe H3 T830TH "1MOCKOB- CKH0 HOBOCTH" B3HTH B KBBHHKH:

Krapp is one o£ the few rural "leaaeholders", "contrac- ters" and supporters of "individual" laböur who, despite the exiatmg difficulties, cardes an with Ms work (Moscow V2ws. 1988. No. 27) •

Cym0OTBOB8HH0 Cn0UH^STI0CKOß MapKCHCTCKOÜ T0pMHHOJIOrHH (oö 3tom iiHmöT b cbo0ü paöoT0 MapHO Ü0H [9 , o . I 5 I ] h aajiee ) so cT a- toh h o oôbhäho, h h© cjiyâftHO b Harnefl CTpaHe bh xo äh t cneuHajn.-

HH0 CJIOBapH nOJEHTHTO CKOÖ T0pMHHOJIOriIH Ha aHTJIHfiOKOM H3UK0, opH0HTHpoBaHHU0 Ha 3anaflHoro w raTeJ iH (cm. , HanpHMep, njiTHpo-

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BäBQmäGH y * 6 OJIOBapB A Dictionary of Scientifio Commimiam - [ 5 ] . HapÄny 0 9THM GJiesyeT o tm ö th tb h K ajom te b öypstyaaHOÄ n o - jmTinQOKöfi TepMHHCuiorHw H3BeoTHoe H aanraae topm hhob , H o n o jo -ay e - mux on acaH M Hainefi O Tpam b HaoTonoisM m m b nponwoM, x o t o - p u e Ha ÖHJik npHHHTH b HameS cTjjaHe no 1985 r . , h b c o b s tc k h x aHrjroA3HMHux nydjmKauHHX Morjm bo Tpe th t& c h otu ib b icaBHHzax: "PURGB", "DISSIDENT", "HEFUSBNIK", etc. BM80T6 0 TOM OJT0fly0T OTM0THTB nOÄBHXHOOTB Ä8HHHX T0JMHHOJrorHH0 CKHX OHCT0M H flOCTOr- HHHH0 H3M0H8HKH K8K B 08M0M 000T8B8 TjpMHHOB, T8K H B HX 00- MaHTHHSCKOM H8nOJIH8HHH. TBK, B flOnep0OTpOHHHilfi II0pHO,H H81UI! jm e o jro m ynoTpoÖJwaiH ho k jdohh tsjibho TepMHH KyJIBT JÜWHOGTH, a sanaA H ue - CTAJMHW3M, a n p a y n o T p e d Jtehh h n epB o ro TepMHHa o r o - BapEBajm, w o Tax qohhths CTAJIMHH3M HaaHBaeTCH b c o b o tc k h x n y d jm x a iö w x . Ho o-ny^aflHO coB0TOJior Cmht 38M 8TO 0t: "... the ae- m antic whitewaah of the term "P e rso n a lity o u l t " . . . (H.Smizh).

BecTa..HHHaauHfl b a iio x y nepecT pöüK H B B ana b oöpameHHeTepMHH CTAJMHM3M.

B uejioM, nofiBona u ro r Hamero npe^ejiBHo xpaTxoro H3jtoxbhhh , cjieflyeT 3aM0Ti;r$, h to oneim$Hxa ©ombhthxh odmeoTBeHHo—hojihth- HÖOKOrO TepMHHa' OÖTaÖTCH MBJIO H3yH0HHOÄ, M6*sy TOM 9T0 npOÖJTO- «a, xoTopaa hm sst dojtbtuoe npaxTHHe.oxoe aHaneHHe, b ocoö6hhooth b ruaHe Hcn0jn>30B8HHfl HHocTpaHHux A9HR0B (b nepsy» OHepeAB - aHTjmäoxoro) b xaneoTBe opest.-Ba Meo-Horineoxofl nponarara« . •J&WH, npHnepxHBanBunoH paam x MHpoBoaapeHHÄ, no-paaHOMy oo- MHeumBauT Map, i hm tpy»H0 hohut» spy r Äpyra" [1 0 , o .I I O j , h 9Ta TpyÄHOOTi BO MHOrOM OOSABSTOü GBOeodpaaiieM OOMaHTHKH nojm- THHOCKOrO TepMHHa.

QpmsHaHHHI . W ebater'a New World D ic tio n a ry . - 2nd C ollege E d itio n : Prenti.ce H all P reaa , 1984« it) i f The Cambridge Enoyclopedia of Ruaaia and th e S ov iet Unio n .- _ Cambridge, London,eto^ Cambridge liivarsity Press , 1982.3.A Supplement to the Oxford E ngliah D io tio n a ry .(E d .7 R.W. Burchfield.-Qifardi Qcfard University Press. In 4 volumes, 1972-86.' 4 . Orowe B. Conoiae D io tion ary of Soviet. Terminology, I n a t i tu t io n a and A bbrev ia tiona. - Oxford. Pergamon, 1969.5 . D io tion ary o f S o ie n tif io Oommuniam. - 11.; Progzeas, 1980.6 . AkyjteHKO B,B. B o npoou h h töp a a im o iia jm a a ip m cJiOBapHoro

o o o T a a a « s a x a . - X a p tx o a , 1 9 7 2 . ;7. KadaxHH B.B. Ahtjioh3hhhö8 oimcaima oobotoxoä xyjüTypu.- ü . , I98&. . . «8.KaöaxHH B.B. BnemH8xyjtt.TypHaH KoiMyHHxaiara (npodaraMaHOMHHaUHH H3 MBT6PH&JI6 aHTJI0H3HHH0r0 OnHOaHHH C0B6TÖK0fi KyJIB-

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T ypu: A B Tope$. ä h o . . . . h o k t . *iBi<wt. HayK. - J I . , 1 9 8 7 ._9.p0i.M. Words in Sheep's Olothipg, - N.Y.. 1969.■LU* Cokoäob 3 .B . KyjtbTypa h jn rm ooM > .-JI.-, 1 9 7 2 .

H.H.KxpaiuiOBa (JleuBHrpas)k' Bonpocy o PA3mHJrpHHH JisccwmcKoro

H «PA3B0JI0IWffiCK0r0 3HA^M0IC T ex n o p x a x B .Jl.A pxaH r0JDE.OKHft [ I , 0 .2 1 6 ] x A .B .K yxxx

12 , 0 . I I 8] HesaBHOHMO f lp y r o t s p y r a n p o B o a r jia o iu x xeaxaitB aT - h o o tb $ p a 3e oJiorHêoxoM osMaHTUKE jrekoH 'jeoKoft, aaäBXB, hto $ p a 3eoJiorjrqecK oe sH aqem ra npeflOTaBJDtaT oodofi xBJuaHxo dojiee ojiozH oe, neu A e x o n e o x o e , jnrurBHOTinecKafl T xno jio rx ji aHanem til n o n o jm u a o B hoboS TaxcoHOMHHeoKoft eAUHHqeS ~ g p a a e a n o n n e o x iu a u a ^ e a x e u . E ro noHBJieiaie, eoTeoTBeHHO, nooTäBxno Bonpoo o o o - OTHOD0HKK $pa30OJIOnPI0CKOrO 3H8H0HEH X APyrXX TimOB SHaêHHÖ,b nepByB o ê p e si., J ie K c n e c K o ro , Tax xax oda o h h odiesKHemi H0MKH8THBH0H $yHKUE0if.

O tjo tto o J ie K o n e o x o ro h $ p a 3 e o JiorHne c K or o sHaneHHft y jte jrn - jtoob HCMano BHHM8HEH b o $pa3ecurorirjecK oft JEHTepaType. A .T .H a - aapHH b x u h t 9 t h O Tjnnzfl b o b c s x Tpex KoraoHOHTax aH aneHiw: b ÄeHOTaTBBHOM mraHo $pa3eojrorH H 0cxafi caMaaTHxa y x e h x ö h k p s t— Hee J ieK o n ecK o fl, n o jm hh h CHTHH$iiKaTa O Tjm rae npoHBJiHQTCH b TOM, 7T0 SB BUpaxaUT nOHHTHH BHHOBH0, a JIE (jieKCHHeOKHS 6flH- HHUU) - pOflOBHO, no OTHHH K0HH0T8T8 - B TOM, HTO K0HH0T8THB— HHfi KOMnOHBHT B SB, B OTJUTTOQ OT CJIOB, HBJIfieTCH flOMHHHpyUUHM[3 , o .152-153]. CneuH$HKy $pa3eojiorireeckoä c0kehthkh apyrae jnrarBHCTH oötHCHHnT n0-pa3H 0M y: npoTHBoperaeM Mesmy peajrtHHM 3H8H0HH0M SB H 3THMOJIOrHHeCKHM 3H8H0HH8M 00 KOMnOH0HTOB [4, o . I9 ] , pa3jm^HHM xapaKTopoM BHyTpeHHott $opmh SB x CJioBa [5 ,O.IQfl , H0BHMH 3JI0M0HTapHHMH CMU0JI8MH, IipHCymHMH TOJIBKO SE xax natiKOBOMy aHaxy sKCTpa jnmrBHCTimackoK OKTyaumi [6 , c .6 5 ], yCTOÄTOBOCTBK) $pa30OJIOrHH0OKOrO 3H8TOHHH [ö , 0.307] .

3to xaca0TOA jte$HHKUjt8 iJp aa eo jio m ec K o ro 3HaH0HHH, t o ohu npxBOAflTCü Ha CTpaHimax jnrrepaTypH äo b o jib ho p eax o . M3B0CTHue onpsfloJi6hhh, npHHasJtexamxe A.B.KyHXHy x A.M.MejrepoBHH, bhto- K8BT m öo H3 CT0n0HX aÖOTpaXHHH BC0X BUH OTfl0JtBHHX KOMnOHBHTOB SE: " ®pa3eojiortnreCKoa aHaneinie - s t o HHBapxaHT xH$opMaipH, b h - paxaOMO" CeMaHTHTOCKH OOJIOJKH0HHU1HI, pa3fl0JIBHOO$OpMJI0HHHMH 6flH- ramaMH H3HKa, H0 odpasyKiiiHMHOH no nopojnnaiamiM CTpyKTypH0-C8-

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MamireecKHM mcwqjihm nepeMöHHHX coneTaHHÄ cjiob" \2 , 0 .1221; JIHÖO ?3 yOTOäHHBOfi pa3fl0JIBHOO$OpMJieHH 0 CTH 66 IXiaHa BHpaaeHHfl:" (Bpa3eojiorirae okob 3Hanehhb sctb h 3hkobos 3imeHne ocoöoro thna, 3S4cp9nHBUieecH 3a ycToflqHBUM coHSTaHHSM cjiob, b toä hjih h h oü cTeneHH adcTparapoBaHHoe ot ceMaHTHKH h 3h k obhx 3JI0M8H- t o b , oöpa3yiomHX $opMy ero BHpaütsHjw, h b pe3yjn>TaT8 BToro He pacnpeflejwBmeecH HenoopeflCTBöHHo h nojiHocTBio Meafly bxoähiuhmh p cocTas oöopoTa cjiob8m h''[?, c.I4l.

npHB6Ä6HHHe 6$HHKUJIH H6 KaCSiOTCH OHTOJIOrHHS CKOrO CTBTy- ca $pa3eojiörHH6CKoro 3HaH6HHfl. QnHaKO ero onpeaeJieHHö hö ms- H86 BaacHO h aKTyajiiHO, H6m onpejiejieHHe 0HT0Ji0rHH jieKCHH8CKoro 3HaM6HHS. IIocJieflHeMy nocBameHa M0H0rpa$HH A.A.y$muj;0Bo8 "JleK- 0HH6CK06 3Ha*18HH6" , B K0T0p0fi JIBKCHMSCKOe 3HaH8HH6 0np8fl6JIH- 6Tcn KaK "nneajiBHan cymHOCTB, oToöpaaasiaafl (BwejieHHe Hauie.-H.K.) peajrbHHS bsihh, HBJieHiw h hx cbhöh b npesMeTHOM rape, a Taxcae rohhthh h npescTaBJieHHH KBajuiQ iKaTHBHHX (ou8Hohhhx)3THH6CKHX H nCHXITCSCKHX 0$6p HOCHT6JI60 H3UKa" £9, C .561. Oc-hobhhm $äKTopoM<- sajioKeHHHM b onpeaejieHHe OHTDJiorH’qecKolS np«rPOÄH JI6KCHH6CKOrO 3HaH6HHfl, JTBJIH6TCH 8rO OTOÖpaKaBUtafl $yHKIJHfl, H no 3TO0 npHHHHe B H6M OÖteflHHeHH Ha paBHHX OCHOB8HHHX pa3HH6 odteKTH OTpasteHHH, a h m s h h o: m h p bhb neJioBeKa (oöi.ekthbhuK MHp) H Nu-P BHyTpH H6JI0B6Ka (CyÖ5E>6KTHBHHfi MHp, JUIH KBaJIH$HKa- ■x-HBHHe C$0pH n03HaBaTeJTBH0fl flQHTejIBHOCTK qeJIOBeKa B TepMHHO— JiorHH 9.C,A3H aypoBofl [IO, c.28]). H3 3Toro BHTeKaeT, h to cjiOBa Tjma "yöeraTt/yjieneTHBaTB", "cnat b/ÄPHXHytb/nohhbstb", "oon®- HyTB/oöMHUiyjniTB", "p0T03eö/mjijina" h T .n . hm6Kit OOTHaKOBHÄ oh- TOJiorHHecKHfi CTaTyo h hostomy paccMaTpHBaioTca KaK oöjraÄammHeJI6KCHH6CKHM 3HaH0HH0M. CjieÄyÄ 3T0fi JI0ÜHK8, a Tarate TOMy, HTO, BO—nepBHX, iE , k b k h JIE, BHpaataioT rioHHTim, b o-b t o p h x, hto

, 3H8H6HH6 6CTB "n0HHTH6, CBH38HH06 3HBK0M" [ i l , C.4 6 ] ,B—TP6TBHX, HTO JE np6flCTaBJIH8T OOÖOß U8JIBHOO$OpMJieHHHfi 3H8K, a $E - pa3ä6JüHoo<|)opfiüi8hhhA| to cjieflyeT, ohsbhbho, pa3flejniTBMH8HH6 T0X JIHHrBHCTOB, KOTOpHÖ CHHTaiOT, ’OTO 3H8H0HH8 HOCHT Jt6KCHH6CKHfi xapaKTep [ l2 , c .1 0 9 ; 1 3 , c .3 ; 14 , c .82 ] .

Ha 3T0M MOKHO ÖHJIO ÖH OCTaHOBHTBCH, '8CJIH öh napa jwq jebh :> c 3THM He cymecTBOBaJia flpyraü TOHKa 3peHKH, öojiee pacnpocTpa- HeHHaü cpeflü JpaseojioroB, a h m8h h o : $pa3eojiorHH6CKoe 3Hane- HH8 - 3Ha^0HH8 OCOÖOrO THIia. CorJiaCHTBCH C 3THM MH6HH8M MOKHO tojibko TOTOa, Kor^a öyseT fl0Ka3ana iiHan 0HT0Ji0rHHecKaH cym-

‘ - 46 -

h o c t b $ p a 3 eo jio rirae C K o ro 3HaêHHH n o cpaBHGHHK) o j ig k c h to c k h m . H b j ih g tc h im f ß a 3 e o j io r t r a e c K o e sHaêHne tg p m h h o m M0Tafl3UKa,

KOHCTpyKTOM, C03flaHHHM ftttH OIIHCaHHH CGMaHTHKH yCTOß^HBHX J.a3- ÄeJn>HOO$OpMTOHHHX .8ÄKHHU H3HKa HJIH JK0 ero QHTOJIOrHH JI0JKHT BH0 a3HKa? Eojih bctbtb Ha nepByio TO^Ky 3peHHH, to gjpa3eojioripieckob sHaêHHe cjiejyeT paccMaTpireaTB KaK OTHomemre M©amy j w y m cto- pOHaMH 3H3K3, a HMSHHO yCTOÜ^HBOrO OJIOBGCHOrO KOMIUIGKCa K BflH- HimG w i a m coflepxaHHH jnoöoro xapaKTepa: HefiTpajr&Hoü, smohjio- HaJn.HO-3KCnp0OCHBHOfi, OneHO^HOM H T.n. TaKO0 nOHHMaHH0 $pa36 )- JIOrHH0OKOrO 3Ha*I0HH£[ H6 33BHCHT OT THIIOB nOHHTIlfl, C KOrT'OpUMH OHO MO/K0T ÖHTB CBfl3aH0, H HBJIHeTCH IipHMHM CJIGflCTBHGM rpaMMBTH— TiecKOfi CTpyKTypu H3UKa: b Tex H3UKax, i\ug noHHTHG BHpaaGHO cjiobom, pera nofifleT 0 jibkch'igckom 3Ha-qeHHH, a b flpyrmc, tag to kg noHHTHe BupaacaeTCH ycTofl^HBUM cjroBOCo-qeTaHHGM, - 0 $pa3eoJiorn- HGCKOM: pyc. "HystflaTBOH", esp. neoeaitarj fr. avoir besoin, it. aver bisogno; pyc. "oueniiTLCfl, nepepyrHBaTBca", roum. cioro- vai-, fr. avoir une prise de bec.

Ho T aK o ä B s r j i a a hg n a e T ocHOBaHufl t o b o p h t b 0 KaKHX-Jmöo OCOÖGHHOCTHX 3Ha^GHIlfl, TaK IOK BOH CnGIflH$HKa COCpGflOTOHGHa H6b miaHG cosepKaHH H, a b ixiaHG B H pajK ehhh, b $ o p m g . 0Tcro;n;a c j ig - a y o T , h t o cym HocTL $x ja3 eo Jio rK H eC K o ro SHaneHUH HyscHO h c k b t b hg B H3HKG, a B OCOÖOM CyÖCTpaTG, HaXOJWmeMCH BHG H3HKa, H H0 B OÖBGKTHBHOÜ flGHCTBHTGJIBHOCTH, HTO COCTaBJWGT nGpBHfi KOMÜOHBHT HÄGaJIBHOß CyiHHOCTH, COCTaBJIHKKUGÜ JI0KCOT0CKOG 3H3H0HH0 (CM. BH- me onpGflGJieHHG flaHHoe A .A .y$H M L(eB ofi), a B t o j i o b g k g i h t o c o c T a B - JLHGT BTOpofi KOMIIOHGHT miTHpyGMOrO OnpGflG JI0HHH! $pa30O JIO rH TO - - CKO0 3Ha^GHH0 npHCyTCTByGT TaM, Tfl0 H0JIOB0K * 0 JI & 0 T ne- peflaT B /B H pa3H T B c b o g OTHOiiiGHHG k npeÄMSTy c ß o e r o B ocirpiiH Tiofi TaM, TflG H0T 3T0Ü II0Tp8ÖH0CTH, HG M03K6T ÖUTB H $ p a 3 6 0 J I0 rH ^ 6 - CKOrO 3 HaÎGHHH: MaTGMaTHtlGOKHG 3 B Pßm , TGXHHH0CKH0 OlfflCaHHH,HayHHHQ ÄOKJiaflH, iiHröopMauHOHHHe cooöm eH iw . $ p a 3 e o j io r in e c K a H cg-MaHTHKa XapaKTGpH3yeTCfl. CBOßCTBaMH, KOTOPHG HBJIHIOTOH IIP0H3B0Ä- HHMH OT CyÖBGKTHBHOrO BOCnpHHTHfl MHpa: 9KCIipQ CCHBHHMH, 9MO«HO- HaJIBHHMH, OIIGHOqHHMH, a$OpHCTHMGCKHMH [l5, C.371 H np. pGrH- CTpaMH.

HTaK, $pa3G0Ji0rKraecKUM mh Ha3HBaeM t o 3H3H0HHe, K o io p o e OTOÖpaxaeT KBajiHäiHKat h b h o —oijgnoîHyio s q h t g jib h o c t b êJiOBGKa. $0pM 0fi BHpastGHHH TaKOrO 3Ha^GHHH M05KGT ÖHTB HG TOJIBKO $ p a 3 e O -

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jiorsreecK afl esHHinja, ho h JiBKoinecKan. Hhumh cjiobömh, npanoß 38BHOHMOCTH MBJKßy $pa30OJIOrHM0CKIIM 3HaH6HH8M H paCHJieHBHHOß fopMoft e r o B upax eraw H6T, h t o ÄaoT npaBO Ha oymooTBOBaKKS s p y - roß TOHKH 3P0HHH, OOTJI8CHO K0T0p0fi CJIOBa THna " sa fln " - Ö03ÖH- jibthhö n a c o a x u p , "ocoji" - rjiy im fi hbjiobok hbjihdtoh mssomm [13, O .I 2 4 ; 6, o.65; 16] . "IIoäÖop""$öpMH ooyui8CTBJiH0TCH b paM- Kax KOHKpeTHOrO H3UK8 , HTO BnOJIHB COrJKCyeTCH C npHHUjmOM npo- H3B0JIBH0CTH 3H8K3: "BtlÖOP TOrO, B H0 HHOrO 3ByK0B0r0 0Tp83Ka r j i r Ha3UBaH..h Tofl, a Ha hhoA 'wen cobbpihbhho np0H3B0JieH"[ l 7 . c . 9 4 ] .

Mex%A3UK0B0e opaBHeHHe cbm bh thh b ck h x aKBHBaJieHTOB noju- TBepswaeT $opMajn>HHfl ajuioMop$H3M KaK b ä h h h u 0 cydteKTHBHoß ($pa30OJIOrHHOCKO0) OBMaHTHKOß, TaK H 9ÄHHHII C OÖl0KTHBHOfi (jT0K- CHHBOKOß) COMaHTHKOÜ. B o t npHMepu nepBHX: it. vivacchiare, fr. joindre les deux bouts, pyo. " c b o ä h te kohujj c ko h u sm h", i t . mangiucchiare, fr. manger du bout des levres, pyc. "ecTB H exo- t h " ; it. fusce'ili, fr. jambes de fuseaux; pyo. "Hora, k sk CIIHHKH"; fr. faire main basse, roum. a gterpeli pyc, "cTflHyra" (yKpaCTt); fr. se pavaner, roum. a umbla |anj|oj, p y c . "x o p o x o - pHTBOH" H ;tp . /IeK0HH8 CKH6 H $pa30OJIOrHHQ CKH6 BflHHHIIH C 0Ö16K- THBHOÜ (JieKCHH9CKOii) C6MSHTHK0Ü: fr. prendre de l'age, roum. a imbatrini "B3P0CJI6TI.", fr. prendre froid, roum. a raci pyo. "npooTyUHTBCfl", fr. venir au monde, pyc. "pojlHTBCH", fr. prendre la fuite, roum. a fugi, pyc. "jöeraTB" H fip.

COMaHTHHQCKSH 3KBHB3JIBHTH0CTB, npOHBJIflXimaHCH B Me,TbH3UK0- BHX KOppeJIHIJEHX CJIOB H {BE, n03B0JMBT IipH3HaTI. CyiKB CTBOBaHH© B KamOM H3HK0 H0THP0X TffllOB HOMHHaTHBHHX eflUHHLC I . IE C JI0KCH- hbckoA ooMaHTüKoß, vum HeßTpajr&Han jiskohks. 2. JIE c $pa3aoJiora- HBOKOfi CSMaHTHKOÜ, HJIH CT1MHCTOT6CKH HarpyflCGHHafl JieKCHKa.3. ffi C JIBKCHHBOKOft C8MaHTT*K0ß, HJIH aHaJIHTHHeCKHe CJIOBa H CTep- TH6 M6Ta$OpHH0CKH0 OÖOpOTH Tfflia fr. faire face "H axOßHTBCH n a n p o T H B " , " B iia o p sa T B h t o - j i h ö o " . . h , 4 . ®E c $ p a 3 e o j io -rHHBCKOß ( 0yö%6KTHBH0ß) OBMaHTHKOß. Ha3BaHHH9 THIIH CJIOB H CJIO- BOCOHeTBHHfl CBHSBTBJIBOTByBT 0 OJIOXHOM nepeiUI6T0HHH JI0KCHH0 OKOß h $pa30OJiorHH0CKOfi CHCTeM. Hx pa3Ä 0jieH H 0 n o npH H njm y u o j ib h o - O«I)Opk«ieHHOCTH/pa3Ä0JII>HOO$OpMII0HHOOTH HBJKBTCH HH0T0 M0TOÄHH0- CKHM npHBMOM. TaKHM KB npHSMOM M0JK9T ÖHTB H paSÄBJIBHHB Ha OC- HOB0 O nn03H inra "ÖÖkOKTHBHaH/cyöljeKTHBHaH CBMaHTHKa". OflHBKO

- 4 8 -

BTOpOft HBJIH6TCH M0H66 HOnyjWpHUM B BHUy nOBHUI8HHOÜ CJIOJKHOCTHflHBepramaüi-ÄEyx tk iob oeMaHTHK. Oahsko 3to He jmiuaeT ero npa- THT8T6 JTBHOCTH• HaOÖOpOT, 0 TOHKH SpBHHH JKa3aHHOrO B38HM0Äeä- CTBHH HHaê OMOTPHTOH GTpyKTypa $pa30OJIOrHH. Ee HÄPO OÖpa3yiOT eflHHiina, KOTOpae KaK no $opMe, TaK h no coxepxtaiano ofaanam npHSHeJtaMH $paae0Ji0rHMH00TH: ycToiteKBafl pa3Äejn>H00<|)0pM!ieHH00TB \ coneTaeTOH c cyöteKTHBHofi ceMSHTHKoli (4 Tim ). nepHiJepmo $pa3eo- jiorHH cocTaBJW»T eAHHHUH, yTpaTOBaiouiHe $pa3eoJiornH6CKiie npn3- HaKH Jmdo no $opMe, jihöo no coflepstaHHio. B nepBOM cuiyvae mh hms- eu ÄeJio c ueJH>Hoo$opM)ieHHHMH eflüHHuaMH c (T)pa3eojiorinecKHM 3Ha- H6HH6M (2-THn) ,a bo btopom cjiyrae - pa3fleJii>Hooc[)opMJi0HHije ycTofl- HHBH0 eflHHHnH C JIBKCHHCCKHM 3H8H0HH0M (3 TMl) . I-ft T10I SflKHim cocTaBJtHST anpo jreKOHêcKOÄ chct6mu. Hflpo h nepKêpHH ÄByx ch- ctbm - JieKCirqecKoü h $pa3eojiorHHecKoli - ne coBnaâioT b pa3Hux HSHKax. 3 to t $8kt cBHHeTQJücTByeT o tom, hto hx npoTHBonocTaB- JI6HH6 odycJiOBJieHO cipyKTypoft Kaaworo H3iiKa h ho hmsst no« oo- <5oft OHTOJiorHHeoKoro ocHOBamiH.

Hto KacaeTOH $paseojiormeCKoro SHaneHiM, to ero 0HT0Ji0ra- MBOKafl npupoâ HaXOÄHTCH B Cydfc6KTHBHO.fi O0MaHTHK0, OToöpasaio* meft KBajm$HKaTHBHO-on0HOHHyro fleHTejif’ioctb neôBeKa, KOTopan (c0M3HTHKa) B K3TO0M H3HK8 CBO0OÖpa3HO paC^JI6H6Ha JISKCHHBCKHMH (U0JtbHOO$OpMJieHHHMH) H $pa3e OJIOrHM0CKHMH (pa3ÄeJI£HOO$OpM/10HHH“ mh) eAHHHUaMH.

üpHM0HaHHH

** ApxaHrejn>cKHft B,JI. ycToiNnBue $pa3H b c 0BpeMeHH0M pyc- CKOM H3UK0. - POOTOB. 1964. •^•Kvhhh A.B. Kypc $pa3eojroran coBpeMQHHoro aHTJmflcKoro Ä3HKa4 M., 1986.

-3«Ha3apaH A.r . $pa3eojioriifl coBpeM0HHoro $pamiy30Koro H3H- Ka. ~.M ,, 1987,SyKOB B .n . CeivtaHTHKa $pa3eo,norHHeciaix OÖOPOTOB. - M.,1978.c

êflopoB A.H. PaäBHTHö pyccKoft $pa38cuiormi b kohus XMl - Haâjie XIX bskob. - Hobochöhpck, 1973.

e*■'IspâHnaBa T .3 . H3hk h ero odpaaH. OêpicH no HTaJt&HH- CKoft 4pa3eoJiorHH. - M., 1977."• MsjiepoBH^ A.m. npodJiewia ceMaHTHnecnoro aHajni3a $pa3eo- jiorHHöCKHx eÄHHHiü coBpeMeHHoro pyccKoro H3HK8: Ym. noo. no cneinr ocy. - fJpoojiaBJäi. 1979.8. Kvhmh A.B. AHrOTüCKafl $pa3eojiornfl. - M., 1970.T^yipHMneBa A.A. JleKCireecKoe simeHHe. - M., i986 .

-LU'AsjaypoBa 3 .C. JlHHrBHCTHêcnan cymHOcms h acneKTH homh- HaUHBL// fl3HK0Ban HOMHHaUHH. 0ÖU(He BOnpOCH. - M., 1977.IJ-< HeKHTHH M.B. OCHOBH JnmrBJICTHMSCKOfi T0OpHH 3H8M6HHH. -

M., 1988.- 49 -

Tp•M o jio tk o b A .H . O ch o b h c |p a 3 e o J io n iH p y c c K o ro f r a u k a . - S . , ' I9 7 7 .r o ■ . ■ '■ PediopMaTCKiiii A.A. BBeênne b H3HK0B6ÄeHHe. - 4 - e H 3fl.M ., 1 9 6 7 . ‘BepcmarHH E.M., KocTonapoE B .r . A s h k h KyjiBTypa. -

3-e ran. - M., 1983.IS. ’iepicaccKMii M.A. Oiiht nocTpoeHHH (|iyhkuhoksjtbhoii Monejni

owioii MacTuoii cGMHOTKvecKOü CHCTewu (nocjiOBiiup h acJ>opH3MH).IlapemiiojiorHMQciarii cöopiuiK. - M., 1978. '

■‘•6. A aim aH TO*nca 3 peH im d o j ie e n o n y JiH p u a b sa p y ö e K H u x $ p a - äeorpad 'iiM ecK M x T p y ji,ax . I?. LiGHBeHHCT 3 . OÖuian jmurBHCTHKa. - M., 1974.

JI.E.KoKaHHHa (JleHimrpafl)SPA3EOÜOnWECKAfl CEMAHTKKA B ACIIEKTE JJIAXPOHM

0dpa3HOCTB BbipaKeHIIfl, HBJIHIOIHaHCH 0JUI0Ü H3 OCHOEHHX M6pT HapoHHoii p g t o , 0C0Ö6HH0 h p k o npoHPjmeTCfl b o ^ p a seo Jio n n scK O M COCTaBQ, KOTOPHÜ ßOHOCHT ,H0 HaUierO BP6MGHH ÖOraTCTEO H CB080Ö- p a 3 iie H3UKa n p o u u ro ro . JlmirBHCT 113 HE.P B .Iü m to t noOTepKHBaeT: "H eK 0T0pue 113 $ p a 3e o j io n ra e c k h x BapaaeHH ii coxpoH iuni fljw Hac K0HHHÜ ÄPGBHHH H3HK0B0H MaTepiKUI H paCCKa3HEaiOT KaK KHBHe CBH- ÄeTeJiH n pouu io ro 0 a a B n o HCêsnyBumx HBJieHHflX, B3rJiOTax n n p n ~ BHHKaX [ i , C. 225] .

Oöpa3iüjii xapaiciep MHonix Hapoanux no npoHcxoKfleitrao $pa- 3eojrorHMecKHX eflHHim He TepaeT CBoeii aKTyajn>HocTh h mothbhpo- bbhhocth h b HacTonmee BpeMH, 0;;HaK0, MacTB fyp'aseojiorii'iecKoro hhbsHTapH yTpaTHJia cbob cer.iaHTHêcKyio 0CH0By b ciuiy jymTeJit- Horo H3HK0B0r0 h HCTopuHSCKoro pasBHTiw 11 He noanaeTCH aseKBaT- Hofi HHTepnpe Taujra. Toâioe TOJiKOBarote h ocMHcyiemie Tara« cj;>pa— 3e0JI0rH3M0B COnpOTBHO CO MHOrHMII TpyflHOCTHMH, B npeOflOJteHHH kotophx noMoraeT ncTopireecKJdi, STHMOJioriraecKufi nojpcoji,, ocho- BaHHHÜ Ha H3yêHHH AP6BHHX nHOBMBHHHX naMHTHHKOB H IßTepHa.TOB.Beeowyio pojib b tskhx HccjieflOBaHHflX B.UksmT otbohht ooBpeMeHHHM AiiaJieKTaM, coxpaHHBWHM MHome cppa3eojioraêciuie BHpameHm b hx nepBOHaâjiBHofi $opMe. J jih uiBefluapcKoro apeajia pacnpocTpaneHUH HGMGIXKOrO H3HK3, CB080Öpa3Hafl (|)pa 36 O-HOriTOCK3H CHCTGMa KOTOpO- r o cSopimipoBajiaci. noa HenocpeßCTBeHHKM BJiHHHiieM uiBeiinapcKoro (ajieMaHiicKOPo) flHajreKTa h BKJimaeT 3HawrejiBHoa hhcjio snajieKT- hhx no npoHcxojKfleHino (Jipa3eojioraMecKHX eflUHim, 9To noJioaeHEe npHoöpeTaeT ocoöyio BaKHoeTB. hkujioHajcbHan sna^niMocTB flna-

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jieKTa b npejiejiax H0MeiötOH3treHoii UteeiiiiapuH, ocoöuM xapaKTep B3a- HMOSeftCTBHfl H B3aHM0ITp0HHKH0B6HHH .UBJOC $OpM CyiUQCTB0B3 HHH H0- MeUKOrO H3HK3 H HCn0JH>30BaHH6 Schwyzerdütsch B KaueCTHQ OÖII- X0flH0-pa3P0B0pH0fi pOHH (Umgangssprache) HaxOÄHT npaMOe Bbipase- HH0 B CHCT0M8 UlBSltuapCKOti $pa300JI0rHH, JIOCTOHHHUM P030PBOM KO- Topoii HBJweTCH TiiiajieKTHaH $pa3eanorHH. 3thm z b oÖBHCHHeTCH TpyÄHOCTB pa3 rpahiihb hhh cnpa se o.TOriiHe ckhx reJi£B0HH3MOB h $pa3'oo- JIOrHM0CKHX ÄH8JI0 KTH3M0B.

AHajra3 noKaauBaoT, h to öojibubh mbctb bhhbjishhux c n e u n iia i- H6CKH lUBeiinapCKHX $pa30OJIOriI3M OB HBJIH0TCH 0Öpa3HUMH B U paK 8- HHHMH, OÖJia«aK31!tHMH JKHBOM EHyTpeHHßÜ fOpMOÜ, HanpHM0p{ jmdn. am Seil herunterlassen (’jmdn. zum Harren haben'); den Kropf leeren ('seinem Herzen Luft machen')j im Bapp sein ('in der Fatsche sitzen'; Bapp - Schweiz. 'Brei'); wie durch den Anken gehen ('wie geschmiert gehen'; Anken - Schweiz. 'Butter').

M H orae cym ocTopoH H e o iM eneH H ue (i;pa3eojiorn*iG C K ne x ap aK T ep n3 y io T C fl, o ^ H a n o , c k p u t oii MOTHBapoBaiiHOCTbio, T . e . T p e - ÖyäOT fl/L l TO'IHOrO OCMUCJI0HHH .HOnCUIHHTeJIBHiUi KOMWeilTapHii H o ö o - CHOBaHHe. "HCTOpHICO—3T}IMOJIOrHH0CKH0 CIipaBKH HeOÖXOOTMU B T0X CJiyMaHX, K or.ua n c x o a n o e , K om cpeT H oe 3 Ha l e i m e & pa3eo .aorH 3M a y * e BUBSTpiUIOCB, BHyTpeHHHfl $Opwa 0 rO H0 BOCnpHHHMaeTCH. HymaaioTCH B KOMM0IITapHHX $pa30OJIOrOT0CKH6 BUpaHQHHH, HCTOHHHKOM npOl&XCfflt- Ä6HHH KOTOPUX nOCJiyXCHJIB 3aÖHTH0 HHH0 OdUHSH, OÖpH^H,. KyJD>TOBH0npeacTaBJieHHH, noBepiw" [2 , c . 206] .

yOTaHOBMTB 9THMOJIOrH10 ÖOJIBUIHHCTBa CHHXpOHHO HSMOTHBIipO— BaHHHX $pa3 e ojiorinie ckhx rejn>B6ixn3M0B h ^stb hx TOHHyö HHTepnpe- Taiaco He npe,ncTaBJweTCH bo3mo:khhm. üpHMepOM $pa3eojiorH3Ma c 3aT6MH0HHOii 9THM0Ji0rHeK HBJiHeTch “BHpaseHHe den Blinden nehmen,0 Kotopom paccyxyiaoT repoHHH.ojuHoro H3 npoH3B6AeHHH r.UlnaTa: "Manche hauen eines Tages ab. Wir sagen dann: "Br hat den Blinden genommen." Vielleicht weil man ihn nicht mehr sieht, vielleicht weil er nichts mehr sehen will, alles ist ihm verleidet" p3, S.5V\'. >

ÄeMOTHBHpOBaHHHMH OÖpfl 30B8HHHMH HBJM0TCH ÖOIBlUaH HaCTB

UJBeHIiapCKH OTMO.'iSHHHX $pa360JIOrH3MOB, B COCTaBS KOTOpUX HM0-

&TCH HMH COÖCTB6HHO0, TaK KaK "CBH3B MÖJKÄy KOMIIOH0HTOM-aHTpO—

nOHIIMOM Z KOHKpeTHHM Ä6H0T8T0M OOJtaÖJieHa 3a CH0T TOrO, 'TTO

HOCHTeJIH HM8H OTÖO 3aÖHTH, JQIÖO H3E8CTHH OTHOOHTeJffiHO y3K0My

. K pyry jDaueü' [4 , o.IO}. Ha 8T0 ' o ö c t o o t 6 » o t b o yKasHreaeT TaKse HeMemtHü $pa3eojior $.8alLnep, KOTopufä oöpamaei mamnm m to ,~ h t o r .K e J u ie p b "üopm coKH X HOBeûiax" n on o jn> 3 y eT b K a q e o rB e CpaBH0HHH HMH OOÖeTBeHHÖe, O npOMCXOKaeHHH KOTOpOrO MOJKHO m w > B O raflH B aT tO fl: "In den Züricher Novellen stehti 'Ich kann fast sagen wie Vetter "Stille, ich sei auch schon ein paarmal lustig oder unlustig gev/osen in meiliem Leben.' Wer ist dieser Vetter Stille? Eine Züricher Lokalperson? oder eine Figur- aus einem Roman? oder was sonst?" [5, S.30-31]*

K TaK H33HBa@MHM 0Öpa3HHM 3araÄK8M (Bildrätsel), yTpa- thbuihm oBoe nepB0HaHajn>H0e HarJiroHoe coflepKamra, o t h o c h t c h Tarnte UIBQÜyapOKH OTMB^BHHUS BUpaK8HHH: etw. ist (nicht) in alle Spitzli (Spitzlein) gestochen ('so übergenau braucht man's dabei nicht zu nehmen')) kein Brot haben gegen etw., jrndn. ('keine Chance haben'); da gibt es keine Birnen ('da gibt es daran nichts zu rütteln'); etw. auf der Latte haben ('etw. nicht leiden 'rönne«')} eine Philippine machen ('gleichzeitig dasselbe Wort aussprechen').

Bojüuiyio noMoim> b ocmhcjishkh h HCTopireeoKOM TOJiKOBanmi $paae0Ji0rH3M0E newemcoro hsuks oKaaüBaeT ojioBapt Jl.Pgpmca "Lexikon der sprichwörtlichen Redensarten" [6], B KOTOPOM yKa- 3HB80TCH JIOKaJTBHaH MapKHpOBaHHOCTB yOTOäHHBHX CÔBOOOêT8Hilli H OÖiHOHflBTCH npOHOXOafleHUe, B TOM ■■'mCJte H6K0T0pHX (Jipa3 80JI0riI- tffiCKHX r e JIBBei{H3MOB.

O np eseêaH H Ü M a T e p m ff äjih p a o K p u T a n ceM aHraraecKKX, o ö p a 3 - h h x o c h o b c& paaeoJiorireeoK H X BHpaxteHiifi « a e i npoBSÄSHHaH b H anajre h oepeflH H e n p o n u io ro BSKa M .K u p xx oêp oM h 0 .3 y T ep M aficT epo M h h - B8HTapn3axflM lU B eü i^ ip cK ia noCSiOBim H n o ro B o p o K , x o r a o a a h b h 3 - BaJia oapi>e3HyK) KpHTm ty 3>.3afijrepa [7 ] .

Ha3BaHHH6 HCTOHHHKH II03B0JIHDT BUHSJUtTB OJieayKSHHe rpyriH H fflBefiqapOKH OTMeHflHHHX $pa360JI0rH 3M 0B B 38BHCHM0CTH OT pa3H0- BBflHOOTH OÖp&äHHX HOTOKOB HX 08M8HTHXH:

I . $ p a 3 e o jro ra 3 M H , 0 ö p a3 H 0 odyojioBJieHHHe oTapiiHHHMH oöli- naflMH, TpasmuiHMH.

BupaaceHHe etw. im Hochzeitsstrumpf haben H0n0JTb3y8TOH m b o to b T ex cxiiynanx, K o r ^ a ro c T L —m tu s h t a a e T odcyiyatHBammeMy n e p o o H a jiy qaefeae, m to OBHaaHo 0 p a o n p o c T p a n e hhum eiqe b 17, 18* B eK a x .B üiB eM iapH a od ireaeM aapH TB C Ba#edH H e q y-inai. B HacTcm m ee

- 52 -

Bp9 MH 3Ta TpaSHUCKH 3SÖHTa HaOTOJE&KO, HTÖ HB TOOTb, HH OÖOJiyJKJI B an p e ero He CMoryT oKaaaTt, b«H8jih am ohh Korsa-jmcSo saKofi" qyJIOK. E0JH>UIHHCTB0 O HTaiOT 3T0CTap0fi UiyTKOtt KOTOpOÄ, no wc MHeiÜdO, flOJDKHU COOTBSTCTBOBaTi T8KH0 OTB0THH6 peiKHKK, KaK:

"Mein Hochzeitastrumpf hat ein Looh", "Ich "tu'a in die Scheidekaase" [6]. '

0Öpa3HOOTB cpaBHHT8JH>Horo oÖ opoT a jmnd. iat gerüstet wie der Mohren-Joggeli ('jmnd. ist sehr bunt gekleidet1) ö a 3 H p y - 8 Tc h ,a a o d tm a e ynpam aTi» k o jio to u b npa3Ä H inH H e ä h h JieHraMH h ÖyKeTaMH IJBGTOM ( c p . "Mohren-Joggeli - die Mohrenbildeäule an einer Brunnensäule, die an Festtagen mit Bändern und Sträußen geschmückt wurde)" [5]•

2 . $ p a 3 e o jio rii3 M H , GBH3aHHHe c ÖHTyKWHMH b H e p o a e n p e s p a c - cyflKaMH.

BHpaKGHHG aufs Moos kommen ('eine alte Jungfer werden, ledig sterben') peMaHTHHGOKH 0npQflGJIH8TCfl pa-XOXHM, OOOÖ0HHO B B aB apH H , A b c tp h h , Tupojxe h b ÜJbg&^bphh, HapoflHHM npeflGTaBJieHH- gm o ö o jio T a x ksk M ecT ax n p sö H B a m w z oTÖHBamra HaKaaamiH a m H63aMy®HHDC ÄGByiUGK H H6HHHH IIOGJie CMepTH. TaM OHH flOJDKHH 0T6- p e n t w S h c o b / co ö n p aT B noJieHBH, c g h t b , iuTonaT£ arraHH hjih fla x e n o ji3 aT £ b oÖJmKe yisacHHX y jm iO K [ 6 1 .

no C3H £8 HB IÜBe&iapUH - 8HT6JIE Ajr&n - BepHT B CymeCTBOBa- HH8 BHKoro flyxa, TaK HB3HBaeMoro der wilde Küher ("otkhü na- oiryx"), no^ xfnoinGrocH B yparaHHae hoto. B oömcoÄHO-pa3roBopH0M H3HKG 3to BHpa»&HHe npGBpaTiwocB b pe3yjo>TaT8 nGpcoHH$KKaujm B 0Ö03HaH6HH8 cujiBHoro, yparaHHoro, BQTpa [8, .s .253] .

3 . $pa360JI0rH3MH, BOCXOÄflWHe K aHGKflOTaM, IIiyTKaM, HCTO-PHHM.

B 0CH0B8 n0r0B0pKH Die muß dem Hund auch etwas vermachen jighcht h c to p h h o t o m , KaK rpflBHyjm-ojiyiKaHKa saBemajia kög-ito COÖSKG 3a TO, HTO Ta TaK 't£HCTO BiÜIH3HBaJia KyxoHHyio nocyfly.

T o t , k t o f le jia e T t b k , KaK cj];ejraji b cbo g b pg m h n a c T y x * 3 J to p - JfflKGHa - er macht's wie der Kuhhirt von Dorliken,. - 0TK 83H -BaGTCJI OT MGCTa, TJTOÖH HG ÖHTB yBOJIBHHHM.

4 . $ p a3eo jio rH 3M H , BHiueOTize H3 o n p e s e j ie H H o ro H C T o p a^ e cK o ro o n u T a , H3 H C T opm eoK H 3aK peru ieH H nx o öc*fbaT e jn .cT B , p e a jm i i , h b - JIGHHÜ. '

B K a^ecT B e eK e ro Ä H o ro H a j io ra K penocTH H e jio jdkhh ö tu m c j i a -- 53 -

BSTi X03HHHy B OnpeASJieHHOS BpeMH H no OnpeA&ISHHUM nOBQASM Kyp (Zinshühner), oTKyAa nouuto cpaBHHTSJiBHoe Bupaxeune alt wie ein Zinsbahn ('sehr alt').

B pacnpooTpaH6HH0M b UiBettnapHH h b DmaöcKofi waJieKTHofi odnaCTH BHpaseHHH einen ine Bockfutter spannen ('einen auf schmerzhafte Weise bestrafen'} HM66T0H BBHAy Hcn0Jn>30BaBuntß- Ofl BttHOTi AO 19 B6K8 BKA HaKa3aHHÜ H nUTOK, npH KOTOPOM npo- BHHHBflieMyofl nponyoKajm p y m Mexfly Hör h 3aKpeiuuum Ha npoAeTott noA KOJieHHMH najmce, tbk hto oh He Mor hh ctqhtb, hh ghaqtl. AHajrorHHHHe npaeMu ao ohx nop BOTpenamcfl b hqkotojhx astckhx' Hrpax.

5 . ®pa3eojiorH8MU, ocwepsaume ochjikh na hctophh8ckh9 coöh-THH.

3TO MoryT ÖHTB KBK COÖHTHH, OnpeASJOlBUlHe BCB HCTOpHD lilBefinapHH, HanpHM ep, b BHpaXBHHH jradm. ein Morgarten bereiten ('jmdm. eine vernichtende Niederlage bereiten'), oeMaHTirae- OKHH HAPOM HBJWeTCfi reorpa$HH6CKoe Ha3BäHH6 Morgarten (Bergabhang in den Schweizer Alpen, am Agersee), T .e . M6CT0, rAe niBeünapny OAepxaJiH noÖeAy h&a aBOTpHÜnaMH b Öhtbo b 1 31 5 roAy H AOÖHJIHCB H638BHCHM0GTH 07 IfedcdyprOB, TaK H M6H68 3HaHHTeJtb- HU6 COÖHTHH H3 UlBefiqapCKOÜ KaHTOHaJTbHOff HCTOpHH.

flpa3e0Jl0rH8M den Baum zum Ast geben, 3H8»ieHH6 Koioporo npHÖjnrar''9T0H k pyooKoyy "rnejr b KOMHaTy, nonaji*B Apyryw", hcto-PHM60KH OTHOQHTGfl, OH6BHAHO, K Bp6M6H8M KOpOJtH SpaHUB I flpaH - n y s c i to ro , KOTopafi ao öhtbh np n MapHHtHHO »Man bhah to jü k o Ha rpa$CTBO Asht (Asti ?), oähbko, nocJie n e e eMy yA aJioct a a x B a - THTt Boe rpa$GTB0 MuJiaH.

3a npeAeJiH hotophh IlteeflnapHa bhxoaht ncTopnHecKHe coöu- thh h odcTOHTejüCTBa, Ha KOTopue opHeHTHpyioTCH cjieflyioiUHe Bupa- xbhhh: Kein Geld, keine Schwizer (lawice B pmjMOBahhom Eime Keine Kreuzer, keine Schweizer 'nichts ohne Gegenleistung'). 3tb nocJioBHna yxoAHT kophhmh b Te BpeMeHa, noraa lUBefinapcKan rBapAHH cocToana npH MHorax ABopax EBponu h umefmapnu cuiyxiuiH wemxvam b pa3jnreHnx BofioKax. Ohh OTporo othochjihcb k nymc- TyaJiBHofl BHiwaTe hx xajiOBaHHH h, HanpHMep, noKHHyjm äpanna I b 1521 r. npn ocaae ItaaHa KapjiOM Y , kopas $paHn I ne cMor dojtbuie onnaHHBai’B hx yc jiyra.

6. fipaaeojiorHSMH, MOTHBanaa k o to p u x TpedyeT flonojiHHTeja-- 54

hoü 3THM0Jt0rmecK0fl h h tepnpet s qb h CTepuieBoro JtexomecRoro KOMnoHema.

Kax npaBiüio, s t o oöo3HaêHiw itpero«TOB, Hcircun>30BaBnraxcH B ÖHTy, TpyflB, KOMnOHCHTU OflOlKÄH.

®pa3e0JI0rH3MH einen guten (keinen) Schulsack haben ('eine gute (keine) Schulbildung haben') m einen Schulsack gefressen haben ('das ganze Wissen eingeheimst haben') COßep- *aT.yoiapeBmee oöo3HaM8Hiie oyMKH (cp. hqm. Schulranzen), b ko- Topoti Ä6TH HOCHJm CBOH KHHTH B lUKOJiy. 3TO CJIOBO, T8KHM OÖpa- 3 om, ojmueTBopfieT ncuiy enHiie b uikojib 3 Ha hhh, kotopho hockjih o codofl "êpHHM no danoMy".

OcodeHHOCTH cnocoöa bspotobjiqhhh yjioK b npesHxe BpsMeHa OTpantanrcH bo $pa3e0jr0rinecK0M rejn>Beim3Ma (schleoht) im Strumpf sein ('sich Unbehaglich, ärgerlich, gereizt fühlen; übel gelaunt sein'). IlepBOHaMaUBHO qyjiKH H0 BH3aJmoi>, a TKB— JIHCB, T.0. UQUHICB H3 KyCKa TKaHH H ÖHJIH M6H66 3Jia0THHHHMH.HaM b juihhhhx nöKax sto decnoKOHJio Majio, oah3k o , nyannHH, ko- TopuM MOfla npeflnacHBana kopotkho dpmKH so kojish, hmsbiuhs hoTBK TiqaTSJIBHO pa3rJQK6HHU8 TK8H8BU6 HyjIKH, ^BOTBOBaJIH CBÖfl H9 b CBoeii Tapejnte.

7. Spa3eojiora3MH, odpa3Hyio 0CH0By kotophx cocTaBJunoT jibk- CHêcKxe eOTHimn, cBH3aHHH6 o HaicBOHajn>HHfjni urpaMH.

Bucokoü $pa300Öpa30BaT6JiiH02 8kthbhocti>io xapaKTepn3yeT0H Bv uraeiiqapcKOM BapnaHTe H8MSiocoro jmTepaTypHoro H3Hxa oymeoTBH- TeJüHoe die Hose, mto odycJiOBJieHO dojtbmofl nonyjmpHOCTii) Tpa- flHUHOHHOa HapOßHOß HTpH der HoSenlupf. SopMa cweawai jum 3TO- ro C0CTH3SHHH nocJiyxiura üoboäom jy w npaMoro z nepeHOCHoro,$pa3eojiori™OKoro, ynoTpedaemw Bapaaemdt in die Hosen stei- gne ('sich zum Kampf bereit machen'); mit jmdm. in die Hosen müssen ('sich mit jmdm. zum Kampf messen müssen'); in die Hose gehen ('nicht gelingen').

C 3thm bhhom cnopTa cbh38ho tbkks ynoTpedjieHne odmano- MeuKoro cymecTBHTejiiHoro der Kranz b pacnpooTpaHeHHHX b oÖh- X0ÄH0-pa3r0B0pH0fl poHH $pa380J!0rH3MaX in die Kränze kommen ('unter den Siegern sein, erfolgreich sein'); nicht in die Kränze kommen ('keine Aussicht auf Erfolg, auf Verwirklichung haben'). IlepBOHaâjiBHO sth BupaacsHiw othoohjihcb k Harpaawo-

h h i o nodeflHTeJui b doptde u m b ctpojekobhx copesHOBaHHHX, a sa-- 55 -

T0M HX HepSHOCHOe 3HHH€HHe CTajIO HCHOJEb30B8TB CH H B flpyTHX 0$epax 3KH3HH.

B oociaB $pa3eoJiyrHqeoxoro rejEbBeipöMa den Hornuß (aiche.r) treffen ('den Nagel auf den Kopf treffen’) BXOAHT H33B8HH8 I^eÄMÖTa, KOTOpufl HB*iH6TCH H6 OÖXOflHMOfl npHHaflJieSHO- otbk) p j ia umeßHapcxofl Hapomioß nrpu das Hornuwen (THna JtanTu)('schlagballähnlibhes schweizeriachea Spiel').

- Hapsay c npoitecoami paouaipeHHH hjih cyjseHHH 3 Hans hhh, aa- TparnBaKauHMH coflepKaTeja>Hyio cTopoHy _paae0jr0rn3M0B, b npcmeo- 08 HOTOPHH8CKOrO paaBHTHH M0*8T npOHOXOAHTB H JopMaJIBHflH MOflH- $HKaxtHH, onnparamaacH Ha ceM aim reecKyio. HanpHMep, $ p a 3 e o j io ra - necKafl 6AHHHU;a sich wie ein Lauffeuer verbreiten npeBparanaoB B BHpa»0HH0 wie ein Laubfeuer heruragehen, HMSiomee HHym C0- MaHTHMecxyio 0CH0By. C0Ö0TB8HH0 HeMeuKoe yoT oflw B oe c jio b o o o h 6 - TaHHs HcnoJiBsyeT b xanecT B e cpaBH6HHH Ha3BaHH0 a$$eKTa, xoto- PHfi B03HHKaeT npH 38SHraHHH 0 flSWBHerO paOCTOHHHH h npH $ e ß e p - B ep x e . HeTOTHoa opeaoTaBJieHHe 0 mothbhpob8hhocth h npo H oxox- A3 HHH 3T 0r0 r’jp^K6HKH OÖyCJIOBHJIO erO MOAH$HKaiQOO b repMano- fflBeflqapoKot Hapajmoß pena, B oohobs $pa3e ojiorHneCKoro reJiB B e- UH3M8 jreatHT äo jie ä iio h h th h ä h öjmsxHfl npooTUM jucwhm oöpaa J ieo - Horo nf"^pa.

T brhm o ö p aso M , npoB eaaH H as n o n u m a CHOTeMaTHsanHH $ p a a e o - jiorHHacKHX rejiBBeqBaMOB a a rJ L jm o «eMOHOTpapyeT BaxHocTB h h q - oöxoflHMooTB H C Topxrceoxoro noA xofla x $axTäM HaiwoHaJEbHofi $ p a - 3 6 OJIOrHH, KOTOJUÄ, 0 OflHOß OTOpOHH, n03B0JIH6T A8TB yOTOfi1 JBHM OJIOBOCOHeTaHHflM aAQKBaXHOe 0Öpa8H0—C9M8HTHH6GK06 T0JQC0BaHH8, o A P y ro ä - npeACTaBJweT ueHHuß M aT epnaji a j ih b h k b jiq h h h o & o ö sh - HOOTeß fopMHpoBaHHH h pasBHTHH fla h h o p o HauHOHaaBHoro x a p a x - T e p a , e r o C B oeoöpaaH H , a Taxace n o x aa u B aeT o d p a sq u coxpaHeHHH H3HX0M HOTOpHHQOKOß naMHTH H apO fta.

üpHMeqaHHHJ* Schmidt W. Deutsche Spraohkunde. - 9. Auflage. - B .,1982,

■ 4 ' ropöaseB H H K .C . 06 HosropHRO-sTHMOJiorH'ieoRHX onpaB xax b 4 p a 3 6 o Jio rH ^eckom cJTOBape fl üpoÖJieMH $ p a3eoÄ orH H . - M .; X., 1 9 6 4 .& Spät G. Commedia. - Frankfurt a/Main, 1980.

PouaHMK ü. 3. üoKajiBHaH MapxHpoBaHHOCTB $ p a 3 e o j io n n e c - khx flflMMm (hb MaTepnajie cyöoTaHTHBHux h r j ta ro j iB m a ijjpaaeo jio - rn3M0B aBCTpajoißoKoro sapnaH T a aH rjm äo x o ro n s u x a ) : A ß p o p e f. AHc. . . . xaHA. $hjioji. Hayx. - M .,„1979. .Seiler F. Deutsche Sprichworterkunde. - München, 1922.

- 56 *

6*Röhrioh L. Lexikon d e r sp rich w ö rtlich en Redensarten.Bd. 1-2. - F re ibu rg j B asel; Wien, 1978.K irchhofer, M. W ahrheit und Dichtung. Sammlung schweiz e r is c h e r S p rich w örter. Ein Buoh fü r d ie Weisen und das V olk .- Zürich , 1824: S u te rm eiste r 0. Die schw eizerischen Sprichw örter der Gegenwart in ausgewählteir Sammlung. - Aarau, 1869.8, Weias__R. Volkskunde der Schweiz. Grundriß. - Erlenbach; Z ürich , 1946.E.H.Ky38BaHOBa (ycTt-KaMeHoropcK)

nPOHBJEEHME BPEMEHHOK) SHAHEHMS B ÜPEJUIOmX CyBCTAHTHBIUX im i lA X JICKAJffiHOR CEMAHTHKH0TH8C6HH8 0ÖCT0HT8JIBCTB K KaKOMy-JIHÖO THIiy np8Ä0TaBJW 8T

onpefl8Ji8HHHe ipysHOOTH. Hbcmotph Ha to, hto b rpaMMaTireecKax HOOJIBÄOBaHHJDC HM68TCH MH0K8CTB0 THI10B KJia CCH$HKaiJHft OÖCTOH- T8JIBCTB no C8MaHTHH8CK0My npH3H8Ky [Ij. IIpHXOÄIITOfl OTaJIKHBaTB- CH C MH0r03HaHH00TiK3 H8K0T0pHX OÖCTOHT8JH>CTB, COBM61H6HH8M pa8- HHX 3HaêHHfl B OflHOM OÖCTOHTaü£CTB8, BHP8H8HH0M npe&ÜOXHOÖ KOHCTpyKujieti c cymecTBirreJttHHM. 3to uoxho npomunooTpHpoBaTii CJiefljraH™ npuMeppM! (1) At the doorway. Mrs Quonsett tu rned .[2, p .1 7 l] .

Ü3 npHB6A8IiHOrO UpHMepa BKUHO, HTO B OÖOTOHT8Jn>OTB8 , BU- pa&8HH0M'CyiqecTBHTejn>HHM o npeftnoroM, cocymacTByroT äbb âaHHX 3HaH8HHH - MeOTa H BpSMGHH (k OÖOTOHT0Jr£CTBy MOJKHO IIOOTaBHTB KaK Bonpoo where? , TaK H BOnpOO When?); npirieM 3Ha^8HHe M8- CTa npOHBJIH8TCH CMBH90, ÖJKirOflapH JIOKaJIBHOfi CSMaHTHKe npefl- jlb/KHO—cyöcTaHTHBHoti rpynnH.

B HacToamefi CTaTBe aejiaeTCH nonuTKa buhbjiqhhh h oömghg- hhh npuMHH, cnocoöcTByiomHx npoHBJiaHHio T8Mnopajn>Horo SHaneHHfl B OÖ CT 0HT8JIB CTB8X, BHpaK6HHHX npeSJIO*HHMH 0yÖ0T8 HTHBHHMH ipyn- naMH JIOKaJI&HOJi C8M8HTHKH.

PaCCMOTpHM 0JI8flyKMHH8 npHMSpu 0 OÖCTOHT8JIBCTB0MH, BHpaJK8H- hhmh cyiflectbhteJiBHHM c n p e jy io ro M : (2) In the snowblast cab he had been reminded of the event.i. \ z , p.73] • (3) In First Meroantile American-, as with most banks, a wide salary gap existed between the presidency and the next rank downward [3, p.87l.

Ha n ep B u fi b s iu k w o d a n peÄ JioxeH im c o f le p s a T oöoTOHT8.in>CTBa MecTa, höo oöa npe,iyiojKeHHH MoryT oTBeâTL Ha Bonpoc whsre?

'OflnaKO, ecjiii b npimepe (2) HaÖJnoflaeTcn coBeMemeraie 3 Ha 9 hot- 57 -

MecTa co 3H3H8HE6M BpeuoHH, to b upMMope (3) aToro He odHapy- XHBaeTCH. noÄTBeproaeTCH 3to nyTeM npociux TpaHC$opviamiit: npeAHQÄHytt cydcTaHTMBHy» rpynny b Hanaae npe^noxsHHH (2) mohcho pa3BepHyTi b npHAaTO^Hoe npewosceHHe c TSMnopaJEbHUM coiosomwhen, JIHÖO yCJIOXHHTB C0B30M once.

C00TB6TCTB6HH0 üOJjyHHM: When he had found himself in the snowblast cab... h: Once in the snowblast cab... IIOAOÖHyio onepaipno Hejuaa« npoasBecTH b npiwepe (3 ) . Otcbäö mojkho 3aKmo-HHTB, HTO OflHOÄ H3 npHMHH, CnOCOÖCTBywmHX Iip0flBJI6HlIIÖ BP6M6HHO— ro 3H a H H H B OÖCTOHTeJIBCTBaX, BHpa*6HHHX npeflJTOXHHMH CyöCTaH- thbhhmh rpynnaMH jroKajn>Hoü c6MaHTHKH, hbjihstch KOMnpeccjiH. T a- KH8 6AHHHKU H0 BH3HBa»T, O^HaKO, nOMÖX B KOMMyHHK8HHH, HÖO 0 TOHKH 3P6HHH nOJiyHaT0JW peHH OHH HBJIHJOTCfl KOMMyHHK8THBH0 nOJI- HOU0HHBMH, H H0 TpaöyßT flOnOJIHHTeJIBHUX yCHJMÜ RJlH ÄeKÖflHpOBa— hhh. 3aHacTyjo cx0n0Hi> c6mahthtockoü cjtokhocth pohobhx eflomn; kommjHHKaHTaMH ho ooo3Ha0TCH. Oaho sHaveuue, BCTynarauee BO BaaHMOAöficTBHe o spyruM, OKasuBaeTCH npeflCTaBJieHHUM HMiurmjjiT- ho. BaxHyio panB b $opmhpob8hhh hoaoöhux ©flamm nrpaeT koh- T0KOT, onoooöHHH peryjmpoBäTB CTerieHB ceMaHTHMecKoü cjiokhocth CHHTaKCOTeOKKX CTpyKTyp. (4) A H the time, in the cabin. at dinner, at a c a t ä table. they gave the Impression of havint; only just risen from bed [4 , p.26]. (5) In the taxi with Tracy he told hsr he was quitting hia job and leaving the city [5 , p.1163•

B npeMoseHHH (4) , aase Ö03 TpaHccJopMamdi, oäho tojibko HaJTH'niS OÖCTOHT0JIBCTBa BP0M6HH all the titue, K3K ÖH nOHCHH6- MO0 cyöOTaHTHBHHMH rpynnaMH c npeanoroM in the cabin h at a cafö table, JIOKaJIBHHMH no CBO0Ü C0M3HTHK0, npmtaOT nOCJie^HHM BpSMtHHOe 3HaHeHH0. KpOMe Toro, H3JIHMH6 OÖCTOHTeJIBCTBa at dinner b 0flH0M p/my 0 ynoMHHym'.a cydCTaijthbhhmh rpyunataf HBJineTCH Bine oahhm noflTBepiKflehiigm CAejiaHHoro aaiuimeHiw, scjih BCJreA 3a B.M.4hjihihiobcü [6] , npocJieflHBiirefi noÄoÖHH© hbjishhh b pyCCKOM H3HK0, OTH0CTH rpynny at dinner K CJIOBOCOTOTaHHHM c Bpg M6 Hl IHM 3IiaHüHH0M.

B npHMepe (5) EjnwHae 0ÖcT0HTejiBCTBa conyToTByioiUMx coöu- thä with Tracy Ha npsflJi0KH0—cyöcTaHTHBHyio rpynny ia tue taxi H6CK0JIBK0 cjiaöee, oahsko ßoöaBJieHHG once -hjih TpaHC$opMaipiH in the taxi B npHASTOHHO0 BpQMGHH IIOATBepK.Ha6T HaJDIMHe COB-

- 58 -

Meine hhh JioKaJiLHoro h TSMnopajiLHoro 3«HHeHHÜ: when be was in the ta x i w ith T ra c y .. . i

H^ManOBSütHHM $8KT0p0M, CnOCOÖCTBynUHM npOHBXeHHn BpöMßH—Horo 3Haqeh hh b paccM8TpHBasMux rpynnax, HBJBieTOH bobjibhöhhs dojiee umpoKoro kohtqkcts - CHTyaumi.

B npeÄHO*8HHH (2 ) , HanpHMep, ottohok TeMnopaJn.HOcra oöhb- pysHBaeTCH eiqe dojiee othstjeubo, dyfly^H paccMOTpeHHUM b kohtsk- cTes

(6)Drivins back towarda the te rm in a l, Mel radioed the Snow Desk, confirm ing to Danny Farrow th a t runwäy one aeven, l e f t woulä be usab le a h o rtly . Then, aw itch ing to ATC ground con t- ro le , he tu rned the volume low, the subdued le v e l vo ices a backgro'md to h i8 though ts.

In the snowblaat oab he had been reminded of the event, whioh, of a l l o thera he remembered, had stru o k w ith g re a t Impact {2, p.73] •

CHTyauHH nepBoro adsaiia hoaboaht TOTaTeJOi k bogiipiihthd in the snow blast oab - jiomaiHoS no OBoefi cöMaHTHKa rpynm cy- mecTBHTejiBHoro 0 npsjwioroM, otkphBaumeft BTopofl adaau, KaK hs- cymeft TeraopaJiBHHfl OTnaqaTOK. 3to .hsjegt npeftnomHO-cydcTaHTHB- Hyio rpynny dcwiee HacmusHHoü, eMKoß no sHa^eran.

B3HT06 b oTpHBe ot CHTyauHH, nocjrejtHeo npeAxox6HH6 npz- Mepa (6) ae jtaeT oTqeTjmsoro npoHBJieHKH Bpei/ieHHoro 3Haqehhh b cydoTaHTHBHHX npejwosHux rpynnax on the ground H among the Sw aatikaa. TeMnopajiBHoe npoHTeHHe sthx oddOHTejiBCTB BHTeKaeT H3 CHtyaiym.

KeCMOTpfl Ha TO, MTO OdOTOHT0JI£CTBa OnpäAeJtHDTOH K8K TUI0HK npeÄnCHeKHH, H0 EXO^HUpiO B OdH3aT0JEbHyiO B8J18HTH00TB npoflHKara, CUKTSKCineCKH OHH 3aBHCHT OT CKa3J'eMOrO, CEH38HH 0 HHM. KaK 3to npoacxoflHT, jyme Bcero npocjiBÄHTt Ha ypoBHe rJiar0JiBH0- h mghhkx cjioBocoHeTaHiiß Bcjisfl 3a B.M. toramiOBofi, yKa3HBoioinefl bpyOHCTHKe Ha 3aBHCHMOCTB OdOTOHT0jn>CTB0HHHX 3HaH0HH0 KaK HX COCTaBJWmilX, TäK H MarO^OB, HMH KOHKp0TH3Hpy0MHX £6 , C. 200- 201} . Od 9Tom ae© Ha MaiepHaae aKtvmltcKoro H3iaca roBopHX h M.H.OccoBcicaH [? 1 .

JUui HJünocTpauHH aioro• hbjiohhh paccMOTpmi cao^yionme npH- Mepu: (7) A week a f t e r I crosaed the f r o n t i e r Dr D died a t Ganta in the C en tra l Province, a town which I reached on Peb-

- 59 -

ruary the £ourteenth £4» p . 66] .(8) At Santa they had borrowed two Bhillinga from the

oook to buy a goat with... [4, p.183].Eoot Ha oeM aHTinecKOM y poB H e b npejy io sceH iu i (?) r j i a r o j i

died T peÖ yeT jroK aTH B H oro BOOncumeHHH, T . a . JiOKaTHB at Ganta b x o o t t b oöH 3aTejn>H ufi BajteHTHufi o o c T a B r j r a r o n a died, t o b n p e a - JTOB6HHH ( 8 ) r J i a r o J i had borrowed He T peÖ yeT JiOKäTHBHoro B o c n o ji- HeHkH, HO CHHT8KCHH6CKH OÖOTOflT8JIIiCTBO BO6-T0KH 3 8 BUCHT OT0 K 8 3 y e M 0 r0 , t h t o t ö s t k H ew y. " T a K a a "npH B a38H H 00T i." o ö c t o h - T e jü c T B a k CKaaysMOMy h t o , m to o h o n o $opM e c 0B na,ua eT c jroKa*THBOM, BXOflfflmiM B 0ÖH38TeJLBHyK) ESJI8HTHOCTB n p eflH K aT a , CO3fl80T- n p e fln o c H jn o i r j ih T o r o , » rrodn j i o k s t h b h o ö c t o h t 6 j i b o t b o ö h jio hho> rfla TpyflHO o t j i h h h t b « p y r o t flp y ra , h o ö c t o h t 6 j ü c t b o n o aH S Jio - rHH O JIOKaTHBOM npHOÖpSTaST 3HBH6HHS M60T8 [ 8 , C . 1 4 ] .

P a3B epH yB odcT O H T ejacT B O b npnnaTOM Hoe npeflJioxeH H e (at Ganta — onoe at Qanta/when they were at Ganta), mh O Ö H apy- XHH C0BM6IHeHH6 3HaM6HHfi M6CT8 H BP6M6HH B npHMepe ( 8 ) . COBMO-ineHHH 3H8H0HHfl He ö yfleT H aöjm naT B O H , ecJiH 0K 83yeM 0e b n p e jy io - xem ot B upaseH O rjiarojioM , b oöH3aTejn>Hyio b 8 j i6 h th o c t i> K O T oporo BXOflHT JI0K8THB, - 8 T 0 TJBBHUM 0Öpa30M rJia rO Jttl Me CTOHBXOXAeHHH npeÖHBaHHH, cym ecT B O B aaiM , ä b h x b h h h , "B c jiobocoêT aH H K X c BpeMen:-!MH oTHonieHHHMH rj ia ro J iH BHnoJtHHioT opraH H 3yrauyio pOJtb TOJIBKO K8K n0HCHH8M06 CJIOBO B CJIOBOCOH0TaHHH. ÜOdTOMy K8XflHßr j i a r o j i m o x st odpaaoBaTL c cymecTBHTeJt&HtiMH coêT aH ne c B pe- M6HHHMH OTHOUIBHHHMH. OflHaKO H6 K8KJMÖ TJiarOJI M0X8T C03flaBaTB conexaHHfl B cex sH aram ifi h B cex $opM" [ 6 , c .2 0 0 } .

CymecTBHTeJE&Hoe, h b jm h c b b t o j u m KOM noHehtom coneTaH H Ü c BP8M0HHHMH OTHOUI0HHHMH, B C erf la 0rp8HHH8H0 H JI8KCHK0—C6MBHTH— H6CKH, H rpaMMBTHêCKH. ÜO-BKÄHMOMy, BCTynSTB B T8KH6 COMBTa- HHfi MoryT cyiqecTBHTeJEBHue cJieflytoutHX ji6 k c h k o -C 8 M 8 h th h 8 c k h x r p y n n :

1 - oymaoTBHTajEbHue T eM n op ajttH o fi ceMaHTHKii: t i m e , p e i ' i o d m i n ü t e , y e a r , s e a s o n , m o n th , w e e k , d aw n H T . n . K HHM x e n p z - MKKaxjT TaKHe cyiQeoTBHTejiBHHe, KaK b r e a k , a h i f t , i n t e r v a l , a TBKxe H asB aH H a BospacTHHX nepnoflOB x h s h h : - c h i i d h o o d , y o u t h , o l d a g e .

2 - cymecTBHT8Jn>HH6, oöosHaâiomHe n p oaecc : d i s o u s a i o n ,- 60 -

meditation, talk, dinner, classes, rain h T.n, £ COMSTaHHH 0 BpeMSHHUMH 0TH0Ui8HHHMH M0I7T BXOflJITt TÖKX8 T8KH8 CyiUGCTBH— TeJEtHue, K8K meeting, conference, concert jt t.U.

Cp.: At lunch in the only shade the wide gorge provided/ the messenger arrived from Zorzor... [4 , p. 14ll»

TaKHM odpaaoM, npoHBJierano Temopajrbiioro akaHeuiui b npefl- jiobhux cyöcTaHTHBHHX rpyranax Ji0Kani.H0fi obmbhthkji cnocoöcTByioT cjisflywaa $aicropH h hbji6hiih: I). k o m ü p s c c h h, KaK HenpejicMKHOGCBOÜCTBO H3UKa CTpBMHTiCH K KpaTKOOTH BUpaXQiUIfl CMUCJia;2) BJD1HHH8 KOHTQKCTa J 3) CHOCOÖHOCTJ) TJiarOJIOB COHeTQTtCH C cymecTBHTöJiBHufAH o npeMoroM, onpeASJieHKOÜ ceMaHTHKH.

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M&THMecKaa KaTeropun b pyccKOM H3HKe h ero Me0T0 b CHCTeue HJieHOB npejyioxeHUfl. - CapaTOB, 1953; Hub hui B.A. Turin oöctoh- TeJDbCTB b coBpeMeHHOM aHTJEttücKOM R3UK8 /<£"7h 8h . aan?" 1956 .” T.I; lUerojiMHa K.r. K Bonpocy o KJiaccn<|)HKaüjra odcTOHTeJiiOTBa b aHTJfflUCKOM H3UK6. - ü., 1961.

2.Hailey A. Airport. - L., 1968.3.Hailey A. Moneychangers. - London and Sydney, 1977.4. Greene Gr. Journey Without Uaps. - N.Y., 1981.5.3ha»/ 1. The Top of the Hill. - L., 1983.

■ b . «mrannoBa B.M. rîarojiLHO-Hi/eHHue cJiOBOcoMeTaiuiH c BpeMttMHHM 3H8H8HHBM B COBpeMeHHOM pyCCKOM H3HK8 // HnnjennM- hjuj flfiLrpaiwaTHKe pyccKoro jniTgpaTypHoro Haupt. - M ., 1 9 5 5 .? ?..■ occoBCKaH M.H. K jieKOHHeckoS xspaKTepHCTiute oöctoh- T8JIB0T6 / / Bonpocu CHHTaKCHCa aHTJIMfiCKOrO H3UKa. —* JE., 1967.- T.36I, ~ ~-------- ~8 . EawceH M.B. K Bonpocy od UHTepêpeHipm 3Ha?aHnM BpeMe- HK H M6 CXa B OdCTOHTBJEbCTBaX aHTJIHÜCKOrO H3HK8 / / üpOÖJieMHrpaMManneCKoro ctroh hshkb. - M., 1978 . —■ \ ^ ," CpeöpäHCKafl A .A . Teraopajp>HHfi CHHKpeTH3M b CHHiaKCH-C8 cöfiJeM eH noro' HSMarptoro H3iuca (Ha M aTepnane npe,iyio»HO-cyd~ CTaHTHBHUX COHBTaiEift H npHHaTOHHHX npaÄJIOSQHHS B OdOTOHT8JH>CT- bshhoM tpyHKipoi); Abtop8$, ahc. ... Kann, $hhoji. HayK. - Kh6b,

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ü p H yH 0T0 BC0X jaK TO pO B OIipGflGJIGHHS OHHOHHMOB IipHHHM80T Qji0H ynuH fl b o t . C h h o h h m u - o ä h h h u u oflH oft r a c r a p e ^ m , c o f l c p r a - ®H0 B KS^GCTBG HHBapHSHTHOÄ OCHOBH OÖ1HH0 flGHOTaTHBHHG KOMnO- HGHTH 3H8*t0HHH, 8 B Ka^GCTBG BapH8THBHOfi OCHOBH - p83JIH TO raJIB - HHG CGMBHTHqGCKHG KOMÜOH0HTH, HJIH rHIIOCeMH, npirTOM COBnafl0HH0 CÖMaHTH’IGOKHX KOMÜOHGHTOB ÖOJTbine HJIH pSBHO ÜOJIOBHH0 CGM8HTH“ TOCKHX OÖB0MOB CJIOBO3Ha^0HHÄ J CHHOHHMU HMGIOT XOTH ÖU OflHy 0 ( 5 -

m yn $o pM y jiy jH O T p H d y m m , c o t o t 8 g m o c t h h b 3 8 hm o3 8 m g hhgm u b h g - KOTOPHX KOHT0KCT8X 0 0 3 3Ha^HT0JIBHOrO H3M0H0HHH flGHOTaTHBHOrO 3H8TOHHH.

iT O K8O80TOH CHHOHHMJT10 CKOrO p f lf lS , TO TpaflHUHOHHO ©TO paCCM 8TpHB8DT K8K q0HOHKy 0BH38HHUX 0GM8HTIPI8CKH OJtOB. C o - r j i a c H o y^GHHio m .E a J u m , c p e f lH ^ jio h o b o h h o h h m h ^ g c ic o r o p n f la b h - flGJIHGTCH OnopHOG CJIOBO. OnopHHM CJIOBOM, HJIH fl0MHH8HT0j^ CHH0HH—

- 66 -

MiraecKoro vom HBJweTCJi HanöoJiee ynoiped irre /itH oe, HamnHoe OTHJIHCTHH0CKH OKpamOHHOO CJIOBO, B HaHÖOJiae OÖiOKTHBHOft $OpM0 BHpaxanmee cmuoji, oö®hH äjih boqx « ighob cHHOHHMiraeCKoro p jy » [421- AoMHHairra piwa oÖJiajiaeT Hanöojreo nmpoxuM 3hbh6hh- OM, H0 OCJIOIKH0 HHHM K0HH0T8 THBHHMH KOMÜOH0HT8MH. 3H8H6HH0 AO- MHH&HTU BXOHHT B G8MHH0 C00T8BU 'UT0HOB PÄ U a. OÖIMlft C0MBHTHH0- OKHÄ KOMIIO H6 HT B SHH'ieHHHX HJI0HOB CHHOHHMHTOCKOrO p flf la , BUpa- X0HHHÜ B 3H8H0HHH S0MHH8HTH, BHCTynaeT B K8H0CTB0 rHII0pC0MH nepBoro y p o B H s oöoömemw.

HcXOflfl HS H3JIOK0HHOrO BU110 ÜOHHMaHHfl CHHOHHMOTHOCTH, MOX- HO OnpeêJIHTB CHHOHHMHêCKHfl p flfl KaK MHOX0CTBO CJIOB OflHOfl H 8 - CTH P0T O , CBH38HHHX TeCHOti CeM8HTHH0CKOfl CBfl3B», IipOHBJIflM iefi- Cfl B COBnaêHMH CeMaHTHMßCKHX OÖteMOB ’UieHOB pfl.ua Ha BGJIHqHHy, öojrbiuyio hjih paBHy» 0 ,5 . OchoboJS o ö ioo thohha cjiob b chhohhmh- qecK H e p h h h HBJifleTOfl Hajm ^nia rn ire p c e M u n e p B o ro ypoB H fl o ö o ö m e - HHfl B CJIOBO3Haq0HHHX BÄHHHTU

üpOÄHOXOHHHe KpHTepHH CHHOHHMHHHOCTH JI0 KCHH0CKHX 0ÄHHHU KaCaiOTCH aöCTpaKTHOß JieKCHKH. üpKM0HGHH0 HX CTaHOBHTCfl H0BO3- MOXHHM npH OIip0fl0JI0HHH CKHOHHMHMHOCTH eflHHHU KOHKpOTHOÜ JtBK- CHKH B CBH3H C T0M, 'WO H0BO3MOXBH T'OMIIOH8HTHHÖ 8H8JIH3 nOflOÖ- HUX 0ÄHHHK, XOTfl ÜOnuTKH 0I>O npOB0fl0HHfl HOOflHOKpaTHO A0JI8JIHCB BO -MHOrHX päÖOTaX. ÜPH 8H8JIH38 CJIOB aÖCTpaKTHOß JieKCHKH $Op- MaJIiHHÖ KpHTepHÜ yH0Ta COBnaSeHHH CeMHUX C0CT8B0B 0AHHHQ MO- X0T ÖUTB yflOÖHUM HHCTpyM8HTOM B paÖ0T6 .

UpHMeqaHHfl1 . BynaroB P .A . BBOêHHe b Hayicy o fl3HKe. - M ., 1965.2 . YeMOB A .n . npoÖJiewia chhohhmob h coBpeM0HHa« jrorHica / /Jl0rHK0-rpaMr«iTHq8CKHe oôprai. - M., 1961.3 . Schippan T. Einführung in d ie Sem asiologie. - L eipzig , 1975.4 . Arnold I .V . The S n g lish Word. - M., 1973.5 . BacHJi£0B JI.M. üpoöJieMa JieKCHqecKoro 3HaêHHH h Bonpo-

CH CHHOHHMHH / / l6KCHH0CKafl OHHOHHMHfl. - M., 1967 .6 . AnpecHH iO.JI. JleKCHMOCKan ooMaHTmca. Chhohhmhhbckho Cp0ÄCTBa H3HK8. - M., 1974.7 . AjieKcoeBa H .B ., K038JiB0Kafl H .A. C0Ma'""H«i0CKafl äh $ $ 6- peHUHaUHfl H C0M8HTOT0CK8A H0ÖTpajIH3aiIHfl B CHHOHHMH'leCKHX p f l- Ä ax / / C0MaHTHTi0CKH8 n p a q e c c u b c h c tg m o H3UKa: M e x B y 3 .c ö .Hayq. p . - Bopohgx, J 9 8 4 .

8. P8KHTHH8 B.H. KpHT0pHH CHHOHHMH'IHOCTH B pa3JTHTOHX H a - cth^ pe^H: ABTopofi. äho. . . . Kann.$HJioJi.HayK: 1 0 .0 2 .0 4 . - M.,

9 . BronoMaH B.r. AHrjmfiCKafl chhohhm hks. Bb0H0HH8 b 'teopmu CHHOHHMHH H M0TO,HHKy HSyêHHA CHHOHHMOB. - M., 1980.

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10. MeiHHKOBa 3 .M.. 3B9^tHHe cjiob8 h motohh ero oimca- hhh. - M., 1974.

11. RfepTHHOB B.B. CtaHT nocTpoeHHH oömefi TeopHH 3Haêmur: Te3H ÄonoBipefi MH»By3 .HayK. kohc5. , tfopHiBm, 22-28 Bepec.I960 p, - HepHiBui, i9 6 0 _

12. Bajum ID. ®paHny3CKafl cTjumcTHica. - M., 1961.

B.A.ÜorocHH (JleHHHrpaji)3ABHC11M0CTL CEJ.1AHTHKH M «SyHUtHfi TXhTOJIk MEA1J OT HAIIOJJHEHM n03HUJ® C7ELEKTA H OEBEKTA

3Ha^CiiH8 r jia ro jia , KaK ,~odoro s p y ro ro CJioBa, onpeueJineT- OH B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT e ro C0M3HTHKO—CHHT8KCHM6CK0Ä nHCTpHÖyüjni, HM0HHO n03T0My B. CJIOBapHHX RQtymKWHX OÖHTTHO yK83HB80T CH M0- fl0JD> COH0TaeMOCTH, B KOTC>poft p r '1JIH3yeTCH TO HJIH HH08 3Ha<re- HHe. Moäojih MoryT oTpasaTt coêTaeMocTL aaHHoro rjia ro jia na ypoBHe KJiacooB cjiob — ’iacTGfi P0*ih £ l , c . 5 ] , a Tatose co^cT ae- mootb rjia ro jia kbk c onpenojreHHHMH KJiaccaf.m cjiob, tb k h c on-P0Ä0JI0HHHMH UUeHaMH np0&JI0J!t6HHH [2\ 05H8KO ÜOBOÖHHe MOflGJtH He oipasaraT bjihhhhh ceMafmnecKoro HanojiH0HHH chhtbkchtockhx nosHUHfl Ha ceMaHTincy rjiarojB .

B CTaTte anaJDianpyiOTCK cowiaHTHKa h ÄyHKixHH rjiarcuia me an b tox cJiy aflx, Korj?a o6% n kt BtipaiftaH npiraaToqHHM npejyrosemieM, a b K a Ti0 C T B e cyöteKTa ynoTpeöJunoTCH ;;eKKTirqacKHe anann I h j i h it. CorJiacHO cjioEapm A.Xophöh, b Moaejm "Subject + v.rb +■'* Olauae" TJiaroJl me an HM06T 3HaH0HH6 "signify", "be likely to produce a reeult". OflHaKO HaÖjnoaehHH Haa hshkobum mstg- pnaJiOM noicasuBaioT, w o coMaHTHKa h $ymmHH .naHHoro rjiarojia b MOÄ0JIHX VI me an + Clause" H "It meana + Clause" pa3JDfqHU. Pasjnraw sth oöycJioBJieHH p a 3H0ß petpepeifliHaJitHofi othscghhoctbd CyÖT,0KTOB. CyÖt0KT, BHpa!K0HHHÜ nOCpeflCTBOM ÄeiiKTHHaCKürO 3Ha- K a I , y K 33H B a 0T H a r o B o p a m o e jihko, pG$epeHT cyöteKTa it onpe- Ä0JIH0TCH Ha OCHOBaHHH KOHTOKCTHHX CBH30Ü.

B MOÄ0JIH "I mean + Clauae" I mean npeflCTaBJiHeT coöofi oflHO H3 cpeHCTB BHpa*eHHH 3KBHBaji0HTHOCTH np8,niii0 ct By jomero H nocji0ÄyHxaero bhcks3hBannt, t.0. BHCTynaeT b KaêcTBe kohhgk- Topa, CpeÄCTBa CBH3H B CHHTaKCH'ieCKHX nOCTpOGHHHX, öaSHpyß- IHHXCH Ha 0TH0IB9HHH 3KBHB8JI0HTHOGTH. OTHO1U0HHH 3KBHBaJI0HTHOCTH yoTaHaBJiHBaioTCH Mejiwy paBH03HaqmjMH, tOKjiectbqhhhmh noHHTrawi, cysfleHHHMH H HHTepnpeTHpywrcH KaK A paBH0ciun>H0 B h HaoöopoT'. CymeCTByeT ÄB3 ÖCHOBHUX THna 3KBHB8 JI0HTHOCTHHX CHHTaKCHH0CKHX

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n o c T p o em rf! ( M I ) , B H ^ejm errax Ha o c h ö b b c o o th o u ig h h h aeHOTaTOB - KOMIIOH0HTOB 311. B SD , I!pe,HCTaBJIHI0mHX COÖOfl COdCTBBHHO 3KBHB8- JieHTHOCTB, o d teM tt B0HOT9TOB K0Mn0HeHT0B, odp aay iom n c 311, COB- nasafO T i io j ih o c tb h ) . B t s k u x 311 B ncK a3 H B am ie , BBOflHMoe n o c p e a - c tp o m X mean, MOüteT ö h t b iio b to p o m n p e jtH a y q e r o BHCKa3HBam w:

(1) I sort of missed them. I mean I sort of missed them (J.Salinger).

BTopoe b u c k s 3 H B a n n e b t b k h x 3 ü hg coflepacuT h o b o ü npefl- mb TH O-JiornH 8CK oß HH $opM ayroi, cJiyjKHT uojihm co3,uaHHH S K c n p e c - c h b h o c t h , npH B JieqeH im b hh m p h h h cu y in aio m ero , irepeÄ aH H smuhhA r o B o p s m e r o , o h o m o k b t Tarace paccM aip ttB aT B O H KaK o jm o H3 OpejC TB BHpajKGHUH Cydt>0KTHBHOfi MOOTJIBHOCTH - OTHOUieHHH rO B O - p n m e ro k coflep*aH H io co o ö m em iH . C bh3b m rn p y BHCKaLHBaHHHMH b S Ü -n o B T o p ax mojkho 0 x ap aK T epn 3 0B aT B KaK H T epaTH B H O -ycjum T0jn>- Hyio.

B 3H, npeHCTaEHHiOmHX c o d o fi C0ÖCTB9HH0 3KBHBaJI0HTHOOT£, BHCKa3HBaHH0, BBOßlMOe nOCpeflCTBOM I mean,MOSeT dHTB OHHOHH- mom hot n a p a $ p a 3 0 M npejm^ymero bucks3HBaHiw:

(2) Will* it be readable? I mean, will people like me be able to widerstand it? (M.Drabble).

B T opoe BHCKa3HBaHne b 3Et s a H H o ro T n n a c o jm p k h t Ty x e npeflM eTHo-jiorH M ecK yio nH $opM aujno, . h t o h npeflm ecT B yiom ee, oeM aH-. T in e c K a n h , im h th h h o c tb o d o n x BucKa3HBaHiifi "n o Ä T B ep aw a eT ca tg m ,H to OHH B 3iiaHHT0JIBHOfi CT8II0HH B3aHMO3aM6Hfl0MHrt [ 3 , C .951 . BupameHHe o,n;Hoß h t o ö ute m hcjih hhhm h h3hkobhm h cpeflOTBaMH h o - nojEb3y0TCH roBopnuiHM r jln T o ro , HTodu ä o c th h b dcuiea T o w o r o nOHHMaHHfl 3T0fi MHCJIH COd0C0flHHKOM. (B npOIJOCCB 0ÖIU8HHH IipOlJ- JI0Ma nOHHMaHHH "B03HHKaeT HM0HHO IIOTOMy, HTO CJiymaiOmHfi BOO- npHHHMasT h s m hojib c B o e ro codecejtH H K a K ak tb k o b j^ o , a o tu ib M a- TepnaJiBHyio, 3HaKOByro CTopoHy H 3hkoSk : e flinum " [ 4 , 0 .9 7 ] ) . B h - CKa3HBaHH6, BBOflHMOe I mean, B CHHTaKCHH0OKHX nOCTpOBHJWX paccM aipH B aoM orp r a n a , cjisflOBaieJiBHO, ynoTpedjm eTCH o qejn>K> nOHCH0HHH TOJIBKO HTO BUpajKSHHOÖ MHOJIH, CBH3B M6JWy BH0K83H— BaHHHMH XapSKTepH3y0TCH KaK COdCTB0HHO nOHCHHT0JEBHaH.

I mean HcnoJiB3yeTCHTaK »e.KaK cpbäctbo CBH3H b 311, odse- MH flBHOTaTOB KOMÜOH0HTOB KOTOpHX COBIiaflaiOT HaCTHHHO, MSStfly HHMH yCTaHaBJUTBaiOTCfl 0TH01H8HHH BKJHOH0HHH). "0THOI1I8HHH BKJHOH0— HHH OCHOBHBaiOTCfl Ha TOM, HTO OflHO K TO »0 C0ÖHTH6 (cHTyaUHfl)

- 6 9 -

MOK8T ÖHTB OüHCaHO 0 nOMOlUBIO opeSÖTB UIHpOKOrO JWH ySKOrO 3H0— H0HHH" [ 3 , o . 9 6 l . flamme cHHTaKoinecKHe nocTpoeH iw npeflO T as-JIHDT COÖO0 BTOpytO PÖ 31.0BHAH0CTB 311. BuGKa3UBaHH6, BB0ÄHM06 nocpe^cTBOM i mean, moxbt pasBraaTB coaepsaHHe Bcero npejp- aymero b u c k s 3UBahhh n y re M ero fleTaanraaiiHH:

(3) I bagan to relax, sort of. I mean I finally quit worrying about whether they'd oatch me or not (J.Salinger).

B b to m cjiyM ae nepBoe BHCKaaHBaraie o iracu B aeT c H T y a ip » b rtojiee oömefl $opMe, BTopoe - b dojrae K oracpeTH ofl. C bh 3 b Mexsy BHCKaSHBaHHflMH B 311 ÄBHilOrO THIia X apßK T 9pH 3y8T 0fl KaK nOHCHH- T6JIBHO—yTOHHHTSJIBHafl.

Bo B cex paccMOTpsHHHX cjiynaH X ynoTpeÖ jieH iw Mo^ejm "I mean + Clause" r j i a r o j i mean p e a /m a y e T 3HBH6HH8 "intend to say". I mean b abhhqü MOAem bhiiojihhot $yHKumo m 8TST8k c t o b o— r o o n ep a T o p a BKJDoneHHe ero b c h h t b k c h h bonyio oTpyKTypy BHCKa3HBaidfl HBJIfle TOH HHCTO $OpM£UIBHHM. C TOHKH 3pSHHH KOH- CTpyKTHBHoro CHHTaKCHoa I mean b 3TOii moäojih hbjihstch rjiaBHHM npejyioHteHHSM, cywaKO, h s o m o t p h Ha Hajapraa rpaMMSTiraecKoß o b h- 3H , yflaJieHHe I mean H6 H3M0HH8T CMUCJia BH0Ka3HB8HHH.

MeTaTeKCTöBuii onapaT op I mean npeÄCTaBjmeT co öo lt M0Ta- mie0Ha3M (k MeTamieoHa3MaM othoohtoh bhP&kohhh, ochobhhhh8 Ha HBHOM.JfflÖO CKpHTPM,,rOBOpio‘' [5, O.4073)H M0K8T ÖHTB HHT0pnp0TH— poBaH K t:: I mean to say. Hhhoi CJiOBaMH, CTpyKTypa "X mean + Clause" oojiejKHT HMmnmHTHUÖ K0Mn0HeHT to say. BepoHTHO, HM0HHO nosTOMy r j ia r o j i mean b pacoM aTpm aeM oß M osejm p e a x isy- 0T 3HaV8HHQ, KOTOpOS, COrjBCHO ÄÖHHHM CJIOBapH A.XopHÖH [2 j , peajnä3yeTCH b MOflana "Subjeot + Verb + (not)to. Infinitive".

B aHTJDiflCKofi pasroßopHofi pe^H pacnpooTpaHeHH chhthkch— H6CKH6 nooipoeHHH THna:

(4) You oughta be a pro. I mean it (J.Salinger).ÜOCKOJCBKy i t B flöHHHX CHHTaKCH,I0CKHX HOCTPO0HHHX BlfflOJI-

HH0T $yHKujno cyöOTHT-yTa, 3aMemaBmero npafliuacTByiomoe BticKasH- B8HH0, MO*HO np0ÄHC«IOSHTB, HTO TJiarOJI mean p0aJIH3y6T 3äsob to xe 3HawHHe, h t o h b m o bbot "I mean + (that)Clause". OflHaKO npH CpaBHSHHH 0 TpaHO$OPMaimafi, B KOTOpofl. BM8CTO it ynoTpoö- JI0HO COOTB0TOTByXHI06 BHCKHSUBaHHe:

(4a) You oughta be a pro. I mean you oughta be a pro.Bhaho, t t o b pesyjtbTOTe TpaHC$opManjra h 3 m s h h s t c h oömnR

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CMHCJt BCeft $P83H. 3T0 H3M6H6HH6 BH3B8H0 H3M6H0HH6M CeMaHTHKH wiarana mean. B moäbjih "I mean it" imroJi mean hmbst 3Ha<re- HH8 "be seriouse", "be not joking". KoMMyHHKaTHBHCiit 3aflai;afi, KOTopyro BunoJtHfieT bhcksshbshjiö I mean it, HBJtneTCH Bupaxeraie OTHomeHHH roBopamero k cosopataiono npeatwymero bucks 3ubs hhh, 3aBepeHiie coöece^HHKa b oBoeft HOKpeHHOcth, oepi>e3HOCTH. Bu- CK33HBaHH6 I mean it, ‘raKHM 0dpa30M, ohhohhmhhho nnipoKO hc- n0Jrt>3yeM0My b amumficKoft pasroBopHofi pe^m bhcks3hb8hhk) i'm not kidding about it:

(5 ) The möre axpenaive the sohool is,.the more orooks it has I'm not kidding (J.Salinger).

H3M6HeH»e ceMaHTHKH rjiarojia mean BJieneT 3a codoft H3M0H0— HH0 TOJTBKO OMHCJia BUCKa3HBaHHH, HO BJIHH6T TaK*0 Ha THII CBH3H 3Töro BNCKasHBaHHH c npcfluaymHM. Eojih npn ynoTpedjreHHH Moae- Jm "I mean + Clause" OTHOineHJW Mesfly BHCKSSHBaHHHMH daSHpy- »TCH Ha 3KBHBSJT8HTH0CTH, TO npH ynOTp0djreHHH MOÄ6JIH "I mean it" CBH3B MeKfly BUCKaSUBSHKHMH HBJIH0TCH KOHBBHKTHBHOfl!

(6 ) Dull., dull, dull I said dull and I mean lt(J.Kranz).

B Tex cjryqaHX, Kor.ua b Ka^ecsse cydteKTa b pacoMBTpHBae*- Moft Moaejm Hcnojn>3yeTCH aefiKTHMecKHlt 3H3K it, sHBTOHHe r a a r o -

Jia mean onpeaeJmeTOH b 3sbhchmooth ot pe$epeHUHajn>Hofl otho- c0hhocth it, ot Toro, HBJM0TCH jm pe$epeHTOM it npeflnreoTByro- mg.0 bhcks3HPSHH0 b iibjiom u m 0r o oTÄWn.Haa qacTB. Hapasy c itB KSM0CTB0 CydlOKTa B flSHHOfi MOflOOT MOI7 T HCÜOJIBSOBaTBOH Ä0flKTHHeCKH0 3H3KH "that", "this", "whioh".

Ecjih cydteKT MOßeJiH "It means + Clause" ooothoohtoh 0

ceMaHTHKofl B c e r o npejoiiecT B ynm e r o b h c k s 3HBah h h , r j i a r o j i mean v HM06T 3HSHeHH9 "imply", "entail", BTÖpoe BUCKaSHBSHHe, T . 0 . BHCKS3HB8HH0, BBOflHMO0 nOCpeflCTBOM it means, HM00T 3 H S lern tej ro r ir ie C K o ro cjicaobshiih H3 t i p e a m y iu e r o yTBepnweHHH- ."imply" "involve or suggest by logioal neceösety; entail" - (The He- ritage Illustrated Diotionary of the English language L., 1975. P .. 6 6 0 ) .

CBH3B MSTOy BHCKaSHBaHHHMH B CHHTaKCH^eCKHX nOCTpOOHHHX

Taxoro THna MOJIC0T ÖUTB 0XapaKTepH30BaHa KaK 3KBHB8JI0HTHOCTHO—

HMIUmKSTHBHaH, 3aHHMSI0IH8H npOMOKyTO^HOO nOJIOKeHHe M6*ay 9KBH-

BSJieHTHOCTBK) H KMIÜIHKanjieft ( CBH3B1D BHflS 0OJTH A , TO B ) , n p e a - ”

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□TaBJUDOiqäA oodofi KOMÖHHaTOpHHfl BapHaHT 3THX ÄByX BHHOB CBH3H, CBH3B m z x s BH0K83HBaHHHMH B CHHT8KCHH8CKHX nOCTpOSHHHX flflH -aoro THna m o x s t ö h t b kaTepaperapoBaHa Kak SKBHBajieh t h o o t h s h(BT0p0S KOMÜOH0HT BHIIOJIHH0T $yHKUHK) nOHCHGHHfl), HTO nOffTBSp- JWaeTCÄ BO&MOXHOCTBB nOÄCTSHOLKH KOHHSKTOpa I mean t OflHOrO H3 CpeflCTB BHpa»0HHÄ 9KBHBaJI0HTHOCTH:

(7) I'm involved, which means you'li_never get rid of me (K.Amis).

(7a) I'm involved I mean you'll never get rid of me a KaK HMnJiHKaTUBHafl (c bh3b THna "ecna A, t o Bn):

(7b) If I'm involved you'll never get rid of me.It means b CHHTaKCHTOOKHX nocTpoeHiwx paccMaTpuBasMoro

Tuna HM60T M6T8T6K0TOBHft XapaKTSp, HBJIH8TCH nOK83aT0JieM CBH8H M0Hfly BUOKaSHBaHKHMB, MOX6T ÖHTB HHT0pnp8THpOBaHO KaK it imp- pies Hm s it's the same B aaBHOHMOOTH ot ii8Ji0ycTäHOBKH r0B0- pnmero.

Ecjih flefiKTinecKHfl s h b k , BHCTynaiauHfl b K aô cT B e c y d to K T a B MOÄ6JIH "It means + Clause", o o o t h o o h t o h c raOTBB npeflmeoT- Bynuero BuoKasHfiaHHH:

(8) Wise passivenass is a front. It means you don't do any work (A.Brookner)rjiaroji mean peaxHsye? anaieHae signify, denote. Biopoe BHCK83HBanne ÄonoJiHHeT h noHCHHST 3HaHeHH0 npejauecTEyrauero, CBH3B M0Wy BU0Ka3HBaHKflMH MOX0T ÖHTB Oxap3KT6pH30B8H8 K8K 9K- BHB3JI0 HTHOCT HO—KOHlBHKTHBHaH / KOHWJHKOHH - CBH3B BZW A I B/:

(8a) Wie« passiveness is a front and it means you dont do any work.

Ta «hm oöpaaoM, râroji mean b oähoä h toö xe CHHT8KCHH6— OKOfi M0Ä8JTB "Subjeot + Verb + Clause" p0ajiH3yeT pasjnraffle 3 Ha ne hhh. B Tex OAyrojQc, Koraa b KaieoTBe cydieKTa b ä8hhoä MOflQJIH HOnOJEBSyBTOfl JteflKTHTOOKHe 8B8KH, pe$epeHHJKUIBHafl OTH0- oohhoctb oydieKTa onpefleJweT 3HaêHHe rjarana, a Taioce $yhk- rrmn, KOTOpyB OyÖieKT B HpeflHHaT BUnOJIHHKJT B CTpyKType BHCKa- 8HB8HHH.

IIpHM8HaHHH1. rnHSÖypr P.G. h äp. TjiarojrBHHe c-noBocoHeTamw b cara-

MgHHOit aHraäficKPM H3HKSJ uoc odiie xnn y HTejieii. - M,, 1925.2 . Hornby A. The Advanced L e a m e r 's D ic tio n ary of C urren t E nglish /e d .b y A.S. Hornby, E.V.Oatenby, A .W akefield.-L .,1957«3. TaK B.r. nOBTOpHEH HOMHHaifllH Ha ypOBHä npeflflOX0HHH //

CHHTaKCHC TeKCJTa. - M., 1979.- 72 -

4 . riaHitunoB B .3 . S m io c o fc ia ie n p o f a e io l h 3 h k o 3 h& hh h . - M 1977 \.* ' 5. Be*ÖHi;Ka A. MeTaTeKCT b TeKcre / / H obos b 3apy(Se*H0fl jiHHrBMCTHKe• - Bun. H I I . - M ., 1978.M.B.CimpHOBa (JEeHHHrpafl)

CEMA0THKA QHHOTJIEHHHX HMEHffiX I f fm O S E H rf t COBPEMEHHOrO äjPAHUyBCKOK) HGBk A

HMSHHue KOHCTpyimHH 3aHHMa»T Bce ö o jiee d p o th h s no3mtHH b coB peM eim oß $paHuy3CKofl p e q u . üa$ocoM 3HaTOTejn>Horo p a a a h c - CJI0flOBaHHK pOMaHHCTOB HBJIH8TCH HJUDOCTpailHfl nOJIO5t0HHH 0 BC6 B03pacTaraneM yaejiBHOM B eoe hmghh cym ocräH T eJiB H oro, a c o o t b g t - CTB8RHO h desrjiaroJiB H H X nptijyroneHHfl c p e jm rjiarojiBHHX b tsk- c t s x pa3janiHHX $yHKimoHajn>HHx cT an e lt p e q n coBpeM eHHoro $ p ara* - u y 3 CKoro h 3 h k s [ i l . OßHaKo h s c m o tp h Ha odmuß HHTepec k hm oh- HHM CTpyKTypaM HOMHHaTHBHHe npe.HJIOK0HHH (ojIHOCOOTaBHHe HM6H- Hue npe,UJio«eHHH) T una L 'a u to m n ß . Un s i l e n c e d a n s l a m a ls o n . Q u e l le b e a u t e j V o i l ä l ' h i s t o i r e , H3y^0HH B60BM8 HOÄOCTBTO’JHO.

BasHuw BonpocoM b HccjronoBaHHH HOMHHaTHBHHX CTpyKTyp HB- jih 0 T ch onpe^ejieH H e h x ceMaHTirqecKHX pa3HOBTOHOOTefi. 3 H aqehhh HOMHHaTHBHHX npejUIOSteHHÜ (HTl) BHHBJIHlOTOa B HaCTOJBMft' OT0TB0 B 33BHCHM0CTH OT p0$epeHItHaJIBH0ft COOTH0O0HHOCTH HMSHHOrO BHCK8- 3UBaHHH: BHHCHHIOTCH 0TH0IÜ6HHH M6J®y HOMHHflTHBHHM BHGK83HB8HH- 0M H 3KCTpaJIHHTBHCTiri0 OKOÜ OHTyanHOfl B pÖMKaX Ä0HOTaTHBHOÖ (h jih pe$epeHTH.ofi) k o h u s iih h h 3HaqeHH« npejurosceHiiH [2 ] .«. BUHBJieMHe OTHOIUeHHß B I10IIH "CHTyaiOW - BHCK83HB&HH0n H 8-

MHHyeMo n p e f ln o jra ra e T cymecTBOBamre c p e a H a ro s B e n a , kqkobhm HBJM0TOH "MHIIÜI0HH0". HOÄOÖHO ÄByCOOTSBHHM IIP0ÄJIOK0HHHM Hü HM6- »T B CBO0Ü OCHOB0 flByqjTGHHyiO MHCJIB (oyX Ä 0HH e), OflHH HS *UI0HOB KOTopotl ( c y ö te K T , to m s ) B c o ra a ocT aeTO « H0BHpa*0HHHM, T o r a l ' k s k BTopofi (npe^H K aT , p©Ma) n o j^ ^ a e T BHpaaoHira b iv b b h o m * w e- He Hü [3 , c . 388] .

M m tu ih iih thoctb T8MH b paMKax Hü odycjtoBJieH a e e h 3 B 6 o th o - OTBK) H3 OHTyaipiH HJIH KOHT0KCTa. T0MB HOMHHaTHBHOrO np0flJIO »0- HHfl, K3K H0HTO H3B6CTH08, MOJK0T ÖHTB OTH0C0H8 K 0ÖJD30TH Q p e - cynno3HDjiH, KOTopan $opMnpyeTCH jm ö o b n p o q o c c e HaKonJieHHH HaeHTinHOrO JKH3H8HH0r0 OIIHTa yqaCTHHKHMH KOMMyHHKaUHH, JTHÖO nyT0M ycBoeHHH peujmHeHTOM h h $opm 8iihh , npettoTaBJi8HHoft b bhhö T0KCT3. Pe$epeHTOM Hü B OflHHX CJtyqaflX HBJIHeTCH H0nOCp0ÄCTB0H- ho flaHHa« ( i m B ooC pasaeM an) aKCTpajnm rBHCTiprecKaji cnT yanffif, ‘

- 7 3 -

,B n p y n t x - o w r y a m w , o T o d p a x e iH a a (B ep<Sajm 30B aH H aa) p a a e e cpeACTBaMH n p e fliu e c iB y io iu ero Hü k o h t s k c t s .

npH S H aJm ae HOMHHaTHBHHX npeAJIOKeHHfi, BHdOpKS KQTOpitX np0H3B0JlHTCH H3 HHCBM0HHOÜ P0T O , CTaHOBHTCfl OêBIfflHOft 3H a^H - m o ctb o ö in e ro cM ucJia o K ry s a ra n e ro HTI k o h t s k c t b a jw noHHMaHHH pGfrepeHTHOti OTH0C0HHOCTH HOMHHaTHBHOrO BHCKa3HBaHHH. Kpoivte T o r o , HM0HHO OÖ.KEii CMHCJI KOHT0KCT—, BKJIKMaiOiHerO H ü , II03B0JIH- 0T OÖtHCHHTB npiPniH tf HMIUIKUHTHOrO X ap aK T 0 pa T0MH H0MHH8THBH0— r o BHCKa3HLaHHH.

B onpejjejieH H H KaK ts m h H ü , TaK h OTödpajxaeM oß hm C H T ya- UHH, pOJIL KOHT0KCT3 flBOflKS. B O -nepB H X , B ÖOJIBD1HHCTB0 CJiyâOB KOHT0KCT H rp a e T BCnOMOraT0JtbHyK) pO JIb , BJIHHfl n a BOCnpiWTH0 HO- MHHaTiiBHoro n p a M o s te m if l peuurweiiTOM KaK B uoK asw EaH iiH, neno- cpeflCTE8HHO cooTHGCBHHdro c 3KCTpajiKHrBHC.THHecKoß CHTyaujiGii (peipepaH T O M ). B T a w ix cJiyâHX TeMa Hü 0dycJi0EJieH a npecynno- 3KUH0ß [ 4 , C . 7 l , H a n p H M e p :- Jolie promenadei soupira!SuP- Albertina. (A. Slondin). PetfepeHTOM HOMHHaTHEHoro B«CKa3UBaintH

Jolie promenadei HBJIH6TC.H KOHKpeTIIOe COÖHTH0, TSM3 npe;>- JIOXOHHH M3EGCTHa H3 CHTyaiJHH.

Bo-BTopiix, b pnne cjiyHaoB npeAiuecTByiomHli HOMHHaTHBHOMy np0flJIOJIC0HHK) KOHT0KCT (hjih 3JI6M0HT KOHT0KCTa) CaM CITOCOÖGH OJiy- JKHTS T6MOÜ HOMKHaTHBHOrO BUCKa3HBaHHH. Torfla petfepeHTOM BH- CK£13HBaHHfl HBJH0TCK CHTyailHH, B0pÖaJIH3OB3HHaH CpOICTBaMH npefliiJecTByiomero HOMHHaTHBHOMy npejyio®8iimo kohtskcts , Hanpaiep: '«langer une fois ä sa faimi Supreme bonheur des condamnes ä mortJ (J.Laifite). B AaHHOM KOHT8KCTe Hü Supreme bonheur des condamnes a mortl COOTHOCHTCH C peifiepeHTOM (kohkP0TH8ä CHTyamiH, OTodpaxcaeMan BtiCKa3b!BaHH0M Manger une fois faitnj) H8 HGnOCpBACTBSHHO, a MepS3 HOMHH0DJEO pecf«peHTa B npejmiecTByiouieM HOMHHaTHBHOMy npejyiojKGhhio BHCKaaHBaiura, koto- PO0 H HBJIH0TCH B Ä8HH0M CJiy ae T0MOÖ HOMHHaTHBHOrO BHCKaSHBa- HHH.

TaKHM odpasoM, oaho^jishhu© hmghhh0 npeji,JiojK0HHH odi'eAHHa- ÖTCH Ha 0CH0B8HHH OTCyTCTBHfl T6MU BUCKa3HBaHHH, $OpMaJH>HO BH- paJKGHHOß B paMKBX OAHOrO np0ÄJIOK8HHH, H KJiaCCH$HIXHpyiOTGH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOrO, KaKoH C$8p0 npHHajyieXHT HMnJEHrtHTHBH TeMa H ü : npeÄiA0THoß CHTyauHH hjih KOHTeKCTy. Cootb0totb0hho Hü nOApa3A0JMK)TCH Ha CHTJ'aTHBHO C OOTHG CeHHHe (HenOCpeACTB0HHO0

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C00TH6C6HH6 Hü C 3KCTpaJIHHrBHCTHH6CK0Ü CKTyaUHeü) II K0HT8K-

CTjaJüHO cooTHeceHHue ( tsj® .IUI BepÖajnraoBaHa b npeaiuecTByiaueM

8My KOHT6KCTe). BHyTpH H83B3HHUX KJiaCCOB HOMHliaTHBHUe BHCK8-

3UB8HHH pa3JiMMaioTCH 0C0ÖeHH0CTHMH peijjepemiHajiBHoti COOTHeC6H-

HOCJH.

I. PetpepenTOM npeoöjiaÄaramero HHCJia IUI cJiyjKMT cKTyauHfl ÖUTHH.

CaTyauHH öhthh - 3 to rjioöajiBHoe HMSHiie peajiLHoii a e ii-

CTBHT8JIBH0CTH, OHa MO3K0T ÖUTB paCHHeiieHa »a HeCKOJIBKO nOOTHnOB CHTyauHÜ, KaiKffiii; H3 kotopux cn o co ö en BUCTynaTB .b KanecTBe p e - $epeHTa on p ene Jie HHoro Traia HII.

I. Mokho npeanoJioOTTB, hto TeM thiiom CHTyauHH, Ha ocuoBe K0T0p0r0 B03HHKJIH‘ HOMHIiaTHBHHe npejUIOJ'teHKH KaK 0C0ÖU6 KOMMy- HHKaTHBHUe 6.TUIHHIJJ1, HBJIHGTCH P33H0BHIIH0CTB CHTyaifllH ÖUTHH - cKTyaipiH b ocnpHHTHH roBoprauHM npeflMGTOE peajiBHoii .neiiCTBHTeJiB- HOCTH OpraHaMH HyBCTB, HHUMH CJIOBaMH, CHTyaiJHH. npOTeKSHHH aK- Ta KOMMyHHKailHH npH 0ÄH0BpeM6HH0M MyBCTB6HH0M BOCnpHHTHH T 0 -

BopnmHM npeflMeTOB peaJiBHoii aeücTBHTeJiBHOCTH. B nojioöHoii cHTy—

auHH n p e » T penn aaH roBopnmeMy HenocpeucTBeHHO b e ro oiuyme-

HHHX.

K H0MHH8 T HB HUM npejyiOHB HHHM, HMeiOlUHM B CB06Ö OCHOB6 OÖ- pa3U 'jyBCTBeilHOrO BOCnpHHTHH (Ha30B6M HX Hü BOCnpHHTHfl), MOKHO OTHecTH IUI, BCTpenaniUHeoH b k o h t 6 k c t 6 , r a e 0ÖH3aTGJiBH0 HMeeTCH y K a3 aH iie Ha c n o c o ö . b o c iip h h t h h n p e jw e T a h Ha BoenpHHH- Maiomee jnm o. C p . :

(1) J'arrivai derrifcre la inaison, je franchis le ooin, j'öooutai: un grand silence... (M.Pafenol).

(2) Un silence limoneux, fait de murmures etouffäs, de toux, de respirations asthinatiques et d'un remuement de chaussures sur le plancher mouille.

Au murs (...), rien que le ruisaelement des .eaux (...)En chaire, (...), quelque chose comme un adjudant, un

bonhomme tout en moustaches grises... (G.Di.hamel).üpeajioKeHHe ( I ) mojkho KBajin$mnpoBaTB KaK Hü BocnpuHTiüi,

TaK *-aK b npeflniecTByiomeM SMy k oh t6 kct6 b c tb yK83aHHe Ha cno

coö BOCnpHHTHH, 0Ö03H8'ieHHHfi TJiarOJIOM äcouter, 8 TBKRe BOC-

npHHHMauuiHfi cyö teK T je. BTopoe npe,nJi0JK6HHe, hscmotph Ha jibk- CHMBCkoe tojkä0CTBo rjiaBHoro qjieHa Hü hmshh cymecTBHTejiBHOMy b

- 75 -

nepBOM Hü, paccMaTpnB88T0H k s k COÖCTB8HHO ÖHTHÜHoe n p e ;y ioxe-

HH8, nOCKOJÜKy flJIH K0HT8KCT8 OIIHCäT8JIBHOrO THna, B KOTOpHfl

OHO BKfflOHeHO, H8 HBJIHfeTCH npHHUHnHaJTbHO B8XHUM CnpCOÖ BOO-

. npHHTHg HHTOHHH H yK838HH8 HS CydfcSKT BOCnpHflTHH.

K CHTyauHH BOCnpHflTHH BttitOTHy» npHMHK88T pHfl cHTyauiiß: a ) II0HBJI8HHH, d ) 0ÖH8pyX8HHfl, b ) y3H8B8HHH, p) np8ÄCTaUI8HIH - peKOMennamiH npsÄMeTa/annja, - coodmeHHe o kotophx mo»8t npon- °oflTH jduüb b HenocpeflCTB8HH0fi djni30CTH roBopniuero OT HaSHBae- Moro npeweTa.

2 . HaHÖcwiee 3H a h h t8 jilh h m pa3pnA0M Hü KaK b k o j ih h s g tb b h — HOM 0TH0UI8HHH, T8K H nO TOCT0T8 ynOTpeÖJieHHH B T8KCT8, HBJIH- KWOH Hü, pe$epeHTOM KOTOpUX CJiyStHT C0ÖCTB6HH0 CHTyauHH dHTHH. C0Ö0TB8HH0 OHTyaiJHH dHTHH OTJUmSTCH OT CHTySUHH BOCIipHHTIIH n o npH 3HaKy OTcyTCTBHH b mombht penn npe^M STa h jih J iz y a , k o - T o p ue BoonpHHHMaiiHCB dH ro B o p a m m HenocpeijcTBeHHO.

C0dCT£8HH0 OHTyaUHH dHTHH dOJIBB H8M CHTyauHH BOOnpHH- t h h np ejM eT a n p e a n o j ia r a e T noAm m ^eH He k aKTy KOMMyHHKaijHH n p ecy nn 0 3 H m iH . I^ ish h o n p e c y n n o a m u iH , HeKOTopafi o ö ig m odm ax h jih codeceflH K eoB CBefleHHfl o n p sÄ M e ie , n03B0Jw eT yCTpaH HTt h sBH0Ka3HB8HHH 3JI8M0HTH, 03HaTOKmH8 H3B80THH6 yTOOTHHKaM 3 KT8 KOKWyHHKaUHH H3 HX OdllierO XH3H8HHOrO 0ÜHT8 OÖ1 8 KTH. OTOyT- OTBH8 np^AMeTa, 0 KOTOpÖM HH8T P6TO B CHTyauHH OdmeHHH, Ha- n p a a ra e t mhcjib roBopam ero h tjiymaiome ro b oöjibqtb naocHBHoro 3anaoa ex CBegeHHÜ o peajn>HO0 asH o tb h ts jib h o c th , kbkobhm h h b - JM8 T0 H npeoynnosHUHH.

B 00Ö0TB8HH0 OHTyauHH ÖHTHH H8X0ÄHTCH (HH8H0 - CymSCTBy- 6t) npaKTHMeckh jnodofi npewer, jihuo, hbji8hh8, npouecc,AeficT- BHQ, MyBCTBO, H0HHTH8. 3t o odyoJioBJiHBaeT JieKciPiecKoe Hanoji- H8HH6 rjiaBHoro ,M8H8 Hü, pefepeHTOw KOToporb hbjih6Tch cod- 0TB8HH0 CHTyanHH dHTHH, HM8H8MH CyHeCTBHT8JII.HHMH BC8X CeNßH-

^THKo-rpanwaTneoKHX rpynn:Une aole, un marteau, une palre de tenailles, des olous

de tailles differentes, des vis, un tournevis, un rabot, un olseau ä bois (M.Pagnol).

Partout, des vies humalnes, des honunes fatigues, des äpoux qui se supportaient, quelques solitaires ennuyäs...(J.Cabanis).

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3 . A h th iicw o m CHTyauHH Ö h th h h b j ih s t c h C H T y a m w o T c y io T B H H

n p e a M S T a , JD m a, HBJieHHH. B H C K aau E am ie oö O TcyTCTBHH q e ro -J iH Ö o

fo p M H p yeT C H BB eaeH H eM b H e r o c j i o b , npHBHocHUUpe O T p m ia T e j& H o e

3H a q e H H e . Ilp exm e B c e r o tb k h m h cjioBaM H B u cT yn a ioT q acT H iiu pas, poini, plus, MeCTOHMeHHH rien, personne, H ape<m e jamais:

Pas de lune. Les ätoiles ävalent au fond du clel nolr des scintillements frenissants (C. de Uaupassant).

Plus un fil de gazon (R.Rolland).n . ip y rH M OCHOBHHM BHÄOM CHTyauHH, KOTOpaH OTOÖpaxaeTCH

HOMHHaTHBHUM BUCKa3UB8HH6M, HBJW8TCH CHTyaqHH XapaKT0pM3aiIHH [5, 0.71]. Hü xapaKTepH3ayHH cjiyixaT ;uw BtipaxeHHH ou&hkh, on- p e ab Jie hhh n p e jw e T a (jm'p, hbjishhh) , ero npH 3H aK 0B , K an ecT B . Pe$epeHTOM HH xapaKTepii3auHii mokbt öutb KaK nenocpeACTBenHo BOCnpHHHMaeKBH H 0T0ÖpaSta6M8H rOBOpHUIHM 3KCTpaJMHrBHCTH'ieCKaH peajn>HOCTB, TaK h CHTyauHH, yaca HaiueAuan c ji0 B ecH 0 e o iopuneHne b npeÄiuecTByioneM Hü KOHTeKCTe, hto n03B0JineT no;ipa3A6JniTB Hü xapaKTepH3auHH Ha abb pa3H0BHQH0CTH: I) OHTyaTHBHo coothbcbh- Hue Hn xapaKTepH3aitHH: AhJ la belle nuitJ dit itodolphe. (L.Paure) AhJ quelle nuitJ quelle nuitJ (0. de Maupassant),2) KOHTBKCTyajiBHO cooTHeceHHHe Hn xapaKTepH3aumi: ...demain je serai a Paris, quelle joieJ (G.Conchon) - J'ai vu tout l'inoendie, continua-t-il. Spectacle grandiose, monsieur (R.Queneau).

3 H aqeH H 6 Hn x a p a K T e p n 3a u n n o h 6b k h h o h s c k o j ib k o umpe 3 H a -

HGHHH paCCMOTpeHHUX BHUI8 Hü, C0 0 TH8 CBHHUX C CHTyaUHBlt ÖUTHH.

E c jih öuTHÜHue Hn H enocpeACTBBH H O ocym ecTB JiflioT c b h 3 b "C H T y a -

I01H - BUCKa3HBaHH6 " , KOHCTaTHpyH CyiQ6 CTB0BaHH6 , ÖUTH6 ü peA M B -

T a b O K p yk a w q e ii A e ficTB H Te jiB H O C T H , t o Hü x a p a K T e p H 3a ip m h b j ih -

10TCH p ea y jrb T a T O M noHBJieHKH T p e T t e r o , c p e A H e r o 3BeHB b a s h h o ö

CBH3 H , K3 K0 BUM HBJIHGTCH "x a p a K T B p H C T H K ä , OUGHKa" npSAM eTa HJIH

* e H eK O T op o fi CHTyauHH b q e j i o u . I lp n s to m T a ra ie Hü x a p a K T e p H 3a -

Uhh c o A e p x a T SM OiaiORajO iHoe OTHOtaeHne r o B o p n u ie ro k HasuBaeM OMy

hm 0 n o M o m t» r jE B H o r o m ie H H o ro HJieHa Hn o ö t e M a .

HTaK, H3yqeHHQ HOMHHaTHBHHX npeAÄO3K0 HHß C TOHKH 3p6HHfl CQMaHvHKH n03B0JIHeT CAeJiaTB BHBOÄ 0 TOM, TIO 3H3 eHHQ HOMHHa— THBHOrO npeAJIOHteHHH H8X0AHT0H B npHMOfi 3äBHCHM0CTfI OT pe$e- peHTa BHuKasuBaHHH. HoMHHaiHBHoe npeflJioseHHe ojiy»HT ajih o to- öpaseHHH b pe^H pnaa npeAMSTHux OHTyaipdt, ochobhhmh H3 koto-

- 77 -

TOpUX HBJtfDOTCfl CHTyaipW ÖHTHH H CHTyaipiH xapaKT0pH3aigni np0Ä- MeTa, jrnua, Haue hhh. Pa3Hooöpe3He kohkpgthhx CHTyaunJi - pe$e- peHTOB Hü oöycjiOBJntBaer hojihcomh» .uaHHoii CHHTaKCireecKOü bäh- h h u h .

npKMeHaHHH1 . Benveniste E. La phrase nominale // Bulletin de la

societä de linguistique de Paris. - 1950.~T.46. fase.4 (H 132); Henry A. Etüde de ayntaxe expressive: Anoien frangais et frangais moderne. - P., 1960; Lombard A. Les constructions nominales dans le frangais moderne: Etüde syntaxique et stylis- tique // Uppsala et Stockholm, 1930} Sauvageot A. Slructurede la phrase nominale en ouralien. - Lingua, 1948. - Vol.1 , 2 . 2. ApyTKHOBa H.it. üpsjuiOKehh© h e ro cmhcji: JIoniKO-ceMaH- THnecKHe npoÖJieMH. - M ., 1976; Tan B.T. BucKasHBaniie h CHTya- qoH / / üpoÖJieMH CTpyKTypHoii JnnirBHCTHKH. - M., 1973.3 . Oömee H3HK03HaHH6: $OpMH CymeCTBOBaHHH, (fiyHKItflH, HC- TopHH H3HK8 / O tb . p o a . 'üi.-Kop. AH CCCP B.A.CepeöpeHHHKOB. - M., 1970.4 . Pe$epoBCKaH E.A. JlmirBiiCTinecKHe HccjiojioBaHHH CTpyK— TypH TeKCTd. - A ., 1983.

5. PaK E.r. TeopeTHHecKan rpaMi.aTHKa $paHuy3CKoro hshkb: Ch h t s k c h c . - M., 1981.

IC

M.JI.TeTepHHa (K ypraH )MEXAHK3wl Ci/UCJIOBOfl COBMECTMMOCTK nPJUIArATEJUHOrO H CymECTBMTEJDbHOrO B ATPHEyTHBHOM- CJIOB OCO'ffiTAHHH

HccneflOBaHHe CBH3eii cjiob, hx cohotb6m octhhx bo3moxhoct8ü 0-Ä3BHHX nop npHBJiGKaeT k ceta BHUMamie jihhpbhctob. OjjHaKo aoH6R3BH6rO BpeMBHH H3yH0HH0 C 0M8 HTHH8 C KOÜ C0H8Ta6M0CTH HOCHJIOno^TH HCK/iioHHTSJiiHo onHcaTejr&Huß x a p a rc re p . CeroflHH y s e H0jiB3H yAOBJieTBOpHTBCH npOCTOÖ KOHCTaTaUHefl $ aK T a 0 B03M 0HH0CTH/He- B03M0SH00TH COHGTaHHH TGX HJIH HHHX CJIOB. HeOÖXOflHMO CTpQMHTB- CH BCKpUTB rJiyÖHHHHS COWTaeMOCTHHe M6XaHH3MH, BUHBHTB 3 8 K 0 - HOM8PHOCTH, JISKaiUHS B 0CH0B6 CMHOJIOBOÜ C OH0 T36M0CTH CJIOB; 110- Jiy’IHTB GB6Ä6HHH 0 TOM, "K8KH0 npHSHBKH CJIOB OÖyCJIOBJDIBälOT HX CnOCOÖHOCTB rpaMM3THM0CKH npaBHJIBHO H C0M6HTKH0CK0 OCMHCJI0HHO COH0TaTBCH C flPyrHMH CJIOBaMH" [ i , 0 . 2 5 5 1 .

B AaHHOä CT3TB0 OCHOBHO0 BHHM3HH0 COCp0flOTOH0HO Ha XapaK- T0p0 B3aHM00TH0I116HHH C0MaHTHH9CKH MH0r03HaTOHX IipHJiaraT0JIBHHX H Onpefl0JIH0MUX HMH Cym0 CTBHT8JI6HHX H BCKPHTHH M8X8HH3M3 CMHC- JIOBOfi COBM0CTHMOOTH Onp0fl0JIHiOm0rO H Onp0fl0JIH0MOrO B CJIOBOCO- M0T8HHHX THIia "npmiaraT0JIBHO0 + CymeCTBHT0JT&HO0" (A - N).

CoqeTaHHH A + N npoflCTaBJiHioT eoöoß "cTHHyTyio npono3Hixmo"- 78 -

[ 2 , c.1393. no« npono3HHHeÄ noHnwaeTCH "ceMaHnreecjcafl cTpyic— Typa, oöieOTHHKxua« ,h6hot8thbho6 h citrHuJiHKaTHBUoe 3Ha?6HHH,H3 KOTopux nocjiSÄHeMy npiraaflJieaHT iieHrpajBHafl no3m(Efi"c2, c.1391. HeHOTaTHBHOs 3 H a ^ e in ie 3 TaK olt cipyKType h g c g t h m h b g -mH, a CHTHHtflHKaTHBHOG - HMH npH3H8Ka. IIp0n03HmW COCTOHT H3 n-MecTHoro npeOTKaTa h apryMeHTa juw Kaxjioro H3 KOjnmecTBa n-MeCT b npeOTKaTe.

IIpH3HaK OHTOJIOrinreCKH HSOTOeJIHM OT BemH. npH3HaK0BH6 CJIOBa, HB HMGfl COÖCTBSHHHX ßGHOTaTOB, CJiyKaT JUW OIBICaHHH ÄG- H O TaTa, BHpaiKGHHoro BemntiM c jio b o m . BaxHHM p a 3 jn ro ie M c s n j h t h k h BemHHX H npH3HaK0BHX CJIOB JIBJWemC.fI TO, W O nOCJIGÄHHG 0Ö03Ha- TO10T IipH3HaKH—CBOÖCTBa, COCTOHHHfl HJIH 0TH0Ü16HKH, npHIIHCHBae- MH8 KaKHM-TO B6IH8M. ECJIH CyiUSCTBHTGJIBHOG aK T yajIH ST pyeT CBOfl KOHiienT np^M o, t o npH 3H ajcoBoe 3HaMeHiie n p iu ia ra T e jiB H u x pa3Bep- THBaGTCH B ÖHHapHHX CO'ieTaHIIHX, TO6 BTOpiIM KOMÜOHGHTOM BHCTy— naroT hm ghhhg j ig k c s m h .

CjioBocoêTaHHH A + N ÖHBaioT pa3jnr?HHX TunoB. B ochobg BHfleJIGHHH THIIOB CJIOBOCOêTaHHß JISKKT paSJOPieHHG SKCIUIHKailHOH- HHX H 3JIH3H0H'JUX COM6T8HHÄ [3, C . 6 3 . 6 4 J .

I THII: 3KCIUIHKaiIH0HHHe COMGTaHHH (hmh npH3Haita + HMH BG- mn), HanpHMep, fresh air, a nioe face, a green table. J l ja HCCJIGflOBaHHH CSMaHTHKO—CHHT8KCinJ6CKHX OTHOIMHHfl K0MH0H6 HTOB T3KHX CJIOBOCOHeTaHHft UeJieC00Öpa3H0 HCn0JIB30BaT6 CeMaHTHKO- cBHTaKCH-qGCj.iiß annapaT B.B.EoraaHOBa, BHHBHBinero apryMeHTHHe ceMaHTeMH, BtmojiHHranne ceMaHnmecKHe fymtuHH areHTHBa, nanji- GHCa , 3KCIIGPHGHCHB3, K0MÜ03HTHB8 H T.fl. [ 4 ] , CeMaHTH^GCKaH CTpyKTypa A + N BiunraaeT b cgöh OGMaHTGMH npGOTKaTa (hjih npGAHitaTHoro 3HaKa) h aprynreHTOB (hjih HenpeflHKaTHHx 3naK0Bfh 0ÖO3HaMaeT coveTaHHe npH3H3K + bgiqb, HanpHMep, green fruit. Ho b apryMGHTHoß no3Hujra MoryT HaxoÄ7»TBCa c smshtgmh kbk hg- npeflHKaTHHX, TaK h npemncaTHnx 3hhkob (MHoronpejuncaTHoe Bupa- jseHHe), T.e. co-qeTaHHG 0Ö03HaâeT npH3H8K + npH3H8K, HanpHMep, quick step.

II thu: 9Jni3H0HHHe coHeTaHoa (äbb boikh, CBHsaHHUG hgkhm OTHOiueHHGM)• Cp. bloody nose, windy weather, aerial ropeway.

A H M 0Ö03HaMaBT RBa apryM G H T a, HaXOflfBUHXCH B HeKOTOpOM 0TH0IB6HHH R. n0CK0JH>Ky OTHOniGHHH flB yx ap ryM eH TOB HG OÄHO H t o ace, tto OTHOiiieHHe apryMeHTa h e r o np ii3H aK 3, otsbhäho h

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ormcHBaTB Tanoe oTHomeroie HyvHO c n0M0tm>n apyroro noHHTHflHO— ro annapaTa. B cowaHinx Tima II moxqt paccMSTpHBaTBOH ms-CTO, C0BM6CTH0CTB, OTHOUieHHe H8CTB — UBJIOe, npHHajU!0ÄtHOCTB H n p . C p . bosky l a n d eOBMeCTHOCTB, human face / nose- napTH- THBH0CTB, aerial ropeway - Me CTO, public place - rrpHHajyieat- HOCTB.

CymecTBye? n e p e x o a m iti Tun c ’ OBOCOHeTaHiw A + N, r a e n p a - jraraT ejnbH oe 0Ö03HaTiaeT a r s H T a , a cymecTBirreJiBHoe - npn3H aic: parental l)ve, editorial work. T a n 9T0T n e p e x o a m tf l, TaK KaK o Tonnen 3 p e m w KOMÖHHaTopmcn 3 H adernd! dto - 3jih3hohho6 c n o - BOCOHeTaHH8 (flBe BemH, CBH33HHU6 H6KOTOptIM OTHOmeHHeM), a HB rJiyÖHHHOM ypoBHe - npn3H8K + BemB ( t . k . love, work - n p e jo i- KäTHHÖ 3H3K^ A H N M0HOTTCH M8CT8MH H BHIIOJTHffiOT H6CE0tiCTB6H—Hyio hm $yHK umo, npHMSM aapoM cjioB oco 'ieT aH H H CTSHOBKTCH n p iu i a - raT eJiB H O e. 3 ä s c b A b OTjni^me o t " HopMaTHBHiix" cjioB O C oqeT am rit 8K T yajiH 3H pyeT c b o ü KOHuenT n p jw o , a npH 3H aK 0B0e sH aêH H e p s .3 - BepTHBaeTCH 3 ÖHHapHOM COêTaHHH.

CoHeTaTejiBHHe B03M0JKH0CTH cyiqecTBHTeJiBHHX h npH.>iaraTe.>rE>- h u x B 3HaqMTejn>Hofl M epe 3 8 b h c h t o t hx noK K JiaccoB , n c m o n ry n p « HCGneaoBaHHH w exam raM a cmhcuioboM c o b m sc t k m o c t h A h n H e o ö x o - ÄHMO yTOTHBaTB HX CSMaHTHHeCKHe KJiaCCKtfMKamra.

TpaOTUHOHHOe pa3rpaHHM 6HHe KaqeCTB6HHHX, OTHOCHTeJTBHHX h npHTnaaTejiBHHX npH JiaraTejiBH HX y x e aaBHO n o j t y w i o oöm ee n p n - 3H a m e . Ho o h o n p 0THB0p e r a B 0 , t b k KaK rpaM M aTireecK aH rp a H im aM9*Wy K8H8CTB6HHHMH H 0TH0CHT6JIBHHMH npHJtaraTeJTBHHMH 0H6HB noABHXHa h ycjroBHa .

B .M .êpH O B n p e f fn a r a e T aH a jn i3 TpaaHUHOHHoß imaccroj& HKaijhh, oOHOBaKHHfl Ha n p H H m m e: o t $yintiiH H k $opM e h ceMaHTHKe c a o B a . TaK ofl n o flx o fl n03B 0JM 8T ö o j ie e o t ^ 6 t j i h b o oÖHapyscHTB rpaM M aTH - qecK yio n po T H B onocT aaneH H ocT B p a 3 p a n o B n piuiaraT ejiB H H X [ 5 3 . Ha Ä PyroM npH H im ne c t p o h t w iaocH ^H K am ro n pana raT e^B H H X 3 ,B e i w - J ie p C 6 ] , O chbB a s to K ioraccH$HKauHH - cu H T aK cim ecK o e n o j io s te - HHe A b HMSHHOfl r p y n n e . n o jiB ay ac B MeToaoM T paH c$opw auH H , a B - TOP BHfleJffleT Ä0BHTB CÖMaHTH'ie CKHX pB3pHÄ0B npHJiaraT6JTBHHX B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT TOrO, K3KH6 Tpa HC$0PM8miH OHH ÄOnyCKaiOT. C p .AN - N Wh..', ia A, COOTBBTCTBeHHO 9T 0 A - 1 p a3 pH A . A .fl.IB aÄ - K8BIFJ F JiacoH $im H pyeT npH JiaraT ejiB H H e n o npH H qm iy ceMaHTireecKHX n o j r e f t C ? ] .

OpnrHHajitHa JieKCHKO-ceMaHTinecKaH KJiaccH$HKau?iH AA, cue- JiaHHaH Ä.H.ApöaTcicHM h E.i.ApöaTOKoB Ha pyccicon MaTepnane . Abtoph npeflÄ&raioT cpoio KOHqeimm), corJiacHO KOTopol! oeMaHTiL- TOCKaa CHCTeMa AA oöpa3yeT tph o c h o b h h x KJiacca: npejiMeTHO- K8H0CTB0HHN0, KaêCTBSHHO—OflHOpOflHHQi Ka^BCTB0HHO-H6OßHOpOA- Htie, h jih rpajiyajrBHHe AA. Kaxflnfi H3 3thx k jb c c o b n o jip asfle JiH - 0TCH Ha H6CK0JH.K0 C0M8HTIPISCKHX nOflKJECCOB (aeftCTByKXUHfl areHT, npoH3BoaHTejn> kbk xapaicrepHHft npH3Haic cosflBHHoro hm npeBMBTa; HocnrejiB npH3Haica; Bjraaejreii KaKofl-jmöo Benm h t .ä .) [ 5 ] , npH H0OOMH0HHOfi OpHTHHajüHOCTH n6p6HHGJI6HHHX KJiaCfHT)H- Kannß ohh c x o x h b to m , w o aBTorm npn aejieHjm AA Ha noflKJiac- c h , pojiH, b h jih , paspamr, rpymiH hgxoäht h3 pa3jnm fl npejwe- TOB, HOCHTGJiefi npH3H8K0B. KjiaCCH$HKaiIHH AA, B OCHOBS KOTOpHX j is jc h t xapaKTep oöosHaâeMoro hmh npnsHaica, cjiejiaHH A.H.IHpaM- m o m , A.A.MacjteHHHKOBOÄ, H.H.PesaHOBofi, JI.H.niejioimaBoß, H.IO.BypxaHOBHM.

'JI.H .lD ejioH ueBa nom na n o TpajumHOHHOMy nyTH h BH nejm - Jia 10 rpyira AA, oöo3Haâmwx iibgt, 3ByK0BU8 xapaKTepncTHKH, fop M y , TeM nepsTypy h t . ä .

H.IO.EypxaHOB A 6jih t AA Ha 4 rp y r a m : AA, HasuBaiomHe n p H 3 - HaK seHOTaTa 3KcroiHKaHsyMa, npoHBJwKpiHftofl b e r o o 6Ö c tb 0h h h x eB oßeT B ax ; b e r o j io ä c tb h h x ; b o th o b o h h h ; b e r o n p im aju iestH o - c t h k onpeBejieHHOMy K pyry o t j i s h h ö , 0 fiajiBHoihDHM n o f lp a s u e j ie - HH0M ($OpMa IIB8T, p83M Bp, T6M II0paTyp8O npejW JtSH H H fl THII n o - B0ÄGHHH, Onpefl0JI0HHHß THII OTHOIÜ0HHH H O p . ) .

ItarepecHoe h oöcTOHTejrtHoe pa3BHTH0 no jiyra jia cGMaHTirqa-

CKa« KjraccH$HKamw KaêoTBeHHax AA, "odpasyramn jmpo STOß ’b - c th p e W b padoTe A.H.IDpaMMa [ S l . A btop Biroejimi noamiacc /BL, 0Ö03Haâi0mHX npH3H&KH, HOTOPH0 BOCnpHHHMäBTOfl OpraHBMH TyBCTB,

H H33B8JI 3TH IipH3HaKH (h OOOTB0TCTB0HHb AA) 3MIIHpHflHHMH H

noÄimacc AA, oöosHaîarcmHX npH3HBKH, KGTopne ho BOCiipHHHMaioTCH

opraHaMH qyBCTB, a Bosroncaror b p e3yjn>TaT0 aHajm sa, conooTaB-

jieHHfl, yMO3aKJnre0HHß, h Ha3Baji s th npn3HaKH (h AA) paqHOHajiB-

HHMH.A.A.MacjieHHHKOBa c t p o h t KJi8coH$mcaiono AA Ha Öa3e npora-

BOnOCTaBJieHHH HHrep8HTHHx/H0HHrepeHTHHX HPH3H8K0B np8ÄM6Ta npH y^8T0 0TH0UI6HHH, KOTOpOB BO3HHK30T MGKfly IIPH3H3K0M H BocnpHHHMaBmuM oro ■ cyöteKTOM. A b t o p BtmejiHeT oneiiH(Timinpyr.iiima,

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xapaKrepH3yiGiiiHe h peJuipioHHur AA c flajiBHeföiiMM noÄpa3flejteHH8M na napaMeTpnqecKHe, aHTponoHMMireacKHe, ooipianLHHe, odieKTHB— HO-pe^KiptOHHHe, COÖCTB0HHO—p6JBmiI0HHH8 , MOHaJri>HO-peJIflIJHOHHH8 , Kay 3aTHBH0-0neH0'{HHe.

Beo nepe’iiicJieHHue KJiaccHffancanjiH oÖjjaÄaioT onpe,neJieHHHMH flocToimcTBaMn, ho ecTB y hhx h HeaocTaTKH (He Bceraa Bbwep- *aH 3aHBJiQHHui'i npuHunn iuiaccH^mv^KH (L’JpaMM, MaojieHHjncoBa), npoHcxojiHT nepoKpeniHEaHHe h CMeweime pa3panoB AA (EypxaHOB, lU e J io n n e n a )) . C hx n0M0ji«>K) hpbo3mokho b nojmoii Mepe nccjießo- BaTt JieKciiMecKyio h ceMaHTHMecKyra cow eT aeM ocT B A h n , hx n o - B0Ä0Hiie Ha iviyÖHHHOM y p o B H e . B ugjihx T a K o ro hccjt0AOB8hhh Han- Öojreo npneMJiet»ia ceM aHTHHecKan wiaccHffiHKaijtfH AA H.II.Pe3aHOB0lt. H.K.PoaanoBa ä g jih t AA n o hx nepDHquuM n p m w M 3HaneHmM Ha ap- ryMGHTHO—npH3HaK0BH8 , CyÖCTaHUHOHa JTBHO—npH3HaK0BU6, COÖCTB0H- H 0-np H 3H aK 0B u e. A pryM eH T ri0-npii3H aK 0B ne cjiO Ba Ha3HnaBT He caM npH3HaK, a apryMOHT n npnsHaK bom othom0hhh [9, c.9], nanpn- Mep: economii yaography.

CyöCTaHUHOHDJUiHO—npH3H3K0Eb!8 AA Ha3UBanT npH3H3K êpe3 oTHomeHiie k lieKoef: cyöCTaHDjwi, np« 3tom oniiCHijaeMa.n bqüil npeÄCTaEJKaT cotfoi* <?;opay Boiuiomemw cydcTaHijHH: acetio acid, a wooder± ohair.

C0ÖCTBGHH0-npH3HaK0BUe AA 0Ö03HaqaK)T MHCTHe, "riPHpOIKflSH- hus" npH3HaKH, oTcmiawmite npswio k cede, a He nepea bguii,, cyd- cTaHiiHK). 3tot paspHjt noÄpa3ÄeJifleTCfl h - ögsothochtcjibhhs AA, oÖ03HaMafoame npH3HaKH—OBOiicTBa (fat, innocent, red), npH3Ha- KH-COCTOHHHH (hoatile, loving, scornful), ptJMimoHHHe AA (ojntral, distant, far).

ÄJW BHHBJieHHH H HCCJIGflOBaHRH COêTafeJIBHHX BO3MO?KHOCT0ßHM6H cymectbhtojibhhx HaHÖojree npHeMJiOMa ceMaHTOTecKan miaccH- $HKai!HH, npanJiomeh h b h H.B.Aphojibä [103. Ab t o p ywruBaeT odm- h o c t b $opMajiLHtix h cGMaHTHêcKHX npn3HaK0B, HaHÖojree xapaK- TQpHtrX ftJIflfeMaHTHêCKOfl CTpyKTypU HM6HH CymeCTBHTGJBHOrO B aHTJIHKCKOM H3HK6. BcerO BfMGJIHeTCH BOCeMB JI6KCHKO—CGMaHTHê— ckhx pa3panoB: cymecTBHTeJiBHHe H83BaHHH jnma (N person); Ha- 3UBaraume b c g npo*rae kjtbhg cymecTBa (Nz); 8,hiihhhho—codupa—T8Jn.HUe (Ncoll>)} HHCTO—COÖHpaTeJIBHHe Ha3BaHHHeOTHHII H3MSpeHHH ( N ^ ) i HaSBaHJW npeflMeTOB H GOÖUTHfl (Hob-),); KGIUeCTBSHUHG 0TBJI6 He HHH0 (NQt< ) .

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IIpoaeMOHCTpHpyeM Ha npHMepax coneTaTeJitHHG b o s m o k h o c th npmiaraTejiBHHX h cymecTBHTGJiBHHx pa3JDrnnix nonwiaccoB. C o ö - c tb q h h o —npH3HaKOBOS A frssh HMeeT 6 3H aêHH ß. K a;yuiü JICB npiuraraTejiBHoro fresh coêTaeTcs c paamiMH nojumaccaMn cyme- CTBHT8JÜHHX: freah -"(of food) not stale or bad" - CBGiölfi (KanecTBO HeKoero noT peÖ Jw eM oro Bem ecTBa; yÄOBJieTEopfnomaH KOHOTUHh) COTOTaeTCfl C Mmat> - fresh food/fruit, raeat; Nobj vany dish) - fresh soup/desert; freahg - "newly raade, grown, arrived", "HGÄaßHHÜ" coMeTaeTCH C \ a t> - freah paiht,H&t) - fresh maice up; freoh^ - "new or different" CCmeTaeT-

° Nobj." a freah atart5 “nult.- fre3h nßwa' V r a o n “ fresh pupil; fresh^ - "cool, refreshine", "pure" - "hhcthÖ","CBGHCHitn coêTaeTCH C Hob(j# - afresh shirt; Hmat - freshoolours; Kmult> - fresh graaa/leavea; freah^ - "ÖO^pufi",M3fl0p0BHfi" COMSTaeTCH C Nperaon, Nz - a freah horse;freah complexion; fresh6 - "H6onHTHHß" CO^GTaeTCÄ C Nperson-a fresh hand, a fresh specialist.

TaKHM 0Ö pa30M , c o ö c t b s h h o —npn3K aK 0B 0e n p m ia ra T e jr tH o a fresh C0HeTaeTCK c Nmat>, Nob;j>, Hab#, Nfflult#, Hperson, Hz> Nc o l l H B c e r 'Iia o d p a 3 y e !r oflHoapryM SHTHHe sKciWHKauHOHHHe c o - ’tieT aH iw (np n3 H 8K + bg iiib) . H a rjiyÖHHHOM ypoB H e cew aH T ireecK aH C TpyK Typa T a ra ix c o ^ e T a ra if i B iuncraaeT b c e ö n cgm bhtgm u ap ryM eH T a (ÄGCKpraiTHBa) h n p e flin caT a c ß o f ic T B a . C y ö cT aH m i0H ajn > H 0 -n p n3 - HaKOBue AA, c o T O T a n c t c cy m e c tb u tg jibIhhmh ( oöh^ ho c No b j . ’Ncoll * TaK KaK ** C0MaHTHKa moxgt öhtb o im ca Ha no $opj^ jig "CÄGJiaH H3", "COCTOHT H3"), OÖp83yK>T 9JQI3H0HHH6 CO'IGTaHHH (b SUIB + B0IIIB), nOCKOJIBKy 3TH AA Ha3HBaK)T irpH3HaK HGP83 OTHO- meiure k HeKoeß cyöCTaHujoi, npn stom onncHBasMaH bgikb npea- OTaBJWGT coöofi $opMy BOiwomeHHH cyÖOTaHiijai. Cp.: woolencloth, woolen merchants.

CoêTaeMOCTB apryMGHTHO—npii3H3K0Bnx AA nrape, hgm cyö- CTamuioHaJEbHO—npH3HaK0BHX. PaccMOTpHM gg Ha npHMGpe npnjiara- TGJIbHoro human. B 3HaHGHKH human i - "of ma*- or mankind (contrasted with animals or God)" - "HGJiOBG'ieCKlifi", "jffifflCKOf?' 3T0 A CO'lGTaGTCH C Nperson - human being/mind) Hobj - human nose/arms, face; humarig - "having, showing moral qualitiaa that dis\;inguish man", "cBoficTBeHUHfi qGJlOBeKy" co^GTaeTCH c Mab> - human art/point of view. Human j, B38HM0ÄGÖCTByfl 0

Nperson’ o^Pasy®1 aKcninncamioHHoe cototbhhs "npHSHax + Eemt"i Human2 - ooêTaHöB o Nftb< - N0bj.* oöo3Ha,JaeT apryMBHTa, CBH3aHHHe HÖKOTOPHM OTHOUIÖHH6M: Op. OTHO1H8HH0 napTHTHBHOOTH human jrma/noaej areHTHBHO-cyÖMKTHUö OTHOineHHS: human art/ point of vxew, npsreeM npanaraTejiLHoe odo3HaqaeT areHTa, a cymecTBHTeJttHoe - npH3HaK. .

TaKHM 0dpa30M , B XQB0 HCOJieflOBaHHH BHHBJI8HH H0KOTOPU0 3aKOHOM0pHOOTH CeieHTHqeOKOrO B3aHMOÄ0fiCTBHfl AA H NN:

1. Eojih codcTBeHHO—npH3HaK0B0e ü. coHaiaeTCH c JT (nenpe- ÄHKaTHHM 3H3K0m) , BOjryqaOTCÄ 9KdlHHKaqH0HH06 CJIOBOCOqeTaHHe (npHSHaK + Bem>): freeh alr.

2. Ecjih apryMeHTH0-npH3HaK0B0e A coêTaaTcn c n (Henpe- JIHKaTHUM 3HBKOM), B03HHK88T 3JIH3H0HH0e CJIOBOCOÎQTaHHQ (B0mB + B e m t) : a g r ic u l tu ra l worker.

3 . Ecjih 6ydcTaHi]HOHajn.HO-npH3HaKOBO0 A ooqeTaaTCH c N (H0npe.pKaTHHM 3hbkom) , nojiy’iaoTCH sthshohhoo coqeTaHHe (bsob + BeutB): woolen c lo th .

4 . Ecjih GO(JpTB0HHO-npH3HaKOBO0 A coôTaaTCH c N lnpe.nn- KaTHHM 3H8KON.), nojiyqoeTCH ooTOTaime napoxoflHoro Tuna (npn3- HaK + npn3HaK): quick s te p .

5. Ecjih apryMOHTHO—npH3uaK0B08 A coneTaeTCH c N (npejtH- K8THHM 3HBKOM) , OÖp63y0TCH CJIBB0C0H6TaHH6 nepOXOflHOrO TlOia, m e A odosaaîaeT boibb, a l l - »ipHSHaK: e d i to r ia l work, parent a l lo v e .

npHMOTOHHH |1 . Tejnw B.H. Thhh h3hkobhx sHaqeHHÖ / / CBH3aHHO0 3Ha-

q0HH0 CJIOBa B H3HK6. - M., 1981.2. ApyTKiHOBa H.fl. Ilp0ÄJio]K0HH0 h ero cm hcji // Jl0rHK0-c e -

MaHTinecKHe npodJieMH. - M., 1976.3. HmCHTHH M.B. Ü0KCITJ0CKO0 3H8H0HH0 CJIOBa ICTpyKTypa H

KOMduHaTopHKa)• - M., 1983.4 . EorsaHOB B.B. Co mb hthko- chht0 KcireecKafl opraHmauHH npeftttOxeimH. - 1 . , 1977.5. ôphob B.H. 0 $yHKUHOHaJttHOM acneKTa JtoKCHKo-rpaMMa-

TireeoKofi KJiacoHfHKanHH hmbh npiuraraTejiBHHX // PyccKHft hsuk b mtoJie. - 1973. - J§ 5.6 . Bemurep 3 . 0 cjiobo good / / Hoboe b 3apyd0*Hoß JMHr— bhothko. - Blffl. X. - M., 1981.

7. IIlaflKeBH’i A .fl. PacnpeÄ0Ji0HHe cjiob b tokcto h BKuejieHHe O0MaHTIPI0CKHX nOJieft // MHOCTpBHHKS H3HKH fe BHCmefi 1UKOJT0. - M., 1963.8 . HlpaMM A.H. OqepKH no ceMaHTmca KaêcTBSHHux npiuiara- T8JIBHHX. ‘1979;

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9 . P eaaH O B a H .H . MeTOHHMinecKOQ B ap tirp oB aH H e ceM SHTHiq aHTJnritcKHX n p w ia ra T e jQ > H u x : Ab t o d b ^ . ä h c . . . . K a H A .fu jio ji. H a y K . . - J I . , 1 9 8 6 .

10. Ap h o jie a H.B. C eM aH T m ecK afi cT p yK T y pa CJioBa b c o B p e - M6HHOM aHTJfflßCKOM H3UK6 Z M0TOAHK8 66 HCCJI6A0B8HHH. - JI. ,1 9 6 6 .

O .B .T p y H O B a (B a p H a y a )PEJHTHBHSAIIHfl BUCKA3HBAHM

Bonpoc o pejwTHBH3amra BucKösuBamm Hannetch oahhm hs nacthhx BonpocoB oömei) cjiokhoö npoÖJieMH KaTeropira MOAajfBHO- cth KaK b paMKax ee JiorireecKoft tpbktobkh, TaK b c no3Hi(Hlt jmHrBHCTimecKoro aHajn.3a, a hmbhho - npoÖJieMu coothoiushiih cyöteKTHBHoro h oöieKTHBHoro. B cbhsh c sthm H60ÖX0AHM0 CAe- jiaTB H ecK OJüKo npeA B apm ejiB H H X saM eq aH n ft, onpeAeJM wuHX t o h k j 3P6HKH aBTOpa CT8TBH 0TH0CHT6JIBH0 npHpOA«, CyHHOOTH H CTpyK- Typu KaTeropira moas^tlhocth. üpH stom npeACTaBJmeTCH uejiecooö- paSHHM npOBeCTH HeKOTOpHe aHaJIOrHH C U0JIB1O yCTßHOBHTk KOppe- joipyrame cootbotctbhh b Jidriate h h3hk6 .

KaK H3B0CTHO (BOOÖII10 rOBOpH, 0H6BTOH 0), ApHCTOTOJIB, BH- v BOÄH Ö83OBH0 K aTerOpHH JIOrHKH, H C X C W H3 COÖCTB0HHO H3HK0EHX

HBJI6HHÖ r I , C .6 5 - 7 6 ] . 0AH8KO p83H 0X ap8K T6pH0CTB BByX OÖJiaCTeH 3 n a h h h - JIOrHKH h JiHHrBHCTHKH - oÖycJioBHJia pa3 H 0H an p aB JieH - HOCTB HX paSBHTHfl H T6M CaMUM - 3H0HHTeJIBHHe paCXO*A0HKH B x a p a K T e p e K aT ero p n aJ tb H u x q th o u iq h h ü h 3aB H ciiM ocT efi, npeAonpe- ASJIHH HX CHCTeMHyiO H0H3OMOp$HOCTB. KaTerO pH H JIOrHKH - 3T 0 a d - cT p a rn p o B a H H u e cymHOCTH, O TpaKaraiw e peajiB H yio A0ficTBHT6JiBHocTt n e p e S BocnpuH TH e h h a h b r a b . K a T e ro p ir a h 3 u k s - 3TO $ o p M a jra 3 o - BaHHHe cT p yK T y pu c o C T p o ro onpeAeJieHHHWH napaM eTpaM H 3 n a ^ e h h h H $yHKUHOHHpOBaHHH. H 6CJIH JIOrHM6CKH0 K aTerO pH H 0ÄH0n0pHAK0- BH, TO H3UKOBH0 K8T0rOpHH 0Öpa3yK)T HeKOTOpOB HepapXHH0CKOe nocT p o eH H e n o cT eneH H aöcT pantpoB aH H H h $ op M ajm 3auH H . Ha Ham B 3rJW A , HMeHHO 3TÖT KpHTepilft n03B0JIHJI M .K . MeiiiaHHHOBy T 0 B 0 - PHTB 0 nOHHTHÜHHX H3HKOBHX K S T eropH H X , T.e. TaKUX, KOTOPH0 fOpMHpyßTCH Ha nOHHTHÖHOM ypOBH0 H BHpaFSIOTCJI OIIOCpeAOBaHHO n e p e s CHCTeMy p a3H oypoB H 0B ux 3JI6M6HT0B [ 2 ] , B p ß fly T8KHX K a - T e ro p n i i M.M.MemaHHHOB H a3H BaeT h K a re ro p in o MOsaJitHOCTK, t s m caMUM 0AHO3HaHHO onpeA ejiH H e e n p n p o A y . BHyTpeHHHH Ke c y n p o c r t K a T e ro p ira M O flajrB hocth pacK puB aeT O H b onp ew eJiem iH B .H .E o H A a -

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P6HK0, KOTOpjÄ nop. MOAaJIBHOCTBH) nOHHMaeT KflTerOpHK), "yK83H- BamtyD Ra xapaxTsp OTpaacaeMHX b coAeputaHBH npejuroseHHH o ö te x - THBHHX CBH30Ä H HB OTfeiiefflb AÖCTOB0PHOCTH COflSpüiaHIW TOrO *0np0Mo-;9HJW o toh k h 3p0HHH roBopsmoro" L 3 , 0 .5 6 3 . Taiowr oöpa- 3om, KaTeropM moäeuibhoctb npe^cTaeT Kau öiraojnocHaa K aTero- p iw , rpynnHpoBKa cpencTB BHpaffiemur 3Ha^9Hiifl KOTopoö oö tJsyeT fyHKUHOHaJffiHO-C0MaHTin0CKHfi ÖJIOK, CTpyKTypupyOMH® COnOJKMK0H- hoctbki flByx fyHKHBOHajn.HO-C0MaHTiraecKHX nojisfi: odisicTHBHoro H CyÖBSKTHBHOrO.

CymecTByoT, 0AH8K0, h npothbonoJio^Hafl Toxica 3p8HJW, c o - raacHO KOTopofi paarparamoHHe cyötSKTHBHöro h oöieKTHBHoro b H3HK0 H0ÄHaJieKTHtIHO, Ha OOHOE0HHH M9rO A6Jia9TCH BU OA 0(3 aÖ- cojnoTHoii nanooTHOCTH xaTsropm i m oasjibhocth h 0 0 BHyTpsHHsft HS'WSHHMOCTH [ 4 1 BM8CT0 0 T0M AHaJI0XTin0CKO6 6AHHCTB0 npoAnoJiaraeT hs to jibko to jkaoctbo , ho h p a a jm iis h hs ycMa- TpHBaer npdTHBOpGHHH B BHTÜI9H0HHH 3JT"MeHT0B HSKOTOpHX OÖUIHO- 0T9Ö. TSKan nocTaHOBKa Bonpooa hs tojibko hs HcwnoMaer, ho npoAnojiarasT h3jm9HH9 q a c ra o r o h oöm sro , cyÖBSKTHBHoro h oöb- SKTHBHOrO B IbiaHO BKHBJI0HHH HX Cn6IQI$HRH H B38HM00ÖyCJI0BJieH-' HOCTH $yHKUHOHHpOBaHHH.

Ho cjrynaßHO b .norm te cymsoTBysT A eji'em e n a m oab jibhoctb oö*>9KTHBHyn, h jih 0HT0Ji0rHq9CKyM, oTpastaiomy» cymkocTHHS o t - HOHISHHH B P9ajn.H0ft A0flOTBHT0..iHOOTH (HattpHMSp, "np0AM0T - npH3HaKw) , $HKOHpyeMH0 CBH3K0fi h 0OTB" (öh jio , ÖyAST) - a j ie - TJTISCKafl MÖAaiTBHOOTB, JWH OBH3KOÄ "AOJDItHO" ÖHTB (ÖHJIO, ÖyAST)- AÖOHTJPffi CK8H MOASJIBHOCTB H OyÖMKTHBHyiO, HJIH nepcyaSHBHyiO, M0A3JIBH0CTB, KOTOpflH TaiOlte HOABSpraSTOH cyÖKaTeropnajn>Hoft rpaAaqHH Ha ainiOTSMiresoKyx) m oab jibh o ctb (MOflajrBHOCTB m hshhh) h aK O H O jrom scK yn m oab jibho ctb (m d ao ^b h o c tb o iish k h ) . Mojkho

. cK asaTB , h t o m oab jibho ctb m hshhh Ta rate ousHo^Ha, k b r h b k c h o - jrorsrescKBH m o a b a b h o o tb . P a a m m a , jcax hsm npeACTaBJiHBTCH, c o -CTOHT B TOM, ’TTO MOABJIBHOCTB MHSHHH 000TH0CHM8 CO CTpyKTypa- MH ae d ic to , a MOABJIBHOCTB aKCHOJrOTOHSCK8H - CO CTpyKTypBMH de r e . ÜOHCHHM OKSSaHHOO Ha npHM0pe: (1 ) Are you t h a t au re o f me? - I am n o t e u re o t you a t a l l . . . But I th in k y o u a r e a shrewd man. I am p ay in g you th e oomplim ent o f t r y ln g no t to d ece iv e you . You can r e p o r t t h i s c o n v e rs a t io n to y o ur B u p e rio rs o r n o t , a s you p le a s e . The d e c is io n i s y o u r .

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(L.Sanders).npe jy io xeH ne, nojuiesamee aH ajm ay , i t h i n k y o u a r e a

sh rew d man Monte t Ö htb npeflCTaEJieHO b $opM0 BKnmeHHH cy-tê- HHfl you are a sh rew d man B cöiqee yMO3aKJBW0HH0 B BBOjwmeß KOHCTpyKipiofi I t h in k , h to rpa$HHecKH öyaat B uraageT i. t s k :

I think | you are a shrewd man 1Ilpn 3Tom I t h i n k B u p a s a e T mh8hh@ c y d ie K T a BHCKa3HB8Hiifl h npHJi0*HM0 k cy>W0HHio (flHKTyMy) you a r e a sh rew d man h n p e fl- CTaBJweT C T pyK Typy jo r m e c K o f r anncTaM iiHecKOli MOflajiBHOCTH de d i c t o . B oyKÄeHHH you a r e a sh rew d man odieK Ty cy*aeHH H man npraiHCHBaeTCH o n p efle jieH iiu .; npii3HaK s h re w d . C o o a k h q h h o OÖlSKTa C He HMMaHSHTHHM GMy OKKKQ 3H0H3 JIBHHM IipHSHaKOM OCyme- CTBJIH0TCH nOCpeflCTBOM CTpyKTypt!, Ha3BaHHOt B JI0r..K 6 (n o f l - êpKHeM , h t o iroieHHHO b J io n n c e ) Mo.naJiBHocTBio de r e . KoHCTpyK- m w , BBOÄmuaH "da3OBO0" cyKfleHHo, BspHtJimHpyeT CTeneHB e r o ,H0CT0BepH0CTH, cydi)QKTJiBH3Mpy0T BHCKa3UBaHH6, Ha3HBafl e r o cydêK T. CjieAyeT, o a h sk o , o tm b th tb , h t o t s k o g cydteK T H B H oe yMO3aKJH0MeHne (d830TH0CHTejn>H0 k flaHHOMy KOUKpeiHOMy n p im e - p y , a B oo d m e^ bo3mokho jmiim Ha ochobq n oc.ra ,noB aT eJiB H oro a H a - JIH3a . OdteKTKBHHX JiaHHHX, ITOJT/HeHHUX B p 0 3 y^B T 8 T 0 HaÖJIKfflOHHH.

TaKHM odpasoM, CTpyKTypa KaTeropira moabjibhocth, KaK OHa TpaKTyeTCH b JiornKe, MOseT öhtl npeßcTaBJieHa b bhüo höcjiox- hoH cxeMH êThipexM jreHa c h038kphthm nocJiasyiouHM aeJisHueM, KOHKpSTII3WpyKHUHM MOflajIBHOCTH:

MQflaJIBHOCTB

■— OdB0KTHBHaH-

cydteKTHBHaH-

— 0 JT8 THH0 CKSH . fl0OHTHM0CK8H *9nHCT0MmracKaH .aKCHOJrornH0CKaH

npH TaKofl HHTepnpoTaipiH npnodpeTaeT apryMeHrapoBaHHocTB T83HC M.B.JDniOH 0 TOM, HTO B 0CH0B8 (cyd l8K T H B H 0fi) MOflajIBHO-

CTH JISMT KaTeroppM OIIGHKH £ 5 3.

np0ÄBapHTeJIBHH8 MHOrOHHCJI9)IHK0, HO B8CBM3 pa3PO3H0HHH0,

aTOMapnue H3yMeHHH K a ie ro p H « moasjebhocth Ha MaTepnajie aHTjmß-

OKOrO H3UKa Ü03B0JTHK3T, T0M H8 M0He0 , CrpyniOipOBaTB Cp0flCTBa BHpaHteHHH MOflaJIBHHX 3HaH6HHß H 0praHH30BaTB HX CJI8JQT0L'(ICA OÖ—

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p aao M : rpaM M anreecK aH K aT ero p iw h 8 k j io h s h h h , M O B aatiM e r j i a r o - jm (o c o ö h H n o m w a o c rjra rcw ioB , B a p a s ta m n x n p s K y p c o p n o c T t m m BOJDOHT3THBHOCTB) , CneqH$HM0CKH8 MOflaJIBHHS KOHCTpyKqHH, MO-aajrBHKe cJioBä h HHTOHaiow. C w a s e mojkho o t h s c t h r j t a r o jw c MOÄaJiBHiiM 3HaqeHH6M (T im a : w i s h , w a n t , d e a i r e ) h HSKOTopae H p y ra e (T im a : t h i n k , b e i i e v a ) , o K O Topnx p e r a n ofifleT h o c k o jib - k o H n e ,

B H3HK0 KQHCTpyKE[HH nOCTpOGHHH yMO3aWnO«!0HHll, BBOflHMHe cneim ajn .H K m npeaH K aT aM H , n o jiy H iu m H a3B am ie p a a B e p H y m x m o - flycH o —flHKTyMHHX k o h c T p y k u h ü • B K an ec T B e BBOÄjnuero npejüH K ST a, C&MaHTHH8CKOß OCOÖ0HHOCTBIO K 0 t0 p 0 r 0 HBJIH0TCH CIIOCOdHOCTB OT- KpUBaTB B8JI0HTHOCTI. H8 Iipon03imHIOf ynOTpedJIHWTCH T JE rO O T , OTHOCH1HH0CH K pa3JIHHHHM C0M8HTHH0CKHM H JI0KCHKO—T0MaTHH0CKHM rp y n n a M . H anpH M ep, r j i a r o j m HyBCTBQHHoro BOCnpHHTHH, r j r a r o jm BOJi0H3ijHEJi0HiiH, r j r a r o j iH roB opeH H H h t . a . H asa A h x caM y oömyw KJiaccH$KKaimK), lII.B a ju m B H f lo m . h g th p © r p y n n u : dicendi - r o - BopsHHH, af/pctura - BOCnpHHTHH, putandi - MuimieHra: h vo- luntatis - BQJiioHTaTHBHue. OBuaKO aHajni3 fiymcunoHiipoBaHUH ivb-tcwiob 9 t h x r p y n n , oömähhohhhx oöiuctm H asH aneinieM aK T y a ..u i3 a -UHH MOÄyCa, II0Kri3HBa8T, HTO OHH HM6I0T H0 TOJIBKO H0OflHHaKOEH6 cT pyK T ypH ue n ap aM 0 T p n ( i io 3 h u h o h h h 8 h ÄHCTpndyTHBHHe) , h o h cjiyjKaT pa3HUM npsrM aT W 'iockhm u 8 jih m , h t o odycjioB JieH O , c oflHoti CTOpOHH, HX COÖCtBeHHOÜ C0M3HTHKO{1, a C Ä P yrofi - OdiIlIIM KOH- T0KCTOM ynOTp0ÖJI0HHH. KpOM0 TOrO, Cymr CTBy0T p a3 JM TDI0 n p n HX aBTOC0M3HTHH0 CKOM yiTOTp©Ö.JT0HHH H C HM0HHHM OÖ10KTOM H B CHK- TaKCHHOCKH CBH38HHHX KOHCTfjyKUJIHX C 3aMemeH'1uM BTOpOÜ B S - JI0HTHOOTH nponosHUHOiiaJiBHon cT .pyK T ypoö . T s k , ynoTpodJieHH© r J ia ro J ia t o know H0 paBH03HaHH0 b k o h t0 k c t3 X ( 2 ) I know t h e m an H ( 3 ) I k no w I am n o t a w o r ld b e a t e r , a Dickens o r a D o s to e v s k y ( B a r s t o w ) .

HaHÖOJiee npnowioMoii moäojilk) CTpy KTypH .leKCHHecKoro 3Ha- H0HHH cjiOBa H8M npoflCTaBJiHSTCH MOÄeja, paspadoTaHHaH M.B.Hh- KHTHHHM. CorJHCHO B«paÖ0TaHH0ß HM ICOHIJOimHH, B CTpyKTypy JI0KCHH0CKOrO 3HaH0HHH CJIOBa BXOflHT HHT0HCHOH3JI 3HaH0HHH, CO- CTaB-fMOMHfi ”COBOKyilHOCTBIO C0MBHTHH0CKHX IipH3HaK0B, Ha.®IHH8 k o t o p h x 0ÖH3aTeJiBH0 p jm aamioro iwiacca, h HMiurHKauHOHaji 3Ha- '-ieHim, cocTaBJraomuft nepHtfeproo aro HiKjiopwaujioHHoro noTeHimajra" [6, C.24-253- npw 3TOIJI BHCOKOBCpOHTHOCTH3H WIJmKaUHH npH3Iia-

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KOB AS6T CHJTbHHÄ HMMUKaRHOHajI, HH3K0Bep0HTH0CTHafl - CJtadU# 3KCT6HCH0H8JI K8 3HB76HHH Onp0fl0JIH0TOfl OÖUHM Odt8MOM nOHRTKH H HaXOflHTCfl, MH ÖHCKasaJIH, BO B3aHMOA6TepMHHHpyXXUOC 0TH0IA6— Hüfflc c kohtökctom. Tbk, curoBapHue A9$hhhiihh w iaro jia 'to know onper.ejiHBT e ro shshshms cJieAyrauHM ödpa30MS to bo aoquainted w ith ; to have in mlnd because-one has le a m e d ; to be able to recogn ize j to have In fo rm ation oonceraing amth; to have cxperienoe. £ K0HT6KCT6 (2) peamyeTCH HHTeHOHOHaJitHoe SHa ieHBe to be aoquainted w ith h .HMrormjHpyeMoe um - to be ab le to reoog n ize , Oahbko COBepmeHHO OHeBHflHO, h to b npeA- JIOJK6HHH (3) B C8MHOM COOT8B0 3Ha*J8HHfl rJEirOJE to know npOHC-x o ah t nepepacnpeAejremifi ceM no och HHTBHCHOHaji-HMiuiHKauHOHajr, Beaymee k npHpaiuemno cmhojh h pacnmpeHmo 3KCT8HCH0HaJia r j ia - ro jia : HHT8HCH0HaJH>HH6 cqmh to have in fo x ro a tio n to have e x p e r ie n c e npeAonpeflejWBT oeMy öojree BucoKoro ypoBHa a<3- OTparnpoBamw - mmepceMy to judge — be o f o p in io n , k o - Topan no qenoHKe pa3BepTHBamw a b s t b koh6hhom HTore ceMHyn CTpyKTypy o K0Mn0H6HTBMH to u n d e rs ta n d to be o e r t a in .

AHajiorirfflHft npouecc HaÖJnoAaeTCH npH aHajm3e $yHKqiioHn- poBaHHH rjia ro jia to b e l ie v e : (4 ) He d id n o t b e l ie v e a s in g le Word. (5 ) I d on ’ t b e l ie v e a grown man can be aa n a iv e as you a c t B e lie v e : f e e l e u re o f th e t r u t h ; be o f th e o p in io n ;f e e l e u re o f th e e x p e r ie n c e /v a lu e ; re a s o n ; have t r u s t i n .

AKTyajm3amw C6M f e e l e u re o f th e t r u t h , have t r u a t i n AaeT cjioBoynoTpeÖJieHHG ( 4 ) . üeperpynnHpoBKa c s m , bhxoa Ha ypOBSHB HHTeHCHOHöJia ceMH be o f o p in io n h re a so n CBHAQTejiBCTByiOT o6 aKTyajnraaumi ranepoeMH judge , k o hkps- TH3Hpy6M0fl B 3HaH8HHHX su pp o se , be n e a r ly o e r t a i n .

HAeHTHHHOCT£ CTpyKTypHOfl O$OpMJI0HHOOTH B (2) H (4 ) , (3) H (5) nO3B0JIH8T 3aKJnOTOTI., WO HM6HH0 CHHTaKCTTieCKafl AHCTpH-r öynjM (0TKpHT8ff BaJISHTHOCTB Ha CyÖOTaHIUtaJr&HHfl OÖtöKT HJIHnponosHumo) fleTepMHHHpyeT aKryajnraaumo rjiaroJioM o o öc tb 0Hho HHTGHCHOHajiBHoro SHa^eHHH mm neperpymmpoBK:- ceM h npupame- HH8 OMHOJia, paCIimpeHHe 3K0T8HCH0HaJII>H0r0 OÖT.6MB SHaHSHIIfl, cp . n.HMepn: (6 ) I am & fra id o f t h i s man H (7 ) I am a f r a id y o u ' l l f in d i t v e ry q u ie t h e re ( C h r i s t i e ) .

CAB..r, npoHcxoAOTHlt B.3HaH8äHH rjiaro jia , m m m e i ero ceMaHfinjecKHÖ' CTBTyc. H3 rpyrnm rJiarojioB, gancoHpyiaiwx $aicr,

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pe$epeH T H ux CHTyauHfi, ohh n lpexoasr b rpynny rJiarOJIOB, skc- njnacHpyioima MH6HHe . Diarcum MHeHHH He oähopqhhh no cbohm ce -M3HTHTO CKHM IipiI3H8KaM. OHH OÖieÄHHHIOTCH HaJm H6M OÖmeß C8MH

M ieim e h MoryT ö h tb w raccn fm iu p o B aH H n o OTeneHH öjih30c t h x a p a ic re p y BXoscaeHjw sto ü ceim t b HHT8HCHOHaji 3 H ane hhh

r j r a r o j ia [ 7 ] .üpeMOseHiiH c pa3öepHyT«M ;,;oaycoM cooTBeT cTByioT Jionree-

CKOi4y BHBOfly - yMO3awno^0HKio [ 8] h, no cyTH, bchkog cyxaeHHe ÄOJDSHO öfeiJIO ÖH 0$0PMJIHTBCH HM0HHO T3KHM 0Öpa30M, 6CJIH ÖH ypOBÖHB H3UK3 H ypOBSHB JIOrHKH ÖHJIH H30M0p$HH. OflHaKO 3T0 H6 TaK. II bo MHornx cjiyânx Moayc, BBoanimtf npono3nujno b H3HKe, H3ÖUTOH0H, n0T0My onycKaeTcq. %oön oöbhchhtb npiroiHu H3- ÖHTOHHOCTH, He-HeOÖXOAHMOCTH SKCILUHKailHH MOJQTCS, CJIGflyaT npewe BCero onpeêjiHTL ero ceMaHTireecKHe JyHKii^n (nocKOJitKy CTpyKTypnaH k hk BBoaHman h opramraymmaH Bncica3UBaHHe ohbbhh- na). .

KaK oiivieqaeT Ä.EojmHflsep, He cyTB Baxcuo, ewraeTeji jiii, hto 3th rjiarojm (oh othocht hx k rpynne nepcJopMaTHBiiux) dpo- AHTCH, SCJTH OHH npHCyTCTByiOT IUDI, HaOÖOpOT, Onj’CKaiOTCH, 6CJIH OToyTCTByioT, Tor.ua, Kor.ua ohh ecTB, ohh 3KciuiaHaTopmj 9. c.5433. B hom coctoht cyTB STofi 3KCiuraHaTopHocth? npe?uie Bcero, KaK OTMenaeT JI.B.Jlo'jiHHHHa, ohh "$HKCHpyiöT ncpBHMHym AeHOTaTHBHyio CHTyaipno" [ 10, c.l3j. 9Ta $HKcanjM coctoht b BHpaR0HHH CTeneHH ÄOCTOBepHOCTH BHCRd3HBa6MOrQ CyJKÄeHHH OT aÖcojnoTHofl yBepeHHOCTH (to be sure/oertain) ao coMHeHun (to doubt).

BBoanmne KOHCTpyKujiH noMJflvio yKasaHHHX $yHKHHfi ro/ieioT eine oaho tipesButjafiHO BaKHoe H asnaneH H e: ohh pejiHTiiBH3iipyioT bh- CKa3HBaHHe roBopaueMy. ü p o u e c c peJiHTHBHsauHH H aÖ jnoaaeTcn tojibko b CTpyKTypax pasâpHyToro Monyca, He3aBHCHM0 ot hx n03HHH0HHHX n o K a3 aT e jie fi, h ocymecTBJineTCH 3a c^ bt cooT H eceH - hocth npeflMKaTa MHeHHH c cyöteKTOM oijeHKH: (8) I am sure I ’ll be only delighted to make myself useful (Chriatie)j(9) I auppose you know that ahe has married again (Christie).(10) Under the circumstances, I am afraid an inquest can be hardly avolded (Christie).

B any'qraHX yceêHHoro Moayca, CBepnyToro iwoayca npoHcxo- äkt cyöteKTHBHoe oT jyataeHHe bhck33HBaHHH, ero HMnepcoHajni3a-

- 90 -

mta. (11) He ia aald to be a good raixer.CjteflyeT oTMeTHTL, hto cpeâ rpynn rjiarojiQB, Moryiyax 3a-

MamaTB no3Hiono McwyoHoro npewncaTa, ecTB rjiarojm B3HaHajn>Ho HMeönne MoaanBHyn ceMy mhqhhh b CBoefi csmbhthwckoä cTpyK- Type (s to b nepByio onepejcb ooöotbbhho rjiarojihi MHeHHH, iviaro- joi aHTHqmiaiaoi) h rjiaronu $yHKUH0Haja>a0 MoâjmsHpyiomHecfl b ycJioBasx seTepifflHupyiomero kohtbkctb (rjiarojm pena, rjiarojm naMHTH a t.ä. ). Hx OHCTSMHaa oöiuhoctb KaK cpescTB BupaseHBH cyötQkthbhoü 3iiHCTeMHH0 ckoü MOflajCBHOCTH onpeflejmeTCH Ha $op- MaJtBHO—06MaHTaH6 OKOM ypOBHS.

OneflyeT Tarate otmbtbtb, h to , ecjm pejiHTHBH3auHH BHCKa- 3HBaHHH, $opMapyeMaa p83humh TesaypycHo-TBMaTB'iecKHMa rpyn- naMB rjiarojiOB, parampyeT BHCKa3HBaHae no CTeneHB ÄOCTOBepHO- otb npeÄCTaBJieHHÜ roBopnmero (know - suppoae - b e lie ve - guess - doubt), to 3aMemeHae no3BUBB MojycHoro npejontaTa npe- ABKaTBBHO— KTBBHHMB C0M8TaHHHMH (to be a fra id ) a rjiaro- JIBMB a$$6KTBBHOÜ 06MSHTBKB (to hope) npefiCTaBJIHIOT CKOpfle SMonaoHaJiBayio, neu paiQioHajiBHyio ouemcy.

npBMeTOHBfl1. Ajimohb B.r. rpaMMaTBMecKafl crpoft KaK cacTeima nocipoe-

hbh a oömaa Teopaa rpaMNiaTBKa. - JI., 1988.2. MemaHBHOB H.H. noHaraöHue KaTeropaa b H3UK6 // Tpyau

BMHHrM., 1945.3. EonnapeHKO B.H. Bann moasjibhux 3HaMeHnt a hx Bupaxe-

aaa b H3HK6 u toojioraHecKHe HayKH.-I979.-W 2.4. HeTpoB H.E. 0 coAepxaHaa a odtei/ie h3hkoboM moä3jibho-

ctb / Ot b. pe«. E.M.KopKBHa. Hobocböbpck, 1982; KoamaHCKHH T.B. COOTHOU10HB8 Cyöl>8KTBBHHX B 0Ö46KTBBHHX (MKTOpOB B H3UK0. —M., 1975.

5. JlfflioH M.B. K Bonpooy o h3'hkobo£ cnenH&BKe m oaohbho- o tb // Ü3B. AH CCCP. C ap. j i b t . b fl3 .- I9 7 I.-T V -30 .-Buh.3.

6. Hbkbtbh M.B. JIsKcanecKoe 3HaH6HH9 CJioBa: CTpyKTypa a KOMöHHaT opHKa M., 1983.

7. Ejm 3apoBa r.B . CjicamonoÄHHHahhoq npejuiOKeHHe c rjia B - Hofl âCTBK) Tana i t ia aaid, i t is hoped: ÄBTope®. flac. . . .Kam. $bjkui. HayK.-JI., 1987.

8 . E a ju ia III. Odman jnmrBBCTBKa a B onpooa $paHiry3CKoro Ä3HK3 - M., 1955.9. B o lin ger D. Truth ia a l in g u ia t ic queution // Lan-

guage; Journal o f lin g u ia t io so c ie ty o f America.-1977.—V o l .4 r S 3 .Iü. ÄOJIBHBHa H.B. 000Ö8HH0CTB 3HaH6HHH B CnOCOÖU H3HK0B0— r o BHpaseHaa npeaaKaTOB B HBynpe.uHKaTHnx KOMiuaKoax / / K a te -

ropHH ra, roiia h cipyKTypa npejyiojseHaa.-JI., 1983.- 91 -

3 .f l .T y p a e B d U eH H H rp a a)MQIiAJUHOCTB TEKCTA H MQjDAJDbHOCTL BHCKASblBAHHH

It was too absurd.It was too real.

M.SparkÜHHTBHCTKKa TQKCTfl, HapHJQT C npaTMSTHKOti H KOMMyHHKa-

THBHOfi JffiHTBHCTHKOÜ, BXOflHT B ^ p M H T ’/KHUyKCH B Ha CT 0 ^ 6 6 B p ö - m r n a p a u H rM y H ccjieA O B aH H ft HayKH o h 3 h k b - k o i h t o j i o t h x I I , c .4 j . üpejiM eTOM K o n iT H J io r i: : h b j i h c t c h oounaJiBHoe B3aHM0fleü- c t b h s h paapeu ieH H O k o h ^ u i h k t o b . O h o ocymecTBJweTcn q e p e 3 t 8 k - OTH. üpoueccu npHHHTHH peilieHHÜ CBH38HH C 0U6HK0fl CH TyauH H , C0CT0HHHH Ä8JI HO napaM B T paM X3iiOTBHT6Jn>HOrO, B 03M 0H H 0P0, H9- oÖxoflHMoro, T.e. 3HaH6HHHt TpaÄHUjioHHO BXOÄflmHX b cipyKTypy 3H a^eH H ü KaTeropnü MOAanBHOCTH. T sk h m o ö p a a o M , 3 K c iu iiK a y n H 3THX C T pyK T yp npnoÖpeTaeT B c e öojr& uiee 3H8M8HH8. 'P a c T e T 3Ha*m- m o o tb KaTeropmi m o a b j i b h o c t h KaK noH H TH ßH oii K a T e ro p H H , c b h 3 8 h — h o ü o BazHuitoi acn eK T aM H ö h t h h h ero npeJioMJieHueM b co3Hamm h H 3U K e. B ochob6 3T 0Ü K aT e ro p H H JI6KaT yHHBepCaJUHHä KaTeropHH J io rü K H , opraHH3yiomHe paunoHajcLHoe co3hshh6 » Ha hhx Ha- CJiaHBaiOTCH OlieHOHHHe H 3M0HH0Hajri)H0—S K O n pecchbhhq o ttshk h C M u a n a . K a T e ro p H H moabjibhocth paccMaTpmaeTCH hbmh kqk Bce- oöieM jnom aH K a T e ro p H H , nor-nom aioiuaH u e jie B y io KOMMyHma.THBHyto ycTaH O B K y a B T o p a h K a T e r o p m i o u b h k h . I i3 y ^ e H n e C T p y K T y p , n e p e - «aio im ix pa3Hue r a n u M osajiBH OCTH, n p n o ö p e T a e T HOByK) OKpacKy h HOByiO 3H8TOM0CTB.

OljeHKa ASfiCTBHTSJIBHOrO HJIH B03M03KH0rC MHpa (BM), npHHH- TH8 peraerarii cbh38hu c HajnrDieM ajn>TepHaTHB, c 0HT0Ji0rH3amiefi 3Ha^6HHfi. OAHa H3 BaKHeÄUlHX OIieHOK, BXOÄHHHX B CTpyKTypy KaTeropHH MOAaJttHOCTH, eeTB OIISHKa HCTHHHOCTH. OTCKWa nepBo- cTeneHHoe 3HaMeHM npnoc'peTaioT cpeacTBa ynpaaneiiHH h c thh o ü . Moiuhhm cpeacTBOM ynpaBJieHHH h c thh o ö HBjmeTGH fl3HK, kbk ec- TeCTBeHHilß, TaK H XyAOHCeCTBBHHHß (lI03THH6CKHfi) . fl3HK - 9T0 nonepxHOCTHafl CTpyKTypa, Bupaacaiouiaa KOHueirryajr&HHe CTpyKTypu, MOflSJIH MHpa, KOTOpHe H6 OÖHSaTBJIBHO COBnaflaiOT C peaJIBHHMH MO- X6JIHMH MHpa. CyTB BCHKOfi KOMMyHHK8QHH H, B ^aCTHOCTH XyA0K8- CTB6HH0Ä, - nocTpoeime onpeAejieHHofl Mouejffl Miipa b co3HaHHH aji;pscaTa.

- 92 -

H ecTecTfieHHHß A3hk h jmTepaTypa een. Monmoe cpefl0TB0 BTopseHiM b cHOTeMy no3Hamis ajnpecaTa, b ero MnuureHHe, cpea- OTBO HaBflSHBdHHfl fearJIflflOB.

Moflejm MHpa, coajtaBaeM He b xyflostecTBeHHHX TeKOTax (a a H B JÜOÖHX T 8K C T 8x), MOryT 0Ka33TBCH ÖOJiee Ä0ÜCTB0HHHMH, H6M oöieKTHBHo cymecTByioimdi Map. ü p o h c x o ä h t cBoeodpa3HaH "TpaHO- $opM amm OHTOJiorini MHpa", OTcrafla h bshchoctb HHTepnpeTamm T6K0T8, aHaJIH3a T6KCT8. OTCKWa H BSIKHOCTB HOBHX HCCJIGHOBa-t 8jibckhx M oaejiett, BKmmiomHXCJi b K o nrranorH io . OTOiwa h b o s-MOIKHOCTL H3yH6HlW KaT6rOpH0 T0KOTa H ,B HaCTHOCTH, B C e tS teM -jmmeff K aT ero p ira M0,naji&H0CTH KrK cpescTBa BHpaaceHHH hhrhbh- AyajiBHHX HaMepeHHfl - MOTHBaynoHHoro $ o a a .

CaeflyeT y-secTB äbö cymecTBQHHHX noaoaseHiw:1 . MeXaHH3M HHTepnpeTaUHH TSKCTS nOflHEHffeTCH COUHOKyJIB-

TypHHM HopMaM. üpH H H TepnpeTam m xyaoacacTBeH H oro TeKOTa BöTy— naeT b c iu iy nosTHKa a c c o m ia im fi. napasHTMaTHna xyscMceöTBHHoroTeKCTa, HOTOpHKO-$HJIOJIOrineCKHfi KOHT0KCT, KOMn0T6HHHH BTOpO- ro ypOBHH, BOe TO, HTO CBfl3UBa9T0H C npOeKHHOHHHM MBTOflOM, ÖTKpUTUM aHaJH30M, aHaJTH30M BHeT6KCT0BHX OTpyKTyp.

2 . MexaHH3MH H H TepnpeTam m HHOTBHHyajitHH • 3aecB mh c i a j i - KHBaeMCH go c B o e ro p o ^ a aHTHHOMHefl: C0ima.iCH>HHft/HHÄHBHflyajiB- Hbiii, 3Ta aHTHHOMH« ocBeinaeT pa3HHe nnooTaoH oflHoro HBJieHiw •* MexaHH3Ma BocnpunTHH panii/T eK C T a. KaKHe-To onpeflejieHHHe H o p - MH fleÄCTBJ r B C03HaHHH peilJIltHeHTa, KaKHe-TO HOpMH Hfl fyH K - UHOHiipyiOT.

fl3HK, OCOÖ0HHO nO3Tin6CKH0 H3HK, deCKOH0TOO BapH8THB0H.' B paMKax Te0peTHK0-M0ÄajiBH0fi ceMaHTHKH (jionraecKofi ceMaHTH- Kh) H C6M8HTHKH BM npH3Ha6TCH CymeÖTBOBaHH0 MHOSeCTBa BM, *’ SocTiotHMHX H3 peajiBHoro MHpa. KasflOMy H3 hhx oooTBeTCTByeT onpeflejieHHHfl Haöop npono3Him®* onHeBaranme cocTOHHHe A e x b stom Miipe. BapnaTHBHH cnocodu omicaHHji, dnocoöH ouemoi h oa- Ma oqeHKa HCTHHHore, BosMostHoro, fleflcTBHTeJiBHoro. Hap^ay c $H3HM0CKOÜ B03MO*HOCTBiO (efl COOTB0TCTByKT aJieTHHQCKHe MOfly- cti), cymecTByeT seohthmooican, skchojoriraecksh, aimcTeMirrecKaH B03M0JKH0CTB.

Meswy MOflaJIBHOCTBIO BHCKa3HBaHHÄ H MOSaJEBHOCTBK) T6KCT8 HeT n o jm o ro H30M0p$H3Ma. B 0CH0Be h t o ü , h s p y r o l i jreacaT n o -

- 93 -

HHTHfl ÄeÜCTBHTeJIBHOrO, B03M0KH0r0, H0OÖXOflHMOrO H HX OII0HK8

rOBOpHQHM. ÖO B .paMKäX MOâXLHOCTH BUOK83UB8HIIH (yCJTOBHH H0-

n o o p e ac T B e H H o ro oömeHui) ÄoficTByioT T a ia re n peflc iaB JieH H H oö hcthhhom/jioxhom, peajffiHOM/HppeajrtHOM, Koraa HHTeHCHOHajEbHan H 3K0eHCH0itaJEbHaH CeMaHTHKa HL npOTKBOnOCTaBJIQHK. B 0TJHTCH8 OT 3T0r0 XyHOX0CTB0HHHÖ T0KCT - 3T0 KOHCTpyKT, Tfle HITTT0 H0

HM66T 0fiH03HaHHOrO C00TH0IU6HHA 0 P08JIBHOCTBK). B P8MK8X T0K— OTOBOfi MOflajIBHOCTH 3HaH0HHH peaJTBHOro/HppeaJIBHOrO MOÄH$HI]Hpy—

10TCH. Ha HHX HaCJiaHBaiOTOH OOOÖ0HHOCT-. 3KOT0HCHOH8JIBHOft 00 -

M3HTHKH XyflOXeCTBOHHOrO T0KOT8. JlHTBpaTypHHÜ T6KCT - 3T0 IipO-

H3B0Ä0HH0, rfl0 BHCKa3HBaHH6 MOK0T ÖUTB HHT0HOHOH8 JIBHO HCTHH—

HUM, HO H6 0ÖH38T8JIBH0 3KCT0HCHOHaJH>HO HCTHHHHM. OHO MOX0T ÖHTB 3KCT8HCH0H8JIBH0 HSOIipeÄ6JI0HHHM. 1^0 IipOHCXOÄHT ASHCTBH0'

BO BCTaBHOÜ HOB0JWI0 0 M8HKypT6 B HOBBCTH ^.AÜTMaTOBa "H flOJIB-

106 B6K8 ÄHHT0H Ä8HB. . , B HOB0CTHX M.EyJITaKOBa "POKOBH0

H fina", "CcöaHBa c a p ro e "?

nep0aKU6HTyaiQiH 3HaH0Hiilt peajnbHoro/uppeajTBHoro, hcthh-

H oro/jioxHoro b xyaoxeoiBeHHOM to kc to onpefl0JiH0TCH cjieflyrauHMH

$aKTOpaMH: I) aaHpOBHMH OCOÖ0HHOCTHMH npOH3B0Ä0HHH} 2) HHflH— BBUtyajEbHO—OTHJI0BÜM CBO0OÖpa3H0M HpOH3B0Ä0HHH.

y^HTHBaH CJtOJJHy» O0M8HTHKy XyÄOX0CTB0HHOrO T0KCT8 (cOTO-

T8HH0 MHIM0HHH 0 Ä6ÄGTBHT8JIBH0CTH H BHMHOJ®), CJI8Äy0T TOBO-

pHTB HO 0 K0 OTROMvT,npOTHBOnOCT8BJI0HHH HÖTHHHOrO/OlOXHOMy, a

o npHopHTSTe oflHoro 3H8H0HHH nepea apyrHM.

B 38BHCHM0OTH OT KaT0ropHH MOflaJIBHOCTH - npH0pHT8T8 p 0 -

ajn>Horo hjih HppeajrbHoro moxho npe,mioxHTi> onpoaojreHHyio thiiojio-

THB T0KCTOB.

R u n npoCB8th t0JEtcKoro poMaHa h m h peajiHCTHê CKoro po- M8H8, JWH nCHXOJIOrH eOKOfl H $IUI0C0$CK0Ü npÖ3H, ÄttH BHKT0PH- aHCKoro poMiaHa hpsbob, mb. "paöoâro" poMaHa 60-x tosb , äjih coujiajn>Horo poM8Ha 30-x roaoB Hainero otojisthh xapaKTepeH npnopHTST peajiBHoro nepefl nppeajrbHHM.

ÄOH XanpOB, B. KOTOPHX fleBHaiJHH OT XH3H0HHOrO CTSHflapTa -

Hopjß, xapaK TepeH npH opureT nppeaJiB H oro n e p e n peajn.HHM. 3T0 repoH êoKHe hosmh, roTHHecKHfl po m sh , punapoKHfl poMaH, npH-

Kjno’ieOT8cicafl JiHTepaTypa, $aH Taothks, mh$h. To xe xapaKTepHo

äjih xyÄOxeoTBeHHoro. MOToaa rpoT ecK a , n m ep ö o jw , oa rapn , ö yp -

jiecK a , $ a p c a . 3aÄaHHooTB x a n p a h mstoab oöycJioBJorBaeT coot-- 94 -

HOUI0HH0 OCHOBHHX KOMIIOH0HTOB 3HaH9HJIH MO"'"rBHOCTH.IIpeflJioKeHHaH bhiiig TimojiorHH xaHpoB b cb h 3 h 'c pearai3araiel4

OCHOBHHX 3HaH0HHfi K8T6ropHH M0JI8JÜH0CTH (KM) MOX8T ÖHTB COOT- HeceHa c Traiojionrafi MosycoB BHMHCJia, pa3paöoTaHHofi H.CCpafieM £ 2 3 .

Oh n p e M a r a e T tihtb y p o b h b b h x p a a jn r n i ß , b 3aB H 0H M ocra ot To r o , KaK cnocoÖHOOTB r e p o a k seÄCTBino o o o t h o c h t c h o Harnefi C0ÖCTB9HH0Ä. E c jm CnOCOÖHOCTH repOH K A6ÜCTBHH) npGBHUiauT c n o - c o ö h o c t h c p e f lH e ro n e jio B e K a , JiHTepaTypHoe np0H 3B 6A eH iie x a p a K - T e p n 3 y e T 0 fl bhcokhm mhmqthhbckhm MOflyooM. H .ä p a f i p a a r p a m r mB89T KOJtOT0CTB0HHO H KaHQCTBQHHO ÖOJI00 BHCOKHÜ ypOB0HI CIIO- COÖHOCT60. KaH6CTB0HHO ÖOJI00 rMCOKHÄ MOflyC HJUIIOCTpHpyMT MH- $ h , KOJnnecTBOHHO - pHiiapcKU0 poMaHu, JiereHAH, bhookho KJiac- CHH0CKH6 TparOÄHH, 3IUIH0CKHe Ö03MH.

JiHTepaTypHoe npoH3B0Ä0HH0 m okst xaparaepH 3obstbch hh3- KHM MKMGTHH0GKUM ypOBHGM - CIIOCOÖHOCTH TOPOGB HHK0 OIIOCOÖHO- CTeii cpeflHero HejioBeKa. K HHCJiy tbk h x np0H3L8Ä8Hntt o th o c h tc h HH3K8H KOM0ÄHH HaUiGrO BP0M0HH, aÖCypflHCTCKH0 IipOH3B0fl0HHfl. KH3KH1i MHM0THH0CKHÜ ypOB0HB HJUDOCTpupyiOT repOH ^.HaiUHHa. IIO mh€hhio Span, ,repofa %mmHa - m8ji6hbkhü H8 Jiob0 k , KaK aoprBaapOHHK HJIH 3JIOCM8CTBH BHOBB npKÖJUma9TCH K MH$y • Bo3MOÜtHOOTHre p o e s öjeh3kh k HauniM b counajiBHO-ÖHTOBOM poMaHe, b pombho oCp0£HeM H0JIOB0K0.

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11 'Distance' and 'pet-epeotive' are the two chief modali- tiee of that regulation of narrative Information that is mood" C3» p.162}. /■

"floou is the name given to the different forms of the verb that are used to express the different points of view from whioh the j ife or the aotion is looked at" (3, p.16 1].

ü o jih m oäM bh oo tb xapaK T ep sa « a a tb k h x th h o b noB0OTBOBa- h z h , r f le nocTQHHHO K3MeHasToa $OKyo. üpHMepaMH MoryT cjiyxHTB "M aaau B ccapH " to o ö e p a , r « e to h k q S 3peH ka Ö h bbo t t o to ^ k b speH F* ID apra, t o 3 im h , "%m h apooTB" fo jncH epa, r a e h o b o c t - BOBaHHe n e p en o p y ^ a eT o a t o EedflXH, 70 KBSHTHHy, t o «üssftcoHy, "Mbhoh JleoKo" a ö ö a x a IIpeBo h uH orne a p y ra e npoH3B0A0hhh m h- poBofi Jo rrep aT y p u ..

C npoÄneMofi $OKyca z so ö p a x e H z a OMUKauTca noHaTHa "Öjqdk- H e ro /aaJiB H ero jro n y ca" [ 4 ] , "EamsHufi aoK yo" xapaK T epnayeT oa 3aMKHyT00T£D HB JOtpH^SCKOM O yöl0K T6. 3T0 OÖJBOTB H0CBOÖOÄH 3anojuuB0iiuax 00 npe^MeTOB z aBAOuafl,- o ö jb c tb Miicurett h h y b c tb . B T opaa oÖJiaoTB - "aaJiBHHfl Ji0Kyo" - He hm oot npooTpaHCTBSH-

" HHX H BP0M0HHUX PpBHHq. ÜHHTBHCTHTI0CKHM CpOflOTBOM BHpa»0HHH "Öjm xHoro JioKyoa" aB Jw eT ca JieKOHKa, T aroT onm aa k o 6 o 3 i m e - HHB nOHHTHÖ,1 CHTHH$HKaTOB H* H0 HM6KXUaa P0BJIBHHX p0$ep0HTHHX aH ajio roB . CpeacTBOM BHpaxeHHH "sa^B H ero jtoK yca" a s n a e T c a A0HOTaTHBHaa JieKCHKa, TaroTeiom aa k odosH aram no npeflMeToB BH0UHOrO MHpa.

BHeuiHHft h BHyxpeHHHÜ $o k y o H30Öpaxeraw, 6 jn m a & h flajn>- hhü JiOKyc $HKCHpymca H3HK0BHMH cpsflOTBaMH, nepesarauHMH MO-

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ÄSJib h o c t b . Ilep$opMaTHBHH6 h MOflycHHe r j ia ro J iH n epeflaioT BHyT— peHHKMO n03HKHK) (ÖJBDiCHHfi JIOKyc) . ' "M BSMHHfi ÖO0! ÜOKO0 H8M TOJIBKO CHHTCH. CKB03B KpOBB H HUJIB.. . JI0THT, JieTHT CT0II-.Han Koöujnma / H m h s t k ob hjib..." (A.Ejiok). Moflycmrä rjiaroji onncuBaeT ms h t s j i b h o s c o c t o h h h b oyÖteKTa.

BBOAHH0 CJIOBa, BHpa*aHB(H0 OOMH0HH0, npOÖJI0MaTOTHOOTB, CKop©0 cJiyataT ju ik BHpa»0HHH aajiBHoro JioKyoa (noMoraior 3a-EHTB BH0UIH1OIO n03HUino).

She dldn't make a sound, she seemed so surprised, I got the pad I'd been holding in my pooket right'across her mouth and nose ... (J.Powlta. The Colleotor). Perhaps you want a good, story for your film? Well, it isn't a good story. He just feil off, that's all (J.Mortimer. Charade).

MOflBJIBHOOTB BH0K83HB3HHH H T0KCTOB3H MOflaJIBHOOTB MOryTÖ h tb npoTHBonocTaBJi0HH 0iU0 no OÄHOMy napaMOTpy: skciüihiiht- h o c tb /h m id ih i i h th o c tb . CpajtcTBa B H paK ehhh mojib ~ b h o c th BHCKasn— B3HHH HeOJIHOKpaTHO OÜHCHBaJIHCB H npeflCTaBJWBOT COÖOfl KOH0HHHÖ HHB0HTapB: H3KJIOH6HH0 KSK HflpO H3HKOBO0 KaTerOpHH MOflajIBHO- OTH, KOMMyHHK3THBHU0 H CTpyKTypHH0 THIIH np0flJIOK0HHH, JI0KOH- H0CKH0 H JI6KCHKO—rpaMMaTHMBCKH9 Cp0ÄCTBa - MOflaJIBHaa JÜ0KOH- Ka, 110 pJopMaTHBHHe h MOflycHH0 rjiaroJiH, aBTopH3yniai0 koh- CTpyKijHH, cjiOBOOÖpa3OBaT0jiBHH0 cpejicTBa - payable, inoonaol- able, oapable (cy$$HKO - able), onocoÖHHfl, yuapHHii (cy$- $gKC - H ) H flp.

Cp0ÄCTBa BH paxeHHH TeKCTOBOfl MOflaJIBHOCTH 0Q6 IipeflOTOHT U3yMHTB T aK JK0, K8K üpeflCTO H T OnpefleJIHTB HX paC ip)8Ä 0JI0H H 0 n o OT0PHOÜ H H0pH$0pHitHOft 30H8M. HapJWy 0 JIHHrBHCTH'IS CKHMH Cp0flCTBaMH CJI0Äy0T yTOTHBaTB H 9KCTpaJIHHrBHCTHH0CKH0 C p 0 f l -* ’ CTB3 - HJI0H0HH0 T0KCT3, K0MnO3HUJÖ0 npOH3B0fl0HHH, BMÖHBaJI0HT— h o o t b c y ö tO K T a ( c p . c APyrHMH K aTeropH H M H T e K C T a ) . E c jih mo-flaJIBHOCTB BHCK33. J3HHH BHpasa0TCH 3KCIUIHHHTH0, TO TSKCTOBaH M0A3JCBH0CTB M03K6T BH paxaTBOH KaK 3KCIU1HIIHTH0, TaK H HMIUIH- UHTHO.

TeOpHH 3H3M0HHH BKJIKmeT « B a OCHOBHHX ÖJIOKa - T0OPHK) p e tp e p e m jm i h Te opino ynoTp0Ö ji0H H H. TeopHH y n o T p 0Öji0HHH O T pa- »aeT noHCK KOMMyhhk3Thbhhx napaMeTpoB HSHKa, oöecn8HHBaKaiHX H0 aÖCTpaKTHHÜ OÖM0H H H $opM auH eß, a peajiBHHft npOII0CC o ö m e- hhh, KOTopuii BKJDOHaeT He tojt&ko HH$opMaTHBHoe cosepaaHHe bh-

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CK83HB8HHH, HO B B03fleliCTBB€i HS a f lp a C a T a , ynpaB Jt8HB8 e r o f l6 B - Tejn>HocTBR [ 5 , O . I 3 ] . PaccMOTpGHHe t o jib k o p e fte p e H u a a jiB H o ro a c n e K T a - sH aêH B it b c t b h h o o t b / jio x h o o t b n p o n o sau B B » J io r i r e e - CKOlt C0BM6CTBM0CTB/H6C0BM6CTBMOCTB OHHCHBaeMHX COÖHTHÄ H6 BCMepnHBaeT aHajni3 KaT9ropaB MoâjiBHOCTH.

CeMaHTBKa flOjntHa öuti. ßonojmeHa nparMaTBKoft. n p a raaT B -

êcKBÜ acneKT BucKaauBaHiiH, KaK k3B6ctho, coflepacaT HH$opMa-

m no oö ycjioBBHx KO’.iMyHHKanjiH, y^HTUBaeT $aKTop pojibbhx o th o -

iueHHfi, OTHxiaeT pa3Hooöpa3HHe âHHue, KOHueHTpHpyromaecH b o -

Kpyr roBopnmero cyöteK T a. K3yqeHire nparM aTBvecKoro KOHTeKOTa

3HaM6HyeT nepaxoa o t aHajm3a CTaÖHJiBHoro 3naneHHH k anajm sy

]I3M8OT3IB0r0 COflepaaHBH BHCKaSHBaHHH.

B o T Jn rm e o t t s opeTHKO—MO.uajibhoIä JioraK H b e e MaTeMaTH- necKoro aHaJiora - jrorHKH b o 3mohchhx m b p o b , rae ocHOBHHe co- AepKaTeJttHbie KaTeropaH c b o ä h t c h k othoid8h h h m npeîomeHaH k ÄefiCTBBTeJIBHOCTH, B IiparNiaTB'i-CKOM K0HTeKCT8 IIBHTPOM CMNC.TO- Boro npocTpaticTBa cTaHOBiiTcn HeJioBeK. 3H8HeHMe npaoöpeTaeT n o B ejisH H ec k b ü x a p a ic r e p , a BHCKaaHBaHHe oKasHBaeTCH hsotjig.th— m h m o t nparwaTBHecKoß CBTyaujm. K c t h h h o c t b b u c k s Su b s h h h 3a-BHCBT H8 TO.TTf.KO OT B03M0KH0r0 MHpa, HO B OT KOHTSKOTa B erO

KOopHBHaT - roBopnmero, cjiyraaranero, b p s m c h b , MecTa, spyrwMn CJI0B3MB, o t noJioaeHHH Bemafi [ 6 ] .

y^BTH Ba« H 3Jio"e H H oe, mokho irpe,mi°'<HTB tyiesyioinyro thito- JIOraK) K0HT6KCT0B ÄttH aHaJIH3a K a T e ro p iT ' MOJtaJIBHOCTH. O.HHaKO BM8CT0 TepMBHa "KOHTeKCT" B ÄajTBHefillieM ÖyS6T HCnO.Tn>30BaTBCH TepMBH " $ oh" n o aH ajio rH H c TepMBHOM, npejyioxtUH U M A .K p a T iie p " b a o k g r o u n d " C ? ] . npeflnoH T eH H e Önjio OTflaHO 3T0My TepMHHy,TaK ■ KaK OH M03C8T BMSUtaTB CBTyaTHBHyiO B KOHTSKCTya.TBHyTO BH-

$opMaiiBK):

I. Pe3JIBCTBH8CKBÜ CBTyaTBBHHÜ $0H (cOBMeiUGHHG BHTeHCBO— HaJIBHOfl B 3KCT8HOHOHajIBH(jK CeMaHTHKH) - TO, HTO JIT.ieeT M6CT0 HJIH M0K6T HT'GTB M6CT0 B peaJIBHOM MBpe: JJ.OHB 3aöyjI0T, * 8 Ha H3M6HHT , f l p y r npejiacT, Bce n p o x o ^ B T , n p o x o f l ir r , h o o u m ö c h Ö83aaJI00THHa 3KKJI83HaCT, HH^STO H8 npoxoflHT (C , JlanKBH) .

To, hto mh BocnpaHBMaeM Ö j i a v o p s jm peajiacTaqecKOMy ca- TyaTHBHOMy $OHy e ctb CBoero posa 9X0 b bocitphhthb, cootb8t- CTByiomee HamaM npeÄCTaBJieHHHM. BHanajie BHCBe^HBaioTCB Kaicae- to Beginne hctehh - ckocoöhoctb jnojieß k H3MeHe, 3aÖB8HHio,

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npeflaT ejB O T B y. ß a j ie e npoHcxoflHT ynopaHOHeroie H aniero o m rra h 2 3 d T o ro yTBepwaeHHH cjieflyeT e r o ododinajomaa e tw a h hsk o h o iiB03HHXaeT HOBHfi CMHOJI - H03T BCTynSOT B Cnop 0 MOpaJIblO 3 K - m ie sH a c T a .

2 . H ep ea jm o T m ecK id t cH Tyath bh uA $ oh - t o , h to M orjio d uHM8T1 MS CTO, HO H6 np0H30DUT0: KOIVia d H6 BOdJieCTHafl KpOBL / Temia d Bac - a d MojinajiÜ.HeKpacoB)."BeTepmaTaeT »3deHKy ydory». / Beci paasajiiuica obhh. / Cjiobho ma-UBHafl noituia h ®o- poron / He nonaaaTCH jeh cuh? / B3hji du Tonoprat - deaa nonpa- BHMaa. / Haao jn>? Tonop npoflaio" (H.HeKpacoB).

3. 3nncTeM0Ji0rnHecKHil CHryaTHBHufi $oh (t o , hto H 3Be- ctho) : “fl 3Haio, hto M iroro nyaecHoro b h ä h t 3eMna, / K or.ua Ha 3aKaTe oh npaneTca b MpaMopHufi rpoT (H.ryMimeB).

I only know what hunteä thought/ Quickened his step and why/ He looked upon the garish sky/ with suoh wistful eye (0.Wilde).

4. CoHeiaHHe peajmcTHHeCKoro h snHCTeMOJiorHHecKoro $o- H a: H CKaxy T ed e c n o c a e a H e it / u p h m o to ü : / B ce anniB dpeuH H , uieppH-dpeHflH / A h ts ji m oä. TaM, r a e s /u a m y c H an a / K p aco T a . / MHe K3 nepHUx a u p SHHJia / CpaMOTa. TpeKH cdoH m w H EüieHy /Oo BOJiHaM, / Hy a mhb - co jieH o ö neH oü / no ry d a M . • '

S flec i. c jrea y eT otmothtb Ty HeMajioBaxuyio pojn>, K0T0pyn H rp aeT noaT sn ta ac c o a n a u irf! b K HTepnpeTaixhh KapTHHU MHpa, o d - nme $ohobh6 3 Ha hhh ro B o p a m e ro h CJiymaTejxa; kük aauK O B ue,TaK h H eaauK O B ue. K bk bhähm , 3,necB npHcyTOTByeT nepfopM aTH B - h h ü r j i a r o j i " c K a x y " . OjKHaico B ce BHCKa3HBäHne npe,ucTaBJw eT c o - dofi KOCBeHHHÄ peHOBOfi aKT H O3HaHa0T 3HaHHT0JIBHO dOJIBUlö, HeM n p o c T a a KOHCTaTamw onpeflejieHHHX 'i J ö k to b . Oho b H6k o h b 0h u h o ~ HajEbHOfl $opM e coflepatHT nodyacfleHEe, HanpaBJieHHoe Ha c jiym aT e- js z h jih HHTaTGJiH, pa3flejfflTB Ty o iiem cy , K OTopaa a a e T c a b 3 k c - n03HUHH K CTHXOTBOpeHHIO. MjUIOKyTHBHafl CHJIH 3 T 0 r0 BUCKa3HBa- HHH BHXOflHT 3a paMKH p6Iip636HTaTHBa -H HMTUmUHTHO npeO TOJia- r a e T a p y ry io nponoam iH io c a p y r i a i KJiJiOKythehh- ’ B03fleficTBH9M - H8 npOCTO HHlJOpMaUHH, a HaBH3HBaHH6 OnpefleJISHHOfi KapTHHH MHpt..

5. jC[eOHTHHeCKHfl OHTyaTHBHHÄ $OH - TO HTO IipHKa3aH0.I „lever saw a man that looked /with such a .whiatful

eye /upon that little tent of blue/which priaoners call- 9 9 -

the sky... The man had killed the thing he loved/ and so he had to die (0.Wilde).,

6 . CTepOTHÜHUß CHTyaTHBHHÄ $0H - T O , TOO OÖHHHO HMÖ8T M e c T ^ ü o Benepa.M Hajt pecTopaHaMH / ropffralt B03flyx otk h r jiy x , / h npaBHT OKpintaMH übhhhmh / BeceHHHfl h matbo ph h Ajsyx. / / H Kaxjiyfl B en ep , 3a uwardayMaMH / 3ajiBMHBafl k o to jü x h ,/CpeOT K8H8B ryjIfDOT 0 fl8M8MH / HcnuTaHHue OCTPHKH. / / H K ax-

B6H0P, B nao Ha3HaM6HHH0 / HjDb 3T0 TOJIBKO CHHTOfl MH0? / ÄeBOTHfi CT8H, mejncaMH cxBa^eHHufl, / B TyMaHHOM flBJriTCH ok- He / (A.Ejiok) . *M B e » ÖHBajio oxotho / lltaa th ko mh8 B enap- KOM. / KaK MH Ö TOÖOfi Ö633BÖ0TH0 / BeoeJtH ÖHJDI BÄB08M / “ (H .H eK pacoB).

He was in the fields, when 1 set out.He was in the fields, when X came back.Xn between, what long hours,.What centuries must have elapsad (F.C.ToMac). npeflJtoseHHafl Bnme TrnioJioraH npaBHJi onHcamw moabjibhhx

CHryaiflifl onpewJWST xapaKTep no3HaBaT6Jii>HHX npoiieccoB. 3ühc- TeMOJrorinecrjöi h peajiHom eciaifi (odoTojrreJiBCTBaHHHß) uppßtt- hhä $oh npeÄnojiaraxiT paajanHy» KaTeroproaipno faKTOB.

' Ectb eiae oflHH Bawatft aonexT M0flajri>H0CTH — ee cbsbb o apryMeHTamiefi. Bume öhjb oflejiaHa nonuTKa noKa3aTB cbh3b mo- JESJIBHdOTH 0 HCTHHHOCTBE, KOTOpafl,. B CBOK) OHepe^B, CBH33Ha 0 api7M8HTarc0efi.

B paMKax «orHHTHBHoro noflxofla k hshky tökct noHHMaeTca KaK apryM eHT, KOTopafl MoaeT h3mbhotb M osejn MHpa b co3HaHim peqm raeH T a. Ilpa apryM eHTaiflra doJisnioe sHaneHze npnodpeT aeT . MOÄaJDbHOOTI) T6KCT0 - XapaKTep aKCH0JI0rHM8CKHX, £8 0HTHH8CKHXh f lp y ra x MOÄyooB, 3ajioseHHHX b hom.

E cjih BcnoMHHTB npoTHBonocTSMeHKe JiorHHecKofi h n p a rM a- THHecKoü apryM eH Tanjra, BocxoAfflqee eme k AHaJioräM ÜJiaTOHa,TO B03HH»aeT HHXOTOMHH: 3HaHHe/MH8HH8.

J Io n n e c K H mh9 hh8 - a x o jn o d a n KorHHTHBHan e j u n a m a , ko- Topafl M0X6T ÖHTi HCTHHHOfi HJIH JTOKHOfi B KaKOM—JtHÖO B03M0ÜCH0M MHpe. 3 h8 hh6 - onpaB flaH H oe MHeHHe. B HHflHBHuya jq > hoä ko |thh - THBHOfi CHCT6M6 paSJOTDlfi MÖSfly 3H3HH8M H MH0HH8M MOJK0T H9 ÖHTB. B.Ä PyraX CHOT0M3X OHa 0C T B . JlpyrHMH CJIOBaMH, MH0HH0 -

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HCTIJHHafl HJIH JI0EH3H HH$0pMaI0W 0 BOSMOXHOM WIE ABltCTBHTBjlB- HOM MHpS • MHeHHH C03flaKIT 3H8HH6.

JIorireeoKaH apryM eH raqE a ooneTaeTCH c a J ie tm e c k h m M oay- c o m . Ee cpeflCTBa B upaxeHEs - c ip y x T y p a npejyioxeHHH (^aiqe n o -B0CT3OBaT6JIbHH0) , H8KJIOH0HIIH (OÖITOHO H3MBHTBJIBH0B ) H AP.IIparM aT inecK afl apryM eHTanjm Hcnojn>3yeT aKCHOJiorireacKHe mo- ay cH . Ee cpeacT B a Bupaxem iH - MoaajiBHua r ^ a r c m i , aB T opioyio- i4He KOHCTpyKiom h A p. E cjih b .nonwecKOfi apryM eirrauKH o ö a s a - TejiLHuil KOMTiOHeHT — np0n03HDH0HajiBH08 coaepK aH H e, a sm ouho- H ajüH u e, 3K cnpecoiiB H ue, 3M0UH0HaJiBHHe kom hohb h th — $8Kyjn>Ta— th b h h , t o n p n nparM aTirea CKofi a pryMBHTa u hh nocjieflHHe He $ a - KyjIBTaTHBHH, & 0Öfl33Te 1BHH'.

Äna coBpeMeHHOü c0B6TCK0ß n p o su xapaiwepHO BaanMoaefl- ctbhb jiorHHecKoß h nparMaTirqecKOü apryMeHTaujiH, pa3BepruBa- hhb xyaoütecTBeHHofl tkbhh npoasBeaeHiw Ha $0He hctophko-$hjiooo$CKofi KOHuenmra. ÄocTatomho oöpsthtboh k tskhm bhb8Buihmch npoH3B9fleHHHM Haumx ÄHefl, Kax "H hskb h oyÄbÖa" B .rpoocM aH a, "MyKHKH h ö aö u " E.M oscaeBa, "toK yjtbTeT HBHyxHux Beiqeß" * 10,JlOMÖpOBOKOrO.

IIpHBefleM o tp u b o k H3 poMaHa E.MrwsaBBa "MyxHKH h da d u " , HJunocTpHpyionirft neperweTeHHe xyRoscscTBeHHOfi h nyöjnnxHCTBrae- CKOfi MaHepu H3Jiojk6hhh: "TaK b o t aanoMHHTe: o tuom paH H ero K0MMyHH3Ma CHHTaeTCH rp a rac E a d e f . Mapxo öh ji ao k to p o m , y q e -HHM M0JIOB0KOM, e r o K0MMyHB3M HB XaXflOMy HOHHT0H, OK OTOflBH—r a s T c a b flaJiBKoe ö y sy m ee . A y 3 T o ro sxaeM m inpa bcb npocTO, Kax ÄBamuH ÄBa - HBTupe ( . . . ) Ha#o B oex ypaBHHTt HMymecT- B 6hho! To b o tb He deflHHX noATHHyTB k doraTHM, a d o r a r a xHH3B6CTH AO ypOBHH Ö0AHHX. H CÄ0JI3TB 3TO HBM0jyi0HHO, CJUtofi rocysapcT B eH H ofl BJiacTH ( . . . ) K o ra a HKodmom c e r o T eopneli npmiüra k bjbo t h , oh odBHHiw P od ecnB ep a b th p b h h h . A nocjie K33HH STOrO npaKTHKET, KOrfla C8M Eade$ 0T&H 3ar0B0pmHK0M, OH- y s e XBajnui P od acnB apa h odem a^ sota peumTejiBHee ypaBHHTt bcbx. Ho He y c n e ji : 0aM0My rojiOBy OTpydlüm" Ci,oh. 1 9 8 7 . JS 2 ) .

TaKHM odpaäOM, o ^ b b ü h h o , w o MOÄBJtapoBamie n p o u e c c a n o - POTO6.1HH H BOCnpHHTHH peHH CBH8ftHO 0 MOflaJUHOCTBIO. OTCKfla B03p0CHJHfi nOBC0M0CTHO HHTepBO X K3y^6HtC0 MOflaJIBHOCTH. ErO MOKHO CPcBHHTL C "dyMOM" HC0JWÄ0B8KJIÄ HO M0Ta$OpB. B OCHOBB B03pocmero HHTepeca k Hsy^löW MCuMuaMOOTH jibsht paccMOTpe-

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HH6 H3HKa K8K OpeflCTBä OOIflKUIBHOrO B3aHM0flefiCTBHH, y.HfeT H0- AOBeneoKoro $a«Topa,•B03MasH0CTeß h3hkb khk cpeacTBa bos-flefiOTBHfl Ha C 03HSHH6 HHÄHBHflyyMa.

npHlwöTOHHH1 . CejgreeB B.M. KorHHMBHHe mötoäu b coujiajaHKX hccjib-

SOBaHHHX // HSHK H MOÄ0jrapOBaHHe COipiajILHOrO B3aHMOfleflCTBHH<-• * I9Ö7•2 . P r y e N . A n a to m y o f C r i t i e i s m . - P r i n c e t o n , 1 9 7 1 .

3 . G e r a r d G e n e t t e . N a r r a t i v e L i s c o u r s e . - B a r il B l a c w e l l , 1 9 8 6 .

4. UMHPHOB H.A. IIpjnHHHO—CJI0ÄCTB6HHH8 CTpyKTypil n03TH- necKHX npoH3BefleHH0: HccwremoBaHUH no hosthks h cthjihcthkq. - JI 1972

* ’ 5. Ä3HavpoBa 3 .C. üparMaTHKa xynoxecTBeHHoro CJioBa. -Tsiuksht 1988.

6 . ’ s t a l n a k e r R .O . P r a g m a t i c s / / S e m a n t io s o f n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e , D . R e i d e l P u b l i s h i n g C o m p an y . - D o r d r e c h t - H o l l a n d ,1972«

*7. Op. MOflaJiiHyio tfasy b HccJiejTOBaHHH: K r a t z e r a . T he B o t i . ' n a l C a t e g o r y o f M o d a l i t y / / W . r d s , W o r ld s a n d C o n - t e x t s . New A p p r o a o h e s i n W ord S e m a n t i o s / B d . b y H a n s J ü r g e n E ik m e y e r a n d H a n n e s R i e s e r . - B . j N .Y . , 1 9 8 1 .

T.JI.lllyBepoBa (HeÖOKcapu)KOMMyHHKATHBHO-MSEBAfl CEMAHTHKA H THTM KOMM}iuXATHBHHX yCTAHOBlCB TEKCTE MTEPATyPHOH IIAPQflHH

B nocjiSÄHHe rojH aHa^hreJiBHO B03poc HHTepec k kommyhh-K8THBHKM acneK T aM H3HK8. ÜGpaMQmeHHe 8KQ6HTa C H3UK3 KaK

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KOMMyHHKaTHBHO-®rHKB(HOHaJIBHaH II0JIOCTHOCTB, "rJiaBHHÜ KOHCTHTyHpynmH® faKTop TeKCTa" [ I , c . 39], opraHH3yrawifl; ero K3K CJKMCHO0 CTpyKTypHO—CSMaHTHHeCKOe 6ÄHHCTB0, COCTaBJIHST ocHOBy MHornx äq$hhhue0 h THnojiorireecKHX KjraccH$HKauHfi tsk - ctob [ 2 , c .105]. üparMöTiraeckhä aHajms KOMMyHmcaTHBHHX na-

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MQTpOB TSKCTa OpraHERHO B0ÜJ8JI B pyCJIO HaHÖOJiee HHT9H0HBH0 pa3paßaTHBaeMiix npoÖJieM cobpsmshhoü KOMMymncaTHBifoft jjh h tb h - CTHKH [ 3 ] ,

OÖmeH3B0CTHH0 TepMHHOJIOrHneCKHe OOJIO3KH0HHH B OÖJKCTHnparM aTinockhx nccjieflOBaHnft hmbjih cbohm pe3yjn»TaT0M ho tojibko pa3HOHT8HH0, ho h pa3jnrmyra TpaKTOBKy noHnrafl "nparMaTH- 'lecKafl ycTaHOBKa", "nparMaTireecKaH HanpaBJieHHocTt" t s k c t s , M.P.raJtBnepHH o th o c h t nparMaraMecKyio ycTanoBKy k ceMaHTine- ckhm KaT©ropuHM: "B cboio oH0p0® nparMaTHrooKan ycTaHOBKa nOHHMSSTCH KaK USJTB COOÖ1H0HKH, KOTOpaH B 3HaHHT0JIBHOil C"0n0- HH np0ÄOnp0fl0JIH0T Hfl0HTH$HKaUHK) JIHHTBHCTHH8 CKHX XapaKT0pH- CTHK. 3Ta yCTaHOBKa JI0HCHT B OCHOB0 OTÖOpa H3HK0BUX CpeflCTB H HX KOMÖHHaTOpHKH" C4 , C .1 9 ] , ü p arM aT H K a ra 3 0 T H H v ütaHpOB CMemaeT $OKyC Ha BO3ß0iiCTByiOmKß nOT0HUHajI H3HK0BHX C p0flC T B . IlparMaTHMSCKHü acnercr to k c tb xapaKT0pK3yeTCfl KaK "ocosHaH- HH0, HaMepeHHHS BO3fl0ÄCTByiOIHH0 yOTp0MJI0HHH ajôcaH T a, conpo- BOJWaiOmHG COÖCTB0HHO CMUCJIOBO0 COfl0pStaHH0 BHCK83UBaHHH H aapecoBaHHoe aapecaTy" [ 5 , c .1 0 7 ] ,

IltepoKHü paswax nparMaTKêcKHx HccjisôBaHHü ctHMyjoipoBah

noBumeHHHM KHTepecoM k yâcTHincaM KOMMyHHKaTHBHofl CHTyauHH

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paKypc ocBemeHHH npoÖJioMH - BKjnraeHH0 nparM aTiraecKofi yo T a -

HOBKH B ÖOJie~ MaCiüTaÖHHÖ K0HT6KCT 0011(01! KOMMyHHKaTHBHOß Ha- npaBJieHHocTH t q k c t s , oÖHapyjtHBaraueli b cbogä CTpyKTyp© KaK

ÖU npoeKUJIK) P0JIHUHOHHHX 3aBHCHMOCT0ß BC0X K0MII0H8HT0B KOM-

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nocTaHOBKa h peuiemre no MemmeH M0po flByx 3afla^:

1 ) Onpefl0JIGHH0 OÖm0fi KOMMyHHK8THBHOfi HaqpaBJIOHHOCTH T 0K C T 3, HCXOflH H3 p03yjIB T aT O B nOÄpOÖHOrO JtHHrBHCTH'10 CKOrO aHajnrea (jieKCHMecôro, rpaMMaTime CKoro, T0KCTOBoro) ;

2) nOCTpO0HH0 MOfl0JDI KOMMyHHKaTHBHHX yCTaHOBOK T0KOT8 b Hanpabjig hhh , 3aaaHH0M npoeKDjreß cxgmu pojihhhohhhx KöMMy- HHKaTHBHHX 3aBHCHMOCT0Ü H OÖOÖIH0HH0M flaHHHX C0ÖCTB8HH0 H3H- K O B oro a H a j iH 3 a .

T0KCT KaK npoayKT KOMMyHHKaTHBHOfi A0HT0JIBHOCTH TOBOpH- mero/oTnpaBHTeJiH TeKCTa (r) npeflCTaBJiH0T coöofi onpeaöJi0HHUM 0Öpa30M 3aK0flHp0BaHHyio migjopMaujBo, cojwpstamyio b c o o tb b t-

’ ‘ - 103 -

CTBHH C KOMMyHHKSTHBHUM HSM^SHHSM T 0TpaK8HH8 OCMHCJIOHHOrOhm fp a iiie H T a oöbskthbhoÜ ä 6Mctbh t6^b hoctii h npejma3Ha^0HHyro jy w CJiymatg jih/ nojiynaT gjih TSKCTa. Cjudshsh KOH$Hrypamw 3aBH— CHMOCTeß, OBflSHBaromafl r C ÄPyrHMH KOMnOHQHTaMH KOMMyHHKa- THBHOß CHTyauHH / CJiyiL'aiaimM - C, BHCK83HB8HH6M / T0KCTOM - T, aeÜCTBHTG JT&HOCTLiO - fl / , , OTpaxeHa B KÖMmiGKCHOfl KOMMyHH— KaTHBHO-USJieBOM CSMaHTHKe T8KCT0. KoMNiyHHKaTHBHaH C TpaT eriw r CTPOHTCH C yM8T0M OdmerO KOMMyHHKaTHBHOrO H3Mep8HHH H OpHBHTaUHK r 0TH0GHT6.HBH0 KaStflOrO H3 K0MII0H6HT0B KOMMyHHKa- THBHOH CHTyaDJIH.

B nepBOM 3B8H6 KOMMyHHKaTHBHOif peJÜHOIH "rOBOpflUUlfi - SeflOTBHTe^BHOOTB" p8JI8BaHTHa 3aBHCIWIOCTB P - fl, npH 3TÖM BpaMKax T8KCT0B0r0 anajmaa pejieDaHTHo mnejieme anHCTSMOJiorn- necKoft h aKCHOJorpnecKoß OU8HOK. OöpaTHan CT.opoHa pejummi fl - T - 3T0 umpoKHfl Kpyr npodjiGM, CBjraaHHux c onpe#eji9HneM MecTa T b OKpyjicaiaiieM ero Miipe. OTpasceHHan b tbkctg, 3Ta 3aBn- chmoctb bhikmhh6T MeTaKOMMyHHKaTHBHyH (JjyHKUHK), Hanpiaiep, B Biwe KH$opr;BixnH o coujiajiLHOM cTaTyce T h t.ä.

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SeilB KOM.r/HUKaTHBHOfl CHTyailHH. 3aBHCHMOCTB r - C OTpaSaeT nparM aTHM ecKyio opneH T aipno o T n p abutq j i r tgkctb . B pycjio npar- M aTHqecKofi o p n eH T am « i KJ.ieioT BHXOfl Bce s p y r n e ycTaHOBKii T eic - CTa: oueHOHHaH, ratpopMaitHOHHaH, (popr.iajnra0BaHH0-H3UK0naH. flOMHHaHTHaH poJn> n p a rM aT im ecK o fi ycT anoB K H 3ajiaH a ne tojilko OCOÖilM nOJIOJK8HHeM H OCOÖHM XapaKTGpOM OTHOIHGHHÖ T 'H C, T.8. o n p ese jieH H o ß co rjiaco B a iiH o cT B io k o wr-iyHHKat k b h oro HaMeperaui r c KOMMyHHKaTUBHHMH 3anpocaMH C. IVraBHoe - sto Henocpen- CTB8HHaH COOTH0C0HHOCTB STOß 3aBHCHM0CTH C OÖineÜ QeJIBIO, KOM- MyHHK8THBHHM HaM0p0HK8M T .

OHeBHRHyto 38BHCHM0CTB B 3TOM 0TH0UI8HKH ^ßMOHCTpiipy0T ra30THHfi T8KCT, H3B8CTHHK CBO0M nparMaTHHGCKOfi "BHIiyKJIO—CTBIO", HGorpaHHM6HHHMH KOHBIOHKTypHHMH B03M0KH0CTHMH, Onepa- THBHOfi OnOCOÖHOCTBK) COOTB0TCTBOBaTB 3anpOCaM MHTaT6 JIBCKOß ayÄJITOpHH, y’DITHBaTB 06 COCTaB, H3M6HGHHH. OÖlliafl U;ejI6BaH yCTaHOBKa CpGflCTB MaCCOBOfi KOMWiyHHKamill - MH$OpMHpOBaHHG - K0-pa3H0My npeJiOMJraeTCH b ra3eTHHX TGKCTax pa3jihhhlix scaH- poB. B KpaTKOM rabeTHOM ooodmeHini, opueiiTiipoBaHHOM Ha "h h - . cToe MHöopMHpoBaHHe", nparMBTnTie c k ä k m o m g h t b 3nawsjrBHoß

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CT8II6HH OTOÄBHHyT H8 BTOpofl IWaH, 0 TOM HBHO CBHßeT6JIBOTBy0T

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Ban ycTaHGfBica b joraepaTypHofi napojoni, M oryT onpeaejiHTB cne- HHpnty T9KCT8 Ha Bcgx ypoBHHx ero opramraaiiHH.

JtHT9paTypH8.H napOÄHH - CJIOJKHHfl CHHT93HpyiOIUHß -®8Hp, BO- dpaBimß b ceÖH TOpra komhtookhx, xyaoxre ctb0hhhx h kphthto- CKHX SaHpOB, B H0M CKÜIBHa 0II9H0^Hafl. Hanp8BJI9HH0CTB, OÖyCJIOB- JI9HH8H 9rO KPHTHTOCKOfl OpH0HT3UJ19it H KOMHTOCKHM H8TOJI0M, X8-paKTspHHM a m 3Toro »aH pa . OjmaKO cnemi$nKy n a poam , ee— ~

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C B oeo ö p aau e cooTaB Jm eT H rpOBan KOMMyHHKaTHBHan ycTaHOBKa, ko- T o p an a e jia e T napoflH » otjiothoö ot boqx a p y r n x aaH p o B .

H rpoßofi HaoTpofi napoOTCTa - s t o c r p e w ie m e y ä m ot p y - thhh ^y flH e tl, ot 3adÖ T , T p eB o r, HanpnaceHHocTH h T e r a a c o B p e - MeHHOfi JKH3HH, OT OTpSCCfi H doJI03H0fi B "HOBHÖ MHp" C e r o JIO- rHKOä oÖ paT H oro , b Mup KapHaBaJH>Hux K pacoK , arp a a J ie K c ro HeTCTBa. üajiH Tpa napoflHÄHofi mbckh cjionhd z MHoro3iiaMHa, b HSfl 0C0Ö6HH0 B8X6H MOTHB KapHBBaJIBHOfi MaCKH. Ha CJiyHaÖHO M.M.EaxTHH Ha3Baji napojono "flepHBam.i KapHaBajiLHofi MacKH", KOTopaa CBH3aHa c "pasocTBio 0M6H h irepoBonjiomeHHfi, c Becejiofi OTHOCHT0JII.HOCTI.IO,' c B0C0JMM *0 OTpHUBHHOM TOJHH0CTB8 H OflHO-3Ha^HocTH, c OTpHuaHHeM T y n o ro coBnaseHHH c caM m: coöofi;MacKa cbh3aHa c rrapexoflaMH, M0TaMop$o3aMH, HapyiueuuHMH ec-T0CTB6HH1IX TpaHHII, 0 OCM0HHH0M, np03BMqeM (bMGCTO HMeHH); B M3CK0 BOnJIOIH0HO HTPOBO0 Ha^aJIO EH3HH, B 0CH0B8 60 JI03KHT CO- BC6M -OCOOO0 B38HMOOTHODI0HH0 Ä00CTBI'T0JIBHOCTH H 0Öp83a, Xa- paKTepHoe jyw speBHeiturax oöpfmoBo-3pejmmHux $opM" [5,0.46-47].

B ueJioM ngpoflaßH afl n r p a - s t o c j io m jf i chht0 3 3JI0M6htob n p o c r a x Moa^jrapyioiAHX u r p o hx h t po b o ö HMMHTHpyromeß a o h to ju . - HOCTLL, H rpu KapaaBaJILHOit MaCKH C 00 npaSÄHHMHOCTtro, K0MH3- MOM, B6C0J1UM OTPHH3HH0M BC6rO H BCHJ COBP6M0HHHX HHT0JUI0K— Tyajn>HHX u r p o h x npoÖJieMHOcTLK) z cjiokhoctbio, npeBHOCHmnx .T'HHaMHSM H 3CT0THKy HHT6JÜI6iCTyajn.H0r0 yflOBOJIBCTBHH - HTP "HOBHX MHPOB" (M .B .H hKKTHh ) , C03HaKIUHX HrpOBO0 npOCTpaHCTBO COBM0H10HHHX H3M0P0HHÖ, H0yCTaHOBJI0HHHX TpaHHU, OÖpaTHOrj eMuejia.

COOTB0TCTB0HHO JffiHrBHCTjn6CKHÄ M6X8HH3M-napOflHÄHOft HT- pu, HBJIHHCI. pe$n0KCH0ß CJIOUCHOrO KOMMyHHKaTHBHOrO II6JI0BOrO KOMimeKca, oÖHapysHBaeT MHoroacneKTHyio OHHTesHpyramyio npirpo- ffy. M e Ä8ÜCTBKH JÖOirBHCTHHO CKOr0 M0XaHH3M8 napOflHpOBaHHH xapaKTopHH ojiesyiomHe T6hh0Huhh:

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- 1 0 6 -

2) peajm3aipiH stoS cooth0cöhhocth ocymecTBJweTCH b $op- M0 ÄByX pa3HOH3Itp£IBJI6HHHX npOI|eCCOB: ÄyöJmpOBaHHH' H TpaHC- (JopMauHii £6, c.7], b obh3h o 3tum jym napoflHH XapaKTSpHO Ha- j n m e «Byx imaccoB h3hkobhx em um i, - iiojihoctlio noBTopmouiHx oooTB0TCTByjmne eanHirnji opitraHaJia h Tpaac$opMiipoBaHHHx;

3) flByiuiaHOBOCTB, 3aflaiomaH ocoöuß daTyc hshkobhx b m ~ hhu napoflHH, K0T0pne OTjmawTCH cjiojkhoctwo 3HaK0B0Ö cipyKTy— pa roiaHa BHpaxehhh h iuaHa coflepscaHiw;

4) CBoeoöpa3HaH CMemeHHOCTB rpamm, KOTopan npoHBjmaTCJi b pa3MHTocTii ceMaHTHKH H3HK0BKX eflHHmi, odecne'niBaiomeß '0- raTCTBO accouHaTHBHHx CBH36Ü, b BHfle HapymeHH« CTpyKTypHHX rpaHHII (b 0$0pMJieHHH CJTOBa, CJIOBOCOMSTaHKHj npeflJIOJiteHHH H T.a.).

TpeTBe 3B6H0 KOMMyHHKaTHBHOft CHTyailHH, SaBHCHMOCTB "rO- BOpHmHfi - T6KCT", COXepiXHT KOMMyHHK3THBH0 p0JI8BaHTHyK) yCTa- HOBKy aBTOpa COOÖlUeHHH OTHOCHT0JII.HO C0ÖCTB9HHJ H3UK0B0ft H TexiraraecKoü ctopqhh opraHroarpiH BHCKa3HBaHiw/TeKCTa. Jtefl- CTBIie 3T0Ü yCTaHOBKH COnpHKSHO C OrpaHHqeHHHMH, BU3B3HHKMH cneiui$HKoii ?tca"poBofi $opMH, Tuna TeKCTa, ero pa3MepoB, coö- CTB0HHO A3HKOEHX eflilHKü, KOHCTpyHpyKIUHX TÖKCT. 3Ta yCTaHOB—Ka BTopH^Ha no OTHouieHiuo k nparMaTHêcKofi, ee peajmsaipiH bo MHoroM saBHCHT ot cyöi>eKTHofi h oöj>eKTHofi npanraTHHecKofi opn- eHTaujiH roBopfflnero.

* Tarana c 'pa30M, b KOMMyHHKaTHBHO-qeJreBofl ceMaHrmte t b k - CTa BH^0JIH8TCH CJIOSHHfl KOMIWeKC CMHCJIOBHX 30BHCHMOCT00, OT-paKaraiiHü ueJieByro opaeHTamno h ycTaHOBKH roBopamero othoch-TeJIbHO T3KHX KOMnOHSHTOB KOMMyHHKaTHBHOit CHTyaHüIH, K8K CJiy- maromHü, aeiicTBHTejn.H00TBf tbkct b p y c jie oömeÄ KOMMyHjncaTKB—c hoü 3axami coo6menm - nepefla^H H H ôpM aujra. CTpyKTypHan c x e - Ma KOMMyHHKaTHBHHx ycTaHOBok, 3aflaHHP!T npoeKUHeß KOMMyHHKa— THBHHX peJIHUHOHHHX 3aBHCHM0CTelt, JteaCHT B OCHOBB fyHKUHOHaÊi- HOii' MOêJIH KOMMyHHKaTIIBHKX yCT3H0B0K T8KCT3 . OyHKUHOEaJH>HH6 MOflSJIH KOMMy HHKaTHBHHX ycTaHOB OK XapaKTepH3yK)TCH H3B0CTHOß ycTofi^HBocTBio b np e,ue Jiax xcanpa. Pa3Hooöpa3He sanpoBHX $opM - 3T0 CJI0ÄCTEH0 BapHaTHBHOCTII MOfl8JIH. B I];eJIOM, MOfleJH KOMMyHH- KaTHBHhlX yCT3H0B OK OTOTWOTCa imaCTHKÖÜ H THÖKOCTBK). CMeme- HH8 OflHOrO 3JI6M0HT3 MOJ10JIH Befl0T K nep0MeiH9HHK) flpyrH X 3 J ie - MeHTOB H C00TB6TCTBeHH0 K MOBH$HKaE(HH BC0Ö MO.H6.ttH.

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npBMeTOHHH1 . A phojibä M.B. CTiumcTHKa ooBpeMeHHoro aHTJmfioKoro H3HK8. - S . , 1981.2 . Eflrep r . B . , K)xt B .JI. K nocTpoeHmo h TH nojronra t s k -

CTOB'*// ^MHTBHCTHKa TeKCTa: MaTepH8JIH HayHHOft K0H$ep8HQBB. - ^ . I . - M., 1974.3 . ÜBaHOBa T .n . K Bonpocy o npapMaTireeoKOM a c n e iT e a s y - HeHHH r a s e r a o r o TeKCTa / / KoMMyHincaTHE’u e h nparMaraHecKHe OOOÖ8HHOCTH T8KCTOB pa3JHTCHHX ÄSHpOB. - M., 1981 | .Mbkchmob C.E. nparMaTHHecraie h CTpyKTypHO-ceMaHTireecKHe ooo- Ö8HHOOTH TeKCTa MexsyHapogHoro floroBopa: ABTope$. w o . ... K a m . $hjioji. HayK.-KäeB, 1984: MaKciOTOBa O.M. H3h:dbh6 ope®- CTBa peajnoaipiH nparMaTinecKofi ycTBHOBKH b dpuTaHCKOÄ npec- ce ■ (Ha MBTepiiajie 3ar0Ji0BKa ksk KOMnoHSHTa TeKCTa) : ABTopef. ABO. ... Kaan. $hjioji. HayK.-M.. 1984; MaTBeeBa r .r . npoöie- mh nparMSTHKEt Hay^Horo TeKCTa (Ha MaTepnane pyccroro h hs- MeiQcoro h3hkob): ABTopef. ahc. ... Kann. $hjioji. HayK. - J I . , 1984 H ad.4 . TajEbnepHH H.P. 0 npuHujmax ceMaHTiroe ckoto aHajm3aOTHJDIOTineOKit MapKHpOBäHHUX OTP83KOB T0KCT3 / / IIpHHipmH H M8T0flH 08MaHTHH8OKHX HCCJICAOBaHHit. - M., 1979.5 . BaxTHH M.M. Tbop»mctbo flpancya Paöjie h HapoflHaa Kyjn>'."ypa cpeÄHeBeKOBtH h PaHeccaHCo. - M., 1965.

6 . CaJtOBa r . C . JlHHTBOCTIUIHCTHH8CKH8 0C0Ö8HH0CTH T8KCT8 SHTJIHfiCKOfl CTHXOTBODHOfi HapOflHH: A B T0p8$. AHO. . . . K8HA. $ a n o j i . HayK. ■‘•M ., 1 9 8 2 .

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c . 8 2 ] . TaxHM o d p aa o H , m r r e p e c k o thoum hühm , HadjnwaeMHM M ex- fly 0OTHHH0MH pa3JDnHHX a3HK0BHX ypOBHefi, OÖlflCHfleTCH OTpeM- jteHzeM d o jie e A6Tam .Ro h KOMnneKOHO H3yHHTi oeM aH Tiraeoxne pecypO H H3HK8, BCKFUTL SaXOHOMepBOOTH B3aHMOÄ0fiOTBHH H e p a p - XHH6CKH OpraHHS0B8HHHX ypOBHeft H3UK0B0Ü CH0T6MH, ÖOJI00 BA0KB8THO OHHCaTB $yHKUHOHHpOBaHH6 JI6 KCinS CKHX 0AHHHII B npeAJioxeHHH. U e ju n HacTonmefi o t b t b h h b j ih o tc h pacK puTH e o n e - QH$HKH BSaHMOAeflOTBKH CeMaHTHKH JI0KOHH8CKOft H rpaMM8THM0- oKott b m ta c o e aHrjmftoKHX c o ö h p b tö jib h u x c y m e c tb h t0 jh > h h x .

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üpH HSyM6HHH JISKCHTOCKOft ceMaHTHKH - CeMBHTHKH CJI0B8 - HCXOAHT H3 npH3H8HHH ÖHJiaT0paJIBHOrO X8 p8 KT 6 p9 ASHKOBOrO 3H aK a, HTO BJI0H8T paCCMOTp0HH0 H H3yM0HH0 0JI0B6CH0r0 SHaTO- HHH KaK OTHOCHT0JILHO CaM0CT0HT6JH>H0r0 $6HOM0Ha. CJIOXH00 OÖ- CTOHT A0JIO 0 C0M8HTHKOH rpaWWaTHHeCKOfi. nOHHMaeMSH KaK 3 H a- TOHH6 npeAJOXSHHH, OHa COAepXHTOH B C8M9HTHK0 Jt0KCHH6OKHX 0AHHHU, COCTaBAHXHKHX np0AÄOX0HH0, lUBOC 38K0HH C6M9HTHH0CKOÄ KOMÖHHaTOpHKH HM0H, IUDOO npeAHKBTHBHUft XapfiKTep BOSft CTpyK— T y p u . ÜOCJI0AH00 HBJIH0TOH He KOJIHH0CTB0HHO» AOÖaBKOfl X A 6 - CHTH8Ty CJIOB0CHHX 3H8K0B, 8 BaXHOftmHM HHT0rpHpyiOlKHM $8KT0p0M, BHOCHIUHM K8H6CTB0HHO HOBHÜ MOM0HT B $yHKQH0HHp0B8HHe 6AHHHQ, cocTaBJwnmHx n p ew io x eH H e . K aT eropeM aT m ecK H ft y p o B e m (T e p MHH 3.BeHB6HHCTa - C .2 , o . 4 4 6 ] , T . e . ypoBSHB npeAJioxeHHH)TOM H OTJUTTOH OT BOeX OCTajIBHUX, HTO, BKJDOqaH B ceöfl 3R8KH öojtoo HHSKoro nopHAKa - Mop$eMU, ojioBa h cjiob oooHeTainui, - opramrayeT hx b cjioxhuA shbk, o3HaqaeMoe xoToporo He bhbo- AHMO HS npOCTOfl COBOKynHOCTH, CyMMH, OJTOXOHHH OSHanaeMHX ero HHTerpaHTOB. rpaMMaTireeoKafl oeMaHTHKa, tskhm 0Öpa30M, noHHMaeTca Kax M0AH$xunp0BaHHoe npeAHKaTHBHOCT&D 3HaHeHH6 CHHTarMaTHHeCKH CBH38HHHX OJIOBeOHHX 3 HB KOB C yTOTOM npaBan HX KOMÖHHaTOpHKH. BHHJI6H0HH0 rp8MM8THH0CKOfl O0MBHTHKH B Ka- H0CTB0 OTHOCHT8 jEE>HO 8BT0HCMH0r0 ypOBHfl C6MaHTHH0 CKOfl Opra-HH3auHH H3HKa, cym ecTByiom ero H ap aa y o ooöctbohho jickch to -CKOfi OOMaHTHKOfi, H A6JI80T npBBOMepHOft IIOCT8HOBKy B o n p o ca 00 HX B38HMOOTHOUI0HHH •

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( 1 ) Also, the oommittee of 100 Scats... is a poten- tially unifying forc« .

(2) Committee of 100 organisers hopa thelr example will be rapidly followed...

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Boe b JtHHTBHCTHKe. - Brni.y. - M., 1970.4 . Pe$ogMaTCKHfi A.A. ^hcjiö h rpaMMSTHKa / / BonpocjrpaMMaTHKH• CdopHHK CTaTefi k 75-JieTHB aKaaeMHKa H.H.Mema- HHHOBa. - M.; JT., I960.

5. IfleweJiBC E.H. Cobm0cthmoctb/hscoBMecthmoctb rpaMMa- Tireeciaoc h JieKcireeckhx 3HaêHHH // Bonpocu hshko^hshiih.— 1 9 8 2 . - » 4 .

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7. Kobrina H.A. et al. An Engliah Grammar. Morpho-logy. - M., 1985. .

8. Leech G., Svartvik J. A Conununioative Grammar of Englieh. - M., 1983.9 . Quirle H. et al. A University Grammar o f English. - M., 1982. ' ■

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mee - H enpom enm ee" [ i , c . 125-129J.B p aÖ O T ax , lOCBHmÖHHHX HCCJie.HOâHH» BP9M0HHHX $opM ,

o e o ö o e BHHM8HH6 yfl0JIH0TCH aH ajIH 3y BSaHMOOTHOineHHH nBpeM6H— HaH $0pM a - KOHT0KCT". OflHOit H8 $yKHUjrOHaJH.HHX B03MOKHO- CTefl H ccjreayeM HX $opM , b h h b ji0 h h o K n p n 3 to m a H a jn ra e , h b j ih - 0 t c h TpaHcno3HiiHH - nepeHOCHoe ynoTpeÖJieH He rpaM M HTireecKoß $OpMU B KOHTeKCTHO-OÖyCJIOBJieHHOM 3HE|’ieHHH C 2 , C .5 7 1 .

TpaHCn03HHHH BP6M6HHHX $OpM M0JK6T OCymeCTBJIHTBCH B n p e ^ e j ia x o flH o ro b p s m s HHo r o iu ia H a , HanpHMep H acTO H m ero, m m

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b npesejiax pa3Hiix BpeMeHHu':. iuiaHOB. B flaHHoß paÖOTe pac- CMaTpuBaeTCH MeamyiuraHOBa« TpaHcno3Hmw $opM amviHfloKoro rjiarojm.

OhöBTOHO, HTO B03M0MCH0CTB TpaHCn03HmtH OÖyCJIOBJieHa BHyTpeHHHMH OOOÖeHHOOTHMH HCCJI9Äy9MHX $0PM, a HX KOH0KOT—H06 fHHKUHOHHpOBaHHe JOTUß. BHHBJIHST 3 TH B03M0KH00TH. K BHyT— psHHefl x a p a k t e phcthkb B peM ehhoü $opmh r j i a r o j i a o th o c h tc h MH0r03HaMH0CTB. ÜHaHeHHH, KOTOpue BttUeJIfflOTCH pa3HHMH 8BT0— paMH b canraHTHHecKOß cTpy” Type $opmh, b oohobhom ooB n a a a io T .

Ho OCTaeTCH JUICKyCCHOHHHM B o n p o o 0 COOTHOIlieHHH 3H8H9HHfl B. cTpyKType: HM99T jih KasjaH $opMa oömee aHaHeroie hjtk c h c t8 - My 3Haqemrit, c&H3aHHux c ochoehhm, ho hs oödihm. Ochobhhm rpaMM8THM0CKHM 3H8HeHH0M CHlITaeTCH TO 3H8H8HHe, K0T0p09 M6HBUJ9 BCGrO 33BHCHT OT KOHTSKCTa ynOTpeÖJieHHH. A BC6 3Ha- Herow, KOTOpue noÄBJiHioTCfl y cTiopmh b pe3yjn>TaT6 ee kohtskct- Horo fyHKKHOHHpOBaHHH, MOryT CHHTaTBCH BapnaHTHHMH t 3 , C . 8 j .

AH8JIK3 C9MaHTHHeCK0Ü CTpy KTy PU BpeM6HH0fl $0PMH IU IO flO - TBopHee Bcero npoBo a h t b npn noMomn M6TO.na KOMnoHeHTHoro aHaj[H3a. 3t o t aHajms ehhbjihgt cymecTBeHHyio 3ak o h OMep h o c t b - BCe BapwahTu OHaveHMH fopivw xapaKTepH3yioTCH OOTiiaKOBHM Ha- öopoM ceM. B KaKÄOM sapuah tö BHflejmeTCH iiHBapwaHTHaH c g m s - 3JI0MeHT 3HaH0HHH, IIOCTOHHHO npHCyTCTByKMUHß B COEer'-taHHH $OpMH. BapHaHTHU0 C9MH nOHBJIHIOTCfl y cF>OPMH TOJIBKO B KOHT8K- oTe ynoTpeÖJieHUH. ÄH$$epeHijHaJiBHHe o s m h 3HaneHHH oöecnenn- BaioT cymecTBOBaHHe h t$yHKUHOHiipoBaroie aamioß BpsMeHHoß $op- m h h OTJnraaroT ee o t spyrax $opM.

CeMaHTHHecKaH CTpyKTypa HacTonqero hsonpejie^eHHoro Bpe- M6HH xapaKTepii3yeTCH iuhpokhm ÄHana30H0M oxBaTraaeMnx hm n e - PHOÄOB BpeMGHH. BHfleJMIOTCfl CJI9,HyT01HHe 3H8H6HHH HaCTOHIUerO H90np9Ä9JI9HH0r0: I ) peKVppeHTHOCTB; 2) nepMBHeHTHOCTB;3) . coBnaH9HHe AeflcTBHH c M0M8HT0M penn; 4) ÖysymHOCTB. Bo Bcex KjracoHijHHaiuiHX cneunajiBHo oroBapHBaeTca ^ h k u h o h h p o - B3HH9 HaCTOOTjero H9onpeseJieHHoro KaK presena historicum. HHBapnaHTHoß ceMofl jura HacTonniero Heonpe,neJieHHoro BpeMehh, * OM6 BHHHO, öyaeT ceMa cbh 3 b c mom6 htom p e w . BapnaHTHne ceMU saHHofl fo p im : I ) ejmwraHOCTB fleßcTBHH , 2) KparaooTB aeficTBHH , 3) jr0Kajni30BaHH0CTB fleßcTBHH bo BpeMe HH ,

- m -

4) H0JIOK8JIH3OB8HHOCTB Ä6Ä0TBHH BO BP6M6HH , 5) M U 0 M M " HOOTB flefiOTBHH (naHXpOHHHHOCTB)f 6) npOOneKTHBHOOYfc M 0 H CTBHH [4, C.82-831.

B c e 3TH C6MH BHA0JIH1OTOH B Cn0UH$HH6CKHX KOHT6K0TIX ynoapeÖ JteH H H , H anpHM ep: T w ic e tw o m a k e s f o u r . O c h o b r m O t - m , BUHeJuieMaH n p n ynoT pedjieH H H <$opMu b a b h h o m n p e a )ro * e H H H ,-

BO0BP0M0HHOCTB .

CeM8HTHHe0K8a cT p yK T y pa $opMH n p o u ie a u ie ro H eorpeA eA eH H O - TO BP6M0HH HM00T OTHOCHT0JIBHO ÖOJI60 H8TKH0 rpaHHIlH JIOKaJIHBa- UHH BO BpeMSHH. MhB3pH8HTHOfl C0MO» ASHHOfi $OpMH MOJKHO CHH- T8TB OTCyTCTBH0 0BH3H C HaCTOflBHM MOM0HTOM . B COMaHTHHe— oKyio cT pyK T ypy npo m eA i"0ro He o n p e j ie j ie H H oro speM eHH e x o a h t CJI0AyxmH0 B8PH8HTHH0 C0Mbi: I ) 0AHH1TCHOCTB AeÖCTBHH ,2 ) JI0K8JIH30BaHH0GTB BO BP6M6HH , 3) COBOKyilHOCTB OAHOBpe- M0HHHX HJIH nOCJI0AOB8T0JIBHHX A8ttCTBHÄ , 4) KpaTHOCTB 0AHH1PI-

HOrO ASfiCTBHH , 5) KpaTHOCTB COBOKyilHOCTH OAHOBp0M6HHHX HJtH

nOOJr0AOBaT0JIBHHX A0ßCTBHW , 6) H6JI0KaJIH30B3HH0CTL BO BP0M0-

hh [4, c.145-146].Cp8BH0HH0 C0MaHTOT0CKHX CTpyKTyp AByX $OpM ÜO3BOJW0T

BHA0JIHTB HX OÖIUHB H AWjtf)0peHIIHaJItHKR C6MH. HHB8PPKIHTHH0 C0- MH KflJKAOÄ BP0M0HHOÄ $OpMH KBJlffiOTCH, OH8BHAHO, AH$$ep0HUHaJIB- HHMH, nOCKOJIBKy HM0HHO ÖJiarOÄapH HM B03M0JKH0 $yHKUH0HHp0B8- HH0 A8HHUX BP0M0HHHX $OpM B K8H6CTB0 'UieHOB rpöMWaTHH0CKOfi onnosHUHH. CpaBHeHHe BapnaHTHHX cbm $opmu HacToamero h npo- meAniero BpeMeHH bhhbjubot: I) Hajnrane oömnx BapHaHTHHX com(eAHHHHHOCTB, KpaTHOCTB, JI0KaJIH30BaHH0CTB BO BP0M0HH, H0JIO- K8JDt30B8HH0CTB BO BP6M0HH)} 2 ) BapHSHTHKO C0MH, EXOAfBUHe tojibko b ceMaHTHH0CKyio CTpyKTypy HacTOfnuero HeonpeAeJieHHO- r o BP0M0HH (npOOneKTHBHOCTB, BC0BP0M0HHOOTB); 3 ) BapHaHTHHe C0MH, BXOAHWH0 tojibko. b $opMy npomoAuraro HeonpeA0JieHHoro (COBOKyilHOCTB OAHOBP0M0HHHX fleßCTBHß B npOOMOM, KpaTHOCTB COBOKyilHOCTH OÄHOBP0M0HHHX HJIH nOCJI0HOBaT6JIBHHX AeftCTBHft B npomjiOM (cm. TaÖJi. I)).

TjiaBHoe OTjm ne $opmh HacTOjnqero HeonpeAeJieHHoro o t $opml npoiD0Aiiisro H 0onpeÄ eJieH H oro 3aKjno'raeTCH b pa3H 0M o th o - UI0HHH K MOM0HTy p0TO: npOIIiOAlDSQ BP8MH BCerAa yA8JIH0T COÖH— TH0 OT M0M6HT8 P0MH. 3Ta $OpMa, K8K npaBIÜIO, yCTaHaBJIHBaBT pa3pHB MejKAy fleöcTBHeM h momöhtom p e r a . yica3aHHoe pasju rroe ,

- 1 1 5 -

TaÖJnma ICpaBHHT6jn>Huö aHajm3 BapaaHTHHx cqm

$opM HacToamero h npomeflmero BpeMeHH x

Haöop BapHaHTHHX CBM$opi„a

HacTonm ero. BpeMehh

■ SopMa npoiue®nero

BpeMeHH

EflHHHHHOCTBflBßCTBHH + +

CoBOKynHOCTB ojiiHobpeMBHHHX HJIH nOOJIBflOBaTeJTBHHX fleficTBHÖ b nponuioM +

KpaTHOCTB JtBflOTBHH + +

KpaTHuGTE COBOKynHOCTH OAlIOBpe MB HHHX HJIH nOOJIBAOBaTeJIBHHX flflfiOTBHfl B nponmoM + •

J[0K8JtH30UaHH0CTB flefiCTBHfl BO BpeMSHii " + +

HeTOKajmaoBaHHOoTB ä 6öctbhhBO BpeMeHH “ +

Ilpoonekthbhoctb asäctbhh + . -

BceBpeMeHHOOTB ä6J4ctbhh + -

npHuetiaHH8x . + osKaqaeT Hamraie ceuu, - ee OTcyrcTBae. T e il He ueHee, He n p e n a r c T B y e * ynoTpeöjierai» HaoToamero h b - o n p e f le a e H H o ro b k o h t s k c t q n p o m e f lm e ro HeonpefleaeHHoro, i . e . MeawynJiaHOBOft TpancnosHUHH öToft fopuH.

IIpn TpaHcnosHUHH rpaMM&THWCKoe SHaqeHne $opMu BCTy- naeT b n p o T H B o p e w ie co sH a u e H H e u k o h t 8 k c t & , H a n p m i e p , $ o p - ua H u e e v S H aueH H e H acT O O T jero BpeMeHH H fly a . . . " , a k o h - T 6 K0T yK a 3 H B ae T H a n p o m e j p e e coÖHTHe . . . Bqepa no y jp m e . OpH 9 t o ii n p o H cx o flH T C flB H r, n p e o tfp a s o B a H H e oÖjm h h x OTHomeHHil u e a f ly c e u a io i c e u a H im ie c K o f t C T py K T y pu $opM H . H eK O T o pne a B T o -

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PH CHHTaiOT, HTO B03M07KH8 nOJKSH H H9II0.7IH8H TpaHCn03HU(HH.npH noJiHofi TpaHcnosHUKH $ o p ia yTpaqHBaeT cb o s 3HaneHHe h nepeiüiiOHaeTCH m cosepacaffiie Toft $opMH, b ycurOBirac k o to p o ä o h s TpaHcnoHKpyeTOH [ 5 , c . 2 2 l } . CorJiacHO apyroM y mhqhmo, npH jnoCSofl TpaHCIIO3HUHH HSJOiSH rOBOpHTB OÖ HCM63H0B8HHH 3H a- to h h h rpaMMaTiraecKoft fopM u, t b k k s k HHBapnaHTHan oeMa rp aM - MaTireecKoi} $opMH He H cne3aeT iioüihoctbk) jj6, o .I O l] . Ohb mo-StST CT3TB OflHOß H3 BapHBHTHHX C0M, B TO BpßMH KSK OJUffl H3 BapHBHTHHX C6M CTaHOBHTCH OCHOBHOÄ B 0BMaHTHHOCKOM COflepSa- HHH TpaHCnOHHpOB8HHOft $OpMU.

TaKHM 0öpa30M, ochobhhm npoqeccoM, npoHCXoamuHM npa MeawyimaHOBofl TpaHcnorinpm, h b jih stch nepepacnpeflejieHHe cbm b ceMaHTirqecKOÄ CTpyKType rpaMMaTireeCKofl ftopMH, Hanpmep:

Ceiia was limp with that wonderful -physicuX fatigue that doean1t raaka you feel anything but good... (R.Henry).

0H6BHBHO, HTO OCHOBHOft C6M0# rJiaPOJia B HSCTOflmeM H60—npeaejieHHOM BpeMeHH öyaeT He cbh3b o mombhtom penn , a

BeeBpeMeHHoeTB . nepepacnpeaejieHHe oeM b ceMaHTHHecKOß CTpyKType rpaMMaTireecKoß $opMti oonpoBoswaeTCH npoijeccoM b h - naaeHHH p*ma BapnaHTHux ceM, Hanpra/e.p, comh Ji0KajtH30BaH- HOCTB flefiCTBHH BO BpSMSHH , COBOKyilHOCTB fleKCTBHÄ , IipOC- IieKTHBHOCTB , KpaTHOCTB COBOKyilHOCTH fleßCTBHfi . B p63yJIB- TaTe npouecca BunaaeHHH ceM npn TpaHcno3Hujm TpaHcnoHHpo- BaHHan $opMa, KaK npaBmro, b k o th s s t MeHBmee m o n o com, hsm fopMa 50 TpaHcno3Hnjra. Tadjmua 2 HJunocTHpyeT ceMaHTireeoKyio CTpyKTypy $opMu HacTonmero He onpeflejieHHoro BpeMeHH äo h nocJie TpaHcno3HuHH. rpaMMaTHHecKaa $opMa äo TpaHcno3HUHH coflepatHT 9 ceM, ochobhoA ceMofi HBJWeTOH obh3B c HacroHiUHM MOMeHTOM . CeMaHTHHecKafl CTpyKTypa s to ö x e $opMH nocjie T p aHcno3HQHH coflepsH T 5 ceM, npHHBM 0CH0BHH6 C6MH n e p e p a c -npesejiHiQTCH.

Äpyrofi BasHofi npoÖjieMot, nojuiesamefi pemeHmi npH aHajra-38 TpaHCn03HHHH Bp8MeHH0Ä fOpMH, HBJIH6T0H OHpefleJieHHe TpaHcno3HTopoB, T . e . ycjiOBHä, m jm w e kotophx hsoöxdahmo jyiH n e p e H o c H o ro ynoTpeÖjieHHH $opM HacToamero BpeMeHH b koh- TeKCTe npomsHuiero BpeMeHH. TpaHcno3HTopn aejinrcH Ha:I) JieKCHHecraie; 2) Mop^ojiorireeoKHe; 3) crorraKCHHecKHe.

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KaawHfi TpaHono3HTop moxbt noojiptHTB tsmoK OTflejr&Horo HooJie- A0B8HHH.

TaÖJimia 2 CeMaHTHHSOKaH CTpyKTypa $o p ® HacToamero

HeonpeAeJieHHoro BpeMeHH no h nocjie TpaHcno3HigiH

CeMaHTireecKafl OTpyKTypa $opMH H ao T on m ero H eo np e- AeJieHHoro BpeMeHH äo TpaHonoanuHH

CeMSHTHHeCK8H CTpyKTypa $opm h HacToamero H eo n p e- B e jrH H o ro B peM era n o c jieTpaHOnOSHUHH

OCHQBHag 06M8CBH3B C HaOTOHQHM M0M6HT0MBaPHaHTHHe osm uBoeBpeMeHHOCTi.EnHHHTOOCTB fleflOTBHHKpaTHOOft aeflOTBHHJl0KaJiH30BaHH00Ti> seß c T B iw BO BpeMeHHReJIOK&nH3ri3äHHOOT!> flefiCTBHH BO BP6M6HH .

COBOKyüHOOTB SeftÖTBHßnpOCn flKTHBHOCTBKpaTHOOTB COBOKyilHOOTH SeftOTBHfi

Q^jiasHfla-aaiaBceBpeMeHHOOTB BaPHaHTHHe cewH KpaTHOOTB fleÄCTBHH EflHHHHHOOTB AeÄCTBHH

HeJIOKajraaOBaHHOOTB ßefiCTBHfl BO BpeMeHH

CBH3B Q HaCTOflmHM MOM6HTOM

npHMenaHHH1 . B apxyflapoB I . C . Ohgpkh no M opfonorroi coBpeMeHHoro

aHTJmfiCKoro h sh k b . - M ., 1 9 7 5 .2 . Ej)jfflapKO A .B ^ K B o n g o o y o TpaHcno3HUHK/ / T h o h , a a n . -3 . MBSHOBa H in . Bhä H*BpeMH B COBpeM0HHOM äHTJOTÄCKOM

H9HK6. - JI., 1 9 6 1 .4 . TypaeBa 3 .H . K aT eropira BpeMeHH. BpeMH rpaMMSTiree- cy o e h BpeMs xyflcwtecTBeHHoe. - M ., 1 9 7 9 .5 . B0HflapK0 A .B . rpaMMaTH^eoKaH KaTeropHH h k oht6k c t . -

J I,, 1 9 7 1 .6 . HßaHOBa P ,B . MeamyiwaHOBaH TpaHcno3HnjiH bpömshhhx fopM B COBpeMSHHOM $PSHIiyaCKOM H3HKS .* ÄBTOpecF). flHC.K ana , fancw t. H ay« . - J I . ,1 9 7 5 .

118

E .A .C a $ p o H c > B a (J le H H H rp a f l)0 CTPyKTyPHO-CEMAHTMECKHX CBOflCTBAX OTMHACIMÜ H -

MKTH'MBHLIX UPEßHKATOB "OJLEBAHMH, OEJMEffiW"npeflintaTH "ofleBaHHH, oöJiaHeHHH" pearasyrnr cbod BaaeHTH

hoctb b McmejiH Ven + in + N, npeflCTaBJuntmefi npewocaiHBHujt MKHuviyM to h qacTü npeflJioaceHHH, b KOTopofl npjnacTHe II c x y iw i c rpyKTypHHM ueHTpoM. B paivmax stoH MoaeJin npireacTHe II coxpa- Haer KOCBeHHO-nepexoaHHH xapaKTep acxoflHoro r jia ro jia h ocy- iqecTBJweT npeflJiojuHQß ynpaBJiemie KocBeHHHM ßonojmeHHeM i n + N = in + 0 3 I_1J. Mmohho Ha Öa3e 9 io ro ynpaBJieHHH h npo- hcxoäht oöteflHHeHHe pflfla nparaacTHfl Q b jibkchko—ceMaHTHHecKyn) rpyraiy , HJieHH kotopoS cbh33hh Meswy coöoft oÖhhootlb n m Öjol- 30CTBO JieKCHMQCKOrO 3Ha^eHüH H OdlllHOCTBIO mm CXOflCTBOM jSX COHeTaeMOOTH C JISKCGMaMH—ÄOiiOJIHßHHHMH (2 , C . I I J . npn 9T0M CHHTaeM, hto b aHajnraHpyeMoä Mo^ejm cohstbsmocth ven c koc- BGHHHM flOIIOJIHGHHGM npHCyTCTByGT $pa3eOJIOrHHeCKaH OBflSaHHOCTB K0Mn0H6HT0B MOflejiH. A.H.CmhphiwkhB, aHajm3npya HenpHGMJieMOCTB C JieKCHHeCKOÄ TOHKH 3peHHfl COHeTaHHfl Tfflia: to k i l x a l e t t e r h to re a d a b i r d , oiMenaJi, hto cjiOBa Bctyna»T b onpemeaeH- HHe oTHouieHHS flpyr c apyroM Ha ochob6 hx jigkchhgckoh ceMaHTHKH H HTO 3TH OTHOU1GHHH OTpaxaBT OTHO1U0HHH, Cjn'ieCTByKmHe B peattBHofi fleücTBHTejiBHocTH. TaKHM oöpaaoM, saiwamji A.H.Cmhp- hjoikh2, $pa3eo/iorHHecKa9 coneraeMOOTB HBJwet c h KaK öh $ohom, Ha kotopom HM99T MecTo öojiee CTporoe rpaMMaTHHecKoe K0MÖHHH- pOBSHHe H3HKa L3, C.53J. H 3T0T $ 0 H BHCTynaeT T9M CHJIBHGG,HTO He TOJIBKO 3an0JIH6HHG n03HUJIH 0 3 OnpeflBJieHHHM JieKCHHeCKHM coaepxaHHeM BtraBaiio cetviaHTHKoü npHHacTHH ß , ho h , HaoöopoT, to hjih HHoe 3anojiHeHHe nosaiWH 0 3 0 ÖyGJi0 BJiHBaeT BHdop npKHa- CTHÄ n COOTBeTCTByramea CeMaHTHKH: Van 7— *. Og - B 9T0Ü c x e -Me oflim komtiohght npe,unojiaraeT «pyrofi. Mop$oJiorHHecKoe su p a - kghhg s to ä BajieHTHocTH hahombthhho ven peamoyeT coflepäta- TejiBHyio BajieHTHoeTB Hepe3 coHeTaHHe c npeMoroM i n h cyme- CTBHTGJIBHHM, 0Ö03HaHaKXIlHM npeflM6 T OflGÄSH.

N i c h o l a j G r e e n e , t h e p o e t , s t o o d t h e r e n o w , p l a i n l y d r e a a e d i n h i s a l o u c h e d h a t a n d b l a c k d o u b l e t ( V . W o o l f ) ,

. . . h e w a s a p p r o a c h e d b y a t a l l , a p a r e , g r i z z l e d m an c l a d i n a f a d e d G r a n d A rm y a u l t . . . ( W , C a t h e r ) .

T h e n c o m i n g b a c k I k e p t r i e a r l y k n o c k l n g d o v ro c h a p a a r r a y e d i n t r a d i t i o n a l c o a t u r n e . . . ( K . A m i s ) .

U ip y K T y p h h ü u e H T p M o fle jra n p e flC T äB JieH r p y n n o f i n p u n a c T H f l I I , H eoÄ H opoflH H x n o c B o e f l ceM aH T H K e. B r p y n n y n p e s m c a T O B "O fleBaH H H BOiiuiH C J i e f f p w t e v ei} 1 d r e s s e d , o l o t h e d , c l a d , p u t

i n t o , a r r a y e d , a t t i r e d , v e a t e d , a T P K s e h u d d l e d , h u g g e d , s w a t h e d , h u n c h e d , d w a r f e d , b u n d l e d . ß 3 H8 H6 HHH rJiarOJIOB a p p a r e l h a t t i r e BXOflHT 0 ÖH3 a T 6 JIBH0 e y K a 3 8 HH e H a KHHeCTBO, n o K p o ä o a e K flH , b 3 H an eH H e r j i a r o j i a a r r a y 0 C5a 3 a T e jn .H 0 b x o - ä h t y K a 3 a H n e H a p a c n o j io a c e H a e n p e a M e T O B / n a c i e ä o a e a c u H , b HaCTHOCTH aKKypaTHOCTB, H3flm eC T B 0 H T . f l . Ü0 3 T 0 M y a p p a r e l MQSC8 T y n o T p e ö J K T iC H b npHMQHeHHH h k f l o p o r o f i , H K fleiUÖBOfl o a e r o e ; a t t i r e y n o T p eÖ JiH e T C H , K o r a a peH B m te T o H a p a f lH o f i , H pK oÄ , h j ih a e , H a o ö o p o T , o noH ou ieH H ofl i a e w e , h o a r r a y - TOJIBKO B npHM 6 HSHHH K TOÄ O fle a tf le , K O TO paH a K K y p a T H a H k j m - n y ( 4 , , c . 6 4 3 .

H a nepeHHCJieHHHx v e n - npeflHKaTOB "ofleBaHHß" tojibko ,y,- 119 -

H6K0T0pux 3HaqeHHe "oaeTuft" srnnaeiG H ochobhum (d re sse t* c lo th ed , o lad , a rray ed , a t t i r e d , ap p a re lled , v e s te d ) , y lU P R * e , K8K' bunched, bundled, dw arfed, OHO HS BXOÄHT B Kpyr » • HeHHÖ, npHBOAUMHX CJIOBapHMH .Cp.:dwarf - cause smth tö appear sm all bycömparison o r d is ta n c e [ 5 , p.380"] }- to rander dwarf or dw arfish , to s tu n t in growth [6, p.5751 ;bündle - put to go ther in a confused heap L5, P.13QI«- to t i e in , o r make up inxo a bündle (6, p .2 3 4 j;swath., - wrap up c io seJv £5, p.1297},t ra n a . and f ig . - to enwrap, to enfoldL6, p .2092}Ihunch - bend the back and draw the shoulders up

[5.to compress, bend or af'ch convexly [6, p.MÜQlhug - aqueeze t ig h t ly w ith the arma L'5, p .609-6101, to c lasp or aqueeze t ig h t ly in the arma[6 .huddle - crowd or p ress to g e th e r in d iso rd e r jr5,p«609j$ to push or th ru s 4 in a d iso rd e r ly mass or heap . . . [6, p*93Qj». H TOJILKO B CJIOBapHOfl CTaTBS rjiarojia huddle, npaBOÄZMOfi B [ 6 h OTMenaeTCH, h to b coHeTamm c npeflJioroM on arcT v x a -ro ji McaceT nepesaBarL 3HaneHHe "oaeBaTB, HafleBaTB^ £7 7.3aaana saKJnoqaeTCH b tom , h to ö u noKa3 aTB, KaKiiM oöpasoK npOHCXOÄHT MO£H$IIKaUHfi 3HUH8HHH npHHaCTHH II npil yiiUTpeÖJWHHK ero b onpofleaeiüioi! cipyKTypnoJi Mosejm,BsHTaa OTB/teneiiHO ot icoHKperHoro JteitciiHecKoro Hanojate- hhh ee icomioiichtcb, ijoßejii ven + in + N npeflCTaBJiHCi1 jihuib CTpyKxypHUii Kapicac n a c ra npeflJiomeHHH h cawa no cuöo H8 oÖJia-

Äaer aocTaToqHoä flHariiocTiipyTomea ciuiof r j w BUHBêraia 3Hano-* hhh "oaeTua, oöjaneH H ua". Ilo raKofi s e cxeivie peajiH3yiOT CBO» cHHiaKciraecKyio BajienTHocTL h MHoriie apyrne npe&KKaTU - npa- âcTiiH n, xoth öu Tanne, KaK "3aBepHyTufi, yityraHHua", npäfl- CTaBJieHHUe npHHaCTHHMH winded, enwrapped, enveloped, mantlsd h f lp . : juih 3arracaHHUti, 3aneHaTJieHHHM" - ripiraacTHH engwmW,pertcilled, inscribed, written h f lp .; a m "norpysceilHHÄ, HO- MOHeHHua" - npiraacTHH immersed, sunk, swallowed h a p m, » - KOHen, "cfleaaHHua. Buno^HGHHUfi H3 nero-To" - npHHacTHH mad», moulded, fulfilled, modelled h flp, (cp. C p y c . - BUnOAMH B rjoiHe, b ÖpoHse h T . a . ) .

ilOSTOMy HeOÖXOflHMO paCCMOTPGTB KOHKpeTHOS JieKCHHeQKO» nanoJiHeHHe L 03m ys& aHajmsHpyeMoß u o x e j w , Koiopoe h oöycaoa- mBaeT peajra3amco npHHacTHeM n onpeseaeHnoro nacTHoro ssarae- hhh. IIoshuhh cnpaBa ot van 3aKHTa npewioatHUM ßonojiHeHHöM % * Meamy npuraacrueM h flonojiHeHHeM cymecTByeT b ßaHHoil MOJt&flC raKaa lecHan CTpyKTypHO-ceMaHTircecKan cbh3l , icanan bo8MC*hb tojibko MSKfly npesüKaTOM h oöycjiOBaeHHUM ero cosepxtaTeABBäB B3JI0HTH0CTBK) npeflHHaHflYMOM. II03HUHH O3 BU3BaH3 CTpeivUeKSfllf ven k 3aBepmeHHio cBoel ceMaHTHêcKoa CTpyKTypa. 0 Teeacdl CMUCJIOBOa H CTpyKTypHOH CBH3H MOKfly 3THMH ÄByMH KOMnOHeBTa- mh MoaeÄH cBimeTeaBCTByeT tot tpaKT, hto npii onymeHHH %aom MOfleJM in + ü3 , npejuioKeHne 0Ka3UBaercH He3aBepmeHHUM H B

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cmhcjiobo«, h b crpyKTypHOM othouishhm, HanpHMep:3 h * A d v a n c e d , d r e a a e d l n a a l e e k b u t b u lR y c o a t o f a a b l e f u » . (D .H .L a w r e n c e )

,• She advanoed, dreaaed ... [ 6 ] ,s h a h o H3 o o n o c T a B Jie H iu ÄByx n p m ie p o B , b nocjieÄHeM

o n y ^ a s HBpyuieHa cMHOJiOBaa h c ip y K T y p H a a U6J i o c t h o c t b BUCKa3H- B am iH . Iu c k m o ä p a s o M , noflT B epaw aeT C fl o d a a a ie j i tH o c T B no3HUHii Oo n p u n p e f tm c a ie " o a e B a H iia , o d a a H e H iia " . n peacraB Ä H eT O H jio r i iH - hw< BBS e i n ä j ih x an B H efiu ie ro o d o sH aêH H a t o c t h u o R e m i n + N/0 3 repMHH . ©HHTaKceM a".

C H jrsaK ceM ofi, BC Jiea 3 a r .A .3 0 J i0 T 0 B 0 2 , mh Ha3UBaet.i m h h h - ua/iiH y x)» a a ^ e e HeaejoiM yio CBMBHTHKo-CHHTaKCHH0CKyio eflH ium y x s u K a , jp c T y n a s m y » oaHOBpeweHHO KaK h o c h t6 ju > 3Jiew eH T apH oro oMHCJia i KaK KOHCTpyKTHBHufi k o m h o h s h t ö o ; ie e c j io k h u x cuH T aK - OHHecKHX nocT p o eH iffl [ 9 , c . 4 J . Pa3JnraaK)TCH c u h te k c e M U c B o d o fl- h h g , ody qjio an eH H H e h CBHaaHHHe. C T ax y c cB a3aH H ux CHHiaKoeM o n p e a e a a e T c a n o npH 3hnK y g ä h h c tb 6 h h o i1 n o 3 im ra i n p n r j i a r o j i a x p e jw T H B H o ro , H y ro a ia n e ro c f l b B ocnojw eH H H , SH aneHHfl, co H eT aio - mGMycH c npii3HaK0M o ö te K T H o ro 3HaM6Hiw HM6HH n p e A M e ia , Ha itoT opuH H an p aB êH o ( n e p e x o f l i i r ) a e K c T B u e . CjieÄOBaTejiBHO, l n + N H HBÄH6TCH CBH3aHHOÜ K0CB6HH0—OÖieKTIiOlt CHHTaKC6M0tt n p n napeocoflH oii j te K c e u e v e n - n p e a H x a ie " o a e B a H n a " .

K a k c j io ß a p H a a eaHHHOa CHHTSKceivia m o h o t ö u t b n p e a c T a a n e - Ha p ra o m JieKOHHecKHX " a e a e ra T O B " (B H pa*eH H e 3aiiMCTB0BaH0 y r .A .3 0 Ä 0 T 0 B 0 ii) OÄHoro K aT er0p n a/n > H 0 —ceM aiiT H n ecK o ro n o f lm ia c c a . A H ara® u B T e p n a j ia n o K a 3H B a e r , h t o no3HLmH n m o x o t ö u t b s a M e - m eH a: I ) cyinecTBHTejn>HUMH r p y n n u "H a3B cm ns npew aeT O L o f le iw u " h j b cynecT B H T ejiBHHMH r p y n n u c ododiqeHHHM 3Ha»ieHHeM " o jia a w a , p o fl < m «w iH ", H anpH M ep:

He aaw Welch and Cecil Goldamich, both of them alao dressedt in raincoata (X.Amia).

Charles ... aaw a tall, gangling young man dreaaed in eamtflaiye out-door clothea (J.Wain),

...he waa sitting up between aheeta, clad in hia under- wear. with a great portfolio ln hia handa (F.S.Fitzgeraid);2 ) oyHjecTBHTejBHHM c o n p e f le jie ira e M ; n p n s to m cynjecTBHTejiBHoe odo3H a< iaeT TKaHB, M a ie p n a j i , H3 K O T oporo c u a n a o f le a w a . TaKHM odpa3Q M , co H 0TaHHe b U6JI0M penp83eH T M pyeT n p e flM e t o a e s y m ,

This great Company, all dreaaed ln brown Berge, has robbed me of my Identity (Vvffoolf),

I wiah I waa a woman of about thirty-aix dreaaed in black aatin with a Btring of pearls (D. Du Maurier);3 ) w u c o H e q , b KanecTBe 3auiecTHTe®i Ha3BaHiia n p e w a e ra oaejcflH BHCTynaeT rp y n n a hmohh n p o n a ra ie a B H o ro , odosH aânm ero u b o t

TaKoe n p im ara ie jiB H o e , Hape«Ko y n o T p ed am m eeca b c o e - ÄHH6HHH c H ape'm eM Ha - ly, o d o s n a ^ a e T o n e H O K u p e r a j t r a x ap a K T ep n o n p o a oaeam u, a T arase jnodue a p y rn e xap aK repH ciiiK H q a q x a h . TaKHM odpasoM , k b k ' h b npeflHuymeM c j i / n a e , odo3H anaa jBBUB ’ia cT B o t u e ^ o r o , UB9T a m M a ie p H a a cnocodHH p en p e 3 9 H T H - gQBaTB b flaHHoä MOflemi h caMO x ieaoe , T .e . npeflMex o a w ,

Someone advanced from the sea of facea, dreaaed in doep blPTk ... (D. Du Maurier),

Flora was on the atepa aa the car drew up, dreaaed ja gevere white (D.H.Lawrence).

Mrs Bidlake wandered among the tulipa, dreased flowln^ly in white (A.Huxley).

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Another woman, dressed entirely ln Mack, darted out b£ the home (W.Oather).

Bmne OTMenanocB, vto uojiocthoctb BucKa3HBaiiHH, BJUnoHam- mero npeflHKaT "ofleBamia", Hapymaeica npn H63aiviemeHHH iio3huhh CHHiaitceMH. OflHaKO bo3moähh cflynaH, Korfla bto HadJucweHHe He noÄTBefamaoTca. TaK, ecjm ven coHeiaeTCH cjieBa c TaK Ha3H- BaeMUM odcTOHrejüCTBeHHUM onpefleaeHHeM (TepMHH G.Ä.KauHeîCO- Ha), TO B03M0XH0 H OnyiU0HH0 HaCTH MOflGOT ln + N. 3TO EU3B8—HO T6M, HTO B OÖCTOflTejIBCTBeHHOM OnpefleJTGHHH, XOTJI H OÖOÖmeHHO, yxe 3aKjmHeHa ia HHôpMaism, KOTopyio roBopmuiifi acejiaeT coooiqhtl O BH6IIIH0M BZJSß JIW.&, CydiGKTa. CJieflOBaTejIiHO, ICOMMyHHKaTHBHaH J46HHOCTB npaBoro KOMHOHeHia MOflejm' cmmaeTcn h oh Moscer öhtb onymeH de3 3HaHiiTe.robHoro ymepda äjih oMHcjioBoa ijejiocrHocTH BHCKasuBaHHfl. CeMaHnraecrata arajeHT npn stom CMemaeToa BJieBO ot npesmcaTa VeQ.Cp.: a) Nicholas Greene, the poet, stood there now, plalnly dressed in hia slouched hat and black doublet«

b) Nicholas Greene, the poet, stood there now, plainly dressed ...

rOBOpfl 0 JaKTHTHBHOM npeflHKaTG Ofl0BaHHH» C.JUKaijHejiBCOH OTMenai, hto b 3tom cjrynae npon3BosnTCfl jteficrBHe no H3MeHeHino npOCTpaHCTBOHHUX OTHOUieHHÜ H S W OflejUflOfl H T6JI0M (10, C.I99J.B npoueccc ofleBaHHff, KdopoMy b h3ükoboü seficTBHTejiBHocTH co- OTBöTCTByeT npe^HKaT "ofleBaHna, odJK. ieHHH , HMeroi mocto bktu HanoateHHH oflewcu Ha üoböpxhoctb Teaa, BfleBaHUH b ofleawy, od- BOJiaKHBaHHH OfleJKflOit H T.fl. , HT0 HaXOflHT OTpa3K6HH0 H B CHHTaK- ciraecKofl cTpyKType npesmcaia, BupaxeHHoro jihhhoü $opMoß rJia-. rojia.

B cjjynae npeflmcaTa "ofleBaHiw", npeflCTaaneHHoro Ven* Bce nepeHHCJieHHHe aKTti ysce saBepmeHU, n p e s m ^ T v en B u p a s a e i c o - OTOHHHe, HaciyraiBinee no OKOHâHHZ npoujecca ofleBaHiw, ero p e - syjiBTaT- QnHaKo npH stom onpeseJueHHue npocTpaHCTBeHHue npn3-> H3KH, BXOflHBIUHe B npGflHKaTHBHOG 3HaH6HHe MarOJlBHOfl JieKCQMH, flOJIHOCTBIO CQXpaHSDTCa H B 3HaH0HHH Ven« CHHTaKGHMeCKHß c n o - ood BupaxeHBH sthx OTHOuiGHuß y Ven b otjimhhg ot rjiarojia B jopiHoß cßocMe - oähh, 0dh noMooiH iiDejuiora in.

nponecc oAGBaHHH y»e saKoireeH, coothoid6hh6 Meawy TejioM h ofleafloü b npooipaHCTBö yse h3mgh6ho TaK, Hio ofleswa oKpy- «aei Töjio co Boex CTopoH, Teô KaK da BHyrpn 3aMKHyToro koh- TypaMH osGKAU npooTpaHCTBa, JSj h nepenaw b H3HK0 noôdHux OTHOBieHHH CJiySHT np&ÄÄor ln.

The door was opened by 6 oleanly bullt little man. olad in a ahooting .lacket (W.Cather),

..,the whoie group supported ... by a feraale figure olothed ln flowing white (V.Woolf).

äo chx nop pe^B uuia o tom, hto no3Hiwa cHHTaKceMU in + N odyoJioKneHa bejighthoctbio npesHKaia v e n , oflHaKo Meawy npeflHKaroM h eiro BOonojiHeHHeM cymecTByioT oTHomeHns B3anM03a- BHCHMOCTH, T.8. CHHTaKCGMa B CBOK) OHBpeflB 0Kfi3HBaeT B03fleß- cTBHe Ha npeflHKar, Ha peajm3aimfo oflHoro H3 3HaH6HHß MHoro- 3HauHoro npHâcTEH ü. Hando;iee HaraaUHo iiaxwwe TaKoü b38hmo- CBH3H MOKHO HadJIKfflaTB Ha HpHMGpaX v e n , flJIH KOTOpUX 3HaH0HH8 ofleTuä" He hbjih0tch oghobhhm ami flaace Boodme hg CBoÄCTBeHHO:

put into, dwarfed, huddled, bundled, hunched. 0Ka3UBaHCB B no3MHHH npeffncaTa v en wosejm: ve n + in + n, rse N npe«- CTaaseHa oahhm H3 yKasaHHHx Bume Tpex BapnaHTOB a0KCHH0CKoro HanojiH0HHH STOf no3H0HH, nepeHHOJieHHHe npHnacTiin n peajn i3y ra i

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3HaneHne "ofleTUfi" b coêTaHHH co 3HaneHHeM "HaxoBHTBCH b on- peaeêHHoü n o 3e", "öutb noxoscm H a . . . " h aasce "KaK, KaKHM 0Öpa30M ÄOCTHTHyTO TaKOe C0CT0HHH6". 3TO 0C0Ö6HH0 XapaKTepHO B OTHOUI0HHH h u n c h e d , b u n d le d , d w a r fe d , 3HaH8HHH KOTOpuX HBJIHIOTCfl OÖyCJIOBJieHHUMH, TaK KaK B03HHK810T TOJIBKO npH yCJIOBHH COMeTaeMOCTH flaHHUX Ven c KOCBeHHO-OdteKTHOfi CBH3aHHOÜ CHH- TaKceMoii, oöo3Haâianeä Ha3BaHiie npe^MeTa ofleawu. Mhumh cjioBa- mh, npn ynoTpeöJieHira npiraacTHii n THna h u n ch ed b Moaejm co - 'leTaeMocTH, xapaKTepHon rjw . jieiccHKo—ceMaHTHMscKolt rp y n n u " d r e s s e d " , y HHX HaÖJII<waeTCH B03HHKH0B6HH8 OÖyCJIOB^0HHOrO 3HaHeHHH TpaKcrpsccHH, T .e . aBT0Kay3amai/caM0npeBpameHHfl C 9 , C .I68J c y ö te iw a , HanpHMep:. . . h e s a t f o r a lo n g tim e a t h i s w indow , h u d d le d i n an o v e rc o a t . . . ( J .G a l s w o r th y ) .Tomorrow e v e n in g I s h o u ld be i n th e t r a i n h o ld in g h e rje w e l c a s e an d h e r r ü g , l i k j a m a id , an d s h e . . . , dw a rfe d i nh e r f u r - c o a t . s i t t i n g o p p o s i t e me i n th e w a g o n - l i t (DJU Maurier).B e t ty s a t o p p o s i t e h im , h u n ch e d on a a o a p -b o x i n h e rbaggy s l a c k s . . ( j .W a i n ) .Bo B c e x npHBeêHHUx npH M epax y npunacT H Ü n H ajum o oöycJiOBJieHHoe 3HaneHHe coctohhhh, HBHBUierocH pe3yjiBTaTOM aB- T0Kay3aitHH npeB pam enH H c y d te K T a . CneflOBaTeJiBHO, n o a anuH nneM C T p y K iy pu MoêJiH h e e JieKCHHeoKoro HartojmeHMfl aHa^HSHpyeMbie npHHaCTHfl n MOflHyJHmipyiOT CBOe 3HaqeHH6 H neptiAOflHT H3 CBOeÄ o chobhoü jieKCHKo—ceMaHTKHecKoii r p y n n u b a p y ry io a e K C Jn c o -c e - MaHTuneCKyio r p y n n y , H anpH M ep:I t was G a t s b y 's f a t h e r , a so lem n o ld m an, v e r y h e l p l e s s an d d ism a y e d , b u n d le d up i n a lo n g ch eap u l s t e r a g a i n s t th e warm S e p te m b e r d ay l ^ . S . P i t z g e r a l - d ) .• . . s h e s to o d b e f o r e him hwwced in . h e r s h a w l . . . TO.TT.TSwrence) .

TaKHM 0Ö pa30M , MOKHO CflBJiaTB BUBOfl 0 TOM, HTO B paMKHXonpefleêHHoä MOflejm npeftnoaceHHH o.cymecTBflHeTca nepeH oo c e - MaHTiraecKoro coflepstaHHH aaHHOÄ MOflejm npe,iyiojceHHH Ha ceM aii- TiraecKoe 3HaneHHe npHHacTHH ü .CpaBHin. 3HaqeiiHH npHHacTHfl n - npeflHKaTOB "ofleB aH un", HanpHMep h u d d le d H h u n c h e d , CO 3H8H6HHHMH 3THX » 6 npH - nacTHM II, ho b cocraBe Moaemi c a p y ro fi CHHTaKoeMofl in + N: (1 ) . . . h e s a t f o r a lo n g tim e a t h i s w indow , h u d d le d i n an o v e r c o a t . . .[TT) . . .A ndrew was sh o c k e d to f i n d Edward h u d d le d :üi a c h a i r by th e f r o n t p o rc h . . . ( A . J .C r o n i n ) .(3 ) B e t ty s a t o p p o s i t e h im , h u n c h e d . . . l n h e r baggy s l a c k sC4) C h a r le s s a t hu n ch ed l n h i s s e a t . . . ( J .W a in ) .

BHemHe cxo^H ue CTpyKTypa $ p a3 c v en B npemioaeHHHx (I), (3) h (2), (4) omm aioTCH cHHraKceMoä in + N, Tax Kau (2), (4) - 3 to He k ocb bh h o —odteKTHäH OHHTaKceMa - H a- 3BaHHe npe^M eTa o a w , BCTynaromero b KOHTaKTHo-npocTpaH- CTBeHHoe cooTHomeHHe c cydteKTOM, a CHHTaKC8Ma—jio k 8 th b ! JIo— K3THB He CBH3 aH C npHHaCTHeM n TeCHOÖ BaJieHTHOÜ CBH3 B10, TaK KäK e ro no3 Hiyia He bxoäht b "H adop M e c i" , oöycjiOBJieHHUx 3H a- HeHHeM npeflHKaTOB h u d d le d H h u n c h e d . COOTBeTCTBeHHO H a- dfflpflaiOTCfl h pa 3 jnraiH b 3 HaHeHHH npnâcTHÄ Ö b npejyioJKeHHHx (I) h (2), (3) h (4). B npeflÄOjiteHHHX (2) h (4) npHnacTHH n pearoi3yioT otiub cBoe ocuoBHoe snaqeH H e, T o ra a KaK b n p e ^ o - stejiHax (I) ii (3) y npHâcTHH n p e a jH 3 y e rc a KOMiuieKc 3H ane-

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hhü: I) 0CH0BH0e jigkchmgckoc1 3naneHHe acxoÄHoro rjiarojia, ot KOToporo oöpa3QBaHo flaHHoe npimcTiie H; 2) shbhghhg, KOTopoe bo3Hhkjio npn aKTyajmsamm b MOflejm, CBoJicTBGHHoß npeflincaTaM "oflQBaHiiH", noa BJMHHHeM ee cipyKTypHo-ceMaHiireecKoro ocmep- *aHiw. TaK npoHBJiaeTCH "flaaiGHHe cuHiaKcuca Ha ceiuaHTHKy » Moan^HiDipyramoe B03seiicTBiie cHHTaKCHHBCKoii CTpyKTypu npeßno- kghhh Ha poajiH3amno 3iiaHeinw i«nioro3HaHHHX npiraacTHü fl.

B CBGTG BUIUOH3JO;:;GHIIOrO npGACTaBJWGTCH B03M0JKHHM TOBO-p n t £ o cyinGCTBOBaKHH oöiu iipH o ro CGMaHTHHGCKoro n o jw n p e flH K a - TOB "OêBaHMH, OdjIüHSHlLH", OXBaTE3aiOmorO HG TOJIBKO TJiarOJIH B JUIHHCÜ (Jopi.IG il npOH3BOflHUG OT HHX üpHHaCTIIH II C yKa33HHHM 3naH em iQ M , h o h H axoflH im iecfl Ha n e p n $ e p im e r o n p u n a c iK H n T im a h u n o h - 'd , p e a ju i3 y ra n :ie 3HaHeHne o ^ e T u fl" jnmiB b c n e u n - fu H e c iu ix ycjioBHH x MOflejin v e n + i n + N, r ^ e i n + N - k o c - BGIIHO—OÖTiGICTHaH CHHTaKCGMa, Ha3BaHHG npeflM GTa OfleatflH.

n p it t ie n a H iM1 . C or.iacH O K JiaccH ßH itaiym jionojiHGHHK, n pe jx jio x eim o ii

B .B .B y p jiaK O B o ii, KaK npaM oe jionojm eHH B Or TpaKTysTCH s o n o j i - HeHiie', B c e r j ta cB H 3aiiiioe c BGßyiniiM sjieM eirroM ö ecn p e jy io K H o ß c b h 3 i>io; no,n aJiBTepnaTHBHHM sonojineH H SM Op noHHr.iaeTCH .n o n o Ji- H6HH0 | KOTOpOe MOXGT ÖHTB CBtfSaHO C BGÄyiUHM 3JieM6HTOM KaK npesJiO K H oli, TaK h öecnp eju iO K H o ii c b h 3LK>; HaKOHeu, irpe,/yioruiuM

Oo H a3K B aeTC fl TaKOG sonojiH G H H G , KOTopoG B c e r .n a CBHSailO 0 PGflymwM 3JieKciiT0M npejviostHoii c b h3bio. Cm .: EypnaicoBa B.B. He- KOTbpue xapaKTepHCTKKH rjiarojiBHux coMGTaniii' c o B p 6 M e iiH o ro aiirjmi.cKoro H3ui<a // Bonpocu CTpyKTypu aurmiicKoro 53UKa b cmocpomra h anaxpomm. - Btm.2. - JI., 1969.

2 . i',iyxHii A .M . C iic T e m m a othoüjghhh n e p e x o z u in x rjiarojiBHHX jiskcgm (Ha MaTspnajiG aHrJKMCKoro h pyccKoro h 3u k o b ) - JI., 1987.

3. Ci.nipHimKHfi A.I*. CjiHTaKciic aHrjrafiCKoro H3HKa. - M.,1957.

4 . Cm . : G r a b b 'a E n g l i s h S y n o n y m s . - L . , . 1 9 5 6 .5 . T h e A d v a n c e d L e a r n e r ' s D i c t i o . i a r y o f C u r r e n t E n g l i s h

B y A . S .H o r n b y , E . V . G a t e n - b y a n d H . W a k e f i e l d . - O x f o r d , 1 9 5 8 .6 . T h e S h o r t e r O x f o r d E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y . - O x f o r d ,

1 9 5 6 . V o l . I . - I I .7. . . . w i t h o n : T o p u t o n ( c l o t h e s ) . E x . : H i s c l o t h e s

s e e m t o b e h u d d l e d o n a n y h o w 7 [ 6 , p . 9 3 0 1 .8 . npH 9T0M H3 paCCMOTpeifflH IICKJIIOâiOTCH CJiyqaH npOTHBO- ncuiOKHUX C H Tyaiprfi: u n d r e s s e d - d r e s s e d , r f l e B03M0SH0 3aEep-mGHHe C0MaHTiri0CKofi C T pyK Typa b u c k s 3 h b 8 h h h n p n n0M0nm o ^ i to r o n p ajtH K aT H B H oro C JioB a.

9. 30Ji0T0Ba T.A; CniiT8Kcim0ckhä cjioBapB: PenepTyap 3JI8M0HTapHHX 0,HHHim_pyCCKOrO CHHTaKCHCS. - M., I98B.

10. Kami8JEE.C0H Cf. A. TiinojiorHH h 3hkb h paêBoe MuiiuieHHG.- Jt., 1972.

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H.K.ApxnnoB. 'ieüOBeêcKHft $aKTop b A3HKs ....................... 3H.B.BarpaMOBa. 0 ÄByx Biwax JieKCHMecKOfl HHTep$epeHUHH

B peêBOlt Ä0HT6JIBHOCTH ÖHJIHHrBOB............................... 10C.JI.rpHuiaHOB. K Bonpocy o csmohthhsckom cra iyce

KOHHOTaTHBHOrO 3HaH0HHH ................................... . . . 16K.A.ry3eeBa, X.M.PoraKauiBHJiH. CeMaHTireecKHe

0C0Ö9HH0CTH BHCKa3HBaHHÄ C npHCOeflHHeHHOß BOnpOCHTeJIBHOlt HaCTBB................................................... 22

A.M.SBHriiHa. CeMaHTHKa ycjtoacHeHHHx aTpKÖyTHBHUx CJiOBOCOHeraHHfi.............................................................. 28

3.B.3yeBa. KoHrpacTHBHaa ceMaHTmecKan cbä3bJieKCireecKHx 3HaêHHii................................................... 32

B.B.KaöaKHH. CeMaHTHKa nojiKrHHecKoro TepMHHa................ 38H.H.KHpnjuiOBa. K Bonpocy o pa3i paHiraeHHH jieKCiraecKorou $pa3 eojioriraecKoro 3HaM6HHä................................... 45JI.E.KoKaHHHa. $pa3eoôrjnecKaH ceMaHimca b

acneKTe flHaxpoHHH.............................. 50E.H.Ky3eBaHOBa. IIpoflBJieHHe BpeMeHHoro 3HaneHHH b

npejyioacHHx cyöcTaHTHBHHx rpynnax JtoKajbHoß. CeMaHTHKH...................................... 57

E.M.MepKyjtoBa. CHHOHHMireecKHe cbhsh neKcmec. .ixeflHHHij .............................................................. . 62

B.A.IIorocHH. SaBHCHMooTB ceMaHTHKH h $yHKUHft rjiarojiamean ot HanojiHeHHH no3HHiHii cyÖteKTa H oÖteKTa. . 68

M,B.CMHpHOBa. CeMaHTHKa OÄHOMJieHHUX HM6HHMX npeflJIOJKeHtfßcoBpeMeH'joro $paHuy3CKoro H3HKa............................... 73

H.ü.TeTepHHa. MexaHHSM eMHeaoBofi cobmocthmocth npona- raxejiBHoro h cymecTBHTeaBHoro b arpHÖyTHBHOMCJIOBOCOHeTaHHH....................................... ...................... 78

O.B.TpyHOBa. PeJiHTHBH3auHfl BUCKasuBaHHH........................ 653.H.IypaeBa. Mcmai&HocTB tskctb b MOflanBHOcri.

BHCICa3HBaHHH........................... ......................................T.Ä.lllyBepoB.n. KoMMyHHKaTHBHO-ueJieBaH ceMaHTHKa h thhh

KOMMyHHKaTHBHHX yCTBHOBOK B T8KCT0mnepaTypHofi napoflH H ....................... lü<.

A.A.XywntoB. B3aHM0fleflcTBHe JieKCHêcKofl h rpaMMBTH-HeCKOlt ceMaHTHKH B COÖHpaTejIBHHX OymeCTBHTÖÄbHHX 108

H.A.lHajtpHHa. MeamyiuiaHOBan TpaHcno3mtHH fopM HacToa-mero BpeMeHH b iltoh npomefliuero . . . . . . . . . 11?

E.A.Cad&DOHOBa» 0 CTpyKTypHO-CeMOHTH'ieGICHX CBOttOTBftXnpHuacTHä II — $aKTHBHUx npeflHKaTOBofleBaHHa , 'oÖJiaHeHHH" ........................................119

COJtEPZAHME

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CONTENTS

I.K.Arkbipov. Human Factor in Languag# ........N.T.Bagraraova, On Two Types of LexicalInterference in Bilingual Speech . . . ........S.L.Grishanov. On the Problem of the Semantic Status of Connotation . . . . . . . . . . . . .K.A.Gouzeyeva, L.M.Rochikashvilly. Semantios of

QusstionsA.I.Zvyagina. Semantios of Complex AttributivePhrases .........................................E.V.Zouye'-a. Contrastive Semantic Relationof Lexical Meanings .................. ........V.V.Kabakchy. Semantics of the Political Term . . N.N.Kirrilova. On the Differentiation of Lexicaland Phraseological Meaning ............ . . . .L.B.Kokanina. A Diachrönical Approach toPhraseological Semantics . ....................E.N.Kouzevanova. Temporal Meaning in PrepositionalNoun Phrases of X<ocal Semantics................E.M.Merkoulova. Synonymous Relations in Words . . V.A.Pogosyan. The ferb "Mean" its Meaningand Functions.......... 'M.V.Sraimova. Semantics of One-Member Sentencesin Modem F r e n c h ................ .............I.L.Teterina. Why and When Do Adjjeotives and Nouna Combine Semantically in Attributive Phrases . . . O.V.Trunova. Relativisation of Utterances . . . . Z.Y.Tourayeva. Text Modality and UtteranceModality .......................................T.D.Shouverova. Types of Communicative Setsin Parody.......................................A.A.Khoudyakov. Lexical and Grammatical Meaningin Collective Nouns.......... -............. . .N.A.Shadrina. TraBposition of Preeenf Tensesinto Past Contexts .............................E.A.Safronova. Some Semantic FeatureBof the Pattern "V-en-in-N."........ ............

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