Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A Zentralblatt Reihe A für Veterinärmedizin Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine

Edited by / Herausgegeben von

O . - R . K A A D E N A . M A Y R E. S C H A R R E R B . S C H I E F E R H . S P Ö R R I

München München Zürich Saskatoon Zürich

V O L U M E / B A N D 38, 1991

302 Figures /Abbildungen 189 Tables/Tabellen 1: ) F *

Tel. 0 89/21 80-26?·

fVUL IVPFJ^ ^ c^ e n t^^ c Publishers Berlin and Hamburg

Index Vol. 38 Inhaltsverzeichnis zum achtunddreißigsten Band

To our Readers / A n unsere Leser I

Review Articles / Review-Artikel

D A N I E L , R. C. W. , see H U S S A I N and D A N I E L 641

EKFALCK, Α., B. JONES and N . O B E L : Possible Importance for Laminitis Research of Recent Studies on Substances Influencing the Differentiation of Cultured Keratinocytes 721

HUSSAIN, A . M . , and R . C . W . D A N I E L : Bovine Endometritis: Current and Future Alternative Therapy 641

JONES, B., see EKFALCK, JONES and O B E L 721

O B E L , Ν . , see EKFALCK, JONES and O B E L 721

Original Papers / Originalarbeiten

A B D E L - F A T T A H , K A M A L I . , S. BOBEK and A . SECHMAN: Serum Pattern of Thyroxine (T 4 ) , 3,3',5-

Triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and 3,3',5'-Triiodothyronine (rT 3 ) in Fed and Fasted Cocks Fo l lowingTRH Stimulation 401

AJIBADE, Η . Α . , see O Y E W A L E , S A N N I and A J I B A D E 261

A L B I H N , A N N : Standing Oestrus, Ovarian Function and Early Pregnancy in Virgin and Repeat Breeder Heifers 212

A L B I H N , Α . , see also STANCHEV, R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z , A L B I H N , ERIKSSON, GUSTAFSSON and

LARSSON 271

A M O R Y , H . , A . L I N D E N , D . DESMECHT, F. R O L L I N , Β. G E N I C O T and P. LEKEUX: Validation of the

Thermodilution Technique for the Estimation of the Cardiac Output in the Unsedated Calf 409

A M O R Y , H . , see also A R T , DESMECHT, A M O R Y and LEKEUX 148

A M O R Y , H . , see also L I N D E N , A R T , A M O R Y , MASSART, BÜRVENICH and LEKEUX 376

ANDERSSON, L., see FORSHELL, ANÜERSSON and PEHRSON 608

A N J I K I , T., G . T A K E Y A , N . H A S H I M O T O and K . K A D O T A : An Ultrastructural Study of Vulval

Myofibroblastoma in a Cow 770 ARBEITER, Κ . , Μ . DOBRETSBERGER, ERTKA M Ü L L E R und Α . H O L Z M A N N : Ein indirekter Nachweis

der Ovulation und Fertilisation beim Hund durch Progesteronverlaufsuntersuchungen. (About an Indirect Proof of Ovulation and Ovafertilisation in Dogs by Continued Controls of Plasma Progesterone Levels) 696

A R T , T., D. DESMECHT, H . A M O R Y and P. LEKEUX: Lobeline-Induced Hyperpnea in Equids. Comparison with Rebreathing Bag and Exercise 148

A R T , T . , see also L I N D E N , A R T , A M O R Y , MASSART, BÜRVENICH and LEKEUX 376

AXELSSON, S.: Origin and Significance of Acetylcholine and Choline in Plasma and Serum from Normal and Paretic Cows 737

AYERS, J., see TROYER, AYERS, W O L L E N , L E I P O L D and C O O K 300

B E L K H I R I , M . , see N I C H O L S O N and B E L K H I R I 265

BESTMANN, Μ . , see G A B E L , BESTMANN and M A R T E N S 523

BOBEK, S., see A B D E L - F A T T A H , BOBEK and SECHMAN 401

B O N D U R A N T , R. H . , see G I R I , STABENFELDT, MOSELEY, G R A H A M , BRUSS, B O N D U R A N T , C U L L O R

and OSBURN 445

B R A U N , U . , R. E I C H E R and F. EHRENSPERGER: Type 1 Abomasal Ulcers in Dairy Cattle 357 BROZ, J., see W A N N E R , W A L K E R , SUTTER, R I O N D and B R O Z 755

BRÜCKNER, R., see D A I C K E R , G Y W A T , KELLER, SPIESS und BRÜCKNER 652

BRUSS, Μ . L., see G I R I , STABENFELDT, MOSELEY, G R A H A M , BRUSS, B O N D U R A N T , C U L L O R and

OSBURN 445

BURTSCHER, H . , see M A Y R , G I L L I , SCHLEGER, REIFINGER and BURTSCHER 141

B Ü R V E N I C H , C , see L I N D E N , A R T , A M O R Y , MASSART, BÜRVENICH and LEKEUX 376

Index Volume 38 / Inhaltsverzeichnis zum achtunddreißigsten Band V I I

B U S H N E L L , R. B., see ROSE, G I R I , C U L L O R and BUSHNELL 99

BUTTENSCH0N , J.: Statistical Evidence for a Link between Bronchopneumonia and Disseminated Focal Nephritis in Pigs 287

B W A N G A , C. O . , P. O . H O F M O , I . S. GREVLE, S. EINARSSON and R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z : In vivo

Fertilizing Capacity of Deep Frozen Boar Semen Packaged in Plastic Bags and Maxi-Straws 281

C A M O N - U R G E L , J., see L O P E Z - G A T I U S and C A M O N - U R G E L 553

C H A U V E T , Α., see ROUSSEAUX, O L K O W S K I , C H A U V E T , G O O N E R A T N E and CHRISTENSON 229

CHRISTENSON, D . Α., see ROUSSEAUX, O L K O W S K I , C H A U V E T , G O O N E R A T N E and CHRISTENSON . . 229

C I H A K , j . , H . W . L . Z I E G L E R - H E I T B R O C K , H . STEIN and U . L Ö S C H : Effect of Perinatal A n t i -

TCR2 Treatment and Thymectomy on Serum Immunoglobulin Levels in the Chicken . . . . 28 C O O K , J . E., see TROYER, AYERS, W O L L E N , L E I P O L D and C O O K 300

C O O L S , V . , see Cox, SCHRAUWEIN, C O O L S and H O U V E N A G H E L 418

C O R D E I R O , Α., see CORNEJO, L O P E Z , P O K N I A K , G O N Z A L E Z and C O R D E I R O 126

C O R N E J O , S., A . L O P E Z , J. POKNTAK, N . G O N Z A L E Z and A. C O R D E I R O : Effect of Energy/Protein

Ratio on Productive Performance and Carcass Composition of Male Broilers 126 Cox, Ε., E. SCHRAUWEIN, V . C O O L S and A. H O U V E N A G H E L : Experimental Induction of Diar­

rhoea in Newly-Weaned Piglets 418 C U L L O R , J . S., see ROSE, G I R I , C U L L O R and BUSHNELL 99

C U L L O R , J.S., see also G I R I , STABENFELDT, MOSELEY, G R A H A M , BRUSS, B O N D U R A N T , C U L L O R

and OSBURN 445

D A F A L L A , Ε. Α., see R A M A D A N , G A M E E L , D A F A L L A and G A L I L 441

D A I C K E R , Β . , L. G Y W A T , M . KELLER, B. SPIESS und R. BRÜCKNER: Adenome des Irispigment-

epithels mit Endothelialisation und Descemetisation beim Pferd. (Adenomas of the Iris Pigment Epithelium with Endothelialization and Descemetization in a Horse) 652

D A L I N , A . - M . , see H U R S T , D A L I N and R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z 594

D Ä M M R I C H , Κ., see ZENTEK, D Ä M M R I C H und MEYER 561

D A N I E L , R. C. W. , see FENWTCK and D A N I E L 485

D E G Ö R S K I , Α . , see L E C H O W S K I , L E N A R C I K , DEGÖRSKI and W I N N I C K A 530

D E N A C , M . , G. K Ü M I N and E. SCHARRER: Effect of Noradrenaline on Smooth Muscle Strips from the Reticular Groove of Adult Cattle 383

DESMECHT, D . , see A R T , DESMECHT, A M O R Y and LEKEUX 148

D E S M E C H T , D . , see also A M O R Y , L I N D E N , DESMECHT, R O L L I N , G E N I C O T and LEKEUX 409

D I J K , E. V A N , see EGBERTS, VELLENGA, VAN D I J K and M O U W E N 157

D I S T L , O . , W . GRUSSLER, J. SCHWARZ und Η . KRÄUSSLICH: Analyse umweltbedingter und

genetischer Einflüsse auf die Häufigkeit von Hüftgelenksdysplasie beim Deutschen Schäferhund. (Analysis of environmental and genetic influences on the frequency of hip dysplasia in German shepherd dogs) 460

DOBRETSBERGER, M . , see ARBEITER, DOBRETSBERGER, M Ü L L E R und H O L Z M A N N 696

D O U C E T , Μ., see V R I N S , D O U C E T and N U N E Z - O C H O A 472

EDER, H . , sec FUCHS und EDER 749

EGBERTS, H . J . Α., L. VELLENGA, J. Ε. VAN D I J K and J. M . V . M . M O U W E N : Intestinal Permeability

in Piglets During Transmissible Gastroenteritis 157 EHRENSPERGER, F., see B R A U N , EICHER and EHRENSPERGER 357

E I C H E R , R., see B R A U N , EICHER and EHRENSPERGER 357

EINARSSON, S., see BWANGA, H O F M O , GREVLE, EINARSSON and R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z 281

EINARSSON, S., see also ROJKITTTKHUN, EINARSSON and K I N D A H L 344

EINARSSON, S., see also PETTERSSON, LARSSON and EINARSSON 481

EINARSSON, S., see also SÖDERQUIST, JANSON, LARSSON and EINARSSON 534

ERBEN, R. G., see K O H N , ERBEN, WEISER, RAMBECK and ZUCKER 54

E R H A R D , Μ., J. K E L L E R , R. K Ü H L M A N N and U . L Ö S C H : Influence of Various Adjuvants on the

Synthesis of Specific Antibodies of Chicken, Sheep and Rabbit Following Immunization wi th an Hapten 21

ERIKSSON, H . , see STANCHEV, R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z , A L B I H N , ERIKSSON, GUSTAFSSON and

LARSSON 271

ERRECALDE, J . O . , C.E. LANUSSE, O . N . M E S T O R I N O , M . F . L A N D O N I and A . L. SORACI:

Pharmacokinetics of Ticarcillin and Ticarcillin-Probenecid in Sheep 255 ESCHBORN, U . , see M A Y R , ESCHBORN and K A L A T 617

FARIAS, G., see SILVA, FARIAS y TORRES 367

F A U N D E Z , R., see GAJEWSKI, FAUNDEZ y JEDRUCH 710

V I I I Index Volume 38 / Inhaltsverzeichnis zum achtunddreißigsten Band

F E N W I C K , D . C , and R. C . W. D A N I E L : Monthly Variation and Distribution of Erythrocyte Na, Κ and Mg Concentrations in Normal Dairy Cows 485

FUCHS, Α., und Η. EDER: Zahl und Reifegradverteilung der Retikulozyten von sechs Tierarten . . 749 G A B E L , G . , M A R E N BESTMANN and H . M A R T E N S : Influences of Diet, Short-Chain Fatty Acids,

Lactate and Chloride on Bicarbonate Movement across the Reticulo-Rumen Wall of Sheep 523 GAJEWSKI, Z . , R . F A U N D E Z y J . J E D R U C H : Efecto de la Accion de Estimulantes y Bloqueadores de

los Receptores Adrenergicos sobre la Actividad Electrica del Utero en Vacas Prenadas. (Effects of Adrenergic Stimulants and Blockers on the Electrical Activi ty of the Uterus in Pregnant Cows) 710

G A M E E L , Α. Α., see R A M A D A N , G A M E E L , D A F A L L A and G A L I L 441

G A N T E R , Μ., und M A R I O N KANNGIESSER: Auswirkung von Ketamin und dessen Kombinationen mit Xylazin und Climazolam auf Kreislauf und Atmung beim Schwein. (Cardiopulmonary Responses to Ketamine-HCl and its Combinations with Xylazine and wi th Climazolam in Swine) 501

GASTHUYS, F. , Α. DE M O O R and D . P A R M E N T I E R : Haemodynamic Effects of Change in Position and Respiration Mode during a Standard Halothane Anaesthesia in Ponies 203

GASTHUYS, F. , Α. DE M O O R and D . P A R M E N T I E R : Influence of Dopamine and Dobutamine on the Cardiovascular Depression Dur ing a Standard Halothane Anaesthesia in Dorsally Recum­bent, Ventilated Ponies 494

GASTHUYS, F. , Α. DE M O O R and D . P A R M E N T I E R : Influence of Digoxin Followed by Dopamine on the Cardiovascular Depression Dur ing a Standard Halothane Anaesthesia in Dorsally Recumbent, Ventilated Ponies 585

GASTHUYS, F. , Α. DE M O O R and D . P A R M E N T I E R : Cardiovascular Effects of Low Dose Calcium Chloride Infusions During Halothane Anaesthesia in Dorsally Recumbent Ventilated Ponies 728

G E N I C O T , B . , F . M O U L I G N E A U und P. L E K E U X : Wirksamkeit eines oralen Beruhigungsmittels auf das Verhalten und die zootechnischen Leistungen von Mastbullen der Weiß-Blauen Belgischen Rasse. (Efficiency of a Sedative on the Behaviour and the Performances of Belgian White and Blue Double-Muscled Cattle during Fattening) 668

G E N I C O T , B . , see also A M O R Y , L I N D E N , D E S M E C H T , R O L L I N , G E N I C O T and LEKEUX 409

G I L L I , H . , see M A Y R , G I L L I , SCHLEGER, R E I F I N G E R and BURTSCHER 141

G I R I , S . N . , G . H . STABENFELDT, T . A . MOSELEY, T . W . G R A H A M , M . L . BRUSS, R . H . B O N

D U R A N T , J .S. C U L L O R and B . I . O S B U R N : Role of Eicosanoids in Abortion and its Prevention by Treatment with Flunixin Meglumine in Cows During the First Trimester of Pregnancy 445

G I R I , S. N . , see also ROSE, G I R I , C U L L O R and B U S H N E L L 99

G O G O I , S . N . , J . M . N I G A M , P . K . PESHIN, D . S H A R I F I and D . B . P A T I L : Studies on Intravenous

Regional Analgesia of the H i n d L imb in the Bovine 544 G O L D B E R G , M . , and M . K O L L E R : Concentrations and Patterns of Released Pterins of Various

Animal Cell Cultures 49 G O N Z A L E Z , N . , see CORNEJO, LOPEZ, P O K N I A K , G O N Z A L E Z and C O R D E I R O 126

G O O N E R A T N E , S. R. , see ROUSSEAUX, O L K O W S K I , C H A U V E T , G O O N E R A T N E and CHRTSTENSON . . . 229

G R A F , F., D . S C H A M S , J . MEYER and H . KRÄUSSLICH: Effect of Recombinant Bovine Somatotro­pin (BST) on Physiological Parameters and on Milk Production in German Fleckvieh Cows 621

G R A H A M , T . W . , see G I R I , STABENFELDT, MOSELEY, G R A H A M , BRUSS, B O N D U R A N T , C U L L O R and

OSBURN 445

GREVLE, I . S., see B W A N G A , H O F M O , G R E V L E , EINARSSON and R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z 281

GRUBER, F. P., see H I N S und GRUBER 61

GRUSSLER, W . , see D I S T L , GRUSSLER, SCHWARZ und KRÄUSSLICH 460

GUSTAFSSON, Η., see STANCHEV, R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z , A L B I H N , ERIKSSON, GUSTAFSSON and

LARSSON 271

G Y W A T , L . , see D A I C K E R , G Y W A T , K E L L E R , SPIESS und BRÜCKNER 652

H A R M E Y E R , J., and T . M I C H A L O W S K I : A Technique for the Collection of Reticular Effluent of Sheep 107

H A S H I M O T O , N . , see A N J I K I , T A K E Y A , H A S H I M O T O and K A D O T A 770

H E G E L , G. V. , see SCHWEIGERT, U E H L I N - H A R R E L L , V. H E G E L and WIESNER 35

H E L L M A N N , J., and H . L O P P N O W : Hyperplasia of Somatostatin and Pancreatic Polypeptide Immunoreactive Cells in Dogs wi th Idiopathic Atrophy of the Exocrine Pancreas 80

HESSE, V. , see ZEPPERITZ, JAHREIS, K I U P E L and HESSE 763

Index Volume 38/Inhaltsverzeichnis zum achtunddreißigsten Band I X

H E Y D N E R , C H . , see K A L T N E R , H E Y D N E R and W I T T M A N N 43

H I N S , J., und F .P . GRUBER: Genetisches Fingerprinting von Inzuchtlinien, Auszuchten, transge-nen Individuen und 3T3-Zellen von Mus musculus mit der Sonde B . E . S . T . M Z 1.3. (Genetic monitoring of inbred and outbred strains, transgenic individuals and 3T3-cells of Mus musculus w i t h the probe B . E . S . T . M Z 1.3) 61

H O F M O , P. O. , see B W A N G A , H O F M O , GREVLE, EINARSSON and R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z 281

H O L Z M A N N , Α . , see ARBEITER, DOBRETSBERGER, M Ü L L E R und H O L Z M A N N 696

H O U V E N A G H E L , Α . , see Cox, SCHRAUWEIN, C O O L S and H O U V E N A G H E L 418

HURST, Μ., A . - M . D A L I N and H . R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z : Embryonic Development of the

Porcine Indifferent Gonad and Testis 594 JAHREIS, G . , see ZEPPERITZ, JAHREIS, K I U P E L and HESSE 763

JANSON, L . , see SÖDERQUIST, R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z and JANSON 165

JANSON, L . , see also SÖDERQUIST, JANSON, LARSSON and EINARSSON 534

JEDRUCH, J., see GAJEWSKI, F A U N D E Z y JEDRUCH 710

JEFFCOTT, L . B. , see SAVAGE, JEFFCOTT, MELSEN and 0 S T B L O M 776

JEFFCOTT, L . B. , see also SAVAGE, T I D D , MELSEN, JEFFCOTT and 0 S T B L O M 784

JEFFCOTT, L . B. , see also SAVAGE, T I D D , 0 S T B L O M , M E L S E N and JEFFCOTT 793

JENSEN, A . L . : A n Automated Method for Determination of Total Bile Acid Concentration in Canine Serum 134

JENSEN, A . L . , and O. L . N I E L S E N : Chronic Hepatitis in Three Young Standard Poodles 194 JENSEN, A . L . : Variations in Total Bile Acid Concentration in Serum of Dogs after a Test Meal . . . 241 JENSEN, A . L . : Evaluation of Fasting and Postprandial Total Serum Bile Acid Concentration in

Dogs with Hepatobiliary Disorders 247 JOHANNSEN, U . , SOLVEIG M E N G E R , J. K I N N E , R . N E U M A N N , G . M E H L H O R N und Η . P F Ü T Z N E R :

Untersuchungen zur Pathologie und Pathogenese der experimentellen Mycoplasma hyorhinis-\\\{tVi\ox\ der Ferkel ohne und mit thermomotorischer Belastung. 2. Mitteilung: Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungsergebnisse. (Investigations on Pathology and Pathogenesis of Experimental Mycoplasma hyorhinis Infection in Piglets with or without Thermoinotoric Stress. 2. Results of electron microscopic studies) 321

JOHANNSEN, U . , see also K I N N E , JOHANNSEN, N E U M A N N , M E H L H O R N and PFÜTZNER 306

K A D O T A , K . , see A N J I K I , T A K E Y A , H A S H I M O T O and K A D O T A 770

K A L A T , M . , see M A Y R , ESCHBORN and K A L A T 617

K A L T N E R , H . , C H . H E Y D N E R and J. W I T T M A N N : The Influence of Thiourea on the Development of the Cultured Quail Embryo 43

KANNGIESSER, M . , see G A N T E R und KANNGIESSER 501

KASPERS, Β., L S C H R A N N E R und U . L Ö S C H : Distribution of Immunoglobulins During Embryo-genesis in the Chicken 73

KELLER, M . , see D A I C K E R , G Y W A T , KELLER, SPIESS und B R Ü C K N E R 652

KELLNER, J., see E R H A R D , KELLNER, K Ü H L M A N N and L Ö S C H 21

K I N D A H L , Η . , see R O J K I T T I K H U N , EINARSSON and K I N D A H I 344

K I N N E , J., U . JOHANNSEN, R . N E U M A N N , G . M E H L H O R N und H . PFÜTZNER: Untersuchungen zur

Pathologie und Pathogenese der experimentellen Mycoplasma hyorhiriis-lnhkuon von Ferkeln ohne und mit thermomotorischer Belastung. 1. Mitteilung: Pathologisch­anatomische, -histologische und immunmorphologische Untersuchungsergebnisse. (Inves­tigations on the Pathology and Pathogenesis of Experimental Mycoplasma hyorhinis Infection of Piglets with or without thermomotoric Stress. 1. Results of Pathomorphologi-cal and Immunomorphological Studies) 306

K I N N E , J., see JOHANNSEN, MENGER, K I N N E , N E U M A N N , M E H L H O R N und PFÜTZNER 321

K I U P E L , Η . , see ZEPPERITZ, JAHREIS, K I U P E L and HESSE 763

K O H N , B., R. G . ERBEN, H . W E I S E R , W . Α . R A M B E C K and H . ZUCKER: Osteopenia Caused by

Ovariectomy in Young Female Rats and Prophylactic Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 54 K O L L E R , Μ., see GOLDBERG and K O L L E R 49

K Ö L L T N G , Κ.: Die ionisierte Calciumfraktion des Blutes: Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen methodischen Faktoren. (The Ionized Calcium Fraction of Blood: Dependence on Various Methodological Factors) 629

KOSTKA, V. , Μ.-Ε. KRAUTWALD-JUNGHANNS and Β. T E L L H E L M : Radiology of the Avian Skull . . . 175 KRÄUSSLICH, Η . , see D I S T L , GRUSSLER, SCHWARZ und KRÄUSSLICH 460

KRÄUSSLICH, Η . , see also G R A I . SCHAMS. MEYER and KRÄUSSLICH 6 2 1

KRAUTWALD-JUNGHANNS, M.-E. , see KOSTKA, K R A U T W A L D - J U N G H A N N S and T E L L H E L M 175

K Ü H L M A N N , R., see E R H A R D , KELLNER, K Ü H L M A N N and L Ö S C H 21

X Index Volume 38/Inhaltsverzeichnis zum achtunddreißigsten Band

K U K K O N E N , S. Α., see M I E T T I N E N , R A I N I O , K U K K O N E N and SETÄLÄ 427

K U K U L S K A , W. , see M O T Y L , STWECKA, KUKULSKA, O R Z E C H O WSKI and P U C H A L A 198

K Ü M I N , G., see D E N A C , K Ü M I N and SCHARRER 383

L A H R M A N N , Κ. H . , and BARBARA STAUDT: Blockwirbelbildung beim Schwein. (Formation of Block Vertebrae in Swine) 691

L A N D O N I , M . F., see ERRECALDE, LANUSSE, M E S T O R I N O , L A N D O N I and SORACI 255

L A N G H A N S , W., E. SCHARRER and A . H . M E Y E R : Changes in Feeding Behavior and Plasma Vasopressin Concentration during Water Deprivation in Goats 11

LANUSSE, C. E., see ERRECALDE, LANUSSE, M E S T O R I N O , L A N D O N I and SORACI 255

LARSSON, B., see PETTERSSON, LARSSON and EINARSSON 481

LARSSON, K., see SÖDERQUIST, JANSON, LARSSON and EINARSSON 534

L A V I N , S., F.J. M O R A , L . M O N R E A L and L . V I N A S : Evaluation of a Haematological Analyser for

its Use in Canine Clinical Pathology 702 L E C H O W S K I , R., M . LENARCIK, A. DEGÖRSKI and A. W I N N I C K A : Serum Lysozyme Activity and

Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction Test in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus 530 L E I P O L D , H . W. , see TROYER, AYERS, W O L L E N , L E I P O L D and C O O K 300

LEKEUX, P., see A R T , DESMECHT, A M O R Y and LEKEUX 148

LEKEUX, P., see also L I N D E N , A R T , A M O R Y , MASSART, B Ü R V E N I C H and LEKEUX 376

LEKEUX, P., see also A M O R Y , L I N D E N , DESMECHT, R O L L I N , G E N I C O T and L E K E U X 409

LEKEUX, P., see also G E N I C O T , M O U L I G N E A U und LEKEUX 668

L E N A R C I K , M . , see L E C H O W S K I , L E N A R C I K , DEGÖRSKI and W I N N I C K A 530

L I N D E N , Α., T . A R T , Η. A M O R Y , A . M . MASSART, C. BÜRVENICH and P. LEKEUX: Quantitative

Buffy Coat Analysis Related to Adrenocortical Function in Horses During a Three-Day Event Competition 376

L I N D E N , Α., see also A M O R Y , L I N D E N , DESMECHT, R O L L I N , G E N I C O T and LEKEUX 409

L I N D N E R , Α.: Einfluß von Lagerungsdauer, -temperatur und Probenausgangsmaterial auf klinisch-chemische Blutvariablen. (Effect of temperature and duration of storage on clinico-chemical variables in different blood sample materials) 433

L O P E Z , Α., see CORNEJO, L O P E Z , P O K N I A K , G O N Z A L E Z and CORDEIRO 126

L O P E Z - G A T I U S , F., and J. C A M O N - U R G E L : Confirmation of Estrus Rates by Palpation per Rectum of Genital Organs in Normal Repeat Dairy Cows 553

L O P P N O W , H . , see H E L L M A N N and L O P P N O W 80

L Ö S C H , U . , see E R H A R D , K E L L N E R , K Ü H L M A N N and L Ö S C H 21

L Ö S C H , U . , see also C I H A K , Z I E G L E R - H E I T B R O C K , STEIN and LÖSCH 28

L Ö S C H , U . , see also KASPERS, SCHRANNER and L Ö S C H 73

M A R T E N S , H . , see G A B E L , BESTMANN and MARTENS 523

MASSART, Α. M . , see L I N D E N , A R T , A M O R Y , MASSART, BÜRVENICH and LEKEUX 376

M A Y R , Β . , H . G I L L I , W. SCHLEGER, M . REIFINGER and H . BURTSCHER: Cytogenetic Characteriz­

ation of Mammary Tumors in Two Domestic Dogs 141 M A Y R , Β . , U . ESCHBORN and M . K A L A T : Near Triploidy in a Feline Fibrosarcoma 617

MBASSA, G. K., and j .S . D. POULSEN: Comparison between a Modified Haemocytometric Technique and Electronic Counters in Goat Blood Cell Counting 350

MBASSA, G. K., and J. S. D . POULSEN: Leukocyte Profile in Growing Dwarf and Landrace Kids . . 389 MBASSA, G .K . , and J .S .D. POULSEN: Haematological Profile in Neonatal Dwarf and Landrace

Kids ! 510 MBASSA, G. K., and J.S. D. POULSEN: Profile of Some Plasma Enzyme Activities in Growing

Dwarf and Landrace Kids 571 MBASSA, G. K., and J. S. D . POULSEN: Profiles of Some Clinical Chemical Parameters in Growing

Dwarf and Landrace Kids 676 M C E W A N , G .T . Α., Β . SCHOUSBOE and E. SKADHAUGE: Influence of Age on Antisecretory Factor

Inhibition of Enterotoxin Action in the Pig Small Intestine 222 M E H L H O R N , G., see K I N N E , JOHANNSEN, N E U M A N N , M E H L H O R N and PFÜTZNER 306

M E H L H O R N , G., see also JOHANNSEN, M E N G E R , K I N N E , N E U M A N N , M E H L H O R N und PFÜTZNER . . 321

M E L S E N , F., see SAVAGE, JEFFCOTT, MELSEN and 0 S T B L O M 776

M E L S E N , F., see also SAVAGE, T I D D , MELSEN, JEFFCOTT and OSTBLOM 784

M E L S E N , F., see also SAVAGE, T I D D , O S T B L O M , MELSEN and JEFFCOTT 793

M E N G E R , S., see JOHANNSEN, M E N G E R , K I N N E , N E U M A N N , M E H L H O R N and PFÜTZNER 321

M E S T O R I N O , O. N . , see ERRECALDE, LANUSSE, M E S T O R I N O , L A N D O N I and SORACI 255

M E Y E R , A . H . , see L A N G H A N S , SCHARRER and M E Y E R 11

M E Y E R , H . , see ZENTEK, D Ä M M R I C H und MEYER 561

Index Volume 38 / Inhaltsverzeichnis zum achtunddreißigsten Band X I

MEYER, J., see G R A F , SCHAMS, MEYER and KRÄUSSLICH 621

M I C H A L O W S K I , T . , see H A R M E Y E R and M I C H A L O W S K I 107

M I E T T I N EN, P . V . A . , V. A . R A I N I O , S . A . K U K K O N E N and J.J. SETÄLÄ: Finnish Dairy Cows:

Energy Balance and Seasonal Variation in Fertility 427 M O O R , A . DE, see GASTHUYS, DE M O O R and PARMENTIER 585

M O O R , A . DE, see also GASTHUYS, DE M O O R and PARMENTIER 728

M O N R E A L , L . , see L A V I N , M O R A , M O N R E A L and V I N A S 702

M O O R , A . DE, see GASTHUYS, DE M O O R and PARMENTIER 203

M O O R , A . DE, see also GASTHUYS, DE M O O R and PARMENTIER 494

M O R A , F.J . , see L A V I N , M O R A , M O N R E A L and V I N A S 702

MOSELEY, Τ . Α., see G I R I , STABENFELDT, MOSELEY, G R A H A M , BRUSS, B O N D U R A N T , C U L L O R and

OSBURN 445

M O T Y L , Τ. , B. SIWECKA, W . KUKULSKA, A . ORZECHOWSKI and R. P U C H A L A : Urinary Excretion of

Purines in Sheep wi th Experimental Orotic Aciduria 198 M O U L I G N E A U , F., see G E N I C O T , M O U L I G N E A U und LEKEUX 668

M O U W E N , J. Μ. V. M . , see EGBERTS, V E L L E N G A , VAN D I J K and M O U W E N 157

M Ü L L E R , Ε . , see ARBEITER, DOBRETSBERGER, M Ü L L E R und H O L Z M A N N 696

M U R R A Y , R . D . : Concurrent Conjunctivitis and Placentitis in Aborted Bovine Fetuses 660 M U R T H Y , D . K . , see PESHIN, SHARIFI , P A T I L , S I N G H , S I N G H , S I N G H , S I N G H and M U R T H Y 580

N E U M A N N , R . , see K I N N E , JOHANNSEN, N E U M A N N , M E H L H O R N and PFÜTZNER 306

N E U M A N N , R . , see also JOHANNSEN, M E N G E R , K I N N E , N E U M A N N , M E H L H O R N und PFÜTZNER . . . 321

N I C H O L S O N , Τ. , and Μ. B E L K H I R I : The Inhibition of the Reticular Groove Reflex in Sheep by Clonidine 265

NIELSEN, O . L., see JENSEN and N I E L S E N 194

Ν ι G A M , J. M . , see G O G O I , N I G A M , PESHIN, SHARIFI and P A T I L 544

N u N E Z - O c H O A , L. , see V R I N S , D O U C E T and N U N E Z - O C H O A 472

O L K O W S K I , Α. Α., see ROUSSEAUX, O L K O W S K I , C H A U V E T , G O O N E R A T N E and CHRISTENSON 229

ORZECHOWSKI , Α., see M O T Y L , SIWECKA, KUKULSKA, ORZECHOWSKI and P U C H A L A 198

OSBURN, B.J., see G I R I , STABENFELDT, MOSELEY, G R A H A M , BRUSS, B O N D U R A N T , C U L L O R and

OSBURN 445

O S T B L O M , L . C , see SAVAGE, JEFFCOTT, MELSEN and O S T B L O M 776

O S T B L O M , L . , see also SAVAGE, T I D D , M E L S E N , JEFFCOTT and O S T B L O M 784

O S T B L O M , L . C , see also SAVAGE, T I D D , O S T B L O M , MELSEN and JEFFCOTT 793

OYEWALE, J . O . , A . A . S A N N I and H . A . A J I B A D E : Effects of Temperature, p H and Blood Storage on Osmotic Fragility of Duck Erythrocytes 261

PACZOSKA-ELIASIEWICZ, H . , and J. RZASA: Serotonin Levels in the Hen Ovarian Follicles after Methallibure ( I . C . I . 33, 828) Treatment 187

PARMENTIER, D . , see GASTHUYS, DE M O O R and PARMENTIER 203

PARMENTIER, D . , see also GASTHUYS, DE M O O R and PARMENTIER 585

PARMENTIER, D . , see also GASTHUYS, DE M O O R and PARMENTIER 728

P A T I L , D . B., see G O G O I , N I G A M , PESHIN, SHARIFI and PATH 544

P A T I L , D . B., see also PESHIN, SHARIFI , P A T I L , S I N G H , S I N G H , S I N G H , S I N G H and M U R T H Y 580

PEHRSON, B., see FORSHELL, ANDERSSON and PEHRSON 608

PESHIN, P. K . , D A V O O D SHARIFI , D . B. P A T I L , SHEELA S I N G H , H A R C H A R A N S I N G H , J I T S I N G H ,

A. P. S I N G H and D . K . M U R T H Y : Evaluation of Triflupromazine as a Sedative in Camels (Qamelus dromedarius) 580

PESHIN, P. K., see G O G O I , N I G A M , PESHIN, SHARIFI and P A T I L 544

PETRY, H . : Untersuchungen zur Freßaktivitat, Spontanaktivität und Körperkerntemperatur von Braunrücken-Tamarinen (Saguinus fuscicollis). (Studies on Eating Behaviour, Spontaneous Activity, and Body Temperature in Saddle Back Tamarins [Saguinus fusckollisj) 1

PETTERSSON, A N N : Cyclic Variations in Intraluminal Pressure in the Isthmus of the Oviduct in Unrestrained Gilts 337

PETTERSSON, Α., Β . LARSSON and S. EINARSSON: The Effect of Unilateral Ovariectomy on Intraluminal Pressure in the Porcine Oviductal Isthmus 481

PFÜTZNER, Η. , see K I N N E , JOHANNSEN, N E U M A N N , M E H L H O R N and PFÜTZNER 306

PFÜTZNER, Η. , see also JOFIANNSEN, M E N G E R , K I N N E , N E U M A N N , M E H L H O R N und PFÜTZNER . . . 321

PLYM FORSHELL, Κ . , L . ANDERSSON and Β . PEHRSON: The Relationships between the Fertility of

Dairy Cows and Clinical and Biochemical Measurements, with Special Reference to Plasma Glucose and Mi lk Acetone 608

P O K N I A K , J., see CORNEJO, LOPEZ, P O K N I A K , G O N Z A L E Z and C O R D E I R O 126

X I I Index Volume 38 / Inhaltsverzeichnis zum achtunddreißigsten Band

POULSEN, J. S.D., see MBASSA and POULSEN 350

POULSEN, J. S. D. , see also MBASSA and POULSEN 398

POULSEN, J .S.D., see also MBASSA and POULSEN 510

POULSEN, J. S. D . , see also MBASSA and POULSEN 571

POULSEN, J. S. D. , see also MBASSA and POULSEN 676

P U C H A L A , R., see M O T Y L , SIWECKA, K U K U L S K A , ORZECHOWSKI and P U C H A L A 198

R A E K A L L I O , M A R J A , O U T I V A I N I O and M I K A SCHEININ: Detomidine Reduces the Plasma

Catecholamine, but not Cortisol Concentrations in Horses 153 R A I N I O , V. Α . , see M I E T T I N E N , R A I N I O , K U K K O N E N and SETÄLÄ 427

R A M A D A N , R. O. , A . A . G A M E E L , E . A . D A F A L L A and A. K . A. G A L I L : Bilateral Scrotal Hys-

terocele in an Intersex Goat 441 RAMBECK, W. Α . , see K O H N , ERBEN, WEISER, RAMBECK and ZUCKER 54

REIFINGER, Μ., see M A Y R , G I L L I , SCHLEGER, REIFINGER and BURTSCHER 141

REUSCH, C L A U D I A , R. VOCHEZER and E . W E S C H T A : Enzyme Activities of Urinary Alanine

Aminopeptidase (AAP) and N-Acetyl-ß-D-Glucosaminidase ( N A G ) in Healthy Dogs . . . 90 R I O N D , J.-L., see W A N N E R , W A L K E R , SUTTER, R I O N D and B R O Z 755

R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z , H . , see SÖDERQUIST, R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z and JANSON 165

R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z , H . , see also STANCHEV, R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z , A L B I H N , ERIKSSON,

GUSTAFSSON and LARSSON 271

R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z , see also B W A N G A , H O F M O , GREVLE, EINARSSON and R O D R I G U E Z -

M A R T I N E Z 281

R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z , H . , see also HURST, D A L I N and R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z 594

R O J K I T T I K H U N , T. , S. EINARSSON and H . K I N D A H L : A Technique for Continuously Monitoring

Hormone Levels in Lactating Sows and Results Obtained Using it to Study L H Release . . . 344 R O L L I N , F., see A M O R Y , L I N D E N , DESMECHT, R O L L I N , G E N I C O T and L E K E U X 409

ROSE, D . M . , S. N . G I R I , J . S. C U L L O R and R. B. BUSHNELL: The Combined Use of Lipoxygenase

and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors in Klebsiella pnettmoniae-lnduced Bovine Mastitis 99 ROUSSEAUX, C. G., A . A. O L K O W S K I , A . C H A U V E T , S. R. GOONERATNE, and D . A . CHRISTENSON:

Ovine Polioencephalomalacia Associated With Dietary Sulphur Intake 229 RZASA, J., see PACZOSKA-ELIASIEWICZ and RZASA 187

S A N D H , G.: Modification of the Cutting Thread Technique for Intestinal Anastomoses using Diathermy 115

S A N N I , Α . Α . , see O Y E W A L E , SANNI and A J I B A D E 261

SAVAGE, C.J., L. B. JEFFCOTT, F . MELSEN and L. C. O S T B L O M : Bone Biopsy in the Horse.

1. Method Using the Wing of I l ium 776 SAVAGE, C.J., L. C. T I D D , F. M E L S E N , L . B . JEFFCOTT and L. O S T B L O M : Bone Biopsy in the

Horse. 2. Evaluation of Histomorphometric Examination 784 SAVAGE, C.J., L. C. T I D D , L. C. O S T B L O M , F . MELSEN and L. B. JEFFCOTT: Bone Biopsy in the

Horse. 3. Normal Histomorphometric Data According to Age and Sex 793 SCHAMS, D. , see G R A F , SCHAMS, M E Y E R and KRÄUSSLICH 621

SCHARRER, E., see L A N G H A N S , SCHARRER and MEYER I I

SCHARRER, E., see also D E N A C , K Ü M I N and SCHARRER 383

S C H E I N I N , M . , see R A E K A L L I O , V A I N I O and S C H E I N I N 153

SCHLEGER, W. , see M A Y R , G I L L I , SCHLEGER, REIFINGER and BURTSCHER 141

SCHOUSBOE, B., see M C E W A N , SCHOUSBOE and SKADHAUGE 222

SCHRANNER, I . , see KASPERS, SCHRANNER and L Ö S C H 73

SCHRAUWEN, E., see Cox, SCHRAUWEN, C O O L S and H O U V E N A G H E L 418

SCHWARZ, J., see D I S T L , GRUSSLER, SCHWARZ und KRÄUSSLICH 4ό0

SCHWEIGERT, F . J., STEPHANIE U E H L E I N - H A R R E L L , GIESELA V. H E G E L and H . WIESNER: Vitamin

Α (Retinol and Retinyl Esters), α-Tocopherol and Lipid Levels in Plasma of Captive Wi ld Mammals and Birds 35

SECHMAN, Α . , see A B D E L - F A T T A H , BOBEK and SECHMAN 4M

SETÄLÄ, J. J., see M I E T T I N E N , R A I N I O , K U K K O N E N and SETÄLÄ 427

S H A R I F I , D. , see G O G O I , N I G A M , PESHIN, S H A R I F I and P A T I L 514

S H A R I F I , D. , see also PESHIN, SHARIFI , P A T I L , S I N G H , S INGH, S I N G H , S I N G H and M U R T H Y 540

SILVA, Ν. , G . F A R I A S y J . M . TORRES: Caracterizacion del Colägeno del Disco Intervertebral Canino por la Reaccion del N-Metil-Benzotiazolidon-Hidrazona. (Characterization of Collagen in Canine Intervertebral Discs Using the 3-Methyl-Benzothiazol-2-on-hydra-zone Reagent) 3*>7

S I N G H , A . P., see PESHIN, SHARIFI , P A T I L , S I N G H , S INGH, S I N G H , S I N G H and M U R T H Y 530

Index Volume 38 / Inhaltsverzeichnis zum achtunddieinigsten Band X I I I

S I N G H , Η. , see PESHIN, S H A R I F I , P A T I L , S I N G H , SINGH, S I N G H , S I N G H and M U R T H Y 580

S I N G H , J., see PESHIN, S H A R I F I , P A T I L , S I N G H , SINGH, S I N G H , S INGH and M U R T H Y 580

S I N G H , J., see PESHIN, SHARIFI , P A T I L , S I N G H , SINGH, S INGH, S I N G H and M U R T H Y 580

SIWECKA, Β., see M O T Y L , SIWECKA, KUKULSKA, ORZECHOWSKI and PUCHALA 198

S K A D H A U G E , E., see M C E W A N , SCHOUSBOE and SKADHAUGE 222

SÖDERQUIST, L., H . R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z and L.JANSON: Post-Thaw Mot i l i ty , ATP Content and Cytochrome C Oxidase Activity of A. I . Bull Spermatozoa in Relation to Fertility . . . . 165

SÖDERQUIST, L. , L. JANSON, K . LARSSON and S. EINARSSON: Sperm Morphology and Fertility in

A . I . Bulls 534 S O R A C I , A . L. , see ERRECALDE, LANUSSE, MESTORINO, L A N D O N I and SORACI 255

SPIESS, B., see D A I C K E R , G Y W A T , K E L L E R , SPIESS und BRÜCKNER 652

STABENFELDT, G. H . , see G I R I , STABENFELDT, MOSELEY, G R A H A M , BRUSS, B O N D U R A N T , C U L L O R

and OSBURN 445

STANCHEV, P .D. , H . R O D R I G U E Z - M A R T I N E Z , A. A L B I H N , H . E R I K S S O N , H . GUSTAFSSON and

K . LARSSON: Concentrations of Nuclear Progesterone Receptors in Endometrium of Virgin and Repeat Breeder Heifers after Embryo Transfer 271

STAUDT, Β., see L A H R M A N N und STAUDT 691

S T E I N , Η. , see C I H A K , Z I E G L E R - H E I T B R O C K , STEIN and L Ö S C H 28

SUTTER, H . - M . , see W A N N E R , W A L K E R , SUTTER, R I O N D and B R O Z 755

T A K E Y A , G., see A N J I K I , T A K E Y A , H A S H I M O T O and K A D O T A 770

T E L L H E L M , B., see KOSTKA, KRAUTWALD-JUNGHANNS and T E L L H E L M 175

T I D D , L. C , see SAVAGE, T I D D , M E L S E N , JEFFCOTT and OSTBLOM 784

T I D D , L. C , see also SAVAGE, T I D D , O S T B L O M , MELSEN and JEFFCOTT 793

TORRES, J. M . , see SILVA, FARIAS y TORRES 367

TROYER, D . L., J. AYERS, H . W O L L E N , H . W . LEIPOLD and J.E. C O O K : Gross, Microscopic and

Ultrastructural Lesions of Protoporphyria in Limousin Calves 300 U E H L E I N - H A R R E L L , ST., see SCHWEIGERT, U E H L E I N - H A R R E L L , V. H E G E L and WIESNER 35

V A I N T O , O. , see R A E K A L L I O , V A I N I O and SCHEININ 153

V E L L E N G A , L., see EGBERTS, V E L L E N G A , VAN D I J K and M O U W E N 157

VOCHEZER, R., see REUSCH, V O C H E Z E R and WESCHTA 90

V R I N S , Α . , Μ . D O U C E T and L . N U N E Z - O C H O A : A Retrospective Study of Bronchoalveolar

Lavage Cytology in Horses w i t h Clinical Findings of Small Airway Disease 472 W A L K E R , W . , see W A N N E R , W A L K E R , SUTTER, R I O N D and B R O Z 755

W A N N E R , M . , W . W A L K E R , H . - M . SUTTER, J.-L. R I O N D and J. B R O Z : Influence of Dietary Citric

Acid and Calcium on the Bioavailability of Orally Administered Chlortetracycline in Piglets ' ' 755

W E C H T A , E., see REUSCH, V O C H E Z E R and WESCHTA 90

WEISER, Η., see K O H N , FARBEN, WEISER, RAMBECK and ZUCKER 54

WIESNER, Η. , see SCHWEIGERT, U E H L E I N - H A R R E L L , V. H E G E L and WIESNER 35

W I N N I C K A , Α . , see LECHOWSKI , L E N A R C I K , DEGÖRSKI and W I N N I C K A 530

W I T T M A N N , J., see K A L T N E R , HEYDNER and W I T T M A N N 43

W O L L E N , H . , see TROYER, AYERS, W O L L E N , LEIPOLD and C O O K 300

ZENTEK, J., K . D Ä M M R I C H und H . M E Y E R : Untersuchungen zum Cu-Mangel beim wachsenden Hund. (Investigations on Copper Deficiency in Growing Dogs) 561

ZEPPERITZ, H . , G.JAHREIS, H . K I U P E L and V.HESSE: The Effects of Intramuscularly Adminis­

tered Vitamin D 3 , 25- and Ια-Hydroxycholecalciferoi. in Cows on Plasma Mineral Content, Plasma 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol and on Mineral Deposits in Soft Tissues 763

ZIEGLER-HEITBROCK, H . W . L., see C I H A K , ZIEGLER-HEITBROCK, STEIN and L Ö S C H 28

ZUCKER, Η., see K O H N , ERBEN, WEISER, RAMBECK and ZUCKER 54

X I V Index Volume 38 / Inhaltsverzeichnis zum achtunddreißigsten Band

Short Communications / Kurze Mitteilungen

K A N E K O , M . , see M A T S U D A , K O Y A M A , O I K A W A , T O S H I H A R A and K E N E K O 557

KNEZEVIC, P. F., see RAUTSCHKA, STANEK and K N E Z E V I C 7 1 6

K O Y A M A , H . , see M A T S U D A , K O Y A M A , O I K A W A , T O S H I H A R A and K A N E K O 557

O I K A W A , M . , see M A T S U D A , K O Y A M A , O I K A W A , T O S H I H A R A and K A N E K O 557

M A T S U D A , Η., H . K O Y A M A , M . O I K A W A , T. Y O S H I H A R A and M . K A N E K O : Nerve Growth Factor­

like Activity Detected in Equine Peripheral Blood after Running Exercise 557 RAUTSCHKA, R., C H . STANEK and P. F. K N E Z E V I C : Plasma Histamine Levels in Laminitic Horses

and in Horses Treated wi th a Corticosteroid 7 1 6 STAFFORD, K . J . : Ruminoreticular Mot i l i ty in Ewes during Pregnancy and Lactation 798 STANEK, C H . , see RAUTSCHKA, STANEK and K N E Z E V I C 7 1 6

Y O S H I H A R A , T . , see M A T S U D A , K O Y A M A , O I K A W A , T O S H I H A R A and K A N E K O 557

Index Volume 38/Inhaltsverzeichnis zum achtunddreißigsten Band X V

Book Reviews / Buchbesprechungen

E I K M E I E R , Η . , E. F E L L M E R und H . M O E G L E : Lehrbuch der Gerichtlichen Tierheilkunde. Tierarzt

und Gericht — Tierkauf — Haftpflicht — Sorgfaltspflichten — Tierversicherung — Tierschutz — Doping — Berufs- und Standesrecht — Öffentliches Veterinärwesen 399

F O W L E R , M U R R A Y E.: Medicine and Surgery of South America Camelids. Llama — Alpaca — Vicuna — Guanaco 398

KiRCHGESSNER, Μ. (Hrsg.): Tiermodelle für die menschliche Ernährungsphysiologie. Fort­schritte in der Tierphysiologie und Tierernährung, N r . 20 480

M E Y E R , H . : Beiträge zum Wasser- und Mineralstoffhaushalt des Pferdes. Fortschritte in der Tierphysiologie und Tierernährung — Advances in Animal Physiology and Animal Nut r i t ion , N r . 21 398

M I L L E R , H . R. P.: Immunity to and diagnosis of internal parasitism. Ο Ι Ε Scientific and Technical Review, Volume 9, N o . 2. Office International des Epizooties, Paris. 1990 399

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J. Vet. Med. A 38, 35-42 (1991) © 1991 Paul Parey Scientific Publishers, Berlin and Hamburg ISSN 0931-184X

1 Institute of Physiology, Physiological Chemistry and Nutrition Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and

2 Münchner Tierpark Hellabrunn, Germany

Vitamin Α (Retinol and Retinyl Esters), α-Tocopherol and Lipid Levels in Plasma of Captive Wild Mammals and Birds1

F . J . S C H W E I G E R T 1 * , STEPHANIE U E H L E I N - H A R R E L L 1 , G I E S E L A V. H E G E L 2 and H . W I E S N E R 2

Address of authors: 1 Institute of Physiology, Physiological Chemistry and Nutrition Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,

Veterinärstr. 13, W-8000 München 22, and 2 Münchner Tierpark Hellabrunn, Tierparkstr. 30, W-8000 München 90, F R G

"Present address: Department of Physiology, Technische Universität München, W-8050 Freising-Weihenstephan, Vöttingerstr. 45, F R G

Witb 2 tables

(Received for publication August 10, 1990)

Summary Vitamin A (retinol and retinyl esters), vitamin Ε and lipids were determined in a wide variety of

wild mammals and birds held in captivity. In mammals plasma levels of vitamin A were generally below 500ng/ml and those of vitamin Ε were highly variable (0.1—2 μg/ml). In primates, vitamin Ε levels were 3 to 8 μg/ml. Whereas in Marsupalia, Chioptera, primates, Rodentia, Proboscidea, Sirenia, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla only retinol was found, retinyl esters (basically retinol palmitate/ oleate) represented 10 to 50 % of the total plasma vitamin A in some birds of the order Ciconiiformes and Falconiformes. Retinol levels in birds were higher compared to mammals (500—2,000 ng/ml). The same was true for lipids as well as for vitamin Ε levels (1—26μg/ml) in the plasma of birds.

Introduction Recent studies on vitamin A transport in blood plasma showed that there are distinct

differences within the animal kingdom. Especially in the order of carnivores, a nonspecific transport of vitamin A esters by lipoproteins seems to be physiological and not associated with any signs of vitamin A intoxication ( S C H W E I G E R T , 1988; S C H W E I G E R T et al., 1990). These novel observations raise the question as to whether this phenomenon is unique for the order Carnivora or whether other species show similar peculiarities in vitamin A transport. Although vitamin A levels of numerous species are known, difficulties in their interpretation arise from the methods of determination used. Based on the knowledge that vitamin A is transported under physiological conditions nearly exclusively as retinol ( > 95 % of total vitamin A), most of the methods used so far have only considered the alcoholic form of vitamin A. In carnivores, for example, this would yield values which would be 6 0 — 9 9 % too low. In this paper, therefore, vitamin A (retinol and retinyl esters),

This paper is dedicated to Professor Dr. M I C H A E L MERKENSCHLAGER on the occasion of his 65th birthday.

U . S . Copyright Clearance Center Code Statement: 0931 — 1 8 4 X / 9 1 / 3 8 0 1 —0035$02 .50 /0

36 SCHWEIGERT, STEPHANIE U E H L E I N - H A R R E L L , GIESELA V. H E G E L and WIESNER

vitamin Ε and lipids were determined in a wide variety of wild mammals and birds held in captivity. Additionally, numerous diseases associated with vitamin A or Ε deficiency are known in wild animals held in captivity (KONSTANTINOV and I P P E N , 1979; ZWART et al., 1979; Koöi , 1982; L i u et al., 1983; L i u and D O L E N S E K , 1986; for a review on vitamin Ε see D I E R E N F E L D , 1989). Their evaluation would benefit from the knowledge of normal vitamin A and Ε plasma values, which are rather rare in literature.

Material and Methods Plasma or serum samples were obtained from wild animals kept in captivity under various

housing and feeding conditions at the zoological gardens in München (Tierpark Hellabrunn, ZH) , the zoological gardens in Nürnberg (ZN), the Institut für Geflügelkrankheiten (Veterinary Faculty) (GK) , the Pettenkofer Institute (PI), a falconry (Jagdfalkenhof Schloß Rosenburg) (F) and the local slaughterhouse. Samples were frozen between - 2 0 ° and - 7 0 ° C and stored until further analyzed. Lyophilized serum of the rattle snake (pooled) was obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Vitamins A and Ε were determined with an isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography ( H P L C ) system as described elsewhere (SCHWEIGERT, 1990). Briefly, vitamins A and Ε were extracted from the serum or plasma and separated on a RP-18 column (4 x 125 mm, 5 μιτι) using methanol as the eluent at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Vitamin A was detected at 313 nm and a fluorescence spectrophotometer was used to quantify vitamin Ε (α-tocopherol). Wavelength settings were 295 and 330 nm for excitation and emission, respectively. ß-Carotene was separated on straight-phase H P L C as described ( V U I L L E U M I E R et al., 1983). Retinol, retinol palmitate, retinol stearate, a-tocopherol and ß-carotene were identified and quantified by comparison of retention time as well as peak areas with external standards. Recovery was more than 93 % for all components. The detection limit for retinol, retinyl esters and α-tocopherol was 2ng, 3.5 ng and 2.4 ng, respectively and 2ng for ß-carotene. Cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids were measured by enzymatic methods using commercial assay reagents (Boehringer Mannheim, F R G ) .

Results Table 1 summarizes the results for retinol, α-tocopherol and lipid in the plasma of

different species in the order of Marsupalia, Chioptera, primates, Rodentia, Proboscidea, Sirenia, Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla. Retinyl esters were only detectable in traces in Marsupalia and in primates, especially in animals of the species tamarin (71 ± 9 4 n g / m l , retinol equivalent). ß-Carotene was only present in the plasma of animals found in the orders Perissodactyla (wild horse, 377 ± 594 ng/ml; kulan, traces; domestic donkey, 183ng/ml; mountain zebra, traces) and Artiodactyla (cow, 1,021 ± 880 ng/ml; gaur, 1,826 ng/ml). Retinol levels in the plasma were generally lower than 500 ng/ml. In bats only traces of retinol could be detected. Contrary to this, levels of α-tocopherol were highly variable. In nearly all plasma samples of the investigated species7 phospholipids represent the majority of lipids followed by cholesterol and triglycerides. In birds (Table 2) not only retinol but in some species of the order Ciconiiformes and Falconiformes, retinyl esters were detected as well. The dominant ester fraction was retinyl palmitate/oleate. Samples of birds were not investigated for ß-carotene. Both α-tocopherol and lipids were much higher in birds compared to mammals. The only reptile investigated — a rattle snake (Crotalus spp.) — had a low level of retinol (23 ng/ml). α-Tocopherol, phospholipids and trigly­cerides were found to be 8.44μg/ml, 1.28 and 1.62mg/ml, respectively.

Discussion In the present study almost 250 serum or plasma samples from a fairly wide range of

wild mammals and birds (59 species) held in captivity were investigated for their levels of fat-soluble vitamins A and Ε as well as lipids. Despite this large number of samples, differences in age, sex, nutritional status and environment as well as sampling and sample handling make comparison difficult not only within the material of this study, but also with results reported by others. The only variables in this study which are known to show very little effect on the concentration of fat-soluble vitamins are the kind of sample (plasma vs. serum) as well as sample storage and transportation ( C R A F T et al., 1988).

Table 1. Vitamin A , α-tocopherol and lipid levels in plasma of mammals

Species η Retinol ng/ml

α-Tocopherol Phospholipids Cholesterol mg/ml

Triglycerides

Marsupalia ( Z H ) Red kangaroo (Macropus ruf us) 6 146 ± 44 1.81 ± 0 . 3 5 1.56 ± 0 . 2 6 0.92 ± 0.20 0.76 ± 0 . 1 5 Wallaroo (Macropus robust us) 2 134 / 109 0.27 / 0.26 1.61 / 1.59 0.92 / 0.92 1.19 / 0.52 Doria's tree kangaroo (Dendroagus dorianus) 1 197 1.02 2.04 1.10 0.33 Pretty-face wallaby (Protemnodon elegans) 3 157 ± 3 7 2.52 ± 2.09 2.32 ± 0.76 1.37 ± 0 . 3 7 0.73 ± 0 . 2 9 White-throated wallaby (Protemnodon parma) 1 126 0.18 1.13 0.72 0.81 Common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) (S) 1 21 1.48 1.71 1.48 0.33

Chioptera (ZI) Naked-backed bat (Pteronotus pannellii) 1 traces 0.16 0.39 0.31 0.10 Horseshoe bat (Rhinolopbus rouxi) 5 traces 0.25 ± 0.28 0.40 ± 0.32 0.14 ± 0 . 0 9 0.34 ± 0 . 1 8

Primates Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) (ZH) 2 440 / 445 8.02 / 5.84 nd nd nd Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) (PI) 15 125 ± 79 6.00 ± 10.35 nd nd nd Brown-headed tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis){V\) 17 90 ± 6 3 3.30 ± 2 . 4 7 nd nd nd

Rodentia Rat (Rattus rattus) 6 188 ± 3 6 6.17 ± 2.10 1.62 ± 0 . 3 1 0.95 ± 0 . 1 0 1.09 ± 0 . 4 2

Proboscidea (ZH) African elephant (Loxodorita africana) 1 38 0.12 0.90 0.55 0.59 Indian elephant (Elephas maximus) 1 45 0.06 0.44 1.04 0.46

Sirenia Manatee (Trichechus manatus) (ZN) 1 35 1.60 2.23 1.92 0.75

Perissodactyla (ZH) Horse (Equus caballus) 14 213 ± 6 0 1.30 ± 0 . 5 4 nd 0.78 ± 0 . 1 3 nd Wi ld horse (Equus przewalskii) 6 163 ± 43 1.21 ± 0 . 3 5 1.11 ± 0 . 4 8 0.68 ± 0.37 0.32 ± 0 . 1 6 Kiang (Equus hemionus kiang) 5 101 ± 1 7 1.64 ± 0 . 7 3 0.56 ± 0 . 1 2 0.58 ± 0 . 1 5 0.09 ± 0.04 Kulan (Equus hemionus kulan) 8 139 ± 4 1 0.78 ± 0.30 0.70 ± 0.32 0.81 ± 0 . 4 0 0.26 ± 0 . 1 6 Domestic donkey (Equus asinus asinus) 1 179 2.00 1.66 0.92 0.73

Somalian wild ass (Equus asinus somalicus) 1 37 Mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae) 1 88

Artiodactyla (ZH) Domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) 10 174 ± 5 4 Vicugna (Vicugna vicugna) 1 308 Fallow deer (Dama dama dama) 1 158 Barasingha (Cervus duvauceli) 1 249 Red deer (Cervus elaphus) 2 279 / 233 Pere David's deer (Elapburus davidianus) 2 132 / 114 Moose (Alces alces) 4 297 ± 2 1 Nilgai (Boselapbus tragocamelus) 1 279 Domestic ox (Bos taurus) 13 308 ± 5 3 Gaur (Bos gaurus) 1 40 Blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas philippsi) 1 428 Dama gazelle (Gazella dama mhorr) 12 489 ± 9 8 Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) 3 1939 ± 2 9 1 5 Ibex (Capra ibex) 3 815 ± 3 6 Markhor (Capra falconeri) 11 435 ± 1 0 8 Wild goat (Capra aegagrus bircus) 1 297 Mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) 1 260 Domestic sheep (Ovis ammon aries) 1 302

1.03 1.22 0.64 0.30 1.85 0.39 0.52 0.13

1.51 ± 0 . 3 6 1.07 ± 0 . 1 5 0.92 ± 0.09 0.35 ± 0 . 1 7 0.32 0.36 0.29 0.24 0.98 1.28 0.79 0.15 0.21 0.70 0.55 0.29 0.76 / 0.65 0.50 / 0.48 0.37 / 0.36 0.08 / 0.05 1.71 / 1.32 0.78 / 0.60 0.58 / 0.45 0.18 / 0.12 0.95 ± 0.26 0.83 ± 0.40 0.50 ± 0.22 0.21 ± 0 . 0 6 0.96 0.74 0.45 0.08 2.30 ± 0.74 1.57 ± 0 . 2 7 1.56 ± 0 . 3 2 0.14 ± 0 . 0 4 0.60 0.52 0.77 0.17 0.49 0.37 0.27 0.07 0.89 ± 0.52 0.48 ± 0 . 1 6 0.44 ± 0 . 1 4 0.28 ± 0.78 0.79 ± 0.40 0.78 ± 0 . 3 4 0.46 ± 0.20 0.22 ± 0.24 0.67 ± 0.30 0.71 ± 0 . 1 3 0.50 ± 0 . 2 0 0.32 ± 0.66 1.58 + 1.16 0.89 ± 0 . 3 1 0.73 ± 0 . 2 7 0.44 ± 0.38 0.26 1.12 0.69 0.47 0.10 0.46 0.29 0.65 0.57 0.78 0.51 0.35

Code: Z H = Zoological garden Hellabrunn — München; Z N = zoological garden Nürnberg; PI = Pettenkofer Institut; S = Sigma Chemicals, nd = not determined. The results can be converted into SI units by using the following factors: retinol 0.0035 (ng/ml into μπιοΐ/l); α-tocopherol 2.32 ^g/ml into μιηοΐ/ΐ); phospholipids 1.29; cholesterol 2.59; triglyceride 1.15 (all mg/ml into mmol/1).

Table 2. Vitamin A, α-tocopherol and lipid levels in plasma of birds

Species η Retinol R.palmitate/ oleate ng/ml

R.stearate α-Tocopherol

μg/ml

Phospholipids Cholesterol

mg/ml

Triglycerides

Pelecaniformes (ZH) Eastern white pelican (Pelecanus onocro- 1 692 - - 8.42 3.06 1.55 1.00 talus) Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) 1 580 - - 15.69 3.40 1.36 0.87

Ciconiiformes (ZN) White stork (Ciconia ciconia) 1 245 103 - 2.98 2.83 1.60 0.57 Black stork (Ciconia nigra) 1 768 144 - 9.00 1.95 1.52 1.04 Hermit ibis (Geronticus eremita) 3 502 ± 1 1 - - 7.86 ± 0.96 2.77 ± 0.39 1.75 ± 0 . 2 8 0.44 ± 0.03

Falconiformes (GK) Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) 2 1664 / 1129 276/- 87/- 24.87 / 24.17 4.69 / 3.41 3.45 / 2.24 4.13 / 0.59 Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) 2 1824 / 1144 683/traces 210/- 25.96 / 7.32 3.66 / 2.07 3.38 / 2.29 0.94 / 0.65 Common buzzard (Buteo buteo) (F) 1 804 110 - 22.77 nd 4.07 1.36 Bonelli's eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) 1 1454 875 71 37.91 3.29 2.30 0.92 Golden eagle (Aquda chrysaetos) 1 1232 138 - 13.52 3.71 1.73 2.64 Lanncr falcon (Falco biarmicus) 2 2111 / 1340 132/traces traces 40.74 / 19.38 3.67 / 2.46 2.51 / 1.69 1.09 / 1.05 Saker falcon (Falco cbergus) 1 1440 472 64 1.95 5.41 2.24 2.54 Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) 3 1026 ± 2 9 7 86 ± 135 traces 5.30 ± 5 . 3 7 4.94 ± 1.30 2.68 ± 0.49 1.52 ± 0 . 6 8 Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) 2 1194 / 821 577 / 505 traces 27.45 / 8.97 3.74 / 3.42 1.99 / 1.40 1.57 / 1.32

Galliformes Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) 10* 357 ± 9 6 - - 2.86 ± 1.28 2.07 ± 0.28 1.33 ± 0 . 4 7 0.37 ± 0.05

797 ± 214 traces - 4.10 ± 2 . 0 2 4.57 ± 1 . 9 7 0.85 ± 0.29 11.42 ± 6 . 0 9 Quail (Coturnix coturnix) 11 8 1 7 ± 127 - - 1.74 ± 0 . 6 9 5.03 ± 0 . 5 3 1.26 ± 0 . 1 6 7.13 ± 1 . 4 3 Turkey (Meleagns gallopavo) 12 1099 ± 3 2 7 traces - 2.40 ± 0.98 2.20 ± 0 . 3 6 1.30 ± 0 . 2 8 0.53 ± 0.22

Gruiformes Red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) (ZH) 1 101 - - 1.04 nd nd nd

Strigiformes Eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) (GK) 4 299 ± 67 traces - 0.79 ± 0.60 1.86 ± 0 . 8 3 1.06 ± 0 . 2 8 2.38 ± 0 . 8 3 Tawny owl (Strix aluco) (F) 1 526 traces - 20.64 nd nd nd

The amounts of retinyl esters in plasma are expressed as the equivalent weight of retinol. Code: Z H = Zoological garden Hellabrunn — München; Z N = zoological garden Nürnberg; G K = Institut für Geflügelkrankheiten, Veterinary Faculty München; F = Falconry. * imature chickens; * * mature female chickens; nd = not determined. The

40 SCHWEIGERT, STEPHANIE U E H L E I N - H A R R E L L , GIESELA V. H E G E L and WIESNER

Lipids as well as the fat-soluble vitamins A and Ε have to be transported in the aqueous environment of blood by protein carriers. For the investigated plasma compo­nents two different types of carrier exist. Vitamin Ε as well as the lipids are transported by the lipoproteins with a species specific distribution among the lipoprotein fractions ( K I R K E B Y , 1966; G A L S T E R et al., 1977; L E A T et a l , 1979). For vitamin A , a specific carrier protein — the retinol-binding protein (RBP) — exists. This carrier protein is of importance for the homeostatic level of retinol, the physiological transport form of vitamin A , in the blood. Because of the homeostasis of retinol in the blood, changes in vitamin A levels are only observed if either stores (liver) are heavily depleted or animals suffer from hyper-vitaminosis A (SMITH and G O O D M A N , 1979). Contrary to this, vitamin Ε in the blood, carried by lipoproteins, is clearly affected by the intake of vitamin Ε with the food ( W I L L E T T et al., 1983) as well as the lipid levels in the blood (DAVIES et al., 1969). Therefore, vitamin Ε status can be monitored by measuring the vitamin Ε plasma level, while vitamin A levels are less useful in the assessment of the vitamin status.

We were the first to show that, contrary to the assumption that lipoprotein-bound retinyl esters are responsible for the signs of vitamin A intoxication ( M A L L I A et al., 1975; SMITH and G O O D M A N , 1976), in a whole order of mammals (Carnivora) a high percentage of retinyl esters is bound to plasma lipoproteins and seems to be a physiological way of vitamin A transport (SCHWEIGERT, 1988; S C H W E I G E R T et al., 1990). This study now shows, that in most of the investigated species, only retinol — very probably bound to the specific carrier, the RBP — was present in plasma. The levels observed (< 500 ng/ml) were in the order of magnitude of levels reported by others (BAKER et al., 1986; B A K E R et al , 1988; G H E B R E M E S K E L and W I L L I A M S , 1988). It is interesting to note that in bats which were obviously healthy, only trace amounts of retinol were detected. Further investigations would be needed to determine whether, in the animal kingdom, this indicates another peculiarity in vitamin A metabolism. In birds, retinol values were higher ranging from 500 to 2,000 ng/ml and in addition, similar to carnivores, in most species of the order Ciconiiformes and Falconiformes, retinyl esters (mainly retinyl palmitate/oleate) were detected ranging between 10 to 50 % of total vitamin A (calculated as retinol equivalents) in plasma. Similar to carnivores, birds with a high percentage of retinyl esters in the blood showed no signs of a vitamin A intoxication. The similarity between carnivorous mammals and birds with regard to the occurrence of vitamin A esters in the blood might indicate that the occurrence of vitamin A esters, probably bound to lipoproteins ( G A N G U L Y et al., 1952), is an adaptation of vitamin A metabolism to an ample supply with vitamin A in a carnivorous diet. The high percentage of retinyl esters in blood plasma of the Bonelli's eagle, the golden eagle and the common kestrel, however, may be caused by the application of Tricrescovit® (Rhone Merieux) a vitamin preparation. Contrary to previous reports on the vitamin A transport in the blood plasma of chickens, where retinyl esters represented 75 % of total vitamin A ( G A N G U L Y et al., 1952) no vitamin A esters could be detected in this study. Even in mature female chickens only traces of esters were present despite a drastic increase in the total plasma lipids due to changes in lipid metabolism with the onset of egg laying which is responsible for the observed high lipid levels (especially trigly­cerides) in quails too (SCHJEIDE, 1963).

ß-Carotene was only found in a few species in the order of Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla. These differences between white- and yellow-fat species are summarized by G O O D W I N (1984). It can only be speculated that the occurrence of white- and yellow-fat species within the same family — despite comparable feed — might be due to specific intracellular carrier proteins in the enterocytes ( G A N G U L Y et al., 1959) limited to only a few species in which the local supplementation of peripheral target tissue may be of importance e.g. in fertility (SCHWEIGERT and Z U C K E R , 1988).

Since vitamin Ε levels in plasma are readily affected by the vitamin Ε supplementation and lipid levels in blood (DAVIES et al., 1969; W I L L E T T et al., 1983), results for vitamin Ε were highly variable but comparable to values obtained by others (CARAVAGGI, 1969; L I U et al., 1983; B A K E R et al., 1986; B A K E R et al., 1988; D I E R E N F E L D and D O L E N S E K , 1988;

Vitamins and Lipids in Plasma of Captive Wild Animals 41

D I E R E N F E L D et al., 1989). Higher values in primates compared to the other mammals are similar to other primates (AUSMAN and H A Y E S , 1974; M C G U I R E et al., 1989) and compar­able to those found in man ( V U I L L E U M I E R et a l , 1983; W I L L E T T et al., 1983). The much higher levels in birds (1 to 26^ig/ml) compared to mammals correspond to known data ( C A L L E et al., 1989) may be due to much higher lipid levels in plasma, since both are strongly dependant (DAVIES et al., 1969).

In most of the investigated species, phospholipids represented the majority of lipids followed by cholesterol and triglycerides. Both, the rather high concentration of lipids in birds and the phospholipids as dominating fraction of total lipids, correspond to known data obtained from a variety of species ( D A N G E R F I E L D et al., 1976). Lipid values found for the African or Indian elephant correspond well to those obtained from wild animals ( B R O W N and W H I T E , 1979).

Nevertheless, despite the above mentioned variables, certain tendencies within differ­ent orders are obvious for fat-soluble vitamins as well as for lipids. For vitamin A, plasma levels in the majority of species ranged from 100 to 500 ng/ml. Lower levels were found in bats, manatees and their closest terrestrial relatives the elephants. In birds and carnivores ( SCHWEIGERT et al., 1990), much higher retinol levels can be observed. Especially the occurrence of vitamin A esters in carnivores, as well as in certain orders of birds should not be interpreted as signs of vitamin A oversupplementation. For vitamin E , the known relationship of plasma vitamin Ε levels with lipid levels in the blood have to be considered when vitamin Ε status is assessed by measuring the plasma levels of vitamin E . Thus, species with low lipid levels tend to lower vitamin Ε levels (ungulates, rodents, Marsupalia and Proboscidea) compared to those with high lipid levels such as primates, carnivores, pinnipeds and birds.

Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following persons and institutions for supplying us with samples:

D r . A . G A U K L E R (ZOO Nürnberg), M r . V . W A L T E R (Jagdfalkenhof Schloß Rosenburg), Dr . M . V A T E R (Zoologisches Institut der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München), D r . C. I . FLURER, and Dr . F. G R I M M (Institut für Geflügelkrankheiten, Tierärztliche Fakultät der LMU-München). This work was supported by Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland.

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