Kognitive Kontrolle II - tu-dresden.de · SSVEP contrast enhancement should disappear on trials...

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Vorlesung WS 2014/15 Kognitive Neurowissenschaft Kognitive Kontrolle II Thomas Goschke 1 Fachrichtung Psychologie

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Vorlesung WS 2014/15

Kognitive Neurowissenschaft

Kognitive Kontrolle II

Thomas Goschke

1

Fachrichtung Psychologie

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Zusammenfassung: Funktionen des präfrontalen Kortex

Handlungsplanung

Flexibles Wechseln zwischen Aufgaben und Zielen

Aktive Aufrechterhaltung und Abschirmung von Zielrepräsentationen gegen Störreize

Unterdrückung automatisierter Reaktionen

Emotionsregulation

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„The prefrontal cortex is the anatomical basis

for the function of control"

„Human will appears to be a frontal function“

(Stuss und Benson, 1986, p. 243/244).

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Probleme der Idee einer zentralen Steuerinstanz

Wenn der PFC eine zentrale Steuerinstanz ist, wer kontrolliert dann den PFC?

Eine Theorie der kognitiven Kontrolle muss erklären, wie Kontrollprozesse kontextsensitiv mobilisiert und adaptiv reguliert werden, ohne dafür eine zentrale Kontrollinstanz zu postulieren!

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Konflikte als Signale für Mobilisierung kognitiver Kontrolle

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Eine integrative Theorie der kognitiven Kontrolle (Miller & Cohen, 2001, Annual Review of Neuroscience)

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Automatische Verarbeitung beruht auf erlernten Reiz-Reaktions-Konnektionen

Interferenz entsteht, wenn ein Reiz über starke Konnektionen eine automatisierte, aber inadäquate Reaktion aktiviert (z.B. im Stroop-Test)

Kognitive Kontrolle beruht auf:

• Aktiver Aufrechterhaltung von Ziel-, Aufgaben- und Kontext-repräsentationen im PFC

• „Top-Down“-Modulation des Wettstreits konkurrierender Repräsentationen in posterioren und subkortikalen Verarbeitungssystemen durch die aktiv gehaltenen PFC-Repräsentationen, so dass aufgabenrelevante Repräsentationen höhere Priorität erhalten

Als Nebeneffekt dieser Top-Down-Modulation und lateraler Inhibition in sensorischen Systemen wird irrelevante Informationen unterdrückt

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Weiterentwicklungen: Das Leabra-Framework (O‘Reilly et al, 2010)

14 .

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Das Homunkulus-Problem

Woher „weiß“ der präfrontale Kortex, ob und wann kognitive Kontrolle notwendig ist? Wer „entscheidet“ im Falle eines Konflikts, ob ein aktiviertes Ziel gegen konkurrierende Ziele oder störende Reize abgeschirmt werden sollte oder ob auf ein anderes Ziel gewechselt werden sollte?

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Konflikt und Kontrolle

Ach & Hillgruber (1910): „Schwierigkeitsgesetz der Motivation“

• Eine Erhöhung der Aufgabenschwierigkeit durch innere Widerstände oder Konflikte „bewirkt unmittelbar, d.h. ohne daß sich irgendwelche seelischen Prozesse, Überlegungen oder dergleichen einschieben müßten, eine Erhöhung der Willensanspannung, um trotz der Schwierigkeit, das Ziel zu erreichen...“ (Ach, 1935, S. 345)

Kuhl (1986):

• Konflikte zwischen intendierten und konkurrierenden Reaktionen sind ein Signal für die Mobilisierung von volitionalen Kontrollprozessen, durch die die aktuelle Intention gegen Störungen abgeschirmt wird

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Conflict-monitoring theory Botvinick Braver, Barch, Carter, & Cohen (2001). Psychological Review, 108.

Konfliktüberwachung

(dACC) Mobilisierung Kognitiver Kontrolle

Conflict Detection

(ACC)

Cognitive Control (Goal Maintenance)

(DLPFC)

Signals demand

for control

Conflict

Increased top-down

modulation

Performance Monitoring & Evaluation

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Komputationales Modell

Botvinick, Braver, Barch, Carter, & Cohen (2001). Psychological Review, 108(3), 624-652.

Conflict measure = Hopfield energy in response layer:

E(t) = -∑aiajwij

Activation of Task Units in PFC-Layer in the next trial is adjusted depending on conflict strength:

C(t+1) = C(t) + (1- )(E(t) + )

C(t+1) Control in trial n+1

C(t) Control in current trial

E(t) Conflict in current trial

, Scaling parameters

Mean conflict in previous trials

(PFC)

(dACC)

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Komputationales Modell

22 .

Mean previous conflict 0,2 0,2 0,8 Current conflict (trial N) 0,8 0,2 0,8 Current control (trial N) 0,5 0,5 0,5 Control in trial N+1 0,74 0,26 0,56

Conflict measure = Hopfield energy in response layer:

E(t) = -∑aiajwij

Activation of Task Units in PFC-Layer in the next trial is adjusted depending on conflict strength:

C(t+1) = C(t) + (1- )(E(t) + )

C(t+1) Control in trial n+1

C(t) Control in current trial

E(t) Conflict in current trial

, Scaling parameters

Mean conflict in previous trials

( = 1; = 0) Examples

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Reaktionskonflikte im Labor: Die Flankier-Reiz-Aufgabe

SSHSS SSSSS

Kongruenter Reiz (kein Konflikt)

Inkongruenter Reiz (Konflikt)

H S

Reagiere auf den zentralen Buchstaben!

H S

Flanker-Effekt

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Conflict-adaptation effects

CI II

CC IC

Gratton et al., (1992) Flanker task

Kerns et al. (2004) Stroop task

Fischer, Dreisbach & Goschke (2008)

Simon task

XXSXX BLUE GREEN

Stürmer et al. (2002) Simon task

Con Inc Previous Trial

Previous Trial

Inc Con

Current Trial

Con Inc

Reduced interference on conflict trials preceded by another conflict trial (I-I)

Indicates enhanced recruitment of control following high conflict

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Data vs. simulation: Conflict-adaptation effect in the flanker task

Botvinick, Cohen & Carter (2004). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(12), 539-546.

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Data vs. simulation: Frequency effects on Stroop interference

Green Red

Red Yellow

Blue Green

Yellow Blue

Red Green

Blue Yellow

Green Red

Congruent Incongruent

Green Blue XXXX

Word reading

Color naming

Interference

Facilitation

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Stroop model and congruency proportion effect (effect of conflict frequency on Stroop interference)

(Neutral trial RT – incongruent trial RT)

High Med Low Neutral 25% 50% 75% Congruent 37,5% 25% 12,5% Incongruent 37,5% 25% 12,5%

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An important confound: Conflict adaptation vs. repetition priming

Mayr, Awh, & Laurey (2003). Nature Neuroscience, 6, 450-452.

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Two possible mechanisms for conflict-adaptation

Target activation

• Enhanced activation of task-relevant information

Distracter inhibition

• Inhibition of distracting information / competing task-sets

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Task: Discriminate between actors and politicians based on (a) face or (a) name

Egner & Hirsh (2005). Nature Neuroscience.

Conflict-adaptation and amplification of task-relevant information

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Conflict-adaptation and amplification of task-relevant information

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Fusiform Gyrus

Parahippocampal cortex

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Face Target Face Distracter

In the high control (II) condition subjects were faster and more accurate than in the low control (CI) condition, indicating a conflict-adaptation effect.

Conflict-adaptation and amplification of task-relevant information

Egner & Hirsh (2005). Nature Neuroscience.

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FFA activation FFA and PPA activation in the face-target condition

(C-I) (I-I)

• When faces were targets, activity in the FFA was higher on II than on CI trials

• No significant activity change was seen when faces were distractors.

• increased control amplified neural processing of task-relevant faces, but there was no inhibition of irrelevant face distracters.

Conflict-adaptation and amplification of task-relevant information

• When faces were targets, high control trials were associated with increased activation in the face processing area (FFA)

• no activity change in the place processing area (PPA)

Egner & Hirsh (2005). Nature Neuroscience.

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Right DLPFC showed increased functional connectivity with the FFA under high control (I-I > C-I) in the face-target condition

Right middle & inferior DLPFC (BA 46)

fMRI signals in the right dlPFC, were stronger on II trials than on CI trials

Brain areas implicated in cognitive control during conflict adaptation [incongruent-incongruent > congruent-incongruent]

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The continuous dynamics of control

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Temporal dynamics of conflict-triggered goal shielding: Within-trial conflict adaptation

Mansouri, Tanaka, & Buckley (2009). Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

Scherbaum, Dshemuchadse, Fischer & Goschke (2010). Psychophysiology.

Trial N-1 Trial N Within-trial adjustments of goal shielding

Active control recruitment in preparation of subsequent conflict

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The challenge

How can we tap into the online dynamics of cognitive control adjustments during response selection?

?

Stimulus Choice/ Response

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Online (within-trial) dynamics of goal shielding Scherbaum, Fischer, Dshemuchadse, & Goschke (2011) Psychophysiology.

Compatible Incompatible

Flanker Task

Stefan Scherbaum

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2 2 7 2 2

7

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Online (within-trial) dynamics of goal shielding Scherbaum, Fischer, Dshemuchadse, & Goschke (2011). Psychophysiology.

Frequency Tagging & Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) Visual stimulation at a specific frequency elicits activity in the encephalogram at the same frequency

Wavelet Transformation

Hypothesis: Within-trial control adjustment

Target enhancement

Distractor inhibition

Stimulus Response

2 2 7 2 2

7

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Online (within-trial) dynamics of goal shielding

Target

Distracter

Conflict

Stimulus

Target activation: Conflict trial > no conflict trial

Distractor activation Conflict trial < no conflict trial

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Results: Conflict-triggered intention shielding within a trial Scherbaum, Fischer, Dshemuchadse, Goschke (2011). Psychophysiology.

Difference between SSVEP-amplitudes on conflict vs. no-conflict-trials

Zeit (%)

Target activation: (Conflict - no conflict)

Distractor activation (Conflict - no conflict)

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Conflict adaptation as passive carry-over of control settings from the previous trial?

Conflicts trigger within-trial control adjustments

If the control state at the end of a conflict trial persists until the next trial no control readjustments are needed in case of subsequent conflict

SSVEP contrast enhancement should disappear on trials following conflict

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Conflict adaptation as passive carry-over of control settings from the previous trial

SSVEP contrast enhancement on conflict trials is only present on incongruent trials following congruent trials

SSVEP contrast enhancement disappears on conflict (incongruent) trials following incongruent (conflict) trials control state at the end of a conflict trial persists until the next trial no further control adjustments are needed in case of conflict

Previous trial congruence

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The role of the ACC in conflict-monitoring and cognitive control

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Anterior cingulate cortex

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

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Textmasterformat bearbeiten

• Zweite Ebene

Dritte Ebene

Vierte Ebene

Fünfte Ebene

Figure 13.3 Connectivity of the prefrontal cortex

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Cortical projections to regions of dACC

71 .

Areas 24a–b in yellow, areas 24c–d in orange, and more posterior regions of dorsomedial PFC

Supplementary and primary motor cortices in pink and purple in the macaque.

Projections to dACC are widespread and include regions of orbital and rostrolateral PFC, temporal and parietal cortices, and insula

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Konflikt-Überwachungs-Theorie

Botvinick et al. (2001). Psychological Review.

Konflikt-entdeckung

(ACC)

Kognitive Kontrolle

(PFC)

Mobilisierung

Konflikt

Regulation Bewertung

Dorsolateraler Präfrontalkortex

Anteriorer cingulärer Kortex (ACC)

Der anteriore cinguläre Cortex (ACC) registriert Konflikte und Fehler und sendet ein “Kontrollsignal” an den DLPFC, wodurch eine verstärkte Mobilisierung kognitiver Kontrolle ausgelöst wird

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Ridderinkhof, Ullsperger, Crone, & Nieuwenhuis (2004). Science, 306(5695), 443-447.

ACC-Aktivierung durch Konflikte oder Fehler: Metaanalyse von 38 fMRT-Studien (1997-2004)

Activations cluster in the dorsal medial frontal cortex in the region where areas 8, 6, 32, and 24 border each other

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Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict-adaptation (Kerns et al. 2004, Science)

Konfliktadaptation Reduzierte Stroop-Interferenz nach

einem Reaktionskonflikt Stroop-Farb-Wort-Aufgabe

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Erhöhte ACC Aktivierung in inkongruenten (Konflikt) Durchgängen

Je stärker die ACC-Aktivierung im vorhergehenden Konflikt-Durchgang, umso größer der Konflikt-Adaptations-Effekts im aktuellen Durchgang (Große KA = schnelle RZ in I-I-Durchgängen Niedrige KA = langsame RZ in I-I-Durchgängen)

Erhöhte Aktivierung im rechten lateralen PFC in Durchgängen mit starker Konflikt-Adaptation ACC Aktivierung in

inkongruenten Durchgängen korreliert positiv mit der DLPFC Aktivierung im nächsten Durchgang

Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict-adaptation (Kerns et al. 2004, Science)