Die Festwoche der Abfallwirtschaft und Altlasten der TU Dresden: 26.-30. September 2005

1. Fachtagung “Perspektiven von Deponien – Stilllegung und Nachnutzung nach 2005” am 26.-27. September 2005

2. Mischen oder Trennen ? –Grenzen der Technik und Nachweisführung nach ElektroG und VerpackV” am 28.September 2005

3. Festakt zur 10-Jahres-Feier (29.September 2005) Altlasten-rechtlicher Rahmen und regionale Praxis (30. September 2005)

MECHANICAL /BIOLOGICAL PRE-TREATMENT

OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES in İZMİR

Afşar ÜRÜT ULGEN ; Ertuğrul ERDİN

Environmental Engineer, Dokuz Eylul University Environmental Engineering Department Kaynaklar Campus, 35160 Buca-Izmir, Turkey

ertugrul.erdin@deu.edu.tr; afsaru@ttnet.net.tr

ABSTRACT Solid waste is one of the most important problem of the modern world. The oldest method of SW disposal was landfilling. But the availability of land for waste disposal is being a problem, especially for metropolitan cities. Izmir has also faced a similar problem. The SW produced are deposited on Harmandali Sanitary Landfill Area. But it has an economical life of 2 years left and there has been difficulties to find a new sanitary landfill area. The effect of mechanical and biological pre-treatment of SW on volume reduction were investigated in this study. Lab-scale open and closed system volume reduction studies were conducted and effective volume reduction was obtained. Beside the lab-scale studies , composting studies were also carried out to determine the quality of the compost obtained from the solid waste. The produced compost was used for plant germination experiments to test the quality of compost. The effects of olive pomace addition on compost quality were also exmined.

Introduction

Solid Waste has always been a problem in daily life of human since its existence. Because people don’t pay much attention on the amount of waste they produce. The main aim of this work is to implement very basic and simple techniques, which are easy to apply and effective in result to minimise the waste amount (volume). By simple means of changes, the amount and quality of compost material produced is increased. By applying certain pre-treatment activities it is possible to minimise the amount of solid waste deposited in landfill sites by 1/10 of its original volume. It is observed that by collecting waste separately and storing waste under aerobic conditions without any physical or chemical additions the volume of waste that must be disposed in landfills is decreased significantly. Odour, vectors and other health concerns are creating a question but with certain precautions, like bio-filter or odour holding additives such a process should be applicable. It is undeniable that composting of the SW is the most economical and environmental solution for waste handling. But continuous parameter control is a must for obtaining better results.

During this study the curing (healing, optimising) effect of olive pomace usage to the quality of composting process has explored. It perfectly (block) prevents the odour and excessive leachate production so that it optimises the moisture content. And due to its high organic content doesn’t destroy the biological activity. Olive pomace is a problem for olive and oil producers to handle, composting seems to be promising solution for both economical and environmental concerns, but it must be stated that there is need for further experiments and analyses in order to optimise the process.

Composting Process as MBP Composting is a natural biological process, carried out under controlled conditions, which converts organic material into a stable humus-like product called compost. During the composting process various microorganisims, including bacteria and fungi breakdown organic material into simpler substances. Composting is an aerobic process (Erdin, 2000). In order to achieve a good quality compost some parameters must be measured continuously to create optimum conditions, like temperature (50-60C°), moisture content (50%), particle size (20-30 mm), carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (30:1) (Erdin, 2000).

Composting has an important role in our integrated waste management system, since almost 50% of our domestic waste is organic in nature, and the only recycling possibility for organic materials is composting (Küçükgül, 2000). Composting should be part of a

comprehensive waste management system that emphasizes source reduction, reuse, composting and recycling, and proper disposal of any residual material .

MSW composting processes all the biodegradable components of the waste stream that decompose readily like, paper, food waste and wood in addition to yard trimmings, which are on average 55–70% (by weight) of a community’s residential solid waste. The significant volume reductions associated with composting and the possible uses of compost make MSW composting attractive as a potential means of diverting waste from landfills (Renkow et al., 1998). According certain studies the term “clean” (low contamination) compost is generated which means while producing and applying there will not be observed any adverse effects on the environment. Separate collection is the basic and most economical tool to generate high quality clean compost production (Veeken et al. 2002).

Aerobic Landfilling Process Landfilling is the oldest and most favourite way of solid waste disposal. There will be carried out many experiments in order to improve the landfilling efficiency and minimising its adverse effects. Alternative to traditional anaerobic landfilling process aerobic landfilling has gaining popularity. The main idea behind the process is combining aerobic decomposition and composting processes to mimimise the adverse effects of landfilling and increasing the economical life of the landfill sites by decreasing the volume disposed (Spillmann, 2000 ;Erdin, 2005). There will be conducted by researchers lab-scale tests to investigate different options for achieving sustainability landfill operations. There will implemented experiments to determine the landfill parameters optimization efficiency of forced and natural advective air flow (semi-aerobic) flushing applications on mechanical-biological pretreated unprocessed refuse. According to this studies there is observed rapid and marked oxidation of organics and nitrogen (Cossu, 2003). Passive aeration of the waste piles has also the same idea, by applying oxygen to the system achieving a rapid decomposition of easily biodegradable solids, which will result in effective and quick reduction in the volume deposited in the landfills. Perforated plastic pipes are placed under the waste piles to aerate the system. To convert anaerobic landfill sites to aerobic some operations needed to be applied (Spillmann, 2000 ;Erdin, 2005):

1. covering the waste cells 2. adjusting the moisture content from 40% to 70% 3. aerating the cells, it is necessary to supply necessary amount of oxygen (just

above 0%), to prevent heat increases and generation of anaerobic conditions

4. adjusting the heat at 55-60 C° for pasteurisation and aerobic degradation

Figure 1 Passive Aeration Method ((Kaminzug-Verfahren)

Aerobic bioreduction has used to define the stabilisation of MSW by air, water and/or leachate addition, for mass reduction and landfill recovery by some researchers (Das et al., 2002). This will based on the same idea: aeration of the MSW in landfill site. But there exist limited data on aerated landfills and its long-term behaviours (Das et al., 2002). Table 1 shows “Recycling Ratios in Turkey” from private separate collection Table 1 Recycling Ratios in Turkey (Neyim et al., 2001) Distributed to the

Market (ton/year) Recycled (ton/year) Recycling Ratio, %

Paper & cardboard 1,800,000 590,000 33 Glass 330,000 75,000 23 Metal 150,000 50,000 30 Plastic 550,000 180,000 33 Total 2,830,000 895,000 32 There is no separate collection system for the solid wastes in Izmir. Several district municipalities and official and private organizations will implement such projects but due to lake of synergy the efficiency of the projects are poor. Wastes in Izmir are collected at two-sized containers small with 400 L and big with 800 L volumes respectively. Than the wastes from Konak, Buca, Balçova, Gaziemir, Narlıdere, Güzelbahçe district municipalities are collected at Halkapinar Transfer Station and transferred to Harmandali Sanitary Landfill Area with transfer trailers which has a capacity of 35 tons and a volume of 50 m3. Harmandalı Landfill site has a 900,000 m2 area. It is located 25 km far from the city center and 2.5 km far from Harmandalı district, which has been put on service at 08.04.1992, with an economical life of 15 years.

Passive Aeration Method (Kaminzug-Verfahren)

b = 6 - 8 m

a = 8 - 10 m

H =

3 –

3.5

m

L = 50 m

1

2 3

4

Solid Waste Management Activities in Izmir

Developing and implementing a waste management system is the only systematical solution for solid waste problems in modern cities. Izmir is the third biggest city in Turkey. There are living almost 3 Million people in Izmir. Where waste management is an important concern for Izmir. In order to effectively manage and dispose the waste amount produced there will be the Solid Waste Management Department (SWMD) built under the hierarchic structure of Metropolitan Municipality of Izmir (MmoI).

Figure 2 The Position of SWMD on the MMoI Organisational Chart

According to a survey prepared by MMoI at 1997 the general composition of solid waste produced in Izmir is as follows.

MAYOR

GENERAL SECRETARY

GENERAL SECRETARY DEPUTY

HEAD of ENVIRONMENTAL & SANITARY WORKS DEPARTMENT

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMEN

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

SERVICE

VETERINARY MANAGEMEN

Head of Supervising Team

Head of Harmandali Landfill Area

Head of Uzundere Compost Plant

Head of Halkapinar Transffering Station

Table 2 Material Group Analyses of Solid Wastes in Izmir (Küçükgül, 2000)

Material group Low income

Average income

High income

Commercial zone

Industrial zone

Organic materials 74.8 60.9 50.9 18.4 41.5 Paper-cardboard 5.6 11.4 14.6 11.8 16.6 Glass-bottle 2.7 4.8 6.9 14.8 3.1 Tin material 1.5 2.2 3 9.3 4.8 Plastics 8.1 11.9 15.6 16.2 8.2 Combined packaging materials

0.9 2 2.2 8.4 0.8

Foam material 0 0.1 0 0.3 0.7 Large dimension plastics 0.2 0.3 0.8 7 0

Wood 0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Textile 3.7 2.5 1.9 8.2 22.9 Batteries 0 0 0 0.6 0 Stone, faineance, porcelain

1.1 0.6 0.1 2.5 0.7

Diapers & sanitary pads 1.1 2.9 3.1 4.8 0.1

Others 0.2 0.4 0.6 2.6 0.5 Table 3 Solid Wastes Produced and Processed in Izmir (Ürüt, 2003),

Processed Amount of SW, ton/year Population Produced Amount of SW,

ton/year Harmandali Uzundere Total Processing

Ratio, % 1994 2358335 825.417 285.000 75.752 360.752 44 1995 2416958 845.935 374.202 73.000 447.202 53 1996 2.477.038 866.963 515.436 73.114 588.550 68 1997 2.538.611 888.514 502.819* 58.323* 561.141 63 1998 2.601.716 910.600 631.065 64.727 695.792 76 1999 2.666.389 933.236 702.322 56.154* 758.476 81 2000 2.732.669 956434,2 702.938 52.502* 755.439 79 2001 2.800.597 980209 742.592 64.828* 807.420 82 2002 2.870.214 1004575 659.959 104.412 764.371 76

Table 4 Amount of Solid Waste Processed in Harmandali (Ürüt, 2003)

Domestic Industrial Demolition Medical Biological Sludge Ind. Sludge Total 1994 285.000 25.431 3.519 1.118 315.0681995 374.202 30.159 1.289 1.052 406.7021996 466.945 41.210 1.911 1.027 4.345 515.4381997 445.710 28.153 5.471 1.473 2.845 19.137 502.7891998 575.239 26.735 6.543 1.953 4.251 16.364 631.0851999 654.755 24.315 6.254 2.390 3.362 11.246 702.3222000 644.801 25.156 11.329 3.180 1.795 16.676 702.9372001 689.867 20.561 8.852 3.931 1.313 18.068 742.5922002 618.145 19.004 6.492 896 235 15.187 659.959

Figure 3 Flowchart of the Uzundere Compost Plant

Material & Method

Experimental Set-Up

In order to determine the effects of separate collection, compaction ratio and olive pomace addition on compost quality and quantity, 12 different experimental reactors were prepared, to determine the effect of seperate collection on compost quality and the effect of compaction on composting process. Table 5 The Structure of Experimental Set-I

SET I

Distribution of DM Set No

Composition Water Content %

Dry Matter Cont%

Org Cont, %

Inorg Cont, %

Compaction Unit Volumetric Weight kg/L

I-1 1,800 g bioorg 1,000 g OP* 200 g yard waste

67.60

32.40

92.19

7.81

Yes 0.503

I-2 2,700 g bioorg 300 g yard waste

73.89

26.11

90.12

9.88

Yes 0.503

I-3 1,350 g bioorg 150 g yard waste

79.36

20.64

96.32

3.68

No 0.252

I-4 2,400 g bioorg 150 g yard waste 150 g paper 30 g plastic

83.17

16.83

89.33

10.67

Yes 0.503

I-5 1,335 g bioorg 75 g yard waste 75 g paper 15 g plastic

83.50

16.50

93.08

6.92

No 0.252

I-6 12,240 g bioorg 74.06 25.94 88.41 11.59 No 0.331

Table 6 The Structure of Experimental Set-II

SET II

Distribution of Dry Matter

Set No

Composition Water Content %

Dry Matter Cont, %

Org Cont, %

Inorg Cont, %

Compaction Unit Volumetric Weight kg/L

II-1 2,500 g mixed 1,000 g OP 31.10 68.90 74.24 25.76

Yes 0.674

II-2 2,000 g mixed 300 g yard waste 64.16 35.84 75.56 24.44

Yes 0.404

II-3 1,600 g mixed 200 g yard waste 53.92 46.08 66.54 33.46

No 0.349

II-4 2,000 g bioorg 150 g yard waste 82.29 17.71 84.05 15.95

Yes 0.439

II-5 1,000 g bioorg 150 g yard waste 79.69 20.31 80.39 19.61

No 0.225

II-6 6,869 g mixed waste 56.71 43.29 59.63 40.37

No 0.361

*OP: Olive Pomace;DM: Dry matter Semi-Aerobic Landfilling For composting experiment thermos bottles were used, which have common patterns like Dewar flasks. They have an inner wall to prevent the heat fluxes and a volume almost equal to 6 liters.

The method was defined as semi-aerobic since there were not created any active or passive aeration systems for the experimental sets. Aeration was only achieved during waste hauling and temperature measurements for Sets I-1/5 and II-1/5.

For the determination of the volume change in open system deposition(semi-aerobic landfilling) of solid waste, wooden crates were used as reactor. So that it was aimed to obtain data on volume reduction in bioorganic and mixed waste compositions.The materials in reactors were transferred once a week. Temperature was measured using a digital thermometer twice a week. A steelyard was used for measuring the weight of composting material in reactors. The height of the material in the reactor has also been monitored to get real time data on the volumetric change of the material. In addition to these measurements, water, organic and inorganic content of composting material were analysed once a week. Results and Discussion

Change in Temperature :The effect of temperature on the UVW is one of the parameter has to be examined. As stated before all biological activities are sensitive to temperature changes. At the beginning of the process due to rapid degradation in easily degradable organic constituents of the waste an increase in temperatures was observed. The increase in Set I-6, Figure 4 and Set II-6, Figure 5 was more obvious since its aerobic nature of the system. In other sets the processes was aerobic at the beginning but with time the oxygen in the system is depleted and anaerobic stage takes place. But the systems can not be defined as anaerobic. Since the sets were hauled once a week and the temperature changes was measured twice a week. During these activities the sets were aerated passively. So it is possible to define the system as semi-aerobic.

During the biological degradation, due to the chemical breakdown of the organic material into simpler substances heat (exothermic process) and moisture is produced. There is a slight temperature increase in all experimental sets at the beginning of the process, but generally the reactor temperatures were very close to room temperatures. The main reason could be the poor isolation of the reactor vessels used in the experiment. Another reason could be the relatively small amounts of solid waste worked with, which may have not been sufficient to keep the heat generated during the biological activities. The temperature of Set I-1 in Figure 6 is relatively higher than the room temperature. The olive pomace addition to its composition could be one of the reason of temperature rise. The similar temperature changes was observed in Set II experiments. A rapid increase in temperature at the beginning f the experiment was observed. The rise in temperature in Set II-6 is higher than the others since better aerobic conditions was provided. But there will be observed fluctuation on the temperatures in Sets II-4 & 5 (Figure 5). The additions for improving the quality of the process might be the reason.

Figure 4 Change in Temperature for Set I

Figure 5 Change in Temperature for Set II

Change in Temperature for Set II

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10/07/03

15/7 /2003

Time, day

Tem

pera

ture

, C

Set II-1

Set II-2

Set II-3

Set II-4

Set II-5

Set II-6

Room Temp

Change in Temperature for Set I

0

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03

Time, day

Tem

pera

ture

, C

Set I-1

Set I-2

Set I-3

Set I-4

Set I-5

Set I-6

Room Temp

Change in Moisture Content:Due to the rapid degradation of easily degradable organic content, relatively high moisture contents was observed at the beginning of the experiment, which resulted from high biological activity. In order to balance the moisture content, olive pomace was added into the systems, which has a moisture content of almost 10%. For the first experimental set the remediations were applied at 14th week of the experiment, but for Set II this actions are taken at earlier stage at 7th

week which provided better results in terms of moisture content. But the moisture content of the open sets ( Set I-6&II-6) were comperatively low with respect to the other sets. This may be the result of higher biological activity. Due to the excess air, the degradation of easily degradable organic material has been achieved faster than the closed systems and parallel to this activity heat was generated. Since they were open to atmosphere the fluid transfer has occured more easily than the other sets, which may result a decrease in moisture content.

As the final stage of the experiments, the solid wastes were left for final aeration for maturation. As expected, a sharo decrease in moisture content was observed. As a result a decrease in volume occupied by solid waste was obtained.

Figure 6 Change in Moisture Content of Set I

Change in Moisture Content of Set I

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003

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03

Time, day

Moi

stur

e C

onte

nt, %

Set I-1Set I-2Set I-3Set I-4Set I-5Set I-6

Final Aeration(18/06/2003)

Figure 6 Change in Moisture Content of Set II

Change in Unit Volumetric Weight:During the experiment UVW examined carefully since it indicates the volume occupied by the MSW. An increase in the UVW of a solid waste means that the volume occupied for a unit weight has decreased. But only for Set I-3 there observed an relatively continuous increase in UVW. Set I-3 composed of bioorganic waste which is classified as Organic Class I easily biodegradable matters, and yard waste which is in Organic Class II. The system is not compressed so there is bigger void space to sustain longer aerobic conditions, which result in a fast degradation in Set I-3.

Figure 7 Change in UVW of Set I

Change in Moisture Content of Set II

0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.0090.00

100.00

27/03/0

3

31/03/03

4/14/2

003

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003

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Time, day

Moi

stur

e C

onte

nt, % Set II-1

Set II-2Set II-3Set II-4Set II-5Set II-6

Final Aeration (10/07/2003)

Change in UVW of Set I

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0.80

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Time, day

UVW

, kg/

L

Set I-1

Set I-2

Set I-3

Set I-4

Set I-5

Set I-6

As described above there has been applied certain remediations at different times. So that there was observed fluctuations in the experimental reactors.

Figure 8 Change in UVW of Set II

For the second experimantal sets (Figure 8) a continous UVW increse was observed. The reason may the immediate remediations applied to the sets to create optimum conditions for composting process. Since Set II-6 was an open system to balance its moisture content several times moisture was added to the set. After the final aeration stage the change in its weight was faster than its moisture content which result in an increase in UVW.

Change in Weight :A continuous and rapid decrease in weight of Set I-6 was observed (Figure 9). The main reason for this was the aerobic and totally organic structure of its system. The biological processes in the reactor will depend on temperature changes. Since the isolation of the reactors are poor, during winter the biological activity in the reactors was low. The quantity worked with was also comparably small to the real sizes, so this might also be the reason for the low efficiency. The systems were closed, so there was no fluid flux into or out of the system, except applied remediations. Due to rapid biological activity resulted from decomposition of easily biodegradable materials, increase the moisture content of the systems which could adversly effect the composting process.

Change in UVW of Set II

0.000

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, kg/

L

Set I-1

Set I-2

Set I-3

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Figure 9 Percentage Change in Weight of Set-I, Winter

Figure 10 Percentage Change in Weight of Set-I, Summer A continuous but slight decrease in weight was observed for the first experimental sets (Figure 11) due to biological activity. Due applied remadiations in summer period, there were observed fluctuations for the same set (Figure 12). After the final aeration stage parallel to the loss in moisture content a rapid decrease in weight was observed. Similar conditions were observed for the second set. The totally aerobic Set II-6 has shown rapid and continuous decrase in weight. In order to improve the moisture balance

Change in Weight, Summer

0

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/2003

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nge,

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Final Aeration(18/06/2003)

Change in Weight, Winter

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of the systems olive pomace and water was added to the reactors. Due to this remediations it is not possible to generate a direct relation between the biological activity and changes in weight.

Figure 11 Percentage Change in Weight of Set-II, Spring

Figure 12 Percentage Change in Weight of Set-II, Summer

The heavy metal contents of the final products were determined according to the standard elutriation test. As compared to the limit values set by European countries their

Change in Weight for Set II, Spring

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/035/6

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Time, day

Cha

nge,

%

Set II-1Set II-2Set II-3Set II-4Set II-5Set II-6

Change in Weight for Set II, Summer

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

2/6/03

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031/7

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033/7/

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03

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3

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Time, day

Cha

nge,

%

Set II-1Set II-2Set II-3Set II-4Set II-5Set II-6

Final Aeration(10/07/2003)

quality are acceptable. But it is necessary to remind that elutriation test could only measure the the heavy metal content of a sample, which could be dissolved in water. Table Physical & Chemical Parameters of Final Products of Set I Set I-1 Set I-2 Set I-3 Set I-4 Set I-5 Set I-6

Moisture content, % 8.52 8.29 7.65 7.36 7.12 6.76 Organic Content,% 88.55 92.75 91.10 93.03 92.86 69.82 C-Content % 41.62 43.59 42.82 43.73 43.64 32.81 pH 8.05 8.03 8.02 8.11 8.23 8.5 Salinity, % 0.01 0.014 0 2.5*10-4 4.5*10-4 3.2*10-4

Conductivity, μmoles/cm 46,000 27,600 48,261 38,500 38,202 92,727 Cd, mg/kg ND ND ND ND ND ND Zn, mg/kg 50 ND ND ND ND 60 Cu, mg/kg 40 30 70 30 ND 10 Ni, mg/kg ND ND ND ND ND ND Pb, mg/kg ND ND ND ND ND ND Cr, mg/kg ND 14 52 ND ND ND Fe, mg/kg 90 65 12 30 60 60 Mn, mg/kg 40 30 9 30 30 30 Table Physical & Chemical Parameters of Final Products of Set II Set II-1 Set II-2 Set II-3 Set II-4 Set II-5 Set II-6

Moisture content, % 28.29 44.62 12.99 10.11 12.09 18.39 Organic Content,% 64.96 69.16 71.69 91.34 90.89 44.65 C-Content % 30.53 32.51 33.69 42.93 42.72 20.99 pH 7.76 7.65 7.76 7.92 7.98 7,89 Salinity, % 2*10-4 0 0 0 8*10-4 8*10-4 Conductivity, μmoles/cm 33,000 56,000 81,600 52,000 43,600 49,067 Cd, mg/kg ND ND ND ND ND ND Zn, mg/kg 10 60 50 ND ND 3 Cu, mg/kg 30 ND 40 ND 5 120 Ni, mg/kg 80 90 80 ND ND ND Pb, mg/kg 50 40 ND ND ND ND Cr, mg/kg ND ND ND ND ND ND Fe, mg/kg 30 ND 60 ND ND 30 Mn, mg/kg 30 ND 30 ND ND 20 Table Physical & Chemical Parameters of the Compost Produced in UCP 1.5 Month 3 Month 6 Month 12 Month

Moisture content, % 28.98 20.32 25.58 35.44 Organic Content,% 32.23 32.97 32.39 35.44 C-Content, % 15.15 15.49 15.22 15.78 pH 7.62 7.56 7.82 7.93 Salinity, % 0.014 0.02 0.01 8*10-4 Conductivity, μmoles/cm 54,000 60,000 47,600 39,400 Cd, mg/kg ND ND ND ND Zn, mg/kg 70 70 70 110 Cu, mg/kg ND ND 110 ND Ni, mg/kg ND ND 17 40 Pb, mg/kg ND ND ND ND Cr, mg/kg ND ND ND ND Fe, mg/kg 80 90 80 1,018 Mn, mg/kg 40 40 40 50

CONCLUSIONS During this work there will be carried out several experiments to show the effect of separate collection on the volume reduction and quality of the compost produced. In this study it was observed a 80-90% decrease in volume occupied by the solid wastes, if preprocessing are applied before final disposal at landfill sites, like seperate collection, compsoting , MBP and aerated landfilling. The main disadvantage of the system is the difficulty in controlling the parameters, the amount of volume needed and the odour problem. But the results are promoting the mechanical and biological (composting, aerated landfilling, biodegradetion etc) pretreatment activities. According to the standard elutriation test the heavy metal concentrations in the final products are well below the limits stated in by European countries. With mechanical and biological preprocessing significant volume reduction in MSW should be achieved. In order to achieve the best volume reduction there must be find an optimal balance between UVW and the percent change in weight. There should be achieved no further reduction in volume after a certain reduction in weight.

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