nie.lk KannangaraLec30.pdf · 3 2 3

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,e;j ehl;bd; fy;tpj; Jiwf;fhf fyhepjp rP. lg;spA.lg;spA. fd;dq;fu mtu;fs; - Fwpg;ghf rl;l rigapd; fy;tpr;nraw; FOtpd; jtprhsu; vd;w tifapy; fy;tp mikr;ruhfmtu; nraw;gl;l 1931-1947 fhyg;gpuptpy; - toq;fpa gq;fspg;Ggw;wp> ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w fy;tpapayhsu;fs;> mwpQu;fs;>rptpy; Nritahsu;fs; KjypNahupypUe;J Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L,e;j ciuj; njhlupy; vdf;F Kd;ghfg; NgrpAs;s 29Ngr;rhsu;fSk; mq;fPfupj;J nkr;rpAs;sdu;. vdf;F Kd;du;ciuahw;wpAs;s Nkw;nrhd;d NkjF kdpju;fs; jkJ NeubmDgtq;fSld;> ,d;W ehd; Ngrg; Nghtij tpl kpFe;jnrhy;yhw;wYld; ciuahw;wpapUg;ghu;fs;. vdpDk; mtu;fs;epiyehl;br; nrd;Ws;s me;j cau;e;j juj;ijg; NgZtjw;FehDk; vd;dhy; Kbe;j msTf;F Kaw;rpf;fg; Nghfpd;Nwd;.

fyhepjp fd;dq;fu mtu;fs; 1969 ,y; fhykhdNghJ> mtu; jdJ ,ilepiyf; fy;tpiag; ngw;wpUe;jfhyp> upr;kz;l; fy;Y}upapd; Muk;gg; gpuptpy; ehd; fw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;Njd;. ehd; rpNu\;l ,ilepiy tFg;Gf;fismile;j NghJ fd;dq;fu mtu;fsJ ,sikf;fhyk; gw;wpAk;ghlrhiy gw;wpAk; rpy fijfis vdJ Mrpupau;fs;$Wtij - rpytw;iw kPl;bkPl;bf; $Wtij - ehd;nrtpkLj;jpUf;fpNwd;. mjd; gpd;du; mtu; gw;wpAk; ehl;bd;,ytrf; fy;tpf;F mtuJ gq;fspg;G gw;wpAk; nra;jpj;jhs;fl;Liufspy; thrpj;jpUf;fpd;Nwd;. vdpDk;> ,e;jtpupTiuf;fhf Maj;jk; nra;j NghJjhd; mtuJ gpd;dzp>FLk;g mtyq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; mtuJ Muk;gfhyg;ghlrhiyf; fy;tpr; rhjidfs;> njhopy; uPjpahd ntw;wpfs;vd;gd gw;wpAk;> r%f Nrit> Njrpa murpay;> kpfKf;fpakhf fy;tpj; Jiw Mfpatw;wpy; Njrpa upjpahfmtu; toq;fpa gq;fspg;Gf;fs; gw;wpAk; ehd; KiwahfTk;mu;j;jKs;s KiwapYk; fw;Wf;nfhs;sj; njhlq;fpNdd;.

fyhepjp fd;dq;fu jiyik jhq;fpa ,yq;iff;fy;tp njhlu;ghd tpNrl FOtpd; 1943 Mk; Mz;bd;mwpf;if> mku;T mwpf;if XXIV - 1943 vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.160 gf;fq;fspy; 21 mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;l ,t;twpf;ifmd;iwa fy;tp Kiwik> Nfhl;ghL vd;gd gw;wpatpje;Jiufs; njhlu;ghf tpupthd kPsha;nthd;wpidf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. vdJ ,e;j ciuapy; mt;twpf;iftpje;Jiuj;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpg; NgrNth> me;jr;rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp mgpg;gpuhak; njuptpf;fNthKidatpy;iy. vdpDk; mt;twpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jrpy mtjhdq;fisAk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk;> ,d;W ehd;Rl;bf; fhl;lg; NghFk; jw;Nghija fy;tpg; gpur;rpidfs;rpytw;NwhL njhlu;GgLj;jpf;fhl;l khj;jpuk; Kaw;rpg;Ngd;.

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1. mwpKfk;xU ehl;bd; Njrpa fy;tp Kiwik mjd; Njrpa

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; top elhj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ vy;yhg;ghlrhiyfSf;Fkhd tpOkpaq;fisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;tiuaiw nra;tjd; %yk; ghlrhiyg; gzpf;Fupa fl;likg;igxOq;fikf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf ghlrhiy Kiwikiatpl;Lr; nry;Yk; gps;isfs; rpwe;j gpui[fs; vd;w tifapy;tho;f;ifia ntw;wpfukhf elhj;jpr; nry;y KbfpwJ. vdNt>Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd ftdk; jdpahspd;tpUj;jpia xUq;fpizg;gjpNyNa Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;tpisthf khztu;fs; ghlrhiyia tpl;Lr; nrd;w gpd;du;gz;ghl;L> r%f> murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu uPjpapy;gaDWjpAs;s gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpl KbAk;.

,yq;ifapd; fy;tp KiwikahdJ 13 tUlghlrhiyf; fy;tpiag; gpd;tUk; ehd;F tl;lq;fspy;toq;FfpwJ. Muk;g tl;lk;> fdp~;l ,ilepiy tl;lk;> rpNu~;l,ilepiy tl;lk;> fy;Y}upepiy tl;lk;.

vdNt vkJ fy;tp Kiwikapd; mbg;gilapy;> rpNu~;l,ilepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lKk; Fwpg;ghff; fy;Y}upepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lKk;> khztu;fs; jkJ vjpu;fhyj;ijAk; Nkyjpf kw;Wk;cau; fy;tpiaAk; vjpu;fhyj; njhopiyAk; jpl;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;sj; Njitahd Mw;wiy mtu;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.mj;NjhL khztu;fs; njhopy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tho;TlDk;Kaw;rpahz;ikAlDk;; gupr;rak; ngw mJ cjt Ntz;Lk;.mjd; gadhf ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia Kbj;Jf;nfhz;l gpd;du;khwptUk; cyfpd; rthy;fSf;F nefpo;Tj; jd;ikNahL Kfq;nfhLf;ff; $ba Mw;wiy khztu;fs; ngw Ntz;Lk;. kdpjg;gpwtpfs; vd;w tifapy; tpj;jpahrkhd tfpghfq;fspy;njhopw;gLtjw;F gy;tifikahdJk; KOikahdJkhdtho;f;iff;Fj; Njitg;gLfpd;w Kd;dhaj;jq;fisf;fiyj;jpl;lk; mtu;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

,J njhlu;ghf fyhepjp fd;dq;fu mtu;fs; jkJfUj;Jf;fisg;1 gpd;tUkhW ntspg;gLj;jpAs;su;:

‘vdNt> tPl;bidg; Nghd;Nw ghlrhiyapd; gzpapYk;kpf Kf;fpa mk;rkhf tpsq;FtJ ‘Fztpay;Gfis|tpUj;jp nra;tjhFk;. rpwe;j gpui[fis cUthf;ff;$ba - tptupf;fKbahj Mdhy; vspjpy; ,dq;fz;Lnfhs;sf;$ba - gz;GfisNa ,q;F ehk; ‘Fztpay;G|vdf; fUJfpNwhk;. ,it nghJthd gzpT kw;Wk;rhjhuz jpwikfs; Kjy; nghJey kdg;ghd;ik kw;Wk;jiyikj;Jtg; gz;G tiu tpupe;jpUf;fyhk;.”

NkYk;> Nkw;nrhd;d fUJNfhs; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdJ epiyg;ghl;il2 xj;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ:

‘nghJf; fy;tpahdJ gps;isfisj; jkJ rf Kjpu;gUtj;jpdUld; gad;jUtifapy; Nru;e;J thoTk;gzpGupaTk;$ba jpUg;jp jUk; tho;f;iff;Fj;jahu;g;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; ghlrhiyia tpl;LtpyFk; NghJ Kjpu;gUtj;jpduhfNt ,Ug;gu;. jkJFLk;gj;jpdJk; jhk; thOk; r%fj;jpdJk; KO ehl;bdJk;>eyDf;fhfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;$ba tpjj;jpy;mwpitAk; Vida Nju;r;rpfisAk; mtu;fs; ngw;wpUg;gJmtrpak;.”

vd;Dila ,t;Tiuapy; Kjypy; vkJ ehl;bd; rpNu~;l,ilepiy kw;Wk; fy;Y}up epiyf; fiyj;jpl;lq;fspd;jw;Nghija epiy gw;wp tpopg;g+l;lTk; mtw;iwg; nghUj;jkhdru;tNjr kl;lf;FwpfSld; xg;g PL nra;J fhl;lTk;vz;Zfpd;Nwd;. mLj;J> ,t;tpU kl;lq;fspYk; fy;tpiag;ghjpf;fpd;w ,U gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jg;Nghfpd;Nwd;. mitahtd (1) fy;tprhu; kd mOj;jj;ijVw;gLj;JtJ kl;Lkd;wp khztu;fsJ cs> cly;MNuhf;fpaj;ijAk; jPtpukhfg; ghjpf;ff;$ba tifapy;ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk; kpifr;Rik nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fpwJvd;fpd;w nghJthd fz;ldk;. (2) 21 Mk; E}w;whz;by;

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fw;Nghu; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;s rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhfKfq;nfhLf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; gue;j jpwd;fis jw;Nghijaghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk; khztu;fSf;F toq;Ffpwjh vd;wNfs;tp. ,Wjpahf> jifikfis mq;fPfupg;gjw;fhfj; NjrpaepWtdq;fshy; epu;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;s Njitfis epiwTnra;tjw;Fk;> kpf Kf;fpakhf> ghlrhiyia tpl;Lr; nry;Yk;vkJ gps;isfspd; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;Fk; Vw;wtifapy; ghlrhiyapy; khztu;fs; cz;ikahff; fw;Wf;nfhs;gtw;iw cr;r mstpy; mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjw;fhfg;g hlrhiyf ; fiyj ;j pl ;lj ;j py ; nra ;ag ; glf ;$barPu;jpUj;jj;jq;fs; gw;wpa vdJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; rku;g;gpf;fg;Nghfpd;Nwd;.

‘fd;dq;fu fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpe;jpa fhy> fy;tpr;rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpa kPs;Nehf;F” vd;w jiyg;gpy; 25MtJfyhepjp rP. lg;spA. lg;spA. fd;dq;fu Qhgfhu;j;j ciuia3

epfo;j;jpa Mu;. v];. nkjfk mtu;fs; 1939 Kjy; ,yq;ifapd;fy;tpj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;L te;Js;s gupzhk tsu;r;rp gw;wptpupthf Kd;itj;jpUe;jhu;. mj;NjhL ,Wjpahf ehl;bd;vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdupd; ed;ikiaf; fUjp Njrpaf;Nfhl;ghnlhd;whf mKy;gLj;jf;$ba tifapy; rfyjug;gpdupdJk; rk;kjj;NjhL fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;j MNyhridfistFg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; mtu; vLj;Jf;fhl;bapUe;jhu;.

mjd; gpd;du;> ‘fd;dq;fu Afj;Jf;F mg;ghy; 21Mk;E}w;whz;Lf;fhd fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;” vd;w jiyg;gpy;27MtJ fyhepjp rP. lg;spA. lg;spA. fd;dq;fu Qhgfhu;j;jciuia4 epfo;j;jpa fyhepjp cghyp vk;. Nrju mtu;fs;>,d;W ehL vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;s> fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ghupamstpyhd guPl;ir kw;Wk; mwpTrhu; jpirg;gLj;jy; cl;gl;lfy;tpg; gpur;rpidfs; rpytw;iwf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bapUe;jhu;.mj;NjhL 21Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fy;tprhu; vjpu;ghu;g;GfSf;FVw;w tifapy; Nghjdh KiwapYk; kjpg;gPl;L KiwapYk;Njitg;gLfpd;w rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wp mtu; fUj;Jiutoq;fpapUe;jhu;.

Nkw;nrhd;d ,uz;L ciufspYk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lKf;fpa tplaq;fis kpif epug;Gtjhf ,d;iwa vdJ ciumikag; NghfpwJ.

2. fy;tp KiwikVida nghJeytha ehLfisg; Nghd;Nw Kd;ida

gpupj;jhdpaf; FbNaw;w ehL vd;w tifapy; ,yq;ifAk;gpupj;jhdpa Kiwikia mbnahw;wpa fy;tp Kiwiknahd;iwkuGupikahfg; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> rpNu~;l ,ilepiykw;Wk; fy;Y}up epiyf; fy;tp Kiwikfs; gpupj;jhdpaKiwikapd; khjpupapNyNa mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;NjhL[P.rP.<. rhjhuz ju kw;Wk; [P.rP.<. cau;ju jifikfs;> If;fpa,uhr;rpaj;jpd; xj;j jifikfspd; tptuf; $w;Wf;fSf;Fr;rkndhj;j KiwapNyNa tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

2.1 cyfshtpa jifikfs; vd;w tifapy; fy;tpg;nghJj; juhjur; rhd;wpjo;fs;

,yq;ifapy; rpNu~;l ,ilepiy kw;Wk; fy;Y}upepiyf;Fupa fhyk; KOtJk; khztu;fis [P.rP.<. rhjhuzjuk; kw;Wk; [P.rP.<. cau; juk; Mfpa ,U Njrpa kl;lg;guPl;irfSf;fhfg; gapw;Wtpg;gjpNyNa nrytplg;gLfpd;wJ.

[P.rP.<. vd;Dk; fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuq;fs; Fwpj;jghlq;fisf; nfhz;l fy;tprhu; jifikfshFk;. ,it If;fpa,uhr;rpaj;jpypUe;J- Fwpg;ghf ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; Nty;]pYk; tlmau;yhe;jpYk; cs;s jifik toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspypUe;JNjhd;wpait.

[P.rP.< %d;W kl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. mitahtd:VWtupirapd;gb rhjhuz juk; (OL)> cau; Jizj; juk;(AS)> cau; juk; (AL) vd;gdthFk;. 1988k; Mz;L,q;fpyhe;jpYk; Nty;]pYk; tl mau;yhe;jpYk; [P.rP.<. rhjhuzjukhdJ [P.rP.v];.<. (GCSE) vd;Dk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpj;juhjug; gj;jpuj;jpdhy; khw;wPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.

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[P.rP.<. rhjhuz juk;> [P.rP.< cau; juk; Mfpa ,UjifikfSk; ,yq;if cl;gl gq;fshNj~;;> G&id> ,e;jpah>kNyrpah> nkhuprpa];> ghf;fp];jhd;> rPnry];> rpq;fg;g+u;>rpk;ghg;Nt Nghd;w nghJeytha ehLfspy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.,e;ehLfspy; ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpy; ,g;guPl;irfs; If;fpa,uhr;rpaj;jpy; mike;Js;s Cambridge International Examinations(CIC) kw;Wk; Pearson International Mfpa epWtdq;fspdhy;elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

[P.rP.< cau; juj;jpy; ,Wjpg; guPl;irahdJ nghJthf13 tUlg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; ,Wjpapy;> ,U tUltFg;giwf; fw;wypd; gpd;du; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Jghlrhiyia tpl;L ePq;Fk; jifikahff; fUjg;gLtNjhL>Fwpj;j ehLfspy; Fwpj;j ghlj;Jiwapy; gl;lg; gbg;igj;njhlu;tjw;Fj; jpl;lkpLk; khztu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mwpT>jpwd;fs;> tpsf;fk; Kjypatw;wpd; milTfis kjpg;gPLnra;af;$ba tpjj;jpNyNa tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.ngUk;ghyhd gy;fiyf;fof mDkjpfs; 3 cau; jug;ghlq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; khztu;fs;nghJthf 3 cau; jug; ghlq;fSf;Fj; Njhw;Wthu;fs;.

kpFe;j MoKk; fy;tpuPjpapy; fbdj; jd;ikAk;nfhz;ljhd [P.rP.<. cau; juj;ij milAk; topahf [P.rP.<.rhjhuz juk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd;11 tUl ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; ,jd; ,Wjpg; guPl;irf;Fj;Njhw;Wthu;fs;. cyfshtpa jifik vd;w tifapy; [P.rP.<.rhjhuz juj; jifikia mila ehLk; xU khztd;Ie;J my;yJ MW ghlq;fspy;5 rpj;jpailjy; Ntz;Lk;.

[P.rP.<. cau; juk; tiu jkJ fy;tpiaj; njhlu tpUk;Gk;khztu;fs;> jha; nkhop> fzpjk; vd;gd cl;gl Fwpj;jnjhifr; rpj;jpj; juq;fis [P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy;ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; Mff; Fiwe;j mDkjpj; NjitiaepiwT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

[P.rP.<. rhjhuz juk;> [P.rP.<. cau; juk; Mfpa ,UjifikfSf;Fk; topNfhYfpd;w xt;nthU fw;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lKk; fw;wy; njhlu;ghd ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ntiyr;Riknahd;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fw;wYf;fhf xU khztd;nrytpl Ntz;ba Neuj;jpd; msT> fw;wYf;Fupa ghltplaj;jpd; msT kw;Wk; mjd; fbd kl;lk; vd;gtw;wpd;mbg;gilapNyNa ,J mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

fw;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fupa fhyg; gFjpapy;xt;nthU ghlj;jpw ;Fk; Fwpg ;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifahdtopfhl;lYld;$ba fw;wy; kzpj;jpahyq;fs; (Guided LearningHours - GLH) fw;NghUf;F toq;fg;gLk; vd;w vLNfhspd;mbg;gilapNyNa [P.rP.<. rhjhuz ju kw;Wk; cau; juq;fspy;fw ; g pf ; fg ; gLk ; g hlq ;fs pd ; g hlj ;j pl ; lq ; fs ;tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rPuhf;fg;gl;l jifikapd; msitf;Fwpg;gjhfNt GLH ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fw;fg;gLk; fw;wy;,yf;nfhd;W njhlu;ghff; Fwpj;j topfhl;liy toq;Ftjw;fhfMrpupau;fs; rKfkspj;jpUf;Fk; fhy msNt topfhl;lYld;$ba fw;wy; kzpj;jpahyq;fs; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.,J tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;> gapw;rpfs;> fz;fhzpg;Gld; $bafw;if vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fyhk;. Kd;dhaj;jk;> fw;wy;>kjpg;gPL vd;gtw;Wf;fhf fw;gtu; xUtu; nrytpLk; fhyj;ijkjpg;gpl;L mjid GLH cld; Nru;f;Fk; NghJ> mg;ghlj;jpw;Fupacj;Njr fw;iff; fhyj;ijf; fzpg;gpl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;. xUfw;if epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhfr; nrytpl Ntz;Lk; vdvjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; cj;Njr nkhj;j fw;wy; fhykhdJ Fwpj;jjifikia toq;Ftjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; fw;wy; fdtsTvd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; toq;fg;gLk; [P.rP.<. rhjhuzju kw;Wk; cau; ju jifikfSf;Fupa tptuf;$w;Wf;fspd;gbrhjhuz jug; ghlnkhd;wpd; ghlj;jpl;lk; 130 GLH6fisAk;cau; jug; ghlnkhd;wpd; ghlj;jpl;lk; 360 GLH7fisAk;Fwpg;gpl;l fw;if newpf;Fupa fhyg; gFjpapy; - nghJthfxt;nthd;Wf;Fk; ,uz;L tUl fhyj;jpy; - nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;.

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2.2 ,yq;iff;Fupa jifik vd;w tifapy; fy;tpg;nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpuq;fs;

,yq;ifapy; rpNu~;l ,ilepiy tl;lkhdJ juk; 10IAk; (14-15 tajpdu;) juk; 11 IAk; (15-16 tajpdu;)nfhz;Ls;sNjhL [P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; guPl;iriaAk;cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. mNjNtis> fy;Y}upepiy tl;lkhdJjuk; 12 IAk; (16-18 tajpdu;) juk; 13 IAk; (17-19 tajpdu;)nfhz;bUg;gNjhL [P.rP.<. cau;jug; guPl;irf;Fk; topelhj;JfpwJ.Fwpj;j jifikfis toq;Fk; Nkw;gb guPl;irfs; fy;tpmikr;rpd; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; tUle;NjhWk;elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

2.2.1 rpNu~;l ,ilepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk;.

rpNu~;l ,ilepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; Kjd; nkhop> rkak;>fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> tuyhW> Mq;fpy nkhop Mfpa MWfUg; ghlq;fSk; gpd;tUk; %d;W njhFjpfspy;8 ,Ue;JNju;e;njLf;fg;glf;$ba %d;W tpUg;gj;Jf;Fupa ghlq;fSk;mlq;Ffpd;wd.

njhFjp 1 : Gtpapay;> Fbapay; fy;tp> Kaw;rpahz;ikf;fy;tp> gz;ila kw;Wk; etPd nkhopfs; (ghsp> rk];fpUjk;>gpnuQ;R> n[u;kd;> ̀ pe;jp> [g;ghdpa nkhop> mwG)> ,uz;lhk;nkhop (rpq;fsk;/jkpo;)

njhFjp 2: rq;fPjk; (fPioj;Nja/ Nkiyj;Nja/ fu;ehlf)>rpj;jpuk;> eldk; (RNjr/ ,e;jpa)> ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;(rpq;fsk;/ jkpo;/ Mq;fpyk;)> ,yf;fpa eak; (rpq;fsk;/ jkpo;/Mq;fpyk;/ mwG)

njhFjp 3: jfty; njhopDl;gk;> tptrhaKk; czTj;njhopDl;gKk;> flw;nwhopYk; czTj; njhopDl;gKk;>tbtikg;Gk; njhopDl;gtpaYk;> ifj;jpwd; fiyfs;>kidg;nghUspay;> ,yj;jpudpay; vOj;Jg; gjpTk;RUf;nfOj;Jk;> RfhjhuKk; clw; fy;tpAk;> njhlu;ghlYk;Clff; fw;ifAk;

rpNu~;l ,ilepiy tFg;Gf;fspy; xd;gJ ghlq;fisAk;fw;gpg;gjw;fhf vt;tsT Neuk; xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;wfy;tp mikr;rpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fisAk;> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb xt;nthU ghlj;ijAk; fw;gpg;gjw;FxJf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;if gw;wpaNjrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; topfhl;ly;fisAk; gpd;tUk;ml;ltiz fhl;Lfpd;wJ:

rpNu~;l ,ilepiy tl;lj;jpy; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; xt;nthUghlKk; [P.rP.<. rhjhuz juj; jifikapd; $nwhd;whff;fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; ,yq;ifapNy rpNu~;l,ilepiyf; fy;tpahdJ [P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irf;Fupagapw;Wtpg;G epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lkhfNt tpsq;FfpwJ.

juk; 10 juk; 11

ghlk; xU thuj;jpw;Fupa

ghlNtisfs;

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;FupaghlNtisfspd;

vz;zpf;if **

1. rkak; 2 60 60

2. Kjd; nkhop 5 160 160

3. fzpjk; 6 190 190

4. tpQ;Qhdk; 6 165 164

5. Mq;fpyk; 5 90 90

6. tuyhW 3 170 177

7. Nju;T -1 3 90 80

8. Nju;T -2 3 90 90

9. Nju;T -3 3 90 90

E}yfg; gad;ghL 1

Vida njhopw;ghLfs; 3

40 1109 1101

* mikr;Rr; Rw;wwpf;ifapd; rpghuprpd;gb8

* * Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jhy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

Fwpj;j ghlj;jpl;lq;fspd; rpghuprpd;gb

12 13

1940fspy; fhzg;gl;l epiyik ,jpypUe ;JNtWgl;ljhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,J njhlu;ghf> ,ilepiyg;ghlrhiyfisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ tpNrl FOtpd;mwpf;if1 gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;wJ:

‘cupa guPl;irahdJ fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk;nrYj;jf;$lhJ. vdpDk;> ve;j tpNrl FOkj;jpw;Fs;khztu;fs; Nrug; Nghfpwhu ;fs; vd;gij mJjPu;khdpf;fpwJ.” NkYk;>

‘vg;gbapUg;gpDk; ,yq;ifapy; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpKOikahfNt yz;ld; nkl;upFNy~d; guPl;irapd;Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cs;shfpapUf;fpwJ.”

xNu fw;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wghlq;fspd; fbd kl;lq;fspy; NtWghLfs; fhzg;glyhk;vd;gijAk; mtw;wpd; rhu;G Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;F Vw;w tifap;y;cupa ngWkjp toq;fg;gl;l gpd;dNu mtw;wpy; ngwg;gLk;juq;fs; xg;gPL nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; fy;tprhu;r%fk; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. fbd kl;lj;jpd; xUgpujhd $whf mg;ghlj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd ciog;gpd;mstpid my;yJ mjDld; njhlu ;ghd fw ;wy ;kzpj;jpahyq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhs;syhk;. jw;Nghija[P.rP.< rhjhuz ju fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; ntt;NtW ghlq;fspd;fw;gpj;jYf;Fupa fhyj;jpy; Fwpg ;gplj;jf;f khWghLfhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt me;j xd;gJ ghlq;fspdJk; juq;fisxNu tpjkhd msTj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; kjpg;gpLtJ> khztu;miltpid mwpf;ifg; gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJk;epahakw;wJkhd xU KiwahFk;.

2.2.2 fy;Y}up epiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk; - fy;tprhu;ghlj;Jiwfs;

[P.rP.< rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; Mff; Fiwe;jJ%d;W gpujhd ghlq;fspy; jpwikr; rpj;jpAld; fzpjk;>Kjd;nkhop cl;gl MW ghlq;fspy; rpj;jpngWk; khztnuhUtu;mur my;yJ jdpahu; ghlrhiynahd;wpy; [P.rP.< cau; jutFg;igj; njhlu;tjw;Fj; jFjp ngWfpwhu;.

[P.rP.<. cau; juf; fiyj;jpl;lj;ijj; njhlu;tjw;Fkhztu;fSf;Ff; fpl;Lfpd;w ghlj;Jiwfspd; mbg;gilapNyNafy;Y}up epiyf; fy;tp tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ tpupthdMW ghlj;Jiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mitahtd: fiy>tzpfk;> capupay; tpQ;Qhdk;> ngsjpf tpQ;Qhdk;>capu ;Kiwikfs; njhopDl ;gt pay ; > ve ;j p ut pay ;njhopDl;gtpay;. Fwpj;j ghlj; Jiwnahd;iwj; njupTnra;tjw;fhf khztu;fs; epiwT nra;a Ntz;ba Nkyjpfj;Njitfs; fy;tpaikr;rpd; 2008/179 Rw;wwpf;ifapy;tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

[P.rP.< cau; jug; guPl;irf;Fupa ghlq;fspd; nkhj;jvz;izf;if 63 MFk;. ,uz;L tUl fhyj;jpy;ghlj;jpl;lj;ijg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf ghlrhiyapy; xt;nthUghlKk; nkhj;jk; 600 ghlNtisfspy; fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

[P.rP.<. cau; jug; ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;jy; kw;Wk; ghl,izg;Gf;fs; vd;gd gw;wp fy;tpaikr;rpd; ghlrhiyr;nraw;ghl;Lg; gpuptpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l 2016/1310 ,yf;fr;Rw;wwpf;if topfhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,r;nrad;KiwahdJ ,yq;ifg;gy;fiyf; fof khdpa Mizf;Ftpdhy; epu;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;smur gy;fiyf; fofq;fSf;fhd mDkjp tpjpKiwfspNyNaKw;whfj; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. mJ kpfr; rpf;fyhdJ. juk; 12,y; rupahd ghl ,izg;igj; njupT nra;ahjjd; fhuzkhfr;rpy khztu;fs; gy;fiyf; fof mDkjp ngWtjpy; rpukj;ijvjpu;nfhz;Ls;sdu; vd me;jr; Rw;wwpf;ifNa xg;Gf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

fle;j vOgj;J Ie;J tUlq;fshf fy;Y}upepiyf; fy;tpapy;ngupa khw;wk; vJTk; epfotpy;iy vd;gJ ftiyf;FupatplaNk. tpNrl mwpf;ifapYs;s1 gpd;tUk; fUj;Jiuiathrpf;Fk; NghJ ,jidg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

‘gjpndl;L tajpy; ghlrhiyia tpl;L ePq;Fk;midtUk; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Eioag; Nghtjpy;iy.mj;NjhL ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; ,Wjp ,uz;LtUlq;fspYk; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;Fupa Njitfs;Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JtJk; tpUk;gj; jf;fjy;y.”

14 15

tu ;j;jfg ; ghlj ;Jiwf;Fg; ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;tjw;fhdtopfhl;ly;:

tzpff; fy;tp> nghUspay;> fzf;fPL Mfpa ghlq;fspypUe;J Mff;Fiwe;jJ 2 ghlq;fis khztu;fs; fl;lhakhfj; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.%d;whtJ ghlj;ij mtu;fs; gpd;tUk; gl;baypypUe;J njupT nra;ayhk;:tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;> Gtpapay;> tzpfg; Gs;sptpgutpay;> n[u;kd; nkhop>,ize;j fzpjk; my;yJ fzpjk;> tuyhW> murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;> Mq;fpyk;>msitapaYk; tpQ;QhdKiwAk;> gpnuQ;R> jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly;njhopDl;gk;.

capu pay ; tpQ ;Qhdg ; ghlj ;Jiwf ;Fg ; ghlq ;fisj; nju pTnra;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:

,g;ghlj; Jiwapy; fw;f tpUk;Gk; khztu;fs; capupaYld; gpd;tUk;gl;baypYs;s NtW ,uz;L ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;:,urhadtpay;> ngsjpftpay;> fzpjk;> tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;.

vdpDk; xUtu; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; kUj;Jtk; my;yJ gy; kUj;Jtk;,y;yJ tpyq;F kUj;Jtk; fw;f tpUk;gpdhy;> mtu; fl;lhakhf capupay;>,urhadtpay;> ngsjPftpay; ,izg;igf; fw;f Ntz;Lk;.

ngsjpf t pQ ;Qhdg ; ghlj ;Jiwf ;Fg ; ghlq ;fisj ; nju pTnra;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:

,g;ghlj; Jiwapy; fw;f tpUk;Gk; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; ghlq;fspypUe;J%d;wpidj; njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;: ,urhadtpay;> ngsjpftpay;>,ize;j fzpjk;> cau; fzpjk;.

vdpDk; xUtu; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; nghwpapay; fw;fj; jpl;lkpl;bUg;gpd;mtu; fl;lhakhf ,urhadtpay;> ,ize;j fzpjk;> ngsjpftpay; vd;Dk;,izg;igf; fw;f Ntz;Lk;.

ve;jputpay; njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiwf;Fg; ghlq;fisj; njupTnra;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:

,g;ghlj; Jiwapy; fw;f tpUk;Gk; khztu;fs; nghwpapy; njhopDl;gtpay;>njhopDl;gj;Jf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; Mfpa ,U ghlq;fisAk; njupT nra;jy;Ntz;Lk;. %d;whtJ ghlj;ijg; gpd;tUk; gl;baypypUe;J njupT nra;ayhk;:nghUspay;> Gtpapay;> kidg;nghUspay;> Mq;fpyk;> njhlu;ghlYk; Clff;fw;ifAk;> jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk;> rpj;jpuk;> tzpff;fy;tp> tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;> fzf;fPL> fzpjk;.

capu; Kiwikfs; njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj; Jiwf;Fg; ghlq;fisj;njupT nra;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:

,g;ghlj; Jiwapy; fw;f tpUk;Gk; khztu;fs; capu; Kiwikfs;njhopDl;gtpay;> njhopDl;gj;Jf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; Mfpa ,U ghlq;fisAk;njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. %d;whtJ ghlj;ijg; gpd;tUk; gl;baypypUe;JnjupT nra;ayhk;: nghUspay;> Gtpapay;> kidg;nghUspay;> Mq;fpyk;>njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk;> jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk;>rpj;jpuk;> tzpff; fy;tp> tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;> fzf;fPL> fzpjk;.

gy;NtW ghlj; Jiwfspd; fPo; gy;fiyf; fof

mDkjpf; fhfg; ghl ,izg;Gf;fisj; njupTnra;tjw;fhd top fhl;ly;fs;

fiyg; ghlj; Jiwapy; ghlq;fisj; njupT

nra;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;

[P.rP.<. cau; jug; guPl;irf;fhf fiyg; ghlj;Jiwapy; gy ghlq;fs;

,Ug;gjdhy;> mg;ghlq;fs; ehd;F njhFjpfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

njhFjp 1 - r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fs;/ gpuNahf r%ftpaw; fw;iffs;:

nghUspay;> Gtpapay;> tuyhW> kidg; nghUspay;> tptrha tpQ;Qhdk;

my;yJ fzpjk; my;yJ ,ize;j fzpjk;> njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; Clff;

fw;iffs;> jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk;> fzf;fPL my;yJ tzpfg;

Gs;sptpgutpay;> murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;> msitapaYk; tpQ;QhdKiwAk;>

njhopDl;gg; ghlq;fSs; xd;W (rptpy; njhopy;El;gtpay;> kpd;>

,yj;jpudpay; kw;Wk; jfty; njhopDl;gk;> tptrhaj; njhopDl;gtpay;>

nghwpKiwj; njhopDl;gk;> czTj; njhopDl;gk;> capu;tsj;

njhopDl;gk;)

njhFjp 2 - rkaq;fSk; ehfupfq;fSk;: ngsj;jk; my;yJ ngsj;j

ehfupfk;> ,e;J rkak; my;yJ ,e;J ehfupfk;> fpwp];jtk; my;yJ

fpwp];jt ehfupfk;> ,];yhk; my;yJ ,];yhkpa ehfupfk;> fpNuf;f

kw;Wk; Nuhk ehfupfk;.

njhFjp 3 - mofpaw; fw;iffs;: mofpaw; ghlq;fs; ehd;F

ghlg; gug;Gf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mitahtd: rpj;jpuk;> eldk;

(rpq;fs my;yJ guj)> rq;fPjk; (fPioj;Nja my;yJ fu;ehlf my;yJNkiyj;Nja)> ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; (rpq;fsk; my;yJ jkpo; my;yJ

Mq;fpyk;)

njhFjp 4 - nkhopfs;: nkhopg; ghlq;fs; %d;W ghlg;gug;Gf;fisf;

nfhz;Ls;sd. mitahtd: Njrpa nkhopfs; (rpq;fsk;> jkpo;>Mq;fpyk;) > gz;ila nkhopfs; (mwG> ghsp> rk];fpUjk;)> gpwnkhopfs; (rPd nkhop> gpnuQ;R> n[u;kd;> `pe;jp> [g;ghdpa nkhop>

kyha; nkhop> u~;a nkhop)

16 17

2.3 fy;Y}upepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk; - njhopy;rhu; ghlj;Jiw

[P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;wpa gpd;du;,ilapy; tpyfptplhJ> fw;gtu; xt;nthUtUk; juk;-13 ,d;

,Wjptiu jkJ fy;tpiaj; njhlu topnra;Ak; tz;zk; 13

tUlf; fy;tpf;F cj;juthjkspf;Fk; murpd; nfhs;iff;Fmika> fy;Y}up kl;lj;jpy; ‘njhopy;rhu; ghlj;Jiw| vd;Dk;

Gjpa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; 2016 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. khztu;juk; 13 Ig; g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; NghJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l

njhopYf;Fupa Fwpj;j jpwd;fis miltjw;F topaikf;Fk;

tifapy ; ,g ; Gj pa ghlj ;Jiwapd ; fl ;likg ;Gtbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fis cs;slf;Fk;

nkhba+y;fisf; nfhz;l nghJf;$nwhd;W njhopy;rhu;

ghlj;Jiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ: mofpay; nraw;ghLfs; %yk;,yf;fpa eak;> jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;

(ICT) jpwd;fs;> FbAupikf;Fupa jpwd;fs;> Rfhjhu kw;Wk;tho;f;ifj; jpwd;fs;> r%f eyd;fhf;Fk; jpwd;fs;>

Kaw;rpahz;ikj;; jpwd;fs;. juk; 12 ,d; Kjy; ,uz;L

jtizfspYk; guk;gpapUf;ff;$ba tifapy; 360 kzpj;jpahy(540 ghlNtisfSf;Fr; rkdhd) ,ilj; njhopw;ghl;Lf;

f hyj ;j py ; ,f ;$W toq ;fg ; gl Ntz ;Lk ; vd

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

jw;NghJ ,g;ghlj;Jiw Kd;Ndhbj; jpl;lnkhd;whfr;

nraw;gLtNjhL khztu;fs; njupT nra;af;$ba 26 njhopy;rhu;jpwd; gug;Gf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. njhopy;rhu; ghlj;Jiw epfo;r;rpj;

jpl;lj;jpw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;likg;G> fiyj;jpl;lk;>

fzpg;gPl;L Kiw vd;gtw;wpd; ,ay;G fhuzkhf> [P.rP.<. cau;juj; jifikia toq;Ftjw;fhd tptuf;$w;Wf;fSf;F

,iaghdjhf ,J fhzg;gltpy;iy. Njrpa njhopy;rhu;

jifikr; (NVQ) rl;lfk; kw;Wk; ,yq;if jifikfs;rl;lfk; (SLQF) vd;gtw;wpd; topfhl;ly; Fwpg;Gf;fSf;F Vw;w

tifapy; njhopy;rhu; ghlj;Jiw epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpw;Fg;nghUj;jkhd jifikg; nganuhd;W tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

juk; 12 juk; 13

ghlk; xU

thuj;jpw;Fupa

ghlNtisfs;

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;FupaghlNtisfspd;

vz;zpf;if **

gpujhd ghlk; 2 10 300 300

gpujhd ghlk; 3 10 300 300

nghJ Mq;fpyk; 6 325

GIT (juk; 12 kl;Lk;) 2 60

Vida njhopw;ghLfs;

juk;-12 2

juk;-13 4

nkhj;jk; 40

* mikr;Rr; Rw;wwpf;ifapd; rpghuprpd;gb10

** Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jhy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

Fwpj;j ghlj;jpl;lq;fspd; rpghuprpd;gb

ghl ,izg;Gf;fisj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd Nkw;gb

topfhl;ly;fs; tpiwg;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;lit. khztu;fs;jj;jkJ Mu;tq;fSf;F Vw;g ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;tjw;F

Vw;wthW Nghjpa nefpo;Tj; jd;ikia mit toq;Ftjpy;iy.

fy;Y}up epiy tFg;Gf;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fisf;

fw;gpg;gjw;fhf vt;tsT Neuk; xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJgw;wpa fy;tp mikr;rpd; vjpu;ghg;Gf;fisAk;> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb xt;nthU ghlj;ijAk; fw;gpg;gjw;F

xJf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;if njhlu;ghdNjrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; topfhl;ly;fisAk; gpd;tUk;

ml;ltiz fhl;LfpwJ

18 19

* epuy; 1: [P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijj;jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fupa fzpg;gPl;Lf; fl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

** epuy; 2: [P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijj;jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhfj; juk; 10> 11fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l fzpg;gPl;Lf; fl;lq;fspd;

nkhj;j vz;zpf;if.

* epuy; 3: [P.rP.<. cau; jug; guPl;irapy; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijj;jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fupa fzpg;gPl;Lf; fl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

** epuy; 4: [P.rP.<. cau; jug; guPl;irapy; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijj;jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhfj; juk; 12> 13fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l fzpg;gPl;Lf;

fl;lq;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if.

ghlk; epuy; 1* epuy; 2**

rkak; 1 5

Kjd;nkhop 1 5

fzpjk; 1 5

tpQ;Qhdk; 1 5

tuyhW 1 5

njupT-1 1 5

njupT-2 1 5

njupT-3 1 5

ghlk; epuy; 3* epuy; 4**

gpujhd ghlk; 1 1 5

gpujhd ghlk; 1 1 5

gpujhd ghlk; 1 1 5

FOr; nraw;wpl;lk; — 1

njhopy;tha;g;G Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf NVQ kl;lk; 3> NVQ kl;lk;4 vd;gtw;iwg; g+u;j;jp nra;jy; KiwNa [.PrP.<. rhjhuz ju>[P.rP.<. cau; jug; guPl;irfspy; rpj;jpailtjw;Fr; rkdhdJ

vdf; fUjg;gLk; vdf; $Wk; 28/201611 ,yf;f nghJ epu;thfr;Rw;wpf;iff;F mika> Gjpa njhopy;rhu; ghlj;Jiwj;jifikahdJ - rpyNtis Nkyjpf epge;jidfSld; -

tof;fkhd [P.rP.< cau; juj; jifikf;Fr; rkdhdJ vdf;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.

2.4 ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;

jw;NghJ rfy mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; ghlrhiyfspy;rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}up epiy kl;lq;fspy; ghlrhiy

kl;lf; fzpg;gPL (SBA) epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;LtUfpd;wJ. rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}upepiy kl;lq;fspy;SBA epfo;r ;rpj ; jpl ;lq;fspd ; juq;fs; njhlu ;ghd

mwpTWj;jy;fs; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gLk;vdf; fy;tp mikr;rpd; 23/201712 ,yf;f SBA Rw;wwpf;if$Wfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL ,e;epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij ntw;wpfukhfr;

nraw;gLj;jTk; Nkw;ghu ;it nra;aTk; mtrpakhdeltbf;iffisf; fy;tp mikr;rpd; ghlq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd

gzpg;ghsu;fSk; khfhzf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fSk; tyaf;

fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fSk; Nfhl;lf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fSk;Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mJ $Wfpd;wJ.

xU jtizapy; xt;nthU ghlj;jpYk; epiwT nra;ag;glNtz;ba fzpg;gPl;L kl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk;> [P.rP.<.

rhjhuz ju kw;Wk; cau; juj; Nju;r;rpfspy; ghz;bj;jpa

kl;lj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;bafzpg;gPl;L kl;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk; gpd;tUk;

ml;ltizfs; ,uz;Lk; fhl;Lfpd;wd. mj;NjhL fy;Y}upepiy

kl;lj;jpy; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; NghJ FOr;nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; Gs;spfSk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

20 21

%d;W jpwikr; rpj;jpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf ,uz;L jpwikr;

rpj;jpfs; kl;LNk ngw;wpUg;gpd;> [P.rP.< rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy;xU ghlj;jpy; ngw;Ws;s rhjhuz rpj;jpNahL mg;ghlj;jpw;F

SBA,y; ngw;w jpwik my;yJ cau; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij

,izj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ,t;thW nra;tJ> [P.rP.< cau; jutFg;Gf;F mDkjp ngWk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf jpwikr;

rpj;jpnahd;Wf;Fr; rkdhdnjdf; fUjg;gLk;. vdpDk; ,e;jr;nrad;Kiwia Kjd; nkhop> fzpjk; Mfpa ghlq;fSf;Fg;

gpuNahfpf;f KbahJ.

2.5 Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; topfhl;ly;fs;

fy;tpapd; rfy mk;rq;fSk; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy;

Njrpaf; fy;tpf; nfhs;if njhlu;ghf muRf;F mwpTiu

toq;Ftjw;nfd 1991,y; epWtg;gl;l Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FO> mjd; Muk;gk; Kjy; fy;tpf; nfhs;if gw;wpa

Mtzj; njhlnuhd;iw cUthf;fp te;Js;sJ. mtw;Ws;nghJf; fy;tpAld; njhlu;Gs;s rpy mwpf;iffs; gpd;tUkhW:

1992 - Mizf;FOtpd; Njrpa mwpf;if

1995 - Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;iff;fhd nraw;ghl;Lj; jpir

nfhz;l mZFKiw

1997 - nghJf; fy;tp gw;wpa Njrpaf; nfhs;if

2003 - nghJf; fy;tpapy; Njrpaf; nfhs;ifr;

rl;lfnkhd;Wf;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs;

2016 - ,yq;ifapy; nghJf; fy;tp gw;wpa Njrpaf;

nfhs;ifnahd;Wf;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs;.

Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; Njrpa fy;tpf;nfhs;iffis> fy;tpf;Fg; nghWg;ghfTs;s mjpfhugPlq;fSk;

epWtdq;fSk; mDrupj;J elf;f Ntz;bapUg;gpDk; Nkw;nrhd;d

Fwpg;gpl;l ,U fw;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspdJk;

,uz;lhk; tUl ,Wjpapy; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpw;F mDg;gpitf;fg;gLk; Nkw; nrhd;d 5 fzpg;gPLfspd; Gs;spfspd;gb>

SBA Gs;spfSk; mtw;Wf;Fupa ghz;bj;jpa kl;lq;fSk;

gpd;tUk; ml;ltizf;F Vw;g jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

SBA ngWNgWfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jk; Kiw jpUg;jp

jUtjhf ,y;iy vd;gijAk; khztu; tpUj;jpapy; mitGwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f msT jhf;fj;ijNa Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd

vd;gijAk; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; elhj;jg;gl;lMa;nthd;W13 fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL ek;gfj;jd;ik>

juf;fl;Lg;ghL vd;gd njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; ,Ug;gJk;

njupa te;Js;sJ. xU ghlj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;l xd;W jpul;baGs;spfs; mg;ghlj;jpw;fhd ,Wjpj; juj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf

[P.rP.< rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; ngwg;gl;l Gs;spfNshL

$l;lg;gLtjpy;iy. ntt;NtW ghlq;fspy; khztu;fs; mile;jSBA kl;lq;fs;> guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ghlrhiyf;F

mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk; nghJthd ngWNgw;Wj; jhspy; mtu;fsJ[P.rP.< rhjhuz ju> cau; ju rpj;jpj; juq;fSld;

Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mj;NjhL ghlrhiy mjpgupdhy;

rhd;wplg;gLk; khztu; gjpNtl;bYk; mit gjpag;gl;bUf;Fk;.

[P.rP.< cau; ju tFg;Gf;F mDkjp ngwj; Njitg;gLk;

kw ;nwy ;yh epge ;jidfisAk; e piwT nra ;Js;s

khztnuhUtu;> jFjp ngWtjw;fhd fl;lha epge;jidahd

SBA Gs;spfs; Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

9> 10 mjp rpwe;j Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

8 cau; kl;lj; Nju;r;rp

6> 7 jpwik kl;lj; Nju;r;rp

4> 5 mz;kpj;j Nju;r;rp

1> 2> 3 Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij milahik

22 23

mj;NjhL> MSik tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;$ba

nghJj; jpwd;fs; njhlu;ghd kw;Wk; Ntiy cyFf;Fj;jahuhFk; Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfisf;

nfhz;l ,U Nkyjpf Nju;r;rpfs; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSld;

Nru;f;fg;gl;ld.

Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; 2016Mk; Mz;L

mwpf;ifahdJ>2 2003Mk; Mz;L mwpf;ifapy; nrhy;yg;gl;ljw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fisg; gw;wp

vJTk; Fwpg ;gplhky; tpj;jpahrkhd xd;gJ Njrpa

Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; njhFjpnahd;iw ,dq;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mj;NjhLnghJf; fy;tpahdJ ,e;j xd;gJ Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;

miltjw;Ff; fl;lhakhf topfhl;l Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpd;wJ.

eilKiwapYs;s ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;l Mtzq;fs;midj;Jk; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf; FOtpdhy; jkJ 2003

mwpf;ifapy; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fisNagpd;gw;Wtjhff; $Wtjdhy; mtw;iwf; fPNo jUfpd;Nwd;.

Vnddpy; mitjhd; vdJ ciuAld; njhlu;Giladthf

,Uf;Fk;:

Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

i. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk;vz;zf;fUTf;Fs; Njrpa gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik>

Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw

Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk;

Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk;milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.

ii.. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;F jf;fthWKfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjprpwe;j

mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.

mwpf;iffspy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l tpje;Jiufspy; gy ,Jtiu

KOikahfr; nraw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.

xUtu; gad;jUk; njhopw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;wTk;>

jd;dpYk; r%fj;jpYk; cWjpepiyia milaTk;> KOikahd

fl;likg;Gf;fis gue;j Nehf;Fld; Gwtakhf Nehf;fplTk;>kw;wtu;fSld; gfpu;e;J nfhz;Ls;s gpuhe;jpa> Njrpa kw;Wk;

ru;tNjr fz;Nzhl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghff; $Uzu;it tsj;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba Mw;wiyg; ngwr; nra;tjw;Fk; mbg;gilf;

fy;tp cjTtij cWjpnra;Ak; Nehf;Fld; Njrpa fy;tp

Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Lnfhz;l Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;>mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfisAk;14 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

filg ;g pbj ;J tUtJ Nghy ; nju pf pd ;wJ. vy;yh

kl;lq;fspYKs;s Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; fiyj;jpl;lMtzq;fs;> nghJthd Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Fk; Fwpj;j

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s neUf;fkhdnjhlu;gpid Kidg;ghf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSk;

1990,y; ,isQu; Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fy;tpr;rPu;jpUj;jq;fis (mku;twpf;if 1/1990) mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;l Njrpa fy;tp Mizf; FOtpd; 1992 mwpf;ifapy;15

ntspte;jd. ‘jdpahSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJk; r%fj;Jf;FKf;fpakhdJkhd| xd;gJ Njrpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mt;twpf;if

,dq;fz;lJ. mj;NjhL fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;mKyhf;fk; cl;glf; fy;tp mgptpUj;jpf;fhd rl;lfnkhd;whf

Ie;J mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.

2003Mk; Mz;L mwpf;ifapy;14 Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOepiyikia kPsha;T nra;J eilKiwapYs;s Njrpa

Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfisAk; rpwpa

khw;wq;fSld; kPstypAWj;jpapUf;fpwJ. ,uz;LFw pf ; Nfhs ;fis xd ;w pizg ;gjd ; %yk ; Njr pa

Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;if vl;lhff; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

24 25

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; VO mbg;gilj;

Nju;r;rpfSk; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fupambj;jskhf mikAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ:

mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;

m.Nj.

1. njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;:

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj;

njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit.vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty;

njhopy;El;gj; jifik.

i. vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;>

njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;>rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy;>

gad;jUk; tifapyhd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.

ii. vz;zwpT: nghUs; > ,lk ; > fhyk ;vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F Kiwahfmsj;jy;.

iii. rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd;fUj;ij mwpjy;. tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;>

vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw NfhL> cUtk;>

tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT

nra;jYk;.

iv. jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT

- fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy;

jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gq;fisg;

(ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.

iii. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;>flg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUtu; kPJ

xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj

mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%fePjpAk;> [dehaf tho;f;if Kiw epakq;fSk;

cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk;Mjupj;jYk;.

iv. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpjtpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff;

nf hz ;l e piyNgWila tho ;f ;iff ;

Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.

v. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa

Mf;fr;rpe;jid> jw;WzpT> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;>nghWg;G> tif$wy;> cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis

tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

vi. jdpeguJk;> Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij

Ngh~pf;ff;$baJk;> ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$baJkhd Mf;fg;gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpa+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts

mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

vii. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;>

khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;> jahu;gLj;jTk;tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;

vjpu;ghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk;

jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

viii. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy;nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg;

gq ;fs p f ; f ;$ba kdg ; g hq ;FfisAk ;jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.

26 27

iii. ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;>

rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpjtho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;>

nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;>Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs;

Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa

tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; tho;tjw;Fk;

fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk;jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

m.Nj.

4. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh~pg;gjw;Fk;Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.

i. nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.

ii. mtu ; fsJ njho py ; t pUg ; GfisAk ;csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.

iii. mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdNtiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.

iv. gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd[PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.

m.Nj.

5. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj;njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp>mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg;

nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj;

jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;.

m.Nj.

2. MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

i. Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk;

vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhdkw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg;

gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj;njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk;

Kjyhd jpwikfs;.

ii. Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf;

fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.

iii. kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT.

m.Nj.

3. #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL (r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;)njhlu;GWfpd;wd.

i. r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpat po p g ; Gzu ;T > gd ;ikr ; r%fj ;j pd ;

mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk;Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk;

ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;>

ng hJthdJk ; rl ; lG + u ;tk hdJkhdrk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;>

flikfs; > flg ;ghLfs; vd;gtw ;w py ;mf;fiwAk;.

ii capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;>capupay; #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;>

fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F>

kdpj tho;T.

28 29

2.6 ,yq;if jifikr; rl;lfj;jpd; topfhl;ly;fs;“21 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fupa jpwd;fs;” vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;

jw;fhyj;jpy; gpugy;ak; mile;jpUf;fpd;wJ. fy;tpiag; nghWj;jkl;by;21k; E}w;whz;Lf;Fupa jpwd;fs; vd;gJ Jupjkhf khwptUk; 21Mk;E}w;whz;L;r; r%fj;jpYk; Ntiyj; jyq;fspYk; ntw;wpfukhfr;nraw;gLtjw;F mtrpak; vd fy;tpapayhsu;fshYk;> ghlrhiyr;r Pu ;j pUj ;jthjpfshYk; tzpfj ;Jiwj; jiytu ;fshYk;fy;tpahsu;fshYk; mur Kftu;fshYk; VidNahuhYk;vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w mwpT> jpwd;fs;> Ntiyg; gof;fq;fs; kw;Wk;xUtupd; elj;ijapy; fhzg;gLk; tpOkpaq;fs; vd;gtw;iwNaFwpf;fpd;wJ.

rpNu\;l ,ilepiy. fy;Y}upepiy kl;lj; jifikfs; cl;gl>Kf;fpakhf ,yq;ifapd; cau; fy;tp epWtdq;fshy; toq;fg;gLk;jifikfSf ;Fg ; nghWg ;Gf ;$Wfpd ;w Njr pa u pj pa py ;khwhj;jd;ikAs;s rl;lfnkhd;whf ,yq;if jifikr; rl;lfk;(SLQF)17 tpsq;FfpwJ. jifikf;Fupatupd; gz;Gfs; vd;w tifapy;fw;if newpnahd;wpd; ,Wjpapy; khztnuhUtu; tpUj;jpnra;Jnfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w gue;j Mw;wy;fs;gw;wpa nghJf; $w;Wf;fspd; njhFjpnahd;iw mJ toq;FfpwJ.rpNu~ ;l ,ilepiy Kjy; fyhepjpf; fw;if kl;lk; tiujifiknfhz;Nlhuplk; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba 21Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fupajpwd;fs; kw;Wk; cau; fy;tpaikr;R ,dq;fz;Ls;s rpwg;Gg; NgWfs;vd;gd njhlHghd 12 $w;Wf;fis mJ gl;baw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

fle;j %d;W jrhg;j fhyj;jpy; cyfshtpa upjpapy; gy

ehLfs; Njrpa jifikr; rl;lfq;fis (NQF) mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sd.xU ehl;bd; jifikfis tpj;jpahrkhd kl;lq;fspy; tifg;gLj;Jk;rhjdkhf NQF tpsq;FfpwJ. xt;nthU jifik kl;lKk;mk;kl;lj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;wy; tpisTfspd; njhFjpnahd;wpd;mbg;gilapy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jifikfis CLnjupaf;$badthf;fTk; cyfshtpa upjpapy; xg;gPL nra;aTk; NQFfs;cjTfpd;wd. xU ehl;by; xd;whfr; nraw;gLfpd;w nghJ kw;Wk;njhopy;rhH fy;tp> njhlH gapw;rp> Kjpu;e;NjhUf;fhd kw;Wk; Ntiymbg;gilahd fy;tp> cau; fy;tp Nghd;w tpj;jpahrkhd jifikKiwikfSf;fpilapy; ,izg;igAk;; njspitAk; toq;FtJ

2007 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fs;

Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;FfSk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSk; ve;j msTf;F

cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ gw;wpAk; xt;nthU juj;jpYk;

xt;nthU ghlj ;j pYk ; ,t ;tpyf ;Ffs; ve ;j msTf;F

milag;gl;Ls;sd> Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpfs; ve;jsTf;F tpUj;jp

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ gw;wpAk; ,yq;if fy;tp Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd

rq;fj;jpdhy; (SLAAED) 2010,y; Ma;nthd;W16 elhj;jg;gl;lJ.

mt;twpf;if fz;lwpe;j gpujhd mtjhdq;fSs;> rpy ghlq;fspy;

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJk;

,d;DQ; rpy ghlq;fspy; Njrpa ,yf;Ffspy; ,Ue;J fiyj;jpl;l

,yf;FfisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ gw;wpf;

ftdpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJk;; mlq;fpAs;sd.

m.Nj.

6. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;>tpisahl;L

gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L>nka ;ty ;Yeu ; N g hl ; bfs ; > Xa ;T Neug ;nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr;nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp>kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpjmDgtq;fs;.

m.Nj.

7. “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlHghd

Nju;r;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu;jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff;fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk;nrad;Kiw Clhf> khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk;mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk;

ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.

30 31

SLQF,d; Kjy; ,uz;L kl;lq;fSk; (kl;lq;fs; 1-2)

KiwNa [P.rP.<. rhjhuz juk; kw;Wk; [P.rP.<. cau; juk;Mfpatw;Wf;Fr; rkdhd ,ilepiy kl;lf; fy;tpj;

jifikfshFk;. mLj;j ehd;F kl;lq;fSk; (kl;lq;fs; 3-6)

gl;lg; gbg;Gf;Fupa jifikfs;. mjw;fLj;j MW kl;lq;fSk;(kl;lq;fs; 7-12) gl;lg; gpd; gbg;Gf;Fupa jifikfs;. fw;wy;

NgWfSf;Fupa Nfs;tpAk; fw;wypd; rpf;fy; jd;ikAk; xt;nthUfl;lkhf mjpfupj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd.

SLQF,;d; fw;wy; NgWfshtd ghl newpnahd;iw

my;yJ fw;if epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lnkhd;iw epiwT nra;fpd;wfw;Nghu; vijnay;yhk; mwpe;J> Gupe;J> nra;Jfhl;lf;

$batu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tptupf;Fk;

$w ;Wf ;fshf cs;sd. jifik ngw ;Ws ;Nshu pd ;gz;GfspypUe;Nj SLQF,d; 12 fw;wy; NgWfSk;

ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. xU ghl newpapd; my;yJ fw;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; nghJthd khztu; xUtu; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w gue;j Mw;wy;fs; gw;wpa

nghJthd $w;Wf;fspd; njhFg;nghd;whfNt mitfhzg;gLfpd;wd.

xt;nthU fw;wy; NgWk; xt;nthU kl;lj;jpw;Fg;

nghUe;jf;$ba tifapy; NkYk; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.mt;thwhd jdpg;gaDf;FupathWk; kl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;

tifapYk; mikf;fg;gl;l fw;ww;NgW tptupg;Gf;fs;> kl;ltptupg;ghd;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. xt;nthU kl;lj;ijAk;

tptupf;Fk; NghJ milag;glf;$ba mwpTrhu; Mw;wy;fs;>

cstpaf;f my;yJ nrad;Kiwj; jpwd;fs;> nkd;jpwd;fs;vd;gtw;wpd; msT fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt> kl;l

tptupg;ghd;fs; vd;git Fwpj;j NgWf; $w;Wf;fspd;

njhFjpnahd ;whFk ; . mtw ;w pd ; milT fzpg ;g PLnra;ag;gLtNjhL> Fwpj;j jifikapd; epge;jidfis

epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L khztu; mtw;iwr; ntspf;fhl;lf;$batu;fshfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ Fwpj;j jifik

NQF,d; ,d;ndhU gadhFk;. And];Nfhtpdhy; 2017,y;ntspaplg;gl;l NQFfspd; cyfshtpa gl;baypd;gb18 cyfk;KOtJk; 150f;F Nkw;gl;l ehLfs; jw;NghJ NQFfis tpUj;jpnra;J mKyhf;fp tUfpd;wd. ,yq;if jifikfs; rl;lfk;(SLQF) fy;tprhu; jifik kl;lq;fNshL Nru;j;J NVQ kl;lq;fspd;xg;gPLfisAk; jUtjdhy; mjid ,yq;ifapd; NQF Mff; fUjKbAk;.

cau; fy;tpj;jifik tiffSldhd ntt;NtW kl;lq;fSk;xg;gplf;$ba NVQ kl;lq;fSk; fPNo ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

SLQFkl;lk;

jifik tif xg;gPl ;lsthdNVQ kl;lk;

jj;Jtf; fyhepjp/rigr;rhd;wpjOld;$ba MD/,yf;fpaf;fyhepjp / tpQ;Qhdf; fyhepjp

jj;Jt KJkhzp

KJkhzp – ghlnewpNtiyAld; Ma;Tf; $nwhd;W

ghlnewprhu; KJkhzp

gl;lg; gpd; bg;Nshkh

gl;lg; gpd; rhd;wpjo;

,skhzp - tpNrlk;

,skhzp

caH bg;Nshkh

bg;Nshkh

cau; rhd;wpjo; ([P.rP.< cau; juk;

my;yJ mjw;Fr; rkdhdJ)

rhd;wpjo; ([P.rP.< rhjhuz juk;my;yJ mjw;Fr; rkdhdJ)

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1 3

4

5

6

7

2

32 33

vjpu ;ghu ;f ;fg;gLk; gz;Gfis fw;Nghu ; gbg ;gbahfg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whu;fsh vd;gij cWjp nra;a ,JtoptFf;Fk;.

,Jtiu SLQF,d; Nehf;fj;ijAk; gad;fisAk;tpsf;fptpl;Nld;. mLj;J vdJ ciuAld; njhlHGila 1Mk; 2 Mk; kl;lq;fSf;Fupa kl;l tptupg;ghd;fspd;Njitfis> 2015,y; cau; fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;lMtzj;jpypUe;J Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg ; Nghfpd;Nwd; .Jujpu;~;ltrkhf> 1 Kjy; 6 tiuahd SLQF kl;lq;fSf;Fupa12 fw;wy; NgWfisAk; fhl;Lk; ml;ltizapy; 1 Mk; 2Mk; kl;lq;fSf;Fupa epuy;fs; ntWikahf tplg;gl;Ls;sd.SLQF,d; elg;G tbtj;ijj; jahupf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; cau;fy ;t p mikr ;R > fy ;t p mikr ;R Mfpa ,uz;Lmikr;Rf;fspdJk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F ,ilapy;,iaghf;fk; ,y;yhjjdhNyNa ,J tpise;jpUf;fpwJ. ,WjpMtzj;jpy; cs;slf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfj; jk;khy;jahupf;fg;gl;l fw;ww; NgWfis mikr;R mjpfhupfisf;nfhz;L nry;Ygbahf;fpf; nfhs;s Fwpj;j Mrpupau; FOtpdhy;Kbahkw; NghAs;sJ.

2015,y; mt;thrpupau; FOtpdhy; 1 Mk; 2 Mk;kl;lq;fSf;fhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l $w;Wf;fis ,q;NfKd;itf;f tpUk;GfpNwd;.

fw ;ww;NgWfspd;tiffs;

rpNu~;l ,ilepiyf; fy;tp

SLQF kl;lk; 1 SLQF kl;lk; 2

1.ghltpla /Nfhl;ghLrhH

mwpT

mbg;gil mwpit Neubg;

gpur;rpidfSf;F vt;thW

gpuNahfpf;fyhk; vd top

fhl;lYld; tpsf;Fjy;.

ghlg;gug;gpYs;s tof;fkhd

jfty;fis tpsf;Fjy;

;

ghlg; gug;gpYs;s mbg;gilf;

Nfhl;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp

vspa Njhw;wg;ghLfis

tpsf;fy; ghlg; gug;gpYs;s

tof;fj;Jf;F khwhd

jfty;fis tpsf;Fjy;

2.nra;Kiw

mwpTk;

gpuNahfKk;

ghlg; gug;gpDs; nghUj;j

khd jpwd;fs;> Kiwfs;>

nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw

topfhl;lYld; njupTnra;jy;

ghlg; gug;gpDs; nghUj;

jkhd jpwd;fs;> Kiwfs;>

nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw

topfhl;lYld; njupTnra;J

gad;gLj;jy;

toq;fg;gLtjw;fhf jifik ngWgtu; ntspf;fhl;l Ntz;ba

Fwpg;gpl;l gue;j Mw;wy;fis mit Fwpf;fpd;wd.

1 Kjy; 12 tiuapyhd kl;lq;fSf;Fupa SLQF kl;ltptupg;ghd;fspd; Nehf;fk; Fwpj;j jifikfSf;Fupavjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; gz;Gfis milAk; tplaj;jpy; fw;wy;nrad ;Kiw KOtj pYk ; khw hj ; jd ;ikiacWjpg;gLj;JtjhFk;. fy;tp epWtdnkhd;W ,d;ndhU fy;tpepWtdj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s jifikfis my;yJ gFjpj;jifikfis xg;gPl;lstpy; kjpg;gPL nra;a mit cjtpnra;fpd;wd. gy tpla myFfis my;yJ nkhbA+y;fisf;nfhz;l fw;if epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lnkhd;Wf;Fupa ghlnewpr;rhjdq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fupa topfhl;lyhfTk; ,e;jkl;l tptupg;ghd;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. me;j fw;if epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; Fwpj;j jifik tiff;nfd

SLQF ,d; gd;dpuz;L fw;wy; NgWfs;

1. ghltpla / Nfhl;ghLrhH mwpT

2. nrad;Kiw mwpTk; gpuNahfKk;

3. njhlHghly;

4. FONtiyAk; jiyikj;JtKk;

5. Mf;fj; jpwDk; gpur;rpid jPu;j;jYk;

6. Kfhikj;JtKk; Kaw;rpahz;ikAk;

7. jfty; gad;ghLk; KfhikAk;

8. tiyaikg;ghf;fYk; r%fj; jpwd;fSk;

9. ,irthf;fw; jpwDk; nefpo;Tj; jd;ikAk;

10. csg;ghq;Ffs;> tpOkpaq;fs;> njhopy;thz;ik

11. tho;f;if njhlu;ghd J}uNehf;F

12. RaNkk;ghL / tho;f;if KOtJk; ePbj;j fw;wy;

34 35

Nkw;nrhd;d $w;Wf;fis tpUj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ

SLQF,Ys;s gd;dpuz;L fw;ww; NgWfSk; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; VO mbg;gilj; Nju ;r ;r pfisAk;

cs;slf;Ftij cWjp nra;Jnfhs;s me;j Mrpupau; FO

ehbaJ. rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}upepiyf; fiyj;jpl;lkl;lq;fisg; nghWj;jkl;by; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSk; fw;ww;

NgWfSk; gue;j mstpyhd Mw;wy;fis tptupg;gdthfNtnfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt mit xd;iw kw;wJ khw;wPL

nra;af;$baJ. vdpDk; fiyj;jpl;l kl;lk; jtpu;e;j Vida

kl;lq;fspy; (cjhuzkhf ghltpla kl;lj;jpy; my;yJ ghlkl;lj;jpy;) Fwpj;j> ftdf; Ftpg;Gf;Fupa Mw;wy;fshf mit

cs;sd. mit Fwpg;ghdit> mstplg;glf;$bait>

milag ; glf ;$bait> nghUj ;jkhdit > Neuf ;fl;Lg;ghLs;sit vd;fpd;w Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F ,iae;jdthff;

fhzg;gLk;. mj;NjhL G@kpd; ghFghl;bd;gbahd xt;nthUkl;lj;jpw;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk; tpidr;

nrhw;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

,e;j Kaw;rpapd; NghJ SLQF,;d; fw;ww; NgWfisNjrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSld;

glkhf;fpg; ghu;g;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ftdpf;fg;gl;lJ. mt;thW

fw;ww ;NgWfs pd ;tiffs ;


SLQF kl ;lk; 1 SLQF kl ;lk; 2

3 .

njhl Hg hly ;

ghlg; gug;gpDs; tUk; vspa

fUj;J Kuz;ghLfis Kd;

itj;jYk; fhuzj;Jld; gjpy;

nfhLj;jYk;

ghlg; gug;gpDs; tUk; fUj;J

Kuz;ghL;fis Kd;itj;jYk;

fhuzj;Jld; gjpy;nfhLj;jYk;

4 .

FONtiyAk ;

jiyikj;JtKk;

topfhl;lypd; fPo; nghWg;Gf;

fis epiwNtw;wYk; mLj;j

tu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisr;

rfpj;jYk;

nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wYk;

mLj;jtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisr;

rfpj;jYk;

5. Mf;fj;

j pwDk;

g pur ;r pid

jPu ;j ;jYk ;

ghlg;ggug;gpy; tUk;

tpguq;fisAk; tptuzq;

fisAk; njspthf vOJjy;>

thrpj;jy;

fw;ifg; gug;gpYs;s

mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

vz;zf;fUf;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F

mika fUj;jhly;fis

tpUj;jp nra;jy;

6 . Kfhikj;J

tKk; Kaw;r pah

z ;ikAk ;

jpl;lkply;> Kd;Dupik

nfhLj;jy;> Neu Kfhik

vd;gtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;

tpidj;jpwDld; jpl;lkpLjy;>

Kd;Dupik nfhLj;jy; kw;Wk;

Neu Kfhik nra;jy;

7. jfty;

gad ;g hLk ;

KfhikAk ;

mbg;gilahd ICTjpwd;fis ntspf;fhl;ly;

ghlg; gug;gpDs;

nghUj;jkhd nkd;

nghUl;fisg; gpuNahfpj;jy;

8 .

tiyaikg ;ghf ;

fYk; r%fj;

j pwd ;fSk;

jkJ nrhe;j> r%f

#oypy; gaDs;s cWg;

gpduhfg; gq;Nfw;wy;

jk;Kilajw;F mg;ghw;gl;l

nghUj;jkhd r%f #oy;

fisj; Nju;e;J gq;Nfw;wy;

9. ,irthf;fw ;

jpwDk; nefpo;Tj;

jd ;ikAk ;

fhyk; #o;epiy vd;gtw;Wf;F

Vw;gr; #oy; khw;wkilAk;

vd;gij mq;fPfupj;jy;;

fhyk; #o;epiy vd;gtw;Wf;F

Vw;gr; #oy; vt;thW khw;w

kilAk; vd;gJ gw;wp

fye;Jiuahly;

10 . csg ;ghq ;F

fs;> tpOkpaq;

fs ; >njho py ;

thz ;ik

mLj;jtu;fspd; Njitfisf;

ftdpg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

mq;fPfupj;jy;

topfhl;lypd; fPo;> gzpfis

epiwNtw;Wk; NghJ Ra

nghWg;gpidr; nraw;gLj;jy;.

mLj;jtu;fs;

kPJ gr;rhjhgj;ij tpUj;jp

nra;jy;

fw ;ww ;NgWfs pd ;tiffs ;


SLQF kl ;lk; 1 SLQF kl ;lk; 2

11. tho ;f ;if

njhlu ; g hd

J}u Nehf ;F

tho;f;ifapy; ePz;lfhy

,yf;Ffisf; nfhz;bUg;gjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;

;

jhd; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mila

epidf;Fk; ,yf;if ,dq

;fz;L ePz;lfhy ,yf;Ffis

topfhl;lYld; tpUj;jp

nra;jy;

1 2 .

RaNkk;ghL /tho ;f ;if

KOtJk ;

fw ;wy;

ghlg; gug;igj; jOtpf;

fw;gjw;Fupa mbg;gilj;

jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;

tho;f;ifapd; ,yf;Ffis

miltjw;Fj; njhlu;r;rpahd

fw;wYk; gapw;rpAk; Njit

vd;gij mq;fPfupg;gu;.

36 37

SLQF ehl;by; KOikahf mKy;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ

xt;nthU jifikAk; mj; jifik kl;lj;Jf;F cupik

NfhUtjw;Fj; Njitahd epge;jidfis epiwT nra;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;. ,e;j tifapy; rpNu~;l

,ilepiy kw;Wk; fy;Y}upepiy tl;lq;fspd; fiyj;jpl;lf;

fl;likg;Gf;fs;> fw;Nghu; SLQF,d; 12 fw;ww; NgWfisAk;

miltjw;F trjp nra;Ak; tifapy; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

3 . jw;Nghija epiyikiag; gFj;jha;jy;

3.1 ghlj;jpl;l eilKiw

khztu;fspd; fy;tprhu; Ntiyg;gS gw;wpAk; ghlrhiyf;

fy;tpapYs;s fw;wy; juj;jpd; FiwghLfs; gw;wpAk;; fle;j

rpy jrhg;jq;fshf ehk; fz;Lk; Nfl;Lk; thrpj;Jk;

te;jpUf;fpNwhk;. fiyj;jpl;lr; Rik> khztu; vjpu;nfhs;Sk;

gu Pl ;irfSld ; njhlu ;ghd kd mOj;jk ; Mfpa

gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZkhW mjpfhupfisj; J}z;Lk;

gy mwpf;iffs; gy;NtW fkpl;bfshYk; FOf;fshYk;

ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd.

vkJ ehl;bYs;s ,d;iwa fy;tp epiyia tpNrl

mwpf;ifapy;1 fUj;Jiu $wg;gl;Ls;s 1940fspd; epiyikNahL

xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ> fle;j 75 Mz;Lfspy; cyfk;

khw;wkile;jpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk; vkJ fy;tp Kiwikapy;

ngu pa khw ;wq ;fs ; vJTk; Vw ;gltpy ;iy vd ;gJ

njupatUfpd;wJ.

“gy khztu;fs; jkJ ghlrhiyf; fhyj;ij mjpf

mwpTlDk; Fiwe;j GupjYlDNk epiwT nra;fpd;wdu;.

mtu;fs; E}y;fis thrpj;jjpy;iy. ghlE}y;fisf;

fw;wpUf;fpd;whu;fs;. mtu;fshy; vOj KbahJ. gjpyhf>

nra;ifapy;> Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mbg;gilj;

Nju;r;rpfs; midj;ijAk; nghUj;jkhd SLQF fw;ww;NgWfSld;; glkhf;f Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpnahd;wpd; xU gFjp Fwpj;j SLQF fw;wy;NgWld; nghUj;jpg; ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;glkhf;fiyf; fhl;Lk;gpdtUk; ml;ltiz ghlrhiyf; fy;tpf;Fg; nghWg;ghd

FOnthd;wpdhy; ftdkhf Muhag;gl;L nry;Ygbahf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

2.7 Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfSld; (BC) glkhf;fg;gl;l SLQF fw;ww; NgWfs;;

fw;ww; NgWfs; Nj.f.M.tpd;mbg;gilj;

NjHr;rpfs; (BC)

ghltpla / Nfhl;ghLrhH mwpT BC 4, BC 1(ii)

nrad;Kiw mwpTk; gpuNahfKk; BC 4

njhlHghly; BC 1

FONtiyAk; jiyikj;JtKk; BC 6, BC 2(i)

Mf;fj; jpwDk; gpur;rpid jPu;j;jYk; BC 4, BC 2(i)

Kfhikj;JtKk; Kaw;rpahz;ikAk; BC 4

jfty; gad;ghLk; KfhikAk; BC 4, BC 3, BC 1(iv)

tiyaikg;ghf;fYk; r%fj; jpwd;fSk; BC 3, BC 2(iii)

,irthf;fw; jpwDk; nefpo;Tj; jd;ikAk; BC 3, BC 2(iii)

csg;ghq;Ffs;> tpOkpaq;fs;> njhopy;thz;ik BC 5, BC 6

tho;f;if njhlu;ghd J}uNehf;F BC 2

RaNkk;ghL / tho;f;if KOtJk; fw;wy; BC 7

38 39

Fwpj;j ghlnkhd;Wf;Fupa fy;tprhu; Ntiyg;gS

njhlu;ghd vkJ gFg;gha;T %d;W fhuzpfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

mit: [P.rP..<. rhjhuz juk;> cau; juk; Mfpa cyfshtpa

jifikfSf;Fupa tptuf;$w;Wf;fspd;gb Njitg;gLk; Mff;

Fiwe;j Ntiyg;gS> fy;tp mikr;rpd; Rw;wwpf;iffspd;gb

ghlrhiy Neu#rpfspy; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlNtisfspd;

vz;zpf;if> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhy; xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;l

ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; Fwpg ;gpl;Ls;sgb vjpHghHf;fg;gLk;

Ntiyg;gS.

ehk; Kd;du; $wpagb [P.rP..<. rhjhuz jug; ghlnkhd;Wf;F

xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mff; Fiwe;j fhyk; 130 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;.

mNjNtis [P.rP.<. cau; jug; ghlnkhd;Wf;F 360

kzpj;jpahyq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;NjhL [P.rP.<. rhjhuz

juj; jifikiag; ngWtjw;F khztnuhUtH rpj;jpaila

Ntz;ba ghlq;fspd; njhif Ie;J my;yJ MW. [P.rP.<.

cau; juj; jifikf;Fupa njhif %d;W.

,e;j mbg;gilapy; ghlNtisfisg; nghWj;jkl;by;

[P.rP.<. rhjhuz jug; ghlnkhd;Wf;F cupa Mff; Fiwe;j

fhy xJf;fPL 195 ghlNtisfs;. mNj Ntis> [P.rP.<. cau;

jug; ghlnkhd;Wf;fhd xJf;fPL 540 ghlNtisfs;. vdNt

cyfshtpa epakq;fspd;gb> ,U jifikfSf;fhfTk;

Fwpg;gpl;l ,U tUlfhy fw;if epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpw;F

xJf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nkhj;j tFg;giw Neuk; KiwNa

19 5x6=1 1 7 0 g hlNtisfSk ; 5 4 0 x3 = 1 6 2 0

ghlNtisfSkhFk;. ,jd;gb xUtUlj;jpy; xJf;fg;gLk;

tFg;giw Neuq;fs; KiwNa 1170/2=585 kw;Wk; 1620/2=810

ghlNtisfshFk;. MfNt> [P.rP.<. rhjhuz juk;> cau;

juk; Mfpa ,U jifikfSf;Fk; toptFf;Fk; ,U fw;if

xU Fwpj;j ghzpapy; fl;Liufis cUthf;Ffpd;wdu;.

mtu;fshy; Nfs;tpfSf;F tpilaspf;f KbAk;. Mdhy;>

tpilfs; gw;wpf; Nfs;tp Nfl;f KbahJ. jkJ mwpit

eilKiwg; gpur;rpidfSf;F gpuNahfpf;Fk; Mw;wYk;

mtu;fsplk; nrhw;gkhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mtu;fSila

fw;gid tsu;r;rp Fd;wpAs;sJ. mry; jd;ik

eRf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtu;fsJ rpe;jidahw;wy; tpUj;jp

nra;ag;gltpy;iy. mtu;fSila kdntOr;rpfs;

jLf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. Gj;jprhypfshd khztu;fs;

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. Mdhy;>

nghJr; ruhrupapdupd; juk; NghjpasT cau;e;jjhf

,y;iy. fy;tp Kiwiknahd;wpw;Fupa rpwe;j Nrhjid

mjd; nghJr; ruhrupapdupd; gz;GfNsad;wp> rpwg;Gj;

juj;jpdupd; gz;Gfsy;y.”

xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; khztnuhUtUf;F ,Uf;Fk;

fy;tprhu; Ntiyg;gSit fUj;Js;s Kiwapy; Gupe;J

nfhs;tjw ;F ftdj;Jld; $ba gFg ;gha;nthd ;W

Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

fy;tpaikr;rpd; topfhl;Ljypd; gb tUlnkhd;wpy;; 210

ghlrhiy ehl;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. ,J 42 thuq;fSf;Fr; rkd;.

xU ehisf;F 40 epkplg; ghlNtisfs; 8 cs;sd. ghlrhiy

tUlnkhd;wpypUf;Fk; nkhj;jg; ghlNtisfs; 210 x 8 =

1680 MFk;. ,jd;gb khztnuhUtu; ghlrhiy tUlnkhd;wpy;

fw;wYf;fhfr; nryT nra;Ak; fhyk; (1680 x 40) / 60 = 1120

kzpj;jpahyq;fs;.

40 41

eilKiwahdJ fy;tpf; Nfhl;ghLfs; midj;ijAk;

rpijg;gjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. khztupd; Ntiyapd; xU

gFjp Nrhjpf;fg;glf; $ba tifapy; rpNu~;l

ghlrhiyr; rhd;wpjo; (SSC) tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Mdhy; mg;gupl;ir fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;f

Ntz;LNkad;wp fiyj;jpl;lk; mg;gupl;irapy;

jq;fpapUf;ff; $lhJ, mj;NjhL mg;gupl;irf;F

ephzapf;fg;gLk; ghlq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F khj;jpuk;

fiyj;jpl;lk; tiuaWf;fg;glf; $lhJ.”

xt;nthU ghlrhiy tUlj;jpYk; Fwpj;j ,U

gupl;irfSf;Fk; cupa ghlq;fisf; fw;gjw;F Njrpa fy;tp

epWtdj;jpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fj;

Njitg;gLtijtplf; $Ljyhd ghlNtisfs; ghlrhiy

Neu #rpfspy; xJf;fg;gLfpd;wd (1100f;Fg; gjpyhf 1512

kw;Wk; 900f;Fg; gjpyhf 1260) vd;gij vkJ Ma;T Rl;bf;

fhl;LfpwJ.

,uz;L guPl;irfSf;Fk; Njitahd ghlq;fspd;

ghlj;jpl;lq;fis toq;Ftjw;F ghlrhiy Neu#rpfspy;

Vuhskhf Neuk; ,Ug;gjdhy;> khztu;fSf;F Nkyjpf

Ntiyg;gS Rkj;jjg;gLfpd;wJ vd;w $w;Wf;F NtW

fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;nrhd;d gFg;gha;tpNy khztnuhUtupd ;

Ntiyg;gSitj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; NghJ ehk; ghlnkhd;Wf;F

mjd; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy ; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;gpj ;jy;

ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;ifia kl;LNk Nehf;fpNdhk;. vdpDk;

ehk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba> njhlu;Gs;s fhuzpfs; NtW

gyTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Mrpupau; toq;Fk; tPl;L Ntiyfisr;

newpfSf;Fk; nkhj;j tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy; Neuj;jpy; KiwNa

(585/1680)x100=35% ck; (810/1680)x100=48% ck; khj;jpuNk

Njitg;gLfpd;wd.

Njrpa fy;tp epWtf Mtzq;fspd;gb> ,U fw;if

newpfspdJk; ghlj;jpl;l cs;slf;fq;fisf; fw;gpj;J

Kbg;gjw;F ghlrhiy tUlnkhd;wpy; KiwNa ~1100

ghlNtisfSk; 900 ghlNtisfSk; Njit. ,jd;gb ,U

fw;if newpfSf;FKupa nkhj;j Neuj;jpy; KiwNa (1100/

1680)x100=65% ck; (900/1680)x100=54% ck; vd;gdNt Njit.

[P.rP.<. rhjhuz juj; jifikiag; ngWtjw;fhf epakj;

Njitia tpl 85% $Ljyhd fhyj;ijr; nrytpl

Ntz;bAs;sJ vd;gij ,e;jg; gFg;gha;T fhl;LfpwJ.

mNjNtis [P.rP.<. cau; juj; jifikf;F 13% $Ljyhd

fhyk; khj;jpuNk Njit. vdpDk; ajhu;j;j epiyik mjpfk;

NtWgl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;> [P.rP.<. cau; jug;

gu Pl ;irf;fhfg; gpujhd ghlq;fisf; fw;gpg ;gjw;Fk;

khztu;fisg; gapw;Wtpg;gjw;Fk; ngUk;ghyhd ghlrhiyfs;>

epakpf;fg;gl;lijtplf; $Ljyhd fhyj;ijr; nrytpLfpd;wd.

ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; ,f;fl;lj;jpy; ,t;thwhd

epiyikfisj; jtpu;g;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; 75 tUlq;fSf;F

Kd;dNu fd;dq;fu mwpf;ifapy;1 milahsq; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> ghlrhiyfspd; fiyj;jpl;lq;fs;

gupl;irfshy; jPu;khdpf;fg;glf; $lhJ. khztnuhUtupd;

fy;tpia nkl;upFNy~d; gupl;iria Nehf;fp

KOikahfj; jpirg;gLj;jp mjd; gpd;du; yz;ld;

,z;lu;kPbaw; gupl;irf;Fupa ehd;F ghlq;fSf;Fk;

mtu;fsJ Ntiyia kl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w ,d;iwa

42 43

xU ghlrhiy tUlj;jpy; xU ghlj;jpw ;fhf

xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;> xt;nthU

40 epkplg ; ghlNtisapy; mu ;j ;jKs;s Kiwapy;

khztu;fSf;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fg;glf;$ba ghltplaKNk

mg;ghlj;jpw;Fupa fw;ifr; rhjdq;fspd; cs;slf;fj;ijAk;

kl;lj;ijAk; jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehl;bYs;s mjpfhupfshy;

gpd;gw;wg;gLk; jw;Nghija eilKiw ,jw;F Kw;wpYk;

Kuzhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

xU ghlj;jpw;Fupa Fwpj;j fw;ww;NgWfis milAk;

nghUl;L Nkw;nrhd;d nraw;ghLfisnay;yhk; ruhrupahd

khztnuhUtu; nra;tjw;F vLf;Fnkd kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l

nkhj;j NeukhdJ> nkhj;jf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mg;ghlj;jpw;fhf

xJf;fg;gl;l ‘cj;Njr fw;wy; kzpj;jpahyq;fs;’ vd

miof;fg;gLk;. xU ghlj;jpw ;Fupa cj;Njr fw;wy;

kzpj;jpahyq;fs; vg;NghJNk fUJNfhs;uPjpahdJ. mJ

jpUj;jkhd mstPnlhd;wy;y. vdpDk; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij tpUj;jp

nra;jtu;fshy; vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; fw;wypd; msT> <Lghl;L

kl;lk; vd;gd gw;wp khztu;f;Fr; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjhf mJ

,Uf;fpd;wJ.

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU

ghlj;jpw;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lKk; epak tbtnkhd;iwf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mjpy; jfty;fs; ml;ltizahfj;

jug;gl;bUf;Fk;. mjd; epuy;fs; Nju;r;rp> NjHr;rp kl;lk;> tpla

cs;slf;fk;> fw;wy; NgWfs;> ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;if

vdj; jiyg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,f;$WfSf;fpilapyhd njhlHG

gpd;tUkhW tptupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;: “khztHfs; NjHr;rpfisj;

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspD}lhf miljy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it xt;nthU

fw;wy; Ngwpd; fPOk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mj;NjhL ,e;jj;

nra;tjd; %yk; tFg;giwapy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ltw;iw

kPstypAWj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;F khztu;f;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Neuk;>

fw;wy; rhjdj;jpd; fbd kl;lk;> gupl;irfSf;F Maj;jk;

nra;jy; Nghd;w fhuzpfSk; cz;ikahd Ntiyg;gSit

ephzapg;gjpy; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

ghlq;fSf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fisj; jpUj;jpaikf;Fk;

Ntiy vl;L tUl fhyj;Jf;F xU jlit ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.mLj;jLj;j xt;nthU jpUj;jpaikj;jypd; NghJk;

ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; khw;wq;fs; ahTk; nghJthf

Fwpj;j ghlj;jpw;fhf Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhy;Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLk; epGzu; FOtpd; tpUg;gj;Jf;F Vw;gNt

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. [P.rP.<. cau; jug; ghlq;fisg;

nghWj;jkl;by; ,e;epGzu;fs; nghJthfg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; jw;NghJ gzpGupfpd;w my;yJ Xa;Tngw;w

fy;tpahsu;fshf ,Ug;ghu;fs;. tFg;giwr; #oy; gw;wpamtu;fsJ mwpTk; ruhrup khztu;fspd; kl;lk; gw;wpa GupjYk;

ngUk;ghYk; Mrpupau;fs; rpyUld; mtu;fs; elhj;jpa

njhlu;ghlYf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd;tpisthf> tFg;giwapy; xU Fwpj;j ghl tplaj;ijf;

fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ Mrpupau;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rpukq;fis

,e;epGzu; FOtpdu; Gupe;J nfhs;shky; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,d;ndhUtpjj;jpy; $Wtjhdhy;> ruhrup khztu; xUtUf;F

nrsfupakhd Ntfj;jpy; ruhrup Mrpupau; xUtupdhy;tpsf;fkspf;ff; $ba cs;slf;fj;jpd; msT gw;wp mtu;fs;

Gupe;J nfhs;shky; tplyhk;. ghlj;jpl;lj;ij KOikahff;

fw;gpf;ifapy; vy;yhg; gFjpfisAk; xd;W jpul;Lk; NghJ

Njhd;Wk; Ntiyg;gStpd; nkhj;jr; Rikia Fwpj;j

epGzu;fshy; kjpg;gPL nra;Jnfhs;s Kbahkw; NghtJk;

xU ghlj;jpy; fiyj;jpl;l kpifr; Rikf;F xU fhuzkhf

mikaf;$Lk;.

44 45

,d;W ghijfspy; fhzg;gLk; Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry;

fhuzkhf khztnuhUtu; ghlrhiy nrd;Wtu vLf;Fk; Neuk;

fzprkhd msTf;F NtWglyhk;. thj;jpaf; FO>

tpisahl;Lf;fs;> ,yf;fpa> eld> ehlf> rq;fPj kw;Wk;

fyhr;rhu epfo;r;rpfs; Nghd;w ghlrhiy Neuj;Jf;Fg; gpd;duhd

Gwf; fiyj;jpl;lj; njhopw ;ghLfspy; <LgLjyhdJ

khztu;fSf;Fj; jkJ jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapYk; NrkeydpYk;

vjpu;fhyj; njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fspYk; ngupJk; gad;jUtjhf

,Uf;Fk; . ,t;thwhd njhopw ;ghLfspy; njhlu ;e ;J

gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F Neuk;; Njitg;gLk;. Nkyjpf thrpg;ghdJ –

mJ ehty;fshfNth nra;jpfshfNth tpQ;Qhdf;

fl;LiufshfNth ftpijj; jpwdha;TfshfNth ,Ug;gpDk;-

gjpd;ktaJ khztu;fspy; Gyf;fhl;rpfis cUthf;fTk;

mwpthw;wiy Nkk;gLj;jTk; rpe;jdh jpwid tYg;gLj;jTk;

cjTk;. MfNt> jpde;NjhWk; Nkyjpf thrpg;gpy; rpwpjsT

Neuj;ijj;jhd; fopj;jhYk; mJ xUtUila tho;f;ifapy;

rhjfkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.

cyfpYs;s midj;Jf; fy;tpapayhsu;fshYk;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sgglhtpbDk;> tPl;LNtiy vDk; nraw;ghLkhztu;fSf;Fg; gy topfspy; mtrpakhdJ> Kf;;fpakhdJvdg; gyUk; ek;Gfpd;wdu;. Fwpf;NfhSld; $ba tPl;LNtiyfs;cz;ikahfNt khztu;fisf; fw;wypy; <Lglr; nra;J Gjpavz;zf;fUf;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tij Cf;Ftpg;gNjhL tplacs;slf;fk; gw;wpa Mokhd Gupjiy mtu;fsplk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.mj;NjhL Rakhff; ifahsf;$ba jpwd;fis tpUj;jpnra;Jnfhs;s mtu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fk;. NYk;xOq;fhf tPl;L Ntiyfisr; nra;tjhdJ gupl;irfspy;khztu;fspd; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;JtJ epr;rak;.

ngw;Nwhu;fSld; ,ize;J gz;Gj;juKs;s tpjj;jpy; FLk;gkhfNeuj;ijf; fopf;Fk; gps;isfs; ngUksT ed;ikfisg;

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhf khztu;fSf;Fj;

Njitg;gLk; tpla cs;slf;fj;ijAk; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lk;. fw;wy;-

fw;gpj;jy;-fzpg;gPL nrad;Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jj;

Njitahd ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.” ,Wjp epuypd; $l;Lj;njhifia

mg;ghlj;jpd; gUkdhff; fUjyhk;.

ehd; mwpe;j tifapy; tpj;jpahrkhd ghlq;fSf;Fupa

cj;Njr fw;gpj;jy; kzpj;jpahyq;fs;> Fwpj;j ghlj;jpl;lq;fis

tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; <Lgl;l FOf;fshy; fzpf;fg;gl;ljpy;iy.

,e;jj; jfty; vkf;Ff; fpl;bapUe;jhy;> xt;nthU jifikf;Fk;

cupa nkhj;jg; ghlq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L jw;Nghija

khztu;fspd; fy;tprhH Ntiyg;gS gw;wpa mwpTg+u;tkhd

Kbnthd;iw ehk; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.

3.2 fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fupa fw;wy;

rpNu~;l ,ilepiy kw;Wk; fy;Y}upepiy khztu;fs;

jkJ Neuj;ijg; gy gzpfSf;fhfr; nrytpl Ntz;bAs;sJ.

ghlrhiy ehnshd;wpy; ,j;jifa khztnuhUtuplk; ,Ue;J

vjpu;gu;f;fg;gLk; tof;fkhd njhopw;ghLfSs;> ghlrhiyr;

nraw;ghLfs;> ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;WtUjy;> ghlrhiyf;Fg;

gpd;duhd Gwf;fiyj;jpl;lj; njhopw;ghLfs;> Nkyjpf thrpg;G>

tPl;LNtiy> FLk;gj;jpdNuhL fhyk; fopj;jy;> rpghupR

nra;ag;gll msT epj;jpiu vd;gd mlq;Fk;. ,q;F jdpahu;

upA+~d; tFg;Gf;fSf;Fr; nry;tJ fUj;jpy; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy.

46 47

rpNu~;l ,ilepiy khztnuhUtuplk; ghlrhiy

ehnshd;wpy; tof;fkhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; njhopw;ghLfSf;fhfr;nrytpLtjw;F xU ehspd; 24 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; NghjhJ

vd;gijNa ,J fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,r;Rikiaf; Fiwg;gjw;Fupa

xNu top tFg;G Ntiyia kPl;LtjpYk; tPl;LNtiynra;tjpYk; nrytplg;gLk; Neuj;ijf; Fiwg;gNj.

,j;njhopw;ghLfs; Fwpj;j fw;if newpapYs;s ghlq;fspd;vz;zpf;iff;F Neu;tpfpj rkdhf ,Uf;Fk;.

,jpy; Rthu~;ak; vd;dntdpy; tPl;LNtiyf;fhfr;

nrytplg ;gLk ; Neuk ; gw ;w pa tplak; 1940fspYk;ru;r;irf;FupajhfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. tpNrl mwpf;if1 mJ

njhlu;ghf ,g;gbg; gjpT nra;jpUf;fpwJ:

“,d;ndhU nghJg; gpur;rpid tPl;LNtiy gw;wpaJ.guPl ;irfspd; kPJ toq;fg;gLk; mOj;jKk;>

guPl;irfspy; rpj;jpailtjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;nghUshjhu mD$yq;fSk; vkJ ghlrhiy

khztu ;fs ; k PJ ngUQ ; Riknahd ;iwr ;

Rkj;jpapUf;fpd;wd. tPl;L Ntiyapd; RikahdJmtu;fsJ cly;$w;iw eyptilar; nra;tNjhL

mtu;fsJ KidT Mw;wiyAk; ehrkhf;FfpwJ.”

“ghlrhiy ehnshd;wpy; 17 my;yJ 18 taJilakhztnuhUtUf;F tPl;L Ntiyf;nfd mJ rpghupR

nra;Ak; fhyk; 2 kzpj;jpahyq;fNs. mj;NjhL thu,Wjpnahd;wpy; Xuputpy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba msT

NtiyNa nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.”

3.3 fiyj;jpl;lf; fzpg;gPL

[P.rP.<. cau;jug; guPl;irapy; vkJ khztHfs; fhl;Lk;

nray;jpwid Vida ehLfspd; rkndhj;j guPl;irfspy;

khztu;fspd; nraw;wpwNdhL xg;gpl;L mtjhdpg;gJRthu~;akhdJ. ,e;j tifapy; If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpYs;s

ngWfpd;wdu; vd;gijr; rpy ehLfspy; nra;ag;gl;l Ma;Tfs;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ngw;whu;fSf;Fk; gps;isfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;epiyNgwhd gpizg;nghd;iw cUthf;Fjy;> FLk;gmq;fj;jtu;fs; jkJ vz;zq;fisAk; czu;TfisAk;ntspg;gLj;j trjpaspj;jy;> ghlrhiyapy; cau; jukhdfy;tprhu; nray; jpwid ntspg;gLj;jy; vd;gd ,tw;Ws;mlq;Fk;.

gjpd;k tajpdiug; nghWj;jkl;by; mtu;fsJ cupaKiwapyhd tsu;r;rpf;Fg; NghjpasT epj;jpiu kpf kpfKf;fpak; vd epGzu;fs; $Wfpdwdu;. rhjhuz gjpd;k tajpdu;xUtu; xt;Nthu; ,utpYk; Mff;Fiwe;jJ 8.5 Kjy; 9kzpj;jpahyq;fs; tiu epj;jpiunfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw ; nr hd ;d fhuz pfs pd ; mbg ; gila py ;fUJNfhs;upjpahd rpNu~;l ,ilepiy khztu; xUtupd;Ntiyg; gSit ehd; gpdtUkhW fzpg;gpl;Nld;::

fUJNfhs; uPjpahd rpNu~;l ,ilepiy khztu;

xUtupd; Ntiyg;gS

1. Maj;jkhtJk; fhiyAzTk; - 30 epkplq;fs;

2. ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;Yjy; - 45 epkplq;fs;

3. ghlrhiy Neuk; - 6 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;

4. Gwf;fiyj;jpl;lj; njhopw;ghLfs; - 2.5 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;

5. ghlrhiyapypUe;J tPL nry;yy; - 45 epkplq;fs;

6. FLk;gj;jpdUld; Neuk; fopj;jy;> ,uTzT

– 1 kzpj;jpahyk;

7. tFg;G Ntiyia kPl;lYk; tPl;LNtiy nra;jYk; -

4.5 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; (30 epkplk; tPjk; 9 ghlq;fs;)

8. epj;jpiuf; fhyk; - 9 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;

nkhj;jk; - 25 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;

48 49

ml;ltiz -1 ml;ltiz -2khztu;fs; njhlu;ghfr; nra;ag;gl;l Xu; Ma;T gpd;tUk;

ngWNgWfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ::

2016Mk; Mz;L [P.rP.<. cau;jug; guPl;irapy;21 capupay;

tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;Jiwapy; Fwpj;j rpj;jpj; juf; $l;Lfis

my;yJ mijtplr; rpwe;j juq;fisg; ngw;Ws;stu;fspd;jpus; rjtPjj;ij ml;ltiz-1 fhl;Lfpd;wJ. If;fpa

,uhr;rpaj;jpd; NARIC mikg;gpdhy; 2004 ,y; ntspaplg;gl;lmwpf;ifnahd;wpd;19 RUf;fj;jij ml;ltiz-2 fhl;LfpwJ.

,J If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; [P.rP.<. cau;jug; guPl;irapd;

Fwpj;j NARIC jPu;itg; Gs;spfspd; jpul;Lg; gutiyj;jUfpd;wJ.

If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; gy tUlq;fshf [P.rP.< cau;jug;

ngWNgWfs; rhu;gstpy; khwhj; jd;ik nfhz;ldthf

,Ug;gjdhy; ,t;tpU juTj; njhFjpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp

,U KiwikfisAk; xg;gpLtJ XusT epahakhdNj.

ml;ltiz-2 ,y; NARIC jPu ;itg; Gs;spfs;

tpj;jpahrkhd rpj;jpj; juq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gpd;tUk;

vz; ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;L fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. A=5.

B=4, C=3. D=2, E=1, U/N = 0

jpus;

E}w;WtPjk; %

,yq;if [P.rP.<. c.juk;.

AAA 1.4033ABBAAC

BBB

ABC

BBC

ACC

BCC

CCC

AAS

ABS

BBS

3.92506.2414

6.8308

10.2848

14.2074

14.7798

19.958525.3327

25.3545

25.4776

26.0139

ACS

BCS

CCS

ASS

BSS

CSS

SSS

FFF

26.1660

28.8568

37.4774

37.4943

38.1368

48.5206

58.1097

100

jur;

Nru ;khdk; jpus;

guk;gy; (%)

I.,uh. [P.rP.<. cau;juk;

15 0.580851413

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

2.434816.48042

13.39496

23.25652

35.79982

49.61072

63.2670175.35651

84.93429

91.79783

96.0428

3

2

1

0

98.38670

99.48015

99.88688

100

NARIC jPu;itg;Gs;spfs;

50 51

1943,d; tpNrl fy;tp mwpf;if1 md;iwa fy;tp

KiwikapypUe;j rpy FiwghLfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;baJ:

“fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; kPjhd guPl;irapd; Mjpf;fk;>

Fwpg;ghf ,ilepiyg; ghlj; jpl;lq;fspd; FWfpa

jd;ik> ntspthupg; guPl;irfspd; nghUe;jhj;

jd;ikfs;..”

mf;fhyj;jpy; eilKiwapypUe;j rpNu~;l ghlrhiyr;

rhd;wpjo; (SSC)> cau; ghlrhiyr; rhd;wpjo; (HSC) Mfpa

guPl;irfisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy;>

“,g;gu Pl ;irfs; ntWkNd epidthw ;wiyr;

Nrhjpg;gdthfTk; tplaj; jpzpg;ig Cf;Ftpg;

gdthfTk; khWkhapd; mit gadw;wjhfptpLk;.

vdNt mwpitg ; Gjpa e piyikfSf;Fg ;

gpuNahfpg;gJ njhlu;ghd tpdhf;fisg; Nghjpa

mstpy; mikj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tplaj;jpy; guPl;rfu;fs;

ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.”

mg;NghjpUe;j fzpg;gPl;L Kiwik gw;wpAk; mt;tpNrl

mwpf;if gFg;gha;T nra;jJ:

“,yq;ifapy; fw ;wYf;Fk; fw;gpj ;jYf;Fk;

,ilapYs;s njhlu ;G mupjhfNt Gupe ;J

nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;w re;Njfk; vOfpd;wJ.

cz;ikapNyNa guPl;irfSf;fhfg; gapw;Wtpf;Fk;

gof;fk; gutyhff; fhzg;gLtJ ,t;tplak;

Gupe;Jnfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;gijNa fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

,t;tifahd gapw;Wtpj;jy; fy;tpia kWjypg;Gr;

nra;fpd;wJ. jFjpaw;w khztDf;F milTg;

,t;tpuz;L ml;ltizfspYk; cs;s jfty;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; capupay; tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;Jiwapy; vkJ

khztu;fspd; milT kl;lq;fis mtu;fsJ If;fpa ,uhr;;rpa

rfhf;fspd; milNthL xg;gPL nra;J ehk; gy;NtW

mtjhdq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. cjhuzkhf ,yq;if

khztu;fspy; 25%I tplr; rw;Wf; $ba njhifapdNu 3Cfis

my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l militg; ngw;Ws;sdu;. mNjNtis

If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; 9 NARIC jPu;itg; Gs;spfSf;Fr;

rkdhfg; ngw;wtu;fspd; njhif ,U klq;fhf – 50% I

neUq;fpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

khztu;fisf; fzpg;gPL nra;Ak; jw;Nghija

eilKiwia fyhe pj p Fztu ;jd 24 r pwg ; g hf

tptupj;jpUf;fpd;whu;:

“khztnuhUtiug; gue;j Nehf;Fld; kjpg;gPL nra;Ak;

tplaj;jpy; [P.rP.<. rhjhuz ju kw;Wk; [P.rP.<. cau; jug;

guPl;irfSf;Fupa Mw;wy; Nfs;tpf;FupaNj. xNu mku;tpy;

Njhw;Wk; guPl;irnahd;wpy; khztu; fhl;Lk; nraw;wpwid

itj;J fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;wpdhy; tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl

Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; ngWkjpahd jpwd;fs;

gytw;iwf; fzpg;gPL nra;a KbahJ. ,J khztu;

gyUf;Fj; jPq;F gaf;fpd;wJ. rkepiyahd tpUj;jpAlDk;

njhopy; tha;g;Gld; njhlu;Gila Nju;r;rpfSlDk;

,izg;Gila mwpTrhuhj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;a

cjTk; ,izf; fiyj;jpl;lj; njhopw;ghLfs; tplaj;jpy;

,g;gu Pl;irfs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l jhf;fj;ijNa

nfhz;Ls;sd.”

52 53

4. rhj;jpakhd jPHTfs;

Muk;gj;jpy; vOg;gg;gl;l ,uz;L gpur;rpidfSf;Fk;

rhj;jpakhd jPu;Tfis ,t;Tiuapd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy;

Kd;itg;gNj vdJ Nehf;fkhFk;. mg;gpur;rpidfSs;

KjyhtJ khztu;fspy; fy;tprhu; kd mOj;jj;ij

Vw;gLj;JtNjhL mtu;fsJ cs> cly; MNuhf;fpaj;ijg;

ghjpf;fpd;w msTf;Fg; ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lk; kpifr;

RikAs;sjhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w fz;ldk;. mLj;jJ> 21Mk;

E}w;whz;by; fw;Nghupd; Njitfis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;Sk;

tifapy ; jw ;Nghija ghlrhiyf; fiyj;j pl ;lk ;

khztu;fSf;fFg; gue;j jpwd; njhFjpnahd;iw toq;Ffpd;wjh

vd;gjhFk;.

ehd; Gyik ngw;Ws;s Jiw fzpjj; JiwNaad;wpf;

fy;tpj; Jiway;y. vdpDk; fy;tpaikr;R> cau; fy;tp

mikr;R Mfpa ,uz;bd; fPOKs;s gy;NtW epWtdq;fshy;

Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l njhopw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjd; %yKk;

fy;tpapd; jw;Nghija cyfshtpa Nghf;Fj; njhlu;ghf

ehd; nra;j jdpg;gl;l Ma;Tfspd; %ykhfTk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l

mwpT fhuzkhf fy;tp njhlHghd gpur;rpidfspy; vdf;F

Mu;tk; Vw;gl;lJ. Nkw;Fwpj;j mk;rq;fs; njhlu;ghf ehd;

rku;g;gpf;fg; NghFk; Kd;nkhopTfs; me;j mDgtj;jpypUe;Nj

ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j Kd;nkhopTfspy; rpy Vw;fdNt nghJ

Mtzq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;ff; $Lk;.

eilKiwapYs;s Kiwik gw;wp Kd;nkhopag;gLk;

rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; xNuabahftd;wp gbg;gbahf epiwNtw;wg;gl

Ntz;bait vd;gNj vd; vjpu;ghu;g;G. vdpDk; ,tw;wpd;

xl;Lnkhj;j tpisT> Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO vjphgu;g;gJ

Gs;spnahd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;fhf guPl;ir

Kiwikapy; fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fisj; jtwhfg;

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; xU Kaw;rpNa mJ.

khztd; njupe;Jnfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba mwpit

myl;rpak; nra;Jtpl;L> guPl;rfu; vd;d tpilia

mtdplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;whu; vd;gjpNyNa mJ

ftdQ; nrYj;JfpwJ. tuf;$ba tpdhf;fs;

,dq;fhzg;gl;L mtw;Wf;Fupa tplaq;fs;

nju pTnra ;ag ; gLf pd ; wd . mtw ; w pd ;

nghUj;jg;ghl;ilg; gw;wpf; ftdpahJ mtw;iw

cs;thq;fp kPs ntspg;gLj;JtNj ,q;F Nehf;fkhf

,Uf;fpd;wJ. epidtpy; itf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf

vspikf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLj;J> jpUj;jkhd mwpT

g pd ;js ;sg ; gLf pd ; wJ . fUj ;Jf ;fs ;

fUj;Jf;fshdtd;wp ntWk; tplaq;fshf

khw;wg;gLfpd;wd. khztd; rpe;jpg;gjw;Fupa tpjj;jpy;

fw;gpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mtd; Gupe;Jnfhz;bUf;fpwhd;

vdg; guPl;rfiug; Nghypahf ek;gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy;

kdg;ghlk; nra;tjw;F mtd; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;whd;.”

epfo;e;J tUk; njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;F

Vw;w tifapy; fy;tpAk; njhlHe;J gupzhk tsu;r;rp fhz

Ntz;Lk; vd ehk; vjpu;ghu;j;j NghjpYk; ,d;W fhzg;gLfpd;w

fw;gpj;jy;> fw;wy;> fzpg;gPL njhlu;ghd nrad;Kiwfs; vkJ

ngw;whu; - ghl;ld;khH fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jtw;iwg; Nghd;Nw

,Uf;fpd;wd.

54 55

fw;gpg;gNj ghlrhiyapd; Nehf;fk;. tPl;bdJk;

ghlrhiyapdJk; $l;L eltbf;ifapd; %yk; gps;is

xU r%fg; gpwtpahf cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.”

“thog ; Nghf pd ;w r pwg ; G tho ;f ;iff ;Fg ;

nghUj;jKilajhfg; gps;isia cUthf;Fk; xU

nrad;Kiw vd Muk;gg; gpd; fy;tpia tptupf;fyhk;

vd;w fUj;ij ehk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpNwhk;.”

4.1 Kd;nkhopT : rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}up

epiy Mfpatw;wpd; KOf; fiyj;jpl;lj;ijAk;

kPs; tiuaiw nra;jy;.

ghlrhiyf; fy;tpahdJ rk;gpujha uPjpahd ghlq;fis

khj;jpuk; fw;fpd;w epiyikia tpl;L mg;ghy; efu Ntz;Lk;vd;gjpy; ve;jf; fUj;J Kuz;ghLk; ,y;iy. ehd; Kd;du;Rl ;bf ; fhl;baJ Nghy rpNu~;l ,ilepiyapYk;fy;Y}upepiyapYk; Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ [P.rP.<. rhjhuzjuk; [P.rP.<. cau; juk; Mfpa jifikfSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;fw;if newpfspd; ,Wjpapy; elf;Fk; gu Pl;irfspy;Nrhjpf;fg;gLk; ghlq;fisNa KOikahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.NtW tpjj;jpy; nrhy;tjhdhy; ,k;kl;lq;fspy; Njrpafiyj;jpl;lkhdJ kpfg; ngupjhf ,Ug;gNjhL mjidtoq;Ftjw;fhfg; ghlrhiy Neu#rpapd; fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk;100% ck; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd Kiwiknahd;wpd;jhf;fq;fs; gw ;w p fyhepjp fd;dq;fu1 gpdtUkhW

tptupj;jpUe;jhu;:

“tho;f;if KOtjpYk; csKk; clYk; xd;wd;kPJ xd;W jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. fy;tprhu;ghlq;fspd; kPJ khj;jpuk ; ftdq;Ftpf;Fk;

gapw;Wtpg;ghdJ miuFiwahd> xU gf;fr; rhu;ghd

tpUj;jpiaNa Vw;gLj;Jk;.”

Nghy1 vkJ ,sk; rpwhu;fspd; fy;tpg; ngWNgWfis

Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; fzprkhd Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.

‘mDgtuPjpahd fw;wypD}lhf Xu; mzpapd;

cWg;gpduhfr; nraw;glTk;> gfpu;e;J nfhs;sTk;fuprid fhl;lTk;> kw;wtu;fspd; cupikfis

rfpj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; kjpf;fTk; $Uzu;Tld;ghugl;rkw;w Kiwapy; el;GwNthLk; fUizNahLk;

ele;Jnfhs;sTk; $ba tpjj;jpy; gps;isnahd;W

ghlrhiyia t pl ;L e Pq ;Fk ; fl ;lj ;j py ;tpUj;jpailtjw;F Mw;wy; toq;fg;gLtJk;

Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtJk; mtrpak;. nra;KiwuPjpapYk;

njhopDl;guPjpapYk; gps;is gue;j mstpy; jpwd;ngw ; w pUf ; f Ntz ;Lk ; . e piyikfisg ;

Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Ff; Nfhl;ghLfis cgNahfpf;fTk;>tpku;rd uPjpapYk; ju;f;f uPjpapYk; xg;gPl;L uPjpapYk;

ca;j;jwpAk; tpjj;jpYk; gFg;gha;T KiwapYk;

KOikf; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; rpe;jpf;ff; $bajhf,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL csuPjpapYk; cly;

uPjpapYk; MNuhf;fpakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.”

,Nj vz;zf;fUit fyhepjp fd;dq;fuTk;

nfhz;bUe;jhu;:

“fy;tpnad;gJ fy;tprhu; kw;Wk; nra;Kiwupjpahd

mwpTf;Fupa mk;rq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ

khj;jpuky;y vd;w vkJ fUj;Jf;F ehk; NghjpasT

mOj;jk; nfhLj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;. njhopy;tha;g;Gg;

ngWtjw;fhfNth my;yJ guPl;irapy; rpj;jp

ngWtjw;fhfNth gps;is gapw;Wtpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

kdpjd; vd;w tifapYk; Fbkfd; vd;w tifapYk;

KOikahd tho;f;ifnahd;iw tho;tjw;Ff;

56 57

tpUg;gj;Jf;Fupa gFjpia ntw;wpfukhf mKy; elj;jy;>Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;> rhd;Wg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w nghWg;Gf;fiskhfhz kl;lf; fy;tp mikr;Rf;fsplk; xg;gilf;fyhk;.

ghlk;thuj;jpw ;Fcupa ghlNtisfs;

Fwpg;Gf;fs;

1

2

3

4

5

6

rkaKk; tpOkpaf; fy;tpAk;

[P.rP.<. rhjhuz juj;

jifik ,e;j MW

nghJg; ghlq;fisAk;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;;

Kjd; nkhop

fzpjk;

tpQ;Qhdk;

Mq;fpyk;

tuyhWk; r%ff; fy;tpAk;

Vida ghlq;fs; /njhopw;ghLfs; mofpay;

fw;iffs; / Vidankhopfs; (njhFjp I)

njhopy;El;gtpaw;

fw;iffs;(njhFjp II)

,uz;lhk; nkhop

RfhjhuKk; clw; fy;tpAk;

jfty; njhlu;ghly;

njhopy;El;gk;

,izg;ghl tpjhdr;

nraw;ghLfs;

,it [P.rP.<. rhjhuz

juj; jifikapd; xU

gFjpay;y. ,it

SBAapD}lhff;

fzpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;

5

5

5

5

5

5

10

40nkhj;jg; ghl Ntisfs;

Vida

ghlq;fs;

/nraw;

ghLfs;

rpNu~;l ,ilepiy tl;lj;jpw;F (juk; 10>11)

Kd;nkhopag;gLk; fl;likg;G21

nghUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; G+uzf; fiyj;jpl;lk; vd

miof;fg;gLk; ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; Xu; cg gFjpahf

kl;LNk Njrpa fiyj;jpl;lk; tpsq;FfpwJ. gps;isfSf;F

xd;w pize;j MSikia toq;Ftjw ;fhf Njrpa

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Nkyjpfkhf> fiyj;jpl;lq;fSf;F

,ilapyhd mk;rq;fSk; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd

njho pw ; g hLfSk ; G + uzf ; fiyj ;j pl ; lj ; j py ;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;j tifapy;> rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}upepiy

Mfpa ,U kl;lq;fspYk; g+uzf; fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ fUg;

gFjpnahd;iwAk; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fupa gFjpnahd;iwAk;

nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpf;fw; jd;ik mjpfupj;J tUfpd;w>

,af;fk; kpf;f vjpu;fhyr; r%fj;jpy; capu;g;Gld; nraw;glf;

$ba Fbkf;fspd; tpUj;jpf;F ,itapuz;Lk; Nru;e;J

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;. mg;gbahd fl;likg;nghd;wpy; fUg;

gFjpahdJ [P.rP.<. rhjhuz juk;> [P.rP.<. cau; juk; Mfpa

jifikfSf;Fj; Njitahd ghlq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

mLj;j $whdJ> rk;gpujha uPjpahd ghlq;fspD}lhfg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj njhlu;ghly;> jPhkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;>

Mf;fj ;jpwd; > gad;jU rpe ;jid> jiyikj;Jtk; >

Ml;fSf;fpilahdJk; jd;dfj;Jf;FupaJkhd jpwd;fs;

Nghd;w gy;NtW jpwd;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fupa fw;wy;

tha;g;Gf;fis toq;Fk;. NkYk; ,t;thwhd g+uzf;

fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W> SLQF,d; 12 fw;wy; NgWfisAk; Njrpa

fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; VO mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfisAk;

fw;Nghu; mile;Jnfhs;s topnra;Ak;. [P.rP.<. rhjhuz ju

kw;Wk; [P.rP.<. cau; jug;; guPl;irfspy; Nrhjpf;fg;gLk; Mrpupau;ika> tFg;giwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;ww; #oyhdJnghJthd jpwd;fis tpUj;jpnra;aj; jtwp tpLfpd;wd.

58 59

nra;tNjhL [P.rP.<. rhjhuz juj; jifikapd; cyfshtpamq;fPfhuj;ijAk; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;Fk;. ‘,yq;ifapd; nghJf;fy;tpf;fhd Gjpa fy;tpr; rl;l%yk;’ vd;Dk; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; mwpf;ifapy;20 Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sgb rpf;fw;jd;ik mjpfupj;J tUfpd;w ,af;fg;gz;G kpf;f vjpu;fhyr;r%fj;jpy; capu;g;Gld; nraw;glf;$ba gpui[nahUtiutpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd gq;fspg;igAk; mJ toq;Fk;.

fy;Y}upepiy tl;lj;jpy; (juk; 12> 13) [P.rP.<. cau;

jug; ghlj;JiwfSf;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk; fl;likg;G

ghlk;thuj;jpw ;Fcupa ghlNtisfs;

Fwpg;Gf;fs;

1

2

3

gpujhd ghlk; 1[P.rP.<. cau;juj; jifik

,k;%d;W ghlq;fisAk;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;gpujhd ghlk; 2

gpujhd ghlk; 3

Kjd; nkhop

tzpf Mq;fpyKk;

njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fSk;

mofpaw; fw;iffs; %yk;

,yf;fpa eak;

jfty; njhlu;ghly;

njhopy;El;gk;

Fbapay;rhu; jpwd;fs;

r%f ey;tho;Tf;fhd

RfhjhuKk; tho;f;ifj;

jpwd;fSk;

Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fs;

,izg;ghl tpjhdr;

nraw;ghLfs;

,J njhopy;rhu; ghlj;

Jiwapd; nghJf;

$wpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,J SBA Kiwikapd;

%yk; fzpg;gPL

nra;ag;gLk;

10

10

10

10

40nkhj;jg; ghl Ntisfs;

Vida

nkhbA+y;

fSk;

njhopw;

ghLfSk;

Kd;nkhopag;gl;l fl;likg;gpd;gb tpUg;gj;jpw;FupagFjpapd; fPo; mofpaw; fw;iffs;> njhopy;El;gf; fw;iffs;>Vida nkhopfs; vd;gtw;wpy; jhk; tpUk;Gk; ghlq;fisf;fw;f khztu;fs; J}z;lg;gLthu;fs;. mj;NjhL> ,uz;lhk;nkhop> RfhjhuKk; clw; fy;tpAk;> jfty; njhlu;ghly;njhopy;El;gk; vd;gtw;iwj; juk; 10> 11fspy; fw;gjw;Fupatha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gLk;. ,g;ghlq;fspd; fw;wy; SBAapD}lhff;fzpg;gPL nra;ag;gLtNjhL mit [P.rP.<. rhjhuzjuj;jifikapd; xU gFjpahff; fUjg;gl khl;lh.

rpNu~;l ,ilepiy kl;lj;jpy; ,t;thwhdnjhUrPu;jpUj;jk; khztu; kPJs;s fy;tprhu; Rikiaf; Fiwf;fcjTk;. mNjNtis fw;wypd; gz;Gj; juj;ij mjpfupf;fr;

njhFjp I – rq;fPjk; (fPioj;Nja/Nkiyj;Nja/

fu;ehlf)> rpj;jpuk;> ehl;bak; (fPioj;Nja/ guj)>

ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; (rpq;fsk/jkpo; /Mq;fpyk;)>

Mq;fpy ,yf;fpag; ghlE}y;fis eaj;jy;> rpq;fs

,yf;fpag; ghlE}y;fis eaj;jy;> jkpo; ,yf;fpag;

ghlE}y;fis eaj;jy;> mwG ,yf;fpag; ghlE}y;fis

eaj;jy;> nkhopfs;> ,uz;lhtJ Njrpa nkhop/

RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpAk;.

njhFjp II – tptrhaKk; czTj; njhopy;El;gKk;>

flw;nwhopYk; czTj; njhopy;El;gKk;> tbtikg;Gk;

njho pDl ; gKk ; > ifj ;j p wd ; fiyfs ; >

kidg;nghUspay;> tzpf kw;Wk; fzf;fPl;Lf;

fw;iffs;> Kaw;rpahz;ik kw;Wk; mbg;gilg;

nghUspay;> jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk;>

njhlu;ghlYk; Clff; fw;ifAk;2 (Nj.f.M. 2016)

60 61

nghWj;jkl;by; fw;wyhdJ ngUk; rthYf;FupajhfNt,Uf;fpd;wJ. mj;NjhL> epu;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;s vz;zpf;ifiatpl 40% $Ljyhd ghlNtisfs; ghlrhiy Neu#rpapy;xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; cupa fhyj;jpy; ghlj;jpl;lq;fisepiwT nra;a Kbahky; Mrpupau;fs; jpz;lhLfpd;wdu;.

vdNt jw;Nghija ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; fiyj;jpl;lr;Rik vJTk; fhzg;gLkhapd; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;Ff;fpilf;ff;$ba Neuj;ijf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L mtw;wpd;cs;slf;fj;ij kPsha;T nra;j gpd;dNu ,g;gpur;rpidf;Fj;jPu;T fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; ruhrup khztnuhUtu;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fw;ww; NgWfismile;Jnfhs;tJ rhj;jpakhf ,Uf;Fk;. mu;j;jKs;s tifapy;ghlj;jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;gJ mjpf Neuk; Njitg;gLfpd;w>ftdj;NjhL nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba njhopy;thz;ikf;Fupanraw;ghL vd;gij ,J fhl;LfpwJ. ,jidg; gFjp Neug;gzpahf epiwNtw;w KbahJ.

4.3 Kd;nkhopT : tpdhj;jhs;fis fw;ww; NgWfSld;nghUe;jr; nra;jy;

ghlj; jpl;lq;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww;

NgWfSld; tpdhj;jhs;fisg; nghUe;jr; nra;tJ khztupd;fw;wiyf; fzpg;gPL nra;tjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.jhk; fw;wtw;Ws; vtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jf; $batu;fshfkhztu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; fw;ww; NgWfs;Fwpf;fpdwd. jhk; fw;wtw;iw khztu;fs; vt;thW ntspf;fhl;lNtz ;Lk ; vd ; gijf ; fz pg ; g P l ; bd ; tbtikg ; GcWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

xt;nthU ghlj;Jf;Fnkd guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy;epakpf;fg;gLk; tpdhj; jahupf;Fk; FOnthd;W Njrpa fy;tpepWtfj;jhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;svju;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;wy; NgWfs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fisf;

ehk; Vw;fdNt fz;lJ Nghd;W rpy ghlj;Jiwfspy;

%d;W ghlq;fspd; njupT kpFe;j tpiwg;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhf,Uf;fpwJ. mq;F khztu;fspd; cz;ikahd Nju;Tf;F,lkpy;iy. 2003,d; ‘Njrpa Nfhl;ghl;L Mtzk;’14> 2014,d;‘,yq;ifapd; nghJf; fy;tpapy; fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jpgw;wpa Ma;T’22 Mfpa Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd;Ma;Tfs;> cau; juj;jpy; %d;W ghlq;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjpy;khztu;f;F mjpf Rje;jpuj;ij toq;Ftjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij,dq;fz;Ls;sd. njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpwg;Gf; fw;ifj;JiwapypUe;J Mff; $baJ ,uz;L ghlq;fisg;gy;fiyf;fofg; gPlnkhd;W epu;zapf;fyhk; vd;Wk; %d;whtJghlk; Vida ghlq;fisf;nfhz;l KO tPr;rpypUe;Jk; njupTnra;ag;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mt;tha;Tfs;tpje;Jiuj;Js;sd.

,e;j tpje;Jiuapd; mwpKfKk;> Kjd; nkhop> tzpfMq;fpyKk; njhlu;ghlw; jpwd;fSk;> mofpaw; fw;iffspd;Clhf ,yf;fpa eak;> jfty; njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fs;> r%feytho ;Tf ;fhd RfhjhuKk; tho ;f ;ifj ; jpwd ;fSk; >Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fs;> fiyj;jpl;l ,izj; njhopw;ghLfs;vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l nghJf; $Wk; 13 tUlg; ghlrhiyf;fy;tpapd; gpd;du; 21 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ntw;wpngwj; NjitahdmwpitAk; jpwd;fisAk; ngw;wtu;fshf khztu;fs; nghJf;fy;tp Kiwikia tpl;L ePq;f cjTk;.

4.2 Kd;nkhopT : fiyj;jpl;l kpifr; Rikf;Fj; jPu;T fhzy;

jw;Nghija [P.rP.<. cau; jug; ghlq;fspd; ghlj;jpl;lq;fs;

gy;fiyf; fofq;fSf;F mDkjp ngWfpd;w nrhw;g rjtPjkhdkhztu ;fs ; gw ;w p mOj ;jk ; nfhLj ;Nj t pUj ;j pnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthff;fy;Y}upe piy khztu;fSs; ngUk;ghd;ikapdiug ;

62 63

gFjp-1:

nkhoprhu; $W. fl;Liunahd;iw my;yJ mwpf;ifnahd;iwg;Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; vOJtjw;Fk; cs;s Mw;wiy ,JNrhjpf;Fk;. gFjp-2: nghJ csr; rhu;Gf; $W. gFj;jhAk;jpwd;> thOk; #oy;gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> r%f kw;Wk; nrhy;rhuhj;jpwd;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,J Nrhjpf;Fk;.

CGTI NkYk; mu;j;jKs;sjhf;Ftjw;fhf Nkw;Fwpj;j,uz;L gFjpfspYk; Mff; Fiwe;j Nju;r;rpfisr; Nrhjpf;Fk;$nwhd;Wk; cau; mwpTrhu; Mw;wy;fisr; Nrhjpf;Fk;,d;ndhU $Wk; cs;slq;f Ntz;Lk;. rpNu~;l ,ilepiy>fy;Y}up epiy Mfpa ,U kl;lq;fspYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;mt;thwhd Nrhjid> gps;isfSf;F Mff; Fiwe;jstpyhdNju;r ;rpfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; mtu;fs; fw;wypy;Kd;NdWtij cWjpnra;fpd;w jkJ mbg;gil tfpghfj;ijg;ghlrhiyfs; epiwNtw;Wfpd;wdth vd;gijf; fzpg;gPL

nra;af;$ba nghwpKiwahfTk; mikAk;.

4.5 Kd;nkhopT : khztu ;fs pd ; ngWNgWfisAk ;ghlrhiyf; fzpg;gPLfisAk; gjpT nra;tjw;fhdxU Gjpa Kiwghlrhiyia tpl;L ePq;FNthu; Neue;jtwhik> elj;ijg;

gz;Gfs;> ciuahLk; Mw;wy; Nghd;w mbg;gilj; jpwd;fs;$l

,y;yhky; ntWkNd jkJ [P.rP.<. rhjhuz ju> cau; jug;ngWNgWfspd; gyj;jpy; Ntiyj;jyq;fSf;Fs; Eiofpd;wdu;

vd;gJ> njhopy; toq;FNthupd; fUj;Jg;gb gfpuq;fcz;iknahd;whFk;. ,jd; tpisthf> kpf vspa gzpfisr;

nra;tjw ;Fupa Nju;r ;rp$l ,y;yhj epiyapy; kpf

mbg;gilahd EioT kl;l njhopy;fSf;Fj; jk;ik,irthf;fpf;nfhs;s Kbahky; vkJ gjpd;k tajpdu;

jLkhWfpd;wdu;.

rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}upepiy Mfpa ,Ukl;lq;fspYk; KOikf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s

khw;wq;fspd; mwpKfj;Jld; ,e;epiyik khw;wkilAk; vd

fzpg;gPL nra;af;$ba tpdhj;jhs;fisj; jahupg;gNj jw;NghJehl;bYs;s eilKiwahFk;.

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfis tpdhj;jhs;fs; cupakl;lj;jpy; fzpg;gPL nra;fpd;wdth vd;gijr; RahjPdkhfr;rupghu;g;gjw;Fupa Gjpa juf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; nghwpKiwnahd;iwj;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; mwpKfk; nra;tNj rpwe;j eilKiwahf,Uf;Fk;. vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;wy; NgWfNshL [P.rP.<. rhjhuzju> [P.rP.<. cau; ju tpdhj;jhs;fs; nghUe;jpg; NghFk; tpjk;gw;wp kjpg;gPL nra;j gpd;du; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> guPl;irfs; Mizahsu; ehafj;jpw;FtUlhe;j mwpf;ifnahd;iwr; rku;g ;gpg ;gjd; %yk;,e;eltbf;ifia Kiwikg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,t;thwhdnghw pKiwnahd ;iwg; gu Pl ;irr ; nrad;KiwNahLxd;wpizg;gjd; %yk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tpdhj;jhs;fspd;gz;Gj;juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;syhk;.

4.4 Kd;nkhopT : rpNu\;l ,ilepiy kl;lj;jpYk;fy;Y}up epiy kl;lj;jpYk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lnghJr; rhjhuzg; guPl;irnahd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

gy;fiyf; fofq;fspypUe;J gadiltjw;fhfkhztu;fsplk; cs;s Mw;wy; tsj;ijAk; jpwikiaAk;mstpLk; Nehf;fj;NjhL 2000,y; fy;Y}up epiy khztu;fSf;FnghJr; rhjhuzg; guPl;ir (CGT) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1997brk;gupy; ntspaplg;gl;l Njrpar; nrayku;T mwpf;ifapy;tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;lgb mJ gpd;tUk; ehd;F $Wfisf;nfhz;lJ. nghJ tpopg;Gzu;T> fhuzk; $Wk; Mw;wy;>gpur;rpid tpLtpf;Fk; Mw;wy;> fpufpj;jYk; njhlu;ghlYk;.

jw;Nghija CGT mjd; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wtpy;iyvdf;$wp mJ kPsf; fl;likf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd 2016Mk;Mz ;bd ; Njr pa fy ;t p Mizf ;FO mw pf ;if2

tpje;Jiuj;Js;sJ. Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO Kd;itj;jkPs;fl;likf;fg;gl;l CGT ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

64 65

tpUJ $Wfs;

rpNu~;l

,ilepiy

ghlrhiyr;

rhd;wpjo;

gpd;tUk; 6 [P.rP.<. rh. jug; ghlq;fspd; rpj;jpj; juq;fSk;

SBA Gs;spfSk;: rkaKk; tpOkpaf; fy;tpAk;> Kjd; nkhop>

fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> Mq;fpyk;> tuyhWk; r%ff; fy;tpAk;

Vida ghlq;fs; /njhopw;ghLfspy; milT; mofpaw;

fy;tp/ Vida nkhopfs; (njhFjp 1)> njhopy;El;gtpay;

fw;iffs; (njhFj 2)> ,uz;lhk; nkhop> RfhjhuKk; clw;

fy;tpAk;> jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk;

CGT - juk; 11

tpUJ $Wfs;

cau; rpNu~;l

,ilepiy

ghlrhiyr;

rhd;w pjo;

gpd;tUk; 6 [P.rP.<. rh. jug; ghlq;fspd; rpj;jpj; juq;fSk;

SBA Gs;spfSk;: rkaKk; tpOkpaf; fy;tpAk;> Kjd; nkhop>

fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> Mq;fpyk;> tuyhWk; r%ff; fy;tpAk;

Vida ghlq;fs; /njhopw;ghLfspy; milT; mofpaw;

fy;tp/ Vida nkhopfs; (njhFjp 1)> njhopy;El;gtpay;

fw;iffs; (njhFjp 2)> ,uz;lhk; nkhop> RfhjhuKk; clw;

fy;tpAk;> jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk;

CGT - juk; 12

%d;W [P.rP.<. cau; jug; ghlq;fspd; rpj;jpj; juq;fSk;

SBA Gs;spfSk;:

CGT - juk; 13

Vida ghlq;fs; /njhopw;ghLfspy; milT; Kjd; nkhop>

tzpf Mq;fpyKk; njhlu;ghlw; jpwd;fSk;> mofpaw;

fw;iffspd; Clhf ,yf;fpa eak;> jfty; njhlu;ghly;

jpwd;fs;> r%fey tho;Tf;fhd RfhjhuKk; tho;f;ifj;

jpwd;fSk;> Kaw;rpahz;ikj; jpwd;fs;> fiyj;jpl;l ,izj;

njhopw;ghLfs;

ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd; gpd;du; gue;j tPr;rpidf; nfhz;l

njhopw;ghLfspYk; Nju;r;rpfspYk; khztnuhUtupd; tpupthdrhjidf;Fr; rhd;W toq;ff;$ba kjpf;fj;jf;fJk;

cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhdJkhd ghlrhiy tpLifr; rhd;wpjo;23

xd;W cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghdnjhopw;ghLfspy; mtu;fspd; <LghLk; rhjidfSk; cl;gl

njhopy; tha;g;Gg; ngWtjw;fhd jpwd;fspYk; gz;GfspYk;juk; 10 Kjy; 13 tiu mtu;fs; ngw;w milTfSk; mjpy;

mlq;f Ntz;Lk;. njhopy; toq;FNthuhy; Ntz;lg;gLk; vy;yh

tifahd nra;Kiwj; jpwd;fs;> nkd;jpwd;fs; cl;glmidj;Jj; jpwd;fSf;Fkhd ,r;rhd;wpjohdJ [P.rP.<. rhjhuz

ju kw;Wk; cau; ju rpj;jpj; juq;fshy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w

fy;tprhu; Mw;wy; njhlu;ghd nghJ mstPl;iltpl mjpfgadspg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

fy;tpia juk; 11 cld; Kbj;Jf; nfhs;gtu;fSf;Fk;juk; 13,y; epiwT nra;gtu;fSf;Fk; KiwNa ‘rpNu~;l

,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyr; rhd;wpjo;’> ‘cau;ju rpNu~;l

,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyr; rhd;wpjo;’ vd;Dk; ghrhiy tpLifr;rhd;wpjo;fs; toq;fg;glyhk;. kl;lk; 1> 2 Mfpatw;Wf;Fupa

SLQF ngaupl;L tof;Ff;F mikthf ,it ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,t;tpU jifikfspdJk; $Wfs; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;:

66 67

GupaTk; thoTk; khztu;fisj; jahu; nra;tjw;Fj; Jiz

GupAk; tifapy; nghUe;jpg; Nghf Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j ciuapNy> rpNu~;l ,ilepiy> fy;Y}up epiy

Mfpa ,U tl;lq;fspYk; ,d;iwa fy;tp Kiwikapy;

nraw;gLj;jntd Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s> epiyNgwhf Kd;Ndwpr;

nry;y Ntz;ba khw;wq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

Nkw;nrhd;dthwhd khw;wr; nrad;Kiwfis mKy;gLj;jyhk;.

,e;j Kd;nkhopTfs; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; mtw;wpd; $l;L

tpisthdJ vkJ fy;tp Kiwikia khw;wpaikj;J mjid

mLj;j Afj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; vd ek;gyhk;.

gz;ila rPdg; gonkhopnahd;W gpd;tUkhW $WfpwJ:

“kunkhd;iw eLtjw;Fupa rpwe;j jUzk; ,UgJ

tUlq;fSf;F Kd;ghFk;. ,uz;lhtJ rpwe;j

jUzk; ,d;whFk;.”

me;j kuj;ij eLtjw;F ehk; gy jrhg;jq;fshfj; jtwptpl;Nlhk;.

vdNt> xU fzg;nghOijNaDk; tPzhf;fhky; ,g;NghNj

ehk; mjid elj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;.

{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{

vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; ,g;gbahd rhd;wpjnohd;iw

toq;Ftjd; nkhj;j Nehf;fk; vjpu ;fhyj; njhopy;

toq;Fdu ;fSf;Fk; > Nkyjpf kw ;Wk; cau ; fy;tp

epWtdq;fSf;Fk; ghlrhiyia tpl;L ePq;Fk; ,sk;

re;jjpapdupd; mwpT> jpwd;fs;> Nju;r;rpfs; njhlu;ghf tpupthd

tpguj;jpul;nlhd;iw toq;FtNj. rk;gpujhaG+u;tkhd [P.rP.<.

rhjhuz ju> [P.rP.<. cau; ju rpj;jpj; juq;fNshL kl;Lk;

epd;Wtplhky;> rpNu~;l ,ilepiy kw;Wk;fy;Y}up epiyf;

fy;tpf; fhyg;gFjpapd; Vida gy milTfisAk;

,r;rhd;wpjo ; milahsq; fhl;Ltjhy; > ghlrhiyf;

fy;tpapypUe;J cr;r mstpy; gad; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

vd;w Cf;fKk; khztupilNa mjpfupf;Fk;.

5. KbTiu

vkJ ehl;by; ,d;Ws;s fy;tp KiwikahdJ nlhd%u;

kw;Wk; Nrhy;gup fhyk; Kjy; ngUkstpy; Kd;Ndw;wk;

fz;Ls;sJ. fyhepjp fd;dq;fu mtu;fspd; Kd;Ndhb

Kaw;rpfNs ,jw;F Kjd;ikf; fhuzk;.

vdpDk; ehl;bd; mLj;j re;jjpapdiu 21 Mk; E}w;whz;by;

ntw;wpfukhf thor; nra;tjw;fhd fy;tp Kiwiknahd;iw

cupa Kiwapy; jahupg;gjw;fhf ehk; nra;a Ntz;bad

epiwa cs;sd. GJ Kiwahd khw;wq;fspD}lhf mjpf

khw;wj;jd;ik nfhz;l khjpupnahd;iw Nehf;fp ehk; kpf

tpiutpy; efu Ntz;b Vw;glyhk;. ,jidr; rhjpf;f

Ntz;Lkhapd; ehk; vkJ mZFKiwfis xOq;fhd tpjj;jpy;

jpl;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL vkJ fy;tp

Kiwikapd; vy;yh mk;rq;fspYk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; khw;wq;fs;

,d;iwa cyfpYk; ehisa cyfpYk; fw;fTk; njhopy;

68 69

13. Study on Evaluation & the Assessment System in

General Education in Sri Lanka, National Education

Commission, Research Series (2014) - No. 03

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Proposals for a National Policy Framework on

General Education in Sri Lanka, National Education

Commission, 2003

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Sri Lanka, National Education Commission, 1992

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Contribution Towards the Achievement of National

Goals and Basic Competencies Identified by the

National Education Commission, Sri Lanka

Association for the Advancement of Education

(SLAAED), 2010

17. The Sri Lanka Qualification Framework (SLQF),

Updated Version, September 2015, University Grants

Commission

18. Global inventory of national and regional

qualifications frameworks 2017, The European

Centre for the Development of Vocational Training

(Cedefop) and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong

Learning

19. UK NARIC, Increasing Transparency of Access

Qualifications for Higher Education in Europe, 2004,

Cheltenham, England

20. New Education Act for General Education in Sri Lanka:

Context, Issues and Proposals, Final Report, National

Committee for Formulating a New Education Act for

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Reforms in the post Kannangara Era

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Beyond Kannangara for the 21st Century

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website: https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/

ncee/Images/122955-cambridge-recognition-

brochure-us.pdf

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203543991-How-are-Cambridge-O-Levels-taught-

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70 71

NgUiuahsu; njhlu;ghf…

fyhepjp cghyp khk;gpl;ba mtu;fs; jw;NghJ ,yq;ifj;jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdq;fs; gPlj;jpy;

fzpjj; Jiwapy; rpNul;l tpupTiuahsuhf (juk; - 1)

flikahw;Wfpd;whu;. fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fof tpQ;QhdgPlj;jpy; fzpjj;Jiwapy; 25 tUl fhyk; Nritahw;wpf;

fy;tpkhdhfg;gl;ilj; jPl;lg;gl;L tsu;r;rp ngw;w gpd;dNu

mtu; ,yq;ifj; jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nru;e;jhu;.

fhyp khefupy; upr;kd;l; fy;Y}upapy; Muk;gf; fy;tpiaAk;

,ilepiyf; fy;tpiaAk; G+u;j;jp nra;j mtu;> fsdpg;

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fzpjj;jpy; Kjyhk; tFg;G> tpQ;Qhd,skhzp (rpwg;G) gl;lj;ijg; ngw;whu;. gpd;du; fdlhtpd;

xl;lhthg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nru;e;J tpQ;Qhd KJkhzpg;gl;lj;ijAk; fzpjj;jpy; fyhepjpg; gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;whu;.

fyhepjp khk;gpl;ba mtu;fspd; gzp gy;fiyf;fof

Kiwikf;F khj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gl;Ltpltpy;iy. mtu;jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; ; ngupJk; Ntz;lg;gLk; xU

fy;tpj;Jiwr; rpwg;gwpQuhf tpsq;Ffpd;whu;. mtu; gpd;tUk;

Njrpa epWtdq;fspYk; mikg;Gf;fspYk; cWg;Gupik ngw;Wghlrhiyf; fy;tp kw;Wk; cau;fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfspd;

Clhfg; ngUk; gq;fhw;wp tUfpd;whu;.

ju cWjpg;ghl;L epiyapaw; FO / gy;fiyf;fof

khdpaq;fs; Mizf;FO nghJf;fy;tp epiyapaw; FO/ Njrpa fy;tp

Mizf;FO (NEC) cau;fy;tp epiyapaw; FO / Njrpa fy;tp

Mizf;FO (NEC) ,yq;ifr; rhd;wspg;Gr; rigapd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg;

Nguit (SLAB) Njrpa fy;tp Muha;r;rp> kjpg;gPl;L ikak; (NEREC)

General Education Chaired by Dr. G. B. Gunawardena,

2009

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24. Dr. G. B. Gunawardena (2012): Kannangara vision:Challenge in Reforming Education

Acknowledgments

1. Prof. Gominda Ponnamperuma (University of

Colombo) for helping the SLQF editorial team to

develop the learning outcomes statements for levels 1

& 2

2. The Commissioner General of Examinations for

providing the data of GCE (AL) Examination 2016

3. Prof. Leslie Jayasekara (University of Ruhuna) for the

assistance in preparing Table 1 (section 3.3)

4. Dr. Romaine Jayewardene (University of Colombo) for

reviewing the manuscript

5. Mr. M. H. M. Yakooth and Mrs. S. k. Gunawardhana for

Tamil and Sinhala translations.

72 73

jifikfs; rl;lfk; - Updated Sri Lanka Qualification Framework”,dJ gjpg;ghrpupauhfTk; nraw;gl;Ls;shu;.

2014 ,y; ,tu;> mLj;j jrhg;jj;Jf;fhd ,yq;ifg;

nghJf;fy;tp njhlu;ghd Njrpa nfhs;iff;Fupa

Kd;nkhopTfs; nfhz;l xU $whd ~~,yq;ifapy; nghJf;fy;tpapy; fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jp” gw;wpa Muha;r;rpia elj;jpa

FOtpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtuhfg; gq;Nfw;W Njrpa fy;tp

Mizf;FOTf;Fj; Jiz Gupe;jhu;. mJ jtpu;e;jtplj;JmNj tUlj;jpy;> ~~fzpjf;fy;tp : fle;jfhyk; - epfo;fhyk;- vjpu;fhyk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; N[.<. [a#upa Qhgfhu;j;jg;NgUiuiaAk; Mw;wpdhu;.

fd;dq;fuhtpdJ J}uNehf;fpd; Ngwhff; fpilj;j

cz;ikahd xU ngWNgwhfpa fyhejp cghyp khk;gpl;bamtu;fis> 30 MtJ rp. lgps;A. lgps;A. fd;dq;fuh epidTg;

NgUiuia Mw ;w miog ; gj py ; ngUikAk ;

kfpor;rpAkilfpd;Nwhk;.

gPl rig ntspthup cWg;gpdu;> fy;tpg;gPlk;>

nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

2015 – 2018 tiuapyhd fhyg; gFjpapy; gpd;tUk;

gjtpfis tfpj;Js;shu;.

jiytu; - fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig/Njrpafy;tpepWtfk; (NIE)

cWg;gpdu; - rhd;wspg;G kw;Wk; ju cWjpg;ghl;L

epiyapaw; FO (SACQA) /fy;tp mikr;R

mj;NjhL> Njrpa jifikfs; rl;lfj;ij tpUj;jp

nra;tjw;fhd And];Nfh ,dJ Mrpa grpgpf;F topg;gLj;jw;

FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf 2015 Mf];l; njhlf;fk; 2016 brk;gu;tiuapy; Nritahw;wpAs;shu;.

2015 A+iyapy; And];Nfh ,dJ ghq;nfhf; mYtyfk;>ghq;nfhf;fpy; eilngw;w> gpuhe;jpa topfhl;ly;fis tpUj;jp

nra;tjw;fhd rpwg;gwpQu; FOtpy; gzpahw;WkhWk;>

mwpf;iffs; nra;AkhWk; 2016 ,y; Nlhf;fpNah ag;ghdpy;eilngw;w ERI – Net Mz;Lf;$l;lj;j py ;> Mrpah

grpgpf;Ff;fhd Njrpa jifikfs; rl;lfk; njhlu;ghd tpla

Ma;Tfis mwpf;iffs; nra;AkhWk; miog;G tpLj;jJ.NkYk; 2018 ,y; nra;ag;gl;l Guidelines on Developing andStrengthening Qualification Frameworks in Asia and the Pacific: Buildinga Culture of Shared Responsibility”

(~~Mrpah kw;Wk; grpgpf;fpy; jifikr;rl;lfq;fis tpUj;jp

nra;jy; kw;Wk; tYg;gLj;jYf;fhf topfhl;ly;fs;:nghWg;Gf;fisg; gfpu ;e ;J nfhs;Sk; gz;ghl;ilf;

fl;bnaOg;Gjy;”) vDk; And];Nfh ntspaPl;bw;Fk;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;shu;.

,tw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf cau;fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; 2015

bnrk;gupy; ntspaplg;gl;l “,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,yq;ifj;

74 75

15. Susil Siriwardana (2004). The Kannangara Legacy- As Source Text for

Re-Constructing Sri Lanka Society and State

16. Mr. M. C. Pant (2005). Open Schooling Concept, Evolution Application

(Indian Perspective)

17. Deshamanya H. L. de Silva (2006). Envisioning a Sri Lankan Identity

in a Multicultural Society

18. Dr. A. G. Hussain Ismail (2007). Equal Opportunity in Education

between Communities A Vision Of Kannangara. Some Reflections on

the Education of the Muslim Community in Sri Lanka

19. Prof. Narada Warnasuriya (2008). The Kannangara Legacy in Today’s

Context: The Role of the State in Higher Education

20. Prof. Carlo Fonseka (2009). Reforming Education: Finishing the

Unfinished Task

21. Prof. Gamini Samaranayake (2010). Problems and Challenges in

University Education in Sri Lanka: An Overview

22. Prof. A.V. Suraweera (2011). Dr. Kannangara’s Fee Education Proposals

in relation to the subsequent expansion of the Tuition Industry

23. Dr. G. B. Gunawardena (2012). Kannangara vision: Challenge in

Reforming Education

24. Prof. A. K. W. Jayawardane (2013). Towards knowledge Hub and

Citizen Attributes Aimed Education through Education Reforms

25. Mr. R. S. Medagama (2014). A Review of Educational Reforms in

the post Kannangara Era

26. Mr. S. Sandarasegaram (2015). Dr. Kannangara’s Reforms and

Emerging Knowledge Economy in Sri Lanka

27. Dr. Upali M. Sedere (2016). Educational Reforms Beyond Kannangara

for the 21st Century

28. Prof. Sujeewa Amarasena (2017). Medical Education and Kannangara

Philosophy

29. Dr. Sunethra Karunaratne (2018). Equality versus Equity

C. W. W. Kannangara Memorial Lectures in the Series

01. Prof. J. E. Jayasooriya (1988). Democratization of Education:

Contribution of Dr. C. W. W. Kannangara

02. Prof. Swarna Suraweera (1989). Extension of Educational Opportunity

- The Unfinished Task.

03. Prof. K. W. Gunawardena (1990). Dr. C. W. W. Kannangara’s Vision of

the Past- Education, Religion, Culture and Society under Colonial

Rule

04. Deshabandu Bogoda Premaratne (1991). Free Education Redefined:

Education in Defense of Freedom

05. Dr. Ananda W. P. Guruge (1992). Control of Education: Implications

for Quality and Relevance

06. Prof. G. L. Peiris (1993). The Kannangara Reforms: A Foundation for

National Development

07. Prof. Lakshman Jayathillake (1994). Education for Freedom – Issues

of Development, Individual Goals and Social Priorities

08. Prof. W. Ariyadasa de Silva (1995). The Concept of National System

of Education.

09. Prof. Chandra Gunawardena (1996). Education in Sri Lanka: A Tool

for Empowerment or an Instrument of Society Mobility

10. Mr. D. A. perera (1997). The Freedom to Teach and the Freedom to

Learn

11. Ms. Sivanandiri Duraiswamy (1998). Hindu Perspectives on

Education and Dr. Kannangara’s Educational Philosophy

12. Dr. Premadasa Udagama (2001). Colonialism, Globalization and

Education

13. Prof. J. B. Dissanayake (2002). A Language at the Crossroads: The

Case of Sinhala

14. Prof. A. V. D. De S. Indraratna (2003). Education and Development

Role of C. W. W. Kannangara

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