NQR§RJG |-g - Columbia Universityww2040/efchno.pdf · 2003. 1. 17. · À-«mà ĮÅ...

30

Transcript of NQR§RJG |-g - Columbia Universityww2040/efchno.pdf · 2003. 1. 17. · À-«mà ĮÅ...

  • � ��������� ��

    � � � ��� ������� � ��� � �

    �! #"$�%"'&)(+*-,/.#021435*/67.8(9;:=A@CBEDF:AG-HJIK>AGML!!Bt_oV-PS:\NQRuBOAG-BO!GMAGMAG]r-NtB?@be/:A@DIQG-:\NQP?NwGMP?Nws}G-:|V-\NQPpLV/B?B?@C!HbN`GMLAL!Hd@CIQGMAy5YAGM-NkW\|X:AG-s^{@CIQB]AIQG-:AIZNQPe-P?V)R`V-PzBO\P?NQNk@CsSLV-P?\NcLNQP?_oV-PKsG-:AIZNqV-_4yUY\N]YAN]BQp\NELNQP?_oV-PKsG-:AIZNt\NBONQPKr5@CIZN4\N4_aG-@CHCYAP?Nj\N4_aG-@CHCYAP?Nj\V-PK±B?IQG-Hd@C:\eEV-_+BOL!G-IZNkG-:AW±\NJ@dsSL!G-IZAN4_aG-@CHCY\PKN]B8@C:cG-:@C:U\NTBOAG-B?AN]BONqV/B?IQ@CHdHCGMAN]@bP@CsSLFG-IZe-P?N]GM\NwB?L!G-IZN¶�G-:AW¦BOLN]IQ@b_o|³IZV/:AWA@b\N¥²G-YAB?W\V-PO§sSNQANE·¸~

  • À-«Mà ĮÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    rÎG-HdY\NHC@Cs@CAGM<IZV/:AN·¦Û#sSNQAGM<NZÁ5LNQPK@CN]:AIZN]BpHbV/:\ecPKGMP?N_oG-@CHdY\P?N]BQUR>\NQP?N\N_oG-@CHdY\P?N]BJGMP?NksSV-P?N~IZV/sSL!HC@CIQGM\NEBONQPKr5@CIZNq@d:G-:AG-HbV-e/Bt_xV-Pc\NwBOL!G-IZN]B^¶ÞG-:AWÚANEP?N]B?Y!Hb\NEB?L!G-IZNtfÞ@C:TN]GMPvHC@bNQPIv>AGMLA\NQP?NqIZV/Y!HCW[NQr-N]:¥NkG-:\V-\NQPzVUV-ß�! ®"xà#"âá±ã2,/äAä³á±6æåÒä�ç®3Xè%é$ä!ê

    9;:ëA@dB}BON]IZ\PKNQN@CsLV-PKAN¥LNQP?_oV-PO{sG-:AIZNTV-_ky5Y\N]Y\N]BQg³ì�B?V/Y\PKIZNTV-_~sSV-\NyUYAN]Y\N]@C:\esSVXW\N]HCBS@CB^ANW\N]B?@bPKNSANQP?NS@CB~NQr5@dW\N]:AIZN^AGMANIZV/sE!@d:AGM\NSANZ{:\V/sSN]:AG ¿ g½ï~:AN}LV/B?B?@bFHbN}sSVXW\N]HjV-_zA@CBEL!>\N]:\V/sSN]:AV/:@CBcGIZV/sSL!HbNZÁy5Y\N]Y\N]@d:\eBO|XBO!@CB®IZV/:AGM\NqBO|XBO

  • ËÎÍÏõùXÏúÈ®ÅzÊzÉ2ÉúÈnûºüÉÒÑ8Ä®Æzý+ÉJÑ À-«X©

    IQG-YAB?NcRJV-P?U{$@C:X{7LAPKV5IZN]B?Bk@d:r-N]:Ut\NpyUYAN]Y\N]B®IZV/:\Np!@b\NERJV-P?U{$@C:X{7LAPKV5IZN]B?BzAGMAGM\NT@C:\LFY\AGMU\NS_aG-@CHCYAP?N]B~IQG-:A:\V-ANw@CsL!G-IZAP?NQNqWA@NQP?N]:U\NqLNQP?_oV-PKsG-:!IZNk\NqB?NQP?r5@dIZNk\NE_oG-@CHdY\P?N\Np\NQQ�)a°a��}wZv�CS@CBc\N[\N��QM���X?ca��}EZv�C`@CBpANq^AN`IQG-BONz@C:cR>!@CIK>^\NmLNQP?_oV-PKsG-:!IZNmAG-:¯\N}BONQP?rX@CIZNS\NLNQP?_oV-PKsG-:AIZN\N¯òO>5YX{sG-:!ôS\NEB?NQP?r5@dIZNq\N[ANqLAP?VXWAYAIZ!@CIK>s@be/>U

  • À-«-« Ä®ÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    �2GMPKAyUY!GM-N[WA|5:AG-s}@CIQBcR4V/YAHdWBONQN]s \V-P?\N�òOBONQPKr5@CIZN]ô5YABcsG]|NwsSN]G-B?Y\P?N]W@C:\N±\N^BO|XBOA@CIK>BONQP?r-N^G-BkG-:AG-HbV-e/BV-_jANBONQP?rX@CIZN`\N`scYAIv>}HbV/:\e-NQP2ABV-P|-N]GMPKB]AV-P`NQr-N]:¥HCV/:\e-NQP]g

    �>\N]:w\N~

  • ËÎÍÏõùXÏúÈ®ÅzÊzÉ2ÉúÈnûºüÉÒÑ8Ä®Æzý+ÉJÑ À-«-´

    9;:SB?YAIv>}GkHC@Cs}@b\NLNQP?_oV-PKsG-:AIZN\NzVr-NQPKG-HCH!LNQP?_xV-PvsG-:AIZN@CsL!G-IZ

  • À-«Îµ Ä®ÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    P?NQLAP?N]B?N]:ANLNQPKBOLN]IZ\NEHbV/:\eSLNQP?_oV-PKsG-:!IZNtB?YAIv>cHd@Cs@bmñ?YAsSLFB_oV-P®y5Y\N]Y\N]BnR@CEBONQP?rX@CIZNp@C:UANhHC@Cs}@b\NcB?NQP?r5@dIZN@C:UAN`BO|5B?T\Nq· Û ANBOAG-BO\NS·¸t\N:AN]@be/>V-PK>AVUVXWV-_#GSHC@Cs@b

  • ËÎÍÏwvÏ�üoxpÊzÉÐÄ�xmühÇ4ýû]Ä®ÆÈ®É2Ôyx`Ñ8Änûºý+ý8ÆÈnûzxpÓkÑ À-«-ªHC@ds@b\NQP?N-g±ï_pIZV/Y\PKB?N-8RJNG-IZAGM

  • À-«-À Ä®ÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    i`>\N^DFPKBO\N]BONtB?LN]IQ@dG-HCHb|±WAN]B?@be/:AGMAGM\Nq·=¸\NqP?N]BKYAHb\NQP[BOL!G-IZNV-_k_oYA:!IZ\NtFYAIZANtIZV/:Ur-NQP?e/@C:\e[_aYA:AIZANHC@Cs@C>\N]G]r5|{7AN]BONSHCGMP?e-NQPkBOL!G-IZN]BQgci`>5YAB~@b\N]HbLA_aYAH®A@CIK>½B?>\VRzBEAGM[\NE· ¸

  • ËÎÍÏwvÏ�üoxpÊzÉÐÄ�xmühÇ4ýû]Ä®ÆÈ®É2Ôyx`Ñ8Änûºý+ý8ÆÈnûzxpÓkÑ À-«/ØANPKNZ!N]IZAGM!G]r-N�¦®¼�W d\¿ +¦®¼l¬W ¿ g ´¥V-P?NQV)r-NQP]B?@C:AIZN~A@CBm:ANQR§AGM\NT_aG-IZ<AGM\NmP?NZFN]IZ\NTV-PvW\NQP@C:³R>A@dIK>³\NTLV/@C:U

  • À-«-Ü Ä®ÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    ¶ÖN]IQG-YABON\NQP?N~GMP?N~sG-:|wWA@NQP?N]:U\N~B?G-sSNe-PKGML!>%g#Ne/@br-N2Ú�G-:EG-:AG-HbV-eV-_5AN2· Û sNQ\NjBOL!G-IZNz¼afh¾?· ÛZ¿ @b\Nke-PKGML!>ABmIZV-PKP?N]BOLV/:AW[\NtV-PKW\NQP`L!YA^Úø@C:!BO\NqV-PKW\NQPzLV/@C:ANP?NZ!N]IZ

  • ËÎÍÏËÊ5ÏúÈ®ÅzÉ�ÑXÇÆEÄ®ÉÒ¶ À-«-Â�! #"KÌj"îáwãjä�ç74è3XäÎÍ

    ïkY\P4e-N]:ANQPKG-HGMLALAP?V/G-Iv>±\N^W\NZDF:!@bANc·=¸EG-:AW·ëÛz\N4!G-:fN]IQG-YABONkANq_oY!:AIZ\NEB?L!G-IZNqV-_`~z�XK°aM¡a°õbZ

    ¼�W+¾Ðn¾ÂlZF¼�p ¿ p�r/Ð- ¿ ¾ ¼oµ\gC© ¿R>ANQP?N�W§r§fÑÏ×f¼Q` ÃX¾�a7¾QcV¡ ¿ jANwBOLFG-IZNwV-_G-HCH4PK@be/>U

    f�Ò±bÓ-¼�W ¿gÔ Ð Ô ` ÃX¾�a2¾ ¼oµ\g¬« ¿G-:AW\_xV-P`N]G-Iv>'p�r.Ðp@ZF¼�p ¿ @CB`G}IZV/sSL!G-IZAGM< Wn¼�p ¿ ¾QWn¼�p�! ¿ r/ZF¼�p ¿ _xV-PzG-HCHpgr.Ð[� ¼oµ\g¬´ ¿

    NIQG-HCH`AN¥_aYA:AIZ\NÎÕ?Î]���X¡Faa-¡Ag�NIQG-HCH(ÐÖ\NhBONQ\N:\NQRÖ_aYA:AIZ\Nk:\NQR§_aYA:AIZANFG-BONk_oY!:AIZ\N±BONQANzBONQAGM

  • À-´Mà ĮÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    Þ:AHC@b-NqANEe-PKGML!>!BXqG-:AW.ßà_xV-PXW�rf'WANZDF:\N]W¥@d:h¨5N]IZ\NtBONQ\NQPmP?N]BO\N±²G-YAB?WAV-PO¦sSNQAGM\V/Y\<G-WAW!@bAGM<LAP?V-LNQP?

  • ËÎÍÏËÊ5ÏúÈ®ÅzÉ�ÑXÇÆEÄ®ÉÒ¶ À-´X©ë�ìqEí@îjEH? FGLI£¢>IMFNI ¼oN]y5YA@brMG-HbN]:U\N^²zG-Y!B?W\V-PO½sSNQANQP?NtGMLALFHC@bN]WT

  • À-´-« Ä®ÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    ë�ì³Eí@îjE? FG"I£¢qIþ¢qI ¼aIZV/sSL!GMPv@CBOV/:Rz@bT\NEY!:A@b_oV-PKssSNQ\NsNQ

  • ËÎÍÏËÊ5ÏúÈ®ÅzÉ�ÑXÇÆEÄ®ÉÒ¶ À-´-´@ógN-gb+N]G-IK>L!G-@bPkV-_pLV/@C:U.ÅGIZV/:U\NSe-PKGML!>L�nN-ge\gb#BONQNw¨5N]IZAGM\N@CsGMe-NSV-_JL!GMPKG-sNQ!GMAGM\NQP?NcNZÁX@dBOAGMAGM\NQPKNNZÁ\@CBO\NwYA:A@bV/:V-_q¼�²®¼M± ¿ ¾Q°A¼M± ¿O¿ V)r-NQP^G-HdH-±+Ã�¹±×©M#G-:AWG-HCH#RJN]GM¯L!GMPKG-sNQ\N2PvG-:\e-N4V-_\AN2_aYA:AIZ

  • À-´Îµ Ä®ÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    UNQANIZV/:AW!@b\NЮ· ¸ G-:!WÃl·¸p\N`e-PKGML!>!B>SG-:AW/ßàU!\Nk_xV/HdHbVR@d:\eSIZV-P?V/HCHCGMP?|[@CBm@Cs}sSN]WA@CGM

  • ËÎÍÏ ÍÏúÄ®ÅzÆÊÆEÄÈ®É2ÊûNMÆÈ®û�xpÓkÑ�xpÕ�·=¸Ä�xpÓPOnÉ4ÊRQmÉ2ÓSÄ®Éëû;Óж À-´-ªU8NQ< S

    ¼Â·W8Û]¾S·WF¸M¾Qp°¾%ê ¿ Ï ä ¼ FLG ¼Â·WÛ ¿ ¼�p ¿ ¾�·WF¸/¼�p ¿O¿ ¼óª5g¬´ ¿R>ANQP?N ä @CBp\NE²G-YAB?WAV-POsNQ!GM\N_aYA:AIZ\NPK@Ce/>ANEBONQ\N^HbNQ_oUAGM

  • À-´-À Ä®ÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    R@b1p ÛQ] ¡ G-:!WYp ¸�] ¡ ANqIZV/YA:AGM\NQV-PKN]sTgj9º<@CB`G-:G-:!G-HbV-eV-_®i`>\NQV-P?N]sî©]«5gC©-©MgC©t_oV-Pc¼afh¾Ð®·¸ ¿ gë�ì³Eí@îjE? FG"IGLI¶F@I ¼aG-Hb

  • ËÎÍÏji-ÏúÄ�xpÓPOnÉ4ÊRQmÉ2ÓSÄ®ÉúÈmxÒÉlkÈ®ÊÉ4ühÆý½Ç4ÊàxEÄ®ÉJÑAÑ\ÉJÑ À-´/Ø�AV-PY·W0r½¶%HbNQAGMAGMAGr-N~ªd ~¹@d:S¶©Ï�¶w¼Q` ÃX¾�a7¾Qc ¿ @C:^AGM\NqIQG-BONE@d:[R>A@CIv>'�WdwS��� ©jE@dBmGSBON]yUYAN]:AIZNV-_n9?9�l:\V/:!:\NQe/GMTIQW\_nÚS\R>\NQPKNANqIZV/sSL!HbN]sSN]:U

  • À-´-Ü Ä®ÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    IQW\_#Ú Ø Ïÿ© !=Ú�@CBP?NQe/YAHCGMPvHb|±rMGMP?|X@C:\eRz@b@C:AWANZÁ.!�4@ógN-gbFÚ Ø r¼_!� ¿ FR@C� «5gÐi>AGM\N��\P?N]Iv>\NQANhHC@Cs}@b\NtDF:A@b

  • ËÎÍÏji-ÏúÄ�xpÓPOnÉ4ÊRQmÉ2ÓSÄ®ÉúÈmxÒÉlkÈ®ÊÉ4ühÆý½Ç4ÊàxEÄ®ÉJÑAÑ\ÉJÑ À-´-Âð ��~ñ³oXXMO��}Q$Q�o\~°\M¡Z¡Faa�5�b£Mo¡U �a��¥o¡ëZ7-$�Wúd}¼�W ¿ Ï!¥HbV-e2Ú}¼�W ¿�^  /��-Z¡±oX-n���z]Kz�5v`o¡°7/$ Wqò+oX#FO]vZK��H�F"�°O��W=7±¼_!(hÒ¾ a2#ootFO�Õ?ÕZ�Ùa¶R±©V!¼ ¿ k¼�W ¿ � �ÎW�M¡F£g-o\Z°#d]zT²G]rX@C:\ewW\NZDF:\N]WhG-:AWIK>AGMPKG-IZ

  • Àε/à ĮÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    R>\NQP?N&Y�C®Ò� ©jc@CB`GSBON]y5Y\N]:AIZNqV-_®LV/@C:U\NJBOL!G-IZNJV-_ALV/@C:\Nq¨5-V-P?V/>AV5WwP?NQLAPKN]BON]:ANQV-P?N]s¹\N]:T_oV/HCHbV)RBE¼oLg!«X©-©EV-_¥N]B?:A@CIK ¿ !GM<

    · ö ] ö ù ¼9Wd ¿ +¼[¼�pº¸g!0pvÛ ¿ @C: c ¼óÀ5gC©]ª ¿

  • ËÎÍÏ7½]ÏúÈ®ÅzÉ�ÑXÇÆEÄ®ÉÒÚ ÀεA©_oV-PJG-HdsSV/BO

  • Àε« Ä®ÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    NmIQG-HCH5\N4ANJ·ëÛnANQV-P?N]su©]«5g¬´5gC©MRJNJIQG-:^IZV/:AIQHCY!W\N2AGM< / ô @d:w¼7ØUg¬« ¿ @CBnGV/:AGÎDW\NsSNQ

  • ËÎÍÏÌËÏÎÍ!Ï+ÉLÏ+É2ûºÓUQ§ÆÇ2Ç4ýû]Ä®ÆÈnûzxpÓkÑ Àε´�QM±��>p�r¯Ð-ò~M¡£��ZM}®aQ¯oXEXMO��}Qa°óT?æF?°]Z¡!7-aóM¡¦x��M¡F-7-¡[o¡oX~-;£Q~-¡[o\m -Ov!/k£¶ó2¡?£co¡ ?aaM¡©]«5g¬´ÀT O XQ¡¥¼af¨mo¾ / ô ¿ �ZM / ô o¡¼7ØUg¬« ¿x~5��}?��M$!ów7[¼af¥¾Ð®·ëÛ ¿ T � ¡F£v?£jò/ ô ¼l¬WÛ]¾¬WF¸ ¿ , / ô ¼sÆ#¼l¬WÛ ¿ ¾Æ#¼l¬WF¸ ¿O¿ ¼7ØUg¬ª ¿®XQO / ô ¼sÆ#¼l¬WÛ ¿ ¾Æ#¼l¬WF¸ ¿O¿ dqo¡!$Q7F?Q$K£ÎEoX��}]avóM¡Tf o¡¼ó´5gÙØ ¿ Q� ?aa-¡©]«5g¬´ÀTNm:\V)R³e/@br-NmG-:tNZÁ\G-sSL!HCN2\V)R³>AVR�Ú�G-HCHbVRzBnY!B8\V)RøAGMAG]r-N�W d +«Wh@d:¯¼af¥¾?· ¸)¿ NW d +«W@C:¯¼afh¾?· Û°¿ G-:AWWed�+ ¬W@C:½¼aÚm¾?·ëÛ ¿ gmìz:h@CsSLV-P?AGM\NE·=¸kHC@Cs}@b

  • Àε-µ Ä®ÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    V-_q\NW\NQëG½B?AG-BOAGM\N]:¥V-AANHbV/:\e-NQP4\N`LNQPKBOLN]IZ\NzHbV/:\e-NQP2\NSB?>\V-PK\NtV-PK@be/@C:AG-H+W\NQ\NtV-PKW\NQP@C:TR>A@dIK>ANqLV/@C:\NcB?>\V-P?AGM\N@C:XD:A@b\NcBO|XBOANEW\VRz:T\NcB?N]yUY\N]:!IZNcV-_4B?YAIQIZN]B?B?@Cr-NY\L¦G-:AW�W\V)R:³AGMAGM\NBO|5B?ª º Ï�ÃXgUNQ

  • ËÎÍÏÌËÏÎÍ!Ï+ÉLÏ+É2ûºÓUQ§ÆÇ2Ç4ýû]Ä®ÆÈnûzxpÓkÑ ÀεªB?>AVR�>AVRëANz:\NQ

  • ÀεÀ Ä®ÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    R>\NQP?NÃ��ç0� © G-:AW è �ëÃY� ¼óÜ5g¬À ¿{zV-\N

  • ËÎÍÏÌËÏÎÍ!Ï+ÉLÏ+É2ûºÓUQ§ÆÇ2Ç4ýû]Ä®ÆÈnûzxpÓkÑ ÀεUØ@CBEW\NQ\NELAPKV5IZN]B?B@CBz@CW\N]:U\NcNZÁ\IQY\PKB?@bV/:!BQ!BOV[G-HCH\NqB?AGMAG]r-NpA@CBnBOLN]IQ@CG-H5BO\N]:h@C:ANtHC@Cs}@bAGM§�m\N¥LAPKV5IZN]B?BP~ßd�] ¡ IZV-P?P?N]B?LV/:!WABS\Np@C:

  • ÀÎµÜ Ä®ÅÆzÇ~È®É2ÊÌËÎÍÏÐÈ®ÅÉÒÑ\ÇÆEÄ#ÉJÑwÉÒÆzÓÔÖÕ

    R@b º , ÃXg V/:AB?N]yUY\N]:UANhHC@Cs}@bc ¡ ÿG-Bx��+ihÒgi`>\NtG-WAWA@b\NEínV/@CBKBOV/:LAPKV5IZN]B?BFg . @br-N]:=AGM\NS_oV/Y\PqPKG-:AWAV/s'rÎGMPv@CGM!HbN]Bæ ¼�p�! ¿ Ãî ¡ ]Û Ãî ¡ ] ¸ G-:AW{î ¡ ] ¢ Ei`>ANLAP?VXIZN]B?BsSV)r-N]B_oP?V/s ã º Ïòæ ¼�p! ¿ ÃX¾~ã º nóî ¡ ]Û /~\N]:§ÃX¾~ã Û n§î ¡ ] ¸ wG-:AW¯DF:AG-HCHb|