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GENDER, FOOD

SECURITY AND

NUTRITIONOlivier De Schutter

ADB-FAO-WOCAN High-Level Consultation - Bangkok, 24-26 July 2013

Olivier De Schutter - Gender, Food Security and NutritionThe views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments

they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply any view

on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.


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Olivier De Schutter - Gender, Food Security and Nutrition


I. Womens access to food and nutrition: its direct and

instrumental value

II. The many faces of discrimination

1. Women as food producers2. Womens access to employment3. Transformative social protectionIII. Looking forward: Key Recommendations


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1. Womens access to food and nutrition: its direct and itsinstrumental value


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AVAILABILITY increased production and imports

ACCESSOwn-production Income-generating

employment

Social protection

through solidarity

networks or State

ADEQUACY diversity of diets

UTILIZATION feeding practices, health and sanitation

The right of women and girls to adequate food andnutrition

The instrumental value of gender equality


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Source: UNICEF, The state of the world's children 1998

OutcomesChild malnutrition,death, and disability

Disease

Underlying causes(household level)

Immediate causes

Insufficientaccess to food

Inadequate maternaland child practices

Poor water andand inadequate

health servicessanitation

Inadequatedietaryintake

Basic causes(societal level)

Quantity and quality of actualresourceshuman, economic,and organizationaland the

way they are controlled

Inadequate or inappropriateknowledge and

discriminatory attitudeslimit household access to

actual resources

Potential resources:environment, technology, people

Political, economic, cultural,and social systems, including

the status of women, limitthe utilization of

potential resources


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Improvednutritional

outcomes as aresult of

genderempowerment

Strongerbargaininghouseholdwithin the

family:choices

mades for the

benefit ofhealth,

education andnutrition of

children

Higher educationleading toimproved

knowledge aboutfeeding practices

Role ofwomen aseconomic

agents, withinthe food

systems andin other parts

of theeconomy: asource of

income forthe family


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Discrimination in

access to economicactivity as a result ofdisempowerment

Weakbargaining

position

within thehousehold

Disproportionateburden from the

householdeconomy

Time poverty:fewer

opportunities toseek education

and outsideemployment

Lower levels ofeducation,

language barriers,

mobility barriers

The cycle that must be broken


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Recognition: acknowledge the time and mobilityconstraints women face

Relief: provide services that can relieve women from

the burden they shoulder

Redistribution: challenge the gender roles andinvolving men in the change


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II. The many faces of discrimination

1.Women as food producers2.Womens access to employment3.Transformative social protection


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Women staybehind with thechildren and the

elderly, facingdiscrimination asfood producers

Educationalopportunities forwomen and girlsdiminish becauseof increased time

poverty

Lower levels ofeducation of

women

Gendered normsreinforced and

women in chargeof the "careeconomy"

Men seek off-farm employment

in the industry

and servicessectors

The gendered nature of the agrarian transition


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Source : FAO, State of Food Insecurity 2011 (fig. 1)Female share in agriculture : total number of women active in agriculture / total

population active in agriculture. Regional averages weighted by population.


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