Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0...

265

Transcript of Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0...

Page 1: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

"!# %$'&( )* +&+, )* .-/$( 021435$( 768+)*9:11<;=68&($( > 1)? !@)? %)?

AB$( CDE+&

FG

HIKJML%NPORQ2S2T%UWVJMQ2XNZY[ZL%LJ

\]_^`].abSIcORL%Oed Ggf UMhRhi[PjW[+kEl F hROiL<monpIq[rhRJML%sut+vZwMwWx\:]_^y]znc]abSIKOiL%O|d Ggf UWhihi[PjW[kEl F hiORL<mn~Iq[ZhJML%sutvZwWwWxX]NM]abSIKOiL%O|d Ggf UWhihi[PjW[kEl F hiORL<mnpIc[ZhJL%sut+vZwWwWx

^ s%OiQcQ[PId5JdOiUWLQql F VO|dqdc[rsOiL@oJIdKOJMhQcJdKOiQqbJMNdKORUWLUMdT[Iq[Zl%O|Iq[rV[ZLdQ'UMIdKT[s[PjWIq[Z[UM

kUNdKUMIUM?T%OihRUWQqUMT GORL

?LjOiL[Z[PIcORLj f O|ORhu?LjORL[P[PIKOiLjORLgdKT[

^Ek+^S"k+nnnU.dKT[

Enp n~S¡ UM f ^E¢.n£H En~^`mu\( Y¤¢.

¥§¦5¨(¨¡©«ª¬ª­­©z®¯p°²±K³¬´5­Kµ¶ ³¬¦·e­¸¬¸b¦5³¹º³b­´5¦5³»¼%½²¾²­®¿5­¸ÀM¥§°²±©_³¶ ³¬¦·e­¸¬¸b¦5³ÁPª­Âðí®Ä*½+ÅE±°Ã©_®¶ ³¬¦·e­¸¬¸b¦5³Æ5±¨¡­¸ÇȽɭ¨(¨¡­Ê

¾±Ê_ÊËÌÌÍ

Page 2: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

S2T[=s%OiQcQ[PId5JdOiUWLUMºHIKJML%NPORQS2T%UWVJMQXNrY+[ZL%LJ OiQJ%%IcU²W[rs

L%Oe[ZIcQqO|d G UM f JhROiUMIcL%ORJm\?[ZIW[Zhi[ G

HJMhih¤vZwMw

Page 3: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

"!# %$'&( )* +&+, )* .-/$( 021435$( 768+)*9:11<;=68&($( > 1)? !@)? %)?

AB$( CDE+&

! " #$ &% ('&) #*

Page 4: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Ë6 1 )*<

!#"$&%' )(+*+ ),-"."/01*321 ),-"$546(+ )798:;(< &=>1,-?388@A=>*+(+ B"/8,-1C%D,E ),-

F6(<".GH31*FG

HIKJML%NPORQ2S2T%UWVJMQ2XNZY[ZL%LJkEU NdUI2UM?T%ORhiUWQqUMT G ORL

?LjOiL[Z[PIcORLj f O|ORhu?LjORL[P[PIKOiLjL%Oe[ZIcQqO|d G UM f JhROiUMIcL%ORJm\?[ZIW[Zhi[ G*IcUM [rQqQqUMI Iq[ZjWUMI G ¢*]oH[rL[ZQZm f TJMO|I

I °Ã©z¸EJé_¸¬¸b­³bª±Kª©_¦5®?Âób­¸b­®ª¸u±®Ã­LKJí¸¬©z´®'·e¦³¦NMPOb­¯ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJSR²®Ã©_ª¬­­Ê_­¨(­®ª%¸b¦· ªK±K³¬­½I °Ã­AJr­¸¬©_´5®EÂr³¬¦¿P©TJí¸·e¦5³±'¿K±³b©z­£ª »¦·%¸bª¬³VUWUó¬±Ê±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸<¨(­ª°r¦Jø<ª¦XM­Â­³b·e¦³¬¨(­YJE¦®R²®Ã©«ª­­Ê_­¨(­®ª ¨¡¦PJíÊz¸©_®ZM¦ª¬°:¸b­Y[Uí® ª¬©±Ê ±®J²±K³±Ê_Êz­Ê¯¦5¨(ÂUrª¬©z®Ã´¤­®¿Z©_³¬¦5®r¨¡­® ª¬¸½\ ®`ª°Ã­]R²³¬¸ª¤Â²±³ª*¦·ª¬°Ã­^Jr©z¸¬¸b­³ªp±Kª¬©z¦5®y±E®Ã­LK/Jí¸¬©_´5®`©z¸Âó¬­¸¬­® ª¬­YJ ·e¦5³_R²®Ã©«ª­­Êz­¨¡­® ª

±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸½ \ ®y±:ª³¬±`J髪©z¦®²±Ê¦`MPOb­¯£ª0Q ¦³¬©z­®ª­YJaJí¸b©z´5®WÀ±®y±®²±Ê«»Z¸ª¯¦5®Ã¸ª³0U窱¸?±¸b©z®Ã´Êz­'¦NMQOb­¯£ªÀª¬°Ã­±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸¦NMPOb­¯ªÀ ª¦ ­³·e¦5³¬¨ ª°Ã­±K®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸½ \ ® ª°Ã­®r­LKCJr­¸¬©_´5®WÀ<ª°Ã­±K®²±Ê_»bQ¸¬©_¸*¯Êz±¸¬¸*©z¸AMr³¬¦NcK­® ©z®ª¬¦+¸¬­Â²±³±cª­¯¦5¨¡Â¦5®Ã­®ª¤¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸µ \ ®ª­´5³±Kª¬¦5³À%¥§¦5®Ã¸bª¬³±©_®ªed.±K®JÃÊz­³ÀÉ_f¾ g3Ur¨hM­³¬­³ÀÃÄ®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸¬ÄÊz´5¦³¬©_ª¬°Ã¨:ÀPÄ®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸Å¦Jr­ÊRÀZ¾ji i%Êz­¨(­®ªÀÃÉ_f¾ ¹³¬¦NUrÂWÀ²ÁP»P¸!Qª­¨kf.·liE[ ®WÀ ±®JyÁZ¦5Ê_¿­³½nm¸¬©_®Ã´2ª°Ã©_¸_Jí¸b©z´5®WÀ±K®y±®Ã±Ê_»P¸bªº¯³¬­±Kª­¸*±®=±®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸Âó¬¦P¯­LJUób­M»yÂób¦¿Z©oJéz®r´E¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸¤¦·ª°r­¯¦5¨(¦5®Ã­®ª*¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸*ª¦ª°Ã­2±K®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸¦NMPOb­¯£ªqp ¸¤¯¦5®r¸bª³0U窱¦5³Yrª°Ã­ª »P­¦·¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸3Jí­®Jé_®Ã´¦5®2ª¬°Ã­ª »P­º¦·%±®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸ª°Ã­±®Ã±Ê_»P¸bª9K<©_¸¬°Ã­¸<ª¬¦¡Â­³·e¦5³¬¨:½I °Ã©z¸<±KÂÃÂó¬¦5±¯p°¦`sM­³¬¸´5³b­±KªtívuZ©TMé_Êz©«ª »5ÀPM­¯±`Uøb­ª°Ã­º±®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸¯±K®wM­¿K±³¬©_­YJxM»¯p°²±K®Ã´5©z®r´ª°Ã­ ª »P­¸¦·¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸Â²±¸b¸¬­YJª¬¦ª¬°Ã­.¯¦5®Ã¸bª¬³VU¦5³À²±®J­vuPª­®Ã¸¬©oMézÊ_©_ª »5ÀM­¯±`Uø¬­ª°Ã­ ª »Z­¸§¦·±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸oÂób¦Z¯­YJUób­¸§ª¬°²±Kªu¯±®^M­Â­³b·e¦5³b¨¡­LJ©z¸o´5³b­±Kª¬Ê_»'©z®r¯³¬­±¸¬­LJkM»'ª°Ã­©z®ª³b¦JUr¯ª©_¦5®(¦·±2®Ã­LK#¯¦5¨(¦®Ã­®ªº¸VUM¯Ê±¸b¸½ I °Ã­¤·yUî©z¦®²±Êz©«ª »:¦·uª¬°Ã­'¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸_Uø¬­LJy©_®+ª°Ã­'®Ã­vKzJí¸¬©z´®±³¬­ºÂób­¸b­®ª­LJ+·e¦5³ ±®©_®Ã¯³b­¨(­®ªp±KÊ5Jéz¸bÂÃʱ¯­¨(­®ª ¸¬¦5ÊoUrª©_¦5®¦·ª¬°Ã­º­Y[Ué_Êz©TMr³¬©TUr¨ ­Y[U²±cª©z¦®Ã¸½

Page 5: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

i uZª¬­®Ã¸b©z¦5®r¸.ª¦(ª°Ã­hJr­¸¬©_´5®+±K³¬­ª¬°Ã­®Âr³¬­¸b­®ª­LJ·e¦5³¨(¦PJ²±Ê±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸.±®J+¨¡¦PJ²±Êª¬³±®Ã¸b©z­® ª±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸½I °Ã­Jí¸¬©_´5®*©_¸ ­£¿K±ÊTU²±cª­YJ M»¯¦5¨(²±³¬©_®Ã´ ±®*©_¨¡ÂrÊz­¨(­®ª±Kª©_¦5®Uø¬©_®Ã´<ª°Ã­u¦NMPOb­¯£ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJ

ʱ®r´NU²±´5­¥ K<©«ª°'±.Âr³¬¦P¯­YJUó±ÊZÂ󬦴5³±¨:½ I °Ã­³¬­¸VUÃÊ«ª¸%¸b°Ã¦ K ª¬°²±Kªª¬°Ã­®UèhM­³¦·¥ ¶ m¯»P¯Ê_­¸ ­vuZ¯ÊoUJé_®Ã´XJr©z¸Vc2©K¦'³¬­L[PUr©z³¬­LJDM»M¦ª°:Â󬦴5³±¨(¸ ±³¬­º¸b©z¨(©zʱK³MUrª ª°Ã±Kª<ª°Ã­¦NMPOb­¯ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJÂr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨ Ur¸¬­¸ ¨(¦5³¬­¦· ª°r­º¿P©_³bªWUñʱ`JJr³¬­¸b¸¸b²±¯­½I °Ã­¸¬­¯¦5®J:²±³ª¦·ª¬°Ã­1Jé_¸¬¸¬­³bª±Kª©_¦5®·e¦P¯YUøb­¸¦5®2­;uZª¬­®Jr©z®Ã´¤ª°r­1Jí¸b©z´5®ª¬¦'±ÊzÊ_¦ K ®Ã¦5®Q

¦¿5­³bʱÂrÂéz®Ã´aJæ5¨¡±©z® Jí¯¦5¨(¦5¸b©_ª¬©z¦5® ¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJø(ª¦6M­DUøb­YJ&JUób©z®Ã´=ª°Ã­+±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸½ I Ku¦®Ã­LK ¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸À ¹³±Âð ¶ ±³ª©_ª¬©z¦5®r­³ ±®J¤É¦¨±©_® ¶ ±K³bª©«ª©_¦5®Ã­³Àq±³¬­u©z®ª³b¦JUï­LJ*·e¦5³ ²±³bª¬©_ª¬©z¦5®Ã©_®Ã´ª°Ã­XJæ5¨¡±©z®M½wg ­LK ¸VUM¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸'±K³¬­©_®ª³¬¦PJUï­YJy·e¦³ª°r­^Jæ5¨¡±©_®'Jí¯¦5¨(¦5¸¬©«ª©z¦®WÀ©_®Ã¯ÊoUJQ©z®Ã´2ÁUM Jæ5¨¡±©z®WÀ ¶ ±K³bª©«ª©_¦5®Ã­YJÃɦ5¨±K©z®WÀ²É¦¨±©_®²É­¯¦5¨(ÂÃÄ.®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸Àɦ5¨¡±©z®²É­¯¦5¨(ÂÃÄÊz´5¦ Q³¬©«ª°Ã¨ ±®Jɦ5¨±K©z®ÁZ¦Ê_¿5­³½I °Ã­*ª°r©z³VJ²±³ª¦·ª¬°Ã­AJr©z¸¬¸b­³ªp±Kª¬©z¦5®:·e¦Z¯LUø¬­¸¦5®EÂñ³±Ê_Êz­Ê R²®Ã©_ª¬­*­Êz­¨(­®ª¸¬¦5ÊoUrª©_¦5®EÂr³¬¦ Q

¯­LJUó¬­¸½>g­vK4¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸±³¬­:©z®ª³b¦JUï­LJ ·e¦5³'²±³¬±ÊzÊ_­ÊÂr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨(¨¡©_®Ã´ M²±¸b­YJ¦® ª°r­E±¯£ª¦5³Â󬦴5³±¨(¨(©z®Ã´¨(¦PJíÊiµÄ¯ª¦³Àr¥§°²±®Ã®Ã­ÊRÀZÅ­¸¬¸±K´5­ÀÃŦ¿± MÃÊz­qfMOb­¯ªÀ²ÅE±K¯p°Ã©z®Ã­§³¬¦`c­³Àf1MQOb­¯£ª§³b¦Nc­³À ±®J ÁZ°²± Jæ Kº½ I °Ã­(ÁZ°²± Jæ K ¯Êz±¸¬¸©_¸Â²±³ª©_¯YUÃÊz±³¬Ê«»©z¨(¦5³ªp±®ªª¦2ª°Ã­SJr­¸¬©_´5®WÀ±¸*©«ª±ÊzÊ_¦ K<¸Â²±³¬±ÊzÊ_­Ê%Âób¦Z¯­¸b¸¬©z®r´Eª¦wM­¡©z®ª³b¦JUr¯­YJy©z®`±ª³¬±®Ã¸¬Âñ³¬­® ª?¨±®r®Ã­³½EÁP°²±`Jæ K±Êz¸b¦'­³¬¨(©_ª®Ã¦®Q ¯¦5¨¡ÂUrªp±Kª¬©z¦5®Ã±ÊzÊ«»XJr­¨¡±®Jé_®Ã´'¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJøÀr©z®¿5¦NcK­YJ+¦®±K®¦NMOb­¯ª³¬­¸¬©oJéz®Ã´©z®(±³¬­¨¡¦ª¬­<Âó¬¦P¯­¸¬¸À ª¦_M­<­³b·e¦5³b¨¡­LJ¡Ê_¦Z¯±ÊzÊ«»5½ I K§¦¸VUM¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸À²ÁZ°Ã±`Jæ KÁUM Jæ5¨¡±©z®(±®JÄ.¯£ª¦5³ÁUM Jæ5¨¡±©z®WÀr±³¬­º©_® ª¬³¬¦PJUï­YJ·e¦5³Uø¬­º©_®:Âñ³±Ê_Êz­Ê R²®Ã©«ª­­Êz­¨(­®ª±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸½

Ä ®PUr¨hM­³¦·±®²±Ê«»Z¸b­¸-Uøb©z®Ã´ª¬°Ã­<¸VUMøª³0UïªVUó¬©_®Ã´ Jr¦5¨±K©z®Q Jí¯¦5¨¡Â¦5¸b©_ª©_¦5®¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJ'±³¬­Â­³b·e¦5³b¨¡­LJ¦5®ªKu¦'®Ã­ªKu¦5³Vc ¸<¦·5Ku¦5³Vc ¸ªp±Kª¬©z¦5®Ã¸½ I °Ã­³¬­¸VUÃÊ«ª¸¸b°Ã¦ Kgª¬°²±Kªª¬°Ã­.ª©_¨¡­<ªp± c­®2ª¬¦Â­³b·e¦5³b¨ª¬°Ã­¤±®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸©z®E²±³±KÊzÊz­ÊUø¬©_®Ã´2¨hUÃÊ«ª©zÂrÊz­_K§¦5³0c ¸bªp±cª©z¦®Ã¸¯±K® M­*·|±¸ª­³.ª°²±K®+ª°²±Kª³¬­L[PUr©z³¬­LJ:ª¬¦'­³b·e¦5³b¨Bª°r­±K®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸Uøb©z®Ã´(±¤¸¬©_®Ã´5Êz­1Ku¦5³0cP¸ªp±Kª¬©z¦5®MÀr·e¦5³¯­³bª±©z®­vur±¨(ÂÃÊ_­¸ª°Ã­Â²±³¬±ÊzÊ_­ÊÃÂób¦5´5³¬±¨ ©z¸o¦¿5­³oªK§­®ª »ª©_¨¡­¸%·|±¸bª¬­³ª°²±®(ª°Ã­¸¬­L[PUr­®ª©z±ÊÂr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨:½ I °Ã©_¸§©z¸-JUr­ª¦*ª¬°Ã­.³b­YJUr¯ª©_¦5®©_®¨¡­¨¡¦³b»'³¬­L[Uéz³b­¨(­®ª¸¦®ª°Ã­ K§¦³Vc ¸bª±Kª©_¦5®Ã¸±®Jª°Ã­ ·|±¯ªuª°²±cªÊ±K³¬´5­Â¦³bª©_¦5®Ã¸¦· ª°r­¯¦5¨(ÂUrªp±cª©z¦®2¯±®ZM­Jr¦5®Ã­º¯¦5®r¯YUób³¬­®ª¬Ê_»5½I °Ã­·e¦NUóª°`²±K³bª¤¦·ª¬°Ã­kJé_¸¬¸b­³bª±Kª©_¦5®y·e¦P¯YUøb­¸¤¦5®y¦NMrªp±K©z®Ã©_®Ã´DM­ªbª­³*­³b·e¦5³b¨±®r¯­¦®

±+²±³¬±ÊzÊ_­Êo¨±¯p°r©z®Ã­^K<°r­® ­³b·e¦5³b¨¡©_®Ã´DR²®r©_ª­­Êz­¨¡­®ª'±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸AM »aUø¬©_®Ã´ Jr»P®²±¨(©z¯Êz¦±`JM²±Êz±®Ã¯©_®Ã´Ã½Ä ®Ã­LK#±ÂÃÂr³¬¦±¯p°+ª¬¦kJr»P®²±¨(©z¯Êz¦± JDM²±Êz±®Ã¯©z®Ã´(·e¦5³ R²®Ã©«ª­­Êz­¨¡­®ª±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸.©z¸Âó¬­¸¬­® ª¬­YJ ©_®'K<°Ã©_¯p°y­Ê_­¨(­®ª¸¨¡©_´5³±cª­SM­ªKu­­® ¸0UM Jæ5¨¡±©z®Ã¸ºª¦³¬­LJUï­(ª°Ã­¡®UèhM­³¦·

Page 6: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

K±K¸bª­LJ¡¥ ¶ m¯£»P¯Êz­¸¦5®?ª¬°Ã­Â²±³¬±ÊzÊ_­Ê ¨¡±¯p°Ã©z®r­½Ä ®Ã­LK ¯Êz±¸¬¸À¼¦±`J §±Ê±®r¯­³À5©z¸©z®ª³b¦JUï­LJ±®J­vuZ©z¸ª©z®r´.¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸±³¬­u¨¡¦PJéoRíYJºª¦±KÊzÊz¦ K ·e¦5³ª°Ã©_¸®Ã­vK ±ÂÃÂób¦±¯p°W½ ­¸VUÃÊ«ª¸±³¬­uÂó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJK<°Ã©z¯p°¡¸¬°Ã¦ Kª¬°²±Kªª°r­ ª¬©z¨(­ªp±`cK­®¡ª¬¦Â­³·e¦5³¬¨ ª¬°Ã­ ±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸©_®¡±ºÂ²±³¬±ÊzÊ_­Êí®¿Z©_³¬¦5®r¨¡­® ªu¯±K®M­³b­YJUr¯­YJ]K<°Ã­®]Uøb©z®Ã´ª°r©z¸±ÂÃÂr³¬¦±¯p°¤ª¬¦ JZ»Z®Ã±¨¡©_¯Êz¦5±`JSM²±Êz±®Ã¯©_®Ã´ÃÀª¬°Ã­ª©_¨¡­<M­©z®Ã´º¨(¦5³¬­ª°²±K®°²±KÊ_¿5­LJ:·e¦³¯­³ªp±©_®­vur±¨(ÂÃÊz­¸½

¶ ³¬¦·e­¸¬¸¬¦³.¹³¬­´5¦5³»¼%½²¾²­®¿5­¸É©z¸b¸¬­³ªp±Kª¬©z¦5®:¥§¦¨¡¨(©_ªbª­­¥§°²±©z³

Page 7: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

©z©_©

(/"? G1,E )8

Page 8: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

©_¿

!"# $&%('*) +,.-/10 23)4 56 78 0 9 +4!: ; 0 <15* - 94 0 :

Ë5½_Ë ¶ ³b¦NMÃÊ_­¨4Á ªp±Kª¬­¨(­®ªE½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËË5½ fMOb­¯ª f³¬©_­®ª­LJ ¶ ³b¦5´5³±K¨¡¨(©z®Ã´ ½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½

Ë5½ fMOb­¯ª¬©_¿­¦K·ª¬°Ã­ ­¸¬­±K³¬¯p°½P½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ =Ë5½>= f¿­³¿Z©_­LK ¦K·É©_¸¬¸¬­³bª±Kª©_¦5®<½K½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?

@ 6 0 56%A7 0 B%A)DCE'GFH - HICJK4 0 B 5L 0 MBONP) 78 0 JQR <4 0 S ½_Ë \ ® ª¬³¬¦PJU©z¦® ½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ T ½ ŦJr­Êz©_®Ã´(¥§Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ T ½ ¾©z®Ã©«ª­i%Ê_­¨(­®ªÅ¦PJÃ­Ê ¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<U

½ ½_Ë g ¦Jí¥§Êz±¸¬¸½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë ½ ½ i%Êz­¨¡­®ª¥§Ê±¸b¸`½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËH= ½ ½ ¥§¦5®r¸bª³¬±©z®ª¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸M½½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÍ ½ ½>= ¼¦±`J¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸ ½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<T ½ ½V? ɦ5¨¡±©_®¥§Ê±¸b¸½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½

½>= Ä.®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸ ¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸½½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ? ½V? g3Uè(­³b©z¯±KÊ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸y½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?

½V?P½_Ë ÅE±cª³¬© u±®JOW­¯ª¦³.¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸½½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ KX ½V?P½ I ­®Ã¸b¦5³¥§Ê±¸b¸¬­¸?½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Í ½V?P½ ¼©z®r­±³ ÁP»P¸ª­¨4¦K·jiE[U²±Kª¬©z¦5®¥§Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸½P½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Í

½ X ÁUè(¨±³»º½½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ÍY CE'1FH - HIZCE4 0 B 5 ,.0 %A)M[< , )4M9\*78 @]

½_Ë \ ® ª¬³¬¦PJU©z¦® ½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ U ½ I °Ã­ \ ®Ã¯³b­¨(­®ªp±ÊÁZ¦ÊTUrª¬©z¦5®¦K·Eg¦®ÃÊz©_®Ã­±³¾©z®Ã©«ª­i%Ê_­¨(­®ª iE[PUñKª©_¦5®Ã¸M½½½5½5½ Ë ½ ijuZ©_¸bª©_®Ã´Xf1MPOb­¯£ª0Qf³b©z­®ª¬­YJ:Ä.ÂÃÂób¦±¯p°Ã­¸ ·e¦³

¾©z®Ã©«ª­i%Ê_­¨(­®ª<Ä.®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ = ½>= Äg­LKfMOb­¯ªQf³¬©_­®ª­LJÄÂÃÂób¦±¯p°·e¦5³ª°Ã­

Ä.®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸ÄÊz´5¦³¬©_ª¬°Ã¨ ½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ = ½>=r½_Ë Ä®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸ ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ =^=

Page 9: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

¿ ½>=r½ ÁZ¦ÊTUrª¬©z¦5®ÃÄÊz´5¦³¬©_ª¬°Ã¨ ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?KU ½>=r½ \ ®ª­´5³±cª¦5³ ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ? ½>=r½>= Ä®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸pÅ:¦JÃ­Ê ¥§Ê±¸b¸u½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?KT ½>=r½V? É_f¾ ¹³¬¦`UÃÂ¥§Ê±¸b¸½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ X Ë ½>=r½ X ¾ji i%Êz­¨¡­®ª¥§Ê±¸b¸½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ X ½>=r½ Í ¥§¦5®r¸bª³¬±©z®ªWd.±®JrÊz­³ ¥§Êz±¸¬¸ ½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ X ? ½>=r½ T É_f¾ g UèhM­³b­³¥§Ê±¸b¸½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ X^X ½>=r½ Ì ÁP»P¸ª­¨^f.·liE[P®E±®JEÁZ¦5Ê«¿5­³ ¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸2½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ X Í

½V? ijur±¨(ÂÃÊ_­ ¶ ³b¦5´5³¬±¨¡¸ ½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ÍPË ½V?P½_Ë ¾Ê_­vuZ©TMr©zÊz©«ª »½q½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ÍPË ½V?P½ i uPª­®Ã¸¬©oMézÊ_©_ª »½K½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Í

½ X ijuPª¬­®Ã¸b©z¦5®:¦·¾³¬±¨(­LKu¦5³Vcª¬¦Xfª¬°Ã­³ I »P­¸¦·Ä.®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸ ¶ ³¬¦P¯­YJUó¬­¸ ½½½5½5½ Í X ½ X ½_Ë i uPª­®Ã¸¬©_¦5®Ã¸<·e¦5³9i%©z´5­® ¿K±ÊoUíÄ.®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸ ½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Í X ½ X ½ i uPª­®Ã¸¬©_¦5®Ã¸<·e¦5³ ŦPJ²±Ê I ³±®r¸¬©z­®ªÄ®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸ ½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ T

CE'1FH - HIZCE4 0 B 5LQR78%( 0 QR - 7 <M94 0

=ý_Ë \ ® ª¬³¬¦PJU©z¦® ½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ TÌ=ý ɦ5¨±K©z®2É­¯¦5¨(¦¸¬©_ª¬©z¦5®2Å­ª¬°Ã¦Jr¸<·e¦³<¾©z®Ã©«ª­

iÊ_­¨(­®ª<Ä.®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸.½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ TÌ=ý ½_Ë g ¦5®Q ¦¿­³¬Êz±ÂÃÂé_®Ã´'ɦ5¨¡±©z®É­¯¦5¨(¦5¸¬©«ª©z¦®Å­ª¬°Ã¦PJø ½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ì^U=ý ½ ɦ5¨¡±©_® ¶ ±³ª©«ª©z¦®Ã©z®Ã´½c½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ì ?

=ý ijuZ©_¸bª©_®Ã´Xf1MPOb­¯£ª0Qf³b©z­®ª¬­YJ:Ä.ÂÃÂób¦±¯p°Ã­¸ ª¬¦É¦5¨±K©z®2É­¯¦5¨(¦¸¬©_ª¬©z¦5®¤½c½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ì5Í

=ý>= Äg­LKfMOb­¯ªQf³¬©_­®ª­LJÄÂÃÂób¦±¯p°ª¦¡É¦5¨±K©z®2É­¯¦5¨(¦¸¬©_ª¬©z¦5®:½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBU U=ý>=r½_Ë ¶ ±³bª¬©_ª©_¦5®Ã­LJ²É¦5¨¡±©z®¥§Ê±¸b¸½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBUrË=ý>=r½ ɦ5¨¡±©_® ¶ ±³ª©«ª©z¦®Ã­³§¥§Ê±¸b¸E½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBU =ý>=r½ ¹³±Âr° ¶ ±³ª©«ª©z¦®Ã­³<¥§Êz±¸¬¸ ½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBU =ý>=r½>= ÁUM J樱©_®:¥§Ê±¸b¸½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBU^==ý>=r½V? ɦ5¨¡±©_®²É­¯¦5¨¡ÂrÄ.®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸§¥§Ê±K¸¬¸ ½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBUÍ=ý>=r½ X ɦ5¨¡±©_®²É­¯¦5¨¡ÂrÄ.Êz´¦?¥§Êz±¸¬¸W½½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBU5Ì=ý>=r½ Í É¦5¨¡±©_®ÁZ¦5Ê«¿5­³¥§Ê±¸b¸ ½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBU5Ì

=ýV? ŦJr©oR²¯±Kª©_¦5®Ã¸§ª¬¦¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸<·e¦5³<ɦ5¨¡±©z®É­¯¦¨¡Â¦5¸¬©«ª©_¦5® ½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë5Ë

=ý X ijur±¨(ÂÃÊ_­ ¶ ³b¦5´5³¬±¨¡¸Ur¸¬©z®r´¡É¦¨±©_®É­¯¦¨¡Â¦5¸¬©«ª©_¦5® ½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë5Ë<=

%(9%A)) ) CE'1FH - HIZCE4 0 B 5L 0 4< NP)4 78 0 9%A77 0 ::?Z½_Ë \ ® ª¬³¬¦PJU©z¦® ½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë5ËqÍ?Z½ ÁUè(¨±³»¦K· ¶ ±³±Ê_Êz­Ê¥§¦5¨(ÂUrª©_®Ã´'½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë5ËÌ

?Z½ ½_Ë ¶ ±³±Ê_Êz­ÊMÄ.³b¯p°Ã©_ª¬­¯£ªWUób­¸½ ½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë5ËÌ?Z½ ½ ¶ ±³±Ê_Êz­Ê ¶ ³¬¦5´³±¨(¨¡©_®Ã´'ŦPJíÊz¸o½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë Ë?Z½ ½ ¶ ±³±Ê_Êz­Ê ¶ ³¬¦5´³±¨(¨¡©_®Ã´½c½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë ?Z½ ½>= ¶ ±³±Ê_Êz­Ê5f1MPOb­¯£ª0Q!f³b©z­® ª¬­YJE¥§¦5¨(ÂUrª©_®Ã´:½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë ^X

Page 10: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

¿Z©?Z½ ijuZ©_¸bª©_®Ã´'Ä.ÂÃÂr³¬¦±¯p°r­¸<ª¦ ¶ ±³¬±ÊzÊ_­Ê_©©_®Ã´ª¬°Ã­

¾©z®Ã©«ª­i%Ê_­¨(­®ªÅ­ª¬°Ã¦PJ*½½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë Ì?Z½ ½_Ë I °Ã­SUr¸¬­'¦·uɦ5¨¡±©z®É­¯¦5¨(¦5¸¬©«ª©z¦®Å­£ª°Ã¦PJøº©z® ¶ ±³±KÊzÊz­Ê¾©_®Ã©_ª¬­

i%Êz­¨¡­®ª<Ä.®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë U?Z½ ½ i uZ©z¸ª©z®r´¡ÄÂÃÂó¬¦5±¯p°Ã­¸ ª¦'ª°Ã­ ¶ ±K³±Ê_Êz­ÊÁZ¦5ÊTUZª©z¦®:¦K·%¼©z®Ã­±³ÁP»P¸bª¬­¨

f.· i-[U²±cª©z¦®Ã¸½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë Ë?Z½ ½ i uZ©z¸ª©z®r´3Uøb­¦· ¶ ±³¬±ÊzÊ_­ÊPf1MPOb­¯£ª0Q!f³b©z­® ª¬­YJ ¶ ³b¦5´5³±K¨¡¨(©z®Ã´©_®?¾©_®Ã©_ª¬­

i%Êz­¨¡­®ª<Ä.®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë ?Z½>= Ä ¶ ±³¬±ÊzÊ_­Êf1MPOb­¯ª0Q!f³¬©z­®ª­YJ ¶ ³¬¦5´³±¨(¨¡©_®Ã´

ŦJr­ÊW·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­¾©z®Ã©«ª­i%Ê_­¨(­®ªÅ­ª¬°Ã¦PJ½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë ?Z½V? ÄȾ³¬±¨(­LKu¦5³Vc·e¦³ ¶ ±³¬±ÊzÊ_­Ê5f1MPOb­¯ªQf³¬©_­®ª­LJ

¾©z®Ã©«ª­i%Ê_­¨(­®ª<Ä.®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë Í?Z½V?P½_Ë ÁZ°Ã±`Jæ KÈ¥§Êz±¸¬¸u½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë Ì?Z½V?P½ įª¦³ ¥§Ê±¸b¸½½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<= ?Z½V?P½ ¥§°²±K®Ã®Ã­Ê¥§Êz±¸¬¸=½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<= X?Z½V?P½>= Ä3JJó¬­¸¬¸.¥§Ê±¸b¸½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<= Í?Z½V?P½V? Å­¸¬¸¬±´5­*¥§Ê±¸b¸`½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<=Ì?Z½V?P½ X Ŧ¿K±`MÃÊ_­ f1MPOb­¯ª.¥§Ê±¸b¸ ½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9?^U?Z½V?P½ Í ÅE±K¯p°Ã©z®Ã­§³¬¦`c­³.¥§Ê±K¸¬¸ ½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9?ZË?Z½V?P½ T f1MPOb­¯ªu³¬¦NcK­³.¥§Ê±¸b¸o½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9?

?Z½ X ŦJr©oR²¯±Kª©_¦5®2¦·¥§Ê±¸b¸¬­¸·e¦5³ ¶ ±³±KÊzÊz­Êz©_¸¬¨ ½q½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9? ??Z½ X ½_Ë Å¦PJé R²¯±Kª¬©z¦5®ª¬¦¡¥§Ê±¸b¸ \ ®ª¬­³b·|±K¯­¸:½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9? ??Z½ X ½ ŦPJé R²¯±Kª¬©z¦5®ª¬¦¡¥§Ê±¸b¸.Å:­ª°r¦Jø½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9? ?

?Z½ Í ijur±¨(ÂÃÊ_­ ¶ ±³¬±ÊzÊ_­Ê ¶ ³b¦5´5³±K¨¡¸+½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9?Ì N +"%A7*)4 B - 99%A) ,.0 %A)M[<J% 0 5 9 78% 06- ND!(%A)6% 9 0 :":

X ½_Ë \ ® ª¬³¬¦PJU©z¦® ½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X X ½ ijur±¨(ÂÃÊ_­ÁPª³0UïªVUó±Ê Å:¦JíÊz¸½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X X ½ i%¿K±ÊoU²±Kª¬©z¦5®¦K·ª°r­Af1MPOb­¯ªQf³¬©_­®ª­LJEÉ­¸¬©z´®:¦®wm ®Ã©zÂr³¬¦P¯­¸b¸¬¦5³ÅE±K¯p°Ã©z®Ã­¸½ Ë X ?

X ½ ½_Ë \ ®ª³b¦JU窱©z¦5®½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X ?X ½ ½ ¶ ³¬¦P¯­LJUó¬±Ê ¶ ³¬¦5´5³¬±¨ ½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X XX ½ ½ <­¸0UÃÊ_ª¬¸`½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X Í

X ½>= i%¿K±ÊoU²±Kª¬©z¦5®¦K·ª°r­Af1MPOb­¯ªQf³¬©_­®ª­LJEÉ­¸¬©z´®:¦® ¶ ±³±KÊzÊz­ÊÅE±¯p°r©z®Ã­¸¡½5½½½5½5½ ËqÍ X ½>=r½_Ë \ ®ª³b¦JU窱©z¦5®½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËqÍ X ½>=r½ <­¸0UÃÊ_ª¬¸`½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËqÍ ?

X ½V? ÁUè(¨±³»º½½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBT S Q.[ 0 %A78 - %A5 %()% 06- 0 0 MBONP) 78 0 ,.0 %A)M[< :

ÍZ½_Ë \ ® ª¬³¬¦PJU©z¦® ½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBT ?ÍZ½ ijuZ©_¸bª©_®Ã´'Ä.ÂÃÂr³¬¦±¯p°r­¸<ª¦(É.»P®²±¨(©z¯¼¦±`J

±Ê±K®Ã¯©_®Ã´?ª°Ã­¾©_®Ã©_ª¬­1i%Êz­¨¡­®ªÄ®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBTÍÍZ½ g­LK@Ä.ÂÃÂr³¬¦±¯p°r­¸<·e¦5³<É.»P®²±¨(©z¯º¼¦±`J ±Êz±®Ã¯©z®Ã´'½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBT T

Page 11: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

¿P©z©ÍZ½>= ijuPª¬­®Ã¸b©z¦5®:¦·¾³¬±¨(­LKu¦5³Vc·e¦³<É.»Z®Ã±¨¡©_¯¼¦±`J

±Ê±K®Ã¯©_®Ã´#½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBT5ÌÍZ½>=r½_Ë Å¦PJé R²¯±Kª¬©z¦5®ª¬¦¤ª°Ã­ ¶ ±K³bª©«ª©_¦5®Ã­YJÃɦ5¨±K©z®2¥§Êz±¸¬¸g½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBT5ÌÍZ½>=r½ i uPª­®Ã¸¬©_¦5®:ª¬¦¤ª°Ã­ÁUM Jæ5¨¡±©_®E¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBT5ÌÍZ½>=r½ i uPª­®Ã¸¬©_¦5®:ª¬¦¤ª°Ã­É¦5¨¡±©z® ¶ ±³ª©_ª¬©z¦5®r­³§¥§Ê±¸b¸:½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBT5ÌÍZ½>=r½>= ¼¦±`J ±Ê±K®Ã¯­³ ¥§Ê±¸b¸½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÌrË

ÍZ½V? i%¿K±ÊoU²±Kª¬©z¦5®¦K·ª°r­ ijs­¯£ª¦K·É.»P®²±¨(©z¯¼¦5±`J±Ê±K®Ã¯©_®Ã´¤¦5® ¶ ­³b·e¦5³b¨±®r¯­y½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÌ ÍZ½V?P½_Ë \ ®ª³b¦JU窱©z¦5®½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÌ ÍZ½V?P½ <­¸0UÃÊ_ª¬¸`½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÌ^=

ÍZ½ X ÁUè(¨±³»º½½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÌÍ 06- )#6<4 0 J% 0 5L99 QR9 - 94 0 : ]

Tr½_Ë ÁUè(¨±³»º½½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÌ TTr½ ¾UZªWUób­ºÉ©z³¬­¯ª¬©z¦5®Ã¸o½5½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ UrË

J'*)9% \[ @Y, % B4+ - <% 0 5 ; Q )4%A< @":

Ä*½«Ë ÅE±Kª³b© u¥§Ê±¸b¸½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë XÄ*½ W­¯ª¬¦5³¥§Ê±¸b¸½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBTÄ*½ \ É#¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBT

QR B%(#)4 5 9 78% 06- %A< 78 0 B @@":.½_Ë ÁZ­Y[Uí® ª¬©±Ê ¶ ­³·e¦5³¬¨¡±®Ã¯­½½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë.½ ¶ ±³¬±ÊzÊ_­Ê ¶ ­³·e¦5³¬¨¡±®Ã¯­¤½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë

Page 12: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

¿P©_©z©

½_Ë \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­¦· ª°r­ "5 ) J6)#5 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸<½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<U ½ ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸ É©±´³±¨ ·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­¾©z®Ã©«ª­i%Ê_­¨(­®ª.Å­ª¬°Ã¦J<½½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËË ½ \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ "5 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸ ½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë ½>= \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ NP)4 7 0 ¥§Ê±¸b¸½½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X ½V? \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ 0 B9%A 0 ¥§Ê±¸b¸u½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<T ½ X \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ 0 ZB9%A 0 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÌ ½ Í \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ %A5 %AH ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ U ½ T \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ "5%A) %A5 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë ½ Ì \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ NP)4 7 0 B%A) %A5 ¥§Ê±¸b¸½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë ½_Ë<U \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ Q. 7%A 0 ¥§Ê±¸b¸*½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ = ½_Ë ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸ É©±´³±¨ ·e¦5³9i uZ©z¸ª©z®r´(Ä®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸ ¾²³±¨(­LKu¦5³0cP¸½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ^X ½ ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸ É©±´³±¨ ·e¦5³ÄÊz´5¦5³b©_ª¬°Ã¨¡©_¯1d ©z­³¬±³¬¯p°»2©_®Å©zÊ_Êz­³§±®J Ur¯ecP© ËÌ5Ì ? =rË ½ ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸ É©±´³±¨ ·e¦5³9g ­LK Ä®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸<¾²³±¨(­LKu¦5³0c@½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ = ? ½>= \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ ,.0 %()4[H# ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ = X ½V? ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸ É©±´³±¨ ·e¦5³<±¡ÁPªp±cª©z¯Ä®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ = X ½ X ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jíº·e¦5³ ÁZ­Êz­¯ª­LJ+Å:­ª°r¦Jø<·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ GB% 9 - ,.0 %A)M[< ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸½5½5½ = T ½ Í ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸É©±´5³¬±¨ ·e¦³± I ³±®Ã¸b©z­® ªÄ.®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸wUr¸¬©z®r´± É©z³¬­¯ª \ ® ª¬­´5³¬±Kª©_¦5®

ÁZ¯p°Ã­¨¡­=½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ =5Ì ½ T \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ QR9 - ; 0 B % 9 06,.0 %()4[H# ¥§Ê±¸b¸½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ =5Ì ½ Ì ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jíº·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ QO49 - ; 0 B 9% B 06,.0 %A)M[< ¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸ \ ®ª­³·|±¯­

±®J Å­£ª°Ã¦PJ½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?KU ½_Ë<U \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ 1)B 06, )49\67 ¥§Ê±¸b¸y½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?KU ½_ËË \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ N16 G) 06, )4 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?PË ½_Ë ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jíº·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ 0 %( ¥§Ê±¸b¸¬­¸! " #$&%'(')+*!,-*.0/¡Å­£ª°Ã¦PJ`½5½½½5½5½ ? ½_Ë ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí%·e¦5³ª°Ã­1 2EB 032 % *\* 0 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸3! " #$&%'(')0+*!,4*.0/<Å:­ª°r¦J ? ½_ËH= \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ ; 06- 9 78 0 B%A) ; 0 B 9% < ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?= ½_ËB? ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí·e¦5³ÁZ­Ê_­¯ª¬­YJÅ­£ª°Ã¦PJø·e¦5³§ª¬°Ã­ ; 06- 9 78 0 B%A) ; 0 B 9% <

¥§Ê±K¸¬¸'½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?^? ½_Ë X \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ G<% 9 - ; 0 < 9% B ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸.½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ? X ½_ËÍ ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jíº·e¦5³ ÁZ­Êz­¯ª­LJ+Å:­ª°r¦Jø<·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ GB% 9 - ; 0 B 9% B ¥§Ê±¸b¸E½ ?Í ½_Ë<T \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ QR9 - 9$&9% 0 <4 0 ; 0 B 9% < ¥§Êz±¸¬¸(½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?Í

Page 13: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

© u ½_ËÌ ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí·e¦5³?ª¬°Ã­Å­ª¬°Ã¦Jr¸(¦K·ª¬°Ã­ QO49 - 9$&9% 0 < 0 ; 0 < 9% B

¥§Ê±K¸¬¸'½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?KT ½ U \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­±®J ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí(·e¦5³ÁZ­Ê_­¯£ª­YJ`Å­ª¬°Ã¦PJø*¦·uª°Ã­ 2 78%( /

¥§Ê±K¸¬¸'½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?KÌ ½ Ë \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ ,.0 %()4[H# "5 ) ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ X U ½ \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ Q C 9 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸ ½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ X ½ \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ N NP)4 78 0 ¥§Ê±¸b¸½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ X = ½ = \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ 0 B9%A 0 O% 0 5*)4 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ X^X ½ ? \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ Q C 67 ' 9 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ X Í ½ KX \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ 0 % 6CEN ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸º½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ X Ì ½ Í \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ 0 % G)4! ¥§Êz±¸¬¸=½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ÍKU ½ T ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí·e¦³uª°r­ QO49 - % 0 5 QR 0 6CEN G )M! ¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸ ! " #

Å­£ª°Ã¦PJ+½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ÍPË ½ Ì Ä.®wi%Êz­¨¡­® ª o»i%Êz­¨(­®ª.ÁZ¦5Ê«¿5­³¬¸ \ ®ª­³·|±¯­±®J ! " #Å­£ª°Ã¦PJ½½5½5½½½5½5½ Í ½ U ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸ É©±´³±¨ ·e¦5³9i%©z´­®¿K±ÊTUíºÄ®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸?½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ÍÍ ½ Ë \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ NP4 0 ! %A)6 ,.0 %A)4["<# ¥§Ê±¸b¸§½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ÍKT ½ ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jío·e¦5³ÁZ­Ê_­¯£ª­YJ¤Å­ª¬°Ã¦Jr¸·e¦5³ª°r­ NP4 0 !(%A)6 ,.0 %A)M[< ¥§Êz±¸¬¸ ÍKÌ ½ ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí·e¦5³2ª°r­ J -9/ )# 0 ±®J "9416 06- [ ¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸ " #$%'

')+*!,-*.0/'Å­ª¬°Ã¦JȽ5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ÍKÌ ½ = \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ NP4 0 ! %A)6 ; 0 B % B ¥§Êz±¸¬¸¤½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ T^U ½ ? ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí·e¦5³ÁZ­Êz­¯£ª­LJ Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø:¦·ª¬°Ã­ NP 0 ! %A)# ; 0 B 9% <

¥§Ê±K¸¬¸'½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ TZË ½ ^X \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ NP4 0 ! %A)6 6CEN ¥§Ê±¸b¸½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ TZË ½ Í ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸ É©±´³±¨ ·e¦5³ ŦPJ²±Ê I ³±K®Ã¸¬©_­®ª Ä.®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ T ½ T \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ "56%()#$&9% 0 <4 0 ,.0 %A)4["<# ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ TK= ½ Ì ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí%·e¦5³ª°Ã­ "5%A)$&9% 0 H 0 ,.0 %A)M[< ¥§Ê±¸b¸¬­¸ Å­ª¬°Ã¦PJ T^= ½>= U ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí ·e¦5³:ª¬°Ã­ "5%A)$&9% 0 H 0 ; 0 B 9% B ¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸ %/*.

Å­£ª°Ã¦PJ+½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ TK= ½>=rË ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jíº·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ 0 %( "5%A) ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸ ! " #$%' ')+*!,-*.0/'Å­ª¬°Ã¦J T ? ½>= ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí%·e¦5³ª°Ã­1 2EB 032 % *\* 0 "5%A) ¥§Ê±¸b¸¬­¸ ! " #$%' ')+*!,-*.0/

Å­£ª°Ã¦PJ+½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ T X=ý_Ë É¦5¨¡±©z®¸¬ÂÃÊ_©_ª©_® ª¬¦ I K§¦ÁUM Jæ5¨¡±©z®Ã¸%½K½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ì^U=ý ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸ É©±´³±¨ ·e¦5³9i uZ©z¸ª©z®r´¡É¦¨±©_®É­¯¦5¨¡Â¦5¸b©_ª©_¦5®2¾²³±K¨¡­vK§¦5³0c ¸2½½5½5½ Ì5Í=ý ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸ É©±´³±¨ ·e¦5³9g ­LKÈɦ5¨¡±©_®2É­¯¦5¨¡Â¦5¸b©_ª©_¦5®2¾²³±K¨¡­vK§¦5³0c½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBUrË=ý>= \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ %(B9M94 0 5*Q.78%A 0 ¥§Ê±¸b¸½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBU =ýV? ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jíº·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ %(B9M9 0 5*Q.78%A 0 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸/0' * * -'Å­£ª°Ã¦PJ ËBU =ý X \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ Q. 7%A 0 %(B9M94 0 ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸¤½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBU =ý Í \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ 9% *\ %(B94B 0 ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBU^==ý T \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ "' 5 7%A 0 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBU ?=ý Ì ¶ ¸VUíLJæ Q ¥§¦Jíº·e¦5³ ÁZ­Êz­¯ª­LJ+Å:­ª°r¦Jø ¦· ª°Ã­ 16' 578%A 0 ¥§Ê±¸b¸½½5½½½5½5½ ËBUÍ=ý_Ë<U \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ Q. 7%A 0 Q. - 7 ,.0 %A)M[< ¥§Ê±¸b¸²½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBU T

Page 14: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

u=ý_ËË ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí¤·e¦5³ÁZ­Ê_­¯ª¬­YJ Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø·e¦5³.ª¬°Ã­ Q. 7%A 0 Q. - 7 ,.0 %A) I

[< ¥§Ê±¸b¸ ½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBU5Ì=ý_Ë \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­É¦5¨¡±©z®²É­¯¦5¨(ÂÃÄÊz´5¦*¥§Ê±¸b¸½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë5ËBU=ý_Ë ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí%·e¦5³ª°Ã­ Q.78%A 0 Q. - 7 , ) ¥§Ê±¸b¸¬­¸ " #$%' ' 0+*!,-*./

Å­£ª°Ã¦PJ+½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë5ËBU=ý_ËH= \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ Q. 7%A 0 G )M! ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë5Ë5Ë=ý_ËB? <­¿P©z¸b­YJ \ ® ª¬­³·|±¯­º·e¦5³ª°r­ N ) 78 0 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸+½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë5Ë =ý_Ë X ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jíº·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ N NP)4 7 0 ¥§Ê±¸b¸¬­¸ ' 0+*Å­ª¬°Ã¦PJ2½½5½5½ Ë5Ë ?Z½_Ë ¥§¦5¨(ÂUrª¬­³<Ä.³b¯p°Ã©_ª¬­¯ªVUó¬­·e¦5³ ¶ ±³±KÊzÊz­Ê¥§¦5¨(ÂUrª¬­³¬¸'½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë U?Z½ ¾Ê_¦ Kg¦·É±Kªp±hUr¸¬©z®r´ÁZ°Ã±`Jæ K ±®Jįª¦³ fMOb­¯ª¬¸*½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë ??Z½ ¾Ê_¦ Kg¦·É±Kªp±AK<°r­®E¨¡±`c ©z®r´'±¥±Ê_ÊM©_® ¶ ¥ ½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X?Z½>= ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸2É©z±´5³±K¨ ·e¦5³Ä¯ª¬¦5³KÄ´5´5³b­´±Kª¬­+¾²³±K¨¡­vK§¦5³0c ·e¦³ ¶ ±K³±Ê_Êz­Ê ¾©_®Ã©_ª¬­

i%Êz­¨¡­® ª<Ä®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸²½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë T?Z½V? \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ "\%A5 2 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<= U?Z½ X ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jíº·e¦5³ ÁZ­Êz­¯ª­LJ+Å:­ª°r¦Jø<·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ "\%A5 2 ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<=ÃË?Z½ Í \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ "\%A5 2 16' 578%A 0 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<=ÃË?Z½ T ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí·e¦³ÁZ­Êz­¯ª­LJ(Å­ª¬°Ã¦PJø·e¦5³ ª°Ã­ 1\%A56 2 "' 5678%( 0 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸=Ë<= ?Z½ Ì ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jíº·e¦5³<±®Ä¯ª¦³ ¶ ³b¦5´5³±K¨ ½K½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<= =?Z½_Ë<U \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ ,.- B ¥§Êz±¸¬¸(½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<= ??Z½_ËË \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ ,.- B "' 5678%( 0 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸.½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<= ??Z½_Ë ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jíº·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ ,.- B 1' 5678%A 0 ¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸<³VUîEÅ­£ª°Ã¦PJ"½5½½½5½5½ Ë<= X?Z½_Ë \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ \6% 060 ) ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<= T?Z½_ËH= \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ , 5*59 < ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë<=Ì?Z½_ËB? \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ HH%( ¥§Ê±¸b¸g½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9?^U?Z½_Ë X \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ !(% ' )4(CE'1FH - ¥§Ê±¸b¸½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9?ZË?Z½_ËÍ \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ % - \6 0 9 / ¥§Ê±¸b¸½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9? ?Z½_Ë<T \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ CE'1F - / ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9?K=?Z½_ËÌ <­¿P©z¸b­YJ \ ® ª¬­³·|±¯­º·e¦5³ª°r­ "5%A)# %A5 ¥§Ê±K¸¬¸²½½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9? ??Z½ U ¶ ¸¬­LUJæ Q ¥§¦Jí·e¦5³oª¬°Ã­ ; 0 - 9 78 0 B%() ; 0 B 9% B ¸ ' +*oÅ­£ª°Ã¦PJ Ë9? X?Z½ Ë <­¿P©z¸b­YJ ¶ ¸b­YUJr¦ Q¥§¦PJí·e¦5³ª°r­ ; 06- 9 7 0 B%A) ; 0 < 9% B ¸ ' 0+*

Å­£ª°Ã¦PJ+½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9? X?Z½ I ©z¨(­º¼©z®Ã­·e¦³ f³b©z´5©_®²±Ê ' 0+*Å­ª¬°Ã¦J ½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9?5Í?Z½ I ©z¨(­º¼©z®Ã­·e¦³ ­£¿Z©_¸¬­LJ ' 0+*Å­£ª°Ã¦PJ?½½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë9?^TX ½_Ë I Ku¦±®J I °Ã³b­­É©z¨(­®Ã¸b©z¦5®Ã±Ê I ­¸ªÅ:¦JíÊz¸½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X X ½ ¶ ³¬¦`RÃÊz­¦·¥ ¶ m I ©_¨¡­·e¦5³ ¥ ¶ ³b¦5´5³¬±¨/¦5®Ä¼ ¶ dÄ ½½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X ÌX ½ ¶ ³¬¦`RÃÊz­¦· ¶ ±´­¾±`UrÊ_ª¸·e¦³ ¥ ¶ ³b¦5´5³¬±¨ ¦5®:ļ ¶ dĽ5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËqÍ X ½>= ¶ ±K³±Ê_Êz­Ê ¶ ­³b·e¦5³b¨±®r¯­º¦5®:ļ ¶ dÄ"½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËqÍ^TX ½V? ¶ ±K³±Ê_Êz­Ê ¶ ­³b·e¦5³b¨±®r¯­º¦5®Éiu¥ ½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËqÍÌX ½ X ¶ ±K³±Ê_Êz­Ê ¶ ­³b·e¦5³b¨±®r¯­º¦5®:ļ ¶ dÄ ·e¦5³ ? \ ª­³±Kª¬©z¦5®r¸ ½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËBT ÍZ½_Ë <­¿P©z¸b­YJ \ ® ª¬­³·|±¯­º·e¦5³ª°r­ Q.78%A 0 %(B9M9 0 ¥§Ê±¸b¸½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÌ UÍZ½ \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­ %A5 %A)4% 06- ¥§Ê±¸b¸½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÌrË

Page 15: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

ur©ÍZ½ I °Ã­ % !4 K$ 4 \B \G' K ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÌ Ä*½«Ë \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­¦· ª°r­ % <KM+ ¥§Ê±¸b¸W½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËqÍÄ*½ \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­¦· ª°r­ - B ¥§Ê±¸b¸*½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÌÄ*½ \ ®ª­³b·|±¯­¦· ª°r­ ; Q ¥§Êz±¸¬¸½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ U

Page 16: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

uZ©z©

*

X ½_Ë I Ku¦É©_¨¡­®Ã¸¬©_¦5®²±ÊM¾³¬±¨(­i uñK¨¡ÂÃÊ_­¸ ½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X =X ½ I °Ã³b­­É©z¨(­®Ã¸b©z¦5®²±KÊM¾²³±K¨¡­_i ur±¨(ÂÃÊz­¸½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X =X ½ d.±K³VJK§±³¬­ i%®¿P©z³¬¦®Ã¨¡­®ª¸<·e¦5³ ¶ ­³b·e¦5³b¨±®r¯­Å­±K¸VUób­¨(­®ª¸½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X ?X ½>= ¶ ­³b·e¦5³b¨±K®Ã¯­ <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸<¦5®Zd fº¼Éi-g½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X ÍX ½V? ¶ ­³b·e¦5³b¨±K®Ã¯­ <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸<¦5®Ä.¼ ¶ d Ä ½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X TX ½ X ¶ ­³b·e¦5³b¨±K®Ã¯­ <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸<¦5®:Éio¥ ½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë X TX ½ Í ¶ ­³b·e¦5³b¨±K®Ã¯­ <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸<¦5®Ä.¼ ¶ d Ä#¥§ÊoUøbª¬­³½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËqÍ XX ½ T ¶ ­³b·e¦5³b¨±K®Ã¯­ <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸<¦5®:Éio¥@¥§ÊoUøbª¬­³½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËqÍ5ÍÍZ½_Ë ijsM­¯ª¦K·É.»P®²±¨(©z¯¼¦5±`J ±Êz±®Ã¯©z®Ã´(¦5®Eª¬°Ã­ <­±Ê I ©z¨(­ Ur¸¬©z®r´Ä¼ ¶ dÄ

·e¦5³ ?Ä®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸ÁPª¬­Âø_K<©_ª¬°ª¬°Ã­ % !4 $& \ < 4\G' 6 ±Ê Q´5¦5³b©_ª¬°Ã¨½K½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½5½½5½½5½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ËÌ ?

.½_Ë /¥ ¶ mª©_¨¡­¦®Dd fº¼Éi-g@·e¦5³ ¥ ¶ ³¬¦´5³±¨ ½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ .½ /¥ ¶ mª©_¨¡­¦®Ä.¼ ¶ d ÄÈ·e¦³ ¥ ¶ ³b¦5´5³¬±¨È½½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ =.½ /¥ ¶ mª©_¨¡­¦®EÉio¥·e¦³ ¥ ¶ ³b¦5´5³¬±¨ ½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?.½>= ¶ ±´5­¾±`UÃÊ_ª¬¸¦5®:ļ ¶ dÄ ·e¦5³ ¥ ¶ ³¬¦´5³±¨ ½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ^X.½V? ¶ ±´5­¾±`UÃÊ_ª¬¸¦5®Éio¥·e¦5³ ¥ ¶ ³b¦5´5³±K¨ ½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Í.½ X <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾§Ëº¦5®Ä¼ ¶ dÄ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ T.½ Í <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ¦5®Ä¼ ¶ dÄ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ì.½ T <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ¦5®Ä¼ ¶ dÄ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ U.½ Ì <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ='¦5®Ä¼ ¶ dÄ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ë.½_Ë<U <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ??¦5®Ä¼ ¶ dÄ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ .½_ËË <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ X ¦5®Ä¼ ¶ dÄ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ .½_Ë <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ¦5®Ä¼ ¶ dÄ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ =.½_Ë <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ='¦5®Ä¼ ¶ dÄ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ ?.½_ËH= <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ??¦5®Ä¼ ¶ dÄ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ X.½_ËB? <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ X ¦5®Ä¼ ¶ dÄ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Í.½_Ë X <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾§Ëº¦5®:Éio¥ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ T.½_ËÍ <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ¦5®:Éio¥ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ Ì.½_Ë<T <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ¦5®:Éio¥ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ = U.½_ËÌ <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ='¦5®:Éio¥ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ =ÃË.½ U <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ??¦5®:Éio¥ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ =

Page 17: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

uZ©_©z©.½ Ë <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ X ¦5®:Éio¥ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ = .½ <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ¦5®:Éio¥ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ = =.½ <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ='¦5®:Éio¥ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ = ?.½ = <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ ??¦5®:Éio¥ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ = X.½ ? <­¸VUrÊ_ª¸·e¦5³ J²¾ X ¦5®:Éio¥ g­£ªK§¦³Vc½ ½½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½5½5½½½5½5½½5½5½½½5½5½ = Í

Page 18: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

uZ©_¿

*

\ Ku¦NUÃÊoJÊ_©TcK­ª¦ª°Ã±®c.¨»Â²±³b­®ª¸·e¦5³ª°Ã­©z³W°Ã­ÊzÂWÀq­®Ã¯¦NUr³±´5­¨¡­®ª±K®JºÂó±»5­³¬¸ª°r³¬¦NUô°±Êzʪ°Ã­¸¬­º»5­±³¬¸½

\ Ku¦NUÃÊTJ¡±Ê_¸¬¦Êz©oc­ª¬¦ºª¬°²±®c ¶ ³b¦·e­¸b¸¬¦5³u¹³¬­´¦5³b»?¾­®¿5­¸o·e¦5³%°Ã©_¸%°Ã­Ê_±®J(´`UéTJ²±K®Ã¯­<¦¿5­³ª°Ã­º¨¡±®»»5­±³¬¸ \ °²±¿5­ M­­®±Kª.¥±ÊR½\ Ku¦NUÃÊoJ+Êz©oc­ºª¦­;uPª­®J¨*»ª°²±®cP¸ª¦¨*»ZJé_¸¬¸b­³bª±Kª©_¦5®+¯¦5¨¡¨(©_ªbª­­µ ¶ ³b¦·e­¸b¸¬¦5³ºÁ ª­¿­

ÅE±°Ã©_®:±®J ¶ ³b¦·e­¸b¸¬¦5³Æ5±¨(­¸ É­¨¡¨(­Êi½\ Ku¦NUÃÊoJ±Êz¸b¦2Êz©TcK­*ª¦ª¬°²±®c¨*»E·e­ÊzÊ_¦ KÈ´³±`JUñKª­?¸ªWUJr­®ª¸À­¸¬Â­¯©z±ÊzÊ«»µ <­´5©_®²±ÊoJ JívQ

¦P¯p°Ã­¸À%ɱqK<®`¼­°Ã¨±K®WÀ¼±`Uó¬±E¼¦ K§­¸ÀoÁZ©_Ê_¿P©±:ÅE± ¦®Ã©RÀÄ M­¼W»P®Ã®WÀ¹º±³b³¬­ªAd.±KÊzÊRÀ ±®JiEJK±K³VJ+¼¦¿5­K½

Page 19: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Ë

I °Ã­AR²®Ã©«ª­­Ê_­¨(­®ª¨(­ª¬°Ã¦J©z¸±®Uè(­³¬©_¯±ÊÂób¦Z¯­YJUr³¬­hUøb­YJ©_®E­®r´5©z®Ã­­³b©z®Ã´±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸·e¦5³¯¦¨¡ÂUZª©z®r´*ª°Ã­±ÂrÂó¬¦quZ©z¨¡±Kª­.³¬­¸b¦®Ã¸¬­¦·±¤¸b»P¸bª¬­¨:ÀK<°r¦5¸¬­º³¬­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸b­©_¸´5©_¿­®M»2ª°Ã­¸¬¦5ÊoUrª©_¦5®¦·<±®=©z®r©_ª©z±Ê M¦NUîJ²±³b»¿K±ÊoUí'Âó¬¦NMrÊz­¨:½ \ ª©z¸ª¬°Ã­¡¨(¦5¸ªÂ¦5ÂUrʱ³ª¦P¦5ÊEUøb­YJ6M»­®Ã´©z®Ã­­³¬¸ª¦±®²±KÊ_» ­<Âób¦NMÃÊz­¨¡¸©_®(¸ª³0UïªVUó±Ê±®J¯¦® ª¬©z®UUè ¨(­¯p°Ã±®Ã©z¯¸ ld3Uô°Ã­¸ÀËÌ^TÍr ©z­®c ©z­LK<©_¯ 2±K®J I ±»PÊz¦5³À<ËÌ T5Ìr ±Kª¬°Ã­À ËÌ5Ì X £½ I °Ã­³¬­±K¸¬¦5® ·e¦5³*ª¬°Ã­2¦ÂUÃʱK³¬©_ª » ¦· ª°Ã­R²®Ã©«ª­­Ê_­¨(­®ªo¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJ'¦¿5­³%ª¬°Ã­<¦ª°Ã­³o±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸%¨(­ª¬°Ã¦Jr¸%°²±¸-M­­®'ª°Ã­9Jé_´5©_ª±Êr¯¦5¨(ÂUrª­³À·e¦5³ K<°Ã©_¯p°:ª¬°Ã­·e¦5³¬¨hUrʱKª¬©z¦5®¦K·ª¬°Ã­R²®Ã©_ª¬­­Ê_­¨(­®ª ¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJ©z¸Â²±³ª©_¯YUÃÊz±³¬Ê«»¡¸0Ué_ª¬­YJW½

!# %$( )

Īª°r­Âób­¸b­®ªª©_¨¡­:± K<©TJí:´±Â ­vuZ©z¸ª¸^M­ªKu­­® ¸bª±Kª­:¦·ª¬°Ã­+±³ª(¯¦5¨(ÂUrª¬©z®Ã´=¯± Q²±`Mé_Êz©«ª©z­¸±®J ª°Ã­(¯¦5¨(ÂUrª¬©z®Ã´:­³b·e¦³¬¨(­YJaM»=Â󬱯ª¬©z¯©_®Ã´­®Ã´©z®Ã­­³¬¸½Ä Jr¿K±®Ã¯­¸?©_®'M¦ª¬°°²±³0JK±K³¬­|Âñ³bª¬©z¯YUrʱ³bÊ_»Â²±K³±Ê_Êz­ÊP±®JSJéz¸ª³¬©oMUrª¬­YJ¤¯¦¨¡ÂUZª©z®r´ ±K®J¤¸¬¦· ªK§±³b­|²±³ª©_¯YUÃÊz±³¬Ê«»ª°Ã­¤ÂrÊTUô Q ±®JQÂÃʱ»¦NMPOb­¯ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJ²±³± Jéz´5¨ ±K³¬­¤®Ã¦ªº³b­Lt²­¯ª¬­YJ=©z®+ª°r­(Âr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨(¸1Uø¬­LJM»*­®Ã´5©z®r­­³b¸½ ¶ ³¬±¯ª¬©z¯©_®Ã´.­®Ã´5©_®Ã­­³¬¸ª¬¦J²±»±³b­uª »PÂéz¯±ÊzÊ«»·e¦5³¬¯­YJ*ª¬¦Â­³b·e¦³¬¨ R²®Ã©«ª­§­Êz­¨¡­® ª±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸ ¦5®¸¬©z®r´5Êz­Âób¦Z¯­¸¬¸b¦5³¨¡±¯p°Ã©_®Ã­¸À`Uøb©z®Ã´ ª°Ã­u­Êz­¨¡­®ª¸±®J¤±®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸ ±Êz´5¦³¬©_ª¬°Ã¨(¸Wª°²±Kª±³¬­ºÂób¦¿Z©oJíYJZM»±hR²®Ã©«ª­º­Ê_­¨(­®ª ±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸Âñ¯ecc±´5­½I °Ã­?³¬­±¸¬¦®E·e¦5³<ª°Ã©_¸©_¸ ª¬°²±Kª ª »ZÂr©z¯±KÊR²®r©_ª­­Ê_­¨(­®ªÂ²±¯ecc±´5­¸¯¦5®r¸¬©z¸ª.¦K·%¸¬­£¿5­³¬±Ê°UîQ

Jó¬­LJ=ª¬°Ã¦NUø¬±®J Êz©z®r­¸¦·§Âó¬¦P¯­LJUó¬±Ê%¯¦PJíÀª »PÂé_¯±Ê_Ê_»¾²¦5³ª³¬±®WÀW·e¦5³­;ur­¯YUrª¬©z¦5®=¦5® ±2¸¬©z®r´5Êz­Âó¬¦P¯­¸¬¸b¦5³½ I °Ã­¯¦Jr­¸±³b­®Ã¦ªJí¸b©z´5®r­YJª¦?±ÊzÊ_¦ Kª°Ã­±K®²±Ê_»P¸ª¸§ª¬¦?­vuZ­³¬©_¨¡­®ªK<©_ª¬°ª°r­©z³¦ K<® ­Êz­¨(­®ª¬¸±K®J=±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸º±Ê_´5¦5³b©_ª°r¨¡¸½ g ­©«ª°Ã­³±K³¬­?ª°r­(¯¦Jr­¸_Jí¸b©z´5®r­YJ=©z®±2¨±K®Ã®Ã­³

Page 20: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

K<°Ã©z¯p°K<©zÊ_ÊW±Ê_Êz¦ K ­vuPª­®Ã¸¬©_¦5®Ã¸<·e¦5³Â²±³¬±ÊzÊ_­ÊM±®JZJéz¸ª³¬©oMUrª¬­YJ­®¿P©z³b¦5®Ã¨(­®ª¸½I °Ã­*± MézÊ_©_ª »(ª¦'¨¡¦PJé«· »±®J­;uZª¬­®JE±®»xR²®Ã©«ª­­Ê_­¨(­®ª ¸¬¦· ªK§±³b­Âñ¯ecc±´5­©z¸­¸b¸¬­® ª¬©±Ê

·e¦5³ ²±¯ecc±´5­¸ª¦^c­­Â¯YUób³¬­® ª3K<©_ª¬°wR²®Ã©«ª­­Êz­¨¡­®ªª¬­¯p°Ã®Ã¦Êz¦5´»±®JE¯¦¨¡ÂUZª©z®r´¡¸»Z¸ª­¨¡¸ÀM¦Kª°y¦K·K<°Ã©z¯p° ±K³¬­± Jr¿K±®Ã¯©_®Ã´E³¬±ÂéoJÃÊ_»½ I °Ã­Âób¦NMÃÊz­¨¡¸_K<©_ª¬°y¨(¦Jr©_· »P©z®Ã´±®J ­vuPª­®Jé_®Ã´­vuZ©z¸ª©_®Ã´'¯¦PJí¸ ±³b­ºª¬°Ã­·e¦5ÊzÊ_¦ K<©z®Ã´ÃµË5½ I ¦E¨(¦Jé«· »±®J`­vuPª­®Jyª¬°Ã­¯¦Jí(³¬­L[Uéz³b­¸AUr¸¬­³b¸AK<©_ª¬°y±K®y©z®ª¬©z¨¡±Kª­Sc ®Ã¦ K<Êz­LJô5­¡¦·ª°r­3J²±cªp±º¸bª³0UïªVUó¬­¸±®J]K<°²±cª§Âób¦Z¯­YJUr³¬­¸§± s­¯ª+K<°²±Kªo¦5³bª¬©z¦5®r¸o¦K·Mª°r­3J²±cªp±º¸bª³0UïvQªWUr³¬­¸½º¾²¦5³.Âób¦5´5³¬±¨¡¸ ¯¦®Ã¸¬©_¸bª©_®Ã´¦·¸b­¿­³±KÊ%°PUr®Jó¬­LJª°Ã¦NUr¸±®JÊ_©z®Ã­¸.¦·¯¦Jr­Àª¬°Ã©z¸­Ls­¯£ª©«¿5­Ê«»'Êz©_¨¡©«ª¸ª¬°Ã­®UèAM­³¬¸o¦· Uøb­³b¸<K<°Ã¦¯±®¡¨¡¦PJé_· »?±®J(­vuPª­®Jª¬°Ã­¯¦Jr­½ I ¦±Ê_Êz¦ K ®²±©«¿5­<±®²±KÊ_»P¸bª¬¸ª¬¦­vuPª­®J±K®J'¨¡¦PJé_· »ºª¬°Ã­¯¦PJí<¯±®'Ê_­±`J?ª¬¦ºª¬°Ã­©z®ª¬³¬¦PJU窱©z¦5®¦·5MUô5¸§©_®ª¦ºª°Ã­Âó¬¦5´³±¨:ÀP±®J¯±®Ê_­±`J(ª¦*¨AUÃÊ_ª¬©zÂÃÊ_­<±®J^Ur®Ã¯¦5®ª¬³¬¦5Ê_Êz­YJ(¿5­³¬¸¬©_¦5®Ã¸u¦·ª°r­Âr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨:½

½ I °Ã­±`MézÊ_©_ª »ª¦E³b­YUøb­¯¦Jí(·e³¬¦5¨"¦ª°Ã­³*¸b¦NU󬯭¸©z¸Êz©z¨(©_ª¬­YJW½ I °Ã©_¸©_¸ M­¯±`Uø¬­XJ²±Kª±¸bª¬³VUWUób­¸<¿K±³b»kK<©_ÊTJÃÊ«»^M­ªKu­­®+Âób¦5´5³±K¨¡¸½%Ä.¸ ±(¯¦5®Ã¸b­Y[Uí®r¯­Àª¦'©z®ª¬³¬¦PJUï­º¯¦Jí·e³¬¦¨8¦ª¬°Ã­³¤¸b¦NUób¯­¸'¦· ª¬­® ³¬­L[Uéz³b­¸¤ª°²±cª?ª°Ã­2¯¦Jr­xM­2¨(¦Jr©oR²­LJ`ª¦¸VUr©_ª?ª¬°Ã­xJ²±Kª±¸bª¬³VUWUób­¸ Uø¬­LJE©_®ª¬°Ã­º¯YUób³¬­® ª Âób¦5´5³¬±¨½

½Ç°Ã­® ­³·e¦5³¬¨(©z®r´E®Ã¦5®PQ Êz©_®Ã­±K³*±®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸À°r©z¸bª¬¦5³b»=¿K±³¬©z±`MÃÊ_­¸?±K³¬­¦· ª¬­® ³b­Y[Uéz³b­YJ`·e¦5³­±K¯p°?­Ê_­¨(­®ª%±®J*¨¡±Kª­³¬©±Kʦ5©_®ª©_®ª¬°Ã­§¨(¦Jr­ÊR½ I °Ã­§¨±®Ã±´5­¨(­®ª ¦·Ãª¬°Ã­¸b­°Ã©_¸bª¦³b»¿K±³¬©z±`MÃÊ_­¸©z¸ª »PÂé_¯±Ê_Ê_»+Âr³¬¦¿P©TJíLJ'M»ª°r­XM²±K¸¬­(Âó¬¦5´³±¨ ©_®¯¦5¨(¨¡¦® Rîé_ª¬­(­Êz­¨¡­® ª±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸:¯¦Jr­¸½ ¾²¦5³2ª°Ã©_¸:³b­±¸b¦5®± Êz©_¨¡©«ª©_¸:Ârʱ¯­YJ ¦5®gª¬°Ã­®PUr¨hM­³¦K·?°Ã©_¸bª¦³b»¿K±³¬©z±`MÃÊ_­¸?ª°Ã±Kª'­±¯p° ­Ê_­¨(­®ª¡±®J ¨±Kª¬­³b©±Ê¦5©_® ª'¨¡±»6Uøb­½ I °Ã©z¸'Êz©_¨¡©«ª?¨¡±» M­©z®r¸VU(¯©_­®ª·e¦5³¯­³ªp±©_®ª »P­¸º¦·o­Ê_­¨(­®ª¸º±K®J¨±Kª¬­³b©±Ê·e¦5³¬¨AUÃʱKª¬©z¦5®r¸±®±®Ã±Ê_»P¸bª¨¡±»XK<©z¸b°:ª¬¦]Ur¸¬­½

=ý I °Ã­<­vuZ©_¸bª©_®Ã´¯¦PJí¸u±K³¬­ª »PÂéz¯±ÊzÊ«» Jí¸b©z´5®Ã­LJ±K®JSK<³¬©_ªbª­®'·e¦³­vuZ­¯LUrª©_¦5®(¦5®'±UîézÂr³¬¦ Q¯­¸¬¸b¦5³¨¡±¯p°Ã©z®r­½ I °r¦5¸¬­Âr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨(¸+K<°Ã©_¯p°°²±¿­1M­­®^K<³b©_ªbª­®(·e¦5³o­vuZ­¯LUrª©_¦5®2±®Âñ³Q±Ê_Êz­Ê¨±K¯p°Ã©z®Ã­¸<°²±¿5­ºª°Ã­¸±¨(­Êz©_¨¡©«ªp±Kª¬©z¦5®r¸§±¸<­;ur©_¸bª¬©z®Ã´'¯¦PJí¸½ I °r©z¸<©z¸M­¯±`Uø¬­ª°Ã­Âób¦5´5³±K¨¡¸5Uøb­oª¬°Ã­o¸±¨(­-Jí¸b©z´5®±¸·e¦5³5Uîé_Âó¬¦P¯­¸¬¸¬¦³¨¡±¯p°Ã©_®Ã­¸ ±®J*±¸ ± ¯¦5®Ã¸b­Y[Uí®r¯­ª°r­»2©_®Ã°Ã­³b©_ªª¬°Ã­ºÂó¬¦NMrÊz­¨(¸©TJr­®ª© R²­YJ:±`M¦¿5­½

Page 21: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

:< !# %$'&¡ %)* +&

fMOb­¯ªQ ¦5³b©z­® ª¬­YJ Â󬦴5³±¨(¨(©z®Ã´:·e¦5³¬¨(¸?ª°Ã­xMñ¸¬©_¸'·e¦³¤±+¿5­³» ʱ³b´5­Â²±K³bª'¦· ª°Ã­2¸b¦· ª0QK±K³¬­1Jí£¿5­Êz¦5Âè(­®ª©_®JUøª³»5ÀrÂñ³bª¬©z¯YUrʱ³bÊ_»¤©_®ª°Ã­.±³¬­±*¦·¯¦5¨¡ÂUrª­³§´5³¬±Âðé_¯¸ÀJ²±Kª±`M²±¸b­¸À´5³±KÂðéz¯±Ê§©_®ª­³·|±¯­¸(±®J ¦5­³±cª©z®r´¸b»P¸bª¬­¨ Jí£¿5­Ê_¦5Âè(­®ª½ fMOb­¯ªQ ¦5³b©z­® ª¬­YJ R²®Ã©«ª­2­Ê_­vQ¨¡­®ªÂ²±¯ecc±´5­¸À²Â²±K³bª©_¯YUÃÊz±³¬Ê«»¤ª°Ã¦¸¬­ K<³b©_ª¬ª¬­®2©_®:¥ ?ÀZ°²±¿5­_M­­®2¸b°Ã¦ K<® |É1UM¦©z¸Q ¶ ­Êz­³b©z®±®J ©_¨¡¨(­³b¨±®r®WÀuËÌ5Ì r Ur¯ecP©±®J Å©_ÊzÊz­³ÀuËÌ5Ì X ª¦+°Ã±¿­¯¦5¨(²±³¬±`MÃÊz­(­³b·e¦³¬¨¡±®Ã¯­ª¦Eª¬°Ã­©_³?¾²¦5³ª³±K®y¯¦`U³b²±³ª¸'±®Jy¸bª©_ÊzÊÂób¦q¿P©oJí·e¦5³ª°Ã­¡¨±©_®ªp±©_®²±`Mé_Êz©_ª »E±®J ­;uPª­®r¸¬© QMézÊ_©_ª » ­¸¬¸b­®ª©z±Ê.¦·º¨(¦PJí³b®J²±» ¸¬¦· ªK§±³¬­E²±¯ecc±´5­¸½ I °Ã©_¸©_¸^JUíª¦ ª¬°Ã­©_³¸0UÃÂæ5³bª¦·±`Møª³±K¯ª©_¦5® K<°Ã©z¯p° ¸¬­Â²±³¬±Kª­¸SM­°²±¿Z©_¦5³*·e³b¦5¨8©_¨¡ÂrÊz­¨(­®ª±Kª©_¦5® £À ­®r¯±Âø0UÃʱcª©z¦® yK<°Ã©_¯p°c­­Âøª°r­­¸¬¸b­®ª©z±Ê±¸b­¯ª¬¸ ¦K· ª¬°Ã­1J²±cªp±?°Ã©oJJí®2·e³b¦5¨ ª¬°Ã­1Uøb­³<¦·ª¬°Ã­J²±Kª±£ÀZ¨¡¦PJUÃÊz±³¬©«ª »lJí¯¦5¨(¦5¸¬©«ª©z¦®2¦·ª¬°Ã­º¸b»P¸bª¬­¨4©_® ª¬¦(±'¸b­ª¦·Êz¦P¦5¸¬­Ê_»¡¯¦NUÃÂrÊz­YJ:¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸ <±®J¯¦PJíº³¬­LUø¬­K½Ä.® ¦NMPOb­¯ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJ Â󬦴5³±¨ ©z¸*¯¦5¨(¦¸¬­YJ ¦K·¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸Ào­±K¯p° K<©«ª° ±E®UèAM­³¤¦·±Kª0Q

ª³b©TMUrª¬­¸Àoª¬°²±KªSJívR²®Ã­ª°Ã­2¸ªp±Kª¬­¦·<ª°Ã­¦NMPOb­¯ª½ I °Ã­M­°²±¿Z©_¦5³?¦·.±® ¦NMPOb­¯ª(©z¸SJr­LR²®Ã­LJM»E¨(­ª¬°Ã¦Jr¸ÀK<°Ã©z¯p°±K³¬­*Âr³¬¦P¯­YJUó¬­¸.·e¦5³.¯p°Ã±®Ã´5©_®Ã´¦5³³¬­£ªWUób®Ã©z®Ã´(ª°Ã­¸bª±Kª­¦·%ª°Ã­¦NMPOb­¯ª½Ä.®+¦`MPOb­¯£ªqp ¸¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJE©_¸©_®¿5¦NcK­YJ K<°Ã­®±®Ã¦ª¬°Ã­³¦NMPOb­¯ª¸b­®Jr¸±¨(­¸¬¸¬±´5­ª¦¡ª¬°²±Kª¦NMPOb­¯ª½I °Ã­·yUr®Ã¯ª¬©z¦5®(¦·±K®¦NMPOb­¯ªQ ¦5³b©z­®ª¬­YJÂr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨ ¯±K®^M­ ¿P©z­vK§­LJ2±¸ª°Ã­ ©z®ª¬­³±K¯ª©_¦5®]M­£ªK§­­®ª°Ã­¤Âr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨Zp ¸¦NMPOb­¯£ª¸_M»Eª¬°Ã­¤¸¬­®Jéz®r´2¦·o¨¡­¸¬¸±K´5­¸½ I ¦±©TJ©_®+Â󬦴5³±¨ Jí£¿5­Ê_¦5Âè(­®ªÀ¦NMPOb­¯ª¸+K<©_ª¬°¸¬©_¨¡©_ʱ³±Kª¬ª¬³¬©oMUrª­¸§±K®J^M­°²±¿P©z¦³§±³b­´³¬¦NUíYJ¡©z®ª¦¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸½ I °Ã­.¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸§±³¬­©z¨(ÂÃÊz­¨¡­®ª­YJ©_® ±Âób¦5´5³±K¨¡¨(©z®Ã´Ê±®Ã´`U²±´5­K½'¾¦³º±® ©_¨¡ÂrÊz­¨(­®ª±Kª©_¦5®Eª°r­(·e¦5Ê_Êz¦ K<©z®r´2±³¬­Â󬦿P©TJr­YJ+·e¦5³­±¯p°¯Êz±¸¬¸µ.±¯Ê±¸b¸©z®ª¬­³b·|±K¯­ yJíLRîéz®Ã´ª¬°Ã­?¨(­ª¬°Ã¦Jr¸.ª°²±cª¯±® M­?©_® ¿¦Nc­LJ¦5®y­±¯p°y¦`MPOb­¯£ª?¦·uª°Ã­(¯Êz±¸¬¸ £À Â󬩫¿±cª­nJ²±Kª± lJr­LR²®Ã©_®Ã´ª°Ã­¡±Kª¬ª¬³¬©oMUrª­¸°r­ÊTJ=Âób©_¿K±Kª­Ê_» M»­±¯p°¦NMOb­¯ª £À²±K®J2¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJ©_¨¡ÂÃÊ_­¨(­®ªp±cª©z¦®Ã¸ |¯¦PJíJívR²®Ã©_®Ã´*ª°r­¸¬­Y[Uí®Ã¯­º¦· ¦5­³¬±Kª©_¦5®Ã¸ª°²±cª'¦NMPOb­¯£ª¸'¦·<ª°r­2¯Ê±K¸¬¸¤Â­³b·e¦³¬¨ ©_® ¦5³VJr­³?ª¦¯¦5¨¡ÂrÊz­ª¬­ª°r­2¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJ ©z®¿5¦`c­YJ ¦5® ª°Ã­¦NMPOb­¯ª ~½ I ¦?Âr³¬¦5¨(¦ª­¯¦PJí³b­YUøb­ÀæNMOb­¯ªQ ¦5³b©z­® ª¬­YJ2Âób¦5´5³¬±¨¡¨(©z®r´Êz±®Ã´NU²±K´5­¸u¸VUÃÂæ5³ªª°Ã­®Ã¦ª¬©z¦5®?¦K·¯Ê±K¸¬¸°Ã©_­³¬±³¬¯p°Ã©_­¸À`K<©_ª¬°SJ²±Kªp±.±®J¤¨(­ª°r¦Jø¦·±®'±®Ã¯­¸ª¦5³%¯Ê±¸b¸jM­©z®Ã´.©z®Ã°Ã­³¬©«ª­YJM»wJr­¸¬¯­®Jr­®ªº¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸½ I °r©z¸ ©z®Ã°Ã­³¬©«ªp±®Ã¯­·e­±KªVUó¬­*±ÊzÊ_¦ K<¸ª¬°Ã­*Âr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨(¨¡­³ª¦]JíLR²®r­*ª°Ã­¯¦5¨(¨(¦5®¡·yUîr¯ª©_¦5®±K®JkJ²±Kª±AUøb­YJxM»¸b­¿­³±KÊW¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸±Kªuª°Ã­°Ã©z´°Ã­¸ªÂ¦5¸¬¸b©TMÃÊ_­.Êz­£¿5­Ê©_®ª°Ã­°Ã©z­³±³b¯p°»5À5K<°Ã©z¯p°=±¿5¦©TJøª°r­SJUÃÂÃÊ_©z¯±cª©z¦®+¦·o¯¦PJí'±Kªª¬°Ã­¤Êz¦ Ku­³ºÊz­£¿5­Ê_¸½ I °Ã­nJí¸b¯­®Jí®ª¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸<¨±»±`JJ:±`JJ髪©_¦5®²±ÊM±Kª¬ª¬³¬©TMUrª­¸<±®J¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJøÀ²±®J:¯±®³b­YJívR²®Ã­ºª°Ã­¨(­ª¬°Ã¦Jr¸¦·±®=±®Ã¯­¸bª¬¦5³¯Ê±K¸¬¸ÀWª¬­³b¨¡­LJ ¦5­³¬±Kª¦³¦q¿­³bÊz¦±`Jr©z®Ã´Ã½ \ ®Ã°Ã­³b©_ª±®Ã¯­(±Ê_Êz¦ K<¸±®¦NMOb­¯ª¦·oª°Ã­Jí¸b¯­®Jí®ª.¯Ê±K¸¬¸ª¦nM­ºª¬³¬­±Kª­LJE±¸ ±®¦NMOb­¯ª¦·±®:±®Ã¯­¸bª¬¦5³ ¯Ê±K¸¬¸½

Page 22: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Ä K§­ÊzÊ Jí¸¬©_´5®Ã­YJ¦NMOb­¯ªQ ¦5³b©z­® ª¬­YJÂób¦5´5³±K¨¡¨(©z®Ã´¸b»P¸ª­¨4­®²±`MÃÊ_­¸Âób¦5´5³¬±¨¡¨(­³b¸uª¬¦¤©z®QJí­®Jí®ªÊ«» Jí¿­Ê_¦5±®J ¿K±Ê_©TJ²±Kª¬­®Ã­vK4¯¦PJíÀoª¦=¨±K©z®ªp±©_® ±®J ³¬­£¿Z©_¸¬­­vuZ©_¸bª©_®Ã´=¯¦PJíÀ±®J ª¦aM­±`MÃÊz­ª¦ ©z®ª³b¦JUï­:®Ã­LK ¯¦Jr­©_® ª¬¦y­;ur©_¸bª¬©z®Ã´=Â󬦴5³±¨(¸½Ä"¦Z¦5³bÊ_»aJí¸b©z´5®Ã­LJ¸b»P¸bª¬­¨ K<©_Êzʮ檽¾²­® ¿­¸ ËÌ5Ì U©TJí® ª¬©oR²­¸ª°Ã­ª¬°Ã³¬­­­¸b¸¬­®ª¬©±Ê¸ª­Âr¸ ©_®ª°r­Jí¿­Êz¦Âè¡­®ª¦·%±(¦NMPOb­¯ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJ+¸b»P¸ª­¨±¸µ©TJr­®ª© R²¯±Kª¬©z¦5®¦·ª°Ã­¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸À¸¬Â­¯©oR²¯±Kª©_¦5®¦K·ª°r­*¯Êz±¸¬¸©z®ª­³b·|±¯­¸À±®J:©z¨(ÂÃÊz­¨¡­® ª±Kª©_¦5®W½

:<( $'3g>+ 1)? u>

I °Ã­Ku¦5³Vcª¦3J²±Kª¬­§©z®*±ÂÃÂÃÊ«»P©z®Ã´ ¦NMPOb­¯ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJ?Âób¦5´5³±K¨¡¨(©z®Ã´ª¬­¯p°Ã®Ã©o[Uí¸ª¬¦ª¬°Ã­<R²®r©_ª­­Ê_­¨(­®ª.¨(­ª¬°Ã¦PJ°²±K¸Êz±³¬´5­Ê_»¯¦5®Ã¯­®ª³¬±Kª­LJ¦5®:©TJí® ª¬©_· »P©z®r´(ª¬°Ã­¨¡±©_®:¯Ê±¸b¸.± Møbª¬³±¯£ª©z¦®Ã¸À©R½ ­½ ­Êz­¨(­®ª¬¸Ào®Ã¦Jr­¸ÀuÊz¦± JøÀ¯¦®Ã¸bª¬³±©_® ª¬¸Àu¨±Kª¬³¬© uMÀ¿­¯£ª¦5³À±®J ¸¬¦¨¡­±®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸¤¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸½I °Ã­­vuZ©z¸ª©z®r´¤¦NMPOb­¯£ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJZKu¦5³Vc2©_¸ K§­±`c2©z®2ªKu¦±K³¬­±K¸µË5½ I °Ã­?©_®ª­³·|±¯­ª¦ª¬°Ã­?±K®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸ ¯Ê±K¸¬¸ÀM±®JEª¬°Ã­?¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸ª°²±Kªª°Ã­*±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸ ¯Êz±¸¬¸3Uø¬­¸ª¦ ­³b·e¦³¬¨ ©_ª¬¸xK§¦5³0cÀÊz©z¨(©_ª¬¸ª°r­ tívuZ©TMé_Êz©«ª »5À.­;uPª­®r¸¬©TMr©zÊz©«ª »±®J ¯¦PJí=³¬­LUø¬­=ª°²±Kª¦NMPOb­¯ªQ ¦5³b©z­®ª¬­YJÂr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨(¨¡©_®Ã´¯±® Â󬦿P©TJr­½ I °Ã©_¸¡©_¸]M­¯±`Uøb­À<±¸(©z® ª³¬±`Jé_ª¬©z¦5®Ã±ÊÂób¦5´5³±K¨¡¨(©z®Ã´rÀWª°Ã­±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸¯Êz±¸¬¸©z¸ºª³b­±Kª¬­YJ ±¸±wMrʱ¯ec M¦ uÀ±®`©z³b³¬­LJUï©oMÃÊz­(±®J¦5²± [PUr­¦5­³±cª©z¦®W½ I °Ã­º±K®²±Ê_»P¸ª¯p°Ã¦P¦5¸¬­¸§ª°r­.ª »P­¦K· ±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸oª¦hM­.­³·e¦5³¬¨(­YJkM»©z®r¸bªp±K® ª¬©±Kª¬©z®Ã´±®(±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸%¦NMOb­¯ªo¦·ª°r­ ¯¦5³¬³b­¯£ªoª »P­½ I °r­.±®Ã±Ê_»P¸bª¨AUøbªÀ°Ã¦ K§­£¿5­³À¨(¦Jé«· »­;ur©_¸bª¬©z®Ã´¡±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸ ¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸ ¦5³ Â󬦿P©TJí®Ã­vK ±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸<¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸ ª¦¯p°Ã±®Ã´5­­¿­®ª°r­¸ª¦5³¬±´5­¸b¯p°Ã­¨(­ Ur¸¬­YJ:·e¦5³ª°r­¸»P¸bª­¨ ¦·­L[U²±Kª©_¦5®Ã¸©_®±K®E±®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸½

½ I °Ã­K§¦³Vcyª¬¦'J²±cª­°²±¸'ʱK³¬´5­Ê_»`©_´5®Ã¦5³b­YJ Jé_¸¬¯YUr¸¬¸¬©_®Ã´=°Ã¦ K ª°r­¦NMOb­¯ªQ ¦5³b©z­® ª¬­YJ JívQ¸¬©_´5®Ã¸ ¯±®DM­ Urª©_Êz© ­YJ:©z®:²±³¬±ÊzÊ_­Ê±®JDJé_¸bª³b©TMUZª­YJ¯¦5¨(ÂUrª¬©z®Ã´(­®¿P©z³b¦5®Ã¨(­®ª¸½ I °r­³¬­L[Uéz³b­¨(­®ª.ª¬°²±Kª.ª¬°Ã­hJí¸¬©_´5® M­¤±`MÃÊ_­ª¬¦­®Ã¯¦5¨(²±¸¬¸.²±³±KÊzÊz­Ê ±®J Jé_¸bª¬³¬©TMUrª­LJ+­®Q¿P©z³b¦5®Ã¨(­®ª¸ÀZ²±K³bª©_¯YUÃÊz±³¬Ê«»¤®Ã­£ªK§¦5³0c ¸¦· Ku¦5³Vc ¸bª±Kª©_¦5®Ã¸Àr©z¸o­¸b¸¬­® ª¬©±Êi½ I °Ã©_¸§©z¸+M­¯± Uø¬­KÀ±¸©z¸±K³¬´NUíLJSM»*Ä®Jí³b¸¬¦5®¤­£ª±Êi½" ËÌ5Ì ? M £Àcª°Ã­¸¬­±³b­¯­³bª±©z®ª¦1M­¯¦5¨¡­uª°Ã­uÂó¬©_¨±³»¯¦¨¡ÂUZª©z®r´¤ÂÃʱKªb·e¦5³¬¨ ·e¦5³­®r´5©z®Ã­­³b¸±K®J¸b¯©_­®ª©_¸bª¸<©_®ª¬°Ã­º¯¦5¨(©z®r´?»5­±K³¬¸½

\ ª.©_¸<ª¬°Ã­¸b­ªKu¦±³b­±¸<ª°Ã±Kª±³¬­±`JJób­¸b¸¬­YJE©z®ª°Ã©_¸3Jé_¸¬¸b­³bª±Kª©_¦5®W½ I °Ã­*¦`MPOb­¯£ª©_¿­¦K·ª°Ã­³¬­¸¬­±K³¬¯p°2©z¸%ª¬¦ Jí£¿5­Êz¦5Â2±K®¦NMPOb­¯ªQ ¦5³b©z­®ª¬­YJ^Jr­¸¬©_´5®¡ª¬°²±KªuÂ󬦿P©TJr­¸ª°Ã­.±®²±Ê«»Z¸ªª°Ã­ ª¦P¦5Êz¸ª¬¦¨± c­·yUÃÊ_ÊUøb­ ¦K·ª¬°Ã­©_³¯¦5¨(ÂUrª¬©z®Ã´³b­¸b¦NU󬯭¸o©z®'±ª³¬±®Ã¸b²±³¬­®ªu¨¡±®Ã®r­³½ I °Ã­<©z®ª­³b·|±¯­¸ª¬¦

Page 23: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

ª°Ã­¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸jK<©zÊzÊZ±Ê_Êz¦ K`ª°r­<±®²±Ê«»Z¸ª¸ª¬¦¨¡¦PJé«· »±®J'­vuPª­®J¤ª°Ã­<±K®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸±KÊz´5¦5³b©_ª¬°Ã¨¡¸À Ur¸¬©z®r´­vuZ©z¸ª©_®Ã´`±®JUøb­³Âób¦¿Z©oJíYJ¯¦PJí:·e³¬±´5¨(­®ª¸½ I °Ã­ Jí¸¬©z´®³¬­¯¦5´®Ã©­¸¡ª¬°Ã­E©_®ª­³¬±¯ª¬©z¦5®M­£ªK§­­®`¯¦5¨(ÂUrª©_®Ã´2­®¿P©z³b¦5®Ã¨(­®ª±®J ±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸Âr³¬¦P¯­YJUó¬­¸©_®=¸0Uïp°`±kK§±»=±¸ª¦±ÊzÊ_¦ Kª°Ã­ Jí¿­Êz¦Âè¡­®ª<¦·¦5Ârª¬©z¨¡±Ê¸¬¦5ÊoUrª©_¦5®¸ª³±cª­´©z­¸u·e¦5³Jé sM­³¬­® ª¯¦5¨(ÂUrª¬©z®Ã´­®¿P©z³¬¦®Ã¨¡­®ª¸½

( :.- $'3 11 )%$¡

\% B P$ 2 µÄ ³b­¿P©z­vK ©z¸¨¡±`Jí¦·Zª°Ã­o­vuZ©z¸ª©_®Ã´ Ku¦5³0cª°²±Kª °²±K¸¨¡±`JíEUøb­§¦·r¦NMPOb­¯ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJÂób¦5´5³±K¨¡¨(©z®Ã´Âr³¬©z®r¯©zÂrÊz­¸¤·e¦5³'ª°r­wR²®Ã©«ª­­Êz­¨¡­®ª¨(­ª¬°Ã¦JM½ I °Ã­E·yUîJñ¨¡­®ªp±Ê¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸*ª¬°²±Kª°²±¿5­kM­­®6Uø¬­LJ ±³¬­¡©TJí®ª©oRíYJ`±K®J6Jé_¸¬¯YUr¸¬¸¬­LJW½¥§Êz±¸¬¸©z®ª­³b·|±¯­¸·e¦5³ª¬°Ã¦5¸b­M²±¸b©z¯¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸<ª°²±cªK<©zÊzÊM­Uøb­YJʱKª¬­³©z®2ª¬°Ã­_Jéz¸b¸¬­³ªp±Kª¬©z¦5®±K³¬­ºÂó¬­¸¬­® ª¬­YJW½

\% B $ \ µ2Ä ³¬­£¿Z©_­LK ©z¸¤¨¡±`Jí2¦·­vuZ©z¸ª©_®Ã´¦NMPOb­¯£ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJJí¸¬©_´5®Ã¸¤·e¦5³¤ª°Ã­±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸º±KÊz´5¦5³b©_ª¬°Ã¨¡¸À K<°Ã©_¯p° °r©z´5°ÃÊ_©z´5°ª¬¸.ª°Ã­'¸b°Ã¦5³bª¬¯¦5¨(©z®r´5¸¦·oª°Ã­¸¬­¡±ÂÃÂób¦±¯p°Ã­¸½(Ä ®r­LKJí¸b©z´5®©z¸ª¬°Ã­®Âó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJhK<°Ã©_¯p° Ku¦NUÃÊoJ*Âób¦q¿P©oJí%ª°Ã­u±®²±Ê«»P¸bªK<©_ª¬°*±t²­vuZ©oMÃÊz­o±®J­vuPª¬­®Ã¸b©TMÃÊ_­­®¿P©z³b¦5®Ã¨(­®ª<·e¦5³ R²®Ã©«ª­­Ê_­¨(­®ª±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸½

\% B µÄ.®©_®ª³¬¦PJU©_¦5®(ª¬¦ª¬°Ã­.¯¦5¨¡¨(¦5®]Jæ5¨¡±©z®]Jí¯¦5¨(¦¸¬©_ª¬©z¦5®(¨(­ª°r¦JøUø¬­LJ¡©_®hR²®Ã©«ª­­Êz­¨(­®ª±K®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸%±®J¡±³b­¿P©z­vK¦·ª¬°Ã­­vuZ©z¸ª©_®Ã´¦NMPOb­¯ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJ(±ÂÃÂób¦±¯p°Ã­¸ª¦ Jr¦5¨±K©z® Jí¯¦5¨¡Â¦5¸b©_ª©_¦5®`±K³¬­XRó¬¸bª?Âó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJW½ I °Ã­^Jí¸b©z´5® Âób­¸b­®ª­LJ ©_®y¯p°²±KÂrª­³ ©z¸ª°Ã­®­;uPª­®JíYJEª¬¦'©z®Ã¯ÊTUJíJr¦5¨±K©z®xJí¯¦5¨(¦¸¬©_ª¬©z¦5®2¨(­ª¬°Ã¦PJø½

\% B 4! µÄ® ©_®ª³¬¦PJU©_¦5®ª¦:²±³±KÊzÊz­ÊÂób¦5´5³±K¨¡¨(©z®Ã´±®J`±Mób©z­·u³¬­£¿P©z­LK ¦·ª°Ã­:±ÂrÂ󬦱K¯p°Ã­¸nK<°Ã©z¯p° °²±¿5­M­­®Uøb­YJ ª¦Â²±³¬±ÊzÊ_­Êz© ­(ª°Ã­xR²®Ã©«ª­2­Êz­¨(­®ª(±®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸'±³¬­´5©_¿­®W½ÄB®Ã­LK.Jí¸b©z´5® ©_¸*ª°r­® Âób­¸¬­®ª­YJ ·e¦5³Â²±³±KÊzÊz­Êu­®¿Z©_³¬¦5®r¨¡­® ª¬¸ÀjK<°Ã©_¯p° ±ÊzÊ_¦ K<¸ª°Ã­t²­vuZ©oMézÊ_©_ª »*±®J(­vuPª­®Ã¸¬©oMézÊ_©_ª »?¦K·ª¬°Ã­3Jr­¸¬©_´5®(Âó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJ©_®(¯p°Ã±Ârª­³¬¸ ±K®J ª¬¦ M­<³¬­ª±©z®r­YJW½

\% B 14+ µ ­¸VUÃÊ«ª¸·e¦5³±?ª¬­¸bª<©_¨¡ÂrÊz­¨(­®ª±Kª©_¦5®¦·ª¬°Ã­Jí¸b©z´5®:±³b­´5©_¿­®2·e¦5³ M¦ª¬°Uîé_Âó¬¦P¯­¸¬¸¬¦³±®J¡Â²±³¬±ÊzÊ_­Ê²¨¡±¯p°Ã©z®r­¸½ I °Ã­.©_¸¬¸VUr­.¦·Â­³·e¦5³¬¨¡±®Ã¯­ K<°r­®kUøb©z®Ã´ª°Ã­¦NMPOb­¯ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJwJr­¸¬©_´5®©z¸ª¬°Ã­®­vur±¨(©z®Ã­LJW½

\% B G ! 0 µÄ ³b­¿P©z­vK©z¸¨±`Jr­¦·­vuZ©z¸ª©z®r´±KÂÃÂó¬¦5±¯p°Ã­¸%ª¬¦Â­³·e¦5³¬¨(©z®r´1Jr»P®²±¨(©z¯Êz¦± J]Mñʱ®r¯©z®r´JUó¬©_®Ã´±Rîé_ª¬­ ­Êz­¨¡­® ªu±®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸%¦5®(²±³±KÊzÊz­Êr¨¡±¯p°Ã©_®Ã­¸½Äg®r­LK±ÂrÂ󬦱K¯p°©z¸Âó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJW½?ŦJr©oR²¯±Kª©_¦5®Ã¸ª¬¦ª°Ã­*­vuZ©z¸ª©z®r´·e³±¨(­LKu¦5³0c©_¸´5©_¿­®W½ <­¸0UÃÊ_ª¬¸¸¬°r¦ K<©_®Ã´2ª°Ã­Â­³b·e¦5³b¨±K®Ã¯­©_¨¡Âób¦¿5­¨(­®ª%ª¬°²±Kª¯±K®]M­¦NMrª±©z®r­YJnUø¬©_®Ã´±¸¬©z¨(ÂÃÊ_­§Êz¦5±`JSM²±Êz±®Ã¯©_®Ã´¸¬¯p°r­¨(­±³¬­ª¬°Ã­®:Âó¬­¸¬­® ª¬­YJW½

Page 24: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

I °Ã­AJé_¸¬¸b­³bª±Kª©_¦5®:¯¦5®Ã¯ÊTUJr­¸9K<©_ª°E±(¸0Uè(¨±³»2¦·ª°Ã­ Jí¿­Ê_¦5Âè(­®ªÀ Jéz¸b¯YUøb¸¬­¸.©z¨(ÂÃÊ_­vQ¨¡­®ªp±Kª¬©z¦5®WÀr±®J:Âó¬­¸¬­® ª¬¸ Jé_³¬­¯ª©_¦5®Ã¸·e¦5³·yUZªWUób­³b­¸b­±³b¯p°+±®JZJí£¿5­Ê_¦5Âè(­®ª½

Page 25: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Í

*

\ ®ª°r©z¸<¯p°²±Ârª¬­³±¡³b­¿P©z­vK ©z¸<¨¡±`Jí¦·ª°Ã­­vuZ©z¸ª©_®Ã´]Ku¦5³0cª°²±Kª °²±K¸3M­­®EÂób­¸¬­®ª­YJ¦®¦NMPOb­¯ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJÂr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨(¨¡©_®Ã´*·e¦5³R²®Ã©«ª­­Êz­¨(­®ª±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸½ I °Ã­_M²±¸b©z¯º¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸<ª°²±Kª °²±¿­M­­®XUø¬­LJ2±³¬­ ©TJr­®ª© R²­YJ¡±®JXJéz¸b¯YUøb¸¬­YJM½<g ­LK ¯Ê±¸b¸u©_®ª­³·|±¯­¸ÀP¸¬©_¨¡©_ʱ³ª¬¦ª¬°Ã¦5¸b­¦NUZªÊz©_®Ã­YJ©z®=ª°Ã­Ê_©_ª¬­³±cªWUób­À±K³¬­Âr³¬¦¿P©TJíLJ M¦ª¬°yª¦DJí¨(¦5®Ã¸ª³±cª­¡ª¬°Ã­·yUîr¯ª©_¦5®²±Ê_©_ª »¦·§ª°Ã­¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸±®J·e¦5³Uøb­©_®¸VUMøb­Y[Uí® ª¯p°²±Ârª¬­³¬¸½

Page 26: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! % %$D%$(

Ä ®UèAM­³u¦·¦NMPOb­¯ªQ ¦5³b©z­®ª¬­YJXRîé_ª¬­ ­Êz­¨¡­® ª-Jr­¸¬©_´5®¡±®J©_¨¡ÂrÊz­¨(­®ª±Kª©_¦5®Ã¸°Ã±¿­3M­­®Âó¬­¸¬­® ª¬­YJ©_®:ª¬°Ã­ºÊz©_ª¬­³¬±KªWUób­º¦q¿­³<ª°Ã­Â²±¸ª.¸b­¿­³±KÊ »­±³b¸½ \ ®ª¬°Ã©z¸<¯p°²±KÂrª­³.±nMó¬©_­·³¬­¿P©_­LK©z¸¡¨±`Jr­E¦·ª¬°Ã©z¸¡­vuZ©z¸ª©z®r´aK§¦³Vc½ \ ®ª°Ã­ZK§¦³Vc ª¬°²±Kª°²±¸kM­­® Âó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJ ¸¬©z¨(©zÊz±³¤¯Êz±¸¬¸±`Møª³±K¯ª©_¦5®Ã¸°Ã±¿­ M­­® ©oJí®ª© R²­YJMÀ9K<©«ª° Jr©os­³¬­®ª2¯Êz±¸¬¸©_®ª­³·|±¯­¸kJí­®Jéz®r´ ¦5®ª°Ã­ª »P­¦·%Âób¦NMÃÊz­¨ M­©z®Ã´¡¸¬¦5Ê«¿5­LJW½ I °Ã­*¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸ª°²±Kª°²±¿5­ M­­®+Âr³¬­¸b­®ª­LJ¯±®wM­´5³¬¦NUr­LJ©z®ª¦¤·e¦NUr³M󬦱 J:¯±Kª­´5¦5³b©z­¸µË5½Å¦PJíÊ_©z®Ã´E¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸µ2¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸nUøb­YJ ª¦¯³¬­±cª­2ª°Ã­kRîé_ª¬­­Ê_­¨(­®ª'¨¡¦PJíÊu·e¦5³¤±´5©«¿5­®Âób¦NMÃÊz­¨½

½ ¾©_®Ã©_ª¬­3i%Ê_­¨(­®ª<ŦPJíÊM¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸µ%¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸Uø¬­LJª¦hJr­¸¬¯³¬©oM­.ª¬°Ã­ R²®r©_ª­­Ê_­¨(­®ª¨(¦Jr­Ê±®Jª¦'¸ª¦5³b­ºª¬°Ã­º³¬­¸VUÃÊ«ª¸<¦·±®:±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸¦5®ª°r©z¸¨(¦JíÊR½

½<Ä.®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸µ ¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸Uø¬­LJª¬¦ ­³·e¦5³¬¨gª°Ã­o±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸¦·Zª¬°Ã­ER²®Ã©«ª­­Ê_­¨(­®ª¨¡¦PJíÊRÀ©R½ ­½·e¦³¬¨/±K®J¸b¦5Ê_¿­ª°Ã­º´5¦¿5­³¬®Ã©_®Ã´(­Y[U²±Kª¬©z¦5®Ã¸½

=ý g3Ur¨¡­³¬©z¯±ÊM¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸µª°r­¸¬­±³b­¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸Uøb­YJª¦¤°²±®JÃÊz­.ª¬°Ã­®Uè(­³¬©_¯±Ê¦5­³±cª©z¦®Ã¸©z®ª°r­¸b¦5ÊTUZª©z¦®2Âó¬¦P¯­LJUó¬­K½

\ ®ª°Ã­<·e¦5Ê_Êz¦ K<©z®Ã´·e¦`Uóu¸b­¯£ª©z¦®Ã¸uª¬°Ã­ Ku¦5³0c'ª¬°²±Kªu°²±¸+M­­®Âr³¬­¸b­®ª­LJ2©z®'ª°Ã­Êz©«ª­³¬±KªWUr³¬­©z¸Jéz¸b¯YUøb¸¬­LJW½ \ ®±`JJ髪©z¦®WÀïÊz±¸¬¸<©_® ª¬­³·|±¯­¸ ·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­_M²±¸¬©_¯º¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸ ª¬°²±Kª9K<©zÊ_Ê M­ Ur¸¬­YJE©z®Ê±Kª¬­³¯p°²±Ârª¬­³b¸¤±³¬­(Âób­¸¬­®ª­YJ Uøb©z®Ã´Âø¬­LUJæ Q ¥ ¯¦JíK½ I °Ã­Âøb­YUJæ Q ¯¦PJí¡©z¸¸¬©z¨(©zÊz±³.ª¬¦Eª°Ã­¯¦PJínUø¬­LJy©_®+ª°Ã­'©z¨(ÂÃÊ_­¨(­®ªp±Kª¬©z¦5®MÀª°r­(¦®ÃÊ_»DJéos­³b­®Ã¯­]M­©_®Ã´2ª°²±cªºÂ󬩫¿±cª­SJ²±Kª±2©z¸®Ã¦ª¸¬°Ã¦ K<®W½

" $++& AB)?111

I °Ã­©z®r¸bªp±K®Ã¯­¸*¦·¨(¦PJíÊ_©z®Ã´¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸*±³¬­¡¦NMPOb­¯£ª¸ Uø¬­LJ M »ª¬°Ã­±®Ã±Ê_»P¸bªª¦¯³b­±Kª¬­ª°Ã­R²®Ã©«ª­ ­Êz­¨¡­®ª§¨(¦Jr­ÊRÀ ©i½ ­K½¯³b­±Kª¬­ª°r­®Ã¦PJí¸Àr­Êz­¨¡­® ª¬¸ÀZÊz¦±`Jr¸u±K®J¯¦®Ã¸bª¬³±©_® ª¬¸½¾²¦5³Ê±K³¬´5­Âó¬¦`MÃÊz­¨¡¸À©_ª©z¸©z¨(¦5³bª±®ªª¬°²±Kªª°Ã­±®²±Ê«»Z¸ªAM­± MÃÊz­(ª¦E¯³¬­±Kª­(ª°Ã­¨(¦PJíʩz®y±¸b©z¨(ÂÃÊz­±®JZJí¸b¯³b©zÂrª¬©_¿5­º¨¡±®Ã®Ã­³½%ÄÈ®UèhM­³<¦·±ÂÃÂób¦±¯p°Ã­¸.±K³¬­Uøb­YJWµË5½ \ ®¸b¦5¨(­ ¦K·Mª°r­ Ku¦5³Vc¤Âr³¬­¸b­®ª­LJWÀZª¬°Ã­±®²±Ê«»Z¸ªo¯³¬­±Kª­¸uª¬°Ã­¨(¦PJíʲ©_®'ª¬°Ã­ ¨±©_®nJ󬩫¿5­³¦·Ãª¬°Ã­Âób¦5´5³¬±¨ <¦5¸¬¸­ª%±KÊR½«ÀrËÌ5Ì r ­´5Êz©_®Ã¸Vc ©Z±®JSd±®WÀrËÌ5Ì^=r ¥±K³VJæ5®Ã±.­ª±ÊR½«ÀrËÌÌ^=r

Page 27: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Ä.³b¯p°Ã­³ÀWËÌ5Ì X £½ I °Ã­±®²±KÊ_»P¸bªJæZ­¸§ª°r©z¸M»¡­vuZÂÃÊ_©z¯©«ªÊ«»¤¯³b­±Kª¬©z®Ã´­±¯p°¦NMPOb­¯ªu·e¦5³§­±¯p°®Ã¦PJíÀ%­Êz­¨¡­® ªÀÊz¦5±`J`±®J M¦NUr®J²±³»y¯¦5®J髪©z¦®y©z® ª°Ã­^Rîé_ª¬­­Ê_­¨(­®ª?¨(¦PJíÊi½ I ¦¦¿5­³¬¯¦¨¡­oª°Ã­oÂó¬¦`MÃÊz­¨ ¦·²°²±¿P©z®Ã´ ª¦³¬­¯¦5¨(ÂézÊ_­ª°Ã­uÂó¬¦5´³±¨@·e¦³­±¯p°?®Ã­vK Âó¬¦NMrÊz­¨:À¥±³0Jæ5®²±¤­ª±Êi½3ËÌ5Ì^=uÂr³¬¦¿P©TJí¸.±®©_® ª¬­³bÂó¬­£ª­YJ:­®¿P©z³b¦5®Ã¨(­®ª½

½ \ ®?¦ª¬°Ã­³K§¦³VcÀª°r­±®²±Ê«»P¸bª¯³¬­±Kª­¸%±®?©_®ÃÂUrª#R²Êz­-K<°Ã©_¯p°?©z¸³¬­± JhM»ª¬°Ã­§¦NMOb­¯ª³¬­Âr³¬­vQ¸¬­®ª©z®r´ª°r­9Rîé_ª¬­­Êz­¨(­®ªo¨(¦JÃ­Ê i¾²¦5³0Jí<­ªu±ÊR½«À²ËÌ5Ì^UrPÉ1UM¦©z¸Q ¶ ­Êz­³b©z®'­ª§±Êi½_À²ËÌÌ rÉ1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©_®±®J ©_¨¡¨(­³b¨±®r®WÀ.ËÌÌ rÅ­®Ã­ª¬³¬­» ±®J ©z¨(¨(­³¬¨¡±®Ã®MÀËÌ5Ì £½I °Ã­+©_®ÃÂUrªXR²Êz­©z¸¡³¬­± J ­©_ª¬°Ã­³XJUób©z®Ã´yª¬°Ã­+¦NMOb­¯ªYp ¸¯¦5®Ã¸ª³0U窱©z¦5®WÀ ±¸©z® É1UM¦5©_¸Q¶ ­Êz­³¬©z®y±®J ©z¨(¨¡­³¬¨¡±®Ã® ËÌ5Ì ~À ¦³ M»ª°Ã­±®²±Ê«»P¸bª¸¬­®Jéz®r´±:¨(­¸b¸±´­¡ª¦:ª°Ã­¦NMPOb­¯ª<ª¦'©_®Ã©_ª¬©±Ê_©­<ª°r­¨(¦PJíÊiÀñ¸<©z®:¾²¦5³0Jí­ª±Êi½ ËÌ5Ì U~½

½ \ ®¸b¦5¨¡­¦·ª°r­DK§¦³VcÀª°Ã­±K®²±Ê_»P¸ª©_® ª¬­³¬±¯ª¬¸^K<©_ª¬° ±y´5³¬±Âðé_¯±Ê<©z®ª¬­³b·|±K¯­E¦`MPOb­¯£ª f¸ª­³b¨±K®Ã®2­ª±ÊR½«ÀMËÌÌ ?rrÅE±¯ec ©z­KÀWËÌ5Ì ? £½%¾²¦5³u­vur±¨(ÂÃÊz­KÀZ©_®ÅE±¯ec ©z­ ËÌ5Ì ? %ª¬°Ã­º±®Q±Ê«»Z¸ª©z®ª¬­³±K¯ª¸ K<©«ª°:± B - 99 156 ) ¦`MPOb­¯£ª½ I °Ã©z¸¦`MPOb­¯£ª.±KÊzÊz¦ K<¸oª°Ã­º±®Ã±Ê_»P¸bªª¦º¯³¬­±cª­´5³¬±Âðé_¯±Êæ`MPOb­¯£ª¸ [ 0 B ±®J [ 0 ±®J'¦NMOb­¯ª¬¸-Jí¸b¯³¬©oMéz®r´¨¡±Kª­³¬©±KÊr±®J¤´5­¦5¨(­ª¬³b»½ I °Ã­ ±®²±KÊ_»P¸bª%¯³¬­±Kª­¸%¦5®Ã­¦5³¨(¦5³b­¯Ê_¦5¸¬­LJ¤³¬­´©z¦5®Ã¸À ±³¬­´5©z¦5®¯¦®Ã¸¬©_¸bª©_®Ã´(±¡±'¸¬­³¬©_­¸ ¦· [" 0 ¦NMPOb­¯£ª¸½ i±¯p°E³b­´5©_¦5®:°²±¸ ±(¦5©_® ª¬­³ª¦(¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸³¬­Âó¬­¸¬­® ª¬©z®Ã´(ª°Ã­¨¡±Kª­³¬©±KÊW±®J±'´5­¦5¨(­ª¬³b»2¦K·ª¬°Ã­³b­´5©_¦5®W½ I °Ã­¸¬­*¦5©_® ª¬­³b¸±K³¬­º¸¬­£ªM»ª°Ã­¡±®²±KÊ_»P¸bª½ I °Ã­¡±®²±Ê«»Z¸ª*¯³¬­±Kª­¸*¦5©z®ª·e¦5³b¯­¸*±®J=³¬­¸bª³¬±©z®ª¬¸*±Kª [ 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸À±K®J'Jr©z¸bª¬³¬©oMUrª­LJÊz¦±`Jr¸±KÊz¦5®Ã´ [ 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¸½2¥§Êz±¸¬¸b­¸º·e¦5³º¨¡­¸¬°=´5­®Q­³¬±Kª©_¦5®+±K³¬­*Âr³¬¦¿P©TJíLJDK<©_ª¬°Eª°Ã­*²±¯ecc±´5­KÀ K<°Ã¦5¸b­?¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸¯³b­±Kª¬­*ª°Ã­ R²®Ã©«ª­*­Êz­¨¡­® ª¨(¦JíÊW¯¦¨¡Â¦5®Ã­® ª¬¸9M²±¸¬­LJ¦®:ª¬°Ã­º³¬­´©z¦5®Ã¸©oJí®ª¬©oR²­LJZM»2ª¬°Ã­±®²±Ê«»Z¸ª½

¾¦³ª°Ã­ÂUób¦5¸b­¸ ¦· ª°Ã©_¸ ³b­¸b­±³b¯p°WÀM± "5 ) J6#)5 ¦NMPOb­¯ª K<©zÊ_Ê M­_Uøb­YJ:ª¦'¯³b­±Kª¬­ª°Ã­xR²®r©_ª­2­Êz­¨¡­® ª'¨(¦PJíÊu©z® ±³VUîîr©z®Ã´Âób¦5´5³±K¨½ I °Ã­ 156 ) J*)#5 ¯Ê±¸b¸À-K<°Ã¦5¸b­©z®ª­³b·|±¯­'©z¸º±¸¸¬°Ã¦ K<® ©z® R²´NUób­ ½_ËÀ ©_¸±®=±`Møbª¬³±¯£ª*¯Ê±¸b¸½'Ä.® ±`Møª³¬±¯ª¯Êz±¸¬¸º©z¸º±¯Êz±¸¬¸·e¦5³K<°Ã©_¯p°ª°Ã­³¬­©_¸®Ã¦¤¯¦PJí¸0UÃÂÃÂÃÊ_©z­LJª¦¤©z¨(ÂÃÊ_­¨(­®ª§¸b¦5¨(­¦·ª°r­¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJø JívR²®Ã­LJ:©_®ª°Ã­©z®ª­³b·|±¯­o±®JWÀc¯¦5®r¸¬­Y[Uí®ªÊ_»À®Ã¦ ¦NMPOb­¯£ª¸ ¦·rª¬°²±Kª ¸¬Â­¯©oR²¯¯Ê±¸b¸¯±® M­¯³b­±Kª¬­YJW½ÁPUM¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸±³¬­<©_® ª¬³¬¦PJUï­YJ¤ª¦ºÂób¦q¿P©oJíª°Ã­<©z¨(ÂÃÊ_­¨(­®ªp±Kª¬©z¦5®*¦·ª¬°Ã­¸b­<¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJø½ I °Ã­ "5 ) J6)#5 ¯Êz±¸¬¸ Jr­LR²®Ã­¸<¦5®Ã­ÂUób­.¿P©z³ªWU²±Ê¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJWÀ% ~ÀZ·e¦5³+K<°Ã©z¯p°:±Ê_ʸ0UM¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸<¨hUøbªÂ󬦿P©TJr­±K®:©_¨¡ÂrÊz­¨(­®ª±Kª©_¦5®W½

Page 28: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! #"%$&(')*,+.-0/ $1(')* 2435 6-0798 ! #":2435 6-07;*<-) >=@? " 5 (2BADC3E 3

"%' GFIHKJ(LDM +*.' N *O "5 ) J6)#5 $

io±K¯p° "56 ) J*)56 ¦NMOb­¯ªÀ<±¸(¸¬°Ã¦ K<® ©z® R²´NUr³¬­ ½ À<K<©zÊzÊM­±¸¬¸b¦Z¯©±Kª¬­YJK<©«ª°±¸¬©_®Ã´5Êz­ Q.78%A 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª½2ǰí® % 0 ©z¸©z®¿5¦NcK­YJ`¦®`± "5 ) J6)#5 ¦NMQOb­¯£ªÀMª¬°Ã­?¦NMPOb­¯ªº©_¸.³¬­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸b©TMÃÊ_­*·e¦5³ MUézÊoJéz®Ã´(ª°Ã­*¯¦5¨(¦®Ã­®ª¸.¦·%ª°Ã­¤¨(¦PJíʱ®J±`JJéz®Ã´ª°Ã­¨ª¬¦ª°r­ Q. 7%A 0 ¦NMOb­¯ªÀK<°Ã©_¯p°±¯ª¬¸±¸±¡³¬­Â¦5¸b©_ª¦³b»·e¦5³<ª°Ã­¸¬­¤¯¦¨¡Â¦5®Ã­® ª¬¸½ I °r­¨±K®Ã®Ã­³ ©z®ZK<°Ã©z¯p°ª°Ã­ 156 ) J*)#5 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¯³¬­±Kª­¸ª°r­*¨(¦Jíʯ¦5¨(¦®Ã­®ª¸3Jí­®Jø¦5®yª¬°Ã­¸0UM¯Ê±¸b¸?¦·ª¬°Ã­ "5 ) J6#)5 ¯Ê±K¸¬¸ª¬°²±Kªª°Ã­±®²±Ê«»Z¸ªhUøb­¸*ª¬¦E¯¦5®Ã¸bª¬³VU¤ª°Ã­ "56 ) J*)56 ¦`MPOb­¯£ª½ I °Ã©_¸.±ÂrÂ󬦱K¯p°±ÊzÊ_¦ K<¸ª°Ã­*±®²±Ê«»Z¸ª<ª¦^MUézÊoJ:¨(¦PJíÊ_¸ Ur¸¬©z®r´±®»¦·ª°Ã­ª°r³¬­­ ±ÂrÂ󬦱K¯p°Ã­¸o¦NUrª¬Êz©z®r­YJ'±`M¦¿5­ÀM»'¯p°Ã¦P¦5¸¬©_®Ã´±®(±ÂÃÂób¦5Âób©±Kª¬­¸VUM¯Êz±¸¬¸¦· "5"I ) J6#)5 ½

" $+gAB)?111

\ ® ¨(¦5¸ª¤¦·<ª°Ã­XK§¦5³0cyª°Ã±Kª¤°²±¸SM­­® Âó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJWÀoª°Ã­¨¡±©_®`¯Êz±¸¬¸'±`Mr¸bª³¬±¯ª¬©z¦5®r¸hUø¬­LJª¦xJí¸¬¯³¬©TM­*ª¬°Ã­AR²®Ã©«ª­?­Êz­¨¡­® ª¨¡¦PJíʱ³b­µ "5 À NP)4 7 0 À 0 B9%A 0 À %A5 ±®JQ. 7%A 0 i¾²¦5³0Jí?­£ª±ÊR½«ÀËÌÌ Ur ©_¨¡¨(­³b¨±®r®­£ª±ÊR½«ÀËÌÌ rÉ1UM¦5©_¸Q ¶ ­Ê_­³¬©_®E­£ª±ÊR½«ÀËÌÌ rÉ1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©z®*±®J ©z¨(¨(­³¬¨¡±®Ã®MÀPËÌ5Ì rPÅ­®Ã­ª¬³¬­£»'±®J ©_¨¡¨(­³b¨±®r®WÀZËÌ5Ì r ¶ ©TJñ²±³ª©±®J d3UJÃÊRÀ ËÌ5Ì r5¥±K³VJæ5®Ã±<­£ª ±ÊR½«À ËÌ5Ì^=r5¥§°UJæ`M²±±K®J §©_ªbª®²±³ÀËÌ5Ì ?Pr ±°rÊ_ª­®­ª±Êi½_ÀËÌÌ ?r Ur¯ecP© ±®JÅ©_ÊzÊz­³ÀËÌ5Ì X r²Ä³¬¯p°Ã­³À ËÌ5Ì X £½ I °Ã­¸b­?±³b­¸b©z¨(©zÊz±³uª¬¦'ª¬°Ã­±`Møbª¬³±¯£ª©_¦5®Ã¸9Uø¬­LJ+©z®ª³¬±`Jé_ª¬©z¦5®Ã±Ê Rîé_ª¬­­Êz­¨¡­® ª<Âr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨(¨¡©_®Ã´Ã½I °Ã­2¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸'±®J ª¬°Ã­³¬­Ê±Kª¬©z¦5®r¸¬°Ã©_Â`±¨(¦5®Ã´5¸ª?ª°r­¨ ¯±® M­´5³±KÂðéz¯±ÊzÊ«»¸¬­­® ©z® ¾©_´ Q

Uó¬­ ½ ÀEK<°Ã©_¯p° ¸b°Ã¦ K<¸(ª¬°Ã­2¯Êz±¸¬¸nJéz±´5³±K¨ ·e¦5³ª°Ã­:±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸SUø¬©_®Ã´ Ur¨hM²±`Uô° ®r¦ªp±Kª¬©z¦5® 9UèhM²± Uô5°=­ª*±ÊR½«ÀËÌ5ÌrË~½2¥§Êz±¸¬¸ Jé±K´5³±¨(¸º±³b­XUøb­YJ=ª¦E¸b°Ã¦ K ª°r­­vuZ©_¸bª­®Ã¯­¡¦·¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸±®Jª°r­¤³¬­Êz±Kª©_¦5®Ã¸b°Ã©z M­ªKu­­®y¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸½ \ ® Ur¨hM²±`Uô°®Ã¦ªp±cª©z¦®WÀ±¯Êz±¸¬¸©_¸³¬­Âó¬­¸¬­® ª¬­YJM» ±E³b­¯ª±®Ã´5Ê_­ÀjK<©«ª°yª¬°Ã­¯Êz±¸¬¸*®²±¨(­©z®r¸¬©TJr­¡ª°r­³¬­¯ªp±K®Ã´5Êz­KÀ±®J`ª¬°Ã­³¬­Ê±Kª¬©z¦5®r¸¬°Ã©_Âø M­vQ

Page 29: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

PlaneFrame

ModelBuilder

exactly one

many

Class 1 Class 2

Class Name

Domain

MP_Constraint SP_Constraint Node Element

Beam Truss

Analysis

creates

populates is analysed by

Element

BeamPtLoad

ElementalLoadNodalLoadNode

LoadCase

Load

ContinuumElement

KEY

Super class

more subclassesexist

Association:

Class:

Aggregation:Multiplicity of Association:

Inheritance(Generalization):

Assembly Class

Part 1 Class Part 2 Class

Subclass 1 Subclass 2

¾©_´NUób­ ½ µo¥§Ê±¸b¸ É©±´5³¬±¨·e¦5³ª°Ã­¾©_®Ã©_ª¬­i%Êz­¨¡­® ªÅ:­ª°r¦J

ªK§­­®=¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸º±³b­?³¬­Âó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJ M »EÊz©_®Ã­¸3M­£ªK§­­®ª°Ã­¤¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸½ I °Ã­³b­'±³¬­*ª¬°Ã³¬­­?ª »P­¸¦·³¬­Ê±Kª¬©z¦5®Ã¸b°Ã©zÂr¸©z®¦NMPOb­¯ªQ ¦5³b©z­®ª¬­YJ:Âó¬¦5´³±¨(¨¡©_®Ã´Ãµ

Ë5½ /"0 2 ZI % µ I °Ã­]c ®Ã¦ K<¸Q ±E³¬­Ê±Kª¬©z¦5®Ã¸b°Ã©z­;ur©_¸bª¬¸ M­ªKu­­® ¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸ K<°Ã­®`±® ¦NMPOb­¯ª¦·¦5®Ã­(¯Êz±¸¬¸ c ®Ã¦ K<¸?±`M¦NUrª±® ¦NMPOb­¯ª¦·<±®Ã¦Kª°Ã­³¯Ê±¸b¸½¾²¦5³­;uñK¨¡ÂÃÊ_­À±® N ) 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª<c ®Ã¦ K<¸±`M¦NUrªo©_ª¬¸ "5 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸½Ä&cP®r¦ K<¸!Q ±*³b­Êz±Kª©_¦5®Ã¸¬°r©z¤©z¸³b­Âób­¸¬­®ª­YJxM»±¤Êz©_®Ã­1M­ªKu­­®ªK§¦(³¬­¯ªp±K®Ã´5Êz­¸½

½ ZI % µ I °Ã­*©_¸Q ±(³b­Ê±cª©z¦®Ã¸¬°Ã©_ÂWÀê­³¬¨(­YJ©z®Ã°Ã­³¬©«ªp±®Ã¯­À­vuZ©z¸ª¸ K<°Ã­®±K®E©z®r¸bªp±K®Ã¯­¦·%¦5®Ã­¯Êz±¸¬¸Àª¬°Ã­hJí¸¬¯­®Jí® ª¯Ê±¸b¸ÀM¯±® M­ª³b­±Kª¬­YJ±¸.±®©z®r¸bªp±K®Ã¯­¦·o±®Ã¦ª¬°Ã­³¯Êz±¸¬¸ÀMª°Ã­±®Ã¯­¸ª¦5³¤¯Ê±¸b¸½ ¾¦³?­vur±¨(ÂÃÊz­KÀ± %A7 ¦NMPOb­¯ª(¯±® M­ª³b­±Kª¬­YJ ±¸'±® N ) 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ªM»(ª°Ã­ QR78%( 0 ½ I °Ã­©_¸Q ±³¬­Ê±Kª¬©z¦5®r¸¬°Ã©_¡©_¸§³¬­Âó¬­¸¬­® ª¬­YJM»^M»±*Êz©_®Ã­K<©_ª°±ª³b©±®r´5Êz­3M­£ªK§­­®Eª¬°Ã­º¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸½ I °Ã¦5¸b­¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸9K<°r©z¯p°:¸¬°²±³b­±(¯¦5¨¡¨(¦5®2²±K³¬­®ª ¯Êz±¸¬¸

Page 30: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

±³b­¸¬°Ã¦ K<®DM»Ê_©z®Ã­¸¯¦5®Ã®r­¯ª¬©z®Ã´¤ª¬¦(ª¬°Ã­_M²±¸¬­º¦· ª°r­ºª¬³¬©z±®Ã´5Ê_­½ ½ \%AZI % µ I °Ã­2°²±¸!Q ±+³b­Ê±cª©z¦®Ã¸¬°Ã©_ÂWÀª¬­³¬¨(­YJ ±K´5´5³¬­´±Kª¬©z¦5®WÀ­vuZ©z¸ª¸hK<°Ã­®±® ¦`MPOb­¯£ª'¦·¦5®Ã­¤¯Ê±¸b¸º©z¸¨¡±`JíSUæ·u¯¦5¨(¦5®Ã­®ªº¦NMOb­¯ª¬¸¦K·§¦ª¬°Ã­³¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸½(¾²¦5³­vur±¨(ÂÃÊ_­Àª°Ã­Q.78%A 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª©_¸ ±®E±K´5´5³¬­´±Kª¬©z¦5®2¦· NP)4 7 0 À 156 À %A5 ±®J 0 <%( 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸½ I °r­(°Ã±¸Q ±:³b­Ê±cª©z¦®Ã¸¬°Ã©_©z¸³b­Âób­¸¬­®ª­YJ M»=±xJéz±¨¡¦®J=±Kªª°Ã­¡±´5´³¬­´5±Kª­¯Êz±¸¬¸ ±®J±'Êz©_®Ã­.·e³b¦5¨Bª¬°Ã­_J鱨(¦5®Jª¬¦¤ª°Ã­º¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸ ¦· ª°Ã­º¯¦¨¡Â¦5®Ã­® ª ¦NMOb­¯ª¬¸½

\ ®+ª°Ã­·e¦5ÊzÊ_¦ K<©_®Ã´(¸VUMøb­¯£ª©z¦®Ã¸À±³b­¿P©z­vK ©z¸.¨¡±`Jí¦·%ª°r­AK§¦³Vc:Âó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJ·e¦5³.­±¯p°¦·ª°Ã­¨±K©z®±`Møª³¬±¯ª¬©z¦5®Ã¸Ur¸¬­YJ:ª¦nJí¸¬¯³b©TM­ª°Ã­R²®Ã©«ª­º­Ê_­¨(­®ª<¨(¦JíÊR½

( zF6,E88

Ä "56 ¦NMPOb­¯£ª§³b­Âób­¸b­®ª¸±_Jé_¸¬¯³b­ª¬­Â¦5©z®ª©_®(ª¬°Ã­3Jr¦5¨±K©z®'±Kª-K<°Ã©_¯p°³¬­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸b­ [U²±®Qª©«ª©z­¸ lJr­´5³b­­¸!Q ¦· QR·e³¬­­YJæ5¨ ±³b­JíLR²®r­YJW½ I °Ã­·yUî©z¦®:¦K·± 156 ¦NMPOb­¯£ª ©z¸ª¦'¸ª¦5³b­©_ª¸¯¦P¦5³VJr©z®²±Kª¬­¸_K<©_ª¬°Ã©z®ª°Ã­]Jæ5¨¡±©_®WÀ ª¬¦E¸ª¦5³b­¡©«ª¸³¬­¸b¦®Ã¸¬­2±K®JaUîM²±Kʱ®Ã¯­YJ`Ê_¦±`J=©z®r·e¦³¬¨¡± Qª©_¦5®WÀ5±K®J?ª¦Âób¦¿Z©oJí¨(­ª¬°Ã¦Jr¸ª¦¸b­ªo±®J¤³b­ª¬³¬©z­£¿5­ª¬°Ã©z¸©z®r·e¦5³b¨±cª©z¦®W½ \ ®'¨¡¦5¸ª¦·ª¬°Ã­Ku¦5³VcÂó¬­¸¬­® ª¬­YJ©z®ª¬°Ã­Êz©«ª­³¬±KªWUr³¬­À ª°r­¦5®ÃÊ_»¡³¬­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸b­ [U²±K® ª¬©_ª »¡ª°²±Kª¯±®xM­¸bª¬¦5³¬­LJ±cª<± "5¦NMPOb­¯ª©_¸uª°r­1Jéz¸bÂÃʱK¯­¨(­®ªÀPª¬°Ã¦NUô5°2©_®¸¬¦¨¡­¦·ª°Ã­3K§¦5³0cÀZª°r­.¿5­Êz¦P¯©_ª »¡±®J±¯¯­Êz­³±Kª¬©z¦5®¯±®ZM­¸ª¦5³b­YJ±¸K§­ÊzÊ1i¥±³VJr¦5®²±'­ª±ÊR½«ÀMËÌ5Ì^=rÃij¬¯p°Ã­³ÀËÌ5Ì X £½\ ®¨hUïp°¦K·Mª°r­3Ku¦5³Vc¤ª°Ã±Kª§°Ã±¸<M­­®Âób­¸¬­®ª­YJMÀí±¯p°kg¦PJí.¦NMOb­¯ª§©z¸o±¸b¸¬¦P¯©±cª­YJ]K<©_ª¬°

±=®UèAM­³(¦K· Q C ¦NMOb­¯ª¬¸½ RÅ©_ÊzÊz­³À<ËÌ5ÌZËNr ±`Uô°±®J <­°²± cÀËÌ5Ì r ©z¨(¨¡­³¬¨¡±®Ã®­ª<±KÊR½«ÀMËÌ5Ì rrÉ1UM¦5©_¸Q ¶ ­Ê_­³b©z®­£ª<±ÊR½«ÀËÌ5Ì rÃÅ­®r­ª³b­»±K®J ©z¨(¨¡­³¬¨¡±®Ã®WÀËÌÌ r <©z°Ã±¯ ­Yc±®J³¬¦ÂÃÊz©_®WÀËÌ5Ì r¥±³VJ殲±`­ª±KÊR½«ÀËÌ5Ì^=r ±K°ÃÊ_ª¬­® ­ª2±ÊR½«ÀºËÌ5Ì ?r Uïec ©º±®J Å©zÊ_Êz­³ÀËÌ5Ì X rÃÄ.³b¯p°Ã­³ÀËÌ5Ì X ~½ I °Ã­ Q C ¦NMOb­¯ª¬¸ ±³¬­ª¬°Ã­º³¬­Â¦5¸b©_ª¦³¬©z­¸¦· ª°Ã­º³b­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸b­*±K®JÊz¦±`J[U²±®ª©«ª©z­¸.·e¦5³­±¯p° Jí´³¬­­;Q ¦· QR·e³¬­­YJæ5¨±Kªº± "5 ¦NMOb­¯ª½ I °r­ Q C ¦NMOb­¯ª¬¸ºÂ󬦿P©TJí¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJø©z®ª¬°Ã­©_³ ©_®ª­³·|±¯­%ª¬¦¸b­ª±®J³¬­ª¬³¬©_­¿5­ª°r­¸¬­+[U²±®ª©«ª©_­¸½ \ ®¸¬¦5¨(­¦·rª¬°Ã­+Ku¦5³0cÀcª°Ã­Q C ¦NMPOb­¯ª¸º±KÊz¸¬¦Xc­­Â+ª³¬±¯ec:¦·%ª°Ã­©z³ Êz¦P¯±Ê¯¦Z¦5³0Jéz®Ã±Kª­¸b»P¸bª¬­¨(¸ RÅ:©zÊzÊ_­³À ËÌ5ÌrËNr ±`Uô°±®J ­°²±`cÀËÌ5Ì rÅ©_ÊzÊz­³±®J 9Uïec ©RÀËÌÌ r 9Uïec © ±®JEÅ©zÊ_Êz­³ÀËÌ5Ì X rrÄ.³¬¯p°r­³ÀËÌÌ X £½

¾¦³.ª°Ã­¤ÂUó¬Â¦5¸¬­¸º¦·ª°Ã©_¸³¬­¸¬­±K³¬¯p°WÀ± "5 ¯Ê±¸b¸©z¸©_®ª³¬¦PJUï­YJW½ I °Ã­'¯Êz±¸¬¸À K<°Ã¦5¸b­©z®ª­³b·|±¯­º©z¸<±¸¸b°Ã¦ K<®E©z®xR²´`Uó¬­ ½ ÀÃÂób¦¿Z©oJí¸<·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­·e¦5ÊzÊ_¦ K<©_®Ã´ÃµË5½ I °Ã­¯¦5®Ã¸bª¬³VU¦5³b¸±ÊzÊ_¦ K "5 ¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸ª¦ M­ MUr©zÊ_ª(·e¦5³¦®Ã­vQÀ<ªKu¦ QÀ.±®Jª°Ã³b­­vQJé_¨¡­®Ã¸¬©_¦5®²±ÊÂó¬¦NMrÊz­¨(¸À9K<©_ª¬°±¸¨±K® »Jí´³¬­­¸Q¦· Q·e³b­­YJr¦5¨ ±¸b¸¬¦P¯©±cª­YJ K<©«ª° ª°Ã­

Page 31: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

$&(' * (' (*7*<-)

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

"%' F H=<IL M +*.0' N ' *O 156 $ !

Page 32: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸.±¸ª¬°Ã­±®²±Ê«»P¸bª ¸¬Â­¯©oR²­¸½ ½Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø ±³¬­ºÂób¦¿Z©oJíYJª¦'³b­ª³b©z­£¿5­ºª°Ã­º®Ã¦PJ²±ÊW¯¦Z¦³VJé_®²±Kª­¸<±®J:©z®r·e¦³¬¨¡±Kª©_¦5®±`M¦NUrªª°r­®UèAM­³ ¦K· Jí´5³¬­­¸!Q ¦· QR·e³¬­­LJæ5¨4±cªª°Ã­ 156 ¦`MPOb­¯£ª½

½Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø%±³b­§Âób¦¿Z©oJíYJ?ª¬¦¸¬­£ª K³b­ª¬³¬©z­£¿5­§ª¬³¬©z±Ê ³¬­¸b¦®Ã¸¬­ [U²±K® ª¬©_ª¬©z­¸±Kª q·e³¬¦5¨ ª°r­§®Ã¦PJ²±ÊJí´5³¬­­¸Q¦· Q·e³b­­LJæ5¨:½ I °Ã­³b­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸b­k[U²±®ª©«ª©_­¸ÀK<°Ã©_¯p°`©z®Ã¯ÊTUJr­(ª¬°Ã­XJr©z¸¬Ârʱ¯­¨(­®ªÀ¿5­Êz¦P¯©«ª »5À±K®J ±¯¯­Ê_­³¬±Kª©_¦5®WÀ ¯±®6M­¸b­ªAJéz³b­¯ª¬Ê_»À­½ ´Ã½ * &' / º¦5³¸b­ª¤©_®Ã¯³b­vQ¨(­®ªp±Ê_Ê_»Àr­½ ´Ã½1!*<M N0' ' / £½

=ýŭ£ª°Ã¦PJø±³¬­oÂ󬦿P©TJr­YJª¬¦¸b­ªK³¬­£ª³¬©_­¿­oª¬°Ã­u¯¦5¨(¨¡©«ª¬ª­LJº³¬­¸b¦®Ã¸¬­<[PUñ®ª©_ª¬©z­¸±cª c·e³b¦5¨ª°r­=®r¦J²±KÊJí´5³b­­¸Q ¦K· Q·e³¬­­YJ樽 I °Ã­=¯¦¨¡¨(©_ªbª­YJ ³b­¸b¦5®r¸¬­ [PUñ®ª©_ª¬©z­¸:³b­Âób­¸b­®ªÂ¦5©z®ª¸±Êz¦5®r´ª°Ã­¤¸b¦5ÊTUrª¬©z¦5®ÂñKª°W½ I °Ã­ N * ¨(­ª¬°Ã¦J©_¸1Uøb­YJª¦¸¬­£ªª¬°Ã­¤¯¦¨nQ¨(©_ª¬ª¬­YJ¿K±ÊoUí¸ª¦nM­º­Y[U²±ÊWª¬¦'ª¬°Ã­º¯YUób³¬­® ª ª³b©±Ê¿K±ÊTUí¸½

?Z½Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø<±³b­Â󬦿P©TJr­YJ2ª¦ ­³¬¦¤¦`UrªÀZ©z®Ã¯³¬­¨(­®ªÀ²±®J2³b­ª³b©z­£¿5­ª°r­1UîM²±Êz±®Ã¯­LJÊz¦±`J©z®Z·e¦5³¬¨¡±Kª©_¦5®±cªª°Ã­ "5 ¦`MPOb­¯£ª½

X ½Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø ±³¬­ºÂób¦¿Z©oJíYJª¦'¸b­ª.±®J³¬­£ª³¬©_­¿­ª¬°Ã­º®Ã¦JñÊW¨¡±¸¬¸¨¡±Kª³b© u½

I °Ã­ 156 ¯Ê±¸b¸±Ê_Êz¦ K<¸ "5 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¸¡ª¦ M­¯³¬­±Kª­LJª°Ã±Kª¯±® M­wUr¸¬­YJ ©_®M¦ª¬°Êz©_®Ã­±³±®J'®Ã¦5®PQ Êz©_®Ã­±K³±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸½ \ ª-Jr¦Z­¸ª°Ã©_¸EM »AJíLRîéz®Ã´ªKu¦¸b­ª¬¸o¦K·³b­¸b¦5®r¸¬­9[U²±®ª©«ª©z­¸À¯¦5¨(¨(©_ª¬ª¬­YJE±®JEª¬³¬©±KÊR½ I °r­*ª³b©±Ê ³¬­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸¬­S[U²±K® ª¬©_ª¬©z­¸³¬­Âó¬­¸¬­®ª±Â¦5©z®ª.©z®ª¬°Ã­?¸b¦5ÊTUrª¬©z¦5®¸¬Â²±K¯­ºª°²±Kª °²±K¸®Ã¦Kª »­ª3M­­®E±¯¯­Ârª¬­YJ±¸9M­©_®Ã´¡¦®:ª¬°Ã­º¸¬¦5ÊoUrª©_¦5®Â²±Kª°M½ I °Ã­¯¦5¨(¨(©_ª¬ª¬­YJ[U²±®ª©«ª©z­¸³¬­Âr³¬­¸b­®ªª¬°Ã­Êz±¸bªª¬³¬©±KÊó¬­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸¬­ ª°²±cª<K§±¸u±¯¯­Ârª¬­YJ2±¸+M­©z®r´¦5®'ª°r­¸b¦5ÊTUrª¬©z¦5®Â²±Kª¬°W½Ä.³¬¯p°r­³ ËÌÌ X §Âób­¸¬­®ª¸±(¸b©z¨(©zʱK³§±ÂrÂ󬦱K¯p°W½

!#"$ F !,E88

I °Ã­M²±¸b©z¯.·yUîr¯ª©_¦5®²±Ê_©_ª »(¦· ±® N ) 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯£ª<©z¸§ª¬¦?Âób¦q¿P©oJíª°Ã­.¯YUób³¬­®ª Êz©_®Ã­±K³¬©­YJ¸bª¬©os®Ã­¸b¸À5¨¡±¸¬¸À±®J J²±¨(Âéz®r´.¨¡±Kª³b©z¯­¸ÀK±®J*ª¬°Ã­§³b­¸b©TJU²±KÊP·e¦5³b¯­o¿5­¯£ª¦5³ JUíuª¬¦.ª°r­§¯YUr³¬³¬­®ª¸bª¬³¬­¸b¸¬­¸¤±®J=­Ê_­¨(­®ªÊz¦±`Jr¸½ \ ® ¨(¦5¸bª¦·uª°Ã­SKu¦5³VcÂr³¬­¸b­®ª­LJWÀª¬°Ã­ N ) 78 0 ¯Ê±¸b¸©_¸±±`Møª³±K¯ª<M²±¸¬­¯Êz±¸¬¸ÀPK<°Ã©_¯p°kJívR²®Ã­¸oª°Ã­©z®ª­³b·|±¯­ ª¬°²±Kª§±Êzʲ¸0UM¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸§¨hUr¸bªuÂ󬦿P©TJíK½ I °Ã©z¸±ÂÃÂób¦±¯p°g±ÊzÊ_¦ K<¸®Ã­LK NP)4 7 0 ¸VUM¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸ª¦ M­©z®ª³b¦JUr¯­YJ K<©«ª°Ã¦NUZª¯p°²±®Ã´5©_®Ã´ ª°Ã­­vuZ©z¸ª©_®Ã´`¯¦PJí+©_® ª¬°Ã­+Âób¦5´5³±K¨À±K¸kJéz¸b¯YUøb¸¬­LJ ©_®ÅE±¯ec ©_­ ËÌÌ £½ \ ª2¸¬°r¦NUÃÊTJM­+®r¦ª­LJ

Page 33: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

ª°²±cªÀ¨¡¦5¸ª9R²®Ã©_ª¬­­Êz­¨¡­® ª±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸<Âób¦5´5³¬±¨¡¸9K<³¬©«ª¬ª¬­®E©_®Âr³¬¦P¯­YJUó±Ê ʱK®Ã´NU²±´­¸ Â󬦿P©TJí·|±¯©_Êz©«ª©z­¸.·e¦5³±`JJé_®Ã´:­Êz­¨¡­®ª¸½ I °Ã©_¸©_¸ M­¯±`Uøb­¡ª°r­©z®ª¬­³b·|±K¯­(©z¸_K§­ÊzÊ­¸ªp±`MÃÊ_©z¸b°Ã­YJW½Ä®¦NMPOb­¯ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJ¤±ÂÃÂr³¬¦±¯p°MÀ5°Ã¦ K§­£¿5­³ÀM­£ª¬ª¬­³©_¸¬¦5Êz±Kª­¸ ª¬°Ã­§­Êz­¨¡­® ª·yUî©z¦®Ã¸·e³b¦5¨ ±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸±®J(¸¬¦5ÊoUrª©_¦5®(±Êz´¦5³¬©«ª°Ã¨È·yUî©z¦®Ã¸ÀP±Ê_Êz¦ K<¸%©z®Ã°r­³¬©«ªp±®r¯­<¦·W¯¦5¨(¨¡¦5®¤·yUîr¯ª©_¦5®Ã¸ÀZ±K®J±KÊzÊz¦ K<¸ª°Ã­ NP)4 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸<ª¬¦¡¸ª¦5³b­±¸¨hUïp°Â󬩫¿±cª­1J²±cªp±(±¸©z¸<³¬­L[Uéz³b­YJZM »ª°Ã­º­Ê_­¨(­®ª½\ ®(¸b¦5¨(­¦·ª°Ã­ Ku¦5³VcÀª°r­ NP) 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯£ª¸-c­­Â'ª³¬±¯ec?¦·ª°r­©z³Êz¦P¯±ÊP¯¦P¦5³VJr©z®²±Kª¬­¸b»P¸!Q

ª­¨¡¸§±®J2±³b­±`MÃÊ_­ ª¬¦?Âób¦q¿P©oJíª¬³±®Ã¸·e¦5³¬¨¡±Kª¬©z¦5®Ã¸+M­ªKu­­®2ª¬°Ã­¸b­Êz¦P¯±Ê¯¦Z¦5³0Jéz®Ã±Kª­ ¸b»P¸bª¬­¨(¸±®J=ª°Ã­¡¯¦P¦5³VJé_®²±Kª¬­(¸»P¸bª­¨¡¸?±Kªª¬°Ã­©_³*±K¸¬¸¬¦P¯©z±Kª­LJ "56 ¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸ iÅ©zÊ_Êz­³ÀËÌ5ÌrË`r ±`Uô°±®J ­°²±`cÀËÌ5Ì rZÅ©_ÊzÊ_­³±K®J 9Uïec ©RÀËÌ5Ì r Uïec ©iÀËÌ5Ì X ~½ I °Ã©_¸ª¬³±®r¸b·e¦5³b¨±Kª¬©z¦5®¤©_¸¸¬¦5¨(­vQª©_¨¡­¸?­³b·e¦5³b¨¡­LJ M » ±® ¦`MPOb­¯£ª±K¯ª©_®Ã´±¸(±® ©z®ª¬­³b·|±K¯­xM­ªKu­­® ª°Ã­±®Ã±Ê_»P¸¬©_¸'±®J ª°Ã­¨¡¦PJíÊW¦NMPOb­¯ª¸ i¼5U­ª±Êi½_ÀMËÌ5Ì rÃ¥§°UJæNM²±¡±®J §©_ªbª®²±K³ÀMËÌ5Ì ?rÃij¬¯p°Ã­³ÀËÌ5Ì X £½

¾¦³¯¦5®ª©_®UUè ­Êz­¨(­®ª¬¸À¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸±³¬­¤¸b¦5¨(­ª©_¨¡­¸Âób¦q¿P©oJíYJª¦¸VUrÂæ³bªª°r­(­Êz­¨¡­® ª·e¦5³¬¨AUÃʱKª¬©z¦5® i¾²¦5³0Jí­£ª ±ÊR½«ÀËÌ5Ì Ur ©z¨(¨¡­³¬¨¡±®Ã®(­ª ±Êi½_ÀËÌ5Ì r ¶ ©TJ²±K²±³bª¬©M±K®JZd3UJÃÊiÀMËÌÌ r¥§°UJæNM²± ±K®J §©_ªbª®²±K³ÀËÌÌ ?r ±K°ÃÊ_ª¬­®­£ª2±Êi½_ÀËÌÌ ?£½ \ ® ¾²¦5³VJr­E­ª2±ÊR½ ËÌ5Ì U~À K<°Ã­³b­±®y©_¨¡ÂrÊz­¨(­®ª±Kª©_¦5®+·e¦5³ºÊz©_®Ã­±³º¸ªp±Kª¬©z¯(±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸Âób¦NMÃÊz­¨¡¸º©_¸Âr³¬­¸b­®ª­LJWÀ%­±K¯p°`¯¦5®ª¬©z®UUèNP)4 7 0 ¦NMPOb­¯£ª(©z¸'±¸b¸¬¦P¯©±cª­YJ K<©«ª° ± 1\% 6 06- 9 0 ¦NMOb­¯ªÀ± % B %A) ¦NMPOb­¯ªÀ±®JE±(®UèhM­³ ¦· %A6< 0 ¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸½<¾²¦5³<Âób¦NMÃÊ_­¨(¸ ©_®¿5¦5Ê«¿Z©_®Ã´'®Ã¦5®QÊz©_®Ã­±³¨¡±Kª¬­³¬©z±Êz¸À©z®g¥§°UJæNMñ±®J §©_ªbª®²±K³ ËÌ5Ì ?± % B K4%A) 0 ¦NMPOb­¯£ªE©_¸±¸¬¸b¦Z¯©±Kª¬­YJ&K<©_ª¬°g­±¯p° %A6< 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª½ \ ® ±°rÊ_ª­®­ª±ÊR½ ËÌ5Ì ? §¯Ê±K¸¬¸ ±`Møª³±K¯ª©_¦5®Ã¸·e¦5³ª°r­º·e¦ÊzÊz¦ K<©_®Ã´'±³¬­©z®ª³b¦JUï­LJWµ%¯³b¦5¸¬¸<¸¬­¯ª¬©z¦5®WÀr¨±Kª¬­³b©±Ê¦5©z®ªÀZ¨±cª­³b©±ÊʱqKºÀr»P©_­ÊTJ¸VUó·|±¯­KÀ²°²±³VJr­®Ã©_®Ã´¤³VUÃÊ_­À±®Jt²¦ K³0UÃÊz­K½

¾¦³ª°Ã­(ÂUób¦5¸b­¸¦·§ª¬°Ã©z¸³b­¸b­±³b¯p°WÀ±® NP)4 78 0 ¯Êz±¸¬¸º©z¸º©_® ª¬³¬¦PJUï­YJW½ I °Ã­(¯Êz±¸¬¸º©z¸±®±`Mr¸bª³¬±¯ª M²±¸b­*¯Êz±¸¬¸½ I °r­*¯Êz±¸¬¸©z®ª­³b·|±¯­ÀK<°Ã©z¯p°©_¸.±K¸¸b°Ã¦ K<®©z®wRôNUó¬­ ½ =ÃÀÂr³¬¦¿P©TJí¸·e¦5³ª°r­º·e¦ÊzÊz¦ K<©_®Ã´Ãµ

Ë5½ i±¯p° NP)4 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª.©z¸ ±¸¬¸b¦Z¯©±Kª¬­YJZK<©_ª°±'®PUr¨hM­³¦K·1 "5 ¦NMOb­¯ª¬¸ÀM±¸¸b°Ã¦ K<®©z® R²´NUr³¬­ ½ ½Å­ª¬°Ã¦PJø*±K³¬­(Â󬦿P©TJíLJ ª¬¦+±Ê_Êz¦ K#¦Kª°Ã­³¦NMOb­¯ª¬¸*©_®=ª¬°Ã­¡Âr³¬¦5´5³¬±¨"ª¬¦¦NMrª±©z®2©_®r·e¦5³b¨±Kª¬©z¦5®±`M¦`Urªª°Ã­º®UèhM­³<¦·& 156 ¸ ±®Jª°Ã­ "56 ©TJí® ª¬©oR²­³¬¸½

½Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø±³b­Â󬦿P©TJíLJ¤ª¦³¬­£ªWUób®?ª°Ã­¯LUó¬³b­®ªoÊz©_®Ã­±³b©­YJ?¨¡±¸¬¸À5¸bª¬©os®Ã­¸b¸o±®JSJ²±¨(ÂQ©z®r´¤¨±Kª¬³¬©_¯­¸·e¦³ª°Ã­º­Ê_­¨(­®ª ´5©_¿­®2ª°r­¯LUó¬³b­®ª ª³¬©z±ÊM¸ªp±Kª¬­±Kª<ª°Ã­ 156 ¦NMPOb­¯£ª¸½

½Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø ±³¬­ºÂób¦¿Z©oJíYJª¦ ­³¬¦¡±®J:³¬­£ªWUób®:ª¬°Ã­º¯YUób³¬­® ª³¬­¸¬©oJU²±ÊÊ_¦±`J2©z®Z·e¦5³¬¨¡±Kª©_¦5®

Page 34: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

±®J ª¬¦ ±KÊzÊz¦ K NP)4 78 0 B%A) %A5 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¸Àuª¬¦ ± JJ ª¬°Ã­©_³?Êz¦5±`J ¯¦5®ª¬³¬©TMUrª©_¦5® ª¦ª°Ã­³¬­¸¬©oJU²±ÊiÀ²±¸ K<©zÊ_Ê M­Jéz¸b¯YUøb¸¬­YJE©z®¸¬­¯ª©_¦5® ½ ½>=

? ')*<- $&(' * (' (*7*<-

? ')*<-0" *- -2435 6-0798 ? ')*<-03 ') -4/7 - 8 -4 *7 $ = * 5 6-07;*<-% -& ',?:'7- *7= " 5 2.(*<-BADC35 6-07(*-4- $ + - ?:'7- *7 " 5 (2 (*<-.ADC35 6-07;*<-% -& ',$ D=@" 5 2 (*-BA C3 ') -4/7 - G(<-*-0/' < @- *7 *7 G ' * ')-09 5 6-07(*-D -09 ' + - ;(-4 " 5 2ADC35 6-07(*-D -09 ' + - $1' " 5 2ADC35 6-07(*-D -09 ' + - " 5 2ADC3 ') -4/7 , -4 ** G* * 7 5 6-07 5 87 277 @" 5 (2.ADC35 6-07;*<- 127 " (*- - + 7 2 ADC35 6-07(*- - + -I -4* =7K" 5 2)ADC35 6-07 5 G(' ' -;(-- " 5 (2BA C3E 3

"%' GFIHILDM +*.' N ' *O NP)4 78 0 $

=ý I °Ã­©_®ª­³·|±¯­§±ÊzÊ_¦ K<¸¸0UM¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸ª¦1M­§Âób¦¿Z©oJíYJMÀNK<°Ã©z¯p°?¯±®SM­Uøb­YJnM»ª¬°Ã­±®Ã±Ê_»P¸bªª¦¯³¬­±Kª­ NP)4 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸'·e¦³hUø¬­©_® Êz©z®r­±³*±®J ®Ã¦5®QÊz©_®Ã­±³*±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸½ \ ªSJr¦Z­¸ª°r©z¸M» ª¬°Ã­Â󬦿P©z¸b©z¦5® ¦·ª°Ã­ N * 2¨(­ª°r¦JW½ i±¯p° NP)4 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª©z®g±®Ã¦5®PQ Êz©_®Ã­±K³<±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸¯±®DUøb­ª¬°Ã­©_®¿5¦P¯±Kª¬©z¦5®¦·ª°Ã©_¸ ¨(­ª¬°Ã¦PJ:ª¬¦¸±¿­*¯YUr³¬³¬­®ª¸bª±Kª­©z®Z·e¦5³¬¨¡±Kª©_¦5®W½Ç©_ª¬°Ã¦NUrªoª°Ã©_¸uª¬³¬©±Kʸªp±Kª¬­¸¯¦NUÃÊTJ®Ã¦ª M­1Jí£ª­³¬¨(©z®Ã­LJ·e¦5³§¯­³ªp±©_®®Ã¦5®QÊz©_®Ã­±K³ NP)4 7 0 ¸VUM¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸ ·e¦5³ K<°Ã©z¯p°:¸bª±Kª­º©_¸Â²±Kª°Jí­®Jí® ª½

Ä.Ê_ÊMª°Ã­¨(­ª°r¦Jø©_®:ª¬°Ã­º©z®ª­³b·|±¯­±³¬­_Jí¯Ê±K³¬­YJ±¸9M­©z®r´(ÂUó¬­º¿P©z³bªVU²±ÊiÀø¬¦(®Ã¦(©z¨(ÂÃÊz­¨¡­®Qªp±Kª¬©z¦5® ¦·ª°Ã­:¨(­ª°r¦Jø(±³b­Âr³¬¦¿P©TJíLJM» ª°Ã­ NP)4 78 0 ¯Ê±K¸¬¸½ I °Ã­:¸VUM¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸¦·ª°Ã­NP)4 7 0 ¯Ê±K¸¬¸Âób¦q¿P©oJíª°Ã­º©z¨(ÂÃÊ_­¨(­®ªp±Kª¬©z¦5®M½

Page 35: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

F6(<18P ),-0 F !,E888

¥§¦5®Ã¸bª¬³±©_®ª¸<¦5®±SRîé_ª¬­­Êz­¨¡­®ª¨(¦PJíÊW¯±®ZM­¦·ªK§¦'ª »P­¸µË5½ÁZ©_®Ã´5Êz­;Q ¶ ¦5©z®ª¯¦5®Ã¸ª³¬±©z®ª¸µ^K<°Ã­³¬­ª°r­2Âó¬­¸¬¯³b©TM­YJ ¿K±ÊTUr­¸?¦·± Jí´5³¬­­¸!Q ¦· QR·e³¬­­LJæ5¨±³b­¸¬Â­¯© R²­YJM½

½ÅwUÃÊ«ª© Q ¶ ¦©z®ª¯¦5®Ã¸bª¬³±©_®ª¸µ1K<°r­³¬­(±2³¬­Ê±Kª¬©z¦5®r¸¬°Ã©_ M­£ªK§­­®=ª°Ã­'³¬­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸b­][U²±K® ª¬©_ª¬©z­¸·e¦5³<±¤®UèhM­³<¦·#Jí´³¬­­¸Q¦· Q·e³b­­YJr¦5¨ ±KªªKu¦¡®Ã¦PJí¸ ©_¸¸¬Â­¯©oR²­LJW½

\ ®'¨hUïp°(¦·ª¬°Ã­ Ku¦5³Vc*ª¬°²±Kª°²±K¸+M­­®¡Âr³¬­¸b­®ª­LJWÀZ± 0 B9%A 0 ¯Êz±¸¬¸%©_¸%©z®ª³b¦JUr¯­YJSK<°Ã©_¯p°©z¸¦5®rÊ_»¡¯±Â²± MÃÊz­¦·°²±®JÃÊz©_®Ã´?°Ã¦5¨(¦5´5­®Ã­¦`Uø¸¬©_®Ã´5Êz­;Q ¦5©z®ª§¯¦5®Ã¸ª³¬±©z®ª¸ |¾¦³VJí­£ª±ÊR½«ÀMËÌÌ UrÉ1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©z®=­ª¤±ÊR½«À§ËÌÌ rÉ1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©_®`±®J ©z¨(¨¡­³¬¨¡±®Ã®WÀËÌ5Ì r ¶ ©TJ²±Âñ³bª¬©§±®Jd3UJrÊRÀËÌ5Ì r¥±K³VJæ5®Ã±­£ª'±Êi½_ÀËÌÌ^=£½ I °Ã­2¯¦5®Ã¸ª³±K©z®ª¤©z¸*­®r·e¦5³b¯­LJM»yª¬°Ã­ 0 <%( 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¸.©z®r·e¦5³b¨¡©_®Ã´¤ª°Ã­*±¸¬¸b¦Z¯©±Kª¬­YJ "5 ¦NMPOb­¯£ª¸.ª¬°²±Kª.±¡¯­³bª±©z®DJí´5³b­­;Q ¦· QR·e³¬­­LJæ5¨ °²±¸M­­®`¯¦5®Ã¸ª³±K©z®Ã­LJ`±®J ¸¬°Ã¦`UÃÊTJ ®Ã¦ª M­±¸¬¸b©z´5®Ã­LJ`±® ­Y[U²±Kª¬©z¦5® ®UèhM­³©z® ª¬°Ã­(¸b»P¸bª¬­¨ ¦·­Y[U²±Kª¬©z¦5®r¸½\ ® ±`Ur´5°E±K®J <­°²± c ËÌ5Ì §¯¦5®r¸bª³¬±©z®ª¬¸¯±®DM­º­®r·e¦5³b¯­LJ M»2ª°Ã­±®²±Ê«»P¸bª9K<°Ã¦Âr³¬¦ Q

¿P©TJí¸±`UuZ©zÊ_©±³»2Âób¦Z¯­YJUób­¸½ I °Ã­¸b­¤Âó¬¦P¯­LJUó¬­¸±³b­?©z®¿5¦`c­YJ M­·e¦³¬­¤±¨¡±Kª¬³¬© u2¦5­³±Kª¬©z¦5®©z¸Â­³·e¦5³¬¨(­YJW½\ ®¸¬¦5¨(­?¦·%ª¬°Ã­AKu¦5³VcÀ¸¬­Â²±³¬±Kª­?¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸º±³¬­?©_®ª³¬¦PJUï­YJ+·e¦5³¸¬©_®Ã´5Êz­;Q±K®J¨hUÃÊ«ª© Qu¦5©z®ª

¯¦5®r¸bª³¬±©z®ª¬¸ RÅ:©zÊzÊ_­³±®J Uïec ©iÀËÌ5Ì r Uïec ©iÀËÌ5Ì X r%Ä.³¬¯p°r­³ÀËÌ5Ì X ~½ \ ®`ij¬¯p°Ã­³ ËÌ5Ì X ª°Ã­ ,.0 %A)4["<# ¦NMPOb­¯ª©z¸³¬­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸¬©oMÃÊz­¤·e¦5³º­®r·e¦5³¬¯©z®Ã´ª°r­¡¯¦5®Ã¸bª¬³±©_®ª¸AM»©_® ª¬³¬¦PJUï©z®Ã´ª°Ã­¯¦5®r¸bª³¬±©z®ª¬¸§©z®ª¬¦ª°r­.¸b»P¸ª­¨B¦·­L[PUñKª©_¦5®Ã¸½ 9Uïec © ËÌ5Ì X %Âr³¬¦¿P©TJí¸± Q C )4B ¯Ê±¸b¸ÀK<°Ã¦5¸b­u¸0UM¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸ 0 #)MB À )% 0 #)MB ±®J $&AB%A)#)MB ³¬­¸bª³b©z¯£ªª°Ã­-Jé_¸¬ÂÃÊz±¯­¨¡­® ªª¦¡±(Ê_©z®Ã­KÀ²±'ÂÃʱ®r­±K®J:ª¬¦ªp±KÊzÊ_»½o¾¦³¨hUÃÊ_ª¬© Q¦5©_®ª¯¦®Ã¸bª¬³±©_® ª¬¸ 9Uïec © ËÌÌ X Âó¬¦Â¦5¸b­ª°²±Kª± Q CE 060 - B ¯Ê±¸b¸M­_Jí£¿5­Ê_¦5­YJW½

¾¦³ª¬°Ã­§ÂUó¬Â¦5¸¬­¸¦·Zª°Ã©_¸³¬­¸b­±³b¯p°WÀ¸¬­Â²±³¬±Kª­o¸¬©_®Ã´5Êz­o±®J*¨hUÃÊ«ª© Q ¦5©z®ªW¯¦5®Ã¸ª³±K©z®ª¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸±³¬­Âób¦¿Z©oJíYJMÀ 0 B9%A 0 ±®J 0 <%( 0 Ào³b­¸b­¯ª©«¿5­Ê_»5½ I °Ã­¯¦®Ã¸bª¬³±©_® ª¦NMPOb­¯ª¸©z®2ª°r­¸»Z¸ª­¨ Jr¦¡®Ã¦Kª­®r·e¦5³b¯­ºª°Ã­¯¦5®r¸bª³¬±©z®ª¬¸À²ª°Ã­£»¨¡­³¬­Ê_»2©_®r·e¦5³¬¨ ª°Ã­¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸Uø¬­LJ©z®ª¬°Ã­º±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸oª°²±cª¯¦5®r¸bª³¬±©z®ª¬¸­vuZ©z¸ª¦5®ª¬°Ã­¨(¦JíÊW±®JkK<°²±Kªª¬°Ã­.¿K±ÊTUr­¸¦·ª¬°Ã­¸b­¯¦5®r¸bª³¬±©z®ª¬¸±K³¬­½io±K¯p° 0 B9%A 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª©z¸±K¸¬¸¬¦P¯©z±Kª­LJ K<©_ª°±¸b©z®Ã´Êz­ "56 ¦NMPOb­¯ªÀ ±¸¸b°Ã¦ K<®

©z® R²´NUób­ ½ ½ I °r­ 0 ZB9%A 0 ¯Ê±¸b¸À#K<°r¦5¸¬­¡©z®ª­³b·|±¯­¡©_¸±K¸¸b°Ã¦ K<® ©z® R²´NUób­ ½ ?ZÀ

Page 36: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Â󬦿P©TJr­¸%¨(­ª°r¦Jø ª¦¦NMZªp±©_®*ª°Ã­§¯¦5®Ã¸ª³¬±©z®Ã­LJ¤®Ã¦PJí`p ¸%®UèhM­³ÀKª°Ã­®UèhM­³¦·²ª°Ã­Jr­´5³b­­vQ¦· Q·e³b­­LJæ5¨ ª°Ã±Kª§©_¸u¯¦5®Ã¸ª³±K©z®Ã­LJWÀr±K®J¡ª¬°Ã­¿K±ÊoUí¦K·Mª°r­.¯¦®Ã¸bª¬³±©_® ªo·e¦5³u±¸b­¯©oRíYJª¬©z¨(­½Ä·yUóbª¬°Ã­³o¨(­ª°r¦J'©z¸Âób¦¿Z©oJíYJ(ª¦º©z®Jéz¯±Kª­K<°Ã­£ª°Ã­³u¦5³®Ã¦Kªoª¬°Ã­ ¯¦5®Ã¸ª³¬±©z®ªo©z¸°Ã¦5¨(¦5´5­®Ã­¦`UøÀK<°Ã©z¯p°©z¸§©_®r·e¦5³b¨±Kª¬©z¦5®'®Ã­­YJíLJª¦hJr­ª­³¬¨(©z®Ã­ ©_·Mª°Ã­®PUr¨hM­³¦·­L[U²±Kª©_¦5®Ã¸u¯±®kM­.³b­YJUr¯­YJM½I °Ã­ 0 <%( 0 ¯Ê±¸b¸©z®ª­³b·|±¯­¤¦5®ÃÊ«»+±Ê_Êz¦ K<¸.·e¦5³ª©z¨(­?©_® ¿K±³b©±®ª.¯¦5®Ã¸ª³¬±©z®ª¸ÀWª©_¨¡­¿K±³b»P©z®r´(¯¦5®Ã¸ª³±K©z®ª¸<¯±K®wM­Â󬦿P©TJr­YJZM »¸0UM¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸¦K· 0 B9%A 0 ½

; " (*<-0 *-) $1(')*:I(' (**<-)

; " (*<-0 *-4":243 ,- % - ,*<-0K @ ; " (*<-0 *-4" *<-)* *<- * @ ( 5 ( (')2435 6-0798 ; " (*<-0 *-4":2435 6-07;*<-% -& ;" 5 (2B(*-435 6-07;*<-% -0$ = ' " 5 (2 (*<-035 6-07 ( - 7" ( - ' ;(- A C 6C2435 6-07 ( (')*(" 5 (243E 3

"%')GFIH LDM +*.0' N ' *O 0 B9%A 0 $& !

io±K¯p° 0 <%( 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª.©z¸±¸¬¸b¦Z¯©±Kª¬­YJwK<©«ª°:ªK§¦ "5 ¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸ÀM±¸ ¸¬°Ã¦ K<®©z®R²´NUób­ ½ ½ I °Ã­ 0 ZB9%A 0 ¯Êz±¸¬¸ÀK<°Ã¦5¸b­+©z®ª¬­³b·|±K¯­:©z¸¡±¸¡¸b°Ã¦ K<® ©z® R²´NUób­ ½ X ÀÂ󬦿P©TJr­¸§¨(­ª¬°Ã¦PJø%ª¦*¦`Mrªp±©_®¤ª°Ã­¯¦5®Ã¸ª³¬±©z®Ã­LJ®Ã¦PJí ®UèhM­³À ª°r­³b­ªp±K©z®Ã­LJ¡®Ã¦PJí ®UèhM­³Àª°Ã¦¸¬­]Jí´5³b­­¸Q ¦K· Q·e³¬­­YJæ¨ ±Kªºª°Ã­(¯¦5®r¸bª³¬±©z®r­YJy®r¦Jí¤ª¬°²±Kª°²±¿5­¡¯¦5®Ã¸ª³¬±©z®ª¸©z¨(¦5¸¬­LJ=¦®ª°Ã­¨À±®J:ª°Ã­¯¦5®r¸bª³¬±©z®ª¨±cª³¬© u:±Kª.±¸¬Â­¯©oR²­LJEª©_¨¡­K½<¼©Tc­ºª°r­ 0 ZB9%A 0 ¯Êz±¸¬¸©z®ª­³b·|±¯­Àqª°Ã­ 0 B9%A 0 ¯Ê±K¸¬¸ ©z®ª­³b·|±¯­-Ku¦NUÃÊoJ¦®ÃÊ_»±ÊzÊ_¦ K=·e¦5³ª©_¨¡­©z®¿K±³¬©z±®ª¯¦5®Q¸bª¬³±©_® ª¬¸À ª©_¨¡­¿K±³b»P©_®Ã´¯¦5®Ã¸ª³±K©z®ª¸o¯±®^M­ Â󬦿P©TJr­YJ^M»(¸VUM¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸§¦· 0 B9%A 0 ½

(+,E F6,E888

¼¦5±`Jø<¦5®±SRîé_ª¬­­Êz­¨¡­®ª<¨¡¦PJíÊM¯±®ZM­_Jé«¿P©TJíLJ:©_®ª¦¤ªK§¦'ª »P­¸µË5½ g¦PJ²±ÊW¼¦5±`Jøµ%ª¬°Ã­¸b­*±³b­Êz¦± Jø<±¯ª¬©z®Ã´'¦5®2ª¬°Ã­º®Ã¦Jr­¸½ ½ i%Êz­¨¡­® ª?¼¦±`Jøµ?ª°Ã­¸¬­2±³b­Ê_¦±`Jø±¯ª¬©z®Ã´¦5®yª¬°Ã­­Ê_­¨(­®ª¸À K<°Ã©_¯p°`¯±® M­^JUí¡ª¬¦M¦Jr»·e¦5³¬¯­¸À¸VUr³b·|±¯­ª¬³±¯£ª©z¦®Ã¸À©z®r©_ª©z±ÊM¸ª³b­¸¬¸b­¸ÀW±®J:ª­¨¡Â­³¬±KªWUób­º´5³±`Jr©z­®ª¬¸½ \ ª ©z¸

Page 37: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

" (*<-0 *<- $&(' * (' (*7*<-)

" (*<-0 *-4":243- G <% - ,*-4 @ " (*<-0 *-4" *<-)* I - *:

*<-)* (*<-0 <-09 '+)(*<-0 *<-& - $ + 6-4 7 -4* $% D=243

5 6-0798 " (*<-0 *-4":2435 6-07;*<-% -& I - * " 5 (2 (*<-035 6-07;*<-% -& (*<-0 * @" 5 2 (*-435 6-07(*-4- $ + - (*<-0 * >$ D=@" 5 2 (*-435 6-07(*-D -09 ' + - (*<-0 *<-0" ( D- ' ADC 6C243E 3

-%')GFIHILDM +*.' N '3*O 0 B9%A 0 $

©z¨(¦5³bª±®ªª°²±Kª R²®Ã©«ª­(­Êz­¨¡­®ª*Âób¦5´5³¬±¨¡¸Âób¦q¿P©oJí­Êz­¨(­®ªÊz¦± J`±`Møª³¬±¯ª¬©z¦5®Ã¸À±¸K<©_ª¬°Ã¦NUrªuª°Ã­¨ ª°Ã­±K®²±Ê_»P¸ª©z¸·e¦5³b¯­YJª¬¦AJí£ª­³¬¨(©z®Ã­ ª°Ã­­Êz­¨¡­® ª§Êz¦± J¯¦® ª¬³¬©oMUrª©_¦5®Ã¸M»2°²±®JE±®JE±`JJ:ª¬°Ã­¸b­ºª¬¦(ª¬°Ã­º®Ã¦PJ²±ÊWÊ_¦±`Jø½

\ ® ¨hUïp° ¦·ª¬°Ã­Âób­¿P©z¦NUr¸AK§¦³VcÀ¦5®ÃÊ_»=¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸?·e¦³*®Ã¦PJ²±ÊoÊz¦± Jø?±³b­Âób¦¿Z©oJíYJ |¾²¦5³VJí­ª±ÊR½«ÀZËÌ5Ì Ur ±`Uô5°?±®J <­°Ã±`cÀÃËÌ5Ì rÅ©_ÊzÊz­³ ±®J 9Uïec ©RÀrËÌ5Ì r5ÅE±¯ec ©z­KÀÃËÌ5Ì ?r 9Uïec ©Ã±®JÅ©zÊ_Êz­³À ËÌ5Ì X ~½ \ ®¦ª°r­³ Ku¦5³VcÀ¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸·e¦³1M¦Kª°+­Êz­¨(­®ªº±K®J®Ã¦PJ²±ÊÊ_¦±`Jø.±³¬­*Â󬦿P©TJíLJiÉ1UM¦5©_¸Q ¶ ­Ê_­³¬©_®*­£ªo±ÊR½«ÀrËÌÌ rP¥§°UJæNMñ±K®J §©_ªbª®²±³ÀrËÌÌ ?r ±°ÃÊ«ª­®?­ªo±Êi½_ÀZËÌ5Ì ?PrÄ.³¬¯p°r­³ÀËÌ5Ì X £½I °Ã­ N ) 78 0 ±®J "56 ¦NMPOb­¯£ª¸oª »ZÂr©z¯±KÊzÊ_» c­­Â2±ºÊz©_¸bª%¦K·Mª°r­ Ê_¦±`Jø±K¯ª©_®Ã´º¦5®'ª°Ã­¨À

±®JE±³¬­±`MÃÊ_­ª¬¦XJí£ª­³¬¨(©z®Ã­ºª°Ã­Êz¦5±`Jø ¯¦5®ª³b©TMUZª©z¦®Ã¸ª¦¡ª¬°Ã­­Êz­¨¡­®ª.³b­¸¬©oJU²±Ê ±®JE®Ã¦PJ²±ÊUîM²±Êz±®Ã¯­xM»yÊz¦P¦5Âéz®r´ª°r³¬¦NUô°`ª°Ã­¸¬­Êz©_¸bª¸ ± Uô5° ±®J <­°²± cÀ<ËÌÌ ruÉ1UM¦©z¸Q ¶ ­Êz­³b©z®­ª?±ÊR½«ÀuËÌ5Ì rÉ1UM¦©z¸Q ¶ ­Êz­³b©z® ±®J ©z¨(¨¡­³¬¨¡±®Ã®WÀ%ËÌÌ £½ \ ®yÄ.³¬¯p°r­³ ËÌ5Ì X £ÀK<°Ã­³b­ª°Ã­ %A5 %AH ¯Êz±¸¬¸©_¸±KÊz¸¬¦<©_® ª¬³¬¦PJUï­YJWÀc­±¯p° %A5 ¦NMOb­¯ª©z®ª¬°Ã­¯YUób³¬­®ª %A5 %AH ¨¡±`c­¸©_ª¬¸¬­Ê«·cP®r¦ K<®:ª¦(©_ª¬¸¯¦5³b³¬­¸b¦®Jéz®r´¡¯¦5¨¡Â¦5®Ã­®ª½ \ ® 9Uïec © ËÌ5Ì X uª¬°Ã­ %A5 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸.±`JJª°Ã­©z³¯¦5®ª³b©TMUZª©z¦®Ã¸ª¬¦Eª°r­ NP)4 7 0 ±®J "5 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¸½ \ ® ¾²¦5³VJr­­ª?±ÊR½ ËÌ5Ì Uª°Ã­¦NMPOb­¯ª¸ ­³b·e¦³¬¨(©z®Ã´*ª¬°Ã­±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸ Ku¦5³0cxJéz³b­¯ª¬Ê_»XK<©_ª°2ª¬°Ã­ %A5 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸½

¾¦³ª°r­¤ÂUó¬Â¦5¸b­¸¦·%ª¬°Ã©z¸ Ku¦5³0cÀWª¬°Ã³¬­­?¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸º±³b­?©z®ª¬³¬¦PJUï­LJWÀ %A5 %A À "56%()MI %A5 ±®J NP)4 78 0 B%A) %A5 ½ I °Ã­ %A5 %AH ¯Ê±¸b¸?©z®ª­³b·|±¯­ÀjK<°Ã©_¯p° ©z¸¤±K¸?¸¬°Ã¦ K<® ©z®R²´NUób­ ½ ÍZÀÂób¦¿Z©oJí¸¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJøº©z®=©_ª¬¸º©z®ª­³b·|±¯­'ª¬¦E±KÊzÊz¦ K "5%A) %A5 ±®J NP)4 78 0 B%A) I

Page 38: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%A5 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸.ª¦XM­*±`JJíLJEª¦± %(5 %AH ¦NMPOb­¯ªÀª¦¡³¬­¨¡¦¿5­ª°Ã­¸¬­?¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸·e³b¦5¨4ª°Ã­ %A5 %AH ¦NMOb­¯ªÀ ±®Jª¦¦NMrª±©z®©«ª­³±Kª¬¦5³¬¸ª¬¦ª°Ã­¸¬­(¦NMPOb­¯£ª¸½ I °Ã­'©z®ª­³b·|±¯­'±Êz¸b¦:Âr³¬¦ Q¿P©TJí¸uª°r­ // ¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJWÀbK<°Ã©z¯p°XK<©zÊzʲ©_®¿5¦NcK­ // 0 ¦5®±Ê_Ê "5%A) %A5 ¸±®JNP)4 7 0 B%A) %A5 ¸©z®2ª°r­ %A5 %(H ¦NMPOb­¯ª½

27 <%G $&(')*:I(' (**-

27 %" *<- - 2435 6-079827 %":2435 6-07 (7 2 @" 2 # 7 " -0 2435 6-07 (7 >? ' *- 277 @"%?> ' *- =27 # 7 " -4 2435 6-071 =27 1- - + -. 277 " 5 (2435 6-07@? ')*<-=27 1- - + -0? ' *<-=27 " 5 2435 6-071 =27 # K') 5 =27 " *<-B-2435 6-07@? ')*<-=27 # K') 5 ? ')*<-=27 " *- - 2435 2 @" ( - ' - A C 6C243E 3

"%' F HILDM +*.0' N '3*O %(5 %AH $ !

io±K¯p° "5%A)# %A5 ¦NMOb­¯ª©_¸±¸b¸¬¦P¯©z±Kª­LJhK<©_ª°?± "5 ¦`MPOb­¯£ªÀ ±¸¸b°Ã¦ K<®¡©_®AR²´NUr³¬­ ½ À±®J?©_¸#Ur¸¬­YJSM»ºª°r­±®²±KÊ_»P¸bªª¦±KÂÃÂÃÊ_»º®r¦J²±KÊZÊ_¦±`Jøª¦ª°²±Kª¦NMPOb­¯ª½ I °Ã­ "5%A)# %A5 ¯Ê±¸b¸ÀK<°Ã¦5¸b­©z®ª­³b·|±¯­©z¸±¸¸¬°r¦ K<®'©_®AR²´NUób­ ½>TrÀ5Âób¦¿Z©oJí¸%¨(­ª¬°Ã¦PJøª¬¦¦NMrªp±K©z®ª¬°Ã­®Ã¦PJí®UèhM­³¦·o©_ª¬¸±¸¬¸b¦Z¯©±Kª¬­YJ 156 ¦NMPOb­¯£ª±®Jª¦±KÂÃÂÃÊ_»ª°Ã­¤Ê_¦±`J±cª±¸¬Â­¯© R²­YJª¬©z¨(­½ºÇ°Ã­®ª°Ã­// 0 ¨(­ª°r¦J©z¸.©_®¿5¦NcK­YJ¦5®± "5%A)# %A5 ¦`MPOb­¯£ªÀW©«ª K<©zÊ_Ê ±`JJ+©«ª¸.¯¦5®ª³b©TMUrª¬©z¦5®ª¦¤ª°r­ "5 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¸ Êz¦5±`JxM»©z®¿5¦Nc ©_®Ã´ N §¦5®2ª°Ã±Kª "5 ¦NMOb­¯ª½io±K¯p° NP)4 78 0 B%A) %(5 ¦NMOb­¯ª(©_¸¤±¸¬¸b¦Z¯©±Kª¬­YJ6K<©«ª° ±® NP)4 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ªÀ§±¸¤¸b°Ã¦ K<®

©z®ZR²´NUób­ ½ ÀW±®J+©z¸3Uø¬­LJ M »:ª°r­¤±®²±Ê«»P¸bª.ª¬¦2±ÂÃÂrÊ_»­Ê_­¨(­®ªÊ_¦±`Jø ª¦ª¬°²±Kª.¦NMPOb­¯£ª½ I °r­NP)4 7 0 B%A) %A5 ¯Ê±¸b¸ÀK<°Ã¦5¸¬­¡©z®ª­³b·|±¯­¡©_¸±¸¸b°Ã¦ K<®`©z® R²´NUr³¬­ ½ ÌZÀÂób¦¿Z©oJí¸¨(­ª°r¦Jøª¦2¦NMZªp±©_®Eª°Ã­¤­Êz­¨¡­® ª®PUr¨hM­³º±®J+ª¬¦±ÂÃÂÃÊ«»ª¬°Ã­¤Êz¦± J±Kªº±¸b­¯©oRíYJª©_¨¡­K½Ç°Ã­®ª°Ã­// 0 ¨(­ª¬°Ã¦PJ(©_¸©z®¿5¦NcK­YJWÀ ª°r­ NP)4 78 0 9 %A5 ¦NMPOb­¯ª+K<©zÊ_ʲ±`JJ¡©_ª¸%¯¦5®ª³b©TMUrª¬©z¦5®¤ª¬¦ª°Ã­ N ) 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯£ªqp ¸Êz¦± JkM»©z®¿¦Nc ©z®Ã´ 0 %¦5®2©«ª¸±¸b¸¬¦P¯©z±Kª­LJ NP) 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª½I °Ã­ NP)4 78 0 B%A) %(5 ¯Ê±¸b¸*©z¸*±® ±`Mr¸bª³¬±¯ª?¯Ê±K¸¬¸½ io±K¯p° N ) 78 0 ¯Êz±¸¬¸AK<©_ÊzÊ°²±¿5­©_ª¸¦ K<®2¸VUM¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸¦· NP)4 78 0 B%A) %A5 ÀK<°Ã©z¯p°xJívR²®Ã­°Ã¦ K ­Ê_­¨(­®ªÊ_¦±`Jøu¯±®xM­±`JJíYJª¬¦NP)4 7 0 ¦NMPOb­¯£ª¸<¦·ª°²±Kªª »P­½

Page 39: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

5 6-4 =27 27

=27 " *<-)* 243 =27 " *<-)* @(*<-% - + 7 (2438 =27 ":2435 6-07;*<-% -& ;" 5 (2B(*-435 6-07 5 2 @" ( - ' - A C 6C243E 3

-%')GFIHILDM +*.' N '3*O "5%A)# %A5 $

5 6-4 ? ')*<- 2 27

? ')*<-=27 " *- ' *-+ 2438? ')*<-=27 ":2435 6-07;*<-% -0? ')*<- ;" 5 (2B(*-435 6-07 5 2 @" ( - ' - A C 6C2.ADC3E 3

"%')GFIHILDM +*.0' N '3*O NP)4 7 0 B%A) %A5 $& !

Page 40: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

(<"/,- F !,E88

Ä Q.78%A 0 ¦`MPOb­¯£ª¡©_¸¤±¯¦5®ª±©z®Ã­³¤³¬­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸¬©oMÃÊz­·e¦³¤°Ã¦5ÊTJr©z®Ã´±KÊzÊuª¬°Ã­¯¦5¨(¦5®Ã­®ª¬¸¤¦·ª°Ã­_R²®Ã©«ª­º­Ê_­¨(­®ª¨¡¦PJíÊiÀéR½ ­½uª°Ã­ "5 À NP) 78 0 À 0 B9%A 0 À±K®J %A5 ¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸½I °Ã­'¯Êz±¸¬¸ª°Ã±Kªº©z¸Uøb­YJ=·e¦5³ª°Ã©_¸ÂUób¦5¸b­'´5¦Z­¸_M »+¨±®»DJéos­³b­®ª®²±¨(­¸µ_g Ä ¶ |¾²¦5³VJí­ª§±ÊR½«À²ËÌ5Ì^U£ÀP¼¦Z¯±ÊÉ iÅ©zÊ_Êz­³ÀÃËÌ5ÌZË£Àĸ¬¸¬­¨hMÃÊz±´5­ RÅ©_ÊzÊz­³±®J Ur¯ecP©iÀËÌ5Ì ~À ¶ ±³bª¬©_ª¬©z¦5® 9Uïec ©±K®JÅ©_ÊzÊ_­³ÀMËÌ5Ì X ~À¾ji ŦPJÃ­Ê RÅE±K¯ecP©_­ÀËÌ5Ì ?£ÀŦPJÃ­Ê eÄ.³¬¯p°r­³À ËÌ5Ì X £À±®J+ɦ Q¨±K©z® ©z¨(¨¡­³¬¨¡±®Ã®:­ªº±KÊR½«ÀËÌÌ rÅ­®Ã­ª¬³¬­£»±®J ©_¨¡¨(­³b¨±K®Ã®WÀËÌ5Ì r¥±³0Jæ5®²±­£ªº±ÊR½«ÀËÌ5Ì^=r²¥§°UJæNMñ(±K®J §©_ªbª®²±³ÀMËÌÌ ?£½¾¦³§ª°Ã­ÂUó¬Â¦5¸¬­¸¦·ª°Ã©_¸³¬­¸¬­±³¬¯p°WÀ²ª¬°Ã­¯Êz±¸¬¸®Ã±¨¡­Q. 7%A 0 K<©zÊzÊ M­_Uøb­YJW½I °Ã­E·yUî©_¦5®²±Ê_©_ª » ¦·ª¬°Ã­ Q.78%A 0 ¯Ê±¸b¸À<±¸Âó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJ©z®ª¬°Ã­EÊ_©_ª¬­³±cªWUób­À¯±® M­

Jé_¿P©oJíYJ©z®ª¬¦'ªKu¦(¯±Kª¬­´5¦5³b©z­¸µË5½ I °Ã­ Q. 7%A 0 ¯Ê±K¸¬¸Â󬦿P©TJr­¸¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJøª¦±`JJ¯¦¨¡Â¦5®Ã­® ª¬¸ª¦<ª°Ã­ Q.78%A 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª½I °Ã©_¸¯±®&M­ Jæ5®Ã­DM » ±`JJé_®Ã´yª°r­¯¦5¨(¦®Ã­®ª¸2©_®Jé«¿Z©oJU²±Ê_Ê_» eÄ.³b¯p°Ã­³À*ËÌ5Ì X (¦5³M» ±`JJéz®Ã´ ª°Ã­+¯¦5¨(¦5®r­®ª¸2¦·¸b©z¨(©zʱK³?ª »Z­À­½ ´Ã½ ª°Ã­ NP) 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¸À±¸±¯¦ÊzÊz­¯ª¬©z¦5® i¥±³VJr¦5®²±2­ª±Êi½_À%ËÌÌ^=£½ \ ® ¸b¦5¨(­¤¦·uª¬°Ã­SK§¦³VcÀª°Ã­'©z®ª¬­³b·|±K¯­SJæP­¸º®Ã¦ª°²±¿5­(ª¦Â󬦿P©TJí(¸VUr¯p°`¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJøÀ±¸ºª°Ã­]Jæ5¨¡±©_® ¯¦5¨¡Â¦5®Ã­®ª¸±³¬­(¯³b­±Kª¬­YJ6M»ª°Ã­É¦5¨¡±©z®¦`MPOb­¯£ª©«ª¸¬­Ê_· i¾²¦5³0Jí­ª±ÊR½«À ËÌ5Ì Ur5É1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©_®º±®J ©_¨¡¨(­³b¨±K®Ã®WÀ5ËÌÌ rÅ­®Ã­ª¬³¬­»:±K®J ©_¨¡¨(­³b¨±K®Ã®WÀËÌ5Ì ~½

½ I °Ã­ Q.78%A 0 ¯Êz±¸¬¸¡Â󬦿P©TJr­¸¨(­ª¬°Ã¦Jr¸(ª¬¦ ±¯¯­¸b¸ª°Ã­wJæ5¨¡±©z® ¯¦¨¡Â¦5®Ã­® ª¬¸½ \ ®Ä.³b¯p°Ã­³ ËÌ5Ì X ª¬°Ã­(±¯¯­¸b¸©_¸Â󬦿P©TJíLJ'M»©«ª­³±Kª¬¦5³¬¸½ \ ® 9Uïec ©o±®JyÅ©zÊ_Êz­³ ËÌ5Ì X ª°r­'±¯¯­¸¬¸©z¸Âr³¬¦¿P©TJíLJª¬°Ã³¬¦`Uô5°¨±K®²±´5­³¦NMPOb­¯ª¸ÀK<°r©z¯p°¨±K®²±´5­*ª¬°Ã­'©z®Jr©_¿P©TJUñʯ¦ÊzÊz­¯ª¬©z¦5®Ã¸½ \ ®Eª°Ã¦¸¬­hJí¸¬©_´5®Ã¸À K<°Ã­³b­*ª°r­ Q.78%A 0 ¦NMOb­¯ª.©z¸.±Êz¸b¦³¬­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸b©TMÃÊ_­·e¦5³Â­³b·e¦³¬¨(©z®Ã´¤ª°r­?±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸¦·ª°Ã­¨¡¦PJíÊiÀ²®Ã¦¸0Uïp°±¯¯­¸b¸¨(­ª°r¦Jø.±³¬­Âób¦q¿P©oJíYJ M»ª°r­ Q. 7%A 0 ¯Êz±¸¬¸i¾²¦5³VJr­.­ª±ÊR½«ÀËÌ5Ì Ur ©z¨(¨¡­³¬¨¡±®Ã®(­ª<±KÊR½«ÀËÌÌ rrÅ­®Ã­£ª³b­»±®J ©z¨(¨(­³¬¨¡±®Ã®MÀËÌÌ £½

¾¦³ª°Ã­ÂUr³¬Â¦5¸¬­¸¦·ª¬°Ã©z¸³b­¸¬­±³¬¯p°MÀ± Q.78%A 0 ¦NMOb­¯ª ©_¸<±¸¬¸b¦Z¯©±Kª¬­YJxK<©_ª¬°± "5 )MIJ*)56 ¦`MPOb­¯£ª±®JE±® ,.0 %A)4["<# ¦NMOb­¯ªÀ±¸¸b°Ã¦ K<®E©_®ZR²´`Uó¬­ ½ ½ I °Ã­ Q.78%A 0 ¯Êz±¸¬¸©z®ª­³b·|±¯­ÀK<°Ã©_¯p°©_¸<±¸<¸¬°Ã¦ K<®©z®kR²´NUr³¬­ ½«ËBUrÀÃÂób¦¿Z©oJí¸<·e¦5³ª¬°Ã­·e¦5ÊzÊ_¦ K<©_®Ã´Ãµ

Ë5½ I Ku¦+¯¦5®r¸bª³0U窱¦5³¬¸?±³¬­(Â󬦿P©TJr­YJWÀ¦®Ã­¦·K<°Ã©z¯p°yª±`c­¸*°Ã©_®ª¸?±K¸ª¦:ª°Ã­¡®UèhM­³¦·

Page 41: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

¯¦¨¡Â¦5®Ã­® ª¬¸uª¬°²±Kª±K³¬­<ª¦hM­±`JJíYJª¬¦*ª°r­ Q.78%A 0 ½ I °Ã©z¸u©z¸u·e¦³u­ ¡¯©z­®Ã¯»¡³¬­±¸¬¦5®r¸©z®Êz±³¬´5­.Âó¬¦NMrÊz­¨(¸½

½Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø¤±³b­Âób¦¿Z©oJíYJ`ª¬¦+±`JJ ±®J`³b­¨(¦q¿­¯¦¨¡Â¦5®Ã­® ª¬¸ª¬¦Eª°Ã­^Jæ5¨¡±©z®W½2ǰí®±`JJr©z®Ã´+¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸¤ª¦Eª¬°Ã­xJæ5¨¡±©_®WÀª°r­2±®²±Ê«»P¸bª¤¯±® ±¸Vc=ª°²±cª¤¯p°Ã­¯ec ¸]M­Â­³b·e¦5³b¨¡­LJª¦2­®Ã¸VUr³¬­¤ª°Ã­?¿K±Ê_©TJ髪 »¦·ª°Ã­SJr¦5¨±K©z®W½º¾²¦5³­;ur±¨¡ÂrÊz­À K<°Ã­® ±`JJr©z®Ã´±® N ) 78 0 ¦NMPOb­¯ªª¬°Ã­ Q.78%A 0 ¦NMOb­¯ªº¯±®¯p°Ã­¯ecEª¦2­®Ã¸VUób­?ª°²±cªº±Êzʪ°r­ NP)4 7 0 p ¸ "5¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸%­vuZ©z¸ª%©z®*ª¬°Ã­ Q.78%A 0 ½ I °Ã©z¸©z¸ Jr¦5®Ã­§·e¦5³­ (¯©_­®Ã¯£»¤³¬­±¸¬¦®Ã¸½ \ ª©z¸©_¨¡Â¦5³ªp±®ªª°Ã±Kª%¯p°Ã­¯ecP¸-M­Â󬦿P©TJr­YJhK<°Ã­®¡± JJéz®r´ª°Ã­¯¦5¨(¦5®r­®ª¸À ±¸©_ª­Ê_©z¨(©z®²±Kª¬­¸ª°Ã­§®Ã­­LJø·e¦5³¯­³bª±©z®¯p°Ã­¯ec ¸ª¦nM­ºÂ­³b·e¦5³b¨¡­LJZJUó¬©_®Ã´¤ª°Ã­±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸<±Êz´5¦³¬©_ª¬°Ã¨:ÀP¯p°r­¯ec ¸3K<°Ã©_¯p°¨¡±»^M­º³b­Â­±Kª¬­YJ:®PUr¨¡­³¬¦NUø<ª©_¨¡­¸©z®©«ª­³¬±Kª©«¿5­¸ª³±cª­´©z­¸½

½Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø<±³b­.Âób¦q¿P©oJíYJ2ª¦?±¯¯­¸¬¸ª¬°Ã­¯¦¨¡Â¦5®Ã­® ª¬¸¦·ª¬°Ã­1Jæ5¨¡±©_®W½ I °Ã­º±K¯¯­¸¬¸<¯±K®M­©_®Jé_¿P©oJU²±Ê_Ê_»5ÀK­½ ´Ã½ * +* * ' ~Àr¦5³o¦5®'ª°Ã­ ¯¦5Ê_Êz­¯ª©_¦5®'¦·Ê_©Tc­<¯¦5¨¡Â¦5®Ã­®ª¸ÀP©z®K<°Ã©_¯p°¯±¸¬­±®:©_ª¬­³©z¸³b­ªVUó¬®Ã­LJWÀ­½ ´Ã½ * +*. £½

=ýŭ£ª°Ã¦PJøo±³¬­<Âób¦¿Z©oJíYJnK<°Ã©_¯p°XUàJ²±Kª¬­ª°Ã­¸ªp±Kª¬­ ¦K·ª¬°Ã­<¯¦5¨(¦®Ã­®ª¸¦·ª°r­ ½¾²¦5³­;uñK¨¡ÂÃÊ_­ÀMª¬°Ã­¤¨(­ª°r¦J N * .©z¸Âób¦¿Z©oJíYJMÀ K<°Ã©z¯p° K<°Ã­® ¯±ÊzÊ_­YJDK<©_ÊzÊ©_®¿5¦NcK­N * o¦5®2±KÊzʲª°Ã­ NP) 78 0 ¸u±K®J 156 ¸©_®¡ª°r­ Q. 7%A 0 ½ I °Ã­.¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJ // 0 +K<©zÊ_ÊW©z®¿5¦`c­ // 0 ¦5®E±KÊzÊ %A5 ¦NMPOb­¯ª¸ ©z®2ª¬°Ã­º¯YUób³¬­®ª %(5 %AH ½

?Z½Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø±K³¬­ Â󬦿P©TJíLJ¡ª¬¦*¦NMrª±©z®(©z®Z·e¦5³¬¨¡±Kª©_¦5®¤±`M¦NUrªoª°r­¯LUó¬³b­®ª¸ªp±Kª¬­.¦·ª°Ã­ QR(I78%A 0 ½ I °r©z¸ ©z®Ã¯ÊTUJí¸ª°Ã­%ª©_¨¡­KÀq¯YUób³¬­®ª %A5 %AH À±®J*¯¦®Ã®Ã­¯£ª©«¿Z©«ª »©z®Z·e¦5³¬¨¡±Kª©_¦5®·e¦5³oª°Ã­ "56 ¸<±®J NP) 78 0 ¸½ I °r­¯¦5®Ã®r­¯ª¬©_¿P©_ª »©z®r·e¦³¬¨¡±Kª©_¦5®¡©_¸§³b­ªWUr³¬®Ã­LJ:©_®ª°Ã­·e¦5³b¨ ¦· 9% *\ ¦NMPOb­¯£ª¸½

X ½Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø±K³¬­Â󬦿P©TJíLJwK<°Ã©_¯p°+±Ê_Êz¦ K@ª¬°Ã­ QR78%( 0 ª¬¦XM­*¨(¦Jr©oR²­LJZM»ª°r­*±®Ã±Ê_»P¸bªM­ªKu­­® ±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬­¸ÀjK<°Ã©_¯p° ¨±»'M­¡³¬­Y[Ué_³¬­LJ ©z®`¯¦5®ªp±¯£ª'Âó¬¦NMrÊz­¨(¸½+¾¦³­;uñK¨¡ÂÃÊ_­Àª°r­:¨(­ª¬°Ã¦PJ +# $ O ¤©z¸'±¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJ K<°Ã©z¯p° K<©zÊzʧ©z®¿5¦NcK­ $ O ¦5®=©_ª¸±¸b¸¬¦P¯©±cª­YJ ,.0 %A)4["<# ¦NMPOb­¯ªÀ * ©_¸±¨(­ª°r¦Jª¦:¸¬­£ªª°r­Ê_©z®c'ª¦¤ª¬°Ã­ ,.0 %A)M[< ¦NMPOb­¯ª±¸¬¸b¦Z¯©±Kª¬­YJK<©_ª¬°ª¬°Ã­ Q. 7%A 0 À²±®J O $ O §©_¸±?¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJkK<°Ã©_¯p°:³b­ªVUó¬®Ã¸ * '(%Àé«·®r­LKg¯¦5¨(¦®Ã­®ª¸°Ã±¿­_M­­®:±`JJíLJª¦¤ª¬°Ã­ QR78%( 0 ¸b©z®Ã¯­ª°Ã­ºÊ±K¸bª<¯±KÊzʪ¬¦(ª¬°Ã©z¸¨(­ª¬°Ã¦PJW½

Page 42: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

$&(')*G

$&(' *":243$&(' *" *<-)*' ? *<-)*' *- *' 2: *<-)*'4; I*<-)*', 2435 6-0798 $&(' *":243 ') -4/7 B- K') 5 (' (**-:.- : K(' -4/7D (' *5 6-07 (7 >? ' *-4"%? ' *<- # " -0 (/7,A %<2435 6-07 (7 " # * " -4) (/,A 9 %<2435 6-07 (7 ; " (*<-0 *<-0"); " (*<-0 *- # " -0 (/7,A %<2435 6-07 (7 " I(*-4 *<-0" " I(*-4 *<- # ' " -0 (/7,A %<2435 6-07 (7 2 %" 27 % # " -4) (/,A 9 %<2435 6-07 (7 2 @" *- I =27 # " -4) (/,A 9 %<2435 6-07 (7 >? ' *- 277 @" *<-) ? ' *<-=27 # " -4 (/ A %<2435 6-07@? ')*<- # K') 5 ? ')*<-0" *<-.- 2435 6-071 # K') 5 " *-B- 2435 6-07127 % # K' 5 2 %" *<- - 2435 6-07; " (*<-0 *- # ' 5 ; " (*<-0 *<-0" *- -2435 6-07> " (*<-0 *- # K') 5 " I(*-4 *<-0" *<- - 2435 6-071 =27 # ' 5 =27 " *<-D I*<- - 2435 6-071 =27 # ' 5 ? ' *<-=27 " *<-D *<- - 243 ') -4/7 B- .-4/7 (' (*7*<- .-4/7D (')*5 6-07@? ')*<-.- - + -0? ' *<- ":2435 6-071 - - + -. ":2435 6-07127 %- - + -.27 <% ":2435 6-07; " (*<-0 *-&- - + - ; " ":2435 6-07> " (*<-0 *-&- - + - " ":2435 6-07@? ')*<- # - ?> ' *- " -4#" *<- -2 (*<-035 6-071 # -. " -0 " *- - 2 (*-435 6-07127 % # -&27 % " -0 " *<- - 2 (*-43 ') -4/7 B- - ( 7 ,-0/ -- D-0/D (')**7 -:B(' (**<- 5 6-07 5 % - K*-&27 %" *- -2435 6-07 5 % - K*-+B')" ( G*&%B')<2435 6-07 5 2 @" ( - ' ;(- A C 6C2435 6-07 5 G(' ' -4" 5 2435 6-07!1 /,+ - ?> ' *- !1 /" 5 2435 6-07!1 /,+ -. ! /" 5 (2435 6-07;*<-% - *<-.277 %" 5 2B(*<-035 6-07 ( - K*<- ' " 5 2B(*<-035 6-07 (@/< $1(')*: /* " 5 2435 6-07;*<- % -+* * " * *7 + -4/7* *7 7 42435 6-07;*<- * 5 /7* D** * " 5 (243E 3

"%' F HKJ L M +*.' N '3*O Q.78%A 0 $

Page 43: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

6 +)?9:11 AB)?111

I °Ã­ ,.0 %A)M[< ¦NMPOb­¯£ª·e¦³¬¨(¸º±®J¸¬¦5Ê«¿5­¸ª¬°Ã­'´5¦¿5­³b®Ã©z®r´­L[PUñKª©_¦5®Ã¸·e¦5³ª°r­]R²®r©_ª­¤­Ê Q­¨(­®ª?¨(¦PJíÊi½ I °r­¡ª »P­¦·<±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸ª¬°²±Kª?¯±®6M­Â­³·e¦5³¬¨(­YJ'M »=ª°r­±®²±KÊ_»P¸bª Jí­®Jø¦5®ª°Ã­ ,.0 %()4[H# ¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸Â󬦿P©TJíLJ`±®J=ª¬°Ã­¡©_®ª­³·|±¯­(¦·uª°Ã­(¯¦5¨(¦5®Ã­®ª¬¸¦K·§ª°r­]R²®r©_ª­­Ê_­¨(­®ª ¨¡¦PJíÊi½ \ ®:¸¬¦5¨(­¦·ª¬°Ã­K§¦³VcÀ²¦5®ÃÊ«»2Êz©_®Ã­±³§¸bªp±cª©z¯º±K®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸¯±K®wM­ºÂ­³b·e¦5³b¨¡­LJ:¦®ª°Ã­ ¨(¦JÃ­Ê i¾²¦5³0Jí<­ªu±ÊR½«ÀËÌ5Ì Ur §±`Uô5°¡±®J ­°²±`cÀËÌ5Ì r+U¡±®JÄ3JíÊ_©RÀ²ËÌÌ £½ \ ®¦ª¬°Ã­³K§¦³Vc¤Êz©_®Ã­±K³¸bª±Kª©_¯<±®J'ª³±K®Ã¸¬©_­®ªu±®²±Ê«»Z¸b©z¸%¯±®nM­<­³b·e¦³¬¨(­YJ ©z¨(¨(­³¬¨¡±®Ã®­ªu±Êi½_À²ËÌÌ rÉ1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©z®=­ª¤±ÊR½«À§ËÌÌ rÉ1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©_®`±®J ©z¨(¨¡­³¬¨¡±®Ã®WÀËÌ5Ì r ¶ ©TJ²±Âñ³bª¬©§±®Jd3UJrÊRÀ%ËÌ5Ì r ¥±³VJr¦5®²±­ª±Êi½_ÀËÌ5Ì^=~½ \ ®¦ª°Ã­³1K§¦³VcÀ#M¦ª¬°Êz©z®r­±³±K®J®Ã¦5®QÊz©z®r­±³¸bªp±cª©z¯±®Jª³¬±®Ã¸¬©_­®ª±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸º¯±®'M­(­³b·e¦5³b¨¡­LJ iÅ­®r­ª³b­» ±®J ©z¨(¨(­³¬¨¡±®Ã®MÀËÌ5Ì rÅ©_ÊzÊ_­³±®J 9Uïec ©RÀËÌ5Ì rr¥§°UJæNMñ(±K®J §©«ª¬ª®Ã±³ÀËÌ5Ì ?Pr 9Uïec ©±®J:Å:©zÊzÊ_­³À²ËÌ5Ì X rZÄ.³b¯p°Ã­³ÀWËÌ5Ì X £½¶ ©TJ²±Âñ³bª¬©±®Jwd3UJrÊ ËÌ5Ì §±Ê_Êz¦ K·e¦5³<±®:­©z´­®¿K±ÊTUíº±K®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸½I °Ã­ª »PÂé_¯±ÊW±ÂÃÂób¦±¯p°ª°²±Kª<°Ã±¸9M­­®ªp±`cK­®ª¦¤ª°Ã­ ,.0 %A)M[< ¯Ê±¸b¸©z¸ª¬°Ã­_MÃʱ¯ec^M¦qu

±ÂÃÂób¦±¯p°¡¦·Wª³¬±`J髪©z¦®²±ÊRîé_ª¬­­Êz­¨(­®ªuÂ󬦴5³±¨(¨(©z®Ã´ |¾²¦5³VJí ­ª§±Êi½_ÀËÌ5Ì^Ur ©z¨(¨¡­³¬¨¡±®Ã®­ª±Êi½_ÀËÌ5Ì rWÉ1UM¦©z¸Q ¶ ­Êz­³b©z®+­£ª±ÊR½«ÀËÌÌ rÉ1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©_®E­ª±KÊR½«ÀËÌ5Ì rÉ1UM¦©z¸Q ¶ ­Êz­³b©z®±®J ©_¨¡¨(­³b¨±K®Ã®WÀËÌ5Ì r ¶ ©oJ²±Â²±³ª© ±®J d3UJÃÊiÀËÌ5Ì r Uïec ©±®JÅ©_ÊzÊ_­³ÀËÌ5Ì X rÄ.³¬¯p°r­³ÀËÌ5Ì X £½Ç©«ª°ª°r©z¸º±ÂÃÂr³¬¦±¯p°MÀ±2®UèhM­³¦K·§¸0UM¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸¦· ,.0 %A)4["<# ±K³¬­¤Âób¦q¿P©oJíYJW½ I °r­±®²±Ê«»P¸bª¯¦5®r¸bª³0U窱¸?±® ,.0 %A)4["<# ¦NMPOb­¯ª¦·§ª¬°Ã­'¯¦5³b³¬­¯ª¯Ê±K¸¬¸ºª¦:­³b·e¦5³b¨"ª°Ã­¡±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸½I »PÂé_¯±Ê_Ê_»'ª°r­ ,.0 %A)M[< ¦NMOb­¯ª<©«ª¸b­Ê_·W©z®Ã¸ªp±®ª©z±Kª­¸¦ª¬°Ã­³¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸ª¦¤°r­ÊzÂkK<©«ª°ª¬°Ã­º±®²±KÊ Q»P¸¬©z¸Àrª°r­±®²±KÊ_»P¸bª°r¦ Ku­¿­³<°²±¸u®Ã¦¤¯¦® ª¬³¬¦5ʦ¿5­³uª°Ã­¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸Uø¬­LJª¦¤¯³b­±Kª¬­.ª°r­¸¬­¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸½Ä¨¡¦5³b­SJíª±©zÊ_­YJ³¬­£¿P©z­LK ¦·uª¬°Ã­'­vuZ©z¸ª©_®Ã´ZKu¦5³0cDK<©zÊ_ÊjM­'Âób­¸b­®ª­LJ`©z®¸¬­¯ª¬©z¦5® ½ À ±®J ±®Ã­LK ±ÂÃÂób¦±¯p°ª¦¤ª°Ã­_Jí¸¬©_´5®¦·ª¬°Ã­±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸¯Ê±¸b¸K<©zÊzÊ M­ºÂób­¸b­®ª­LJ+©z®¸¬­¯ª¬©z¦5® ½ =ý

D <)? A )*111

I °Ã­AR²®Ã©«ª­­Ê_­¨(­®ª¨(­ª¬°Ã¦J³¬­L[PUr©z³¬­¸.©_® ª¬­®Ã¸b­?®Uè(­³¬©_¯±Ê¯¦5¨¡ÂUrªp±Kª¬©z¦5®r¸±K®JEª°r­*¸b»P¸!Qª­¨¡¸ª¬°²±Kª°²±¿5­9M­­®¡Âób¦5¦5¸¬­LJ¡©_®?ª°Ã­<Êz©«ª­³±KªVUó¬­uÂ󬦿P©TJí<±®UèhM­³¦·®Uè(­³b©z¯±KÊïÊz±¸¬¸b­¸½I °Ã­¸b­º¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸¸VUÃÂr¦5³ª®Uè(­³¬©_¯±ÊM±Êz´¦5³¬©«ª°Ã¨(¸½ \ ®2ª°Ã­.·e¦ÊzÊz¦ K<©_®Ã´*¸0UMø¬­¯ª¬©z¦5®Ã¸À±?³¬­£¿Z©_­LK ©z¸¨± Jí¦· ª°Ã­¸¬­®PUr¨¡­³¬©z¯±ÊW¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸½

Page 44: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

, ,-1 (+ F !,E888

\ ® ¨(¦5¸bª¦·uª¬°Ã­hKu¦5³VcEª¬°²±Kªº°²±K¸M­­®=Âó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJWÀ ¨hUïp° Uø¬­'©_¸¨± Jí¤¦· % B4+ ±®J - < ¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸(©z® ª°r­·e¦³¬¨hUÃÊz±Kª©_¦5®y¦K·.ª°r­±KÊz´5¦5³b©_ª¬°Ã¨¡¸*±®J ±¸nJ²±Kª± Uîé_ª¬¸¤·e¦5³¤Â²±¸b¸¬©z®r´©z®r·e¦³¬¨¡±Kª©_¦5®SM­£ªK§­­®ª¬°Ã­.¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸§©_®(ª¬°Ã­ ¸b»P¸bª¬­¨i¾²¦5³VJr­ ­£ª±KÊR½«ÀËÌ5Ì Ur ±`Ur´5°±K®J <­°²± cÀËÌ5Ì rÅE±K¯ecP©_­ÀoËÌ5Ì r ©_¨¡¨(­³b¨±K®Ã®+­ª±Êi½_À%ËÌ5Ì rÉ1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©z®­£ª±ÊR½«À%ËÌ5Ì rÉ1UM¦5©_¸Q¶ ­Êz­³b©z®±®J ©z¨(¨¡­³¬¨¡±®Ã®WÀËÌ5Ì rÅ­®Ã­ª¬³¬­»±®J ©z¨(¨(­³¬¨¡±®Ã®MÀ ËÌ5Ì r¼5U­£ª±ÊR½«ÀËÌÌ r¶ ©TJ²±Âñ³bª¬©M±®Jd3UJÃÊiÀMËÌÌ r ±Âðñ­ÊM±®J ³¬©_¸¬°Ã®²±K¨¡¦P¦5³bª¬°»5ÀËÌ5Ì rÃ¥±³VJr¦5®²±?­ª±ÊR½«ÀMËÌÌ^=r¥§°UJæNM²±±®J u©_ª¬ª¬®²±³ÀËÌ5Ì ?r f¸ª­³b¨±K®Ã®E­£ª±Êi½_ÀËÌ5Ì ?rÄ.³b¯p°Ã­³ÀËÌ5Ì X ~½¾²¦5³ª°Ã©_¸<³¬­±K¸¬¦5®WÀ±®UèhM­³¦K·³¬­¸b­±³b¯p°Ã­³b¸º°²±¿5­?·e¦P¯YUøb­YJ+ª°r­©z³.±Kª¬ª¬­®ª©_¦5®+¦5® Jr­¿5­Êz¦5Âr©z®Ã´ª¬°Ã­¸b­¤¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸.·e¦5³©z®ª­´5³±cª©z¦® ©z®ª¦ R²®r©_ª­2­Êz­¨¡­® ª(±K®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸¤Â²±¯ecc±´­¸RÁZ¯p°r¦5ÊKÀ.ËÌ5Ì r ­´5Êz©_®Ã¸Vc ©±K®Jd±®WÀËÌ5Ì^=rº¼U­£ª:±ÊR½«ÀËÌ5Ì ?~½ ÁZ¯p°r¦5Ê ËÌ5Ì (Âó¬­¸¬­®ªª°r­ª¬°Ã­©z®ª¬­³b·|±K¯­¸·e¦³ % B4+ ±®J - < ¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸ K<°Ã©_¯p°?©z¸¸¬©z¨(©zÊz±³Mª¬¦ª°r­¦5®Ã­¸ Uøb­YJSM»*¸0UMøb­Y[Uí®ª³b­¸¬­±³¬¯p°r­³¬¸½ \ ®?¸¬¦5¨(­o¦·ª°Ã­Ku¦5³VcÀ ¸VUM¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸o¦· % B4+ ·e¦5³%¸»P¨¡¨(­ª¬³¬©z¯KÀbUÃÂí³ÀPÊ_¦ K§­³À¸¬Âñ³¬¸b­ÀPM²±®JWÀ ¸»Z¨(¨(­ª³b©z¯M²±®J ±®J=Âób¦`R²Êz­'¸ª¦5³¬±´5­'¸¬¯p°Ã­¨¡­¸?±³b­'Âó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJ ±`Uô5° ±®J <­°²±`cÀoËÌ5Ì r ­´5Êz©_®Ã¸Vc ©±®J d±®WÀ<ËÌ5Ì^=ru¼5U ­ª¤±ÊR½«ÀËÌ5Ì ? £½É¦5®Ã´5±³¬³¬±E­ª'±KÊR½ ËÌ5Ì ?Âób­¸¬­®ª¤ª°Ã­:¥/¿5­³b¸¬©_¦5®¦·<¼Ä ¶ Ä ¥ eÄ.®Jr­³¬¸b¦5® ­ª?±ÊR½«À§ËÌ5Ì ?±~À#K<°Ã©_¯p°`©z¸¸¬°Ã¦ K<®`ª¬¦DM­2±¸·|±K¸bª*±¸*ª°r­¾²¦5³bª¬³±®¿5­³¬¸¬©_¦5®W½

¥±³VJ殲±?­ª<±KÊR½ ËÌ5ÌK=o©_® ª¬³¬¦PJUï­.¸¬Â­¯©±Ê % B4+ ±®J - B ¸VUM¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸·e¦5³Ur¸¬­©z®±nRîé_ª¬­­Êz­¨¡­®ª.±K®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸½ I °r­¸¬­*±³¬­ B - B69 % B4+ ±®J B - B69 - < ½ I °r­¯¦5®r¸bª³0U窱©z¦5® ¦K·± G<K - 99 % <KM+ ¦NMOb­¯ª^K<©zÊzʱ¯£ªWU²±Ê_Ê_» ­³·e¦5³¬¨ ª°r­±¸¬¸b­¨hMrÊ_» ¦·ª°Ã­ªp±®Ã´­®ª¸bª¬©os®Ã­¸b¸¨±cª³¬© u½_f1MPOb­¯£ª¸¯³b­±Kª¬­YJ·e³¬¦¨¸0UM¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸¦· G<K - 99 - B ÀK<°Ã©z¯p°+±³¬­ 0 QR# ) À 0 ) À 06,.- - ) À)Jæ®Ã¦ª.±¯ªVU²±ÊzÊ«»2¸bª¬¦5³¬­ª°Ã­¿K±ÊTUí¸À MUrª.°Ã¦5ÊTJª°Ã­¨¡±ÂÃÂé_®Ã´(ª¬¦(ª¬°Ã­¯¦5³b³¬­¯£ª®Ã¦PJ²±ÊJí´5³¬­­¸!Q ¦· QR·e³¬­­LJæ5¨:½Ä.®E±¸¬¸b©z´5®r¨¡­® ª ª¦'ª°r­ - B¦NMPOb­¯ª_K<©zÊ_ʯ± Uø¬­¤ª°r­(¦`MPOb­¯£ªª¬¦UàJñKª­¤ª°r­'±ÂÃÂób¦5Âó¬©z±Kª­¤®r¦J²±Kʳ¬­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸¬­n[U²±®ª¬©_ª©_­¸º±Kªª°Ã­ "56 ¦NMPOb­¯£ª½

¾¦³ª°r­?ÂUób¦5¸b­¸¦·ª°Ã©_¸ K§¦³VcÀMª°r³¬­­*¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸±³b­?Â󬦿P©TJr­YJWµ % BM+ À - B ÀM±®J; Q ½ I °r­ % <KM+ ±®J - B ¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸ Âr³¬¦¿P©TJíº±?¸b©z¨(©zʱK³u©_® ª¬­³·|±¯­ª¬¦'ª¬°²±Kª<Âób­¸b­®ª­LJE©z®ÁZ¯p°Ã¦5Ê ËÌ5Ì £½Ä.® ; Q ¦`MPOb­¯£ª.©_¸±'¸¬Â­¯©±ÊW·e¦³¬¨/¦·¿5­¯ª¦³ ·e¦5³<°²±K®JÃÊz©_®Ã´'©z®ª­´5­³b¸½ I °Ã­³b­±³¬­®Ã¦2¨(­ª°r¦JøÂ󬦿P©TJr­YJ+ª¦±`JJWÀ¸VUMrª¬³±¯£ª¦5³¨hUÃÊ_ª¬©zÂÃÊ«» ; Q ¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸½ \ ®r¸bª­±`J¨(­ª°r¦Jø±³¬­<Âób¦¿Z©oJíYJ(ª¦¯p°Ã­¯ec'©«·W±®¡©z®ª­´5­³%¿K±ÊoUí©z¸©z®'ª°r­ ; Q À5ª¦³¬­£ªWUób®¡ª°r­ Ê_¦Z¯±Kª©_¦5®¤©z®'ª°r­ ; Q¦·%±K®©_® ª¬­´5­³<¦NMPOb­¯£ªÀ±®Jª¦(¦NMrª±©z®2ª°r­©_® ª¬­´5­³¿±KÊTUí¸ °r­ÊTJZM»2ª°Ã­ ; Q ½ I °r­©_® ª¬­³·|±¯­¸

Page 45: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

·e¦5³ª°r­ % <KM+ À - B ±®J ; Q ¯Ê±K¸¬¸¬­¸.±K³¬­Âób­¸¬­®ª­YJE©z®¨¡¦³¬­Jí£ªp±©_ÊW©z®±Âr­®Jé u2Ä*½

18(+ F6,E888

\ ® ¸b¦5¨¡­ ¦·(ª°r­ Ku¦5³VcÀ¤ª­®Ã¸¬¦³=¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸y±³b­ Âó¬­¸¬­®ª¬­YJ ±`Uô5° ±®J <­°²± cÀËÌÌ rd¦`s¨(­©z¸ª­³­ª±Êi½_ÀºËÌ5Ì r¼U­£ª:±ÊR½«ÀËÌ5Ì r 9Uïec ©RÀ*ËÌ5Ì X ~½ I ­®Ã¸b¦5³¬¸À1UîÃÊ_©Tc­¨¡±Kª¬³¬©z¯­¸±®J(¿5­¯£ª¦5³b¸Àr±³¬­±qK±³b­ª¬°²±Kªª°Ã­ [U²±®ª©«ª©_­¸o¯¦5®ªp±K©z®Ã­LJ­vuZ©_¸bªu©z®'ª°Ã³b­­ Jéz¨(­®Ã¸b©z¦5®Ã±Ê²¸¬Â²±K¯­½$& 0 ¦`MPOb­¯£ª¸hcK­­Â ª³±K¯ec=¦K·ª°Ã­¡¯YUób³¬­® ª*¯¦P¦5³VJr©z®²±Kª¬­'¸b»P¸bª¬­¨8±®J ±³b­± MÃÊz­¤ª¦:ª³¬±®Ã¸Q·e¦5³¬¨ ª¬°Ã­©_³<[U²±®ª¬©_ª©_­¸u©z®ª¦¦ª°Ã­³¯¦P¦5³0Jéz®²±cª­ ¸b»P¸bª¬­¨(¸½+d¦`s¨(­©z¸ª­³u­£ª±Êi½ ËÌ5Ì Âób­¸b­®ª¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸·e¦5³%³±®c?¦5®Ã­ª¬°Ã³¬¦NUr´5°¡³¬±®c*·e¦`U󪭮ø¬¦5³b¸½ 9Uïec ©ËÌ5Ì X °²±¿5­ ¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸·e¦5³%³±K®c?¦5®Ã­±®J:³±®cªK§¦'ª­®Ã¸¬¦³¬¸½

1,E 9? 8P#" (<:3H1, !( F6,E888

\ ® ¸¬¦5¨(­E¦·.ª°Ã­DKu¦5³0cÀ<Ê_©z®Ã­±³¡¸»P¸bª­¨ ¦·­Y[U²±Kª¬©z¦5®¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸À 0 % 6CEN À§±³¬­wUø¬­LJ ©_¨¡¨(­³b¨±®r®+­ª*±ÊR½«ÀËÌ5Ì rÉ1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©_®=­£ª?±KÊR½«ÀoËÌ5Ì rÉ1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©z®­£ª?±Êi½_ÀËÌÌ rÉ1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©z®'±K®J ©_¨¡¨(­³b¨±K®Ã®WÀrËÌ5Ì ~½É1UM¦5©z¸!Q ¶ ­Êz­³¬©_®¤­ªu±ÊR½ ËÌÌ Â¦5©z®ª¸%¦`Urªª°²±Kªª°Ã­¸¬­±³¬­<¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸-K<°Ã©_¯p°WÀZ©_®(±`JJ髪©z¦®?ª¦°²±¿Z©_®Ã´±³b­´NUÃÊz±³%¨¡±Kª³b© uÀ5°²±¿5­.±³¬©z´° ªo°²±K®J¡¸b©TJí±®J(±¸¬¦ÊTUrª¬©z¦5®W½Å­£ª°Ã¦PJø%ª¦º±¸b¸¬©_´5®¤ª°Ã­®Ã­;uPª­Y[U²±Kª¬©z¦5®'®UèhM­³À5ª¦±`JJ?ª¬¦ºª¬°Ã­¨¡±Kª³b© uÀKª¬¦±`JJª¦¤ª°r­³¬©z´° ª<°Ã±®J:¸¬©TJr­º±®Jª¦'¸¬¦5Ê«¿5­ª°r­¸b»P¸bª¬­¨±³¬­¸0UÃÂÃÂÃÊ_©z­LJ±cªª°Ã­º©z®ª¬­³b·|±K¯­½o¾²¦5³ª°Ã­ÂUó¬Â¦5¸¬­¸%¦·ª°Ã©_¸ Ku¦5³VcÀªK§¦º¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸±K³¬­Âób¦¿Z©oJíYJMµ [B 7 CE N 0 ±®J 1)M! ½ I °r­G["B 7 CE N 0 ¦`MPOb­¯£ª¤©z¸³¬­¸¬Â¦5®Ã¸¬©oMÃÊz­(·e¦5³*¸ª¦5³b©z®Ã´:ª°Ã­¡­Y[U²±Kª¬©z¦5®r¸½ I °r­ 1)M! ¦`MPOb­¯£ª©z¸³b­¸b¦5®r¸¬©TMrÊz­*·e¦5³.­³b·e¦5³b¨¡©_®Ã´¡ª¬°Ã­¤®Uè¡­³¬©_¯±Ê¦5­³±Kª¬©z¦5®r¸¦5®+ª°r­¤­Y[U²±Kª¬©z¦5®Ã¸½ I °r­¸¬­¤ªKu¦¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸±³¬­Âób­¸b­®ª­LJ+©z®¨(¦5³¬­Jí£ªp±©_ÊW©z®2¸b­¯£ª©z¦® ½ =ý Ìr½

D )* %9

I °Ã©z¸¯p°²±KÂrª­³³¬­¿P©_­LKu­YJª°Ã­¤¨¡±©_®E¯Êz±¸¬¸º± Møbª¬³±¯£ª©z¦®Ã¸©TJr­®ª© R²­YJ©_®Eª°Ã­¤Ê_©_ª¬­³±cªWUób­·e¦5³ª°Ã­+R²®Ã©«ª­§­Êz­¨¡­® ª¨¡­£ª°Ã¦PJW½ I °Ã­¯Ê±¸b¸¬­¸ª°²±Kª°²±¿5­ M­­®¤©TJí®ª©oRíYJ¤±³b­µ "56 ) J*)56 ÀQ. 7%A 0 À NP) 78 0 À "5 À 0 <%( 0 À %A5 À ,.0 %()4[H# À % BM+ À - B À $& 0 IH ±®J 0 %( 6CEN ½K¾¦³ª¬°Ã¦5¸b­§¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸ª¬°²±KªK<©zÊ_ÊbM­<Uø¬­LJ?¸VUMr¸¬­Y[Uí®ªÊ_»*©z®ª°Ã©_¸³b­¸¬­±³¬¯p°MÀ±¯Êz±¸¬¸©_®ª­³·|±¯­ K§±¸%Âób­¸b­®ª­LJW½ I °Ã­¸b­ ©_®ª­³·|±¯­¸Âób¦q¿P©oJí¸¬©_¨¡©_ʱ³·yUî©_¦5®²±Ê_©_ª »ª¦ª¬°Ã¦5¸b­

Page 46: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Âó¬­¸¬­® ª¬­YJ¡©z®?ª°r­ Ê_©_ª¬­³±cªWUób­½ Ä JJ髪©_¦5®²±ÊP·e­±KªVUó¬­¸%°²±¿5­ M­­®'Â󬦿P©TJr­YJ(©z®?ª°r­¸¬­<©_® ª¬­³·|±¯­¸·e¦5³­ (¯©z­®r¯»³¬­±¸¬¦®Ã¸À­½ ´Ã½ N * ©z® Q. 7%A 0 ½\ ª§°²±K¸<M­­®Â¦5©z®ª­LJ¡¦`Urª§©_®(ª¬°Ã­ Êz©_ª¬­³¬±KªWUób­ª°²±cªoª¬°Ã­9t²­vuZ©TMr©zÊz©«ª »¤±®J¡­;uZª¬­®Ã¸b©TMé_Êz©«ª »¤¦·±K®

¦NMPOb­¯ª0Q¦5³¬©_­®ª­LJ Jí¸¬©z´®E·e¦5³<ª°Ã­ R²®Ã©_ª¬­*­Êz­¨(­®ª.±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸ ©z¸­vuZ­¨(ÂÃÊ_©oR²­LJDM»ª¬°Ã­*­±¸¬­ K<©_ª¬°K<°Ã©z¯p°®Ã­vK N ) 78 0 ¸VUM¯Êz±¸¬¸b­¸¯±K® M­?©_® ª¬³¬¦PJUï­YJW½ I °Ã©_¸©z¸1JUí?ª¦ª¬°Ã­?·|±¯£ªª°²±cªª°Ã­NP)4 7 0 ©_® ª¬­³·|±¯­©z¸9K§­ÊzÊUîJí³¬¸ª¦P¦JW½ u»:¯p°Ã¦P¦5¸¬©_®Ã´¡ª¬°Ã­*¸0UM¯Ê±K¸¬¸.¦K· NP)4 7 0 ª¬¦^Uøb­©z®±®±K®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸ÀPª°Ã­º±K®²±Ê_»P¸ª©z¸u¯p°Ã¦Z¦¸¬©z®r´hK<°Ã©z¯p°M¦NUîJ²±K³b»¿K±ÊoUíÂób¦NMÃÊ_­¨ ©z¸ M­©_®Ã´?¸¬¦Ê_¿5­LJ·e¦5³u±*´5©_¿­®´­¦5¨(­ª¬³b»5½ I °Ã­±®²±KÊ_»P¸bªu¯±®¯p°²±®Ã´5­ª°Ã­3M¦NUr®J²±³»(¿K±ÊoUí Âó¬¦NMrÊz­¨$M»(¸¬©_¨¡ÂÃÊ«»¯p°²±®Ã´©z®Ã´¤ª°r­ºª »P­¦K· NP)4 78 0 ¸0UM¯Ê±¸b¸3Ur¸¬­YJª¦(¯¦®Ã¸bª¬³VU ª¬°Ã­ NP)4 7 0 ¸½

Æ`Uøbªu±¸©_¨¡Â¦5³ªp±®ªª¬¦º±®(±®²±Ê«»P¸bªÀ°Ã¦ K§­£¿5­³ÀZ©_¸%¯p°²±®Ã´©z®Ã´ª¬°Ã­ª »P­¦·ª¬°Ã­<±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸ª°²±Kª©z¸Â­³b·e¦5³b¨¡­LJ?¦5®?ª°r­ Q. 7%A 0 ½ I °Ã­ª »PÂéz¯±Êr±KÂÃÂó¬¦5±¯p°WÀ ±¸jJr©z¸¬¯LUø¬¸b­YJ'©z®*¸¬­¯£ª©_¦5® ½ =ÃÀ©_¸ª°Ã­MÃʱK¯ecXM¦qu±ÂÃÂr³¬¦±¯p°©_®^K<°Ã©z¯p°2ª¬°Ã­º±®²±Ê«»P¸bª¯³¬­±cª­¸<±K® ,.0 %A)M[< ¦NMPOb­¯ªK<°Ã©_¯p°Â­³b·e¦5³b¨¡¸ª°Ã­±K®²±Ê_»P¸b©z¸½ I °r­ ,.0 %A)M[< ¦NMOb­¯ªSK<©_Êzʪ »PÂéz¯±ÊzÊ«» ¯³¬­±Kª­2¦NMOb­¯ª¬¸?ª¦°Ã­Êz ©«ª?­³b·e¦³¬¨ª°Ã­±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸À ­½ ´Ã½ 0 %( *CEN ¦NMPOb­¯ª¸½Ç°Ã©zÊ_­ª°Ã©_¸ª »PÂé_¯±Ê±ÂrÂ󬦱K¯p°¦`s­³¬¸ª°r­.±®Ã±Ê_»P¸bª±kt²­vuZ©TMrÊz­(±®J=­vuPª­®Ã¸¬©oMÃÊz­'ÂÃÊz±Kª¬·e¦³¬¨ yt²­;ur©oMÃÊz­'©_®ª¬°Ã­'¸¬­®Ã¸¬­'ª°²±cªª¬°Ã­(±®²±Ê«»P¸bªº¯±K® ¯p°Ã¦P¦5¸b­ª°Ã­ª »P­¦· ±®²±KÊ_»P¸¬©_¸±®J2­;uZª¬­®Ã¸b©TMÃÊ_­©z®ª¬°Ã­¸¬­®Ã¸¬­ª¬°²±Kªª¬°Ã­º±®²±Ê«»P¸bª¯±®©z®ª³b¦JUï­±?®r­LK±®²±Ê«»P¸¬©z¸<¯Ê±¸b¸ £À©«ª9JæZ­¸®r¦ª.Ê_­±`Jª¦(¯¦PJí³¬­;QUøb­½ I °Ã©_¸©_¸9M­¯±`Uøb­*©«ª9JæZ­¸®r¦ª±KÊzÊz¦ K ª°Ã­t²­vuZ©oMézÊ_©_ª »¤±K®J­;uZª¬­®Ã¸b©TMé_Êz©«ª »?ª°²±cªu©_¸u©_®Ã°Ã­³¬­®ªu©z®¡±_Ku­Ê_ÊJí¸b©z´5®Ã­LJ¦NMPOb­¯ªQ ¦5³b©z­®ª¬­YJ¸»P¸bª­¨½\ ®y±kKu­Ê_ÊEJí¸b©z´5®Ã­LJy¸»Z¸ª­¨Àª°Ã­(±®Ã±Ê_»P¸bªKu¦NUÃÊoJ'M­(±`MÃÊ_­?ª¦¯³b­±Kª¬­±® ,.0 %A)M[< ¦`MPOb­¯£ªM²±¸b­YJ=¦5®ª°Ã­'¦NMPOb­¯ª¬¸ºª¬°Ã­(±®²±Ê«»P¸bªº¸VUrÂÃÂÃÊz©_­¸ª¬¦ª¬°Ã©z¸¦`MPOb­¯£ª½ \ ªº©z¸ª¬°Ã­nJí¸b©z´5®·e¦5³¸0Uïp° ±¸b»P¸bª¬­¨4ª°Ã±KªK<©zÊ_ÊM­Âr³¬­¸b­®ª­LJ+©z®2ª¬°Ã­º®Ã­vuPª ¯p°²±Ârª¬­³½

Page 47: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Ì

°¯p°²± ³± ¯ ³ z´ ³"! #$%&' ± ± $)( )*ó ,+- ° ¯³ %. ± $ /$0 / ³± ´/ 0 1 ³2 /$)3 ´ $ ±³ ± 1/4$ ±³5 ± _¯*± ³¬± ó $% ±³ # ³ 76( ' ³ 0 ¯ "+98 ³ 3 7 ) % ± :;7< ) ´ / ¯ = ³ z´ ³ ° ± ± $)( ± $ ´ ³ ° %>+?8@A ³± %&7B ³CD) ° ó "E2 °_¯p°F%./ ³¬± G'( ¯ 1H< ± % $ EI ó J3 ± %. ³ >6KH< $ ± GH<4 $)1 z´ °²± ó 3 /0 *± ó ±K¯p° +MLN<4 / O ° . ³¬± %&7B ³C ³ ° ³ ( ± ± $P( ±³ Q ° R b¯ 0 "+

Page 48: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! !

- ° ³ ±³ °Ã³ ( ó /$% ¯ /0 ³ ´ ³ ´+± ± $)( µ ± ( ± Q ³I ± z¯ r³ /$)% E ³± ó /$% E ± O _´ 3 ± $)0 ó $% +:L ±¯p° ; ° ¯± M 0 ³ ° ³¯ $ ± )! ± ´ ° ³ $ ±K³ ³ /4=$ ±³ +"K ³ $ ±³#ó /$% E ° ± z¯Q ± ! $)%. ± ± $)( )<±³ µ

# +%$ b¯³ '&± / ° /% ± $)%. ± R +

( +%"K ³ % 0$ ± /& 9 ° $)%. % ± ³_¯ <± M3/ ¯ ³ +) +%"K ³ % 0$ ± /& 9 ° ( %A *'0 ± +

+ +5 ¯ ³ ³± M ° 0 ±³ ( ¯ / +

, +.-4/$)0 /M 9 ° ( % N/*'0 ± / ³ ° 4 ± $ ´³ = = ³ /%>+

0 +.1B/% 0 ± / ³ / ° ±¯p° $)%. ´/ 3 3 ± $0 ³ ° ³ ° ´5³ = = ³ /% R/4$ ±³± ± $)( ) +

- ° & '2 ³ ¯ . ° °Ã³ ( ó $% ±³ ° .% ± ³ < ( % *'0 ± / °²± ±³ ³ %.,+3" ³ ±K¯p° ( ó /$%>E ° ³ ±K³ % ± (> ± ( $)3/ ° R *'0 ± / +54 ° D ± $ ´ ° /4=$ ±³Ã³ /$% E ° ( % 2 *'0 ± / ±³ /4=$ ±³ E ± ³± 3 b¯p° %. ±³ ( z¯± $$P(O% $J(/"E";+ ´ + g I/476 ± ð /"E%& P! g I "E8*0 ± g I %. ° 4 E ±¯p° 3 ± /$0 /,+

- / ° ± ± $)( )Q ³ ³ %& '( ° ± ± $P( +9- )Q ³ ³ %& ( ° M$%&'+ - ° B ³C r³ °?¯p°²±; ³ ¯ 0 / ° ± ± $)( E °z¯p°¯ / ³ °Ã³ . °Ã³ /0 ´5° < + °) ³C E ²±³ z¯ 0$ ±K³º± / ) ²± ° ¯³ %. ± $ /$0 /O ¯p° *0 0 1 /$P3/ ± z¯ ³ ³± ' ó $% E ± ³ 73 ¯ / ) + ( +: ¯ / ) + ) 7< ´?± r³ ±¯p° ³ ° ± ± $)( ) ³¬± %&7B ³C±³ ³ 3 7B"+: ¯ / ) + + ° I _´ ± ± ± $P( ³± %. ³C r³ "+ - ° ± ó ±¯p° 0 ¯ ³ _´ r³ ¯ $ ó J3 ± ± ± $P( ³¬± %&7B ³C °²± ó J3 %& ³ 6K7< $ ( ± 7< $ ( °²± ° ¯ 0 ³b³ : _´ +N ¯ / ) + ,7< ± % $ ¯ 4 ó ,EN °z¯p° %./ ³¬± ° &7 ± ± $P( ± ó ±K¯p° + ¯ / ) + 0 ± b¯ 0 ó / ° J ° ³± %&7B ³C¯± H<4 ¯ $)0 ° ³ ( ± ± $)( ) +

Page 49: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!% ! 9 / !

- ° %& ´ ³± $9 ³ %A ± /4$ ±³ *'0 ± / ³ °_¯p°± /$)0 />3 ¯ ³ /0 ´5° )µ

! ) + # ° ³ " #*± /$ ±³ 3 ¯ ³ 0 ¯ /"+ "K ³ ° ! $%& %. ° 4"E; ° ´ ³± $ ³ % ³ ° Q ³± ' ó /$%>E °z¯p° ° ± _¯Qó /$% ± ¯z± $ ¯±; E C'.± /$)0 /$ E% E'&# ° ³ 0 ± $ ! ±;µ

#!(*) +-,/.0(2143

576(98 :<;

(&(= : ,?>@,BA, (C .0

, 1435EDGFIH J& , LK D"MNH O% ,QP , : 6 , 98 = ) + (

0' ¯ ° ° /%. ´ /0 % 0$) ¯ / ³¬±

R P 8 ST ) + ) ° ³ 0 ° ± % $)( ³± ³ E ;

(± 4 ± $B% ± % ± ³ < E 6

(I8 ?± ± $ $ ±

3/ ¯ ³ E DGF H & , <± >$%. ³ ± ³¬¯ E D"M H % ,UP , E ± $%. ³ ) ´ $ ± O0 ' ³ ± $ ³ ± 6 , 98 ± $)%. $ ± 10 MH< ³ ± $)$)( ± $ $) ± +- ° ³ / *0 ± ± °

(E %

(E &

( ± 1$%. , E % , E & , b±³ ´/ 3/

( µ

#VWTXYVZ[K\X . VZ . ) + +

%#VWTXYV %[K\X . V % . ) + ,

&#V]TXV &^K . V & . ) + 0 ° ³ Y . E % . E & . ±K³ I ° ¯)! 0 ³ %. / %± X . V E_ . V`%±³ I ³¬± ³ % ± / % ± ³_¯ ³ ±¯p° 4#-a [bL± $%&-a cd +- °´ ³± $N ³ % 0$ ± /¯ J3/ ³ ° %. % ³ ± ó /$)% I ³ 0 ¯ 0 ³¬± $ ´ ³ ´ +

Page 50: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!- ° 5%& $)( 0 . ¯p° *'0I ³: $)3 ´ ° 5/$ ±K³ ! $%&' /*'0 ± /"E

*'0 ± / ) + ( E >0 ± ¯³ %&' ± $ ³ % 0$ ± /"+M ± ¯³ %& ± $ ³ % 0$ ± /,E±R /$04 > ° &/*'0 ± / /0 ´5° ± 0 ¯¯ 3/& %. E ³ $ ± ¯³ %. ± ± _¯1ó $%>+ - ° $0 / ± O ±¯p°? E 8HE ) F ° 1 ³ % ± ) $ ±¯ %&' ¯³ %&'#"

C+%$ 3/1 ° /$0 / ±

C± ( ´

C ^ E, C "

C 0 ¯p°

°²± C &(' C T ° ³

C &(' C TCK "

C+) ±³ /0 B % $ z¯ # _³ ¯ ' ´5³¬± / b¯p° %. <±³ 0 4(4 ± % _¯± ± $)( ) ³ $ ±

3/$ ¯ .± ±¯¯ $ ³± / *" + - ° ´5³¬± / b¯p° %. Qó J3 M ³¬± ³ E+3± +-, E4 ´/ 3 ° 23/$) ¯ ( ± $ ±¯ %. & ³ % ."

C± ° ³ ±

ó 73 /0 5 µ

%C &(' C + 3 /" C P C P % C P & C P C 0 ' C P % C 0 ' C P & C 0 ' C 111 P ) +32 &C &(' C +4, /" C P C P % C P & C P C 0 ' C P % C 0 ' C P & C 0 ' C 111 P ) +65

"K ³ 7< ± % $;E0 ´ ° g 5% ±³C 798 b¯p° %.

%C &(' C %

CK 78 "Y8 " C : 78 %

CK "Y8;: # : 7

( 8=< &C

) +6> &C &(' C &

CK #8 "Y8 , " : #8 "Y8 % C : #

( 8 & C ) + #? @ ´ ° z³ ¯ ´5³± b¯p° %. E ±> $0 / 0 ´5° ³ ° & $ ±³Q! $)%.* *'0 ± /,E;/*0 ± / ) + ( +9- °* ( _¯± $)$)(2/ 0 ´ ± ³¬± 3/ ó ¯ 0 ³ E + +% ±;C ´(± ± $ ó _¯ /M ³

C &(' C E BA6CDC &(' C ± *'0 ¯ ; ± r³ < % ± /

A6EFDC &(' C EHG # P ( P 1I1 / ± > °_¯p°¯ /3 ³¬´ ° ` ± /$0 /

C &(' C + - ° %& 5 ³ /*0$P(>0 ³± 3 ¬¯p° %& E 0 ¯p°± 3g 7I/76 ± ð /"E %& )! g 7I/"E± *'0 ± <g 7I/ ¬¯p° %. E ±³ ± / ± - ± ($) ³ 7< ²± / /*'0 ± / ) + # ± /0C &(' C µ

C &(' C AJEFD

C &(' C LKLKM M ON PRQTS6UVXWZY[V\ 5 C &(' C : A6EFDC &(' C = ) + # # °z¯p° ³ ° /$ ±³B! $)%.5 *'0 ± "E *'0 ± ) + ( E ¯± R 7< ó ±

Page 51: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

C &(' C 0(5 6(98 K "Y8 : ;

(& A6EXD( VXWY[V = :

0( ;

(+ , 5

( V3WZY[V : AJEFD( VXWY[V =: 0 , 5 DGFBH 5 & AJEFD, VXWY[V = K D"M H 5 % A6EXD, VXWY[V P A6EXD, VXWY[V = : 6 , I8 K "Y8 =: 0 , ; , + , K R , +

3K , 5 , VXWY[V : AJEFD, V3WZY[V = ) + # (

° ³

; , M DGF SM & N P QTSJUH V3WZY[V ) + # )

R , M D"M SM % N P QS6UH VXWZY[V ) + # +

, M D"M SM N P QTSJUH VXWY[V ) + # , - ° 3 ± $)0 +

3± + , M/ ° z³ ¯ ´5³± ¬¯p° %. + "K ³ 7< ± % $;E °

g 75% ±³C 798 ¬¯p° %&

+3 M + 3M " 78 "Y8 + ) + # 0

+ , M + ,M " #8 "Y8 , + ) + # 2 - ° /$)0 / /0 ´5° ³ ° /$ ±³ ! $)%. ( % /*0 ± / E /*0 ± / ) + # ( E± 8 K "'8 ¯± R H< ó O% ± ³ <& ³ % ±

" AJEFD( 6 ) + # 5

° ³ W

(K, ) + # >

6 6 (K 6 , ) + ( ?

±

Page 52: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

( 0

( ;

(+ , ) + ( #

, 0, ; , + , K R , +

3K , ) + ( (

6 ( 0

(5E6(98 K "Y8 :<;

(& A6EFD( VXWY[V = ) + ( )

6 , 0, 5E6 , I8 K "Y8 : DGFIHS5 & AJEFD, V3WZY[V = : D"MNHO5 % AJEFD, V3WZY[V P AJEFD, V3WZY[V = = ) + ( +

" A6EFD( 5 E & 3C &(' C :< AJEFDC &(' C = ) + ( ,

- ±K³ * ° ³¬± / ¬¯p° %&;E; ³± $ 3 ± $0 ³ C &(' C E % C &(' C ± &

C &(' C ±³ ³ *'0 z³ "+- ° ±³ M/4 ± ( ±; 0% ´ A3CD

C &(' C C+ - ° % A3CD

C &(' C ± & A3CDC &(' C ¯± °

/ ± M ³ /% ° ³¬± ³ ³ ° ' ´5³¬± / ¬¯p° %. +

* W !

/ Y# *- ° ± ± $)( )± $ ´ ³ ° % ³ / $) ³ ³ % ´ ° ( % /*0 ± / E ± $)( ´

° 2 0 ±³ ( ¯ / / E /$)3 ´ ° ( % /*0 ± / E ± &0 ± ´ ° ³ / *'0 ± ± 9 ° %± $)%. +N-9 ° E; ° ± ± $)( )± $ ´ ³ ° % % 0 ³ ³ %± 0% ³ ± C' +"K ³<± ¯³ %. ± $ /$04 ± $ ´ ³ ° % ° ± C'.±³ µ

8 _´ >/*'0 ± /R0% ³.± R% ± ° ° ± $ ´5³ ³ /%R+B- ° % ± ´¯± °²± 3 ±2z´ P!²¯± ' 46K0 ¯ B ° ± %./0 ¯ % 04 ± / ³ /*0 z³ /$)3 ° % ± ³ < ( % ; /*'0 ± / E *'0 ± / ) + # 5E ± / ° ± %&/0' %.%. ³ ( ³ *'0 _³ R ³ Q ° % ± ³ < *'0 ± / +

"K ³ % ° % ± ³ < *'0 ± / 0 ´:¯ / ³ 0 / ³ /% $%&' E ´/ 3/ ( *'0 ± / ) + ( ( ± ) + ( + E ± E ´/ 3/ ( *'0 ± / ) + (# ± ) + ( ) +Q- ° ¯ / ³ 0 /O /M ° ' ´5³¬± / ¬¯p° %. ¯p° >(M ° ± ± $)( +

Page 53: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

8 $)(O ° ¯ ³± ' E °z¯p° % ± ( 3/ $)3/ ³¬± ³ % ´ ° $)%. ± 1 ± $¯ ' ³ 0 / ³ ± ´± / ± $ ³ % ± 0 C J5 2 ° #% ± ³ <Q *'0 ± +

-4/$P3/Q ° % ± ³ < *'0 ± ³ ° ¯³ %. ± $4 ± $" ) $ ±¯ %&' +

@ ± ° Q4 ± $" ´³ = = ³ /% ° ° ±;ó óz± ³ / 3*'0 ± +

$ ³ % ° ³ ± $ ± ± ³ 2 M ° $%&' +8 B$$/ _´ / ¯ ³ ± ± $P( ³¬± %. ³C $$ ± $)$J ° ± ± $)( , ¯p°²± ´

± 1H< ³ %. ° 7 /$04 ± $ ´ ³ ° % ± $)( ± R ° ° % % 0% ± %./0 2 ³ + - ° ± ± $P( ¬° /0$ °Ã± 3 M ° ± $ ( 0 O '2 ³ '0% ³ ´ b¯p° %. E '2 ³ ³±´ ¬¯p° %. ?± /$0 / ³± ´ ³ ° &% ± ³ <1 *'0 ± / EN 2 ³ '%&7 ° ³ ± $ ´ ° ° ¯ ³± ' E2 '2 ³ M %& ´5³± / ¬¯p° %& E ± '2 ³ Q 4$ ±³2 ³± / ¬¯p° %& +34 ° °) 1% "E ±³ 73 % ± /%&7< ´ ! $%&' / ¯ = ³ ±³ % $%&' ± / E °z¯p° 2 ³ '± ± $P( <± $ ´ ³ ° % u¯± R Q% $J(/"+

# + ! " µ ° ³C± / ¯ = ³ z´ ³ ° ( ± % z¯± ± $P( 0 ´ z³ ¯ ' ´5³¬± / b¯p° %. 5Ir³ $ 0 $# $ ³ ± $ +PE # >[> (&% $ 0 $# $ ³ ± (' %&%. ³ % ± "E # >[> ))% ' %&%. ³ % ± 7 ± $ +PE # >[> ( +-9 ¯ ³ ³± :% ± ³± $ /$ ±K³ ( ° z´ "E /%.: 4 ° ¯ $ ± ' ³ ±¯ ±³ %. )! ± /%.;N ° %. ° 4 ³ ³ +*> ³ ( ± ' %.%. ³ % ± ,E# >[> ) +*- ° ó ¯)²± $ ¯ $ ± °³ ¯ 9I ° ± ± $)( ± $ ´ ³ ° %G °²± ±³ 0 "E± .¬° J5 !²´ 0 ³ ) + # E ±³ ,-!#E/.10&&32/E5467 E98:;<=?>7"@2& ± X =32A + - ° B,-! ¯ ³ $ ³.¯³ ± ´ ° ! $%&'%.4$ ± ³Q ³ ³ % ´ ° ± ± $)( / °) %.$ E ± %./ ³± ° /$)$J ´ % ± ó ´5³± % ó ' $ 0 C# $ ³ ± D' %&%. ³ % ± # >[> ) ~µ

E5F GIHKJ L<M ENF GIHPO$QSRUTWVXQTYR[Z]\O$QSRUT@VXQST R^Z_ O M` a ZSb M T R[OCZ ` ced;f \g

-9h$ @i i% Xh-j j $P( E Xhk,-! Wl7BlWiWj; B ShWi Wl7 µj X ;m=32AG/@lE 9h lnhl]j . ( o46p) Di=?2])2 Eqj jr8:7=?>7"@2& /'WlE 9h lnhsl]j D R ( Dtu=3><"@2]v i 6 wx0U=?>7"@2& +

Page 54: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Domain

Node Element

TimeStep LinearSystem

Pidaperti and Hudl

Archer

Miller and Rucki

Analysis

Map

Domain

ConstraintHandler ReorderHandler

MatrixHandler

EigenSolution

Wilson NewmarkJacobi Subspace

DirectIntegration

DynamicAnalysis

AlgorithmicAgent

Algorithm

AlgorithmManager

DOF

Partition

PartitionManager

Element

GeneralElement

Zimmermann and co-workers

" 0i ) + # µ 1B$ j $ j iSj % i5LN< ) 8 j $)( ) "iSj %. i C'

Page 55: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

- h j j $P( Xj i XhKj j;$)( ) '( 3/ C' /MXh ,-! /4Wl7 + l]j 0 Sh ,-!M/Wl7 Xh)i/0 h Xh %. @i3Yj $ 3 C' !"#$ / $)xj; Wj lnh 'Wi 3 j;$ +4 h !"#$%

: 3/ C XhP,-! /@l i / $) i i% j /$)3 Xh ( % /*0j; / j ]jYlnh1 %. E7j 10 j; Sh %.4$ + -9 j l $ nj; Sh j 4 j $"%.Sh4 E &')("*+!,-% j &').*+!,-% E!j i i 3 j Sh,-! WijYl + &').*/!0, - jM%&7Xh 9h lnhml]j 0 Xhp,-! /'WlO$)4 J3/@i(j $)$ Sh647< /@l & '3 C' 1&').*/!0, - E 9h lnh lWj 0 Sh647< l % 04 Xh-i 0j $9j j Xhk8/=3><"@2& /@l+ &$2'3(4*+!0, -

j1%&7Xh 9h lnh lWj 0 Xhk,-! /'Wl $ J3/@i j $$ Xh-.0&&32/@l 3/ C' 5&2'3(4*+!0, - E*9h lnh l]j 0 Xh .0&&32 kl/% 0 Xj 4 'Ej j Sh nj; Sh18:;<=?>7"@2& /'Wl+ - h2 i% Xh.10U&&32BXj ' ) /9j lWli Sh X =32A /@lE/9h lnh N iJ3 j Xh jYi 0%.I9h>Sh %&7Xh I 3 C "+- h hiSl/% / ShFXh ) "E i$ j; / j ?7< $) j F6KH< $ $ j; i%>Evj i ShQ /$$)J õ;j - h:j j $)( <hj l 'Si/$ 3 WiXh ( )8:;<=?><" 2& j X =?2]&A

/'Wl Xhj; j i(l@i]j '( Xho,-!? Wl7 Euj Xh&7<)j % $l41Shj; 5j M iJ3 ,+ - h ,k!; l$ j l/ Si0l7i % 0 MSh'0 i9i i]jYlnh '2 Wi X ;=32A j 8:=3><"@2& l/% j; /ShKj j $P( 5 h .0 ;+

- hN,k!;-l$ j + !"#$% %&7Xh % 0 : 5i9i i Wj lnh7 @iXj; / lnh%.Shj j $)( h &0 ;+."Ki5H<j;% $) E li ;iSj; %(j Wi j $4/4=$ ]j i (Xh / 2 !4#$ %&7Xh.5j i79i . Wi i% j g I/476Pj h / @iXj; / lnh%.+*R7Xi7( j ' %.%.Wi%pj ,E# > > ) +I-9 Wi i% ;Xh@i WiSj; / lnh%& E, i5H<j;% $)%. )! g I/i *'0j g I/ lnh%& EB/0$Bi/*0 iIShPj j $P( : i79i IXh5%.Sh4j j "+

l - h>%(j ; /*0j; / '0% Wi i Ui/%RE 9h lnh j & i7 ) j / j ! i 1l/%. ! i Wi 3/ j i jYlnh"E l]j;i 0$) H<vl 3/I'0%.Wi lWj $vl/% 0nj 9h /$P3 Sh *'0j + -9QJ3/@iSl %&BSh

Page 56: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

i/$)%RE/XhPj j;$)( : /0$) hjJ3 i9i 5Sh " !"#$ %&7Xh"E 1Xhj; / ! i 3/&l]j; /"EN%&ioj i i j '0% @i 1 lnh%& j i% $)J(/O Wi i% Sh %(j +

- h9,-!kl$ j l Si0l7i:% 0 Ni9i i ]j lnh 7s.0&&32 03l$ j : Xi40l '(XhNj j $P( uj i ]jYlnh %&7Xi( +N- h ) %.]j Shj; )hWi nj;l i1l$ j Xhj hj i jol/%.%& j j $P( j;$ i Sh%>E 0. hj i j l %&%./M%.4$"0 $ j i jYlnh"El]j 5 0 "+

( + 6 ;<A2 50 µ # j j i j 20$W # >[> ) i j. O i2$ Wj iXiSj j 3Yj $)0 j j $P( i i/$)% Xh h/%. 0 $H l SiXj ' + Xh ) B i C E:B j XiSj l 03l$ j ,->7;-<0 ><"]"oj i i 3 "E/.1!&x= !0<2! j ,6U & 2+W!2 ! )2! + "Ki Wj lnh Xh ;ENj /j $ 0!l$ j jYi iJ3 "E j . hJ5 ! 0)i ) + # + - hO j l$ j i 3 %&7Xh i]j GSh 0O%(j Xi l + - h( j $ ! 0i13 i0j $%.Xh4 Xh i @ij l& @i i% Xh(j j $P( + "Ki7<)j % $;E Sh(.1&7=?3072 ! l$ j ! ' # 4 j "' # ", j 0i.3 i0j $ Eqj Xh 03l$ j > iJ3 Xh % $%&nj; /F; Xh %.Xh4 + "KiMH<j;% $) E]jYlnh 0!l$ j ,kU & 2+@32 )2 U! iJ3 j; % $%&nj; /M NXh%&7Xh4 ' # , - E / , , , - E j ' # . # 9h lnh j il]j;$$ MXh % $%.Xj; / ' # !4, +- h hiSl/% / ShFXh ) "E i$ j; / j ?7< $) j F6KH< $ $ j; i%>Evj i ShQ /$$)J õ;j - h@i ) l4NiH0 7B Xh 0!l$ j + " iN7<)j % $) E Wj lnh 03l$ j

,kU v 2+W32] )2 U! i 3 j%&7Xh& j li '& 5Xh2nj %pj;Xi < E9hXh ) %.Xh4l/0$)hj 3/M iJ3 ( Sh-,kU & 2+@32 )2 U!l$ j +

-9&H< Xh R l$0 4$ Wj i j j;$)( ) XhK!A<2=32)2 %.Sh4 B 0$hjJ3 > pi79i i]j lnhl$ j j i]j lnh @iXj; / XiXj (O0 "+

) +!o "< µ 8 iSlnh@i # > > 0 9 i ! 3/ l$ j 1j $$)J i nj; lNj; (j % l;E $ 4]jYi/j;&/4$ Wj ij j;$)( ) +N- h l$ j j i#-0U><"W;" E R !"@2 320'E

Page 57: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

o 0'E ; A j; ; v2 60U+NOSh Bi C j -<0 ><"]" /4Wl7 i / $) i XhQ /$)$J õ;j nj j; Xh ( . R !"@2 3260U&'E o 0'E ; v

2 0 j ; A /Wl7 5 MShKj j $P( + #9Wi i% Xh j;j $)( j $ i Xh%R+- h XhPj j;$)( ) j $ i Sh% j i

Wi i%. / Xh '3 vlWj; / #Xh ,,$ %.Xh4"+ - h %&7Xh l]j $)$ 0 / ,' E ,' . % j ,' (, +

l li iSj;QXhKl/ XiXj 5 Sh ( % N *'0j; / +

- h R !" 2 ;!205/@l i $B i iJ3 j; j;$%(j

i Ui/% j; Xh 467 2 >Sh%&$j *'0j '0% Wi Shj;j $)( +I= hj $)Sh l/ SiXj E?j j %. B/0$ 0 +- hDhj $ QXhrl/ XiSj && @i i%&F(DSh -<0U>7"];"R/@l + - ho 0 ) i $ i lnhj / Xh j $9%(j j Xh R !"@2 320'+- h ; A Xh /'Wl99h lnh i Xh ! j $%pj +*- h ; A Sh Wi j l Xh -0 ><"]" j 1ShB,-!#E,9h lnh % $ j iI Xh 0l /j $ ( 5j R !& 2 Wl7 l@i 15h'0/jj j i # >[> , + - h ; Ahj Shi 0l / µ;j -9 iQXh %pj + -9 /Xj 2 E%(j j Mj % %(j Xi l j M$) j 3 Wl7i Ui/% Xh

.10U&&32 E9h lnhkj i iJ3 Wi% ;Xh.0&&32 $&l]j;$3l4i j; ( %>Eqj mj $P( Xh SiXj i%(j; / Wl j i( OSiXj i% Xh% Sh $/j $ li j ( % ; ShKj j $P( +

l $ 3 OXh i 0$P 9XhKj j $)( ) E 0 j;QXhKi / j;IXhK467 +

- h hi Xl % / XhXh ) jYiSlnh Wl70i E i$ j 1j H< $Nj; 6KH< $ $ j; i%>Evj i ShQ /$$)J õ;j - h hj $ KXh5l SiXj ' /0 i%R+ "KiNH<j;% $) E ShNj j $)(

0 Xh XiSj i%pj; />%.Sh"E Shl SiXj ' j i j $ o.0&&32

Page 58: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

l/Xi 0 / iQXh -<0U>7"];"1iWl 3 Sh% j; .ShKj j $P( 4 ;Nhj 3/ l/ @i5l/ SiXj +:="0 Sh#9j $P(.%&7Xh& i<j iSj % 0$) ) $ Wi E Sh -<0 ><"]" /'WlB% 0 BH< $ l $)( Wj $K Sh&Xh l/ SiXj +- h l$ j j;%& R !"@2 3260U& ) Sh0 % ) $Wj E j N/$)(Khj $ l/ SiXj 5 0 XhQSiXj i%pj; /M%.Sh4,+

- hQ -j j &$]j; j hj $$) j;j $)( h @iXj ilnh'(& Sh l4 i0 +-9 Si( l/ XiXj hj $ %.Xh4 E iWl7 iXj; / %.Sh4 i WiSj; / lnh%& i *'0 i XhDj j;$)( . 9i rj Wl P! lj j $)( ) l$ j +"Ki 7<)j % $;E / 3 -j/$ Wj i lWi%.nj;$?j j $)( ) i/j i@l iXj / lnh%.&9h lnhmhj;$ ShBl/ XiSj 0 /pl/ SiXj hj $

%.Sh4,ESh j;j $)( B% 0 /i9i 2Xh l/ Si0l7i5j (j j $P( & i/0 iWj lnh1 2 @iPl SiXj 'Phj;$ %&7Xh"+#- h i9i % 0 /Q iWj lnh 2 @i' ' iSj; / lnh%. +

+ + ; ;00U& µ Sh i C jRJ3/$/j i j lnh RXhpj j $P( j $ i Xh% i 6 0)l C E # >[> 0)% 650l C' j * $$)WiE # >[> 0 + 82-0Y 2" Wl7 i C' Sh Sh9.10Uvmv!2E, D E8 j R 3"@2 325/'Wl ; j 6 2 2 U! 0 j MXh-i / iWl7$P(/E XhWi ) i% Xh $/j;$ ( % *'0j + - h j i jYlnhpj;$$J ShI0 I $%&($%&' @iXj; 3 /$P3/@i E 0)lnh(j j l/ j; $Kj 0 7-4 $ Ej !$ "9(7$ " /$)3 Wi +:- h%$ "9(7$ " $)3/@i l]j; ;Xh WiXj 3 E 0lnhj $Kj 0 7-4 $ E<j iWl7 E0 j j i $)3/@i+:- h i@l j i /$P3/Wi B i C / Sh , D /Wl7 5 kj 6 2 U2! +N-9j l@l/%.%&j;Sh /$)0 / XiSj; / E Sh.10U&&32l$ j ! %.Sh /Xj Xh 0'j $ j;l $) j j nj $)$ Sh Xj ' 2 l4 l j;Xh9, D /@l j &l j; Shpj; .0&&32+ "KiNSh jYi /$)3 WiE/Sh9, Dl$ j ! %.Sh4 9h lnh j $$)J , D /@l Dl/@l Xh ;Xh@i, D/@l Shj;IXh(M Wi ; j $)$)(Bj &l j;R Xh"+ Sh B i C Xhi l$ j j i iJ3 "E-0 U2" ; < E-0! 2"DEj -0Y 2" !&32/Ej hJ5 ! 0i ) + # @i i% Sh j j $)( ) + - h-0! 2" ; /'Wl i $ i%(j j / > l/nj -0 U2" Wl7 j i iJ3 jO%.Sh # $, E9h lnh Q 3 C 0 j;2Xh Xj;2 "Sh %.4$ Shj; *'0 $ )i 0% j; ! "+:-9 Wi i% Sh

Page 59: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

GaussElimination

GaussSeidel

Container

Algorithm

Newton Newmark

CentralDifference

Algorithm

Jacobi ConjugateGradient

" 0)i ) + ( µ 1B$ j $ j iXj % iI82$ i Sh% l WiSj iSlnh( * $)$Wi5j 6 0)l C # >[> , WiSj; / E"Sh -0 U2" ; < . $$ 3/ C # $, !", / j $)$ l/4nj -0 U2" /@l + 4 h Xh ) %.Xh4 3/ C / j -0 U2"/@lE"Xh -0! 2" ) i / $ i ilnh XiXj Xh 0 j; Xh j i / ) j &l j; Xh,+ -9 Xh E $$ & @i Sh 0'j;$ j l$) j "Eqj CXh8! ,$## $ Xh% $P3/ E7j > $$j C Sh R !" 2 ;!2 %.4 (MXh ilQ3/@l i+B- h -0! 2" /@l5 $)$,Xh Wi i% Xh /$)0 /M Xh ( %A : *'0j E 0 j >$)%.='(=$%& i.$ "9(7$ " j i j lnh"+ -9i%&J3 Ui/%@Sh , D /'Wl Sh C j ('Xh j; /04QXh /$0 /j $ i Xh%RE' + +:XhQ @iXj;i 9Xh iXj; / lnh%. E -0 U2" v!2 "j i iJ3 "+ - h -0 U2" v!2(jYl j j @i%. j i( Xh-0! 2" j;RSh, D /Wl7 j vl j;R Xh,+ Lj lnh -0! 2" 04l$ j $)$hjJ3 j;2$Wj /-0Y 2" !&32 iJ3 i + - h Wi j l i Sh -0 U2" v!2 03l$ j 2) 0 *'0Q Sh -0 U2" l$ j +- h hi Xl % / XhXh ) jYiSlnh Wl70i E i$ j 1j H< $Nj; 6KH< $ $ j; i%>Evj i ShQ /$$)J õ;j - h h WiSj iSlnh( i > i Xh -0! 2" E9h lnh B hJ5 ! 0i ) + ( E

% <4 jYl0j $9j j $P( j $ i Sh% E + +j $ i Sh% 0 /$P3/ Sh J3'@i /$ ]jYiM *'0j; /"E *'0j; / ) + ( E1j '0%.Wi l]j;$ j $ i Sh% E + +j $ i Xh% 0 > /$)3 Sh %(j Xi < /*'0j; / EK *'0j; / ) + # 5+

4 h 0 Sh jYi $)3/@iEXhWi ) Nj ( iJ3 ij j $)( N WlH

Page 60: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! (RSh iWi 9h lnh1Xh, D Wl7 j i $ % j ,E + +1j '0% @i

lnh%. +.- h Q) i/*0 i ki0l Xh j %./0 # i C1 ]j lnh # $, !

, % 9h Wi i% j i@l /$)3 RSh $ ]j i ( % *'0j; / +l 1B/ XiSj l]j 1 $)(> iSl 0 Xh XiSj i%pj; / %.Sh4,+ - h

) WlWj 0 /$P3/Wi i C Sh>Sh .10U&&32i , D /Wl7 i@l$)(/+I- h 'Si0l7 ,/*'0j; / j pl4pl ' EXhj;:j j $)( i <j iSj I% 0$P $ WiB%&7Xhki *'0 i El]j; Khj $)"+

"Ki SiXj ' j;j $)( 0 j iWl7 iXj; / lnh%&;ENj $)%.=('$%. $0 / SiXj; (Dl]j /$)( % $)J(/ 9h +

3 + , + +.- h

) WlWj 0 &Xhp.10&&32 jYi i *'0 i C J j ('Xh j; /04 Wj lnh-0! 2" E5j; j ' j i iJ3 j l& 7BGXh.10U&&32 j Xh -0 U2" + "Ki 7<)j % $;Exj $%&($%&' $)3/@i lWj 0 > ShMXh g 75%(jYi C ' iSj; / lnh%. +

j $$ IShoj J3/-j ij lnh E Xhoj j $P( l@i]j j $ -<0U>7"];"./@l @i i% Xhpj j;$)( ) + - h(h WiXjYiSlnh( i i Sh -0 ><"]"Bl$ j ) 3 Wi ( 6j; +4 h $)M6j;ph @iXj ilnh ENj D 0 ( 650l C' j * $$@i# # > > 0 E# &$]j; l kl F@i% @i i%(j )l1 7<4@l0 /?Xh7(G MjYl $ Xj;6l7i0 ;EN9h lnhml]j $Wj >pl l( @i% ; i iXj % 3 $ %& %&;+ g ShWiO6j; h WiXjYiSlnh $Wj R%&0$ j i l4;E99h lnh l]j 0 O3 $) jM$ iXjYi(> iH0 j $I Wl7 E + + 3j j j $P( Nj;' 0 PjQ j j $P( j $ i Xh%>E XhPj j $)( % 0 Xh@i9i Ui % lWiSj;XlnhiKl ( ; l&Ui/% XhWi l$ j j h Xh7( i C ShWi+

Page 61: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Q W 9

Y# * 9 /- jYl $ Xj; l4(i7=0 (j i 3 & i j> 9h lnh %&i.67< $)oj

7< $5Xhj .Sh i Xh i3 /0 # Wl7 "E4 Wl7 i . i l $ lWj M j $ &Xh j j $P( j $ i Sh%R+98 ) l0 Wl7 # + ( ESh ! i /5( ( Xh2%pj Xj C'# @i i%& j ! $%&':j;j $)( E&j XiSj l

Xh% j iSj; l$ j Eqj Sh Wl ( Xh 'Wi j l i Sh (l$ j +&= % inj;'BXhj;5Sh @ij l Wl P! j $)$J Sh l$ j B i C ShWiI Wi i%Xhj j $P( j j $)$J 7 l$ j Xi40l1 Xh/0 Sh olnhj H< l$ j +ShM i D i Sh i ]j ilnh"E5j; -<0 ><"]" /@l j;j i j "Ej 5 hJ5 ! 0i ) + ) E; /@l ;NXh $$J ( µ

# +=?30 -0 U2" µ - h /$04 j $ i Xh% /'Wl ) i / $ i ilnh XiXj

Xh 2 Wi i%. OShKj j $P( +

( +!-<0U>7"];" ; &0 µ - h582j $)( *R4$/@l ) j l/nj Wiql$ j i i j i 3 jYlWl XhQ /$)$J ( /@l µ;j , D <A µ - h:, D <AM/Wl7 i i '*Sh: i = =Ui/%

j;Xh(47< i i Ui/% Si0l >Xhoj j;$)( ) iSlSh l/ XiSj +

D . .10U&&32 µ - h D . .10Uvmv!2 Wl7 i i Xh .10U&&32 " RXh,-!1i Xh( j i Xi0l.Kj '2 j ;i $j Xh ( % N *'0j; / I OiWiI 4 iSl Sh l/ XiSj +

- h D . .10U&&32 j r, D <A j i % i nj Xh > WlWj 0 µ;j - h7( i%&J3 1Ui/% Xh 47<sj; .10Uvmv!21/@l Xh G Bii(

j /0.Xh>%pj 7BG i Ui/% j; /*0j; /D'0% @i + Xh ) Sh( iJ3 Xh 0l7 j $ (F Xh ; A 8 ilnhWiE # >[> 0 j -0! 2"; &32' 650l C' j r* $)$WiE # >[> 0 +

- h7(j $ i%&J3/Ui/% Sh4676j r.10U&&32 l$ j 'Wi j l %.Xh4 i i% nj j (i 0j $K3/@li EXhj Nj i20 i% Xh ( %

Page 62: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

N *'0j; / +

l - h 0!l$ j D . .10&&32/j , D Aj i/i / $ ihj 4$ Shl/ XiXj + - h ) i%.J3/ Ui % Xh6i & ShR/Wl7 . Xhj j $)( ) j i j Xh > ]j $" XhMXhKl/ XiXj +

) + +@32 v2 µ - h +@32 )2B Wl7 ) i $ i ! Xhl 'Si 0 / 5Xh D . .10Uvmv!2 j , D <A 1Xh ( % *'0j j i0 j; Xh6i / *0j j Xh, D A Xh Xhj i i j;3Yj $0 / 3/OXh /$04 Xh ( % ;N/*0j; / +

+ + R !"@2] ;320U µ - h R !" 2 ;!20Q/@l ) i / $)2 i/hj 4$ Shl/ XiSj +9=*4 Xh ) '(lWiWj; D . .10U&&32 j;K, D <A 9Xh liSiWl5( +

, +P, D 4 u& µ - h, D 4 u > Wl7 ) i / $M i %(j

*'0j '0% @i 1Sh ( % *'0j; / MXh i Ui/% Xh, D A +

Xh $$J I 0 Wl7 / Xh 0i ;]jYlnh Xh /l$ j ) /0$ "+# 01 KK lQUiXj %& j i i >.%./ SiXj;QXh 0)l /O /%.Q 9Xh %pj l$ j j Sh @i $ j ( >Xh l$ j E9hR/Xj Xh /$0 / nj lj OXiSj i/$% 0 Sh l@i%&'Xj $ $0 / Wlnh *'0 +

- h-<0 ><"]" Wl7 i / $)Q iI3/Wi ( Shj;5Xh/@l MSh j i j /jYi. Xh(l iSi@l( E i 0 Xh.$ C' i *'0 i ( Xh /@l Xhj i j MXhj QXh7( l]j Wi i% Sh i 0l /,E" i 3/ C O Xj i 0 %.Xh4 / Xh /@l Exj; i nj i Xh j j;$)( ) @iXj; /"+ - h(j l70j;$:0%&@i lWj $ul % 0Xj; / Wi i%. Xhi / $ (R #/Wl7 Q XhBj;j $)( j i j; /"+ - h-0U><"W;" l$ j E99h @ij l ) hJ5 ! 0i ) + + E j mj XiSj l l$ j !

B 0i 3 i0j $ %&7Xh E ,, j ' , , % + ,$, % Sh %.Sh49h lnh I 3/ C ( ShKj j $P( I Wi i% j rj;j $)( /MXh ,-!j; "' , , )2 3/ C 1 i% Xh-<0U>7"];" Xhj 2Sh,-! hj lnhj "E 9h lnh

Page 63: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

LinearNewtonRaphsonLagrangeCH PenaltyCHTransformationCH

ConstraintHandler

RCMMinDegree

CentralDiff Newmark Houbolt

AnalysisModel

ElementFE_Element

LagrangeFE PenaltyFETransformationFELagrangeDOFTransformationDOF

Node

IntegratorSolutionAlgorithm

Domain Solver

StaticAnalysis

Analysis

TransientAnalysis EigenvalueAnalysis

IncrementalIntegratorEquiSolnAlgo

DirectIntegrationAnalysis ModalTransientAnalysis

DOF_NumbererGraphNumberer

SystemOfEqn

LinearSOE LinearSolver

BandSPDLinearSOE BandSPDLinSolver

DirectBandSPDLinSolver

DOF_Group

DirectTransientIntegratorStaticIntegrator

" 0i ) + ) µ 1B$ j $ j iXj;% i g 8 j $P( "iXj;%&7Bi C

Page 64: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

0i i / $O i 3/ C ShDj i i j;R%&7Xh / Sh /'Wl Xhj i j "+

V ` F@O$OuH]F ` OXG OJYT ` G V

uH]F ` OXG O dCL<M E5F G H:Q@Z LM E5F GIH f \a GIR QSTWF ` uH]F ` OXG O d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QuF H]F ` Z d a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q M E5F G HWFYH Z d aWM G f \g \

! #"$ , &$ -<0U>7"];" ,

" i Sh /$)0 / nj; lPj XiSj i $% ( j l@i%.Xj $j i j lnh"E 0!l$ j -0 ><"]" j i iJ3 µ

# +=32)2 -0U><"W;" µ - h(=32)2 -<0U>7"];" l$ j Q 0 ( j j;j $)( Q Wi i%j nj; l j j $P( 0 j lWi%.nj;$ /$0 /.@lnh *'0;+ - h =32)2 -0U><"W;"/@l ) j j i j; /,E j N hJ5 ! 0i ) + , E/ Wl7 KShB /$)$J ( µR !"@2] ;320U'E, D 4 u& 'E -<0 ><"]" ; 7&0 E8:;<= B. E.&%!$=?!0; -0*E j (=32)2 [+@32 v2+*- hB/Wl7 XhNj i j; / jYi j j j i 0%. XhKl Si0l7i+B- hB=?2v2 ;-<0 ><"]"l$ j ! B&%&7Xh4 µ ' , ,$ j ,,$ +

;j ' , ,$ ~µ - h%&7Xh"EK9h lnh 5 hJ5 ! 0i ) + 0 E ! i '3 C ( (' % /&Sh /@l .Xh1j i j; / 0 Xh $ C' i *'0 i (

Domain LinearSOEStaticAnalysis

DOF_NumbererConstraintHandler AnalysisModel StaticIntegrator EquiSolnAlgo

DOF_Group FE_ElementNode Element

LinearSolver

" 0)i ) + , µ 1B$ j $ j iXj % i9j!-Xj; lQ8 j $P(

Page 65: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Sh R Wl7 + = Sh 3 C , 0 Xh R !" 2 ;!20O/4@l E99h lnh $)$xlWi]j;.Sh D . .10Uvmv!2 j m, D <A?/@l Exj '3 C 3 ' >Xh , D 4 u& /@l olWi]j;j.%(j

i Ui/% j Xh> *'0j; /D'0% Wi + =.Xh '3 C ! /Xh68:;<= B.A/'WlEB0 Sh A" ;2ShM iH Ui/% l/@l 3 ( nj Ui/% Xh -<0 ><"]" ; 7<v0 + " j $$P( 43 C ,$, 3 ,$ />Xh 0 ! j m=32)2 [+@32 v2/'Wl +

,,$ ~µ - h ) j>%&7Xh 9h lnh ) 3 C D( Sh-j j $)( Wi i%Sh Xj; l j;j $)( +N- h %.Xh4"E'9h lnh # hJ5 ! 0i ) + 0 E ! i '3 C ' , ,$ $P + = Xh 3 C ,## 4(, /1Xh-0 ><"]" ; 7<&0N/@l hj 3/QXh $ j Sh1l0)iSi5$ j )l]j 1j $P(&Sh% $)3 Ej '3 C / 2 !4#$ /&Sh . % e=?30 -0 Wl7 Wi i%Sh j j $P( + " j $$P( 3 C ' ' "' , $% / Xh -<0U>7"];" ; &0/'Wl Bhj 3 ' ' -% 3/ C >/MXhK,-! /@l +

( +P,k & 2+@32 )2 U3 -<0U>7"];" µ - h,kU & 2+@32 )2 U!-<0 ><"]" l$ j 0 ( j j j;$)( 9 @i i% j5XiSj uj;j $)( 0 j l@i%&'Xj $ /$)0 / Wlnh *0 +:- h1,kU v 2+W32] )2 U!-<0 ><"]"I/Wl7 ) j -j i j; /"E&j hJ5 ! 0)i ) +624E #/@l ; Sh /$$)J ( µ R !"@2 3260U&'E -0 ><"]" ; 7<v0 Ex8:= B. E, D 4 u 'E.&% e= !0-0*Ej; X "]U&32+@72 )2'+ - h& '2 Wil jk,6U & 2+W!2 ! )2! -0 ><"]" Wl7j j=?2v2 ;-<0 ><"]" /@l Xhj; XhP,k & 2+@32 )2 U3 -<0U>7"];" /Wl75hj jX "]Uv!2+W!2 ! )2]!'Ej ojk=32)2;[+@32 )2 /'Wl jk=32)2 Y-<0U>7"];";+N- h9,kU & 2+@32 )2 U!-<0 ><"]":l$ j E/9h @ij l j : hJ5 ! 0i ) +J5E iJ3 ShQ /$$) %.Sh4 µ;j ' , ,$ ~µ - h jM%.Xh4 9h lnh Wi i% Xh j %& WiSj; /

j Sh=?2v2 ;-<0 ><"]"l$ j ' , , % %&7Xh"+ ' ,£µ - h j1%&7Xh 9h lnh ) 0 '( Xhkj;j $)( Xh

nj i %&;EXh ! ) hR %. Ej; "Y8I iPj rj j $P( + -40!l$ j x,k & 2W+@32 )2 U3 -<0U>7"];"lWj R Si0lR i9j j 3 lnh%& +

Page 66: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Q$F QG VHWF ` OXG O M ENF GIHWFYH Z JJ R O$QOCZXQNT Q WZ ` G HXO H@ZnZYZ Q WZ Z ` Z]E5Z]H Q+O GIH Q WZ F R[Z F@Q G M HQ@Z M H O$QSR^F GIH@Q7FYH ` Z]R:OCZXQ YGIHXO d Q WZ L<M E5F GIH Q WZ MYZ ` Q@Z H@Q+Z R^F@Q M R f \Q@Z L T E Z]R[Z]ROCZXQ YGIHXO d Q@Z M

Z ` f \Q@Z QeF@QG V H QeZ R^F@Q M ROCZXQ YGIHSO d Q@Z M Z ` Q WZ f \Q@Z ` M RUG Q E:OCZXQ YGIHXO d Q G O Q@Z M Z ` Q@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R Q WZ f \Q@Z LM E5F GIHOCZXQ HWF ` OXG O d Q G O f \ H M! " ZG H aWM Z WFYH ` Z d;fuM HPQ@Z9V M H@O$QR^F G H Q WFYH ` Z]R G V V FYT OCZXOuQ@Z9V]R[Z F@QG M H MWc#$ )` Z]E5Z]H QFYH L% & R M T M

';ZnVXQ+O FYH Q@ZWG R3F G QG M HPQ M Q@Z uH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` _Q@Z M H O$QSR^F GIH@Q7FYH ` Z]RWFYH ` Z d;f \ Z1H M! G H aWM Z H TYE Z]R d;fuM H Q@ZHYT E Z]R^Z]R G V V FYT OCZXO Z(T]F QG M H H TYE Z]R OuQ M Z9F@O$OXG HWZ Q M F ` ` Q@Z L O5G HPQ@Z

uHWF ` OXG O M Z ` _Q@Z L T E Z]R[Z]R9HYT E Z]R L%&d;f \ Z1H M! G H aWM Z9OCZXQ G Z d;fqM H Q WZ) YGIH@Z FR *

G V V FYT OCZXOuQWF@Q M '+ZnVXQqQ M YZXQ+Z]RUEPGIHWZG Q+OuOXG ZQ@Z O qc+ (HOCZXQ G Z d Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` ZXQ L%& R F d;f$f \ HWF ` ` ZGIH GIH a]M ZPFYHWF ` OXG O M Z ` ]FYH Z M HPQ@Z, H@Q+Z R F Q M R7FYH M` T@Q G M H ` M1M-'+ZnVXQ;OQ@Z QeF@QG V H QeZ R^F@Q M R/FYH]F ` OXG O M

YZ ` WFYH Z d;f \Q@Z ` M RUG Q E5F H]F ` OXG O MYZ ` WFYH Z d;f \g

Q$F QG VHWF ` OXG O FYHWF ` ZWJG cqd Q@Z LM E5F GIH WF@O L<M ENF G HWFYH Z d;f QSRUTWZ fQ G O M ENF G HWFYH Z d;f \Q ZuH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` /F ` M F L<M E5F G H d _ fQ@Z (&T G M` H ` M O M` a Z T RUR[Z]H@Q Q+Z d;fQ@ZHWF ` OXG O M Z ` /V M EPE9G Q LM E5F GIH d;fg

/. "10 &$! 3 &$ =32)2 -0U><"W;" ,

Page 67: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Domain LinearSOE

DOF_NumbererConstraintHandler AnalysisModel

DirectIntegrationAnalysis

DOF_Group FE_ElementNode Element

LinearSolver

EquiSolnAlgoDirectTransientIntegrator

" 0i ) +62 µ 1B$ j $ j iXj % i5j-iSj B8 j $P( 0 j $ iWl7 iXj -vlnh%.

l 5 ')%£µ - h ) j %.ShF9h lnh l]j;G 0 ?(FXhj j $P( lnhj; Xh X "]Uv!2+W!2 ! )2]!/@l2 7Brj j $P( +

,,$ ~µ - h j>%.Sh @i i% Xh.XiSj j;j $)( +M- h ,,

%.Sh> i5Xh ,k & 2+@32 v2 ! -0U><"W;"l$ j E 9h lnh )2 hJ5 ! 0)i ) +6>4E ! i lnhWl C' Xhp,-! hj lnhj j Xh lWi%.nj $)$)( Xhi/0 h Xh %. @i3Yj $ @i i% j; *'0 $ )i 0%j j $)( ) j; ]j lnhO %& +

V ` F@O$O L G R[ZnVXQ H@Q+Z R F QG M H uHWF ` OXG OYT ` G V?R^FYH@OXG Z]H Q uH]F ` OXG O:JYT ` G VL G R[ZnVXQ H QeZ R^F@Q G M HuH]F ` OXG O dCL<M E5F GIH :Q@Z LM E5F GIH

M H O$QSR^F GIH Q7FYH ` Z]R /Q WZ7F H ` Z]R L% TYE Z]R[Z]R:Q@Z TYE Z]R[Z]R

uH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` :Q@Z M

Z ` Q$F@Q G V (&T G M` H ` M /Q WZ M` H ` M YGIHWZ F]R /Q@Z ?R^FYH OXG Z]H Q H QeZ R^F@Q M R /Q WZ H QeZ R^F@Q M R f \a GIR QSTWF ` L G R[ZnVXQ H QeZ R^F@Q G M HuH]F ` OXG O d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q M E5F G HWFYH Z d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QuF H]F ` Z d a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQuG E/Z<F]R d M T ` Z9Q Q$F]R Q M T ` Z Q G H G O( M T ` Z f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ H QeZ R^F@Q M R d ?R^FYH OXG Z]H Q H QeZ R^F@Q M R H@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R f \g

"$ , & ,kU & 2+@32 )2 U!-<0 ><"]" ,

Page 68: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

L GIR^ZnVXQ H@Q+Z R^F@QG M H uHWF ` OXG O FYHWF ` ZWJG cqd Q@Z LM E5F GIH WF@O L<M ENF G HWFYH Z d;f QSRUTWZ fQ G O M ENF G HWFYH Z d;f \QGIE5ZsQ Q$F]R Q

G ` Z d QGIE5Z Q GIH]F ` f JQ@Z H@Q+Z R^F@Q M RPH@Z Q+Z d fQ@ZuH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` /F ` M F L<M E5F G H d QGIE/Z fQ@Z (T G M` H ` M O M` a Z ?TYRUR[Z]H@Q QeZ d;fQ@ZuH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` :V M E E9G Q L<M ENF GIH d;fQGIE5Z gg

" 0 & ,kU & 2+@32 )2 U!-<0 ><"]" / , $ , , ,$, 3

- h =?!0 72 U3 -0! 2" @l! "iSlnh!# SiXj$ %&#" Sh'# (!)#+*-,. Xhj/,j $P(#%*0#+ -1 2 Xh*-#3*- #%)4Wl!* ! !# Xh2# *'0&,)l&5 6)4WiXj7 (*0/,#8 Xhj$ /j i*-,3 C 9,: Xh22* 2 @i%!,; @l! %#<*0, Xhj/,j $P(=#*0# j i j7 (*0/,"+ - h = !0<2 U!-0Y 2" l$ j/#%#*0#j$, j/# SiXj l> l$ j/##@?9h#*0,A (@ij l! EB?9h*^lnhC*-##ShD?E,F*0, ! 0i% ) + #? E"2 ! ,!#G Sh %"> Xh# / 2 !"#$% j/,,$, 3 , % +

V ` F@O$O M` T QG M H ` M RUG Q E uJYT ` G V M` T QG M H ` M R G Q E d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` M` T QG M H ` M R G Q E d;f \

YT R[Z a GIR[QT]F ` c TYH@VXQG M H OuQ M Z G E ` Z]E/Z]H@Q+Z OnT V ` F@O$OCZXOa GIR QSTWF ` G H QqO M` a Z T RR[Z]H Q QeZ d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QuF H]F ` OXG O MYZ ` WFYH Z d aWM G f \

g \

IHDJ "$ , & =?3072 ! -0 U2" / ,

"K i Xh2#%/$)02 (*-,+ L# nj$ %* l1j$,9 XiSj/,#%*-&,A M)i$-%N#B0#*0, Sh*0,)lWi%%"!,A nj $3j/))i j lnh"E Xh = !0<2 U!-0Y 2"OWl> 5?E*$)$LPQ#/%NQ#0!l$ j/#%#@ :.&% $=?!0; -0*+ - h .&%!e=?30 -0kl$ j/#%#E?9h#%G*0,A %WijYl&R*0#M#hD?E,S*0, ! 0i% ) + # # E ! ,2&# Shi%! %"> Xh# µ

Page 69: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

V ` F@O$O (T G M` H ` M T ` G V M` T@Q G M H ` M R G Q YE JYT ` G V (T G M` H ` Md;f \a GIR QSTWF ` (T G M` H ` Md;f \a]M G OCZXQ YGIHSO d QeF@QG VuH]F ` OXG O/Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O

uH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` /Q WZ M

YZ ` HWV]R[Z]E/Z]H@QeF ` H@Q+Z R F Q M R /Q@Z H QeZ R^F@Q M R YGIHWZ F]R /Q WZ f \YT R[Z a GIR[QT]F ` c TYH@VXQG M H OuQ M Z G E ` Z]E/Z]H@Q+Z OnT V ` F@O$OCZXOa GIR QSTWF ` G H QqO M` a Z T RR[Z]H Q QeZ d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QuF H]F ` OXG O M

YZ ` WFYH Z d aWM G f \]R M QeZnVXQeZ Q$F@Q G VuHWF ` OXG O Q WZuHWF ` OXG On\

uH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` Q WZ M

YZ ` \ HWV]R[Z]E/Z]H@QeF ` H@Q+Z R F Q M R Q@Z H QeZ R^F@Q M RU\ YGIHWZ F]R Q WZ O xc (HY\g \

" IHH("$ , & .&% $=?!0; -0 ,

# + ( (' ~µ - h*0# %"> Xh *0#1lWj $$- # Shj$ 5 Sh .&% e= !0-0 Wl> Kl]j/, $0Wj i%, L Xh2 -0U><"W;" ; 7<&0 E +W &&320 +W!2 ! )2]!Kj/,k8/= B. @l! %#/,?9h*^lnh * M?E*$$P*0,3 C G)P@iXj$ %*0,2#<?9h&, " !"#$ *0#M*0,3/ C "+

( + ,,$ 3 , %£µ - h*0# %N! Xh24'*0#Pl]j $)$0'#" Shj$ XhK.&% $=?!0; -0!

Wl> NlWj/,+4@*-, i%N: Xhj$ Shj$,j $)(#*0##%"$hj$#5lnhj/, "+:- h2 %"> Xh i Sh*0#l$ j/#%#I2=!#M,/ Xh2*0, + E*0# @l$ j i%j$# 3=*^i 0j $P %Bj $$-D? #0!l$ j/#%#&#M (:)i 3*)@ Xh2&* iD?E, *)%")$0%N&,A Xj$ (*-,"+

) + / 2 !4#$~µ - h*-# *-#j)0i#3*^i 0j $%"> Xh"E ?9h* lnh *0#L*0,3 C , Sh/Wl> (" Sh -<0 ><"]";Wl! +4 h&, *-,3 C "E2 Sh@/Wl> ?E*$)$)P@i i% j$,9 *'0*)$0*0)i%*0%j/,j;$)(#%*-#/,' Sh ,-! @l! ( ! ,Dj$, /*02*$0*-i%*)0% # nj$ % E *P3&,' XhKl0)iSi%!,A # Xj$ (3 = Xh/,-!#+*- h# (!)#L nj C &, %/2 nj/*-, Xh *'0*)$0*0)i%*0% # nj$ % !)P!, /, Xh2@*%N)$-%N&,A nj$ %*0,: Sh*0# %"> Xh+))i%J3* '(N Xh25#0!l$ j/#%#< 7.&% e= !0-0lnh#&, ( Xh j$,j $)(# + LN<)j %N)$0!# G#0!l$ j/#%#&#E1j/# #Sh2 ?E, *0, ! 0i% ) + ) E j i%8:;< j$, 4 B2! oA""W! +"i H<)j %")$0 E$*) Sh j/,j;$)(# qlWi%Wj$ (!#j/,Q;Wl!

Page 70: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! ()PP8:;<@ Sh9.&% $=?!0; -0N@l! 3?E*$)$*0,3 C 5%"> Xh#3,: Xh +@32 )2@l! ( i% Xh2$0*-,]j i3# (=# (% /*'0j$ (*-,#*0,: Xh18:= B. ;Wl! + ?E*)$$ Xh2&, *0,3/ C %N! Sh# , Xh 8:= B. @l! %5#% $)3 Xh<#(# %% ;K *'0j$ %*0,#j/,S2 nj$*0, ShQ#/$02 %*0,,+." *0,j $)$)( * ?E*)$$L*0,3/ C # $, $ %% ,S Sh +@32 )2@l! G?9h* lnhF?E*$)$xl]j 02#%: Xhj$ @l! G (R0) j$ ( Sh(, D <A Wl> (#R?E*- Sh Xh2 j$))i%/)i%* j$ (1i&#%)4,# *'0j$,; %*- %*0&#+:- h*0#E*-#M#ShD?E,S*-, ! 0i ) + # ( +

YGIH@Z FR O M` a Z ?TYRUR[Z]H Q QeZ Jc M RUEsQ WZNO O$QeZ]E MWc Z(T]F QG M H@OQ@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE H]F ` FYH@VnZ d;fQ@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE FYH Z]H@Q d;f O M` a ZNQ WZ O O$QeZ]E MWc Z(T]F@Q G M H OQ@Z YG H@Z F]R O M` a Z d;f7ZnVXQ M R Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R ZXQ d;f T F QeZQ@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R 9T F QeZ H@V]R d fg

IH "10 &$ 8:;< , / 2 !"# 3

= ShKj/,j $P(# E*0,2# (Wj6lWi%Wj$ (!# j .&% e= !0-0 /Wl> ; ()PK46B2! oA"7"W! E7j>?M (,

6 j$)h#%/,F#lnh%NQ?/0$ 4 0# ( /2 nj/*-,j/, /*02*$0*-i%*)0% #% $0

(*-,"+ - h Wl> ?/0$ * (@iXj$ %5 Xhi/0 h' XhR# %&)#/02 $0*0,2M iM XhK8:;< l$ j/#%#j/4J3 0,A (*)$7l&,3@i !,l& *0#M= nj/*-,"Ej/#E#ShD?E,S*-, ! 0i ) + # ) +

L 2

- h +W32] )2@l! 1*0#7i&#%)4,#*0$- i )iJ3=**0, %"> Xh# i i%N*0, Sh8#(# (% /*'0j$ (*-,#E i ! ,*-, Shpl!,A Xi*002 %*0,2#G< Xh2 D . .0&&32pj/,, D A@l! (#1 (E Xh#(# (% 2 *'0j$ %*0,2#EYj/, i902)j7 (*0, Sh:i%&#)P/,#%5j$ L Xh/, D A@l! (#+ - h2 +@32 )2 l$ j/##E*0#9j/,6j/# XiSj l! j/# l$ j/##+

"K i< XhR#/$02 %*0,+ # nj$ %* l1j$, XiXj$,#%*-&,A E)i%/$0%"#M(-j$,'*-,lWi%N&,A nj;$7j/))i j lnh Xh+W!2 ! )2]!N@l! ?E*)$$LPBj9#0!l$ j$#%# +@ &&320 +@32 v2+ - h +W &&720 +W!2 ! )2]! l$ j$#%#E4?9h#Q*0,A (@ij l! *-#@#Sh2 ?E, *-, ! 0i% ) + # + EP*-# j/,Dj/# SiXj l> l$ j/##+ )i%J3* 2&# i Xh2 $$0D?E*-, õ

Page 71: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Z Q M HF O M H O M` a Z ?TYRUR[Z]H Q QeZ JQ@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE H]F ` FYH@VnZ d;f G QeZ]R^F@Q+ZTYH QG ` V M H a Z]R Z]HWVnZ

G ` Z d Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R 9H M RUE d;f f JQ@Z H@Q+Z R^F@Q M R c M RUE FYH Z]H@Q d;fQ@Z YGIHWZ F]R O M` a Z d;f

7ZnVXQ M R Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R ZXQ d;fQ@Z H@Q+Z R^F@Q M RPTYF@QeZ H@V]R d fQ@Z H@Q+Z R^F@Q M R c M RUE H]F ` FYH@VnZ d;fgg

H "10 & 4 B2! o)A ""W! / , !"# 3

# +5- h ( (' %"> Xh"ED?9h* lnh *0#L*0,3/ C (R Xh -<0U>7"];"3@l! 1 ( %(j C 8 Xh +@7 &&320 +W!2 ! )2]! Wl> j ?NjYi% 8 Sh -<0U>7"];" ; &0j/, 8:;<= .@l! %#*-, ShKj i j7 (*0/,"+

( +5- hp0U><"W;" ; 7<&0 R "<!& %N! Sh ,E1?9h*^lnh *0#R*-,'3/ C ( *0, i% Xh2 +@7 &&320 +W!2 ! )2]!SWl> 9 Xhj$ + ShDj/,j $)(#%*-# %N 2$9hj/#olnhj/, "+ - h*-#+*0#)i 3* #%C Shj$ "#0!l$ j/#%#&#pl]j/, #%! oj/,(Kv 2]!Si:/ Xh@i"/Wl> (# 0#"+G- h2%N! Xh2 i Sh +W vmv!20 +W32] )2 l$ j/#%#E)4Wi i%N#M,N)P@iXj$ %*0,2#+

) + * > Xh# i i%N*0, Xh2 $0*-,]j i#(# (% 3 *'0j$ %*0,2#+Q- h!#% %N! Xh2 #j i% &$2'

, -% E &2' , , % E &' ' . 0 ,$ Eqj/, &2' $, , , % +- h!#% %"> Xh#E=?9h*^lnhjYi%#Sh2 ?E, *-, ! 0i ) + # , E2* (@iXj$ %5J3Wi Sh D . .10U&&32D# ( i% Xh2 nj/, &,A j/, $0%"!,A i%!#%*0j $ E j/, * (@iXj$ % J3@i@ Xh, D <A1# ( i% ShR, j $0,;j $ j/,l&;+

+ + * > Xh#S?9h*^lnh ! , Wj lnh $-%N&,A (#rj/, ,2 !#Dl&/,; Si%*-02 (*-, ( % Xh2 #(#

(%O5/*'0j$ (*-,# j/, hD? Xh2 # (=# (% 5 *'0j7 (*0/,#(jYi% #%> 0),+ "i 7<)j %N)$0?9h!,G0#%*-, Xh2 *0,l@i%%"!,; Xj $ *0#)$ j l!%N&,A -j$))i%j lnh Xhlnh*^l& R*-,A ( iXj$ %*0,#Slnh2%N 2 ! ,!#Wj lnh'$0%"!,A (# l&/,; Si%*-02 (*-, ( , E *'0j$ %*0, ) + ( ( E)j/, 6 , E *'0j

(*-, ) + ( + E/j/, ]j lnh , 2&# l&,A Xi*00= (*0/, %

(E< *'0j7 (*0/, ) + ( # E5j/, 6

(E *'0j

(*-, ) + ( ) +?- h&#1%"> Xh#E &$2' ,$ - E &' . 0 ,$ E &$2' ,$ - j/, &'/ ,$ ,$ E!j i% j $)$@l$ jYi%6j/#E)0)i%Q3* i 0j $ +

Page 72: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

V ` F@O$O H@V]R^Z]E/Z]H Q$F ` H@Q+Z R^F@Q M R T ` G V) H QeZ R^F@Q M RJYT ` G V HWV]R[Z]E/Z]H@QeF ` H@Q+Z R F Q M R d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` HWV]R[Z]E/Z]H@QeF ` H@Q+Z R F Q M R d;f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ YGIHSO d HWF ` OXG O M

Z ` /Q@Z M Z ` YG H@Z F]R /Q WZ O xc (&H f \a GIR QSTWF ` FYHWF ` OXG O M

Z ` ]FYH Z d a]M G f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M OCZXQ/T Q@ZNO O$Q+Z]E MWc Z(&TWF@QG M H Oa GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE FYH Z]H@Q d a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE H]F ` FYH@VnZ d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE M YF ` H]F ` FYH@VnZ d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE )` Z]E5Z]H Q ZXOXG T]F ` d aWM G f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M Z H@Z WF@QqQ WZ )` ZPFYH L & R M T O:F KQ M Q@ZNO O$Q+Z]E MWc Z(TWF@QG M H@OvF ` ` F]R^Z& TYR[Z a G R QSTWF ` _a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE )` Z FYH Z]H@Q d$ v` Z]E/Z]H@Q Q@Z )` Z f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE )` Z ZXOXG TWF `Id )` Z]E/Z]H Q Q@Z )` Z f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE M FYH Z]H Q dCL% & R M T Q@Z L<MWcf \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE M HWF ` F HWVnZ dCL% & R M T Q WZ L<MWcf \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M R[Z ` F@QeZNQ WZ O M` T@Q G M H MWc Q WZNO O$QeZ]E MWc Z(T]F@Q G M H O Q M Q@Z YZ R[ZnZXO MWc c R[ZnZ M E GIH Q WZ L% & R M T Oa GIR QSTWF ` G H Q5TYF@QeZ d V M H O$Q ZnVXQ M R f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q5TYF@QeZ H@V]R d V M H@O$Q ZnVXQ M R f \]R M QeZnVXQeZ YGIHWZ F]R E \

uH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` E M

YZ ` \g \

IH #"$ , &$ +@ &&320/+@32 )2 ,

Page 73: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

H@V]R[Z]E5Z]H Q$F ` H QeZ R^F@Q M R c M RUE F H Z]H Q J$ )` Z QeZ]R?Q WZ v` ZXO Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` ZXQ O d;fQ@Z YG H@Z F]R Z]R M d;f

G ` Z d$d c Z )` Z QR sQ WZ )` ZXO d;f$f f Jc Z )` Z QR c M RUE FYH Z]H@Q d Q@Z H@Q+Z R^F@Q M R fQ@Z YGIHWZ F]R /F d c Z )` Z QSR ZXQFYH Z]H Q d;f c Z )` Z QR ZXQ Lud;f$fgg

H@V]R[Z]E5Z]H Q$F ` H QeZ R^F@Q M R c M RUE H WF ` FYHWVnZWJQ@Z YG H@Z F]R Z]R M d;fQ G O c R M E )` Z]E5Z]H Q ZXOXG T]F ` d;fQ G O c R M E M YF ` H]F ` FYH@VnZ d;f

H@V]R[Z]E5Z]H Q$F ` H QeZ R^F@Q M R c M RUE )` Z]E/Z]H@Q ZXOXG TWF ` J$ )` Z QeZ]R?Q WZ v` ZXO Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` ZXQ O d;f

G ` Z d$d c Z )` Z QR sQ WZ )` ZXO d;f$f f Jc Z )` Z QR c M RUEZXOXG &TWF ` d Q@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R fQ@Z YGIHWZ F]R /F 7d c Z )` Z QSR ZXQ )ZXOXG T]F `Id;f c Z v` Z QSR ZXQ Lud;f$fgg

H@V]R[Z]E5Z]H Q$F ` H QeZ R^F@Q M R c M RUE M F ` H WF ` FYHWVnZWJL QeZ]RQ WZ L<MWc O Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` ZXQ L% O d;f

G ` Z d$dMWc QR sQ@Z L% O d;f$f

f JMWc QR c M RUE H]F ` FYH@VnZ d Q@Z H@Q+Z R^F@Q M R fQ@Z YGIHWZ F]R /F 7d MWc QSR ZXQ H WF ` FYHWVnZ d;f MWc QSR ZXQ Lud;f$fgg

IH#" 0 &$ ! 3 &$ +W vmv!20 +W32] )2 ,

Page 74: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

, - ? > Xh# %oi% j$ % ShQ#%02 %*0, 8 Xh ## % 3 *'0j$ %*0,# (+ Sh i%!&#

Ui%& j7 XhN,&# - h!#% > Xh#E # $, % j/, # $, $ %% Ej iN4/ Sh

@l jYi%j/#M)0)i% 3=*^i 0j - h +@ &&320 +@32 v2l j/#%#*0# j/,Dj/2# XiSj l! l j$#%# -40!l j/#%#&#1jYi%G)i%J3*

?9h* lnhF)i 3* * )0 !,A nj$ %*0,# Xh )0i% 3* i 0j > Xh# - ?<'#023l j/##%&#R+@7 vmv!20 +W32] )2Kj iG))i%J3* iM# nj$ %* l j/,' SiXj/,#*0!,; j/,j#%*-# µ

# =32)2 [+W!2 ! )2]! µ - h=32)2 [+W!2 ! )2]!(l j$#%# *-# 0#.F Xh(j/,j =# ?9h!,)4Wi i *0, # nj$ %* l j/,j #%*0# - hpl j/#%#R)i 3*&# j/,C* )0 &,A Xj$ (*-, XhN)0i3* i 0j > Xh# Wl j iN*0, Xh2#0)4WiSl j/##Evj/#8 XhE*-,; %Wi j l&E*0, 0i% ) # 0 #ShD?E#

V ` F@O$O Q$F@Q G V H QeZ R^F@Q M R T ` G V) H@V]R^Z]E/Z]H Q$F ` H@Q+Z R^F@Q M RqJYT ` G V Q$F@Q G V H QeZ R^F@Q M R d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` Q$F@Q G V H QeZ R^F@Q M R d;f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M Z H@Z WF@QqQ WZ )` ZPFYH L & R M T O:F KQ M Q@ZNO O$Q+Z]E MWc Z(TWF@QG M H@O _a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE )` Z FYH Z]H@Q d$ v` Z]E/Z]H@Q Q@Z )` Z f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE )` Z ZXOXG TWF `Id )` Z]E/Z]H Q Q@Z )` Z f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE M FYH Z]H Q dCL% & R M T Q@Z L<MWcf \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE M HWF ` F HWVnZ dCL% & R M T Q WZ L<MWcf \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q5TYF@QeZ d V M H O$Q ZnVXQ M R f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q5TYF@QeZ H@V]R d V M H@O$Q ZnVXQ M R f \g \

H."$ , & =32)2 [+@32 v2 ,

- ho=32)2 [+W!2 ! )2]! l j/##*0,h2Wi%* (#@ Sh ! Xh2 # &2' , - E &$2' '

. 0 ,$ E j/, &'/ $,$ ,$ ,$ Ui% Xh ,l@i% !,; Xj ,A % iSj$ (il j/## - h - nj$ %* l ,; % iSj$ ( iPl j/## 2,!#@ Xh2 ! Sh 2# # $, E # $, $ % E &2' , -% E &$2' . 0 , % E &'/ , -% E7j$, &'/ , , "i7<)j )- EA Xh ! Xh2 # &' ,0% E # $, % j$, # $, $ %% j iPj/##hD?E,9*0, 0)i% ) # 24E

( ,k & 2 X "]U&32+@32 v2 µ - h,kU & 2 X "]U&32+@32 )2 l j$#%#*0#50#% ShBj/,j# ?9h&, )4Wi i *0, XiXj$,#%*-&,A 1j/,j#%*-# - h l j$#%#EP?9h#% *-,A (Wi j l&

Page 75: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Q$F QG V H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE )` Z FYH d$ )` Z]E/Z]H@Q Q WZ v` Z f JQ@Z )` Z Z]R M FYH d;fQ@Z )` Z/F 3Q M FYH d;fg Q$F QG V H@Q+Z R F Q M R TYF@QeZ d ZnVXQ M R f JL QeZ]RQ WZ L<MWc O Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O M

YZ ` ZXQ L% O d;f G ` Z d$d

MWc QR sQ@Z L% O d;f$f

fMWc QR OCZXQ M Z L G O d f

g Q$F QG V H@Q+Z R F Q M R TYF@QeZ H@V]R d 7ZnVXQ M R f JL QeZ]RQ WZ L<MWc O Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O M

YZ ` ZXQ L% O d;f G ` Z d$d

MWc QR sQ@Z L% O d;f$f

fMWc QR OCZXQ M Z HWV]R L G O d fg

" IH "10 & ! 3 & =?2])2 [+W32] )2 / ,

*0##Sh2 ?E, *-, 0)i% ) # 5E4*0# j/,j/2# XiSj l! l j/#%# LN<)j )0&#3#023l j/##%&#E7j/#5#hD?E,*0, 0i% )) j i% 46p) NE R &32] 0;,k& &(j/, 6 u!0U2

V ` F@O$O L G R[ZnVXQ ?R^FYH@OXG Z]H Q H QeZ R^F@Q M R T ` G V) H@V]R[Z]E5Z]H Q$F ` H QeZ R^F@Q M RqJYT ` G VL G R[ZnVXQ3R F H@OXG Z]H@Q H@Q+Z R^F@Q M R d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` L G R[ZnVXQ3R F H@OXG Z]H@Q H@Q+Z R^F@Q M R d;f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M OCZXQ/T Q@ZNO O$Q+Z]E MWc Z(&TWF@QG M H Oa GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE FYH Z]H@Q d a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q5H@Z Q+Z d M T ` Z f \g \

" H "$ , & ,6U & 2 X "]&32+W32] )2 ,

- h5,6U & 2 X "]&32+W32] )2:l j/#%# *0,h@i%* (# Xh > Xh# &' ' . , j/, &$2' $, , , Ui Xh ,lWi &,A nj ,A ( iXj$ %i5l j/##E02 <*- /i%

,&#" Xh &$2' ,$ - ! Xh2 - h2*0#+*-#:P@l]j 0# *0, XiSj/,#%*-&,A (j/,j =#*0#: Xh,&# j 6hj 3 j$#%#%!#@?9h*^lnhmjYi% j (" XhQ Xj/, !,; j$ Si%* < - h > Xh"E?9h*^lnh *-#1#hD?E, *-, 0i% ) # >E7)P@i i #B Sh &$2' ,$ - ! Sh , i Xh+@ &&320 +@32 v2pl j/## j$,F Sh&, 0)#J3@iG Sh , D A @l! %#

Page 76: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

j2*0, Xh2&* i l!,A Xi*002 %*0,kj$#E? L GIR^ZnVXQ ?R^FYH OXG Z]H Q H QeZ R^F@Q M R c M RUE FYH Z]H Q9J GIH aWM Z, HWV]R[Z]E/Z]H@QeF ` H QeZ R^F@Q M R O c M RE FYH Z]H Q E5ZXQ M Q G O H@V]R^Z]E/Z]H Q$F ` H@Q+Z R^F@Q M R c M RE FYH Z]H Q d;f H M! s` MYM

MWa Z]R?Q WZ L% & R M T OL QeZ]RQ WZ L<MWc O Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O M

YZ ` ZXQ L% O d;fQ@Z YG H@Z F]R Z]R M d;f G ` Z d$d

MWc QR sQ@Z L% O d;f$f

f JMWc QR c M RUE FYH Z]H@Q d Q@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R fQ@Z YGIHWZ F]R /F d MWc QSR ZXQF H d;f MWc QR ZXQ Ld;f$fgg

HD"10 & 3 ,k & 2 X "]Uv!2+W!2 ! )2]! ,

- h #0!l j$#%#%!# ,k & 2 X "]Uv!2+W!2 ! )2]!rj i%ri%&#)P/,#%*-0 i+*-,*)3*0

j 2,*-, Sh ! Sh# # $, E # $, $ E &' , - E &' . , E &' . 0 ,$ Ej/, &' . 0 ,$ "i H<j )- E Sh # $, $ %j/, &' ,0 > Xh# i Xh2 46 (m l j/##Pj i%#hD?E,S*0, 0i% ) ( ?

- h -<0 ><"]" ; 7<v04@l! *0#ui&#%)4,#*0- iuh*0, j/,:)i 3**0, j l@l&!#%#3 ( XhD . .10U&&32:j/, , D A ;Wl! %# - h -<0 ><"]" ; 7<v0vl j$#%#E ?9h#*-,A (Wi j l&*0#M#hD?E,S*0, 0i% ) ( # E))i%J3* !# i Xh 0D?E*0, rµ

# * > Xh#DjYi%F)i%J3* % j0D? Sh R !"@2 3260U& Wl> S %sj XhD . .10U&&32Kj/,, D <A.Wl> (# ( * > Xh#uj i )i 3*Q?9h*^lnhBj -D?E# Xh2 / Xh2Wi /Wl> (#8*0, Xh j$,j#*0#xj i% j$ %*0,

j l@l&&## %Q Xh D . .0&&32 j$,6, D <A ;Wl! %# - h*-#9j lWl!&#%#*0#<)i%J3* *0,Q Sh i P*- (@iXj$ %i%# , D <A @l! (#:l]j$,(j-#%49j lWl!&##%+*0,*P3* 0j 0#*0, Xh2&* iI02,**'0R* 2&,A (* Wi

) * > Xh#Pj i%))i%J3* % i%> 0i,l!,,@l! (*P3*- 9*-, i j$ %*0,,E i P$ Xh Xh*-,*P3=*

0j 2 i&&#Ui%! j/, Xh , D A1# - hG*0, i j7 (*0/,(i%> 0i, *0#E*0,

Page 77: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

V ` F@O$O Z ENF]R YT ` G V L GIR[ZnVXQ?R^FYH OXG Z]H@Q H@Q+Z R F Q M RJYT ` G V Z ENF]R d M T ` Z M T ` Z f \a GIR QSTWF ` Z ENF]R d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE )` Z FYH Z]H@Q d$ v` Z]E/Z]H@Q Q@Z )` Z f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE )` Z ZXOXG TWF `Id )` Z]E/Z]H Q Q@Z )` Z f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE M HWF ` F HWVnZ dCL% & R M T Q WZ L<MWcf \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q5TYF@QeZ d V M H O$Q ZnVXQ M R

f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q5TYF@QeZ H@V]R d V M H@O$Q ZnVXQ M R f \]R M QeZnVXQeZ g \ Z E5FR c M RUE )` Z FYH d$ )` Z]E5Z]H Q Q@Z )` Z f JQ@Z )` Z Z]R M FYH d;fQ@Z )` Z/F 3Q M FYH d;fQ@Z )` Z/F $ Q M FYH d ' C

fQ@Z )` Z/F (Q M FYH d 3 ' C

fg Z E5FR TYF@QeZ H@V]R d 7ZnVXQ M R

f J.

' C C

C

5

, = C. 3 ' C ' C C 3, CL QeZ]RQ WZ L<MWc O Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O M

YZ ` ZXQ L% O d;f G ` Z d$d

MWc QR sQ@Z L% O d;f$f

f JMWc QR OCZXQ HWV L G O d f

MWc QR OCZXQ HWV Z `Id f

MWc QR OCZXQ HWV<VnVnZ ` d f

gg

J "$ , ,$ 0 &! 3 4 p / ,

Page 78: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

V ` F@O$OuH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` J

YT ` G VuH]F ` OXG O M

YZ ` dCL<M ENF GIH/Q WZ L<M E5F G H f \a GIR QSTWF ` uH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` d;f \ E5ZXQ M Q M OCZXQqQ@Z ` GIH5Q M Q@Z M E5F GIHa GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ YGIHSO dCLM E5F GIH&/Q WZ L<M E5F GIH f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M

M T ` F@Q+ZNQ@ZuH]F ` OXG O M

YZ `a GIR QSTWF ` M M` F )` Z]E/Z]H Q d )` Z]E5Z]H Q Q WZ )` Z f \a GIR QSTWF ` M M` F L% & R M T dCL & R M T Q@Z L% & R f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M ZXQqQ@ZPV M E M H@Z]H@Q;O MWc Q@Z HWF ` OXG O M Z `a GIR QSTWF ` $ )` Z QeZ]R ZXQ O d;f \a GIR QSTWF `&L% & R QeZ]R ZXQ L% O d;f \a GIR QSTWF `&L% & R M T ZXQ L & R M T QSR d GIH@QQ$F f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M ZXQ MWc V M H H@ZnVXQG a G QG ZXOa GIR QSTWF ` & R F ZXQ L& R^F d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF ` & R F ZXQ L& R M T & R^F d aWM G f \ E5ZXQ M O G V QR G Z]R M Z]R^F@QG M H@ONGIHPQ@Z L<M E5F GIHa GIR QSTWF `a]M G F ` M F L<M E5F G H d M T ` Z Q G E/Z f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G KV M E E9G Q L<M ENF GIH d a]M G f \g \

2H(" $ , & -<0 ><"]" ; 7&0 ,

Page 79: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Xh2 i 9j A" ;Wl! - h i%!Ui%! iXj/))h"E ?9h*^lnh *-# j iXj/))h

iE Xh/#% i%!&#Ui%& ?9h* lnhhjJ3/Q4&&, j$#%#%* , j/, /*0j$ (*-, ,'0 4WiE6*0#

,! % ! %Wi *0,2S Xh #* & j/, #%)j i%#*- G Sh ## ( G *'0j$ %*0,# - h2, D A iXj/))hN*-#:0#% "Q ShP, D 4 u /Wl> %Kj/#%#* ,: *'0j7 (*0/,,'0 4Wi#E %N ShR*0,2*)3* 0j i%!&#

Ui%&

+ * > Xh# j i%)iJ3=*'?9h* lnh Xi* Wi ! Sh 2#*-, XhK,-! @l! EK, ?9h*^lnh Xh2 j/,j #%*0# *0#1P!*0, )P@i i - h!#% ! Sh 2# *0,)l0 ' ' "' , $% E/?9h*^lnh*0,3/ C !# "' ' -% , Xh2(,-!#Ej/, ,## 4( , ' , $ E ?9h* lnhC*0,3 C &# ,$#

# 4(, , Xh2 ,-! , - h ! Xh2 ( (' *-#)i%J3* "E ?9h* lnh *-#1l]j0 Sh -0U><"W;"Q;Wl! R %

*0, i XhR;Wl! ?9h*^lnhr,-! *0#M4&*-, j/,j & - hWiNj i, 0j =)4< il!,# XiXj$*0,A L =)4</Wl> (#1*0, j/,-<0 ><"]" - h2Wi%5j i%

, 0 j9 =)4GWl> (#E4Wl]j;0#%R XhK8.Wl> (#Pj/))+ Sh #%)3/&#E ( Xh .10U&&32i47< @l! %#<*0,N XhPl]j ( ,$## 4(, ' , $ - h@i%jYi%, l!,# SiXj/*-,A )4@@l! %#P@l]j 02#% Xh D . .10&&32 j/, , D A Wl> (#R*0,A Si%0l&Q Sh l&/,# SiXj/*-,; %#*0,A ( XhR# =# ( /*0j$ (*-,#

:jYlnho, D <A Wl> *0, Xh!-<0 ><"]" ; 7&0!i%&))i%&#&,A (# Xh i%!&#Ui&

j$ j14 G@l! *0, Sh9j/,j#%*-# ixi&)i&#%!,A ,2!? 2 i&&#Ui%! *0,A Xi l&

*0,A (Q Sh j/,j#%*-#<9 Xh2 R !"@2 3260U&R;Wl! M % &, iSl&5 Sh1l&/,# SiXj/*-,; %# #lnhj/# ?9h&,#%*-, j iXj/, - %*0)-*0@i%# h, D <A l j/#%# @?9h#C*-,; %Wi j l& *0#

#ShD?E, *0, i ) ( ( )i*&# i Sh - ?E*-, õ

# h , D <AFWl> (# jYi%Pi%&#)P/,#%*-0 i/&!)*0, XiSj l"6 Xh2 j/))*-, 4

?&&," Xh i%&!#Ui&2 j/," Sh *j$ %*0,N, 4Wi%# * ! Sh#Nj iE)i%*

(:#! j/,6i%> Xi%*-/R Sh*0# j/))*-, *0, i j$ (*-, ( * > Xh#jYi%oj0#% )i%* 2 %ri%> i, Xh2+, 4Wi i%!&# Ui& i%&))i%

#%!,A ( S Sh , D <A @l! j$, j0#9*0, i j$ (*-,6j/42 @ ShQ, 4Wi@

Page 80: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!

V ` F@O$O L% & R M TKJYT ` G VL% & R M T d GIH@QQ$F M YZ E ?M Z f \L% & R M T d GIH@QQ$F GIH@Q:H L f \a GIR QSTWF ` L% & R M T d;f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M OCZXQ WM @QeF GIH E5F GIH GIH c M RUE5F@QG M Ha GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ Lud G H QGIH@Q f \a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q1 L ZXQ Lud a]M G f V M H O$QS\ E5ZXQ M O c M R M @QeF G HGIH c M F M T@QQ@Z L% Oa GIR QSTWF ` G H Q ZXQ F d aWM G f V M H@O$Q\a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q ZXQ T E L%&d aWM G f V M H@O$Q\a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q ZXQ T E R[ZnZ L%&d aWM G f V M H O$QS\a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q ZXQ T E M H@O$QR F G H@Z L%&d aWM G f V M H O$QS\ E5ZXQ M OuQ M1c M RUE Q@Z9QeFYH Z]H@Qa GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q1F@QSR G & ZXQFYH Z]H Q d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G c M RE FYH Z]H Q d H QeZ R^F@Q M R Q@Z H QeZ R^F@Q M R f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G Z]R M FYH Z]H Q d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G F $ Q M FYH d M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M1c M RUE Q@Z T H]F ` FYH@VnZa GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R ZXQ HWF ` F HWVnZ d aWM G f V M H@O$Q\a GIR QSTWF `a]M G c M RE HWF ` F HWVnZ d H QeZ R^F@Q M R Q WZ H QeZ R^F@Q M R f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G Z]R M H WF ` FYH@VnZ d a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G F Q M H]F ` FYH@VnZ d M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M TYF@QeZNQ WZNQRUG F ` R[ZXO M H@OCZXO/F@QQ@ZH M YZXOa GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ M YZ L G O d V M H O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ M YZ Z `Id V M H O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ M YZ<VnVnZ ` d V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ M YZ H@V]R L G O d V M H@O$Q ZnVXQ M R f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ M YZ H@V]R 7Z ` d V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ M YZ H@V]R VnVnZ ` d V M H O$Q ZnVXQ M R f \g \

" " $ , & , D <A ,

Page 81: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

i%!&#

Ui& i%!)i%!#%!,; % Xh2;Wl! Xhj$ 5hj/,2/ <4&!,oj/##%* ," *j

(*-, , 4Wi# ) * > Xh#Pj i%))i%* '?9h*^lnh6j - ? Sh#+W!2 ! )2]! @l! M ( i j ,j6 Xj/,

!,; j$ Si%* ;?9h* lnh *-#5i%!)i%!#%!,; % 9 *j$ %*0, ) ( # i j/, *0,)lWi% !,A njP#% 2 (*-, > Xh *0#Pj-#% )i=* (Bi! )i%, Sh*0# j$ Si%*

+ * > Xh j i% ))i%* ?9h2* lnh j -D? Xh +@32 )2FWl> ( i Sh ,j,;j j/,l! L?9h* lnhC*0# i%!)i%!#%&,A %. *j$ %*0, ) ( ) iKj/,C*-,lWi &,A nj8#% 2 (*-, > Xh *0#Pj-#% )i=* (Bi! )i%, Sh*0# /Wl> (i

, * > Xh#pj i%')i%* 2 ?9h2* lnh ?E* ) j$ % Xh Xi* j i&#%)4,# *j/,A %*- (*-&# j$ N Xh4 @l! (# h ! Sh#Dl]j$, &*- ShWiS#%! Sh Xi* j i&#%)4,#

-#$ 5i *-,lWi &,A Xh Xi* j i%!#%)4,#% / $ #$% hmj i

&,A %# %j Xh!#% ! Sh#5jYi%K& 2@/Wl> (# 6#%* & *jK (G Xh#%* & B Xh## ( /* j$ (*-,# h , D <A ;Wl! %# #*0, Xh j/)2)*0, *0, i j$ (*-, Xh26h !j i% j/-R %+= SiXj l> Shj$))i%/)i%* j$ (3*j/,A (* (*-&#Ui% Sh K& 2 j/,) j$ %R ShK47<"?E* Xh Xh!#%Yj 2&#

1

:jYlnh D . .0&&32 /Wl> *-#-j/##%&l&* j7 ( ?E* Xh j/, .10U&&32 *-, Xh ,-! i*0#R*0,A Si% l& N % #% Bl&,# XiSj/*0,A L (6j # %* 2 ,&## j$,$i - j ( Xh2N# # (

*j$ %*0,2# 7# lnh j$#L?9h2&, 2#%*0, )4&,j- i <j iSj/, ! Sh# (&, il&3 Xhl!,# SiXj/*-,A (# h D . .10U&&32l j$#%# M?9h/#% *-,; %Wi j l& *0#+#hD?E, *0, i% ) ( ) M)i%* 2&# iN Xh -D?E*0, õ

# h D . .10U&&328@l! *0#7i&#%)4,#*0- i > (Wi *-,*0, Xh j/))*-, P> ?<!&, *- (# -j 2 i&&#

Ui%! j$,G Sh3 *j$ %*0,G, 4Wi# h2;Wl! %#qlWj/,2! (@i *0,

Xh2*0# j/))2*0, Ui% Xh2 , D A Wl> (#j/##%&l&* j$ ( ?E*- Sh XhN47< /Wl> (# * > Xh#9j i5)i%* 2 ( *-,# Si l> Xh D . .10&&32@ ( > (Wi *-,@ Sh*0# j/)2)*0, j/, (Bi! )i%, Xh j/))*-,

( ! Xh2 , *-# )i%* ( i%> i, Xh3* 2&,A (* Wi#B Xh, D <A #j/##%&l&* j7 ( ?E*- Sh j/, D . .10Uvmv!2 h*-# *-, i j$ %*0, *-# ,& % * Xh

Page 82: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

V ` F@O$O )` Z]E/Z]H@Q5JYT ` G V$ )` Z]E/Z]H@Q d)` Z]E/Z]H Q Wf \$ )` Z]E/Z]H@Q d G H QNH TYE L% & R M T GIH@Q/H L%f \a GIR QSTWF ` $ )` Z]E5Z]H Q d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q1 L ZXQ L% Q$FO d a]M G f V M H O$QS\a GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ Lud a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q1 L ZXQ Lud a]M G f V M H O$QS\ E5ZXQ M OuQ M1c M RUE Q@Z9QeFYH Z]H@Qa GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q1F@QSR G & ZXQFYH Z]H Q d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G c M RE FYH Z]H Q d H QeZ R^F@Q M R Q@Z H QeZ R^F@Q M R f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G Z]R M FYH Z]H Q d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G F 3Q M FYH d M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G F (Q M FYH d M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G F $ Q M FYH d M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M1c M RUE Q@Z R[ZXOXG &TWF `a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R ZXQ ZXOXG &TWF ` d a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G c M REZXOXG &TWF ` d H@Q+Z R^F@Q M R Q WZ H QeZ R^F@Q M R f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G Z]R M )ZXOXG T]F `Id aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G F )Q M ZXOXG TWF `Id M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G F ]M R^VnZ d V M H O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G F L WM R[VnZ d V M H O$Q ZnVXQ M R M T ` Z c F@VXQ _ f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G F $ ]M R[VnZ d V M H O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ MKM

Q$F G H c M R[VnZXO c M R3Z ` Z Z ` ZPO M` T QG M H@Oa GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R ZXQFYH ]M R[VnZ d V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R ZXQ ]M R^VnZ d V M H O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R M T ` Z c V F@Q _ f \a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R ZXQ L ]M R[VnZ d V M H@O$Q ZnVXQ M R M T ` Z c V F Q _ f \a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R ZXQ WM R[VnZ d V M H O$Q ZnVXQ M R M T ` Z c V F@Q _ f \g \

"$ , & D . .10U&&32 / ,

Page 83: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

i%!

Ui%! iXj$)h6j/, XhK, D A iXj/)h

) * > Xh#Bj i )i%* ?9h* lnh.?E* /j - ? j$, +W32] )2'@l! ( *-,# Si l> XhD . .10U&&32N@l! (# hD? ( i Sh&*^i l!,A Xi*0 2 %*0,2#R % Sh"# # ( M *j

(*-,# B?9h* lnh i5 Xh2N*-,lWi &,A nj8#% 2 (*-, # SiXj$ % jYi% * /&, *j$ %*0,2# ) ( (j/, ) ( + h2&#%Kl&/,; Si%*- 2 (*-,#9j i ! %Wi *-, ?E*- Sh Xh1h0) 1 Xh +@32 )2@l! )j/# D . .0&&32E;Wl! %#5jYi%E,/ =)4Wl> (" (RPPj ?5j i%?j 2 Sh)P##%*-0*^i%Wl> E*0,A ( iXj7 (*0/, #Slnh !# ShKj/,j =# * hA lnh#% ( #

+ * > Xh# , - j/, . 0 , % j i%)i=*' (:2 Xj/*0, Sh&# l!,A Xi%*-

(*-,#

, * > Xh#+ % 2 Xj/*0, Xh ))i% l! 9 Xh - &,A (#+ Xj/, !,A E# %* 2 ,&## j/##oj/,j )*-, j$ Si%*^l&&#5?E* Xhmj /Wl> (i j i%N)i* iR- &,A G 0 !,; G# 2 %*0,# SiXj$ % *-&#

)j )-&# "# !l j/#%#&# D . .10U&&32 j i 8: D . .10U&&32 6 &0 2 > D . .10U&&32/j/, X " )2! D . .10U&&32 5Wl> (# 2 Xh!#%5l j/##%!# &, iSl! Xh l&,2# XiSj/*0,A %# h D . .0&&32G@l! %#1j i%KlWi]j$ % Xh2 R !"@2] ;320U@l!

2 < L

h R !"@2 320CWl> S*-#-i%!#%)4,#%*-0 i-l@i%Wj$ (*-, Xhm, D Aj/, D . .10&&32"@l! %# uj/, j*-, Sh %S Xh -0U><"W;" ; 7<&0 h2+ )P", D A-j$, D . .10Uvmv!28@l! (#<l@i%]j7 ( !)P!,#L, Xh R !"@2 320 h R 3"@2 3260U *-#j-#% i%!#%)4,#*0- ij/##%* ,*0, j/, *0,* (* j j/)2)*0,

i%&!#Ui&2 (Nj7 (*0/,', P@i%#

h R !"@2 320Kl j/#%# ?9h#%G*0,A %WijYl&R*0#M#hD?E,S*0, i% ))i%* !# ?< ! Xh2 # µ ( (' ?9h* lnh'*0#M*-, $S Sh -0U><"W;"@l! E (pj0D? Xh R !7"@2 3260U& % #%! R)4*-,; %Wi#5 (9 Xh2B,k!; j/, -<0U>7"];" ; &0/Wl> (# j/,,$ 0 % h , 0 ! Sh G*0,2# Xil! %# Xh R !"@2] ;320U/Wl> %Pl@i%Wj$ (3 XhD . .10U&&32 j/,6, D <A @l! (# j Xh2&#%R;Wl! %#M ( Xh -<0 ><"]" ; 7<v0

Page 84: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

j/,(j/#%#* ,(j/,"*-,*- %* j j$))*0, 4! ?&!,9 Xh i%&!#Ui&2 j/," Shj$ %*0,",

P@i%# h R 3"@2 3260U-l j$#%#Q*-#j/, j/2# XiSj l! l j$#%# )j )0!# E#!l j$#%#%!# Xh j/,j # j # %+&, iSl! Xh2 l!,# SiXj/*-,A (#jYi% 6 &0 2 > 8 j/, X " )2 U!

V ` F@O$O M H O$QSR^F GIH Q7FYH ` Z]R7JYT ` G V

M H O$QSR^F GIH@Q7FYH ` Z]R d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` M H O$QSR^F GIH@Q7FYH ` Z]R d;f \a]M G OCZXQ YGIHSO dCLM E5F GIH&/Q WZ L<M E5F GIH

uH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` /Q WZ M

YZ ` f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q WFYH ` Z d V M H O$Q L H M YZXO T E Z]R^Z F@O$Q f \g \

" #"$ , & R !"@2 3260U& ,

L 1

hD, D 4 u /Wl> +*-# i&#)P,2#%*00 i j/#%#* ,2*0, j$ %*0, , 4Wi#N % Xh i%&!#

Ui&2 *0,"]j lnh-, D <A Wl> <*0#:j0# i&#)P,2#%*00 i ! % %*0,

Xh D . .10U&&32@/Wl> (# % > (@i *0, Xh j$))*0, 6 Xh!* i 0&l]j i%!&#Ui%&

( Sh j$ %*0, , P@i%# h , D 4 u& l j$#%# E?9h# *0,A (@ij l! *0#9#hD?E,*0, )i% )i%* 2&#R ?< > Xh# µ ( (' % L?9h* lnhC*0#*0, // Xh -<0U>7"];"@l! @ %+*-, i XhG@l! 5 Xh -<0U>7"];" ; &08*0, Xh j/,j #%*0#Pj i% j$ (*-, j/, ' % h ' % > Xh #&#M Xh2 A"4u @l! E)j$#%#% *0, ShDl!,# Si l> (i9 %., 4Wi+ Sh @i %* l&!# *0, Sh , D A iXj$)h )j )0&# A "4 u #!l j$#%#%!# Shj$ kl& P # Sh j/,j =# 1j$#'#hD?E, *0,

i j i% ; ,- j/, R ; &?9h2* lnhG* )0 !,; P Xh *0,* i%! *0,2,j/,j /@i > 2 j$, i/Wi%# 2 Sh*

*l&$ $R!i > 2 , 4Wi*0, #lnh &#

Nj/# , Xh @i ( , P@i%*-, < Shr, D 4u & ?E* Sh&, C Shi% h Wj lnh*0,2* * j), D <A @l! 3*-,Q Xh -<0 ><"]" ; 7&03j/,Bj/##%* ,N j$ (*-, , 4Wi# ( Xh2 2 i&&#

Ui%! hp, D 4 u& :?E* 1 Xh!,j$# Wj lnh D . .0&&32

@l! ( 2! (@i *0,"*- %# j$))*0, j/# , Sh j/))*-, ,D? j$ Q Shk, D A

Page 85: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

@l! (#

V ` F@O$O L% TYE Z]R[Z]RJYT ` G VL% TYE Z]R[Z]R d;f \L% TYE Z]R[Z]R d& R^F TYE Z]R[Z]R /Q WZ & R^F T E Z]R^Z]R f \a GIR QSTWF ` L% TYE Z]R[Z]R d;f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ YGIHSO d HWF ` OXG O M

Z ` /Q@Z M Z ` f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q5H T E Z]R L% d aWM G f \g \

#"$ , &$ , D 4 u / ,

;1 L

h=?><" 2& .&%? @l! *-#oi%!#%)4,#%*-0 i9# %i%*-, Sh ## % # Gj$ %*0,##% *0,' Xh j/,j =#*0# h2 =?30! Wl> *0#Pi%!#%)4,#*0- i)P@i i *-, Xh , @i%*^l]j)4WiXj7 (*0/,# ,C Xh=3><"@2]v .&% @l! h=3><"@2& .&% j$, =?30!6l j/##%!#j i% j/# XiSj l! @j/#% l j/#%#&# iE Xh #% 2 (*-, 8# Xj$ (*^l j$,S XiSj/,#*0&,A )i%/0 # #%*-, j$,*0,l@i% !,; Xj # = (*0/, # XiSj$ ( S ? # !l j/#%#&#Kj i ,2 µ 8:;<= . j$, 8/]= !0!& 8:;<= B. µ ho8/= B. ;Wl! Q*0#Ki%&#)P/,#%*-0 i # (i*0, 0*0,2]j iR## ( j$ %*0,# iM Sh*0#9i%!#%Wj iSlnh' Xh 0*-,]j iM# # ( j$ (*-,#E# %i% S6jp8:7= . @l! 5*-#8 Xh i P?9h@i% *0# j j$ Xi* !j/, j/, j i%@l! %i%# hN8:= B. l j/#%# $?9h/#% *-,; %Wi j l&*0#1#ShD?E,Q*-, i% $))i%* !# Xh2 0D?E*-, õ;j ! ~µ h2*0#*0#Pj ! Sh ' (pj -D? Xh28:;<= B. @l! @ % 2! (@i *0,

* (# # %iXj -i% 2* i% !,A (# j/, #%)jYi%#%* )j7 % (@i%, A " /Wl> "*-# #% % # )2) Xh2*0#G*0, i j7 (*0/, h @i (*^l&!#Q Sh A " @l! Q)j/#%#.*0,

j # Si l> iSj j/,j #%*0#kjYi% j/4- j$#% , Xh iWi*0, G Xh i%!&#

Ui%! ?9h* lnh hj/# 4&!, 2! (@i *0, Xh , D 4 u h2

8:;<= . ;Wl! j *0,A (@i%,j pi%!, 4WiM XhR j$ (*-,#M*0,6j/,j$ ( )2

Page 86: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

% * )i%/ , Xh , 4Wi%*-, #lnh h*-# j 4 2,S))i%* Xhi&# - (#(j i%6i%> i, *0, Xh'i%* *0,j<iWi*0, #Slnh2 j/, Xhj7 oj j/*0,@l& )4#%* (*0/, ! Sh 4?9h*^lnhS?E* P*0#l##% *0,rlnhj/)2 (@i 4*0#,/ @P!*0, )- h #%+ Xh2 A" Wl> %S)i=*" Sh+*-, i j$ %*0, /, Sh-l&,2,Wl> (* * .E Xh j$ Si%* *-#Q* )4i Xj/,A uj/# * Bj0D?E# Shkj/,j # Q %#)P@l&* S XhQ )4NN8:;<= . % #%:*0, ShBj/,j#%*-# * Xh= 5 Xh*-#5 Xh8:;<= . @l! %#? phj (GPPlWi]j$ %9*-,#%*M Xh#-0U><"W;"E@l! ?E* Xh Xh2Dl&ii%@l! 6j i &,A (# i" Xhj$ )j i (*^l j i"#!l j$#%#9 8:;<= .)i=* 9 Xh -<0 ><"]"R/Wl>

* > Xh# j i%R)i=* (!Wi%N2 Pj$,' % j ( j$, l 5 %£µ h*0# *0# j > Xh %S#%> Q Xh2 Yj !# h*-# *0#G,! i

j )- K?9h&, #*0, j$, *- %WiXj7 (* /j/)2)i% jYlnh (9# *0, Xh2Qj$ %*0,2#1j/,j$,j/)2)i% =* j$ (# = (*0/, *0# ;,D?E,

hml&,2# Xil! %i Xj /!#rj$#rj/, j i !,A ' Sh = !03 /Wl> > Xh !" 5*0#-j0#% )i%* ( j -D? Xh j/,j# + ( lnhj/, Xh=?!0 ! )i%*0, Sh l&)i%#%Gqj/,j/,j =#*0#

* > Xh#6j i )i%* (.#% Sh ## % j$ (*-,#kj/, i! i%, Xhl! )2 ( i&# -

' 0 µ h*0#*0#j > XhS?9h*^lnh ?E* <i! )i%,S ShQ, 4Wi53j$ %*0,#*-, ShR## %

h 8:;<= B. l j/##*0# j/, j/# XiSj l! l j/## )j )0!#<#!l j$#%#%!#?9h* lnhmj i%)i* j i µ tx= 6 ,k8/= B. /=?A "W= 6 ,k8/= B. ut & 0;8:= B. &j/,p.10&t >7.0&8:;<= B. h 8/= B. /Wl> (# 2 ,/ hj ( j l> j C# %i% Xh26l! )P,2&,A (#: Xh # =# ( iQ )j )- /j/, .0t >7.10U= . &#5,$ # %i%Q Sh j7 Xi%* rj/, , )4WiSj$ (*-,# j i%Q)4Wi i

Xh2Q@l! R, *-,/vlWj$ (*-,#3 Xh , % B* &#1hD?/WiR)i%* 2 j/,.10U&t >7. 0U=?!0 !GWl> E?E*- Xhj l@l&&## % Xh D . .10U&&32 "

8:;<= !03 µ h-8:= B. = 0 ! @l! *-# i&#)P,2#%*00 i #% *0, Xh## ( < j$ (*-,## %i% C*-, jk8/= B. @l! h2p8:=?30!(l j/#%#

Page 87: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

V ` F@O$O YGIHWZ F]R T ` G V O$QeZ]E xc (HKJYT ` G V YGIHWZ F]R )d G H@Z F]R M` a Z]R /Q WZ M` a Z]R f \a GIR QSTWF ` YGIHWZ F]R )d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QqOCZXQ G Z d& R^F :Q@Z L & R^F f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q ZXQ T E (H d a]M G f V M H O$Q \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QuF d V M H@O$Q11F@QSR G & vV M H O$Q1 L M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QuF d V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R vV M H O$Q1 L M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G Z]R M d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G Z]R M d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ d G H Q ` M V M T ` Z a F ` TWZ f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QqOCZXQ M` a Z]R d YG H@Z F]R M` a Z]R H@Z M` a Z]R f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QqO M` a Z d a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R ZXQ d a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R ZXQ d a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF ` M T ` Z1H M RUE d a]M G f \g \

."$ , & 8:;<= . ,

Page 88: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

*0# j/, j/# XiSj l! pl j/#%# 0Wj/# N, #3l j/##"*-#:)i%* i:Wj lnh 8:;<= .# 23l j/## h 8:=?30!l j/#%# ?9h2#% *0,A %WijYl& *0#+#ShD?E, *0, )i% 2 ,G, > Xh ,$, % h* - &,2Wi%*^lR#% Wi#9l&hj/ 4&!, 0)4 * "]"]U<.10;<)2 U3 R ! )2 U&32 5> Xl @#)P@l&* l #% @i%#6j i%?9i%* % %&, iR]j lnh8/= B. # !l j/#%# h*-# *-# 2, ('* )i%/N)4Wi i j/,l! ?9h*^lnh l]j/, Prj lnh*- Xj ;*0, *0,A %j l@l&,A +#%)j i#%* 5 Xh'j7 (*0/,#oj/,j0D?E*0, Sh#% Wi# %G?i * iWl! /," Xh2 j$ nj?E*- Sh2 ,!*-, % R Xh)i% hj/, *0,A %WijYl&

V ` F@O$O YGIHWZ F]R M` a Z]R YT ` G V M` a Z]RJYT ` G V M` a Z]R d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` M` a Z]R d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QqO M` a Z d a]M G f \g \

"$ , & 8/=?!0 ! ,

h # # ( j$ %*0,2#+*0#"#% ?9h&, Sh i% 2 (*-,S*-#"*-,// h28:;<= B. j/,8:;<= !0!& j i ) )i% S, Wi* lWj /Wl> (# P Xhj$ @*0# Xh!* i*0, (@ij l!hj/#9,2 ,*- % - &,A #)P@l&*l j i !,; %# h*0#oj - ?E# i+ Sh # 2 %#%* -*0iSj i%*-&#:j/,oh2&,l! =!#<,$ Ni% * i@ Xh j/,j # < % ?9i%* ( 8/<&) =?!0 !# 23l j/##%&# iN)j )0 Xh'#% @i i: Xh2rtx= 6 ,k8/u= B. =?!0 !l j/#%#l]j 0# Xh # ,Wi#%,'! j >[> j 0*0)iXj i j$##hD?E,S*-, i% 5 ,j# %#-l]j/, l!i#% # %* )i=* Xh2&* i"D?E, # /Wi# j$#9*0, Shl]j/# R Xh- &,A - &,A 7l&/,7 j$ % iXj*0!,; B#% Wi 7?9h2#%3*0,A %WijYl&uj/, ! Shj i j/#E#ShD?E,S*-, i >

h #%!)j iXj7 (*0/, Xh2 ## % Rj$ %*0, j/, #% @i9*0,A (C ?< #%!)j iSj$ (Dl j/##%!#j -D?E# Xh2 j/,j =# ( lnhj/, R4! ?&!, *6@i%!,; #% Wi#9j/# Xh25#% 2 (*-,9)i i&#%#&# i )j )0 M Xhj$,j# j ?E*0#h ( # j *^i%Wl> #% @i9*0,2*- (* j j/, Xh!, ( j$,*- %WiXj7 (* /#% @i j$ (@i

h* - ; )2 j$, K& 2Q@l! (# l&S4 2#% *-,# %]j Sh =3><"@2& .&% j/, =?!0 ! @l! %# j/#G*0#,"*0, iSlnh@i >[> l! *-,*0, Xh2 j$ Xi* j/, @l! ( i

Page 89: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

L GIR^ZnVXQ FYH L YGIH M` a Z]R O M` a Z d;f J O M` a Z

G cqd c FWVXQ M R[Z c F ` OCZ f

O a d ! H! ! H R @O QSR ! `

# @QR ! ` !PGIH c M f \Z ` OCZ

QSR O d ! H! ! HYR O @QR! `

# QSR ! ` !9G H c M f \c FWVXQ M R[Z QSRUT@Z]\g

" 0 &5 ,6U & 2 tu= 6 ,k8:;x= B. =?30! , 3

j$ XjC*0,A %C,2 ;Wl! (i%!# (#N*0, i l&*-&,A ol! j/#N Xh')4WiXj7 (*0/,# ,$ (hj / ( S Xh)i% hC Xh2 ; )2 j/, & 2 *-,; %Wi j l&!# ( 2 Xj/*0,ml& )P/,&,A (# 0# il& , # ( iXj N#Slnh2 &# * ))i% -(j$,C#)j i#% Xh:?9i%* (WiR j8:;<= . l j/#%#?E* <,/ Bhj/ ( * )0 !,A ! Xh2 # i j*-, 3# 22 XiSj l! %*0, - (*-)*-, ./ ShWi8/<&) = B. l j/#%#&# ! Sh#M?9h* lnh ?E* 6)ij/ 9, @i4 #% S9 Xh2 j$,j#

@#%*-, Xh2l j$#%#%!# )i%!#%!,; % *0, #Wl! %*0,2# j$, E)#% K K l& *-#+,D?)i%!#%!,; %S % ,# XiXj7 ( Xh=*0*0*- (j/, = %&,#*0*0* 91 XhR,>? j/)))i% j lnh

,# XiSj$ (=*0*0*- ul&,2#%* 2Wi Xhklnhj$, &#: Xhj$ j/, j/,j # ? hj %

j / ( * E Xh2/j$,j#*0#B)4Wi i ,Kj # Xi )l! )i% h j$*0,i2 (*-, i7j ))i% iSj ( )4Wi i j # nj$ %* l ,,0*0,2]j i j$,j#*0# #*0, Xh29 XiXj$,# i j7 (*0/, > Xh ( &, iSl!l&,2# XiSj/*0,A %# j i% Wi#% 2 Sh*

*l& , 4Wi*0, #Slnh 6 Xh2 >?M (, j/)h#,

#% 2 (*-, j i%* Xh xj$, j j/, # ! Xi* l )4#%* (* ,* ( ## % j7 (*0/,# ?9h* lnh'*0#M# /'6j 2* i%@l! #% @i *-#9j/# -D?E# µ

L<M ENF G HPQ@Z L<M ENF GIH d;f \

L Z ` QeF"! G H1Q@Z M Z ` T G ` Z]R d Q@Z LM E5F GIH f

# Q@Z M Z ` T G ` Z]R_ YT G ` $ M

Z `Id;f \$%

V]R^Z F QeZ Q@Z9FYHWF ` OXG O

Page 90: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!

V ` F@O$O )` Z )` Z & Q$F QG V M` a Z]R T ` G V v` Z )` Z M` a Z]RYT ` G V)` Z )` Z & M` a Z]R d M T ` Z Q M` _ Z $ f \G H QqO M` a Z d a]M G f \]R G a F@QeZ

M T ` Z Y\)` Z )` Z YGIHWZ F]R Q WZ YGIH@Z FR g

)` Z v` Z & M` a Z]R O M` a Z d aWM G f J7ZnVXQ M R Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R ZXQ d;f7ZnVXQ M R PR Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R ZXQ d;f7ZnVXQ M R _ Z]R Md;f7ZnVXQ M R d R f7ZnVXQ M R d _ G Z d;f$fM T ` Z1R M QR R R G ` Z d O(&R Q d R M QSR f

f J _ Z]R Md;f$ Q+Z]R/Q WZ ZXO Q WZ YGIH@Z FR ZXQ O d;f G ` Z d$d v` Z]E/Z]H@Q Q WZ v` Z Q@Z $ O d;f$f

f J Y_ <O$OCZ]E ` Z d Q WZ )` Z ZXQF H ]M R[VnZ d f Q WZ v` Z ZXQ Lud;f$f

M T ` Z R M QSR Yd fG

R

M T ` Z M`

&R M QSR R M QSRR M QR R RM T ` Z R M QSR WM` &R M QSR R6 d

f

gg

" ' ' ! $ , ,$ " 3

_

Page 91: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

?R^FYH O c M RUENF@Q G M H Q@Z M H O$QSR^F GIH@Q7FYH ` Z]RU\ Q@Z & R^F TYE Z]R[Z]RU\

L% TYE Z]R[Z]R?Q WZ L%$ T E Z]R^Z]R d Q WZ & R^F T E Z]R^Z]R f \ uH]F ` OXG O M

YZ ` Q WZ MYZ ` \

L G R[ZnVXQ F H L Q@Z M` a Z]R\

FYH L Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R vd Q@Z M` a Z]R f \

Q$F@Q G V H QeZ R^F@Q M R!Q@Z H QeZ R^F@Q M RU\ #

Z Q M HF @O M H Q@Z M` H ` M \ $ Q$F@Q G VuHWF ` OXG OqQ WZuHWF ` OXG O d Q@Z LM E5F GIH Q@Z M H O$QSR^F GIH@Q7FYH ` Z]R % Q@Z L% T E Z]R[Z]R vQ WZ M

YZ ` Q@Z M` H ` M Q WZ H QeZ R^F@Q M R &Q@Z YG H@Z F]R f \

Z]R c M RUE Q@Z9FYH]F ` OXG O

Q@Z L<M ENF G HY_ OCZXQ M F F@OCZ d f \ Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O _ F H]F ` Z]\

lnhj/, Ui% jR,2,-*0,Wj i ))i%- (Kj 0*0,2]j i )i%0 / ShPj/,j =# i%!) j l!&# -*0,? *0, ShRi%* *0,j4?E* Xh Xh 0D?E*0, õ

# YGIHWZ F]R!Q@Z M` H ` M \

hNj/,j# ,D?.?E*0#h&# *0,# (Wj % # Sh *0,* i%!uj i%* Xh j/, j#%)j i%# j7 Xi%* # (iSj R#Slnh j/,jBl&,7 j$ ( iSj*-&,A #% Wi h2*0#9i% 2* i%!# i&) j l&*-, 0*-,&#?[? > ? j/, ? *-, ShRi%* *0,j4?E* Xh Xh 0D?E*0, õ GIH L Z R[ZnZ Q@Z & R^F TYE Z]R[Z]RU\

M H-'T F@QeZ & R^F G Z]H Q WF]R[OCZ L Q@Z M` a Z]RU\ ]F]R OCZ L Q@Z YG H@Z F]R )d Q WZ M` a Z]R f \

)4Wi i j9,,0*0,2]j i# %&)

# (!) =,j *^l j/,j#%*-# #*0, Sh >? j iS*-,; %

iXj7 (*0/, # XiSj$ ( ?E* Xh6l&,# nj/,A %# 8 j/, 7 , Xh j/*0, 0*-,&# ? ? j/, ? 2Q*0,9 ShRi%* *0,j j i1i%!) j l! ?E*- Sh Sh -D?E*0, õ

Z E5F]R PQ WZ H QeZ R^F@Q M R d f \ $

L GIR[ZnVXQ H QeZ R^F@Q G M HuH]F ` OXG OxQ WZuHWF ` OXG O d Q@Z L<M ENF GIH Q@Z M H O$QSR^F GIH@Q7FYH ` Z]R % Q@Z L% T E Z]R[Z]R Q@Z M

Z ` Q WZ M` H ` M Q@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R&Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R f \

E /,# SiXj$ % Xh (&,2#%*02* 0* GK Xh ,2!? UiXj !?i A#Sj )05l! 2< (* )- &,A

Xh $9#% 2 (*-,kj i%* Xh )j j/#*!?M %,j i%*- Sh =*-#M)i%!#%&,A % µ

Page 92: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

V ` F@O$O & YT ` G V (&T G M` H ` M YT ` G V

& d G H Q/E5F QeZ OG H Q5H TYE H@V]R M T ` ZNQ M` M T ` Z & Q M` M T ` Z E5F Z FR[V f \ GIH@QO M` a Z T RUR^Z]H Q Q+Z d aWM G f \

aWM G V M E T@Q+Z L G R[ZnVXQG M H d G H QNH TYE QeZ f \#

aWM G ` GIHWZ Z F]R[V d;f \$

aWM G V M E T@Q+Z ?R G F ` H WF ` FYHWVnZ d ZnVXQ M R QSR G F ` ZnVXQ M R /QR G F ` HWF ` F HWVnZ f \% ]R G a F@QeZ

M T ` Z Y\ GIH@Q/HYT E M F $ H@V]R 3E5F QeZ On\ 7ZnVXQ M RTYHWF ` F HWVnZ M` H WF ` FYH@VnZ F g#

& O M` a Z T RUR[Z]H@Q Q+Z J$ Q@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE H]F ` FYH@VnZ d;f% Q@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE FYH Z]H@Q d;f TYH]F ` FYH@VnZ Q@Z YG H@Z F]R ZXQ d;f v_ Z]R Md;f HYT E Q+Z

G ` Z d TYHWF ` F HWVnZ_ H M RUE d;f

HYT E Q+Z @OM E5F Q+Z @O f J Q G O/V M E T@Q+Z L GIR[ZnVXQG M H d;f Q G O ` GIHWZ Z F]R[V d;f Q@Z H QeZ R^F@Q M R9T YF@QeZ d f# Q@Z H QeZ R^F@Q M R c M RE HWF ` F HWVnZ d;f$

M` H WF ` FYHWVnZ T H WF ` FYH@VnZ

% T H WF ` FYHWVnZ Q WZ YGIH@Z FR ZXQ d;f H TYE QeZ g g#

& V M E T QeZ L G R[ZnVXQ G M H d G H QNH TYE QeZ f J# G cqd HYT E Q+Z

f J# Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R :O M` a Z d;f# Q WZ YGIH@Z FR ZXQ d;f# g Z ` OCZJ## T H WF ` FYH@VnZ M` H]F ` FYH@VnZ#$

H T E QeZ dYd f$f

#%a H T E QeZ d

UO O(R Q d$d f+Yd M` HWF ` F HWVnZ f$f$f M ` H WF ` FYHWVnZCT H]F ` FYH@VnZ#

M T ` Z HYT E Q+Z T H WF ` FYH@VnZ

# T H WF ` FYH@VnZ na H T E QeZ $

c M R d G H Q ' H TYE QeZ ! \ ' \ ' f J

$ '

$ d a ' f

$ $ g$ Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R :O M` a Z d f$# Q WZ YGIH@Z FR ZXQ d;f$$

a

$% R

$

c M R d G H Q ' \'<< HYT E Q+Z Y\'E f$

a '

Page 93: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

]%

d ' f% % g% % g%# g%$

& ` GIH@Z Z F]R[V d;f J

H FYHKGIH QeZ]R a F ` O F O?V M H@QeF G H GIHKF R MYM Q O F _ O _

& F T H WF ` FYHWVnZ

# QSR G F ` $ Q G O:V M EYT QeZ H WF ` FYHWVnZ d QSR G F ` QRUG F ` H]F ` FYH@VnZ f%

&

QR G F ` HWF ` F HWVnZ

G ` Z d& F & sOG ENF Z F]R^V f J

O F O O _ O F

& F &

QRUG F ` d O f

Q G O/V M E T@Q+Z H]F ` FYH@VnZ d QSR G F ` QSR G F ` H WF ` FYHWVnZ f

&

QSR G F ` H WF ` FYH@VnZ# g$% G cqd& F &

f J

G c H M G H QeZ]R a F ` c M T H BT@OCZPF R[Z T ` F]R Z Q M H O$Q+Z g Z ` OCZJ T OCZ R[Z T ` F! c F ` OXG Q M YZXQ+Z]RUEPGIHWZ Q WZ1R M M Q H TYE QeZ]R

G ` Z d F O d& F & f & Q M` d H T E Q+Z]R E5F Q+Z]R f$f J

# O$Q+Z O F & F d O FUO f+Yd& F & f$ QSR G F `

O$QeZ % Q G O:V M E T QeZ HWF ` F HWVnZ d QR G F ` QSR G F ` H]F ` FYH@VnZ f

& O$Q+Z QSR G F ` H WF ` FYHWVnZ

G cxd& O & F f J

O F O$QeZ

& F & O$Q+Z g Z ` OCZJ O O$Q+Z

&

& O$QeZ # g $ g %

O g g

Page 94: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

lnhj/, XhSi%* *0,j))i% iSj (.)4Wi i j/, j/,j #%*0# #%*-, Xh*-#9#% 2 %*0, j

i*- Xh ?E* Xhmj j =* ? ? * (@iXj$ %*0,# 7j j =* ? j j0#* # (&)2# jl&, /Wi &,l! (-WiXj$,l&

j/, j j =* #%]jYiSlnh0!, Sh 6? Xh2Nj/,j# #%* )

i%!) j l!&# 0*-, ? *-, XhRi* *-,j j/*-, )i% iXj ?E*- Sh µ #

& Q WZ M` H ` Md Z _ f \

h*0# )j )0 ,# XiXj7 (&# Xhj7 ;?E*- Xh 0&## Shj/, ? ? 0*-,&#7l! 2 = Shj$,j# Nl]j$,*0,A Xi l&pj',2!? l j/## *-,; %' ShN## % hot D = l j/## ))i%* !# j',!? . % e=?30 -0S#3l j/## ?9h*^lnhlWj/,'P #S*-,6j/,kj/,j #%*0# ?9h2* lnh6i%*^i%!# j .&% e= !0-0l j/#%# h*-# i%Wj$ G*0,l@i%]j$#%&# Sh , 4Wi 4)P##%*-05j/,j =#*0# )2 (*-,#1 Xhj$ uj i%5jYj/* j/0 ( Xh2 j$,j#

h UiSj !?i lWj/, 4 (!, (F*0,l 2'$ Xh@i: )4&#N1j$,j#*0# )ivl! i&# # lnh j/#&* &, Yj 2j/,j#%*-# j XiSj/,#*0&,A j$,j#*0# 3j/,S# nj7 (* l ) #hWi iWj lnh,!? j/,j#%*-#Q)i%&l& i # !l j/#%#&#:E Xh j/#%*^lol j/#%#&#:*0, Sh-j i% j$ (*-, # :P, h*-#@#%@l! %*0, !#Sl@i%*04&#5?9hj$ 1lnhj/, &#5 %9 Xh UiSj !?i j i% j2 ( *-,l &* &, Yj 2 j/,j =#*0#9j/, jP SiXj/,#*0!,; j/,j#%*-#

E

, #%-* @lnhj/,*^l&#j$, # Si l> iSj !, *-,&@i%*0, 4 Sh 2! (@i *0,j7 (*0/, 8 Sh l 0*0, 0 j j/, Sh ! %Wi *-,j$ (*-, Xh ,j7 iSj Ui&,)l&*0!#kj/, 2 #Shj$)P!# G# Xil i&#E*0#Pj l& , )4WiSj$ (*-, ,'&* &, Yj j/,j #%*0#M*-# l&,)l&Wi,'?E*- Sh ,*0, Sh&#j/,A (* (*0!# h 6j i%R= nj/*-,Ui% #% *0, !*- Xh2WiM1 Xh 0D?E*0, õ Xj/,j iC!* !, j )i- i1l]j/#"< )l -*0, )i- hWi

j i j/,?Nj # (#% Sh<))i%- i j )- *0, j i ):j 5@l& )4#%* (*0/, j l!* 2#%Wh2 @i i* * j ,j0* ]j$ %*0, 4)3Wl! %i %WiXj7 (*0/, j/, j -&* h / %*0!,; (@iXj$ %*0,

Page 95: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

DOF_Numberer

EigenvalueSOEEigenvalueAnalysisDomain

ConstraintHandler AnalysisModel

DOF_Group FE_ElementNode Element

EigenvalueAlgo EigenvalueIntegrator

EigenvalueSolver

StandardEigenSolver GeneralizedEigenSolver

RayleighBandDiagEigenSolver

BandDiagEigenSOE

* i ? µ j/## 5* j iXj i8* !, j ,j#*0#

$&,@iXj-* & .&* &, Yj 29)i%/0 ; i l]j/# @,j$ iSj &#Bj/,Ui% &,l!*0!#@)i0 h@i%jYi%Kj j/*-, j/,9?5j =# ("#% XhG)i0 µ )3Wl> (i*- %WiSj$ (*-, ! Sh 2# j 0&* h $ (*0!,A M*- %WiXj7 (*0/, )j$, <j/,l !# * (WiSj$ (*-, ! Sh# ; *0#"# ! Si%*^l )4#%* (* 2,* ( Xh ))i%- lWj/, P' XiSj/,# i % Xh# Xj/,jYi '&* &, Yj ))i%-

' (!, Xh j/,j#%*-# UiXj !?i ' ( *0,)l &* &, Yj 2 j/,j #%*0# B Xh UiSj >?< i #ShD?E,F*0, i% ? *-# #% h:,>? l j/##%&#*-,A Xi% l! i@ Sh*0# UiSj !?i 6?9h*^lnhj i%R#hj *-, i% ? j i% µ .1v 0-<0 ><"]" µ h .1& 0< -<0 ><"]"5@l! 5*-#9lWi%Wj$ ( Xh j/,

j =# 9 (.)4Wi i j/, &* &, Yj j/,j#%*-#9, Xh2 ,k!; h Wl> *0# j/##Sh2 ?E, *-, i ? j/, j i% j$ (*-, /Wl> (# E Xh2 -D?E*0, )P!# µ R !7"@2 3260U , D 4u 7.& 0 <-0 ?.1& 0<+@32 v2 -<0 ><"]" ; 7&0 xj/,.1!& )0= B. hol&/,# Si l> (iG (S Sh(.1&70 <-0 ><"]"l j$#%# $?9h#%<*0,A (@ij l!*-# #hD?E, *0, i% Wi*!# Xh2<@l! %#)j/##% j$#Nj i &,A (# jYi%@ Xhl!iSiWl> )P h2l j/#%# ))i%* !#< Xhi& ! Sh# µ j ' , ,$ ~µ h*0# > Xh+#! %#< Xh 0*-, ;#,! " Sh@;Wl! %# *0,N Xh

j i% j$ (*-, 1*0, /&# ,$ 0 ,F Xh R !"@2 3260U& L*0, //!# '

%% ,. Xho, D 4u ! , Sh-.1!&x= . xj/, ,$,

3 ,$ , Sh(.1& 0< -0j/,.1!& )0 +@32 v2;Wl! %#

Page 96: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

,,$ ~µ h2*0#5*-# Sh ! Xh2 S?9h2* lnh *0#*0, / %9)4Wi i Xh &* &, Yj j/,j#%*-# 29 Xh*-#* 5*0, //!# ' , , % , * (# !j/, Xh!, "

!"#$ /, Sh .1!& )0-0!'@l! j/#E#ShD?E,S*-, i

l # $, 3 £µ h*-#5*0# j > XhS ( 2)j7 ( ShQ,j*0#) jYl& &,A %#@?E*- Sh Sh Yj !#<*-,+ Xh@&* &, @l! ( i iNjQ#)P@l&*l h*0#<*0# /,5+*-, ;*0, # $, ,' ShK.1& )0 < +W!2 ! )2]!G@l! ?E*- Sh' Sh l!iSiWl> @!* !,/Wl

%i h > Xhi! )i%,# Sh Yj 2< Sh &* &, Yj i1 Xh<#%)4Wl&* 2

h ! Xh2 *0#9j$##hD?E,S*-, i%

V ` F@O$O G Z]H a F ` TWZuHWF ` OXG OYT ` G VuH]F ` OXG O:JYT ` G V G Z]H a F ` TWZuHWF ` OXG O dCLM E5F GIH /Q@Z L<M ENF GIH

M H O$QSR^F GIH@Q7FYH ` Z]R /Q@Z7FYH ` Z]R L% TYE Z]R[Z]R/Q WZ TYE Z]R[Z]R

uH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` /Q WZ M

YZ ` G Z]H a F ` TWZ ` M :Q@Z M` H ` M G Z]H a F ` TWZ /Q@Z G Z]H a F ` TWZ M` a Z]R /Q@Z M` a Z]R G Z]H a F ` TWZ H QeZ R^F@Q M R/Q@Z G Z]H H QeZ R^F@Q M R f \a GIR QSTWF ` G Z]H a F ` TWZuHWF ` OXG O d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q M E5F G HWFYH Z d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QuF H]F ` Z d a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF ` M T ` Z1T F@Q+Z M Z d G H Q:E M YZ f \g \

=H("$ , & .& 0 <-0 ><"]" ,

.1v 0-0 µ h.1& 0< -0 Wl> *0, Sh j/,j =#*0#-j i% j$ %*0,ilnh&# XiXj7 (&#G XhN# %&)# *0, Xh2(j/,j#%*-# * /: Xh2p.&% e= !0-0ml j/## 1*- R*-# j$,j/# XiSj l! Kl j/#%# h l j/#%#R)i=*&#R Xh2 ! Sh ( (' % ?9h2* lnh #! %#G Sh -*0, ;#,! ShS;Wl! Pj/, ,!#+ Xh > Xh !"#$% ( P') i* i j !"#$% *-#*0, / ( )4Wi i Xh !* !,Yj Bj/,j#%*-# h2# %&)# Xj /!, *-,+ Xh2 j/,j =#*0# &)4&,',9 Sh5 )PL#!l j$#%#M.1v 0-0# C Sh-j/,j# j )-&#QE# !l j/#%#&#Bj i D % <& > j$, t 70; h / 2 !"#$% K Xh t 70; l j$#%# ?9h2* lnh *0# #ShD?E,:*0, i $?E* > (Wi *-, Sh l 0*-, #Shj/)4&#5j-,-! h !"#$%

Page 97: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

G Z]H a F ` T@ZHWF ` OXG O FYHWF ` Z d aWM G f JG cqd Q@Z LM E5F GIH WF@O L<M ENF G HWFYH Z d;f QSRUTWZ fQ G O M ENF G HWFYH Z d;f \Q@Z ` M RUG Q E:O M` a Z T RR[Z]H Q QeZ d;f \FYH]F ` OXG O L<M H@Z QSRUTWZ]\g G Z]H a F ` T@ZHWF ` OXG O T F@Q+Z M

Z d G H Q:E M YZ f JG cqd FYH]F ` OXG O L<M H@Z F@OCZ fQ G O/FYHWF ` Z d;f \V M H@O$Q ZnVXQ M R Q WZ ZXQ d E M Z f \Q@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R 9T F QeZ d f \R^ZXQTYRUH Q@Z ZXQ d E M YZ f \g

! "10 & ! 3 &$ .1v 0-<0 ><"]" / ,

Xh2 D % <& >ml j/#%# 2?9h* lnh *-# #ShD?E,'*0, i% ?E* > (Wi *-,5 Xh2,j$ )iXj !#9j/, Ui% 2&,l!*0&#qjB,k!; T@V ` GIH O M` a Z T RUR^Z]H Q Q+Z JQ@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE

d;f \Q@Z G Z]H a F ` T@Z :O M` a Z d;f \g R[Z(TWZ]H@V O M` a Z T RUR^Z]H Q Q+Z JQ@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE

d;f \Q@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE d;f \Q@Z G Z]H a F ` T@Z :O M` a Z d;f \g

! "0 & t 70; , D % & > / , / 2 !"#3

.1v 0 +@32 )2 µ h:.1!& )0 +@32 v2/Wl> *-#7i%!#%)4,#%*-08))i%

* *-, ! Xh2 #8 Shj$ 8 Xh2P.& 0 <-0NWl> :l]j/, #% hP.1& )0 < +W 2 )2 l j/## 2?9h2#%R*0,A %WijYl&*0#Nj/#M#ShD?E,'*0, i% =)i%* !# > Xh#< % i Xh j/, j$ Xi* l&!# j/, > Xh#R (S*-,# Si l> Sh D . .10&&32pj/,, D A @l! (# h2 ? % ! %Wi *0,2" Xh2&* i l&,A Xi*0 = (*0/,C ( Sh&# j7 Xi%*^l&!#

Page 98: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

hBl j/#%#Kj-#% )i=*&# j > Xh A<)2 L?9h2* lnh ?E* #%> G Sh Xi* j *0#) j l!

&,A pj$ Xh4 /Wl> (#NjM ( Sh#% Yj 2&#:#%)4Wl!* *-, Sh'&* &, @l! ( i)j/##% Dj/#M Xh2 jYi &,A

V ` F@O$O G Z]H a F ` TWZ H QeZ R^F@Q M R YT ` G V) H@Q+Z R F Q M RJYT ` G V G Z]H a F ` TWZ H QeZ R^F@Q M R d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` G Z]H a F ` TWZ H QeZ R^F@Q M R d;f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G OCZXQ YGIHSO d HWF ` OXG O M

Z ` G Z]H a F ` TWZ f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G FYH]F ` OXG O M

YZ ` WFYH Z d aWM G f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M1c R M EsQ@Z, FYH mENF@QR G VnZXOa GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE d;f \ E5ZXQ M OuQ M GIH O$QSRUTWVXQQ@Z $ )` Z]E5Z]H Q+O/FYH L & R M T M

'+ZnVXQ;O M Q M ZXQeZ]RUE9G H@Z9Q@ZWG R!V M H O$QSR G T QG M H@OuQ M F H a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE )` Z FYH d )` Z]E5Z]H Q Q@Z Z )` Z f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE )` Z FYH d$ )` Z]E/Z]H Q Q@Z Z )` Z f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q c M RUE M FYH dCL% & R M T Q@Z L% R f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H Q5TYF@QeZ d V M H O$Q ZnVXQ M R f \g \

! #"$ , &$ .1v 0 +@32 )2 / ,

.1v 0= B. µ h/.1!& )0= B. /Wl> *0#i%!#%)4,#*0- iL# (i*0, Xh ; j/, j$ Xi* l!&# i<# (i*0, Xh Wl> (i j/, i)i%* 2*0, jYlWl&!#%#M ( j/, hp.& 0 <= B. l j/#%# ?9h/#%+*-,A (Wi j l&:*-# #hD?E, *0, i *-# j$,j/# XiSj l! l j/#%#L?9h*^lnh ,&#L Xh2 ! Sh 2#L Shj$ j# !l j/#%#&# # )i* h&#*0,)l > Xh# % j+ (R Xh2 j/, j$ Xi* l!&# ,oj2*- (*-,: Xh "*-,l E Xh ! Xh2 # A?9h* lnh ?E* )i! )i%,pj XhM!* !,/Wl> (i# ?9h2* lnh:?E* &i%> i,j #*0, -!* !, Wl> (i =?9h*^lnh+?E* i%! i%,kj Xh@&* &, Yj !# ?9h*^lnh?E* 9i%! i%, j #*0, 0S!* !, j 9j/, M?9h*^lnh ?E* E*-,// , Xhj/##%&l&* j7 (k.1& 0<=?!0 !GWl> !l j/#%#&# .1& 0<= B. jYi% ?9i*- % %&, i Xh 2* PWi%!,A j7 Xi%* # ( iXj #Slnh2 &# !j/#M?Wi )i=* i ShK8/= B. l j$#%#M*0, #Wl! %*0, >

.1v 0=?!0 ! µ h .& 0 <= !03G@l! *0#9i%!#%)4,#%*-0 i9l! )2

Page 99: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

G Z]H a F ` T@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE )` Z FYH d )` Z]E/Z]H@Q Q WZ v` Z f JQ@Z )` Z Z]R M FYH d;f \Q@Z )` Z/F 3Q M FYH d;f \g G Z]H a F ` T@Z H@Q+Z R F Q M R TYF@QeZ d ZnVXQ M R

f JL QeZ]RQ WZ L<MWc O Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` ZXQ L% O d;f \

G ` Z d$dMWc QR sQ@Z L% O d;f$f

fMWc QR OCZXQ L G O d f \g

#"10 & ! 3 .1& )0 < +W!2 ! )2]! ,

V ` F@O$O G Z]H a F ` TWZ YT ` G V O$Q+Z]E qc+ (H JYT ` G V G Z]H a F ` TWZ )d G Z]H M` a Z]R/Q@Z M` a Z]R f \a GIR QSTWF ` G Z]H a F ` TWZ )d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QqOCZXQ G Z d& R^F :Q@Z L& R^F f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QuF d V M H O$Q 1F@QRUG V M H O$Q L M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QuF $ d V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R &V M H@O$Q L M T ` Z c FWVXQ _ f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G Z]R M d a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF `a]M G Z]R M d aWM G f \a GIR QSTWF ` G H QqO M` a Z d a]M G f \a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q1F@QSR G & ZXQ d;f

\a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R ZXQ d GIH@Q5E M YZ f \a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q 7ZnVXQ M R ZXQ d;f \a GIR QSTWF ` V M H@O$Q M T ` Z ZXQ d GIH@QNE M Z f \g \

."$ , & .& 0 <= B. ,

Page 100: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!*0, j/, * !, Sh j/, ; j$ Xi* l!&#9# (i *0, Xh2 .& 0 <= B.@l! h2 .1v 0=?!0 !l j/#%# 4?9h2* lnh *-# j$,j/# XiXjYl! l j$#%# !hj/# ?<+#

l j/#%#&#9=?2< .&u=?!0 ! j/, &<& 0 v<.1vx=?30! ?9h2* lnh-j-#% j i%j/# XiSj l! ql j$#%#%!# 3l j/##%!# Sh&#< ?l j/#%#&#uj i<)i=* i Wj lnh.1& 0 <= B. #3l j/## j lnh # 23l j/## )i%* 2&# * (#<D?E, * )- &,A nj7 (*0/,N Xh

! Xh2 i .& 0 <= B. l j/#%#&# ?9h* lnh 2#%S# nj/,j i # %iXj #lnh &# l]j 0#5l]j/, 4 j25 ( =*-# (*-, 0*-iXj i*0!# # ,2Wi%#,'! Pj >[> j ( 2! (@i *0, Xh!* !,Yj &#9j$, &* &, @l! ( i%# h!#%* , i< Sh*0# l j/##Nl-#%i%!#% 0!# Xh !#%* , i5 Sh 8/<&) =?!0 !ol j/## ?9h* lnh ?5j/#R)i%!#%&,A % *-,F#Wl

(*-, > E N <

j/ XiSj/,#*0&,A qj/,j #%*0#L)4Wi i #jE SiXj/,#*0!,; qj/,j#%*-# Yj/#L2 -*0, *-, #Wl> (*0/, 2 #&#:j@ XiSj/,# i # =# ( 4j$ %*0,2# hE# =# ( 4j$ %*0,2#j i%< SiXj/,2# i #% Xhj$ µ Sh## % *-# 0!#%# l! )2 nj$ %*0,j =)4&,#* R ( # / i )j )0 j$ %*0, 5 ?E* 44 * j ,jK*0,+ Sh@ XiSj/,# i 9# # ( j/,$i 8 Xh@ SiXj/,2# i ## % j$ %*0,2# hj/#E#%* ,*l]j/,A >?<@i j$ (*-,#

,mj jL XiXj$,#%*-&,A j/,j#%*-#@?< i&) j l&Q ShQi* *-,jL## ( ?E*- Xh j+ SiXj/,2# i ## % ,C Xh l]j/#9Nj 0*-,]j i5 SiXj/,2#%*0!,A Q)i0 L Xh2"i* *-,j8# =# ( j$ %*0,#l]j/,'4G=)i%!#%#% *0, j$ Xi* i j/# µ

; 8 K R 8 K 8 6 8

h*0#E# =# ( *0# i%!) jYl&' Xh SiXj/,# i # =# ( µ

5 X4; X = 8 K 5 X R X = 8 K 5 X X = 8 TX 6 8 2 ?9hWi Xh ? # # ( #6j ii% j$ % Xhi h Sh =)i&#%#*0, 8 X 8 5,l! Xh'## ( hj$#"4&!, XiSj/,# i 5j SiXj/,2#%*0!,A oj/,j#%*-# #%* * j iG ( Xhj$ "2 0*-, *0,

#%@l! (*-, 7l]j/, 4 )P@i i h2Wi% j i j$, )P!# 3 SiXj/,# i j$ %*0, j$ Si%* l!&# X?9h* lnhsl]j/, 4 # , )iXjYl! (*^l& X *0#N&* Xh@i" ShS!* !,/Wl> (i# i ; MiWi* / * i <j/,l &#@l! %i%# 5h/)iXj >[>

Page 101: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

ModalTransientIntegratorDOF_Numberer

EigenvalueSOEDomain

ConstraintHandler AnalysisModel

FE_ElementNode Element

EigenvalueAlgo EigenvalueIntegrator

GeneralizedEigenSolver

LinearSOE LinearSOESolver

NewtonRaphsonModalLinearModalDOF_Group

ModalTransientAnalysis

ModalTransientAlgo DirectTransientIntegrator

* i% [2 µ j/## 5* j iSj iP* j iXj/,2#%*0!,A ,j =#*0#

(&, Xh UiXj !?i % *0,l 2 j5 XiSj/,#%*-&,A j$,j#*0# Sh UiSj >?< i #ShD?E,F*0, i% 2+*-# #% h:,>? l j/##%&#*-,A Xi% l! i@ Sh*0# UiSj !?i 6?9h*^lnhj i%R#hj *-, i% 2 j i% µ ; 7<0 X "]U&32-<0 ><"]" µ ; 7<0 X "W&32-<0 ><"]" ;Wl! +*0#plWi%Wj$ ( + Sh1j/,j# %Q)4Wi i j j XiSj/,#*0&,A 9j$,j#*0#</,9 Xh ,-! h

Wl> j$# #hD?E, *0, i% 2 /*-#qj$, j i j7 (*0/, l!,#%*-# %*0, @l! %# Sh 0D?

*0, )P µ R 3"@2 3260U &, D 4 u -0 ><"]" ; 7<&0 ; 7<0 X "]Uv!2-0 8:;<= . ,k & 2 X "]U&32+@32 v2 @.1!& )0= B. .1v 0 +@32 )21j/, ; 70 X "]U&32+@32 v2 h ; 7<0 X 7"]U&32-<0U>7"];"Bl j/#%# ?9h#9*0,A (@ij l!+*-# #Sh2 ?E,.*-, i% [5 )i*&# jl&,

# Si l> (iM?9h*^lnh ?E* @i%* + Xh1l!iSiWl! E )4&#E Wl> (# j i%)j/#%#j/#Pj i !,; %# ,mj* (*0/, Sh > Xh# ' , , % ?9h*^lnh #%> (# )C Sh 0*-, ;#G,2&2 j/,*0, //!#G# nj i ) > Xh#5*-, ShBj i% j$ (Q/Wl> (# j/, ,,$ 6?9h* lnhF*0#@*0,

/ G Xh5j/,j # %@)4Wi i Xh2Nj/,j#%*-# jYi%<))i%* hNj/,j ! ! Sh *0#M#hD?E,S*-, i% [>

; 7<0 X "]U&32+@32 )2 µ h ; 0 X "]Uv!2+W!2 ! )2]!/l j/#%#<hj/# ? ! Xh2 # µ3 ( (' ?9h* lnh #! %# )j 0*0,S (' Xh -0 ><"]" ; 7<&0E/Wl> uj/, # $, % h # $, ! Sh j/#L#ShD?E, *-, i ? 7*-#<i%&#)P/,#%*-0 i #! (*0, Xh2N SiXj/,# i j$ %*0, j$ Xi* X j$ ]j lnh D . .10Uvmv!2(j$,, D <A /Wl> *0, Sh -0 ><"]" ; 7<&0

; 7<0 X "]U&32-0 µ h ; 70 X "]U&32-0!'@l! E#)P@l&*&#M XhR# (&)2# ( 4 )4Wi i *0, Sh j1 SiXj/,#*0!,; Kj$,j#*0# h ; 7<0 X "W&32-0

Page 102: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

V ` F@O$O M F ` ?R^FYH OXG Z]H@Q HWF ` OXG O T ` G V3R F H@OXG Z]H@Q uH]F ` OXG O:J

T ` G V M F ` ?R^FYH OXG Z]H Q uHWF ` OXG O dCL<M ENF GIH/Q WZ L<M E5F G H

M H O$QSR^F GIH Q7FYH ` Z]R /Q WZ7F H ` Z]R L% TYE Z]R[Z]R/Q WZ TYE Z]R[Z]R

uH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` /Q WZ M

YZ ` MYF ` ?R^FYH OXG Z]H Q ` M /Q@Z M` H ` M YGIHWZ F]R :Q@Z L G R[ZnVXQ ?R^FYH@OXG Z]H Q H QeZ R^F@Q M R :Q@Z L GIR[ZnVXQ?R^FYH OXG Z]H@Q H@Q+Z R F Q M R f \ G Z]H a F ` TWZ /Q@Z G Z]H a F ` TWZ H QeZ R^F@Q M R /Q@Z G Z]H H QeZ R^F@Q M R f \a G R QT]F ` / G Z]H a F ` TWZuHWF ` OXG O d;f \a G R QT]F ` GIH@Q M E5F GIH ]F H Z d a]M G f \a G R QT]F ` GIH@QqFYHWF ` Z d aWM G f \g \

"$ , & ; 0 X "]Uv!2-0U><"W;" ,

M F ` ?R^FYH OXG Z]H Q uHWF ` OXG O FYHWF ` ZWJM T ` Z QGIE5ZsQ QeFR Q\ G ` Z d QGIE5Z Q GIH]F ` f JQ@Z H@Q+Z R^F@Q M RPH@Z Q+Z d f \Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O M

YZ ` /F ` M F L<M E5F G H d QGIE/Z f \Q@Z ` M R G Q YEO M` a Z T RUR^Z]H Q Q+Z d;f \Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` :V M E E9G Q L<M ENF GIH d;f \QGIE5Z S\gg

"10 & ; 7<0 X "W&32-<0 ><"]" / , ,$, 3

M F ` ?R^FYH OXG Z]H Q H QeZ R^F@Q M R T F QeZ d V M H O$Q 1F@QSR G

f J$ )` Z QeZ]R?Q WZ v` ZXO Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` ZXQ O d;f \

G ` Z d$d c Z )` Z QR sQ WZ )` ZXO d;f$f fc Z )` Z QR:OCZXQ ?R^FYH O c M RE5F@Q G M H d f \L QeZ]RQ WZ L<MWc O Q@ZuH]F ` OXG O MYZ ` ZXQ L% O d;f \

G ` Z d$dMWc QR sQ@Z L% O d;f$f

fMWc QR OCZXQ ?R^FYH@O c M RUE5F@QG M H d f \g

AJ "0 &0 ; 7<0 X "]U&32+@32 )2 , # $, 3

Page 103: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

l j/#%#+*0#oj$, j/# SiXj l> -l j/#%#"?E*- Xh ? ! Xh2 # µ ( (' % ?9h* lnh #! (# 2) -*0, ;# ( Sh Wl> (#:*0,. Sh6j i j$ %*0, % j/, !"# ?9h* lnh *0# @l j i% sj/#) i * i j )j )0!## !l j/#%#&#G ; 70 X "]U&32-0! j i <j/##hD?E,*0, )i% [2 8/<&) ; 7<0j/,r4 B2!(A ""W! ; 0 iM XhG# 23l j/##8:;< ; 0 Xh2 ! Sh 2?9h*^lnh'*-#M#ShD?E, *0, i 2?E* i Sh XiSj/,#

i j$ %*0, j$ Si%* , Sh i%# *0, &l]j$ %*0, G Xh2 > Xh j$, ?E* Xh@i%Wj (@i#%* )")P@i i Xh -*0,Wj i *- %WiSj$ (*-,9#Slnh2 , i ShK8/ l j$#%#

YGIH@Z FR M F ` O M` a Z ?TYRUR[Z]H@Q QeZ J QR F H@O c M RUE Q@Z9O O$QeZ]E G c H M QF ` R^Z F M HWZ O MG cqd QSR^FYH O c M RE/Z O$QeZ]E E

c F ` OCZ f JQ@Z G Z]H H QeZ R^F@Q M R c M RUE d;f \ Z T OCZ9ZWG Z]HKG H QeZ R Q M R!Q MQ@Z G Z]H H QeZ R^F@Q M R c M RUE d;f \ OCZXQNTPQ@Z ZWG Z]H1Z(TWF@QG M H@OQ@Z G Z]H O M` a Z d;f \Q@Z M

YF ` ?R^FYH@OXG Z]H Q H QeZ R^F@Q M R9T YF@QeZ d Q WZ G Z]H ZXQ d;f$f \QSR^FYH O c M RUE5Z O$Q+Z]E sQSRUT@Z]\gQ@Z L GIR[ZnVXQ?R^FYH OXG Z]H@Q H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE M YF ` H]F ` FYH@VnZ d;f \Q@Z L GIR[ZnVXQ?R^FYH OXG Z]H@Q H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE )` Z]E/Z]H Q ZXOXG &TWF ` d;f \Q@Z L GIR[ZnVXQ?R^FYH OXG Z]H@Q H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE FYH Z]H@Q d;f \Q@Z YG H@Z F]R O M` a Z d;f \7ZnVXQ M R Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R ZXQ d;f \Q@Z L GIR[ZnVXQ?R^FYH OXG Z]H@Q H@Q+Z R F Q M R 9T F QeZ H@V]R d f \g

! H " 0 & 8: ; 7<0 / , " !"# 3

i" Sh #3l j/##k4 B2!(A ""W! ; 0 ?9h2Wi%!*0, Sh XiSj/,# i j$ (*-, j

Xi* *0#-l! )2 ( j7 9 Xh 4 *-,,*-, ]j lnh # %&) Xh ! Sh *-#-j/# #hD?E, *0,

)i% h2 ! ShF*-##%* * j iM ( Sh 4 B2!o)A ""W! l j/#%#&# "

!"#$% ! Xh2 1 Xh * PWi&,l!+4&*-, Shj$ j XiSj/,# i j$ (*-, j$ Xi*S*0#Kl]j^l

j7 (6j$ M ShR# Xj i ]j lnh'*- %WiSj$ (*-,

Page 104: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Z Q M HF O M H M F ` O M` a Z ?TYRUR[Z]H@Q QeZ J T F QeZ5Q WZ1E M Z9OWF ZXO c M R!Q@Z9V]TYRUR[Z]H QxO$QeZ G c V M H a Z]R Z]HWVnZPO ` M G cqd HYT E Q+Z]R^F@QG M H@O! ]F@O$Q1 HYT E QeZ]R^F@QG M H O ZnV F ` V G Z]H f JQ@Z G Z]H H QeZ R^F@Q M R c M RUE

d;f \Q@Z G Z]H H QeZ R^F@Q M R c M RUE d;f \Q@Z G Z]H O M` a Z d;f \Q@Z MYF ` ?R^FYH@OXG Z]H Q H QeZ R^F@Q M R9T YF@QeZ d Q WZ G Z]H ZXQ d;f$f \g H M! Z]R c M RE

M HPQ@Z R[ZTWVnZKO O$Q+Z]EQ@Z L GIR[ZnVXQ?R^FYH OXG Z]H@Q H@Q+Z R F Q M R c M RUE H]F ` FYH@VnZ d;f \G H Q5H TYE QeZ]R^F@Q G M H O! F@O$Q \

G ` Z d Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R 9H M RUE d;f f JQ@Z L G R[ZnVXQ3R F H@OXG Z]H@Q H@Q+Z R^F@Q M R c M RUE FYH Z]H@Q d;f \Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R O M` a Z d;f \

7ZnVXQ M R Q@Z YGIHWZ F]R ZXQ d;f \Q@Z L G R[ZnVXQ3R F H@OXG Z]H@Q H@Q+Z R^F@Q M RPTYF@QeZ H@V]R d f \Q@Z L G R[ZnVXQ3R F H@OXG Z]H@Q H@Q+Z R^F@Q M R c M RUE H]F ` FYH@VnZ d;f \HYT E QeZ]R^F@QG M H O! F@O$Q3 \gg

! " 0 &$ 4 B2! oA""W! ; 70 , / 2 !"#3

Page 105: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

h*0,A (@ij l! i Xh D . .10Uvmv!2j/,k, D <Al j/##%!# # j-#%Q4 2* h2*0#E*0#M#N Sh XiXj$,# i ## % 4 j$ (*-, 2 *-#M#% j/,',/ M ShRi%* *0,j## % 2 j$ (*-, ,oj j XiSj/,#*0&,A 5j/,j #%*0# Sh D . .10&&32 #j i%Pi% 2* i% (pi%! i%, X

X j$, X 6

,S*-,/vlWj$ (*-,' ,$ j/, . 0 , oj - ? Xh*-# Yj/, j* (*0/,j ! Sh /,$&' , $ *0#jR (E Xh D . .10U&&32*0,A (@ij l! h , D <A1#5i%> i, X

X j$, X 6

/,"*-,/vlWj$ (*-,N ,0 j/, ,$ ,$ % hmj-#% ) j$ %: Sh:,jui%!#%)4,# j/,A %*- (*-&#?E*- Sh X X j/, X ?9h&, #%! (*-, ShN Si%* jui%!#%)4,#% j/,A (*- %*0!# j7 Sh+,!# Dj0D? Sh*0# 1 Sh ! Sh / ,&$2' , "$ *0#9j ( Xh2 , D <A.*0,A (@ij l!

Page 106: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

5 5

! #"$%

,S '&)(+*-,.&)/1032'4657/18:9<;>=?4@,A2?BC9<5D(+4@8E2'46F:F)46*D(HG18:IJ9<5KF)9<LM/1(H8NF)46,@9<LO0P91*D(+2D(H9<8(H*K0)5?4@*D468E2'4@FRQ &)4SF)46*D(+G<8%0)5D9>(HF34@*TIJ9<5U2'&)4V(HLO0)WH46LM468X2'/Y2'(+9<8Z91IK/:8)L[;\4@5T91I]F)9<LM/1(H8F)4@,69<LO0P9<*?(+2D(H9<8LM4A2'&)9>F)* )*?4@FM(H8_^`8)(a2'4b4@W+4@LO4@8E2c/18`/YW+d>*D(+* )*?(H8)Ge/f&)(H465'/15?,.&Xd[*D(HLO(HWH/15g2'9h2'&`/Y2i035D4@*?4@8E2'46FS(H8,.&`/1032D4@5 3Qcjk/18EdS91Ig2'&34f,@Wl/Y*D*D46*bF)46^)8)4@F(H8m,.&`/Y032'465 _/15D475?4AB )*D46FNIJ915nF)9<LM/1(H8VF)4@,69<LM0\9YB*D(a2'(H918 <I )5?2D&)4@5iF)46LM918)*?2D5'/Y2D(H8)Gf2'&34-4o2D4@8)*?(H;)(+WH(a2pd[91I\2'&)4K9<;>=?46,62qBp9<5?(H4@8E2D4@FVF34@*D(+G<8O0)5D46*D4@8E2D4@FIJ9<5n2'&34e/Y8`/1W+d>*?(H*]/1W+G<9<5D(a2'&)LO*@Q

Page 107: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " #%$&('%) *

7( >(HF)4]/Y8)FM,69<8 )465 (+* /Y8M/YG<4]9<WHF_2'46,.&)8)( 34 )*?4@FO2'9U*D9<W <4]Wl/15?G<4b0)5?9<;)WH46LM*6Q,+p8M*?2'5),AB2)5D/1Wg/18`/YW+d>*D(+* 32D&)4hF)( >(HF34e/Y8)Fk,69<8 )465 /1030)5D9E/Y,.&k(+*n2pdo03(H, /YWHW+dS/1*D*?9o,6(l/[email protected]](+2D&N2D&)4U* );oB*?2D5 ),A2)5?(H8)G-LM4A2'&)9>F Y/-F)9<LM/1(+8UF34@,@91LM0\9<*D(a2'(+9<8hLM4A2'&)9>FUIJ915 *?9<W >(+8)GK2D&)4i2'&)4 Wl/15?G<4i*?d>*?2D4@LO*91I 4`/ 2'(H918)* <G1( <468[;EdT4 `/Y2'(+9<8 3Q %/ 1/15D(+*D(+8)GKIJ5?9<L 5D4A^`8)4@F[^)8)(+2D4 4@W+4@LO4@8E2 F3(H*D,65D4A2'( @/Y2'(+9<8)*91IK/:0)5?9<;)W+4@LQ 79<LM/1(+8F)46,@9<LO0\9<*D(a2'(H9182'46,.&)8)( 34@* /15?4V,@91LMLO9<8)WadZ4@LO0)WH9 d<46F ;\4@, / )*D4 µ fIJ9<5UWH(H834 /15U0)5D91;)WH46LM* (H80-]&)(H,.& 2D&)4SG<469<LO462'5qd 5D4@0\4 / 2'*T(a2'*?4@W+I 2'&)4V* );\F)9<LM/1(H8(H83IJ915qBLV/ 2'(H918S5D4 3(H5D46Fk(+8S2'&)4U/18)/1W+d>*D(+*b/1W+G<9<5D(a2'&)L 8)464@F9<8)WadS;\47IJ9<5DL 3Wl/Y2D4@Fm9<8),64fIJ9<5b(HF)468E2'(H,@/1W* );\F)9<LM/1(+8)* 1 (+IPLM46LM9<5qd[(+*cW+(HLO(+2D4@FT2D&)4@5?4K(+* 2'&)4]0\912'468X2D(l/1Wo2'9U*D9<W <4]L ),.&MWl/15?G<4@5 035D9<;oBWH46LM* )*?(H8)GU*D46,@9<8)F)/15?dM*?2D9<5'/1G1421 * 30P465D(H915c,69<8 <465DG<468),@4f5D/Y2'4]91I$F39<LV/Y(H8 F)4@,69<LO0P9<*?(+2D(H9<8LM4A2'&)9>F)*U9<4@5e912'&34@5U(+2'465'/Y2D( 14MLO462D&)9oF3* 1 /183F h0\912'468E2'(l/YW IJ9<5e443O,@(H468E2T0`/Y5'/1W+WH4@W+( @/Y2'(+9<8;P46, / 3*D4U91I F)/Y2./_WH9>, /YWH(+2pd1Q

&)(H*-,.&`/1032D4@570)5?4@*?4@8E2'*h/O;)5D(+46I 5?4>(H44- 91I 2'&)4eF)9<LM/1(H8F)46,@9<LO0P91*D(+2D(H9<8LO462'&39oF)*K,@91L BLM918)W+d 46LM0)W+9 d<4@F IJ9<5O^)8)(+2D4:4@W+4@LO4@8E2m/Y8`/1W+d>*?(H*@Q 5D4>(+45- (H*OLV/YF)4:91I74 o(H*q2'(H83G 9<;>=?46,62?B9<5D(+4@8E2'46F!/10)0)5?9E/1,.&)46*S2'9 F)9<LM/1(H8 F)4@,69<LO0P9<*?(+2D(H9<8 Q (+8`/1W+W+d/ 8)44- 9<;>=?46,62qBp9<5?(H4@8E2D4@F!/10oB0)5D9</1,.&IJ915bF)9<LM/1(H8mF)46,@9<LO0\9<*D(a2'(H918m(H*b0)5?4@*D468E2'4@FRQ

&('6 7 7 8 9

;: 4<

79<LV/Y(H8OF)4@,69<LM0\9<*?(+2'(+9<8OLM4A2'&)9>F)*n/Y5D47LO462D&)9oF3*>=)*?4@FSIJ9<5 *D9<W@?o(+8)GTW+(H8)4@/15i9<5 839<8oBpW+(H8)4@/150)5D91;)WH46LM*6Q &)/Y2hF)(H*q2'(+8)G=)(+*D&)46*7F)9<LM/1(H8kF)4@,69<LO0P9<*?(+2D(H9<8LO462D&)9>F)* IJ5D91L#912D&)4@5fLO462D&)9>F)* A*=),.& /1*[2D&)4NLB=)W+2D(+IJ5?9<8E2TLO462D&)9oFCAc(+*T2'&)/Y2 (H83IJ915DLM/Y2'(+9<8 /Y;P9=o2_2'&)4mF)(+*D,65D462D( @/Y2'(+9<8 91IK2'&)4F)9<LM/1(H8 (H*D=)*?4@FEA7( Q 4YQ2D&)4 4@W+4@LO4@8E2N,@9<838)4@,A2'(?>(a2pd(H*D=3*D4@F!44Fo0)W+(H,6(+2'Wad 2'9 F)462D4@5?LM(+8)42'&)4*=);\F)9<LM/1(+8)*@Q 79<LM/1(+8SF)4@,69<LO0P9<*?(+2D(H9<8mLO462D&)9oF3*]/15D4h,@WH/1*D*?(+^`46FN(H8E2'9_2G- 9MG<5?9=)0)* µ<QHJILKNMILO2P4Q4R@S4TUTWV"KX(YZP4["\NI ]L^ µ`_ &34F39<LV/Y(H8ba (H*TF)4@,69<LM0\9<*?4@F (H8E2'9:*D45?14@5D/1WbF)(H* =?9<(H8E2*=3;PF)91LV/1(+8)*ca>d *=),.&m2'&)/Y2ea gf d a>dCQh,F3/1LO0)WH46*n91Ig8)918oBp9%?<465DWH/10)0)(+8)G[LO462'&39oF)* /15D4*=3;)*?2D5=),A2i=)5?(H8)GjA (a2'465'/Y2D(?<4O*=3;)*?2D5=),A2i=)5?(H8)GjAi/Y8)F ^`8)(a2'4M4@WH46LM468E2T2'4@/15D(+8)G/Y8)F%(H8E2'465qB,@918)8)4@,A2'(+8)G h _ + /15D&)/Y2]/18)F 9=kFlA %mm 21 /15D&`/ 2]/18)F 5D(@?<4@W+WH(nA %m2m2o AQ

Page 108: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " $

ΩΩ

Γ

12

1,2

(+G=)5D4o)Q µ 79<LV/Y(H8m*D03WH(+2n(H8E2'9 _ - 9 k=3;PF)91LV/1(+8)* Q cO2P4QR@S4TUTWV"KX`YZP4["\NI ]L^ µ_ &)4eF)9<LM/1(H8m(+*-F34@,@91LM0\9<*D46F:(+8X2D9M*?45?14@5'/YW*?WH(HG1&X2DW+dV9 ?14@5?Wl/10oB0)(+8)Gh*=);\F)9<LM/1(H83*@Qh,F3/1LO0)WH46*i91I 9%?<465DWH/10)0)(+8)GhLM4A2'&)9>F)*c/15D4b2D&)4 >,.& - /15q2 LO462D&)9>F)*@Q

I 2'&34O2G- 9G<5?9=)0)*U91InLO462D&)9>F)* Ag2'&)4O8)9<8>Bp9%?<465DWl/Y0)0)(H83GkLO462D&)9oF3*T/15?4O2pd>0)(+, /1W+W+dk2'&)4O9<8)46*=)*D46FM(+8T^`8)(a2'4n46WH46LM468X2c/Y8`/1W+d>*?(H* A</18)F /15?4n2'&)4b9<834@* 2'&)/Y2-](HW+Wo;\4b44F3/1LO(H834@F_(H8[2D&)(H* ,.&`/1032D4@5@Q !#"$&%('*),+-+-.0/213546),.7813$&9:46+;=<>.?@.*5BA $C?@D0FE-<

G 9<8)*D(+F)4@5c/fF)9<LM/1(+8 a *D03WH(+2 (H8E2'972G- 9eF3(H*J=?91(H8E2 *=3;PF)91LV/1(+8)*a3/18)F`aH%A-](+2'&O/f;\9=)8)FoB

/15?dk*=35?I /1,64_;P4A2G- 464@8Z2'&)4[F39<LV/Y(H8)*I3J H A$/1*7*?&)9%-]8(+8:2'&)4e^`G=)5?4Bo)QLK<Q _ &)4 =)8>MX8)9%-]8)*h(H8

2'&)4eLV/ 2'5D( F4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8QP3QRK/V/15?4T0`/15q2'(a2'(H918)4@Fk(H8E2'9O2'&)5?4@4[*?462'* µ 2'&)9<*?4[,@915D5D46*D0\9<8)F)(+8)GV2D9V2'&)4=)8>MX8)9%-]8)*c(H8a

3F)4@8)9Y2'4@FTS

3A<2'&)91*D4],@9<5?5D46*D0\9<8)F)(+8)Gf2'9f2'&)4 =)8UM>839 -]83* (H8 aHcF)468)912'46FVSWH%A

/18)F2'&)9<*?4e,69<5D5?4@*?0P9<83F)(H8)GO2'9 2'&)4J=)8>MX8)9%-]8)* 9<8XI3J H-F)4@8)9Y2'4@FXSWY Q _ &)4ULV/Y2D5D( Fm4ON =`/ 2'(H918, /18;\4U5?45-]5?(+2D2D4@8N(H8N;)W+9o,MV0`/15?2D(+2D(H9<8)46FSIJ9<5DL /1*

Z[[[[\]3 3 ^ ]

3Y

^ ]_HH`]aHY]_Y3]_Y3]aYY

bdccccefggggh ggggiS3SWHSWYj ggggkgggglnm

fggggh ggggioqporHorY

j ggggkggggls o3QRKut

-]&)4@5?4v]_YYm] pYY=w ] HYY A ( Q 41QT]aYYe,@9<8E2./Y(H8)*h,@918X2D5D(+;j=32'(+9<8)*fIJ5D91L 4@W+4@LO4@8E2'*U(H8Z;\912'& axp

/18)F aH Q _ &)4D=)8UM>839 -]83*VSXpT/18)FySWH_, /Y8;\4S46WH(HLO(H8)/Y2'46FIJ5D91L 2D&)4S*?d>*q2'4@L A =)*D(+8)G2'&)4z ,.& =)5K,@9<LO0)WH46LM468E2]91I]_YY-(+8_]Q _ &)4h5D46*=)Wa2'(+8)G z ,.& =)5-,69<LO0)WH46LM468X2n*?d>*?2D4@L (H*]aYY SWY

mo|Y s o3Q t

Page 109: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " $-]&)4@5?4 ]aYY

m] pYY ]aY p] pp p ] p Y w ] HYY ]aYH ]aHH p ]aHY

m] p YY w ] H YY s o3Q P t

/18)Fo|Y

mo pY ]_Y p7] ppp oqp w o HY ]aYH ] pHH o|H

mo p Y w o H Y s o3Q ot

_ &)(H*O,@9<83,@4@0o2m, /18 ;P444F>2D4@8)F)46F2'9F)9<LM/1(H8)*B-]&34@5D46(H8 2D&)4F)9<LM/1(H8(H* *D03WH(+2O(+8X2D9 /Y8/15D;3(+2'5D/15?d8 =)L[;\4@5 91Ii*=);\F)9<LM/1(+8)* A<Q`9<5 4@/1,.& *=3;PF)91LV/1(+8EA 2'&)4B=38>MX8)9%-]8)*U/15D4[0)/15?2D(aB2'(+9<8)4@F(H8E2'92G- 9:*D462D* µ 2D&)9<*D4M,@9<5?5D46*D0\9<8)F)(+8)G:2'92'&)4M(H8E2'465D8`/YW =38>MX8)9%-]8)* A,S dGA /18)F2D&)9<*?4,@9<5?5D46*D0\9<8)F)(+8)G_2'9 2'&)4h44F>2D4@5D8)/1W =)8>MX8)9%-]8)*5A SAQ`9<5 4 /1,.&k*=);\F)9<LM/1(H8CA

mK A32'&)4

*=);\F)9<LM/1(+8m4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8a]"!*S#!mo$! , /Y8k;\4h44Fo0)5D46*D*?4@F(+8k/_0`/Y5?2'(a2'(+9<8)4@FSIJ915DL µ

Z\ ].d d ] d%]&nd6]'( be !fh i S dS j

kl ! m

fh i odo) jkl ! s o3Q%* t

_ &)4M5?4@*=)W+2D(H8)G z ,.& =)5U,@9<LO0)W+4@LO4@8E2h*?d>*?2D4@L A91572'&)4 (H8E2D4@5?I /Y,@4 0)5D91;)WH46L /1*h(+2f(+*h*D9<LO4AB2'(+LM46*T, /YWHWH46FEAi/1*[G1(?<468 ;Xd 4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8 o3Q IJ9<5e2'&)4S2G- 9Z*=);\F)9<LM/1(H8 0)5D9<;3WH4@L A ,@/18 ;P4m4F>B0)5D46*D*?4@F /1* µ

+,-".!/ !10 p ]a132546 S m

/ ! s o| t s o3Q87 t-]&)4@5?4UIJ915b4 /1,.&*=);\F)9<LM/1(+8" µ

]X1m]'( ]' d ] pd d ] d9 s o3Q%: t

o;mo) ]&nd ] pd d od s o3Q / t

_ &)4m(H8E2D4@5D8)/1W=38>MX8)9%-]8)*_IJ9<5T4@/1,.& *=);\F)9<LM/1(H8;UASDd A , /18%;\4SF)4A2'465DLO(H8)46F%9<8),@4vS#T/15D4MX8)9%-]8 =)*?(H8)G S dm] pd d s oJd ] d9St s o3Q m t

_ &)4_5D4@/1*D9<8 2D&`/Y2 2D&)4_F)9<LM/1(+8:F)46,@9<LO0P91*D(+2D(H9<8kLM4A2'&)9>F(+*=)*D4AI =)W IJ9<5-Wl/15?G<4@5-0)5D91;)WH46LM*(H* 2'&)/Y2 2D&)4 z ,.& =)5 ,69<LM03WH4@LO4@8E2c*?d>*q2'4@L A>G<(?14@8V(+8M4 N =`/Y2'(+9<8o)Q87kAo(+*cL =),.&V*?LV/1W+WH465 2'&`/18O2'&)4

Page 110: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " $9<5D(+G<(H8)/1W *?d>*q2'4@L ARG1(?<468:(+8k4 N=)/Y2'(+9<8QP3QLK%/ AP/18)FCA -](a2'&2'&)4eG<9o9>F,.&)9<(H,64T91I *=);\F)9<LM/1(+8)* A (H*;P4A2D2D4@5[,69<8)F)(a2'(H918)4@F Q _ &)465D4N/15?4S/:8 =)L[;\4@5T91I]8)9<8oBC9%?<4@5?Wl/1030)(H8)GkF)9<LM/1(H8F)4@,69<LO0P9<*?(+2D(H9<8LM4A2'&)9>F)* =)*D46* (+8U^`83(+2'4c4@W+4@LO4@8E2 /18`/1Wado*?(H*6Q _ &)4cLO9<*?20P910j=)Wl/Y5$91I)2'&34@*D4 /15D4c*=3;)*?2D5=),A2i=)5?(H8)GjA(+2D4@5'/ 2'(?14f*=);3*?2'5=),62=)5D(+8)GjA /183F"h _ +.Q

_ &)4e*=);)*q2'5=3,62i=35D(H83GMLO462D&)9oFN(+*-/_F)(+5D46,62K/10)035D9E/1,.&2'9 *D91W?>(H8)G[2D&)4h4ON =`/Y2D(H9<83*@Q+p82D&)(H*LM4A2'&)9>Fm2'&)4h*?9<W!=32D(H9<8m(+*b9<;32'/1(H8)46FN(H8m2'&)5?4@4h*?2D4@0)* µK<Q _ &)4 =)8>MX8)9%-]8)*n8)9Y2 9<8 2'&34 (H8E2D4@5?I /Y,@4@* /15?4-46WH(HLO(H8)/Y2'46F_(H8M/e0)5?9o,64@*D*5MX8)9%-]8m/1*c*?2./ 2'(H,,@918)F)4@83*'/Y2D(H9<8EA\2'9OIJ9<5DLIJ9<5-4 /1,.&:*=);\F)9<LM/1(H8X] ( APG<(?14@8(+8:4 N=)/Y2'(+9<8 o)Q8:kAP/18)FQo AG<(@?<4@8V(H8V4 N =`/Y2'(+9<8Zo3Q /3Q,+p8S0`/15D/1WHW+4@W`0)5?9o,64@*D*?(H8)Ge2'&)(+* *q2'4@0m,@/18S;\4 0\4@5qIJ9<5DLO4@FM,@9<8),5=)5qB5D468E2'W+dm/1LM918)G_*=);\F)9<LM/1(+8)*bWH9>, /Y2D4@FN9<8NF)(R465D4@8E2K0)5?9o,64@*D*?9<5D*6Q

Q _ &)4 z ,.& =)5 ,69<LO0)WH46LM468X2]*qd>*?2'46L A 4 N=)/Y2'(+9<8 o3Q87 A`(+*bIJ9<5DLO4@FN;Ed/1*D*?4@L[;3WH(H83GO2D&)4h,@9<8oB2'5?(H;j=o2'(H918)*TIJ5D91L /1W+W *=3;PF)91LV/1(+8)*@Q _ &3(H*_*?d>*q2'4@L (+*[2'&)468 *?9<W?14@F IJ9<5[2'&34(+8E2'4@5qI /1,@4=)8>MX8)9%-]8)*6Q

P3Q _ &)4(+8E2'4@5?8`/1W =)8>MX8)9%-]8)*N(H8 4 /1,.& *=3;PF)91LV/1(+8/15?4:2'&34@8 F)4A2'4@5?LM(+8)4@F =)*D(+8)G%4ON =`/ B2'(+9<8Do)Q m3Q +p80`/15'/YWHWH46WR0)5?9o,64@*?*D(H83GO2D&)(H*b*q2'4@0k, /18k/1GE/Y(H8m;\4U0\4@5qIJ9<5DLO4@FN,69<8), =35D5D468E2'W+d1Q

!" #

_ &)4 *=);)*q2'5=),62=)5D(+8)GNLM4A2'&)9>F, /Y8 ;\4_/S,69<LM0 =32./Y2D(H9<8)/1WHWadm44Fo0\4@8)*?(?<4OLO462'&39oFEAPFj=)4[2D92'&)4b834@4@F 2'9fIJ9<5?L2D&)4 z ,.& =)5c,@9<LO0)W+4@LO4@8E2 ] 1 AEG<(?14@8 ;Ed_4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8 o3Q%:kA<IJ915 4 /1,.&O*=3;)*?2D5=), B2i=)5?41Q%$-WH*?9jA</1*2'&)4b8 =)L[;\4@5 91I *=);3*?2'5=),62=)5D46* G15D9%-]* *D9fF39o46* 2'&)4b*?( 64n91I`2'&34 z ,.& =)5 ,@91LM0)W+4ABLM468E2i*?d>*?2D4@L A>4 N =`/Y2'(+9<8 o)Q73Q _ &34K(a2'465'/Y2D(?<4 *=);)*q2'5=),62=)5D(+8)GhLM4A2'&)9>F /1*D*=)LO4@*c/18 4@W+4@LO4@8E2?B;EdXBC4@W+4@LO4@8E2'&f5qdoW+9%? *=);3*D0`/1,64V(a2'4@5D/Y2'(+9<8ZLM4A2'&)9>FEAg41Q G)QO2'&)4O,@9<8 ==)GE/Y2D4MG<5D/1F)(+4@8E2hLM4A2'&)9>FEA(H*f;\4@(+8)GD=)*D46F 2D9N*D9<W@?<4_2'&)4_(+8E2'4@5qI /1,@4_035D9<;)W+4@LQ _ &)4 5?4@Fj=),64@F*?d>*?2D4@L (H*f*?9<W?14@F -](+2D&)9=3244Fo0)W+(H,@(a2'WadmIJ9<5DLO(H8)GO2'&)4 z ,.& =)5h,@9<LO0)WH46LM468E2 Q)(-*?(H8)GS/18 4@W+4@LO4@8E2?BC;XdEBC4@WH46LM468E2f*D9<W@?<465 A 4@/1,.&*=);\F)9<LM/1(+8:(H*K5D46*D0\9<8)*?(H;)W+4eIJ9<5K0)5D9%?>(HF3(H8)GO2'&)4eLV/Y2D5D( F>B ?<46,62'915-0)5?9oF =),620] 1+* AR/Y*7*D464@8 (H82'&)4K44F3/1LO0)W+4K,69oF34-(+8O^`G2=)5D4xP3Q m3Q _ &3(H*cLV/Y2D5D( F>B ?<46,62'915c035D9>Fj=),62 , /Y8V;\4K91;32./1(+8)4@F -](+2D&)9=3244Fo0)W+(H,@(a2'WadMIJ9<5?LM(+8)Gq] 1 AN=)*D(+8)G_2'&)4fIJ9<W+WH9%-](H83G[LV/ 2'5D( FXB ?<46,62D9<5b9<0\4@5'/ 2'(H918)* µ

Page 111: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " $

]X(+* m]'( * ]'nd] pd d s ].d9 * t s o)QLK t

83,@4[,69<8U?<4@5?G<4@83,@4_&`/1*-;P464@8 /Y,.&)(H44?<4@FIJ915K2D&)4T4Fo2D4@5?8`/1W =)8>MX8)9%-]8)* A 2D&)4T(+8E2'4@5?8`/1W =)8oBMX8)9%-]8)*-,@/18;P4hF)4A2'4@5?LM(+8)4@F.=)*?(H8)GO4ON =`/ 2'(H918 o3Q m3Q # # #

_ &)(H*(H* /-F)91LV/1(+8hF)4@,69<LM0\9<*?(+2'(+9<8e/10)0)5?9E/1,.& -]&3(H,.&[&`/Y*;\4@468[*D&)9%-]8[2D9-;\4N =)(a2'4 =)*D4AI =)W Q+p82'&)(+*7LO462'&39oF:2D&)4[*=);PF39<LV/Y(H8)* /15D4[,69<8)*?(HF)465D4@F 2D9m;P4[(+8)F)460P468)F)4@8E2h91Ii4@/1,.&Z912'&34@5f/183F2'&)4g/1G<5D/18)G<4]LB=)Wa2'(+0)WH(+4@5 LO462D&)9>FO(+*=)*D46FV2'9U4@83IJ915D,@4]2'&34-F)(+*D0)WH/1,@46LM468E2 ,69<8E2'(+8=3(+2pd_9<8O2'&)4*=);\F)9<LM/1(+8)*b(H8E2'465?I /1,64@*5A`( Q 41Q 2'9 468)*=)5?4;S pY

mS HY IJ915n2'&)4f2G- 9V*=3;PF)91LV/1(+8m0)5D91;)WH46LkQ

_ &)4e*qd>*?2'46L 91I4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8)*bIJ9<5n2D&)4f2G- 9M*=);\F)9<LM/1(+8m44F3/1LO0)WH4f,@/18k;\4h44Fo0)5?4@*D*?4@F /Y* µZ[[[[\] p ^

p^ ]_H

H

p

H ^

bdccccefggggh ggggi

Qp H p H

j ggggkgggglnmfggggh ggggi

p H^

j ggggkggggls o)QLK Kut

-]&)4@5?4 m

pH (+*T/N,@918)*?2D5'/1(+8X2eLM/Y2'5?(@FlA!Qp

m SQp*S pY

A p

m o po Y p

/183F ]#"

(H*n2D&)4 =)8),69<8)F)468)*D46Fk2./Y8)G<4@8E2KLM/Y2'5?(@FlAo5?4@0)5?4@*?4@8E2'46F;Edm4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8_P3Q A>IJ9<5b*=3;PF)91LV/1(+8.a"@Q$9o9 MX(+8)G /Y2]2'&)4h(+8)F)(?>(+Fj=`/1W\4ON =`/Y2D(H9<83*K4Fo0)5D46*D*D46F (H8m4 N=)/Y2'(+9<8 o3QRK KU/183F5?4 /15?5'/183G<(H8)G µ

Qpm] pp s p

p p H t s o)QLK t

Hm] pH s H

H p H t s o)QLK P t

p Qp w

H H

m ^s o)QLKot

LB=)Wa2'(H03W+d>(H8)Ge4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8 o)QLK ;Ed p /Y8)Fk4 N =`/Y2'(+9<8.o)QLK P_;Xd

H /18)F5D4@/15D5D/18)G<(+8)G µ

p ] pp

p p H

m p ] pp p

p Qp s o)QLK * t

H ] pH

H p H

m H ] pH H

H H s o)QLK 7 t

/1F)F)(+8)Gh4ON =`/Y2D(H9<83*o)QLK *h/18)Fo)QLK 7h/18)FZ=3*D(H83Ge4 N=)/Y2'(+9<8`o3QRKo AX/18M4Fo0)5D46*D*D(+9<8S(+*c91;32./1(+8)4@F_IJ9<52'&)4 g/1G<5D/18)G<4fL =)W+2D(H0)W+(H4@5 p H µ

p ] pp

p w

H ] pH

H $ p H

m p ] pp p w

H ] pH H s o)QLK : t

Page 112: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " $ _ &)(H*b,69<8),64@032K, /Y8m;P4f4Fo2D4@8)F34@Fk2D9_(H8),6W!=)F347LB=)Wa2'(H03WH4K*=);\F)9<LM/1(H83*@Q _ &)4f5?4@*=3W+2'(+8)G_*?d>*q2'4@L91I4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8)*K/15?4f91I 2D&)4fIJ9<5DL µ

.!!10 p

! ] p!!

m

! ] p! ! s o)QLK%/ t

83,@4:2D&)4 g/1G<5D/18)G<4LB=)Wa2'(H03WH(H465D*_&`/?14;P464@8 F)4A2'465DLO(H8)46FEAn2'&)4:*D9<W=32'(+9<8IJ915M2'&34 =)8oBMX8)9%-]8)* &!cIJ9<5b4 /1,.&k*=);\F)9<LM/1(+8m, /18;P4hF)4A2'465DLO(H8)46F =3*D(H83G µ&!

m] p! s !

! ! t s o)QLK%m t

h,N =`/ 2'(H918)*eo)QLK%/[/18)FDo3QRK%m[5?4ON =)(+5D4 2D&)4 =)*D4f9YI#] p! Q`9<5n/[*=);\F)9<LM/1(H8S918 -]&)(H,.&S2D&)4@5?4(H*h/18Z(+8)*= 3O,6(H4@8E2U8 =)L[;\4@5h91I ;P92=)8)F`/15qd ,@918)F)(+2D(H9<83*f(HLO0P9<*?4@F2D95?4@LO9%?<4_2'&)4 5?(HG<(+F ;P9>F3dLM9Y2'(H918EA ]"!S(H*m*?(H8)G2=)Wl/155A-;\4@(+8)G%0\9<*D(a2'(?14 *D46LM( BpF)4A^`8)(+2D41Q +p8 /15D&`/ 2/18)FK92=kF s KmmUKut2'&)4M*D9<W=32'(+9<8Z2./ MY4@8 2D9:9%?<465D,@91LM4O2'&)4M0)5D9<;3WH4@L 9YI]/k0\9<*D(a2'(@?<4 *D46LM( BpF)4A^`8)(+2D4 ! =)*D46*T2'&)40)*D45=)F)9YBC(H8U?<465D*?4|]! IJ9<5] p! -]&)(+,.&m*'/Y2D(H*?^)4@*n2'&34hjk9>9<5D4 B468)5D91*D4f,@918)F)(+2D(H9<83* s 9<W=);m/183F c/18 $9E/18CA5K%m2/m t4Ag( Q 4YQW]"!

m]"!7]! ]'!4A ]!

m]! ]"!*]! A /183F ]"!7]! /18)Fn]! ]'!f/15D4-465DLO(+2'(H/18 Q `9<5 2'&34]2G- 9U*=);\F)9<LM/1(H8_,@/1*D4 AU-]&)4@5?4 aHc&`/1*i5?(HG<(+F[;P9>F3d_LO9>F)4@*5A<2'&)4b*?9<W!=32D(H9<8

0)5D46*D468X2D4@F(+8&\/Y5D&`/Y2b/18)FK9=F s K%m2mUKut 0)5?9o,64@46F)* /Y*]IJ91WHWH9%-]* µ$G14@8)465'/1W$*?9<W!=32D(H9<8S2D9 4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8 o)QLK P_(H*n^`5?*?2K44Fo0)5?4@*D*?4@F /Y* µ

Hm] H s H

H p H t w H s o)Q t

-]&)4@5?4 Hb(+* /T5?4@,A2./18)G2=)Wl/15 LV/ 2'5D( F -]&)9<*?4f,@9<W=)LO8)*cIJ915DL /T;`/1*?(H* 91I$2'&)4 8=3WHW\*D0`/1,64791I#]_H/18)F (H*n/J?<4@,A2'9<56Q Hn5D460)5D46*D468X2D*b2'&)475?(HG<(+FV;\9oFodMLO9>F)4@* 91I aH%A)/183F /T,69<L[;)(+8`/Y2'(+9<8O91I2'&)46*D4_LO9oF34@*@Q z =);)*?2D(+2=32'(+8)GS4ON =`/ 2'(H918 o)Q MIJ9<5 4 N =`/Y2'(+9<8 o)QLK P AR/V8)45-(H8E2D4@5?I /Y,@4[0)5?9<;)W+4@LIJ9<5n2'&34h2G- 9O*=);\F)9<LM/1(H8N,@/1*D4h, /Y8k;\4h44Fo0)5D46*D*?4@F /1* µ

p ] pp

p w

H ] H

H p H

m p ] pp p w

H ] H H w H s o)Q Kut

z (H8),64q]aHf(+* *qdoLOLO462'5?(H, AR4ON =`/ 2'(H918(o)QLK PS&`/1*f/ 27WH4@/1*?2 9<8)4[*?9<W!=o2'(H918:(+Ic/Y8)F 9<8)Wadk(aI 2'&)4?<46,62'915 s H

H p H tn&`/Y*K839O,69<LO0P9<834@8E2K(H8m2'&)4h8 =)W+W *D0`/Y,@4U91I]_HA)2'&)/Y2](H*

H s H

H p H t

m s o)Q t

Page 113: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " $h N=)/Y2'(+9<8)* o)Q KU/18)F.o)Q , /18;P4h4F3035D4@*?*D46F /1*

Z\ p ] pp

p w

H ] H

H

H H

HH ^

be fh i p Hj kl m

fh i p ] pp p w

H ] H H

H H

j kls o)Q P t

-]&)4@5?4V2'&34VLM/Y2'5?(@FZ(+*T*?d>LOLM4A2'5?(H,M/18)F 8)918)*D(+8)G=)WH/15U/18)FEA /Y*T0\9<(H8E2'46F 9=o2[(H8 /15D&`/ 2[/183FK92=kF s KmmUKutAo2'&34U*?9<W!=o2'(H918m91I,-]&)(+,.& =38)( N =)46W+dSF3462'465DLO(H8)46* Qpb/183F H@Q+C2i(H* (+8E2'4@5?4@*q2'(H83G72'9f8)912D4 2'&)/Y2 8)9fW+9<8)G<465 (H* /7*D9<W=32'(+9<8T2'972D&)4n(+8X2D4@5qI /1,@4n035D9<;)W+4@L*D9=3G<&E2

(H8f2'465DLO*g91I`/18Edh91I>2'&34 9<5?(HG<(+8`/1W =)8>MX8)9%-]8)*@Q!$ F)(+5D46,62 9<5$(+2D4@5D/Y2'(@?<4c/10)0)5?9E/1,.&h2'9]2'&)4i*?9<W!=32D(H9<891I 2'&34[4ON =`/Y2D(H9<83*7, /18 ;\4T46LM03WH9 d<46FEAE=)*?(H8)GV2D&)4[*D/1LM4e0)5D9>,@46Fj=)5?4@*f9=32DWH(+8)4@F:IJ915 *=3;)*?2D5=), B2i=)5?(H8)GU/183FM(a2'4@5D/Y2'(@?<4b*=);)*?2D5=),A2i=)5?(H8)G3Q _ &)4 /YF ?Y/18E2./1G<4]91IR/18O(+2D4@5'/ 2'(?14 h _ + LO462'&39oF 9%?<4652'&)4U2'5D/1F)(+2D(H9<8)/1W$(+2D4@5'/ 2'(?14T*=);)*?2D5=),A2i=)5?(H8)GmLO462D&)9>F:(H*K2'&`/ 2A IJ9<5 *?LV/1W+W$8 =)L[;\4@5D* 91Ii*=);\F)9YBLV/Y(H8)*5Ao(a2 ,69<8U?<4@5?G<4@*](+8MIJ45- 4@5b(a2'465'/Y2D(H9<8)*6Q _ &)(+* (+* Fj=)4-2'9T2D&)4 I /1,A2 2'&)/Y2 2D&)474@(+G<4@8U?Y/1W=)4@* 91I2'&)4,h _ +c(H8E2D4@5?I /Y,@470)5?9<;)W+4@L 2'4@83FN2D9 /1,@,5=)LB=)WH/Y2'4 8)4 /15 2'&)4fW+9 - 4@*q2]4@(+G<4@8U?Y/1W!=34f/18)FS2D&)4@5?4/15D4h5?4@Wl/ 2'(?14@WadMIJ44- &)(+G<&N4@(HG14@8U?Y/1W!=)46* s /15?&`/Y2K/18)F]9=kFlA:K%mm2o tAQ 13546),.7X) %U?>.?>.75-.70/

+p8m9<5DF)465 2'9T(HLO0)WH46LM468X2c2'&347F)9<LM/1(H8MF)4@,69<LO0P9<*?(+2D(H9<8MLM4A2'&)9>F)* 2D&)4@5?4f/15?47*D44?<4@5D/1W 0)5D/1,AB2'(+, /1W LM/Y2?2'4@5?*n2'9 ;\4hI /Y,@4@F;EdS2'&34T/18)/1W+d>*?2 µK<Q -9%- LM/18Ed *=);\F)9<LM/1(+8)*O2D9 =)*?4 _ &)4:8 =)LT;P465V91If*=);\F)9<LM/1(H8)* 2'9 =)*D4kF)4@0\4@83F)*9<8:2D&)4[0)5?9<;)W+4@L *D(R@4[/Y8)FG<469<LM4A2'5qd:/Y8)F:2'&34[,@9<LO0j=32D(H8)GM5D46*D9=)5?,@46*h/%?Y/1(+Wl/1;3WH41Q `9<52'&3(H*e- 915 M A`2'&)4U8 =)L[;\4@5K91I *=);PF39<LV/Y(H8)*](H*]/Y*D*=3LM46F:2'9O;P4U/Y2]2D&)4eF3(H*D,65D4A2'(H918k91I2'&)4/18`/YW+d>*?2@Q

Q -9%- 2D9k0)/15?2D(+2'(+9<82'&34MF)91LV/1(+8 (@?<468 2D&)4O^)8)(+2D4O46WH46LM468X2eF)(+*D,@5?462D( / 2'(H918EA$&)9%- (H*(+2KF)46,@9<LO0\9<*D46F(H8E2'9M*=);\F)9<LM/1(+8)*@Q _ &)4T0`/15?2D(+2D(H9<8)(+8)G_, /Y8;P4UF)9<834T;EdN2'&)4T/18`/1Wado*q2A;j=32eIJ9<5T,69<LO0)WH(+, /Y2D4@F G<4@9<LO462D5D(+4@*U9<5 ?14@5?d Wl/15?G<4OLM9>F)4@W+*f2'&)(+*T(H*U2'46F)(H9=3*@Q _ &34SF)9YBLM/1(H8 0`/15q2'(+2D(H9<83(H8)Gm,@/18 ;\4MW+9o9 MY4@F /Y2[/Y*[/kG15'/10)&0`/15q2'(+2D(H9<83(H8)GN0)5?9<;)WH46LkQ $ G<9>9oF0`/15q2'(a2'(H918)(H8)GT(H*]G<4@834@5'/YWHW+dV,@9<83*D(HF34@5D46Fk2D9M;\4h9<8)4f2'&`/ 2-5?4@*=)W+2D*-(+8N2D&)4ULM(+8)(HLB=3L*?( @491I$2D&)47(H8E2D4@5?I /Y,@4-](a2'&S0`/Y5?2'(a2'(+9<8)*-](+2'&V5D9=)G1&)W+dO4ON =`/YW 8 =)L[;\4@5n91Ig46WH46LM468X2D*@Qh,Fo,@46032IJ9<5n2D&)4h*D(HLO0)W+4@*?2n91I 5?4@G=3Wl/15bLO4@*?&)4@*]2'&)(+*b(H*]/18 BC,@9<LO0)WH4A2'47035D9<;)W+4@LQ

Page 114: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " $ /15q2'(+2D(H9<83(H8)GV/1WHG<915D(+2D&)LO*-/Y5D4B=)*?4@FZ(H8^)8)(+2D4T4@W+4@LO4@8E2h/18)/1W+d>*D(+* 2'9V0`/15?2D(+2D(H9<82'&)4_LO4@*?&

(H8E2'9T*=);\F)9<LM/1(H83* IJ9<5b/[8)918oBp9%?<465DWH/10)0)(+8)G[F)9<LM/1(+8VF)46,@9<LO0P91*D(+2D(H9<8VLM4A2'&)9>F)*@Q /15?2D(+2D(H9<8)(+8)G2'&)4hLO4@*?&k(+*bF)9<8)4h(H8N9<834U9YI2G- 9- / d>* µK<Q µ (H83F/V*=);)*D4A2h91Ii4@W+4@LO4@8E2f46F)G<4@* *=),.& 2'&)/Y2 2D4 /15?(H8)GV2D&)4[LO4@*?&/1W+9<8)GN2'&)46*D4S46WH4@LO4@8E2e4@F)G14@*[;)5?4 / MX*T2D&)4VLO4@*?& (H8E2D9k2G- 9F)(H*?,@9<838)4@,A2'4@F%*=);)LO4@*?&)4@*6Q910j=)Wl/Y5 46F)G<4K*D4@0)/15'/Y2D9<5 /1WHG<915D(+2D&)LO*i/15D4K(H8)465?2D(l/ AEG<5?4@46F3d s /15D&)/Y2A(K%m/2/ t4A>/18)FM*D0\4@, B2'5D/1W ;)(+*D46,62'(+9<8 s z (+LM918EA K%m2mUKut

Q µ (+8)FM/e*=3;)*D4A2b8)9>F)4@* *=),.&S2D&`/Y2n5?4@LO9%?o(+8)Gh2'&)4-8)9oF34@* IJ5?9<L 2'&)4LO4@*D&:;)5D4@/ MX* 2'&)4TLM46*D&(+8X2D9V2G- 9SF)(H*?,@9<838)4@,A2'4@FZ*=);)LO4@*D&34@*@Q $0P910j=)Wl/Y5 /1W+G<9<5?(+2'&3L(H*b834@*?2D4@FkF)(H*?*D4@,A2'(+9<8 s 4@9<5?G<42A:K%m: P 1 4@915DG<4U/18)F $(!=CACK%m :2/ tAQ

jk9<*q2/1W+G<9<5?(+2'&3LM*Z-]&3(H,.& &)/%?14 ;\4@468 F)45?14@W+9<0P46F IJ9<5NG<5D/10)& 0`/15?2D(+2D(H9<8)(+8)G 0)5?9%?o(+F)4ZIJ9<5/2G- 9 B - / d0`/Y5?2'(a2'(+9<8)(H83G (+I-;Xd46F)G<4*D4@0)/15'/Y2D9<5O9<5V/ 2'&35D4@4 B - / d 0)/15?2D(+2'(+9<8)(+8)G (+I ;Xd ?14@5q2'44F*D460`/15'/ 2'9<56Q _ 9MG14@8)465'/Y2D4UI =)5q2'&)465-0)/15?2D(+2'(+9<8)*5A3(+ILO9<5D4f2'&)/182G- 9V*=);\F)9<LM/1(H8)*]/Y5D4h5D4 N=3(H5D46F;Ed_2'&)4K/18`/YW+d>*?2 AX2D&)4-/1WHG<915D(+2D&)LO* , /Y8M;\4 /Y0)0)WH(+4@F_5?4@, =35D*D(@?<46W+d<Q _ - 9T5?4@,64@8E2 2D5D4@83F)* (+8 G<5'/103&0`/15q2'(+2D(H9<83(H8)G_/Y5D4 µK<Q µ (?14@8V/18M(+8)(+2D(l/1Wo0`/15q2'(+2D(H9<83(H8)GjAYWH9>, /1W3(HLO0)5D9%?<46LM468E2 &34 =)5?(H*qB2'(+,@*m/Y5D4 =)*?4@F 2'9%(+LM0)5?9%?<4:2D&)4 (H8)(a2'(H/1W]0`/15?2D(+2D(H9<8 Q $,@9<*q2mI =)8),62D(H9<8 (+*S8)464@F)46F!2D9F)4A2'4@5?LM(+8)4-]&`/ 2](H*b/18N(+LM0)5?9%?<4@LO4@8E2@Q _ &)4@*?4UW+9o,@/1WP/1WHG<915D(+2D&)LO* (+8),@W=)F)4 &f4@5?8)(HG1&`/18oB$(H8 s &f465D8)(+G<&`/18/18)F#$(H8EA K%m : tA z (+LB=)WH/Y2'46F $-8)8)4@/1WH(+8)G s &f(H5MX0`/Y2'5?(H,MM462-/1W Q@ACK%m2/ P 1 W+9 - 4@5 462h/1W QA K%m/ :1 c/18)F34@5D*q2'5D/1462D4@8/18)F &f4 =)83(H8)G<*5AK%mm* t4AR/18)F z 2D9o,.&`/Y*?2'(+, h?<9YBW!=o2'(H918 s z /</Y;k/Y8)FK/19jA K%mmUK1 c/18)F)465D*q2'5'/Y462'468/183F &f4 =38)(H8)G1* A:K%mm* tAQ

Q µ $-*NG<5'/103&)*mG<462NWH/15DG14@5m/183F /YWHG<9<5?(+2D&)LM*M;P46,@9<LO4 LO9<5D4,@91LM0j=o2./Y2D(H9<8`/YWHW+d F)4@LM/18)F3(H8)GjA]/,@9<8)*?(HF)465'/1;3WH4/YLM9=38X2M91If2D(HLO4k,@/18 ;P4k*D0\4@8E2N(H82'&34_0`/15?2D(+2D(H9<8)(+8)GV03&`/1*D4YQ +p8)*?2D4 /1F91I- 915 MX(H8)GN9<8 2D&)4_^`8)4_LO4@*D&CAg2D&)4 LM46*D&Z(H*-^`5D*q2,@9</15D*?4@8)46FEA /k0)/15?2D(+2'(+9<8)(+8)GS(H*UF)9<834M9<8 2'&)4O,@9</15D*?4@5TLO4@*?& /183F2'&34V0`/15q2'(a2'(H918)(H8)GV91I2'&347^`8)4@5bLO4@*?&k(+*nF)4A2'4@5?LM(+8)4@FSIJ5?9<L/Y8 =38oBp,69E/15D*?4@8)(+8)G_91Ig2'&34U0\9<5q2'(H918)4@Fm,69E/15D*?4@8)46FLO4@*D& s =)(b/183F19<834@* A K%mm P 1 465D8`/Y5DF/18)F z (+LM9<8CA K%mm2oj1 &h/15?d>0)(+* /18)F & =)LV/Y5 AK%mm*Y;(t

Page 115: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " $&(' !"#$ : 8 8 &%(')+*, %

7-%/. '0 7-!1%/. 8 %/ 2 %/

$ 5D45?>(+45-(H*78)9%-LV/YF)4[91Ic5D46*D4@/15D,.& 9<8 9<;>=?46,62qBp9<5?(H4@8E2D4@F /10)0)W+(H,@/Y2'(+9<8)*]2'9mF)9<LM/1(+8F)4AB,@9<LO0\9<*D(a2'(H918 Q Ii(H8E2D4@5D46*?2f(+*7&)9%- 2'&)4TF)4@*?(HG<8)*7/1WHW+9 - IJ9<5 2'&34[(HLO0)WH46LM468E2./Y2D(H9<8N91I?Y/15D(+9=)*F)9<LM/1(H8F)4@,69<LO0P9<*?(+2D(H9<8LM4A2'&)9>F)*_/183F%&)9%-2D&)4SF)9<LM/1(+8 0`/15q2'(a2'(H918)(H8)G(H*T&`/18)F)W+4@F Q _ &34LM91*?2]8)912'/1;)W+4- 9<5MS(H8m2D&)(H*]/15?4 / &`/1*];\4@4@80)5?4@*D468E2'4@F:;XdV2'&)5?4@4UG<5D9=30)*b91I 5?4@*?4 /15?,.&)4@5?* µ

SupstructureType

SuperElement

SuperElementType

SubstructureGeometryType

AlgorithmicAgent

Algorithm

AlgorithmManager

DOF

Partition

PartitionManager

Element

GeneralElement

Archer

Miller and Rucki

Element

Domain

SuperElement

Node

Domain

Load

DOF

DisplBC

Node

Element

Sause and Song

(+G=)5D4o)Q µ=G Wl/1*?*437(H/1G<5D/1L IJ915 hFo(+*?2'(+8)G/379<LM/1(H8"3746,@9<LO0\9<*D(a2'(H918`5'/1LO45- 9<5 MX*K<Q µ z / =)*D4b/Y8)F z 9<83G s Kmm2ot$0)5D46*D468X2D*i/18[9<;X=?4@,62qBp9<5?(H468X2D4@F_F)46*D(+G<8eIJ9<5WH(+8)4 /Y5 *q2./Y2D(H,c/18`/YW+d>*D(+* =)*?(H8)G-*=);3*?2'5=),62=)5D(+8)G)Q _ &34 F)46*D(HG18T&`/183F)WH46* *=3;PF)91LV/1(+8)* -](+2D&

Page 116: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " $%#5D460P4@/Y2'46FSG<469<LM4A2'5?(H4@*5AU-]&)(H,.&SW+(HLO(+2D* 2'&)4-LM46LM9<5qd_5D4 N =)(H5?4@LO4@8E2'*cIJ9<5 WH/15DG14-0)5?9<;)W+4@LO*@Q_ &)4 ,@WH/1*D*?4@*(H8E2'5?9oFj=3,@4@F IJ9<5m*=);)*?2D5=),A2i=)5?(H8)G /15D4 µ A A !" Ai/18)F Q _ &345D46Wl/Y2D(H9<83*D&)(+0)*S/1LO9<8)G1*?2S2D&)4@L /Y8)F -](+2'&2D&)4 912D&)4@5m,6Wl/1*?*D4@*N(+82'&)4 F)46*D(+G<8!/15D4Z/1**D&39 -]8N(+8M^`G=35D4o)Q Q _ &34 9<;>=?46,62b5?4@0)5?4@*D468E2'*b2'&)4G<469<LM4A2'5qd91I /SG<5?9=)0Z91Ic*=);3*?2'5=),62=)5D46*@Q _ &)4 9<;>=?4@,A2U5D4@035D4AB*D468E2'*OG<4@9<LO462D5?d2A LM/Y2'465D(l/YWn/18)FWH9</1F)*@Q +CI-2G- 9 *=3;)*?2D5=),A2i=)5?4@*S&`/?14k(+F)4@8E2'(+, /1W WH9E/1F/18)F G<4@9<LO462D5?d2A2'&346d/15D4M5D46Wl/Y2D4@F ;Ed9<8)4 !" 9<;>=?4@,A2 Q _ &)4 5?4@0)5?4@*D468E2'*nG<469<LO462'5qdAXLM/Y2'465D(l/YW A1W+9E/1F)*c/183FM;\9=)8)F)/15?d F)46G<5D464@* B91IlB IJ5D4@46F)9<LQg+C2m0\4@5qIJ9<5DLO*M2D&)4*?2'/Y2'(+,:,69<8)F)468)*'/Y2D(H9<8 9182'&)4*q2'(R8)46*D*mLM/Y2'5?(@F /183F5D46*D(+Fj=`/1W WH9E/YF ?<46,62D9<5 AC-]&3(H,.&Z/15?4T,@5?4 /Y2D4@F ;Ed:2D&)4[/Y*D*D9>,@(H/Y2'46F 9<;>=?46,62@Q _ &)4@5?4-4F3(+*?2D* 9<834 9<;>=?46,62cIJ9<5 4 /1,.& 9<;>=?46,62@Q _ &)4 9<;>=?4@,A2f(H*K5D46*D0\9<8)*?(H;)W+4eIJ9<5K5D4A2i=)5?8)(H8)GM2'&)4e,@9<8)F34@8)*?4@F*?2D( P8)4@*?*-LM/Y2D5D(@FW] ( A G<(@?<4@8k(H8N4ON =`/ 2'(H918 o)Q8:kA /18)Fk,@9<83F)4@8)*?4@F 5?4@*D(+Fj=`/1W$W+9E/1F.?<46,62'915o A`G<(?14@8N(H8N4 N=)/Y2'(+9<8.o)Q /kAj-]&)4@8 b/18)F! "#]/Y5D4f(H8U?19 M146F:;Edm2'&)4$ 9<;>=?4@,A2A -]&)(H,.&CA3/1*c(H8&%R(HLOLO4@5DLM/18)8_4A2n/YW Q s Kmm tAE0P465?IJ9<5?LM* 2'&347/18`/YW+d>*D(+*@Q_ &)4 *D&)9<5q2',69<LM(+8)G<* -](+2D&e2D&)(H* /15?,.&)(+2D4@,62=)5D4 A<(H8U5D46Wl/Y2D(H9<8f2D97/1W+WH9%-](H8)GbL =)W+2D(H0)W+4 F)9<LM/1(H8F)46,@9<LO0P91*D(+2D(H9<8mLO462D&)9>F)* A`/Y5D4 µs / t _ &)4MF)4@*?(HG<8 (H*h5?4@*?2D5D(+,62'46F 2D9kW+(H8)4@/15f*?2'/Y2'(+,O/18`/1Wado*?(H*f0)5?9<;)W+4@LO*@Q _ &)4M(+8E2'4@5qI /1,@4

,69=)WHFN;\4fLM9>F)(a^`4@FSIJ9<5bW+(H8)4@/15 2D5'/183*D(H468E2K/18`/1Wado*?(H*n; =32K8)912b2'9_839<8oBpW+(H8)4@/15 035D9<;oBW+4@LO*b(H8U?<9<W@?>(H8)G 8)9<8>BpWH(+8)4 /Y5D(+2D(H46* -](a2'&)(+8*=);\F)9<LM/1(H8)*6Q

s ;(t _ &)4k(H8E2'465?I /1,64N(H* 5D46*?2'5?(H,A2'4@F 2'9Z2'&34k*=);)*?2D5=),A2i=)5?(H8)G /18)F h _ +[LO462'&39oF)*5An/1*9<83W+d')(*!+,[/183F-./0 1 2_LM4A2'&)9>F)* /15?4N0)5D9%?>(HF)46F / 2O2D&)4N(H8E2'465?I /1,641Q_ &)4T(+2'465'/Y2D(?14e*=);)*?2D5=),A2i=)5?(H8)GmLO462D&)9>F - 92=)WHFk5D4ON =)(+5D4_/Y8 /1F)F)(a2'(+9<8`/1W$LO462D&)9oF2D9MG<4A2b2'&)4h0)5?9oF =),62K91I 2'&)4f2'/18)G<468X2KLM/Y2'5?(@FS/18)Fk/B?<4@,A2'9<56Q

Q µ $ 5D,.&34@5 s K%m2m7 tP0)5?4@*?4@8E2'*5AE/1*g/18U44F3/1LO0)WH4 91Io2D&)4i44F>2'468)*D(+;)(HW+(+2pd-91I>2'&)4i*?d>*q2'4@L;)5?(H433d_F)4@*?,@5?(H;\4@FV(+8M*?4@,A2'(H918VP3Q P A>/ ,@WH/1*D*6Q _ &)4 (+*c/*=3;P,6Wl/1*?*K9YI A>2'&`/Y2]&)/1*K/4$ Q _ &)(H*](H*]/Y*b*D&)9%-]8:(+8m^`G=)5?4Jo3Q Q _ &34(H8E2D4@5?I /Y,@4h/1W+WH9%-]*nIJ9<5b;\912'&NWH(+8)4 /Y5b/18)F8)9<8oBCWH(+8)4 /15 *?2./ 2'(H,h/Y8)Fm2'5'/Y8)*D(+4@8E2-/18`/1Wado*?(H*6Q_ &)4 *D&)9<5q2',69<LM(+8)G<* -](+2D&e2D&)(H* /15?,.&)(+2D4@,62=)5D4 A<(H8U5D46Wl/Y2D(H9<8f2D97/1W+WH9%-](H8)GbL =)W+2D(H0)W+4 F)9<LM/1(H8

Page 117: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " $%$F)46,@9<LO0P91*D(+2D(H9<8mLO462D&)9>F)* A`/Y5D4 µs / t _ &)4T,@9<8),64@032=`/1WF)4@*?(HG<8(+* 3`/%- 4@FRQ $ (+*-;\912D&/18

/183F /$ # Q $ F39o46*e8)9Y2e&)/%?14S/$ # A /1*U5D4@035D4AB*?4@8E2'46F (H8 2D&)4N5D46Wl/Y2D(H9<8)*?&)(H0 ;P4A2G- 464@8 /18)F-$ Q _ &)(H*5?4@*=3W+2'*h(+8 4Fo,@4@*?*D(@?<4OLM4A2'&)9>FZ, /1W+WH*f/1*fLO462D&)9>F)*72'&`/ 2U/15D4_IJ9<5 2D&)4 LB=3*?2K;P4h,@/1WHW+4@Fm;Edm2'&)4 9<8N2'&)4U/1*?*D9>,@(l/ 2'4@F$ Q

s ;(t`9<5e/18 (+8),@5?4@LO4@8E2./YWc2D5'/18)*?(H468X2T/18`/YW+d>*D(+* A /Y*e9=o2'WH(+8)4@F (H8*D46,62'(+9<8 PoQ A 2'&)4MF)4AB*?(HG<8 ,@/2=)*D46*f44Fo,@46*D*?(?<4 8 =)LO4@5?(H, /YW ,@91LM0j=o2./Y2D(H9<8)*-/18)F 8 =)LO4@5?(H,@/1WHWadN(H8`/1,6, =)5D/Y2'45?4@*=3W+2'*6Q &)4@8%0\4@5qIJ9<5DLO(H8)G:/:2'5D/18)*D(+4@8E2_/Y8`/1W+d>*?(H* A 2D&)4 -](+WHW;\4_/1*M14@FIJ915 (+2D* *q2'( P8)46*D* APLV/Y*D*f/183FF`/1LO0)(H83GMLM/Y2'5?(H,64@*@Q _ &)4[LM/Y2'5?(H,64@*]2'&`/Y2/15?4T5?462i=35D8)46F /15D4

]#`A

/18)F

`AN-]&)465D4 (H*b2'&34e2'5D/18)*qIJ9<5DLM/ B

2D(H9<8SLM/Y2D5D(@FO91;32./1(+8)4@FV(H8S0\4@5qIJ9<5DLO(H8)Gh2'&347*?2'/Y2'(+, ,@918)F)4@83*'/Y2D(H9<8m0)5?9o,64@*?*b9<8S2'&)4*q2'( P8)46*D*hLV/ 2'5D( FPQ _ &)4@*?4OLM/Y2D5D(H,64@* /15D4T2D&)4@8 /1F3F)4@F 2'9S2D&)4_(H8E2D4@5?I /Y,@4[0)5?9<;)W+4@L=)*?(H8)G µ

H w

p&w

] s o)Q ot

=)LM465D(+, /1W+W+dO2'&)4h,@915D5D46,62-/1F)F3(+2'(+9<8S2'9_2D&)4h(H8E2'465?I /1,64U035D9<;)W+4@L(H* µ

;s H w p:w ]Qt; s o)Q * t

-]&)465D4 - 9=3WHF;\4:2'&34:2'5D/18)*?IJ915DLM/Y2'(+9<8 LM/Y2D5D(@F(+80\4@5?IJ915DLO(H8)G 2'&)4k*?2./ 2'(H,,69<8)F)468)*'/Y2D(H9<8V9<8 H w pUw ]Q _ &)4 2G- 9[,@9<8E2D5D(H; =32'(+9<8)* /15D4-8)912c2'&)4-*'/1LO41QN=)5q2'&)465DLO9<5D4n2D&)4K/1LM92=)8E2 91IP,@9<LO0j=32'/Y2'(+9<8[5D4 N =)(H5?4@F 2'9fIJ9<5DL 2'&34K,69<8E2'5?(H;j=32D(H9<8G<(@?<468M;Ed_4 N=)/Y2'(+9<8 o)Q oU(+* ,@9<83*D(HF34@5'/Y;)W+dTLM9<5?4n2'&`/Y8 2D&`/Y2c5D4 N =)(H5?4@F_2'9fIJ9<5?L2'&)4,69<8E2'5D(+;j=32D(H9<8 G<(@?<4@8O;Ed 4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8 o)Q *oQ _ &)(H*i,@/18M;\4]*D464@8MIJ5?9<L2D&)4]*D(HLO0)W+4 I /1,622D&`/Y2b2'9 9<;o2./1(+8 / *q2./Y2D(H,f,69<8)F)468)*'/Y2D(H9<8NLB=3*?2];\4U0\4@5qIJ9<5DLO4@FN/Y8)Fm2'&)4682D&)4@5?4/15?4U2D&)4U*=);)*?4ON =)468X279<0P465'/Y2D(H9<83*]2D9M;\4h0P465?IJ9<5?LM46Fk918 /183F AN-]&)4@5?4 /1*K2'&)4,69<8E2'5D(+;j=32D(H9<8NG<(@?<4@8;Edm4ON =`/ 2'(H918 o)Q *T(+*K91;32./1(+8)4@FN(+8N/O*q2./Y2D(H,f,@918)F)4@83*'/Y2D(H9<8 Q

P3Q µ +p8 2'&)(+*J- 9<5M s =3,M>(nAK%m2m7 1 =),MX( /Y8)F jk(+WHWH465 A,K%mm7 t4Ag2'&)4o ,6Wl/1*?* (H* /h*=);\,@Wl/Y*D* 91I A1/1* *D&39 -]8O(H8[^)G=)5D4eo3Q Q,hi/1,.&o 9<;>=?46,62 (H*-/1*D*?9o,6(l/[email protected]](+2'&:/ 9<;>=?4@,A2A -]&)(H,.&:(H*]5D46*D0\9<8)*D(+;)WH4IJ9<5 =)0PF)/Y2'(+8)GM2D&)4T*q2./Y2D4[91Ic/Vo *D9S2D&`/Y2 (+2 -](HWHWg;\4T(+84ON =)(+WH(H;35D(!=3L A /1* -n/Y*

Page 118: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " F)(+*D, =3*D*D46F_(H8U*D46,62'(+9<8 PoQ P3Q _ &)45o (+8E2'4@5qI /1,@4- /1* LO9oF3(+^`46Fh2D97/1W+WH9%- /xo 2'9h5?462i=35D8 2'&)4e=)8X;`/YWl/18),64@FOWH9E/YF /18)F_2'9U/1W+WH9%-(+2 2D9U(+8)*?2'/1WHWo(+2D* 2./183G<4@8E2c*?2D( P8)4@*?*/Y272D&)4 $ 9<;>=?46,62'* s =),MX(nAK%mm7 tAQ+p8Z9<5DF)465 IJ9<5f/vo 2'9mF)4A2'465DLO(H8)4e(+2'*=)8X;`/1WH/18),64@FOWH9E/1F ,69<8E2'5D(+;j=32D(H9<8_2'9f2D&)4-(+8E2'4@5qI /1,@4]0)5?9<;)W+4@L /Y8V/18)/1W+d>*D(+* (H*i, /Y5D5D(+4@F 9=32;EdM2D&)4 =)*D(+8)Ge^ Fo46FoBp0\9<(H8E2 ,@9<8)*q2'5D/1(H8E2'* 9<8V2D&)4 (+8X2D4@5qI /1,@4$ 91;>=?4@,A2'*@Q_ &)4J=)8X;`/1WH/18),@46F:W+9E/1FmIJ9<5b2'&)4 $ n*K(H*]4ON =`/YWg2D9O2D&)4U5D4 /Y,62'(+9<8/Y2]2'&)4 $ n*]2'&`/Y2*=3,.& /Y8 /18`/1Wado*?(H*MF)462D4@5DLO(H834@*@Q K9 F)(+*D, =3*D*D(+9<8 (H*M0)5D46*D468X2D4@F IJ9<5V&39 - 2'&34 9<;>=?4@,A2fF)4A2'4@5?LM(+8)4@*-2'&)4T2'/18)G<468E2f*?2D( P8)4@*?*f,@9>453O,@(+4@8E2'*72D&`/Y2f/Y5D4[5?4ON =)(H5?4@F2D9;\4U(+8)*?2'/1WHW+4@Fm/ 2K2D&)4 $ 9<;X=?4@,62D*-(+8N/ 3 BC;EdXB 3 *D9<W=32'(+9<8m*?2D5'/Y2D4@G1d1Q_ &)4S*?&)9<5q2',@91LM(+8)G<*T9YIb2'&)(+*[F)4@*?(HG<8IJ9<5T0\4@5qIJ9<5DLO(H8)G2'&)4S/18`/1Wado*?(H*J-n/1*TF)(H*?, =)*?*D4@F(H8*D46,62D(H9<8nP3Q PoQ _ &)4M8)4@46F 2'90P465?IJ9<5?L /18 /Y,62i=)/1Wc/18`/1Wado*?(H*h9<8Z2'&)4To ;P4AIJ9<5D42'&34 (H8E2D4@5?I /Y,@4 *?9<W!=o2'(H918M,@/18m;P4-F)462D4@5?LM(+8)4@FM(H*n/Y8S/1F)F3(+2'(+9<8`/1W)I /Y(HWH(+8)G -](+2D&M2'&3(H*- 9<5M\Q

$ WH*?9jA>8)9<8)4K91I 2D&)4 /Y;P9%?<4-LM468E2'(H918)4@FMF)4@*?(HG<8)*c&`/?<4 ,@Wl/Y*D*D46* 2D9e&)46WH0M(H8M2D&)4K0`/15?2D(+2D(H9<8)(+8)G91I 2'&)4hF)9<LM/1(+8m(H8E2'9 *=3;PF)91LV/1(+8)*@Q

&(' & : ! 2 $ : 8 8 %('0 * % 7-%/. '0

7-!1%/. 8 %/ 2 %/

_ 9N9%?<465D,@91LM4[2D&)4[F)4A^`,@(+4@8),6(H4@*h(+8:2'&)4_035D45?>(+9=)*- 9<5 MX* A 2D&)4[IJ5'/YLM44- 9<5Mk*?&)9%-]8(+8^`GYB=)5D4 o)Q PK(+*g(H8E2'5?9oFj=3,@4@FhIJ9<5gF)9<LM/1(+8fF)4@,69<LM0\9<*?(+2'(+9<8 Q +p8e^)G=)5D4o)Q P]8)45- ,6Wl/1*?*D4@* 8)912 F)(+*D,5=)*D*?4@F(H8f0)5?45?>(H92=)*$,.&`/1032D4@5?* /15?4 *D&`/YF)4@F Q _ &)4 LM/1(H8f8)44- ,6Wl/1*?*D46* &34@5D4c/15?4 o $ A # A $ $ A$ $ A $ # o Ao/18)F o Q

_ &)4c^)G=)5D4 o)Q P-/YWH*D9]*?&)9%-]* *D91LM4i91Io2'&)4iF)46*D,@468)F)468X2D* AX9<5g*=3;P,6Wl/1*?*D4@*5A191Io2'&)4c8)44-%,@WH/1*D*?4@*@Q+p8V2'&34-IJ9<W+WH9%-](H8)Gf*=);)*?4@,62D(H9<83* 2'&)4-0j=)5?0P9<*?4 91I 4 /1,.&S9YI 2'&)46*D478345- ,@WH/1*D*?4@*n(+*i9=32'W+(H8)46FEAU-](+2D&0)*D45=)F)9 G w w ,@9>F)4b;\4@(+8)Gf0)5D46*D468X2D4@FO2'9fF)46LM9<83*?2'5D/Y2'4n2D&)4bI =)8),A2'(H918`/1WH(a2pdU91I 2'&)4b,6Wl/1*?*D4@*c/183F2'&)4h(+8X2D4@5?0)Wl/ dS;\462G- 4@468:2'&34@LQ

Page 119: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! "

SymmPosDef_SOE

Band_SPD_SOE

LinearSOESubdomain

FETIAnalysis

AnalysisModelConstraintHandler DOF_Numberer

Domain

PartitionedDomain DomainPartitioner GraphPartitioner

DomainDecompAnalysis

DomainDecompAlgo

DomainSolver

DOF_Group FE_Element

SolverBand_SPD_SOE

Band_SPD_SOESubstrSolver

SolverSubstructuring IterativeSubString

Solver

LinearSOESolver

Analysis

IncrementalIntegrator

Metis

Element

SubstructuringAnalysis

IterativeSubStringAnalysis

(HG2=)5D4 o)Q P µ=G WH/1*D*137(l/YG<5'/1L IJ9<5 K45- 3791LV/1(+8"374@,69<LO0P9<*?(+2D(H9<8`5D/1LM44- 915 M x X) %U?>.?>.750$&E-13546),.7 '*) <U<$o $ 9<;>=?46,62](H*n/[F)9<LM/1(H8O2'&`/Y2n, /18N;\470`/15q2'(+2D(H9<834@FS(+8X2D9

9<;>=?46,62'*6Q _ &)4;o $ ,@WH/1*D*K(H*5A\/1*-*?&)9%-]8(H8N^`G=35D4Jo)Q PkAP/ *=3;P,6Wl/1*?*91I $ # Q _ &)4 o $ # ,@WH/1*D*5A -]&)9<*?4e(+8E2'4@5qI /1,@4f(+*n*D&39 -]8k(H8S^`G2=)5D4 o)Q ojA(H8)&34@5D(a2'*n2D&)4h5D4@G2=)Wl/15 $ # ,6Wl/1*?*](H8E2'465?I /1,64h/18)F0)5D9%?>(HF)46*]*D9<LO4U/1F)F)(a2'(H918`/1WRLO462D&)9>F)* µK<Q +1 µ_ &)(+*h(H*h/NLM4A2'&)9>F IJ9<5f0`/15q2'(+2D(H9<83(H8)GV2D&)44$ # -]&)(H,.&(H8U?<9 MY4@*

+1b9<8N2'&)4 $ o 9<;>=?46,62 0`/1*D*?4@F /Y* /18k/15?G=)LO4@8E2-2D9O2D&)4U,@9<8oB*?2D5=),A2'9<55A /1*]*D&)9%-]8k(H8m^`G=)5?4 o)Q8*oQ

Q ,!1/ "+1 µ _ &)(H*b(+*]/OLO462D&)9>FNIJ915]/1F)F)(+8)G # *@QP3Q / "+ 0 # /Y8)F ./. "+, µ,_ &34@*D4-/15?4-/Y5D4bLO462'&39oF)* IJ915i/1,@,64@*D*?(H8)GU2'&)4 Q

# * A-]&3(HWH4 2'&346d,@9=)W+F &`/?14S;P464@8 2D5D4 / 2'4@F /1*[5D46G=)WH/15h4@WH46LM468E2'* Ai/Y5D4M2D5D4@/Y2'46F*D0\4@,6(l/1W+W+d (H8 2D&)4SF)46*D(+G<8%IJ9<5e2G- 9Z5D4 /Y*D9<8)* µ s Kute453O,6(H4@83,6dA /1*T2D&)4 $ o 8)4@46F)* N =)(H,M:/1,@,64@*D*f2D9V2'&)4 * 1 /18)F s t-(HF34@8E2'(a^`, /Y2D(H9<8CAR/1*f(+8:2'&34_(HLO0)WH46LM468oB2./Y2D(H9<8 =)*?4@F 2D90?Y/1W+(HF`/ 2'4S2'&34F34@*D(+G<8EA 2D&)44@WH46LM468E2'* (H8 2'&)4379<LM/1(H8%L =)*?2M&`/?<4 =)8)(RN=34(HF)468E2'(+^)4@5D*n/18)FS2'&34 $ # o /1*?*=)LO4@*n2D&`/Y2n2D&)4 *b&`/?1472./1G<*K

Page 120: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! "

!"# $% '&!"# (

)* * +% ,-% . 0/12( 4356 7!98:)* * +% ,;35<(< !"# =%>"?A@B!C D EF GB$72.)'% 6 7!H ED% ,I 1!G(* * D356 7!"?...JK!"?% ,LJK!"?% =MN!"OP356 7!H EDRQ?C7SR!JK!"?% , 6 . .356 7!JK!"?? E$MNQ?CJK!"?% .7T,I UQ356 7!JK!"?? EV IW/1Q?CIJX!"? D, 6 . 35Y 5

Z '[X\#[X]_^ + )4` ?a$` *b, o $ dc

? Eef ,I ED!G)* * D31&72(+% . g-h)* * ,!G)* * D35Y

Z '[K\:iX] 0 , c !$` b, o $ #jc , +lk b

Page 121: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " 2'&)5?9=)G<&'A -]&)(H,.& - 9=)W+F:&`/?14TLO4 /18E2K2'&`/Y2-8)9<834T91I2'&)4e4@WH46LM468E2'*K0)5D44?o(+9=)*?W+d/1F)F34@F:2D92'&)4 o $ # - 9=)WHFN&`/?14e;\4@468k0\4@5?LM(a2D2'46Fm2'9 &`/?<4J=)*D46Fk2D&)4@*?4e(+F)4@8E2'(a^`4@5?*@Q x 13546),.7 X) %U?>.?>.*0$&% '*) <U<

_ &)4&$ o 91;>=?4@,A2T(+*f5D4@*?0P918)*D(+;)WH4_IJ9<5h0`/15q2'(a2'(H918)(H8)GS/_o $ # 9<;>=?46,62 Q _ &)4$ # o ,@WH/1*D*5A -]&39<*D4N(H8E2D4@5?I /Y,@4m(H*T*D&)9%-]8(H8%^`GYB=)5D4eo3Q87 AE035D9%?>(HF)46* 2G- 9ULM4A2'&)9>F)* µ 0 +, "+1# -]&)(+,.& (H* (+8 ?19 M146FM;Ed[2D&)4 o $ 9<;X=?4@,62Fj=)5?(H8)GK(+2D*g,@9<8)*q2'5=),62D(H9<8h2'9K*D4A22D&)4 W+(H8>M-;P4A2G- 464@8[2D&)4c2G- 9 91;>=?4@,A2'* 1/18)F +1 Q _ 970`/15q2'(+2D(H9<8h2'&34o $ A 2D&)4 $ o 9<;oB2./1(+8)*n2'&34U46WH46LM468X2KG<5D/10)&mIJ5D91L2'&34ro $ /183F2D&)4@8 =)*D46*-(a2'*]/1*?*D9>,@(H/Y2'46F o 9<;>=?46,62AL-]&)(H,.&U(H*g0`/Y*D*D46F_/1*/18e/15DG=3LM468X2g2D9K2D&)4 ,69<8)*q2'5=3,62'915 AY2D9-0)/15qB2'(a2'(H918 2D&)(H*eG<5'/103& Q (+2D& 2'&34V0`/15q2'(a2'(+2D(H9<834@F 4@WH46LM468E2[G<5D/10)&EA 2D&)4 $ o (H*e5D4@*?0P918)*D(+;)WH4OIJ9<5T5?4@LO9 ?>(+8)G ! *5A * A * Ai/18)F *eIJ5?9<L 2'&)4o $ /18)F/1F)F)(+8)G_2'&)46L 2'9 2'&34e/Y0)0)5D910)5D(H/Y2'4 *@Q

? E)* * &!"# (

(* * T,U 2(* * / 72U 2(* * 4356 7!98: (* * T,;356 7! 6 . -CC ,-(* * O% /172(? E356 7!H ED% ,I 1!G(;35Y 5

Z '[K\ . ]_^ + ) ` a$` *b, $ o c , x 3%@),+-D a) %U?@.?>.750$&% '*) <U<

_ &)4 o 9<;>=?4@,A2 (H*e5D4@*?0P918)*D(+;)WH4OIJ9<5T0`/Y5?2'(a2'(+9<8)(H83G:/ 9<;>=?46,62A( Q 41Q ,@9<W+9<5D(+8)G[2'&)4 Q _ &)4 o ,@Wl/Y*D* AN-]&)91*D4U(H8E2'465?I /1,64e(+*K*?&)9%-]8(H8^`G=)5?4>o)Q8:kA (H*/18[/Y;)*?2D5'/1,A2 ,@WH/1*D* -]&)(+,.&[F)46^)8)4@* 2D&)4 *?(H8)G1WH4iLM4A2'&)9>F +1g/1*;P46(H8)GK0j=)5?4?>(H5?2=`/1W Q +C2 (H*]2'&)4T*=);\,@WH/1*D*?4@*791I o 2D&`/Y27035D9%?>(HF)4U2'&)4e(HLO0)WH46LM468X2'/Y2'(+9<891IR2D&)(H*iLO462D&)9oFRQ _ &)4K0`/15?2D(+2D(H9<8)(+8)Gf*?2D5'/Y2D4@G<(+4@*i2'&`/ 2 ,@/18V;\4 =)*D46FS;Ed 2'&)46*D4 *=);\,@Wl/Y*D*D46*- 4@5?4

Page 122: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " F)(H*?, =)*?*D46FV(H8 *?4@,62D(H9<8 o)Q Q Q!$-F)F)(a2'(H918`/1W30)/15?2D(+2'(+9<8)(+8)G7*?2D5'/Y2D4@G<(+4@* ,@/18V/YWH*D9f;\4]F)45?14@W+9<0P46FM;Ed2'&)4 /18`/YW+d>*?2 AY2'9]2./!M14n/YF ?Y/18E2./1G<4c91I)2D&)4c0`/15?2D(H,5=)Wl/15$G14@9<LO462D5?dh91I)2D&)4cLM9>F)4@WE;\4@(+8)G7/Y8`/1W+d64@F Q

+ 2 &!"# (

+42)* * T,;356 7!98 +42)* * T,;356 7!H ED% ,+ 2F/ 72U 2 ED%!G-3.5Y 5

Z '[K\K]_^ + ) ` a$` b, o c , $ * -](+2D&Z2D&)4 /18)F *=);\,@Wl/Y*D*D46* Ag2'&)4 o (H8oB

2'465?I /1,64J- /1*KF)4@*?(HG<8)46F:*?9O2D&`/Y2]2'&)4U*=3;P,6Wl/1*?*D4@*KF)9O8)912K8)464@F:2D9MX8)9%-/18EdX2'&3(H8)GM/1;\9=32]2'&)4^`8)(a2'4 46WH46LM468X2nLM4A2'&)9>F Q _ &)(+*n/1W+WH9%-]*- 9<5MM0)5?9%?o(+F)4@Fm;EdV5D4@*?4 /15?,.&)4@5?*b(H8S9Y2'&)465 ^`4@W+F)* 2D9[;P4=)*D46F Q`9<5n44F3/1LO0)W+42AoIJ915 2'&)472D4@*q2](HLO0)WH46LM468X2'/Y2'(+9<8 2'9 ?<465D(+I dO2'&34fF)4@*?(HG<8N0)5?4@*D468E2'4@Fk(H8V2D&)(H*5D46*D4 /Y5D,.&EAE/Y8T9<;>=?46,62qBp9<5?(H4@8E2D4@FT(+8E2'4@5qI /1,@4 IJ9<5g2'&34nj h _ + z 0)/15?2D(+2'(+9<8)(+8)GnWH(+;)5'/Y5?d s &U/Y5?d>0)(H* /183F& =)LV/Y5 A(K%mm *Y/ t4A # A- /1*nF)44?<46WH9<0\4@F Q +p8M2'&)4-, =)5?5D4@8E2bF34@*D(+G<8EAo/18 =)8U- 4@(+G<&E2'4@F

9<;>=?46,62h(H*-*=)030)WH(+4@F2'9M2'&)4 o Q _ &)(+*7,@9=3WHF;\4[,.&`/183G<4@F 2'9N/- 46(HG<&E2'46F A`(+8 -]&)(H,.&N2'&34?<4@5q2'4F.- 46(HG<&E2'*],69<5D5?4@*D0\9<8)Fm2D9 2D&)4f,@91*?2K91I 4@W+4@LO4@8E2],@9<LO0j=32'/Y2'(+9<8)*9<5 5?4@0)5?4@*?4@8E2h2'&)4[*q2./Y2D4_91I 2'&34[4@W+4@LO4@8E2A$/Y8)F2'&)4T4@F)G<4 - 46(HG<&E2'*h/Y5D4[5?4@Wl/ 2'4@Fk2'9m;\9=)8)F`/Y5?d,@9<83F)(+2D(H9<8)*6Q x ;E-4 ),.7 '*) <U<

_ &)4 ,@WH/1*D*U(H8)&34@5D(a2'*7IJ5?9<L ;\912'& /18)F $ A/Y*U*?&)9%-]8 (H8^`G=)5?4Do)Q P A 2'&`/Y2 (+*_/ # (H*_;\912'& /18 /183F / $ Q _ &)4N,@WH/1*D*(H8E2'465?I /1,642AE-]&)(+,.&(+*h/1*f*D&39 -]8 (H8 ^`G2=)5D4 o)Q / A$0)5?9%?o(+F)4@*U/m8 =)L[;\4@5f91I /1F)F3(+2'(+9<8`/1W LO462'&39oF)*(H8m2'&34U(+8E2'4@5qI /1,@4YQ _ &)4@*?4[/1F3F)(+2D(H9<8`/YWPLO462D&)9oF3*K,@/18;P4f*?0)WH(a2](H8E2'9_2G- 9MG<5?9=)0)* µK<Q `9<5g453O,@(+4@8),Ad -]&34@8_0\4@5?IJ915DLO(H8)Gb2'&34 F)9<LM/1(+8UF34@,@91LM0\9<*D(a2'(+9<8T/Y8`/1W+d>*?(H* A 2'&34 LO462'&39oF)*

,! !.A!) +! ! A.D^ + ) +! !.^ ) ##4A /18)F ) +1 !^)o/15?4(H8E2D5D9>Fj=),@46F Q _ &)46*D4e/1WHW+9 - 2D&)4 9<;>=?46,62'*n2D9 M14@4602D5'/1,MM91I -]&)(H,.&N8)9>F)46*/15?4 (H8E2D4@5D8)/1WR/Y8)FZ-]&)(+,.&m8)9oF34@*b/15?4 9<8M2'&)47(+8E2'4@5qI /1,@4YQ _ &)(+*n(H83IJ915DLM/Y2'(+9<8 (H* /%?Y/1(+Wl/1;3WH4

Page 123: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! "

JK!"?% E !": %D !"# $% E &!"# (JK!"?? E,I ED+Q356 7!98 JK!"?? E,;35<(< !"# =%C212 2$)$d+1.H G2 U1N? EDQ<(< @I) )CQH! U @9?0 )N-D6 7!S .(V I0/1Q?C7VfBLS .(V IT, 6 . .356 7!S .(V I0/1Q?CBTS (V BL, 6 . 356 7!"?..OS ,-S0. M356 7!"?..ITS .,-S .$M35<(< %C212 2$)$ @9? JK!"?% .? 1;6 7! 6 . -C C ,-% .> C C R/172 C 356 7!H ED >!B DQH, 6 . 35 <(< IF@9?T ,?36 7!H ED >!BKCC !, 6 . 356 7!H ED >!B DQ),TD CI? /?356 7! CI? / Q?C ("!XDQ? , 6 . 356 7!$#$79 $/ Q?C !XDQH, 6 . .356 7!$#$79 $/ Q?C KCC !:, 6 . .35<(< %C2 B'>!B>2=)C?D-GDR72!"?% .C<(< _72= EDIe@9$)" 2_"?>- 6 6 . -C % 17O7T,% 1%MN2% D35 CI? / Q?C (IT J&'KC?-, 6 . 35 ED >!B(S .(KC?-, 6 . 35Y 5

Z [X\*)K]_^ + ) ` a ` *b, # c ,

Page 124: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " (H82D&)44$ # o 9<;>=?46,62 A /1*h/m5?4@*=3W+2h91Ic2'&)4 0`/Y5?2'(a2'(+9<8)(H83G)Q 5?9 ?>(+F)(H8)G2'&3(H*c(H83IJ9<5?LV/ 2'(H918 2D9e2D&)4 LO4 /Y8)* 2D&`/Y2 2D&)4 * F)9[83912n&`/?142'9 (+8)F)4@0\4@83F)4@8E2'WadmF)4A2'4@5?LM(+8)4f2'&)4h(+8X2D4@5qI /1,@4 ! *6Q

Q $ F3F)(+2D(H9<8`/YWK46WH46LM468X2V2pdo0\4LO462D&)9oF3*S&`/?<4 ;\4@468 /1F)F)46F 2D9 2'&34(H8E2'465?I /1,64:2'9 9 ?14@5 B,@91LM4K2'&)478 =)LO4@5?(H,@/1WP035D9<;)W+4@LO* A>F)(H*?, =)*?*D46F(+8S*D46,62D(H9<8 o3Q P A>2'&`/ 2n(H83&)4@5?(+2'(+8)GhIJ5D9<L 2'&)4 ,@WH/1*D*c- 9=)W+Fk,@/2=)*D4YQ _ &)4e8345- h W+4@LO4@8E2]2pdo0\4hLM4A2'&)9>F)*K/15?4 µs / t a ! )(*!+,Aa ! )/0 1 2A1/183F'a ! )(*!+, Z 4a 4A -]&)(+,.&T/15?4 LO4AB

2D&)9oF3*2D9 0\4@5qIJ9<5DL 2D&)4 ,@9<LO0j=32'/Y2'(+9<8 91IT2D&)4Z2./18)G14@8E2Q] 1 A7G<(@?<468 ;Ed 4ON =`/ B2D(H9<8 o)Q8:kA 2D&)4m5D46*D(HF =`/1Wo AiG<(@?<4@8 ;Ed 4 N =`/Y2'(+9<8 o)Q / Ac/18)F 2D&)4S2./183G<4@8E2?B ?<46,62'9150)5?9oF =),62x] ( * A`G<(@?<468k;Edm4 N=)/Y2'(+9<8.o)QRK 3Q

s ;(t )(*!+,A /0 1 24A3/18)F .)(*!+, Z 4a 4Ak-]&)(H,.&m/Y5D4 LO462D&)9>F)* 2D9T5D4A2i=)5?82D&)4f5D46*=)Wa2'*n91I$2D&)47,69<LM0 =32./Y2D(H9<83* 0\4@5?IJ915DLO4@FS;EdV2D&)4 2D&)5D464f0)5D44?o(+9=)*nLO462D&)9>F)*@Q

s ,t Z + ##4A )) +! ,/ +, i/18)F a ! ) 1! +,.# -]&)(+,.& /15?4 LM4A2'&)9>F)*=)*D46F 2'9,@91LM0j=o2'4_2'&)4O5D46*D0\9<8)*?4V/Y2h2D&)4 ! *U(H82D&)4 # G<(@?<4@8m2D&)4h*D9<W=32'(+9<8S2'9 2'&)4h(+8X2D4@5qI /1,@4f0)5?9<;)W+4@LQ

s F(t +! ,-]&)(H,.&S(+*>=)*?4@FV2D9T*?462n2D&)47/1*?*D9>,@(H/Y2'46F $ $ 9<;>=?4@,A2 Q

_ &)4 z =3;PF)91LV/1(+8S,@WH/1*D* (+2'*?4@WaIgF)9o46*b8)912b0\4@5qIJ9<5DL 2'&34f8=3LM465D(H,@/1WR,69<LO0j=32./ 2'(H918)*n/1*?*D9YB,@(H/Y2'46F -](+2'&_2D&)4@*?4KLO462D&)9>F)*@Q+p8U?19o,@/Y2'(+9<8)*i91I\2'&)46*D4]LM4A2'&)9>F)*i, / =)*D4]*D(+LM(+Wl/15 LO462'&39oF)*2'9;P4(H8U?19 M146F9<8 2D&)4 $ # $ # 9<;X=?4@,62S/1*D*?9o,6(l/Y2D4@F -](+2'&2'&)4 AK/1*M*D&)9%-]8 (H8 ^)G=)5D4 o)Q m Ac- 465D4 ,69oF)4kIJ5'/1G<LO4@8E2D*S/15?4:0)5?4@*D468E2'4@F IJ9<5` (*!+, /18)F )(*!+,# LO462D&)9oF3*@Q (+2'&2'&)(+*VF)46*D(+G<8 2D&)4 /18`/YW+d>*?2M(H*M/1;)W+42D944Fo0\4@5?(HLO4@8E2 -](a2'&kF)( P4@5?4@8E2 F39<LV/Y(H8F)4@,69<LM0\9<*?(+2'(+9<8NLM4A2'&)9>F)* -](+2D&)9=32K2'&)4U8)464@F:2D9LO9oF)(aI dM2D&)4 ,@Wl/Y*D*@Q _ &)(+*nIJ9<WHW+9%-]* 2'&)4hF)46*D(+G<8k035D(H83,@(H03WH47;\4@&)(+8)F/1*D*?9o,6(aB/Y2D(H8)G /18 # 91;>=?4@,A2 -](a2'&m2'&)4 $ 9<;>=?46,62K*D464@8k(H8N,.&`/1032D4@5 Q

Page 125: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " JK!"?? Ee @9?T !XQH, 6 . .3%&

C!TG72 C Ig-h D- ,;35Y

D #$T =/ JK!"?% Ee Q?C !KQH, 6 . 3%& C!TG72 C Ig-h Q?CK- ,;35Y

Z [X\ ] /0, c !$` a) k b ! .` b, c , x 13546),.7013$&9:542+ 0),' <U.7< '*) <U<

_ &)4 $ $ 91;>=?4@,A2i/1*D*?9o,6(l/Y2D4@F -](a2'&T2D&)4 (H* /Y8_/1GYBG<5D46GE/Y2D(H9<8[9YIR9<;X=?4@,62D* 91I\2'&)4nIJ9<W+WH9%-](H83G-2pd>0P46* µ A!$ A # ! A A BA $ $ A/18)F $ #% Q +C2e(H*h2'&34V9<;>=?46,62D*T(H8 2'&)4M/1G<G15D4@G</Y2'(+9<8 2D&`/Y2U0\4@5?IJ915DL 2'&)4O8 =)LO4@5qB(H,@/1W ,69<LO0j=32./ 2'(H918)*T5?4ON =)(H5?4@F%91IK/F39<LV/Y(H8 F34@,@91LM0\9<*D(a2'(+9<8 /18)/1W+d>*D(+*@Q _ &34@*D4N9<;X=?4@,62D* /15D4,@5?4 /Y2D4@F ;Xdk2'&)4 /Y8`/1W+d>*q2U/18)FZ0`/1*?*D4@FZ2'9S2D&)4 $ $ /1*h/15?G=)LO4@8E2'*(H8 2'&)4,@918)*?2D5=),A2'9<56Q _ &)(H*M/10)0)5?9E/1,.&EA-]&)(H,.& (H* *D(+LM(+Wl/15T2D9 2D&)4k/10)0)5?9E/1,.& 2'/ M1468 2'9 2'&)4 # ,@WH/1*D*?4@*-0)5D46*D4@8E2D4@F(+8k,.&`/Y032'465P A /YWHWH9%-]*n2D&)4T/Y8`/1W+d>*q2K2D9M*?4@W+4@,62K2'&34UF39<LV/Y(H8NF)4AB,@9<LO0\9<*D(a2'(H918mLM4A2'&)9>FEA *?2D9<5'/1G14e*?,.&)4@LO4eIJ9<5b2D&)4T*qdo*q2'46L#91I 4ON =`/Y2D(H9<83* A\/18)Fk*D9<W@?<4@5 =)*D46F(H82'&)4hF)91LV/1(+8mF)4@,69<LO0P9<*?(+2D(H9<8N/18)/1W+d>*D(+*@Q

_ &)4 $ $ ,@Wl/Y*D* Ac-]&39<*D4k(H8E2'465?I /1,64:(H* *?&)9%-]8 (H8 ^)G=)5D4 o)QLK A0)5D9%?>(HF34@* µK<QK/],@9<8)*q2'5=),62D9<5 -]&)(+,.& -](+WHW2?14@5D(aI df2'&)4 9<;>=?46,62'*0`/1*?*D4@F[/1* /15DG=3LM468X2D* /Y5D4c91I32D&)4 ,69<5D5?4@,A22pd>0P4YQ

Q !2+ c b!+, 4A\/OLM4A2'&)9>F -]&3(H,.&:(+*-(+8U?<9 MY4@F;EdN2'&)4 $ o 9<;oB=?4@,A2f9<8 ,69<LM03WH462D(H9<8k91Ii2'&)4T0`/15?2D(+2D(H9<8)(+8)G 2'9m*D4A2hWH(+8>MX*7/18)FZ(+8 ?19 M14_*?462=)0I =38),62D(H9<8)*9<8m2'&34U91;>=?4@,A2'*K(H8m2'&)4U/1G1G<5D46GE/Y2'(+9<8 Q

P3Q ) +1 +1#4AX` (*1+,. + 0A ` /0 1 24AK` (*!+, a ?a0A)(*1+,. + 0A /0 1 24Ag/Y8)F )( 1+, a ?a0AC-]&)(+,.&/Y5D4T2D&)4[LO462'&39oF)*(H8U?19 M146FS;Ed_2'&)4 # 9<;X=?4@,62 A3/Y* - /1*cF)(H*?, =)*?*D4@FV(H8 2'&)4K0)5D44?>(H9=)*c*D46,62D(H9<8EAE2D9

Page 126: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " #0\4@5?IJ915DL 2D&)4h8=3LM465D(H,@/1W$,@91LM0j=o2./Y2D(H9<8)*]/Y8)F2D9M5?462=)5D8N2'&)4h5?4@*=3W+2'*K91I 2'&)46*D4e,@9<LO0j=oB2./ 2'(H918)*@Q

? EG C N !"# JD C &!"# (

+> C ,LJK!"?% E>/ 72(+% K4? ED W/12 $ SR!G"?)0/172(SR!G"?) C #=./172 #=. % EG Q?'/12NJH: Q? N( J$ /172NJ Vf)%DVfDICQH I? / 72(VfBCQH4DI? % EJH 6 W/172NJH 6 435

6 7!98 J* K*D C ,;356 7!H ED N, 6 . 356 7!H ED % E 2DQ?, 6 . 35<(< %C2 N: "G72_!"?? E>"BC6 7!H EDRQ?C7SR! IT(, 6 . .356 7!H ED >!B(VfBL(KC?D-, 6 . 356 7!H EDU@PT!XDQ?, 6 . .356 7!H EDU@PT KCC !:, 6 . 356 7!H EDU@PT!XDQ C7W).!C, CB+/ @P)D356 7!$#$79 $/ Q?C !XDQ?D7, 6 . .356 7! CI? / Q?C KCC !:, 6 . .356 7! CI? / Q?C !XDQ C7W).!C7, 6 . .35Y 5

Z [K\ ]_^ + ) 4` ?a$` *b, $ $ # c ,

_ &)4T/Y,62i=)/1W$8 =)LM465D(+, /1W ,69<LO0j=32./ 2'(H918)*b/15?4U0\4@5qIJ9<5DLO4@FN;Edm2'&34U91;>=?4@,A2'*](H8m2'&34e/YG<G<5D46GE/ B2'(+9<8O/Y2 2'&)4K5D4 N =)4@*q2 91IP2'&)4 $ $ 9<;>=?46,62 A3/1*i*?&)9%-]8V(H8_^`G2=)5D4 o)QLK K<Q`9<5 4F)/YLM0)W+4K2D&)4 9<;>=?46,62b(+* 5D46*D0\9<8)*?(H;)W+4-IJ9<5cIJ9<5DLO(H8)G|] Ao4ON =`/ B2'(+9<8 P3QLK%m A /18)F oA 4ON =`/ 2'(H918 P3Q 3Q _ &34S*=);3*D4ON =)468E2MIJ9<5?LM(+8)Gk/18)F 5?462'5?(H44?1/YW 91I]9YI ] 1 A4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8 o3Q%:kA o A 4 N=)/Y2'(+9<8 o)Q / Ai/18)F 2D&)4m0)5D9>Fj=),A2 ] ( * 5A 4 N=)/Y2'(+9<8 o)QLK Ai/15?4V2'&)4V5D4AB*D0\9<8)*?(H;)(+WH(+2pdM91I 2'&)4 $ 9<;>=?4@,A2 Q

Page 127: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " $ % +> C Ne @9?T !KQ?D7, 6 . 3%&

72(VfBCQH4DI?g-h @PT!XDQ?,;35 C!TG72(+% JH 6 eg-h D- ,!FVfD 35Y

D #$T =/ ? EG C Ne Q?C"!XDQ?, 6 . 3%& C!TG72(+% JH 6 eg-h Q?CKD- ,;35Y

% +> C C Ne >!B(VfBL(KC?D-, 6 . 3 & C!TG72 Q?g-h - 6 !T)IJHB,;35Y

Z [X\ H] , c ! ` a) k b ! ` b, $ $ #c

x 13546),.7013$&9:542+ '7/= '*) <U<_ &)4 $ $ 91;>=?4@,A2S(H* 5?4@*D0\9<8)*?(H;)W+4IJ915=30PF`/ 2'(H83G 2D&)4:5?4@*D0\9<8)*?4/Y2

2'&)4 ! 91;>=?4@,A2'*f(H8k2'&)4 Q _ &)44$ $ AN-]&)9<*D4_(+8E2'4@5qI /1,@4(H*-*D&)9%-]8 (H8k^`G=)5?4 o)QLK A\0)5D9%?>(HF34@* 2D&)4[LO462'&39oF)* µ 1"+4Al-]&)(H,.& -](+WHWg*D4A272'&34[WH(+8>MX*K2D92'&)4 912'&)465n9<;>=?46,62D* 1 /18)F , c + )1#4Aj-]&)(+,.& -](HW+WP,@/2=)*D4-2'&)4f5?4@*D0\9<8)*?4-N =`/18E2'(a2'(H46*n/Y22'&)4 ! *f(+82'&)4 2D9;\4 =)0\F`/Y2D4@F Q _ 9D=)0\F`/Y2D4[2'&)4 8)9>F`/1W5D46*D0\9<8)*D46* Ag2'&)4$ # $ 91;>=?4@,A2T/Y* MX*U2D&)4 # IJ91572'&)4_WH/1*?2h(+8X2D4@5qI /1,@4 5D46*D0\9<8)*?4IJ9<5[2'&34 # * 44F>2'465D8`/1WbF34@G<5?4@4@* Bp91IlB IJ5D464@F)9<LQb+C2_2D&)4@8(H8U?<9 M14@* LO462D&)9oF3*_(H8%2'&)4$ #% 91;>=?4@,A2O2D9 *D4A2O2D&)4m5D46*D0\9<8)*?4k/ 2[2'&)4m4F>2'4@5?8`/1WbF)46G<5D464@* Bp91IlB IJ5D4@46F)9<L s 2'&)4 (+I / (H*_;\4@(+8)G =)*?4@F(t /18)F%2'9ZF)4A2'465DLO(H8)4S2D&)4N5D4@*?0P918)*D4k/Y2_2'&34(+8E2'4@5?8`/1WF)4@G15D4@46*qBC91IlBCIJ5?4@4@F39<L s 2'&34 (H8E2D4@5D8)/1WR/Y8)FS44F>2D4@5D8)/1WPF34@G<5?4@4@* Bp91IlB IJ5D464@F)9<L (+I / tAQ_ &)4 9<;>=?46,62c(H* 2D&)4@8M/1* MY4@FO2'9=)0\F`/Y2'4n2D&)4]8)9>F`/1W)5?4@*D0\9<8)*?4@*6Q _ &3(H* (H*i/Y*c*?&)9%-]8(H8m^`G=35D4o)QLK P3Q x 13546),.7 '"5$#% '7) < <

_ &)4 $ #% 91;>=?4@,A2h(H* 5?4@*?0P9<83*D(H;3WH4TIJ9<5 0P465?IJ9<5?LM(+8)GS/1W+W 2D&)4[8 =)LO4@5?(H, /YW ,@91L B0j=32'/Y2'(+9<8)* 5?4ON =)(+5D4@F[IJ915 / F)91LV/1(+8TF)46,@9<LO0\9<*D(a2'(H918T/18)/1W+d>*D(+*@Q$ * 2D&)4 ,69<LM0 =32./Y2D(H9<83* F)460P468)F9<8V2D&)4 2pd>0P4 91IgF)9<LM/1(H8MF)4@,69<LO0P9<*?(+2D(H9<8OLM4A2'&)9>FEAo/T*=3;P,6Wl/1*?*b(H*c0)5D9%?>(HF)46FSIJ9<5 4@/1,.&S2pd>0P4 91I

Page 128: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! "

? EG Q?H !": J* !? JH: Q? &!"# (

+> Q?,;356 7!98: +> Q?,;356 7!H EDR- 6 !L)DJI, 6 . .356 . -C 7,-+% .> C /172 C

C #=/ 72 #=. Vf 1DVfBCQH I? /12(VfDICQH B N J /172NJ ? EJH 6 W/172( J 6 JK!"?% EG/12NJK!"?% (35Y 5

Z [X\ K]_^ + ) 4` ?a$` b, "+ a c ,

% EG Q?He - 6 !L)DJI, 6 . .3_& CI? /% C?- 72NJK!"?? ENg-h Q?C (IT J&'KC?-,;3572(+% JH 6 eg-h -CKG!DIU 7,T C?-D3572(+% JH 6 eg-h - 6 ,;3572(VfBCQH4DI?g-h!?.DI,972 N J g-h Q?C ,;335Y

Z [X\ K] , c !d` b, $ $ c , , c + )k b

Page 129: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " F)9<LM/1(H8 F34@,@91LM0\9<*D(a2'(+9<8 LM4A2'&)9>F 2'&)4O/18)/1W+d>*?2 - 9=)W+F0-](+*D& 2'94@LO0)W+9 d1Q h,F)/YLM0)W+4@*f91I 2'&)4*=);\,@WH/1*D*?4@*5A /Y*T*D&39 -]8%(+82D&)4V^`G=35D4Zo3Q P A (H8),6W!=)F)4 A! AE/Y8)F Q,hi/1,.& 91I`2'&)46*D4K/15?4 2'&)46LM*?4@W@?<4@*i/Y;)*?2D5'/1,A2 ,@WH/1*D*?4@*@Q z =);P,6Wl/1*?*D46*LB=)*q27;\4 -]5D(a2D2D4@8:IJ9<5-4 /1,.& *=);\,@Wl/Y*D* 9YI 2D&`/Y2 2D&)4[/Y8`/1W+d>*q2-](H*?&)4@*-2'9 =)*?4eIJ9<5453O,@(+4@8),Ad:5?4 /1*?9<8)*6Q _ &3(H*K(H*K;P46, /2=)*?4T2'&34e9<0\4@5D/Y2'(+9<8)*K0P465?IJ9<5?LM46F:;EdN2'&)4 $ 9<;>=?46,62'*-/15?4f8=3LM465D(H,@/1WHWadO(H8E2'468)*D(@?<4U/18)FNIJ9<5bWl/Y5DG<47035D9<;)W+4@LO*>-](HW+WRF)91LM(+8`/Y2'4-2'&)4h,@91LM0j=o2./ B2'(+9<8 Q &)(HW+4nG<4@834@5D(+,n*D91W?<465D* ,69=)WHF_;\4n*=)0)0)W+(H4@FCA<2'&)4Ad - 9=)WHF_;\4n2'9>97*?WH9%-hQ z 0\4@,6(+^`,b*?9<W?14@5?*IJ9<5 4@/1,.& *=);\,@WH/1*D* ,@/18[2./ MY4]/1F ?Y/18E2./YG<4n91I 2'&34n*D0`/Y5D*D(a2pd[91I\4@/1,.&_2pdo0\4b91I # !,6Wl/1*?*@Q

? EJH 6 + !"# EN4J$HJH 6 &!"# (

J 6 L,;356 7!98: J 6 L,;356 7!H ED - ,I !FVfD-3 .56 7!H ED - JX,I D!GVf CI?UM72 J ?3 .56 7!H ED >!B XD- #$D C,I ED_!GVf CI? /G!3 .56 7!$#$79 $/ Q?CX- , 6 . 3 .56 7! CI? / Q?CX-% JK, 6 . .3 .56 7! CI? / Q?CX-#$ C7, 6 . .3.56 7!H EDR-C X>!DI+ ,T CI? /_3 .56 7!H EDR- 6 D7, 6 . .3 .5Y 5

Z [X\ [X]_^ + )4` ?a$` b, $ #% c , _ &)4$ % ,@WH/1*D*5A -]&39<*D4K(H8E2'465?I /1,64](H*i*D&)9%-]8M(H8_^`G=)5?4 o)QRK ojAE0)5D9%?>(HF34@*cLM4A2'&oB

9oF3*]IJ915n2'&)4fIJ9<W+WH9%-](H8)G µK<Q-jk4A2'&)9>F)*b/15?4 0)5?9%?o(+F)4@FS2D9TIJ9<5?L/Y8)Fm5D4A2'5D(+45?14-] ( Ao4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8Zo)Q%:A o A34 N =`/Y2'(+9<8 o)Q / A/18)F 2'&)4M0)5D9>Fj=),A2 ] 1+* A 4ON =`/ 2'(H918 o)QLK3QD+CI]/'h _ +fLM4A2'&)9>F (+*e;\4@(+8)G =)*D46FEA 2'&)4 -](+WHW (+8)*?2D4 /1FZIJ9<5DL

! p! !Ag4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8 s o)QLK%/ tA

! p! !4A 4ON =`/ B

2'(+9<8 s o3QRK%/ t4A`/183F! p! !IJ9<5n2D&)4 # <Q

Q c ! ) 0# µ _ &)(+*e(+*T/LM4A2'&)9>F0-]&3(H,.& (+*J=3*D4@F%;EdZ2'&34&$ $ 91;>=?4@,A2 2D9U*?462 * (H8 2'&34 91;>=?4@,A2 Q +CI$/ &`/Y*c;\4@4684@LO0)W+9 d14@FEA)2D&)(H*c-](+WHWP*D462 Q

Page 130: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " P3Q , "+ 0# µ_ &)(+*f(H*h/SLO462D&)9oF2D9N*D9<W@?<4[IJ9<5 * d A$4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8 s o)Q m t4A$/ -](HW+WR*?9<W?14hIJ915 * A)4ON =`/Y2D(H9<8 s o3QRK%m tAQ

&(' 9 % $ 1' & %/ % ')## %/ 7-%/. ')

7-!1%/. 8 %/ 2 %/

_ = ! "#$%& ' ()$*%+%( ,- d $$/.0% 4- M A1 324 56&7 8$9% 4F $ : -$%$ $; $$3<5= ? 5%( = % -"%>- $$ = $$ ! ?$ % oA@ PA@ _B( -CD$%$/ E 3.F (,$G%5> 4F HDI( ()$B(, ? %> )&7 @

_B( 5? $ 3.F AKJ ( (L$M$%(A J LN7,: = o@RK * ($O?D %- () A/ !2+1@ _B(A$P ()Q-- J $ * .R( ( <= D$%$% D J (Q$P @

_B( $ = % $D J 6A 7 ;%9 = .0S( $D %- %(Q = T.0P%( ()$P"% ? U Q%( !" .F .0P 6"V$ % @ F "A- WJ ( ` / (*!+,# $K ? M GO >)X A( >)X APJ --9$ M ( >)X Y?.0% ( Z %%> = [\( : E A ]&.^%( $= # & J - -_$ M ( # %`.0%a%($ > = % @ _B($P $B$%( J U ]7,: = JoA@RK 7@

Page 131: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " %D_ !": $? EX>?D%&

!"# ( %D7,I RQ356 7!98* %D7,;356 7!H EDRQ?C7SR! ITS .C, 6 . .3 D .56 7!Ve / Q?C ITES0.C, 6 . 3 .5<(< !) 6 )!?@B!C D6 7!H EDRQ?C7SR!F$, 6 . .3 .56 7!H ED >!BNJHII, 6 . 3 .56 7! 6 . 'G IJB, 6 . 3 .56 7!$#$79 $/ Q?CJ # , 6 . .3 .56 7!$#$79 $/ Q?CC+>, 6 . .3 .56 7!$#$79 $/ Q?C#$, 6 . .3 .56 7! 6 . N ?, 6 . 3 .56 7!H ED %?,T CI? /> ?.3 .56 7! CI? / Q?C KCC Q), 6 . .3 .56 7! 6 . 'G IJB, 6 . 3 .5$&%!')()*&+-,/.10203,4%!562*7.1890-:;+%<>=?$-0-%!8/@BADC2EY 5

Z [X\ iX] ^ + )4` ?a$` b, c

% O 17e @9?T !XQ?D7,-VfDICQH B MN72(S %VfBCQH I?43& @R, & GFH ?3 <(< & $ ?. B I=72>-. B %D

@U, 7g-h_ *JK!"?% ,;3 @T -D32(VfDICQH Beg-h @9?T !XDQ?D7,972? 35

-F&JK!"?% MN2NJK!" ,LJK!"?% E$M3 O 52NJK!"Dg-h >!DI!XQH,;35Y

Y

Z [X\ JIK] , c !$` *b, c _` (*1+,. + $k b

Page 132: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " '). N2 &%( &'0. -%/. ')

-!1%/. %/ 2 %/

6$38 ( 3, >- < .1%($O"A"% ( =>,$ "A$ G w w ":D $7,%$3`" $ @ &7 8$O%U(A$G"A%:% ( ' D %U" A J "A%D2:D$ J ( (Y" .0% V B- <)$% $ %G(D " 3.0% >E<6( >,$ "%: @ ( >,$ ":D " .0$T6%A$% _- <)$% $P. *$%", $%( - 6 - $:6( TJ 2 D M :8I$%D :< TJ %2 "A($%'& D%?D (\% $3 " '( $ >A$ % :U %() @ ;$ ># $; ` D (LD. J ( ( $ $^Q %$ G (A-- 2 &M /> :`$ ( ` %( : $32 .C2 .0 A /"A%7,- $%32: $ ( =$% %( $ >V ON 8$ @ ( .F "%>- J (A ( $ $O $ G %(- -&2 &M /> :$ ( N6>, 5$3%: $ ( % $% ( ON D%A$,$B$- Q><=` P %() @ ( "$ D2 ) .0 ( >,D$ "%:$P$.0-- J $µ !JK!"?% H5 < MF)NB_72= % = %O"!? M < #=C 72+42)* * T5 +% . A2( L,92+ 2. P35 (* * O% G2(% E,972( 435 ! " < MF)NB_72!"?? EF I$72_% # $ @9?U,I %5K '& =!JK!"?% 5 )(*(3 & ' JK!"?% G2NJK!"?% ,I 3 !0 DI@9?TD F72 XD7 D T5 # 72( SR!G"?)T5' C #=.2 #=:5 ! A K NJX0+J$ JK!" JH 6 72NJH 6 T5 " A K NJX0+J$ 72 N J ,92NJH 6 435 # S 1%( >72(VfBCQH I?T,+ < < ?35 $ % EG Q? 72NJH Q?5 % EG C 2 C ,972NJK!"?? E 72 XD7 D 72( $SR!>"?) 2 #= 72NJH Q? 2(VfDICQH B 2 EN4J$35 2(% E #.JK!"?% ,92NJK!"?% (35 Y < MF)NB> %O"!? W "! $2$1.M < ! JXNJK2!;7 %72 #=.-, !? E L,92(% (35 " 72 #=.-, !? E f"! #=:,;35 #

Page 133: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! " $ < M G2_? E' EDI=2!"?% M < 72(+% &f ,!%JK!"?% ED35 < MF)NB_72 C 1M < !0 I@PT% >72 XD7 T5 # 2($OSU!>"?)L5 C #=.(72 #=.:5 ! )C, .JXWUJ$'2NJH 6 T5 " ,AJX0+J 72 N J ,92NJH 6 435 # S %% >2(VfDICQH BT,+ < < ?35 $ S RB&K2D-F2NJH: Q?5 )CCVfDICQH * C 2 C ,972( 72 XD7 2($OSR!>"? 72 #=. 2NJH: Q? 72(VfBCQH4DI? 72 N J H35 < M ?e@PT 2> C 1M < 72(+% & -C? -,+D35 72 C '# N5 !

(: %($ ) % $ ( Q 6"V$ %Q ()U%( - <)$ "-C $P- UK7`J &(]( .0-- J :õ ! W)X NJ W+J $ &!1V J 6 A2NJH 6 T5

.1( D,- <)$3 J $%( $;$3 % $ + %D $ >$% : "" ( J ( ( $ $K( - 2 ><E2 - X :D :A K %();%B$%- ( .F "%>A- - $ UK7 P7 A P : "-C J &(=( .0- - J :rµ ! W)X NJ W+J $ V I * 6 NJK!"D7 J 6 W2NJH 6 T5 ! , & NJ W+J $ 2NJH 6 T5 " , & NJ $ 2 N( J$ ,972NJH 6 2 #= 35

Page 134: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

K K 7

! "

# $ &%(')$ $ '

($ (,"A ^" $ %$/L>)X 2 % I""A% ( .0;",%-- -+* :%( 7 6 -&2 ` %( @-, >% .P%%) % ",D-- - "%:6 :=$O7,%$3/" $ @., J $ %( ] . $%:^ $ (]Y",D- - - /*: %( 7 - ()% . <M%( D""% ( $ <"A D-- < $ @0, ",D-- ->)X 2 % /":D6:P6 -$ &4>A- .0 %( 7 T - () $ "A $ J ( (Y$ ^6A 7 %$ .K( %G6) - U"#" -^"- - - >)X 2 % '"A%:%6 : 6) - @1, .0% J 32$9"% U.0P(A$9 J 6 -RN6$ $$% 5. J (,D (: $M 54 U% ( $:?" $ \ ( " $ (,"A %$` $^: @ ( Y (," - $ J &(ID 6"- D. ",D- - -V>)X 2 % UD,- <)$$B]%( "%% <)" "- 48 @

Page 135: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

/ !4 J? ! ! "$#&%('()+* -,.%(/0)1#

.243 765879 3:3<;=30>13 5?9@A56@ ; <CBD7BED. ; @F%: 3.G FHE> ;30> BI0@A5 3 @ABH7 ; < 3J2 @ B9 >KEA9 2 9 283LG @M97 3 54I 3EAN9 283 @A56@ ; <CBH9&@A54OP9 243-QRTS @A58O >U3<> EAFHVWF 3 BDE FDI 3 BXEANYI0EA5 A3 5?97EZ56@ ; BD754[ ;=3\G FHEJI 3 B]BDEZF^I0E >1G 9 3 FHB0_ 5`@ GK3 FD7EJOaEAN:@bN 3c B 2 EAFH9dV 3 @AFHB G @AFD@ ;=;30; I<E >UG 9 3 FDB 2 @ A3&eK3 I0E >U3 @F 3 @ ; 7f9gVh@Bi@ @AFD7 3 9gVaEAN G @AFD@ ;=;30; I0E >UG 9 3 FHB 2 @ Z3XeK3 I<E >13 I0E >1>13 FDI<7j@ ;; Vk@ @A7 ; @ e4;3 @A54O> EAF 3 7 >1G EAFH9l@5m9 ; VbNnEZF G F@AI97=I<7=54[ 3 58[Z7=5 3<3 FHBBHEAN9 c @AF 3&2 @AB eK3 I<E >13 @ @A7 ; @ e4;3oc:2 7=I 2 @ ; ]; E c B&5 3 9 c EAF32mBbEN c EZF 2mBH9l@M97=EA54B+@A54O > 7=I<FDECI0E >1G 9 3 FDB19E eK3-G FDEA[ZF@ >1>13 Op@B G @AF@ ;=;=3<;> @I 2 7=5 3 B 3 _q[4_ Rr sts 54O 3 FD@ > uvZvZwJx s 54O 3 F@ >y3 9@ ; _ zuvZvAm| R ,~ ,Q s s Q @ ; 2m7=53 9@ ; _ 6uvZvAm| ? 3 F 2 3<;=3 V s EJI 2 3 9DB ss 9 3Z3 58BuvZvZw?| 5475 s Q @AF9 3 F 3 9@ ; _ 4uvZvZZ|?@54O ,%s 3 7=5uvZvA?|@54O R Q s FHE G4G3 9@ ; _ $uvAvZ?| c:2 7I 2 B 4G8G EZF9~9 243d>13 BHB@A[ 3^G @ABHBD7=58[7=5?9 3 FHN@AI 3 BH9l@54O6@AFHO R sn @ ; 2 3 FuvZvAm| _, I0EA54BD7O 3 FD@ e4;=3 @ > E 5?9dEN.F 3 B 3 @FDI 2W2 @AB e3<3 5 G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 OO 3 BDI<FD7 e 7=54[b65479 3U3<;=3<>U3 5m9

@A56@ ; VCBD7=BNnEZF G @AF@ ;;=3<; I<E >1G 9 3 FDB<x @AI 2 3 F ;3 s uvAvZ?|7O 3 5?9D7 3 BE Z3 FB 3A3 5 2 54O4F 3 O G @ GK3 FHBEZ5h9 243 B 4eCH3 I9_ , 9d9 283&G F 3 B 3 5m9d97 >13 2 E c3Z3 F(9 283 F 33 7=B9BdEA5 ; V@B > @ ;=; 5 4>oeK3 F^EANI0E >1>13 FDI<7j@ ;; V&@ @A7 ; @ e8;=3YG @AI 2M@A[ 3 B c:2 7=I 2 F 5-EZ5-@1N 3<cG @AFD@ ;=;30;$> @I 2 7=5 3 B0_ .283 B 3iG @AI 2Z]@A[ 3 B.7=54I ; O 3 ,~ , c:2 7=I 2 EA 3 FHB@ A3 FHBD7=EA5+NnEAF9 243 s4 R E c3 F Q2 @ ;=;=3 54[ 3 @A54OX9 243~R83<>UG8; @AF , ~sms c:2 7=I 2 EA 3 F Z3 FHBD7EZ54BNnEZF9 243Q F@V Q vZw@A54O ] R-> @AI 2 75 3 BA9 243~R83<>UG8; @AFL@A54O-@ @FD7 3 9gV+EAN c EZF32mBH9@97EZ55 3 9 c EZF32mBF 54547=58[ 54O 3 F S 547 ,.Qc:2 7I 2EA 3 F Z3 FDBH7=EZ54BNnEZFL9 243UQ F@V Q vZw+@A54O ] R> @AI 2 7=5 3 B9 243 s R 9 283 s4 ~ FD7[Z7=5 wZwZw Z9 243~R J3<>UG4; @AFT@A54OU@ @AFD7 3 9gViEAN c EZF32mBH9@97EZ515 3 9 c EZF32mB8@A58O s Q. , s : , c:2 7=I 2 EA 3 F Z3 FDBH7=EZ54BNnEZFo9 243bQ F@V Q vZw@A54O ] R> @AI 2 7=5 3 B@A54OW9 283bLR J30>1G4; @AF> @I 2 7=5 3 _ .243 F 3 @ABHEZ5NnEZF9 243 B > @ ;=; 5 4>de3 FEANBHEAN9 c @F 3G @I 2@[ 3 B.@54O9 283~; 7 > 7f9l@9D7=EZ5dEAN9 243 B 3 BDEAN9 c @AF 3G @AI 2M@A[ 3 B:9E1@iN 3<c> @AI 2 7=5 3 B.I@A5 e3 @9H9FH7 e 9 3 OX9E1@i5 4>oeK3 F:EANzN@AI<9DEZFDBµuZ_ I 2 EANT9 243 F 3 B 3 @FDI 2kc @AB GK3 FNnEZF >13 O BD7=58[ > @AI 2 7=5 3 B~9 2 @M9Y@AF 3 54E ; EZ58[ 3 F75 B 39ECO6@VZ_ .2 7=B(7B eK3 I@ B 3:> @A5?VoI FDF 3 5?9 c EZF 2mBH9l@M97=EA54BTI@A5iE 9 GK3 FHNnEAF > 9 243 B 3:G @AF@ ;=;=3<;> @AI 2 7=5 3 B.EANzV 3 B9 3 FDO6@VZ_

_ .243 @ e 7 ; 7f9gV9E G EZF9I0ECO 3 NnFHE > EZ5 3> @AI 2 75 3 9DEY@A54EA9 243 F7B ; 7 > 79 3 O_ .2 7B7=B eK3 I0@ B 3I0E >UG 7 ;=3 FDB@A54O ; 7 e FD@AFD7 3 B@ @A7 ; @ e4;=3 EA5&O47 3 F 3 5?9 G @AF@ ;;=3<;6> @AI 2 7=5 3 B@AF 3 EAN9 3 5 A3 54O4EAFG FHE G FD7 3 9@AFHVNnEAF 3 @ >UG4;3 EA 3 FHB TS NnEAF G FHEZ[ZFD@ >U> 7=58[iEZ57f9B s R uo@A54O s R> @AI 2 7=5 3 B 5?9 30; EA 3 FHB NnEAF79B~7 R s Q @A54O R @AFD@A[ZEZ5 > @AI 2 75 3 B .2 7=5 2C754[ @M]

Page 136: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

I 2 75 3 BEA 3 F 3 O Q NnEZF7f9B Q @54O Q > @I 2 7=5 3 B@54O5 QS EA 3 F 3 O R s NnEZF.7f9B.5 QS ud@A58Ob5 QS 1> @AI 2 75 3 B<_

_ .243 O47 3 F 3 54I 3 B7=5+9 243 F 30; @M97 A32 @AFHO c @F 3G3 FHNnEZF > @A58I 3 EAN9 243 I0E >1G EZ5 3 5?9DBLEANz9 243G @AFD@ ;=;30;J> @AI 2 7=5 3 BC7t_ 3 _ G FDECI 3 BHBDEZFHB >U3<> EZFVi@A58OI0E >U> 547=I0@97EZ5i7=5?9 3 FDI<EZ545 3 I<97EZ5F 3 B 4; 97=5U@ ; [ZEAFD79 24> B G3 FHNnEZF > 754[ c30;=; EZ51I 3 FH9@A7=5 > @AI 2 7=5 3 B e 9 GK3 FNnEZF > 7=58[ G ECEZF ; VEZ5+EA9 243 F > @AI 2 7=5 3 B0_

4_ .243 I0ECO 3ic @AB c FD79H9 3 575 G FDECI 3 O F@ ;; @A58[ @A[ 3 B c:2 7I 2 F 3 B 4; 9$@AB c @ABYO47BDI BDB 3 O7=5+B 3 I<9D7=EZ5kuZ_fu675 G FDEZ[AF@ > B c:2 7=I 2 @AF 3 75 3 7 e4;=3 @A54O\O47!1I 8; 9.9E 3 9 3 54O_

, B ; @A58[ @A[ 3 B 3 _ [4_ s G8; 79] Q s Q 8;=;=3 F 3 91@ ; _ uvZv |d@54O LR#" s ~R#"$" EZF 4> :uvZv |@A54ObBDEAN9 c @AF 3G @AI 2M@A[ 3 B 3 _ [4_ Rr K ,% @A58O R Q eK3 I0E >U3Y> EZF 3c 7=O 30; VX@ @A7 ; @ e8;=3NnEZF@ @AFH7 3 9gVkEN G @AFD@ ;=;30;(> @AI 2 75 3 B G @F@ ;;=30;G FDEZ[AF@ > BYI@A5`58E c e3c FD7f9D9 3 5 c:2 7I 2 I@5e3G EZFH9 3 O 9EO47 3 F 3 5?9 G @AF@ ;;=3<;> @I 2 7=5 3 B0_ 5EZFHO 3 FX9E > @ 2 33 !1I07 3 5?9 B 3 EANd9 243 B 3> @I 2 7=5 3 B 2 E c3A3 Fz7f97=B~54EA9 3 54E [ 2 9 2 @99 243iG @AI 2M@A[ 3 B e3iG EZF9l@ e4;3 _ .2 7B7=B eK3 I0@ B 39 243dG3 FHNnEZF > @A58I 3 EN9 243 @A54@ ; VCBD7B@ ; [ZEZFH79 28> B @AFD7 3 BL[ZF 3 @9 ; V eK3 9 c303 5 G @AF@ ;;=3<;> @AI 2 75 3 Bs " @AF 2 @9 6uvZvZw e | _ " EZF(9 2 7=B(F 3 @ABDEA5U9 283 BHEAN9 c @F 3G @AI 2M@A[ 3 B9 2 @9@AF 3 O 3Z3<; E GK3 O1NnEZF G @AF@ ;=;=3<;> @I 2 7=5 3 B > BH9 e3 3 7 e8;=3 K@ ;; E c 7=58[9 243 @56@ ; VCB9L9DEI 2 ECEZB 3 9 243 @ G4G FHE G FD7=@9 3 @ ; [ZEZFH79 28>NnEZF&B G3 I074I G FDE e4;30> BX@A54O B G3 I07f6I > @AI 2 7=5 3 B0_ .283 BHEAN9 c @AF 3-G @I 2@[ 3 B > B9\@ ; BHE e33 9 3 54BD7 e4;=3 m@ ;=; E c 7=54[9 243 @A54@ ; VCBH99E7=5?9DFDECO I 3 5 3<c FDE 9D7=5 3 B7=5?9DE~9 243.G @AI 2M@A[ 3 9EY@I0I0E 5?9NnEZFI 2 @A54[ 3 B7=5 2 @AFHO c @AF 3 _ Q FDF 3 5?9 G @AFD@ ;=;30;6G @I 2@[ 3 BO8Ed54EA9 G FHE 7O 3 9 2 7=B# 3 7 e 7 ; 79gV@A58O3 9 3 54BD7 e 7 ; 79gVA_ " EZF 3 @ >1G4;=3 -,Q EZ5 ; V G FHE 7O 3 BX@ G @AF@ ;=;=3<; B G @AFHB 3 BHE ; A3 F1NnEZF 3 @AI 2G @AFD@ ;=;30;> @AI 2 75 3 797=B:B 4G8G EZF9 3 ObEZ5_

9 c 7 ;;6e3 O 30> EZ54B9FD@9 3 O7=519 2 7BI 2 @ G 9 3 F9 2 @9@% 3 7 e4;=3 @A54O 3 9 3 58BD7 e8;=3 @ G4G FDEZ@AI 2 NnEZFG FDEA[ZF@ >1> 7=54[1EZ5 G @AFD@ ;=;30;$> @AI 2 7=5 3 BI0@A5 e3 @I 2 7 3Z3 O BH7=54[X@5-E eCH3 I9H] EZFD7 3 5?9 3 OO 3 BD7[Z5_.243 O 3 BD7[Z5&7B e @AB 3 OXEZ5U9 243 I ; @ABHB 3 B G F 3 B 3 5m9 3 OX75U9 283~G F 3 7=E BI 2 @ G 9 3 FHB@A58O&5 3<c I ; @ABHB 3 Bc:2 7=I 2 @AF 3 7=5?9FHEJO I 3 OaNnEZF G @AF@ ;;=3<;(G FDEZ[AF@ >1> 754[4_ .243 3 7 e 7 ; 79gVk@54O 3 9 3 54BH7 e 7 ; 79gV EAN9 243 O 3 BD7[Z5 G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 O&7=5i9 243:G F 3 7E BTI 2 @ G 9 3 FHB7B > @A75?9l@A75 3 Oi75o9 2 7B5 3<c O 3 BD7[Z5_ 5@AOJ]O479D7=EZ5 Z9 243 O 3 BH7=[Z5X@ ;=; E c BTNnEZF# 3 7 e 7 ; 7f9gVi@A58O 3 9 3 54BD7 e 7 ; 79gV c:243 F 3L> @AI 2 7=5 32 @AFHO c @F 3 @A58OBDEAN9 c @AF 3 @AF 3 I0EZ54I 3 FH5 3 O@ ;=; E c 7=54[&9 243 @A56@ ; VJB9Y9E\I 2 EJEAB 3 9 243 I0E >U> 547=I0@97EZ5-BDEAN9 c @AF 3@A54O G FHEA9ECI0E ; B~9E B 3 @A58Ok9DEXO 3 9 3 F > 75 3 EZ5 c:2 7I 2aG FHEJI 3 BHBDEZFHBEN9 243iG @AFD@ ;=;30;> @I 2 7=5 39E`F 5p9 283G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B<_ 5 B 3 I97=EA5 J_ @ e FH7 3 NY75?9FDECO I97EZ5 9DE G @AFD@ ;=;30; I0E >UG 97=58[h7=B

Page 137: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

G F 3 B 3 5m9 3 O7=5 c:2 7=I 2 @+F 3 7 3<c EANI FDF 3 5?9 G @F@ ;;=30; @AFDI 2 7f9 3 I<9 F 3 B G FDEZ[ZFD@ >1> 754[ > EJO 3<; B@A54O G FHEZ[ZF@ >U> 7=54[ >U3 9 2 ECO4B7B.[Z7 A3 5_ 5+B 3 I<9D7=EZ5bJ_ @oF 3 7 3<c 7=B > @AO 3 EANBHE >U33 7=BH9D7=54[c EAF32hEA5 G @AF@ ;=;=3<; 45479 3&30;30>13 5?9@A56@ ; VCBD7B0_ .2 7=BoF 3 7 3c EN 3 7=BH9D7=54[ c EZF 2h7=B G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 O7=5WEZFHO 3 Fo9DE7O 3 5?9D7NVh9 243 @ G4G FHE?@AI 243 B19 2 @91@AF 3 9gV G 7=I0@ ;=; V B 3 O9E G @AFD@ ;=;30; 7+* 3 9 243 65879 330;30>13 5?9i@A54@ ; VCBD7B0_ 5 B 3 I97=EA5J_q @ B ; 7[ 2 9 ; V > ECO47 3 O G @AF@ ;;=3<;G FDEZ[ZFD@ >1> 754[ > ECO 30; 7=BG F 3 B 3 5m9 3 OXNnEZFT9 243 E eCH3 I<9H] EZFD7 3 5?9 3 O+@ G4G FHE?@AI 2 9 2 @97=B G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 O+7=519 2 7BO47BDB 3 FH9@97EZ5_ .283> ECO47f 3 O > EJO 3<;4> 7=547 > 7+* 3 BI 2 @A54[ 3 B9DE9 2433 7=B97=58[O 3 BD7[Z5&@54O@ ;=; E c BNnEZF > EZF 3.3 !1I07 3 5?9G FDEA[ZF@ > B0_ 5PB 3 I<9D7=EZ5pJ_ -9 243 5 3c I ; @ABDB 3 BU7=5?9FHEJO I 3 ONnEZF1@ G @AF@ ;;=3<; E eCH3 I9H] EZFD7 3 5?9 3 O6547f9 330;=3<>U3 5?9LNnFD@ >U3c EAF32+@AF 3 O 3 65 3 O_ 5bB 3 I97EZ5kJ_q@1O47=BHI BHBD7=EA57=B G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 O-EA59 243I 2 @A54[ 3 B9E 3 7=BH9D7=54[dI ; @BDB75?9 3 FN@AI 3 B:@A54O&9 243 7=BHB 43 B9 243 @A56@ ; VJB9 > BH9 eK3 @ c @F 3 EAN c:243 5G FDEA[ZF@ >1> 7=54[&75k@ G @AF@ ;;=3<;3 5 7=FHEZ5 >13 5?9_ 5B 3 I<97EZ5aJ_\@ G FHEA9EA9gV GK3 7 >1G4;=3<>U3 5m9@97EZ5O 30> EZ54B9FD@9 3 B:9 243 5 3<c O 3 BH7=[Z5_

d' )o' ) %/#

"!$#%!'& (*)+,).-/-/01-324+,5768:9;0<5=9,>?+,0<@

, G @F@ ;;=30; I0E >1GBA 9 3 FC@AB1O 3 65 3 O e V ,~;> @BD7:@A54O EA9D9 ; 7 3<e s uvEDAv?|FC7=BHGJILKNMOMQPLIFRTSUKNVKXWZY7[\K]ILPL^L^FSOV`_PFMQPFabPFV,RO^cROd;GeRfILK]KLY,PF['GeR:PgGeV7hiILKNacacj`V,SUIkGeR:PcR:K^]KNMmlePcMnGe[o_`P?Y7[\KepMQPFa^%WqGN^FRUrs EZB9oEAN9ECO6@Vut B G @AF@ ;;=3<; I0E >1GBA 9 3 FHBdI@5 eK3gv 7 3c3 OW@AB^@bI0E ;=;=3 I<9D7=EZ5kEAN G FDECI 3 BDBDEAFDBi@A58O>U3<> EAFHV A 5879B c:2 7=I 2 @AF 3U; 75 2 3 Oa9EA[ 3 9 243 F e Vh@5`7=5?9 3 FDI<EZ545 3 I<97EZ5h5 3 9 c EZF32_xw 243 F 3 @AF 39 2 F 3031G F 3Fv @ ;=3 5m9 G @AFD@ ;=;30; @FDI 2 7f9 3 I9 A F 3 B^7=5 A B 3 9ECO6@Vµ A 547fNnEZF >y>U3<> EZFVk@AI<I 3 BHB s S?s-, |>yA4; 97 G FDECI 3 BHBDEZF<xJ58EZ5J] A 547NnEZF > >U3<> EAFHV1@AI<I 3 BHB s S?s-, | >yA4; 97 G FDECI 3 BHBDEZF<x8@54O >yA4; 97I0E > ]GBA 9 3 F0_uZ_z| |~1OT1E` µ , S?s, >yA4; 97 G FDECI 3 BDBDEAF7Bd@ G @AFD@ ;=;30; @AFHI 2 79 3 I9 A F 3 7=5c:2 7I 2y+G FDECI 3 BDBDEAFDB:@A54O >130> EZFHV A 5879B@AF 3; 7=5 2 3 O9DEZ[ 3 9 243 F e VX@A5&75?9 3 FHI0EZ585 3 I ]97EZ55 3 9 c EZF 27C8@ABTB 2 E c 5&75i6[ A F 3 J_fu@8_wzEY9 283LG FHEJI 3 BHBDEZFHB7=51@ S?s-, >yA4; 97 G FDECI 3 B]BDEAFCJ9 243>130> EZFHV A 547f9B > @ 2 3?A4G EZ5 3; @AFH[ 3L>130> EZFV19DE NnFHE > c:2 7=I 2 @ ;;G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZFHBI@5UB9EZF 3 [ 3 9O4@9l@8_w 243 @I0I 3 BDB97 >13 NnEZF 3 @I 2G FHEJI 3 BDBT9E^@A5?V ; ECI@M97=EA5i7=5 >U3<> EZFV7=B(9 243 BD@ >U3 NnEZF@ ;;4G FDECI 3 BDBHEZFDB<_8@ >1G4;=3 BEN G @AFD@ ;=;30;4> @AI 2 75 3 B c 79 2 9 2 7=B@AFHI 2 79 3 I]9 A F 3 @AF 3 9 283 ,L;=; 7j@A5?9 " ]XD;CJ9 243dQ F@V ] sR C49 243dQ F@V ] sR C69 283dQ FD@V Q vZw;C69 243~R 3<>UG4; @AF:@A54O+9 283 s 3 4A43 5?9 s V >U>13 9DFHVA_

Page 138: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

PP P p21

M M M1 2 m

Interconnection Network

! #"$&%('*),+&+!%-$

Interconnection Network

P P21

M M1 2 M

pP

p

/.02134! #"$&% '5),+&+6%$78:9;:<& #'5%-=?>"(!),$

" 7=[ A F 3 J_fu5µ Q E >1GBA 9 3 F , FHI 2 79 3 I9 A F 3 NnEAF R @AFD@ ;=;30;$Q E >1GBA 9 3 FHB _A@*z| |~1 1N E Pµ , SZs-,>A4; 9D7 G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZF7=BL@ G @AFD@ ;=;30; @AFHI 2 79 3 I9 A F 37=5 c:2 7=I 2 @~I<E ;=;3 I97=EA5dEAN G FHEJI 3 BHBD7=58[ A 5479DB7B7=5?9 3 FDI<EZ545 3 I<9 3 O v 7=@~@A5i75?9 3 FHI0EZ585 3 I97=EA55 3 9 c EZF 2C?@AB$B 2 E c 5o754[ A F 3 J_fu e _T@AI 2dG FHEJI 3 BHBD7=58[ A 5879I0EZ58BD7=B9BEAN6@ >130> EZFHV A 5479@A54O\@9 ;=3 @BH9:EZ5 3G FDECI 3 BHBDEZFqC6BDE >13 9D7 >13 B > EZF 3 _wEi9 243G FHEJI 3 [email protected]=5&9 243YS?s,>yA4; 97 G FDECI 3 BDBDEAFC9 243&>130> EZFHV A 547f9B > @ 2 3A4G EZ5 3&; @AFD[ 3>130> EZFHVk9E NnFDE > c:2 7I 2@ ;;G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZFHB.I@A5XB9EZF 3 [ 3 9:O6@9@8_w 243 O47f 3 F 3 54I 3c 7f9 2 9 243YS?s-,>yA4; 9D7 G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZF7=B^9 2 @9d9 243 9D7 >13 9Ek@I0I 3 BDBO6@9@ 7=5 @ ; EJI0@ ;>U3<> EZFV A 5479i7BdI<EZ54BD7O 3 FD@ e4; VhN@AB9 3 F9 2 @A5\@AI0I 3 BDBH7=54[UO6@9@75+@iF 30> EA9 3>U3<> EZFV A 5879_wTV G 7=I0@ ;=; V75+B A I 2 BHVCBH9 30> B c:243 5@ G @A[ 3 N@ A8; 9YECI0I A FDBC9 243UG @A[ 3 7=BYI<E G 7 3 O-NnFDE > F 30> EA9 3i>130> EZFV-@A54Oa@XI0E 283 F 3 54I<VG E ; 7I<V7=B 3 58NnEAFDI 3 OXEZ5&O A8G4; 7I@9 3~G @A[ 3 B75U9 283 BHVCBH9 30> _.w 2 7=B >U3<> EZFV > @A54@A[ 30>13 5?97=B:@ ;=;GK3 FNnEZF >13 O e V&9 2832 @AFDO c @AF 3 _w 243 SZs-,>yA4; 9D7 G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZF.@FDI 2 7f9 3 I9 A F 3 7=B > EZF 3G E GBA4; @AF9 2 @A5X9 243S?s, >yA8; 97]G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZF@AFHI 2 79 3 I9 A F 3 NnEZF:9 243^eBA 7 ; O4754[UEN > @I 2 7=5 3 B c 7f9 2; @AFD[ 3 5 A4>oeK3 FHB~EAN G FDE]I 3 BDBHEZFDB eK3 I0@ A B 3 9 243 @AFDI 2 79 3 I<9 A F 3 BDI@ ;=3 B e3 9D9 3 F0_x8@ >UG8;=3 B^EAN G @F@ ;;=30;(> @AI 2 75 3 Bc 79 2 9 2 7BT@AFDI 2 7f9 3 I<9 A F 3 @AF 3 9 243LQ F@Vw CA9 243 s4B FD7[Z7=5 wZwZw;Cm@54Oi9 243 s 9@A58NnEZFHO @AB 2 _

Page 139: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Z _|~OTE ~] µw 243->yA4; 97I0E >1GBA 9 3 F17=BBH7 > 7 ; @AFi9E`9 2 @9XEAN@ S?s-, >yA8; 97]G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZF0_ , >yA4; 9D7=I<E >UG;A 9 3 F17B@ G @AFD@ ;=;30; @AFHI 2 79 3 I<9 A F 3 7=5 c:2 7=I 2 @h5 A4>oeK3 F1EANG FHEJI 3 BDBH7=54[ A 547f9B7=B:7=5?9 3 FDI<EZ545 3 I<9 3 O v 7j@1@A575m9 3 FHI0EZ545 3 I<9D7=EZ5b5 3 9 c EZF 27C@ABB 2 E c 5-7=56[ A F 3 J_u e _T@AI 2&G FHEJI 3 BHBD7=58[ A 547f9I<EZ54BH7=BH9DBEAN@ >130> EZFHV A 5479@A54O@ G FDECI 3 BHBDEZF<_ B 5@ >yA4; 97I0E >1GBA 9 3 FC A 5 ; 7/2 3 9 243 S?s, >yA4; 9D7 G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZFqC 3 @I 2G FDECI 3 BHBD754[ A 5479DBI@5EZ5 ; V B9EZF 3 [ 3 9YO6@9@X9DE NnFHE > 7f9B ; ECI@ ;>130> EZFHV A 547f9_T@AI 2G FDECI 3 BDBD754[ A 5479@AI<9DB@AB^@\B9l@A58O6@AFDOaB 354`A83 5?97=@ ; I<E >1GBA 9 3 F0_ B 5aEZFDO 3 FYNnEZF@ G FHEJI 3 BDBqCF A 5454754[EZ5a@ G FDE]I 3 BDBH7=54[ A 547f9C?9E ; ECE 2d@9TO6@9@Y751@A54EA9 243 F G FHEJI 3 BDBqt 3 B@AO8O4F 3 BDBB G @AI 3 I<E >1>yA 547I@9D7=EZ5eK3 9 c303 5b9 243YG FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B >yA B9LECI0I A F0_w 243 @O v @A5?9l@A[ 3 EAN.9 283&>yA4; 97=I<E >1GBA 9 3 F@AFDI 2 7f9 3 I<9 A F 3 E vZ3 Fd9 283 SZs-, >yA4; 97I0E > ]GBA 9 3 F&7BU9 2 @9XEA 9 283 B 243<; NI0E >UG EZ5 3 5m9DB&I@5 e3A B 3 O_ " EZF 3 8@ >1G4;=3 C9 243 B ss R uEC~9 243 B s s R C@A54O 9 243a~R Q @AF 3kG @AF@ ;=;=3<;> @AI 2 7=5 3 B+I0E >1G FH7=B 3 O EANB 3FvZ3 F@ ;c EZF 2mBH9l@M97=EA54B e;A 54O ;3 O 754BD7O 3 @UBD754[ ;3 I0@ e 75 3 90_ 8@ >1G4;3 BEAN G @AFD@ ;=;30;> @M]I 2 75 3 B c 7f9 2 9 2 7=B@AFHI 2 79 3 I<9 A F 3 @AF 3 9 243 B 5?9 30;R @AF@[ZEZ5 Cm9 243 B 5m9 30; 7 R s Q Cm9 243 5 QS %5 QS % C9 243 w 2 7=5 2m754[ s @AI 2 7=5 3 B Q"s ] C9 243 B s s R ueC9 243 B s s R C9 283~R Q .C4@A54O\5 3 9 c EZF32mBLEAN c EZF 2CB9l@9D7=EZ58B s Bl|_

w 243G @F@ ;;=30; I0E >1GBA 9 3 FU@AFDI 2 79 3 I<9 A F 3 BUI0@A5 eK3 N A FH9 283 FI ; @ABDBH7 3 OPO 3<G3 54O47=58[aEZ59 2435 A4>oeK3 F:EAN G FDECI 3 BDBDEAFDB7=5X9 243Y> @AI 2 75 3 _w 243Y> @AI 2 75 3 B:I@5 eK3 I ; @BDBD7f 3 O\@AB eK3 754[õuZ_ BN3,<oµ1w 243.> @AI 2 75 3 EA 3 FHB9 243"A B 3 F(EA5 ; Vd@B > @ ;=; 5 A4>oeK3 FEN G E c3 FHN A4;G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZFDBqC6B A I 2 @AB9 243Q FD@V?] sR s G FDECI 3 BHBDEZFHBl|C49 243Q FD@V?] sR s D G FDECI 3 BHBDEZFHBl|C9 283dQ FD@V Q vZw s u G FDECI 3 BDBDEAFDBl|CK@A54O+9 243 ,~;; 7=@A5?9 " ]XD s D G FDECI 3 BDBDEAFDBl| _

_ "1,1µw 243.> @AI 2 75 3 EA 3 FHBT@ ; @AFD[ 3 5 A4>oeK3 F(EANB > @ ;=;CG FHEJI 3 BDBHEZFDBqC 3 _q[8_9 243Q"s ] 2 @O A8G 9DEUZZ G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZFDB<_

_|T~3,<oµ B 5 e3 9 c3<3 5d45 3 @54O^I<E?@AFHB 3 [ZF@A75 3 O=CM9 243T> @AI 2 7=5 3 EA 3 FHB$NnFHE >@~N 3<c O4E * 3 5i9EY@~N 3c 9 2 E A BD@A54O G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZFDBqCmB A I 2 @AB9 243 5 QS s uw G FDECI 3 BHBDEZFHBl|C9 283 7 R s Q s u D G FDECI 3 BHBDEZFHBl|C@54OX9 243^Q F@Vw s wA D G FDECI 3 BHBDEZFHBl| _

"!$#%!:# (*)+,).-/-/01-b( + +,) 8 01-X@

, G @AFD@ ;=;30;T> @I 2 7=5 3 C ; 7+2 3 @ ;=; I0E >1GBA 9 3 FHBCTF 354`A 7=F 3 Bi@A5 E GK3 FD@9754[ BVJB9 3<> C(I<E >UG 7 ;=3 FDB@A54O BHEAN9 c @AF 3oG @AI 2M@A[ 3 B~7=5 EZFHO 3 F9E eK3A B 3 N A8; _ Q E ;=;=3 I<9D7 vZ3<; VX9 243 V G FDE v 7=O 3 9 283oG FDEA[ZF@ > ]

Page 140: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

(>U3 F c 79 2 @ G FHEZ[ZF@ >U> 7=54[ > EJO 3<; _ " EZF G @AF@ ;=;=3<;:> @AI 2 7=5 3 B9 243 F 3 @AF 3 G FH7 > @AFD7 ; V`9 2 F 3<3G FDEA[ZF@ >1> 7=54[ > ECO 30; BµuZ_|` , µ , F A 54547=58[ G FDEZ[AF@ > 7=B v 7 3<c3 O1@ABT@I<E ;=;3 I<9D7=EZ5^EANK7=54O 30GK3 54O 3 5?9I0E >U>yA 547=I0@9754[ G FDECI 3 BDB 3 B0_fT@AI 2 G FDECI 3 BHB 3 3 I A 9 3 B7=5b79BE c 5k@AO4O4F 3 BHBB G @I 3 @A58O2 @AB@ A 547 4A43 7=O 3 5m9D7 3 F c:2 7=I 2 @ ;; E c B9 283 E9 243 F G FDECI 3 BDB 3 Bz9DE7O 3 5?9D7NVL79NnEZF GBA F G EZB 3 BEANI0E >U>yA 547=I0@97EZ5_w 283G FDECI 3 BDB 3 BLI<E >1>yA 547I@9 3~c 79 2X3 @AI 2 EA9 243 F e V&9 243 B 3 54O47=58[@A54OkF 3 I 3 7 v 7=58[\ENO4@9l@;C7_ 3 _ >13 BHB@A[ 3iG @ABDBH7=54[4_w 243 B 3 58O47=54[ G FHEJI 3 BHBB G3 I07f 3 BY9 243; ECI@ ; O6@9@&9E e3 9DF@A58B > 79D9 3 O@A54O-9 243 @AO4O4F 3 BDBYEAN9 283 F 3 I 3 7 v 754[ G FDECI 3 BDB s Bl| _gw 283F 3 I 3 7 v 7=54[ G FHEJI 3 BDBzB GK3 I<7 3 Bz9 283 B 3 54O4754[ G FHEJI 3 BHB@A54O c:243 F 3 9 243 O4@9l@:7=B$9E e3G4; @AI 3 O7=5+7f9B ; ECI@ ; @AO4O8F 3 BHBLB G @AI 3 _w 243 E GK3 FD@9754[oBVJB9 3<> C4I<E >1G 7 ;3 FDBqC8@54OXBDEAN9 c @AF 3G @AI 2M@A[ 3 B G FDE v 7=O 3 N A 54I<9D7=EZ54B9 2 @99 283\G FDECI 3 BHB 3 BUI0@A5 A B 3 9E GK3 FHNnEAF > 9 243 I0E >1>yA 587=I@M97=EA5_ w 243 E GK3 FD@9754[-BHVCB9 30>@A54OWBHEAN9 c @F 3+G @AI 2M@A[ 3 B1@ ; BHE G FDE v 7=O 3 N A 54I<9D7=EZ54B c:2 7=I 2 @ ;=; E c G FDECI 3 BDB 3 B19DE-I0F 3 @9 3EA9 243 F G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B<_"w 243 N A 58I<97EZ54B@ G4GK3 @F:9DE19 243G FDECI 3 BDB 3 B@AB54EZF > @ ;; 7 e F@AFV&I0@ ;=; B0_8@ >UG8;=3 BYEANE GK3 F@M97=58[\BVCBH9 3<> B c:2 7=I 2G FHE v 7O 3 9 2 7=BN A 58I<97EZ56@ ; 79gV@AF 3US 587n@A58OR(; @A5C] v8_8@ >1G4;=3 BEANBDEN9 c @AF 3YG @AI 2M@A[ 3 B c:2 7=I 2+G FHE v 7O 3 9 2 7B.@AF 3YR(rs C6 ,s @A58OsR B Q _

_ B | 1 1µcw 243 F A 54587=54[ G FDEZ[AF@ > 7B v 7 3<c3 OW@AB^@bI<E ; ];=3 I<9D7=EZ5XEAN G FHEJI 3 BHB 3 B 3 @I 2 B 2 @AFD754[@ G EAFH97EZ5&EANz79DB v 7=F9 A @ ; @AO4O4F 3 BDB:B G @AI 3c 7f9 2 9 243EA9 243 F G FDECI 3 BDB 3 BC:7_ 3 _ @I<E ;=;3 I97=EA5EN9 2 F 3 @AO8B0_4T@AI 2pG FHEJI 3 BHB 2 @AB G FH7 v @9 3 O6@M9l@;CB A I 2 @BL9 283oG FDECI 3 BDBB9l@AI 2C@54O B 2 @AF 3 O-O6@9l@ C c:2 7I 2 7=B7=59 243 B@ >U3 F 3 [A7=EZ5bEAN(9 243v 7=F9 A @ ; @AO4O8F 3 BHBB G @AI 3 EN 3 @AI 2-G FHEJI 3 BHB0_ , I<I 3 BDB9EU9 243 B 2 @AF 3 O-O6@9@ >yA B9 eK3 BVJ5C]I 2 FHEZ547/* 3 O eK3 9 c303 5 G FDECI 3 BHB 3 B9E G F 3qvA3 5?9YF@AI 3 I<EZ54O47f97=EA54B0_w 2 7=B~BHVC54I 2 FHEZ547/*0@97EZ5 C9 283 I0E >1>yA 587=I@M97=EA5 eK3 9 c303 5 G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B7=5i@B 2 @AF 3 O >U3<> EAFHV G FDEA[ZF@ >1> 7=54[ > ECO 3<; C7=B GK3 FNnEZF >13 O e V G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B A BD754[ ; ECI 2CBqC e @AFDFH7 3 FDBCI<EZ54O47f97EZ5 v @AFD7=@ e4;=3 BC$@A58OaEA9 243 FBHVC54I 2 FDEZ547+*@9D7=EZ5E GK3 FD@9EAFDB0_8@ >1G4;3 B(EANBDEAN9 c @AF 3G @AI 2M@A[ 3 B(9 2 @9TB A8G4G EAFH9T9 2 7BT@AF 3sHA 587=5@A54O G F 3 BHB0_ , 5 8@ >UG8;=3 EAN@ ; @A54[ A @A[ 3dc:2 7=I 2 B A4G4G EZF9B9 2 7B > ECO 3<; 7=Bs G4; 79] Q _

_; B,o `µfw 243 F A 58547=54[ G FDEA[ZF@ > 7=B v 7 3<c3 O @Bd@\BD7=58[ ;=3G FHEJI 3 BDB<_ R @AFD@ ;=;30;G FHEJI 3 BDBH7=54[kECI0I A FDB c:243 5 9 283XG FDECI 3 BDB G3 FHNnEZF > B@A5WE GK3 FD@97EZ5 EZ5@A5@AFHF@VZ_ G ]

Page 141: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

3 FD@97EZ54B^EZ5W@AFDFD@VJBo@AF 3&GK3 FNnEZF >13 Oh7=5 G @F@ ;;=30; EZ5 @ 5 A4>de3 FoEAN G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZFDB<_ w 283I0E >U>yA 547=I0@97EZ5 eK3 9 c303 5 G FDECI 3 BDBDEAFDB.7=B7 >1G4; 7I07f9CA9 243G FHEZ[ZF@ >U>13 F7=B54EA9F 3 B G EZ58BD7f]e4;3 NnEZFB 3 54O47=58[oO6@9@ eK3 9 c303 5 G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZFHB.EZFBVC54I 2 FDEA547/*<7=54[d9 243 @AI<I 3 BDB9DEd9 243 O6@9@7=5-9 243 @AFDFD@VJB<_g8@ >1G4;3 BYEAN ; @A58[ A @A[ 3 B c:2 7=I 2 B A8G4G EAFH9Y9 2 7B > ECO 3<; @AF 3LR#" @A58OQ"s " EAFH9FD@A5_

Q3 FH9@A7=5 G FHEZ[ZFD@ >U> 7=58[ > EJO 30; B@AF 3 B A 79 3 OX9EiI 3 F9l@A75+@AFDI 2 7f9 3 I<9 A F 3 BqC6B A I 2 @AB >13 BHB@A[ 3G @ABHBD7=58[kNnEAF >yA4; 9D7=I<E >UG;A 9 3 FDBi@A58O B 2 @AF 3 O >130> EZFVhNnEZF >yA8; 97 G FDECI 3 BDBHEZFDB<_ , 5 A8>oe3 FEANBDEAN9 c @AF 3-G @AI 2M@A[ 3 B+@ ;=; E c G FDEZ[ZFD@ >1>U3 FDB9E A B 3 @`I 3 F9l@A75 G FDEA[ZF@ >1> 7=54[ > ECO 3<; EZ5 3 7f]9 243 F >yA4; 97 G FDECI 3 BDBDEAFEZF >yA4; 97=I<E >1GBA 9 3 F > @AI 2 7=5 3 B0_ " EZF 3 8@ >1G4;=3 C Rrfs s 3 [ A830; 75 3 9:@ ; _nCuvZv |FC@\BHEAN9 c @AF 31G @AI 2M@A[ 3 9 2 @9B A4G4G EZF9BY9 243>13 BDBD@A[ 3 ] G @ABHBD754[ > EJO 30; C7BY@ v @7 ; @ e4;=3 EA5e E9 2>A4; 9D7 G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZF > @AI 2 7=5 3 BCCB A I 2 @AB BCJ9 243 B 5?9 30; 7 R s Q CJ@A54OU9 243 w 2 7=5 2m7=58[ s @M]I 2 7=5 3 B Q"s ] C6@A54O >yA8; 97 G FDECI 3 BDBHEZF > @AI 2 75 3 BqC8B A I 2 @AB9 243Q F@V ] sbR @A54O&9 243 s 354`A83 5?9s V >U>13 9DFHVA_ , 5 3 8@ >1G4;=3 EAN:BHEAN9 c @F 3G @AI 2M@A[ 3 B c:2 7=I 2 G FHE v 7O 3G FDEZ[ZFD@ >1>U3 FDB c 79 2 9 243B 2 @F 3 O >U3<> EZFV > ECO 3<; EA5 >yA4; 97I0E >1GBA 9 3 F B@AF 3 B r s 7@A54O A O6@ 2CuvEDZvZ|@A58OsHA 5475 s Q @AFH9 3 F 3 9~@ ; _nCuvZv?A|_ "!$#%! (*)+,).-/-/01-b( + +,) 8

B 9:7=B > EZF 3 O87!1I A4; 99DE c FH79 3 N@ABH9 G FDEZ[ZFD@ > BNnEZF G @F@ ;;=30;K> @AI 2 7=5 3 B9 2 @A5+79.7B9E c FH79 3N@ABH9YB 3 4A43 5m9D7j@ ;TG FHEZ[ZFD@ > BNnEAF A 547 G FDECI 3 BHBDEZF > @AI 2 75 3 B<_cw 243 F 3 @ABHEZ5kNnEZF9 2 7B7=B9 2 @9Y9 243G FDEA[ZF@ >1>13 F 2 @ABz@ ; EA9 > EZF 3 F 3 BDE A FDI 3 B@ v @A7 ; @ e4;3 9 2 @A5 'A BH9@BH7=54[ ;3TG FDECI 3 BDBDEAF@A58Oo@:BD7=58[ ;=3>U3<> EAFHV A 5879_ B 5X@AO4O47f97EZ519DE^9 243 A B A @ ; 7=BHB A43 B9 2 @95 303 O&9DE eK3 @O4O4F 3 BDB 3 O+7=51O 3qvA30; E G 7=58[N@ABH9 G FHEZ[ZFD@ > BqC 3 _ [4_O6@9@ ; EJI0@ ; 7f9gVECM9 243G FDEA[ZF@ >1>13 F(7=51@ G @AFD@ ;=;30;43 5 v 7FDEZ5 >13 5?9 >yA B9@ ; BDEI0EZ58BD7=O 3 FµuZ_. , 1EµwzE > @ 2 3~3 !1I<7 3 5?9 A B 3 EAN9 243G @F@ ;;=30;6> @AI 2 75 3 Cm9 283G FDEA[ZF@ >1>13 F>yA B9 2 3030G @ ;; 9 243oG FDECI 3 BHBDEZFHB eBA BV-@9@ ;=; 97 >U3 B0_ ,; EZ@AO7 >oe @ ; @A54I 3 ECI0I A FDB c:243 5BDE >U3UG FDECI 3 BDBDEAFDBiBD7f9o7O ;=3c:2 7 ;3 E9 243 FDBoF 30> @A7=5 eBA BHVeC(O 3 [AF@AO4754[9 243&3 !1I<7 3 58I<VaEAN9 283 I<E >1GBA 9l@M97=EA5_

_ i~1o Tµw 243.G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 BF A 58547=54[EA5o9 243.G @F@ ;;=30;C> @AI 2 7=5 3 5 303 Oi9EI0E > ]>yA 587=I@M9 3 9DE GK3 FHNnEAF > 9 243dc EZF 2bF 3 4A 7=F 3 OkEAN(9 2430> _?w 243 I<E >U>A 547=I0@97EZ5 e3 9 c3<3 5G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B7B 3 G3 54BD7 vZ3 I<E >UG @AF 3 O^9E54EZF > @ ;CG FDECI 3 BHBE GK3 FD@97EZ54B<_w 243G FDEA[ZF@ >1>13 F

Page 142: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

B 2 E A4; O > 7=547 > 7+* 3 I0E >1>yA 587=I@M97=EA5 e3 9 c3<3 5 G FDECI 3 BHB 3 B@A58O >yA BH9z@ ; BHE.I0ECEZFDO87=56@9 3 9 24397 > 754[oEAN9 283 I<E >1>yA 547I@9D7=EZ5 eK3 9 c303 5 G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B<_

wzE-@7=Oh75h9 283 O 3FvZ30; E G4>13 5?9iEAN G @AF@ ;;=3<;(G FDEZ[AF@ > BC@AB Q A4;;=3 F 3 9@ ; _ s uvZv Z|O47BDI A BDBCNnE A F.B9 30G BLI0@A5 eK3 7=O 3 5?97 3 OWµ

uZ_`E u oµiw 243 I<E >UG;A 9l@9D7=EZ5P7=B e FHE 2 3 5O8E c 5 7=5?9DE @ 5 A8>oe3 FXEANY9l@AB 2mBF 3<G F 3 B 3 5m9D7=54[O47BDI0F 3 9 3aG EZFH9D7=EZ58B&EAN9 243 I0E >UGBA 9l@9D7=EZ5_ " EAF 3 8@ >1G4;=3 C~75@`65879 330;30>13 5?9i@56@ ; VCBH7=BCz9 243 9@AB32mBi754I ; A O 3 9 243 NnEZF > @M97=EA5aEAN.9 243 BVJB9 3<> EAN 3 4A @M97=EA54BC9 283 BDE ; A 97EZ5EN(9 2 7B~BHVCB9 30> @A54O9 243yA4G O6@9D7=54[&EN(9 243 58EJO6@ ; F 3 B G EZ54B 3 4A @A5?97f97 3 B0_T@AI 2 EANL9 243 B 3 9l@AB 2CBUI@A5 e3 B A8e O47 v 7=O 3 OP7=5?9DEaB > @ ;;=3 Fo9l@AB 2CB<_ " EZF 3 8@ >1G4;=3 C9 243NnEZF >yA4; @M97=EA5EN69 243 BVCBH9 3<> EAN 354A @97EZ54B > @V e3 O47 v 7=O 3 Oo75m9DE~9 283 B 3<G @AF@M9 3 9@AB32mB(@99 28330;=3<>U3 5?9 ;=3qvA30; C47t_ 3 _9 243 NnEZF >yA8; @9D7=EZ5UEAN > @ABHBC4B975 3 BDB@A54O+O6@ >1G 754[ > @M9FD7I 3 BC9 283 NnEZF >yA4; @97EZ5iEAN9 243L3<;=3<>U3 5m9T9@A54[ 3 5m9 > @M9FD7 @A58O79DB@ABDB 30>oe4; V17=5?9EY9 243 BHVCB9 30>EAN 354A @97EZ54B<_ , 57 >1G EZF9l@A5?9:N@AI9EZF7=5bO 3 9 3 F > 7=587=54[ c:2 @9 ;3qvA30; EANTO 3 I<E >1G EZBH79D7=EZ57=B15 3 I 3 BHB@AFVEC7=B9 2 @M9U9 243 O 3 I0E >1G EZBD7f97=EA5 >yA BH9&7O 3 5?9D7NV 9l@B32mB9 2 @9I0@A5 3 3 I A 9 3I0EA54I A FHF 3 5m9 ; VA_

_ 7µ w 243aG FDEA[ZF@ >1>13 F+7=B\F 3 B G EZ54BD7 e4;=3 NnEZF\I0F 3 @9D7=54[W9 243aG FDECI 3 BDB 3 B-7=5c:2 7I 2 9 283 9@AB32mB c 7 ;=;e3G3 FHNnEZF >U3 O_ B 5\EZFHO 3 F:9E1F 3 O A I 3 I0E >1>yA 587=I@M97=EA5 e3 9 c3<3 5G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B:@5 A8>oe3 FEAN9l@AB 2CB@AF 3 @ABDBH7=[Z5 3 OU9DE 3 @AI 2G FDECI 3 BDB0_ B 97=B7 >1G EZF9l@A5?97=519 243@ABHBD7=[A5 >U3 5?9.9 2 @9µs @?|3wE > 7547 > 7/* 3X; E?@AOP7 >oe @ ; @A54I 3 C9 2 @9&9 243 9l@B32mBX9 2 @9I@A5 eK3 3 3 I A 9 3 O I0EZ5J]

I A FDF 3 5?9 ; VbB 2 E A4; O eK3 @ABHBD7[Z5 3 Ob9E1O47 3 F 3 5?9 G FHEJI 3 BHB 3 B@A54O9 2 @99 243Yc EAF32 ; E?@O@ > EZ54[i9 243YG FDECI 3 BDB 3 BL7B e @ ; @54I 3 O_

s e |3wEbF 3 O A I 3 I0E >1>yA 547I@9D7=EZ5 e3 9 c3<3 5 G FHEJI 3 BHB 3 BqCz9@AB32mB c:2 7=I 2 F 3 N 3 F 3 54I 3 I0E > ]> EZ5+O6@9@B 2 E A4; O eK3 @ABDBH7=[Z5 3 O+9Ei9 243 BD@ >U3G FDECI 3 BHB0_

_N 1`q];]Tµ w 283-G FDECI 3 BDB 3 B >yA BH9&I0E >1>yA 547I@9 3 9DE G3 FHNnEZF > 9 243 9l@B32mB+@AB]BD7[Z5 3 Oa9E\9 243<> _w 283 I0E >U>yA 547=I0@97EZ5-7=B7=5k9 243 NnEZF > EN >13 BDBD@A[ 3 Bd7=5h@ >13 BHB@A[ 3G @ABHBD754[ 3 5 v 7FDEZ5 >U3 5m9@A54O BHVC54I 2 FDEZ547+*@9D7=EZ57=5@B 2 @AF 3 O >130> EZFV 3 5 v 7=FHEZ5 >13 5?9_w 243G FDEZ[ZFD@ >1>U3 F7BF 3 B G EZ54BH7 e4;3 NnEZFO 3 9 3 F > 7=587=54[9 243 EAFDO 3 F7=5 c:2 7=I 2 9@AB32mB c 79 2 7=5@ G FDECI 3 BDB 3 3 I A 9 3 @A54O c:243 5b9 283G FDECI 3 BHB 3 B~I0E >U>yA 547=I0@9 3 EA5 eK302 @ ; NzEAN9 243 9l@B32mB0_

Page 143: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

4_| B1 µiw 243 G FDECI 3 BHB 3 B >yA BH9 e3 @ABDBH7=[Z5 3 Op9E9 243G42 VJBH7=I0@ ;~G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZFHB0_ " EZFI0EZ@AFDB 3 @A54O >13 O87 A4> [ZFD@A7=5 3 O > @AI 2 75 3 BqC c:243 F 3 9 243 5 A4>oeK3 F~EAN G FDECI 3 BDB 3 B > @V 3 C]I 3<3 O9 243 5 A8>oe3 FbEN G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZFDBbEZF\7=5 243 9 3 FDEA[ 3 5 3 E A B 3 5 v 7=FDEA5 >U3 5?9B c:283 F 3 9 243F 3<; @9D7 vA3bGK3 FNnEZF > @A54I 3 EAN G FDECI 3 BDBD754[ A 5879B > @V v @AFVEC9 2 7=B > @ G4G 7=58[hI@5 2 @ vZ3 @BD7[Z547f6I@A5?9:7 >UG @I<9.EZ5X9 243 E vA3 FD@ ;=;GK3 FNnEZF > @A54I 3 _

B 9~7BL7 >UG EZFH9@A5?9.9EUO 3 I<E >UG EZB 3 9 243^G FDE e4;30> 75m9DE19@AB32mB9 2 @9LI@5 eK3dGK3 FHNnEAF >13 O\I0EZ5J]I A FHF 3 5m9 ; VKxJ9 2 @99 2 EAB 3 9@AB32mB9 2 @9I@5 e33 3 I A 9 3 O+I0EZ58I A FHF 3 5?9 ; V e3 @ABHBD7=[A5 3 O9DEdO47f 3 F 3 5m9G FDECI 3 BDB 3 B~EAF:9 2 F 3 @AO4B<x@A58O\9 2 @9 G FDECI 3 BDB 3 B~EAF:9 2 F 3 @AO4BF 354`A 7=FD754[i9 243> EZBH9 QRTS 9D7 >13e3@ABDBH7=[Z5 3 O 9E 9 243 N@AB9 3 F G FDECI 3 BHBDEZFHB0_ , B ,~> O6@ 28; s uvZED?| G EZ75?9 3 O E A 9CT7N.9 243 I0E >UGBA 9l@M]97EZ5h7B^O47 v 7=O 3 Oh7=5?9DEb9 283 B 3 FD7=@ ;G EZF97=EA5 C9 2 @9 G EZF97EZ5NnEAF c:2 7I 2 54E9@AB32mBoI0@A5 3 3 I A 9 3I0EZ58I A FHF 3 5?9 ; VEC@A54Oa9 243 I<EZ54I A FDF 3 5?9 G EZFH9D7=EZ5 C9 2 @9 G EZF97EZ5NnEAF c:2 7=I 2 9@AB32mBdI0@A5 3 3 I A 9 3I0EZ58I A FHF 3 5?9 ; VEC$9 283 554E > @9H9 3 F 2 E c 2 7[ 2 9 243 O 3 [ZF 3<3 EANI<EZ54I A FDF 3 54IVk7=5-9 243 I<EZ54I A FDF 3 5?9G EAFH97EZ5 CT9 243\GK3 FHNnEAF > @A54I 3Xc 7 ;=;.eK3\; 7 > 79 3 O e V 9 243 B 3 FD7=@ ;:G EZF97EZ5_Jw 2 7=B17=BI0E >U> EZ5 ; VF 3 N 3 FDF 3 O+9EU@AB ,~> O6@ 28; t B ; @ c _

B N9 283 9D7 >13 9E G3 FHNnEZF > 9 243 I<E >UG;A 9l@9D7=EZ5=C C67=B:O47 v 7O 3 O\7=5?9Ei9 243 B 3 FH7j@ ; 9D7 >13 C69 24397 >U3 9E 3 3 I A 9 3 9 243 B 3 FD7=@ ;CG EZF97EZ5 CZ@54Oo9 243 I<EZ54I A FDF 3 5?9(97 >U3 LCA9 243 9D7 >13 9E 3 3 I A 9 3 9 243I0EZ58I A FHF 3 5?9 G EZFH9D7=EZ5 CC9 243 5X9 243 9DEA9l@ ; 97 >U3 9DE 3 3 I A 9 3 9 283G FDEZ[AF@ > EZ5\@oBD754[ ;=3~G FDECI 3 BDBDEAFI@A5 eK33 G F 3 BDB 3 O-@AB

p

w 243 9D7 >13 9DE 3 3 I A 9 3 EZ5 iG FDECI 3 BHBDEZFHBCGN^L^Fj`acSOV`_R d;GeRILKNacacj`V,SUIkGeRoSUKNVILK]^FRO^ Ge[\P V=PU_eMmSn_eSTpMQPGeV7hbG`ILILPL^L^ZRXKgh GeR$GGeR GeMOM=MQPFlePFM^KXWZR d,P?abPFabKN[d`SUPF[kGe[\ILd cSQ^?j V,S WKN[acC8I0@A5 eK33 G F 3 BDB 3 O@AB

3 9D9D7=54[ LC49 243 GeM _`KN[SOROd`acSUI?^:Y,PLPkhejYUNnEZF G+G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B7=B.O 3 65 3 O@AB

u

u , 5 A4G4GK3 F ] e E A 54O\EZ5X9 243 @ ; [ZEZFH79 28> 7ILB G3<3 O A4G 9 2 @M9LI0@A5 e3 E e 9l@A75 3 O+7=B 3 G F 3 BDB 3 Ok@AB

; 7 > "! u#$

" EZF 3 8@ >1G4;=3 7fN% w;C67t_ 3 _(58EUI<EZ54I A FDF 3 54I<V 3 J7=BH9DBL75X9 243YG FHEZ[ZF@ > CC9 243 554E > @9D9 3 F 2 E c> @5mV G FDECI 3 BHB 3 B(@AF 3 A B 3 O CZ58EL754I0F 3 @AB 3 7=5 GK3 FHNnEAF > @A54I 3Te V A BD754[ > EZF 3 9 2 @A5^EZ5 3G FDECI 3 BDBDEAF

Page 144: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

c 7 ;;KeK3 E e 9l@A75 3 O_ B N uEC87_ 3 _TAw EAN G FHEZ[ZFD@ > 7=BB 3 4A43 5?9D7j@ ; @54O+Aw I0EA54I A FHF 3 5m9C49 243; 7 > 7f9EZ5h9 243 @ > E A 5?9^EAN@ ; [AEZFD7f9 24> 7=IoB G3<3 O A8G 9 2 @9^I@A5 eK3 E e 9l@A75 3 Oa7=B @A54OhNnEAF9 c EG FDECI 3 BDBHEZFDB:9 243 @ ; [ZEZFH79 28> 7ILB G3<3 O A4G 9 2 @M9LI0@A5 e3 E e 9l@A75 3 O+7=Bu ;C c:2 7=I 2 7=54I<F 3 @B 3 B:EZ5 ; V9E-u D&NnEZF 3 7=[ 2 9 G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZFHB0_ B N +9 243i; 7 > 7f97=B754I0F 3 @AB 3 O-9E\ C c 7f9 2 @A5@ ; [ZEZFH79 28> 7IB GK303 O A4G ENu e3 7=54[E e 9l@A75 3 OXNnEZF9 c E G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZFHB~@A58O NnEZF 3 7=[ 2 9 G FDECI 3 BDBHEZFDB<_

" EAF9 2 7=BF 3 @ABDEZ5a9 243Ue3 BH9iB 3 4A43 5?9D7j@ ; @ ; [AEZFD7f9 24> 7B^58EA9o@ ;c @VCBd9 243eK3 B9 G @F@ ;;=30; @ ; ][ZEZFH79 28> _ w 243 F 3d> @V 3 J7=B9@A5@ ; [AEZFD7f9 24> c:2 7=I 2 7=BB ; E c3 FEZ5@1B 3 4A43 5?9D7j@ ;> @I 2 7=5 3eBA 9O A43 9DE`I0EA54I A FHF 3 54I<V 75 9 243 @ ; [ZEZFD7f9 24> C79 c 7 ;=;:GK3 FHNnEAF > e3 9D9 3 F&75p@ G @AFD@ ;=;30;.3 5 v 7FDEZ5J]>U3 5?9_ , >13 9DFD7=I9 2 @M97=B A B 3 O+9DEoI0E >UG @F 3 9 243GK3 FHNnEAF > @A54I 3 EAN v @AFD7E A B@ ; [ZEZFH79 24> BT7B9 243B GK303 O A4G _ w 243 ^:Y,PLPkhej]YEN@5b@ ; [ZEZFH79 24> A BD754[ GXG FDECI 3 BDBHEZFDB7=BO 3 65 3 O@AB s Q EJO 3 54EA9H97@A54Ob 3 EZ54I<7=547oCuvAv x A4> @AF 3 9@ ; _nCuvZvA8x A 7=545=CuvZvA?|£µ

c:243 F 3 wy7=B&9 283 9D7 >13 9l@ 2 3 5 9E G3 FHNnEZF > 9 243 I<E >UG;A 9l@9D7=EZ5 A BH7=54[ 9 243 pFPL^FRB 3 4A43 5m9D7j@ ;@ ; [AEZFD7f9 24> EZ5&@oBD7=58[ ;=3LG FDECI 3 BDBDEAF.@A54O Y7=B9 243 97 >U3 9l@ 2 3 5X9DE G3 FHNnEZF > 9 243 I<E >UG;A 9l@9D7=EZ5A BD754[i9 243 @ ; [ZEZFH79 28> A 58O 3 F:I0EA54BD7O 3 FD@97EZ5+EZ5 G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZFHB0_

w 243 @ ; [AEZFD7f9 24> 7=I.B G3<3 O A4G @A54OB GK303 O A4G EN@A5+@ ; [AEZFD7f9 24> c 7 ;=;,v @AFHV1NnFDE > EZ5 3~G @AF@ ;=;=3<;> @I 2 7=5 3 9DEY@A54EA9 243 F<_w 2 7B(7=B eK3 I@ A B 3 9 283 F 30; @97 vZ3GK3 FNnEZF > @A54I 3 EAN9 243:G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZFDBqC >130> ]EZFHVeC6@A54OXI<E >1>yA 547I@9D7=EZ5UI@A5 eK3 B A8e BH9@A5?97j@ ;=; VUO47f 3 F 3 5?9.EA5XO47 3 F 3 5?9 G @AFD@ ;=;30;K> @I 2 7=5 3 B0_w 243 B 3 B GK303 O A4Gp>13 9DFD7I0B c 7 ;=; @ ; BHE v @AFV c 79 2 9 243\G FHE e4;=3<> 3qvA3 5 EZ59 243 B@ >13\G @AF@ ;=;=3<;> @I 2 7=5 3YeK3 I0@ A B 3 NnEZF:O47 3 F 3 5?9 G FDE e8;=30> B.9 243 F@M97=EEANI0E >1>yA 587=I@M97=EA5&9E15 A8>U3 FD7=I0@ ; E G ]3 FD@97EZ54BCJ9 243 FD@97EoEAN$9 243 B 3 FD7=@ ;G EZF97=EA59Ei9 283 I0EZ54I A FDF 3 5?9 G EAFH97EZ5 C8@A54OX9 243 5 A4>de3 F.EANG @A[ 3 N@ A8; 9B@A54O\I@AI 243> 7=BDB 3 B:I 2 @A58[ 3 _

"!$#%! (*)+,).-/-/01- 0<5=9 +8/0 9B0 > 9,8

w 243 E eCH3 I<9]gEZFH7 3 5?9 3 O G @F@AO47[ > 7B7O 3 @ ;; VdB A 7f9 3 OU9E^9 243 O 3qvZ3<; E G8>U3 5m9EAN G @F@ ;;=30;6G FDE][ZF@ > B eK3 I@ A B 3 9 243 9l@B32mBdI0@A5 eK3 7=O 3 5m9D7 3 O`@AB9 243 75 v ECI@9D7=EZ5EAN9 243 E eCH3 I9 >13 9 2 ECO4BC@A54O-9 283 @ABDBH7=[Z5 >13 5?9EN9@AB32mB9 2 @9YB 2 @F 3 I0E >U> EZ5 O6@M9l@&9E+@ G FHEJI 3 BHBI0@A5 e3 7O 3 5?9D7 3 O@AB@ABHBD7[Z547=58[X@A5-E eCH3 I<99DE+@ G FHEJI 3 BDB<_ " EZF9 243 O 3qvA30; E G4>U3 5?9YEAN G @AFD@ ;=;30; E eCH3 I9H] EZFD7 3 5?9 3 OG FDEA[ZF@ > BCz@b5 A4>de3 F^EAN 3 GK3 FD7 >U3 5?9l@ ; E eCH3 I<9]gEZFH7 3 5?9 3 O ; @A54[ A @[ 3 B 2 @ vZ3e3<3 5 G FDE G EZB 3 O7=5X9 283; 79 3 F@M9 A F 3 _w 243 B 3; @A58[ A @A[ 3 B.B A4G8G EZF9:9 c E > @7=5 G FHEZ[ZF@ >U> 7=54[ > ECO 30; Bµ

Page 145: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

uZ_e]g| 1` µ , I9EZFHB s , [ 2 @;CuvEDAm|@AF 3 @ A 9EZ58E > E A B@A58O\I<EZ54I A FDF 3 5?9 ; V 3 3 I A 9]7=58[E eCH3 I<9DB c:2 7=I 2 3 3 I A 9 3 @ABHVC54I 2 FHEZ54E A B ; VA_ , I<9DEZFDBdI@A5 I<F 3 @M9 3 5 3c @I<9EAFDBi@A58OI@5hB 3 54O >13 BHB@A[ 3 B9DEEA9 243 F^@AI9EZFHB0_3w 243U>U3 BDBD@A[ 3 BB 3 5?9d9E@AI<9DEZFDB^@AF 3 9@AB32mB^F 3 ]4A43 B9 3 OpEAN~9 243 E eCH3 I<9_ , B ; 7[ 2 9 ; V > EJO47f 3 O vA3 FDBH7=EZ5 EAN~9 243 @AI<9DEZF > ECO 3<; 7=Bi9 243 ; 1` s Q2 7 3 5@A54O @ ;=; VEC:uvZvZwZ|_ , 5 @A[Z[AF 3 [Z@9 3 7B@I<E ;=;3 I<9D7=EZ5hEAN@AI9EZFHB0_ , >13 BHB@A[ 3 B 3 5?99Ek@A5@A[A[ZF 3 [?@9 3 7=BiB 3 5?919DEk@ ;=; EAN:9 243X>130>de3 FDBiEAN9 243@A[Z[AF 3 [Z@9 3 _w 243U>U3 9 2 ECO7=5 v E 2 3 OaI@A5 e31G3 FHNnEZF >U3 O e VkEZ5 3 EAN9 283 @AI9EZFHB^EAF e VBDE >U3 EAN@AI9EZF:E eCH3 I<9DBL75&9 243 @A[Z[AF 3 [Z@9 3c EZF32m754[19DEZ[ 3 9 243 F0_w 243 @AI<9DEZF > ECO 30; 7=BL@A5 E eCH3 I9H]gEAFD7 3 5?9 3 O vZ3 FHBD7EZ5 EAN >13 BHB@A[ 3^G @BDBD754[&75 c:2 7I 2 9 243@AI9EZFHBF 3<G F 3 B 3 5?9 G FHEJI 3 BHB 3 B@A58O&9 243>13 9 2 ECO4BB 3 5?9 e3 9 c3<3 5b@AI<9DEZFDBF 3<G F 3 B 3 5?9I0E > ]>yA 587=I@M97=EA5_ w 243 F 3 @AF 3 @U5 A4>oeK3 FEN ; @A54[ A @A[ 3 B c:2 7I 2 B A4G8G EZF9~9 243 @AI9EZF > ECO 3<; CBDE >U3X3 4@ >UG4;3 BiEAN c:2 7I 2c 7 ;=;e3Xe FH7 3 4V`O47BDI A BDB 3 O 9DEkB 2 E c 2 E c 9 243+; @A54[ A @[ 3 BB A8G4G EAFH9:NnEZF9 283 O 3qvZ3<; E G8>U3 5m9EAN G @AFD@ ;=;30;G FDEZ[AF@ > Bµs @?| RY s ,~>13 FH7=I0@;C:uvED Z|o7B@ ; @A54[ A @[ 3 7=5 c:2 7=I 23 @I 2 E eCH3 I<9 2 @ABU@ e ECO8VEC

c:2 7I 2 7=B@ ; EJI0@ ;CG FDECI 3 BDB0_w 243 E eCH3 I<9 3 3 I A 9 3 BT7=5 G @F@ ;;=30;?c 7f9 2 EA9 243 F(E eCH3 I9B0_Q E >1>yA 587=I@M97=EA5 e3 9 c3<3 5`E eCH3 I9BYEJI<I A FHB c:243 5E eCH3 I<9B7=5 v E 2 3>13 9 2 EJO4BEA5EA9 243 FE emH3 I<9DB0_Jw 243 E eCH3 I<919 2 @975 v E 2 3 B9 243+>13 9 2 EJOW7=B e8; ECI 2 3 O A 5?97 ; 9 243I0@ ;=;3 O+E eCH3 I<9 G3 FHNnEZF > B9 243Y>U3 9 2 ECO\@A54O\F 3 9 A FH54B@1F 3 B A8; 9_s e | Q2 @F > s Y@ ;3 @A54O FD7B 2 54@A5 C:uvZv |7=Bo@A5 3 C9 3 54BD7EZ5WEAN Q 7=5 c:2 7I 2@AI9EZF~E eCH3 I9B >yA BH9 eK3 I0F 3 @9 3 O e Vb9 243oG FHEZ[ZFD@ >U>13 F<_?w 243 @I<9EAFI ; @ABDB 3 BI@52 @ vA3 58E GBA4e4; 7=I >130>de3 FN A 54I97EZ54BC8@AI0I 3 BHB:9DEd9 283 @AI<9DEZF >13 9 2 EJO8B7=B G FDE v 7=O 3 O9 2 FDE A [ 2 B G3 I07=@ ;.3 5?9FV G EA7=5?9BO 3 65 3 ONnEZF 3 @AI 2 @AI<9DEZF0_ 3<c BVJ5?9@N7=5W9 243; @A54[ A @[ 3 7B G FDE v 7=O 3 O 9E-@I0I 3 BDBi9 283 B 3+>130>oeK3 FN A 54I97=EA54B0_ " EZF 3 4@ >UG4;3 9DE75 v E 2 3 @ >13 9 2 EJO-75k@&F 30> EA9 3 @AI<9DEZF G EZ7=5?9 3 O-9E e Vk@AI9EZF R 9DFC9 243iG FDEA[ZF@ > ]>13 FI<F 3 @9 3 BY@ >U3 BDB@[ 3 @A54O-B 3 54O4BY7f9~9E&9 243 @AI9EZF e V7=5 v E 2C754[+@AI9EZF R 9DF

R s > BD[ R 9DFl|_ , | 7B@I ; @BDB75?9FDECO A I 3 ONnEAF9 283 B 3 54O4754[i@A54OF 3 I 3 7 v ]754[+EAN >13 BHB@A[ 3 B e3 9 c3<3 5h@AI<9DEZFDB<_ Q2 @AF > @ ; BDE+7=5?9DFDECO A I 3 B9 243 54E97=EA5-EANF 30G4; 7=I@M9 3 OXE eCH3 I9BC c:2 7=I 2 I@5 e3 @I0I 3 BDB 3 O e V&@ ;=; 9 243 E eCH3 I9B.759 243 BVCBH9 3<> _s I| R FDE G3 F Q , s R @AF 2 3 B 3 9@ ; _nCuvZvm|i@A54O ,Q w s Y@N A FD@h@A58O 303 CuvEDZv?|@AF 3aQ ; 7 e F@AFV e @AB 3 O7 >1G4;=3<>U3 5m9@97EZ54BUEAN^9 243 @AI<9DEZF > ECO 3<; _ 7 e FD@AFD7 3 BG FHE v 7O 3 I ; @ABDB 3 BX9 2 @M9+I@A5 eK3 A B 3 O 7=5 B9l@A58O6@AFDO Q G FHEZ[ZFD@ > BU9EWI0F 3 @9 3

Page 146: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

G @F@ ;;=30;G FDEZ[AF@ > B c:2 7=I 2HA B 3 9 243 @AI9EZF > EJO 3<; _ B 5 ,Q w @A5*e]dI ; @ABDB7B G FDE v 7=O 3 O C@A58Oa75 R FDE G3 F Q , e EA9 2 9 243 e]&@A54O ;] I ; @ABHB 3 B@AF 3G FDE v 7=O 3 O_TECI@ ; E eCH3 I9B:7=5&@A5+@AI<9DEZF G FHEJI 3 [email protected]=5 v E 2 3Y>U3 9 2 ECO4BEA5@AI9EZFE eCH3 I9B7=5 9 243 54EAF > @ ;zc @VEC eK3 I@ A B 3UQ I<E >1G 7 ;3 FDBLO4EX54EA9YB A4G4G EZFH9>13 BHB@A[ 3UG @ABHBD7=58[ eK3 9 c303 5 G FHEJI 3 BHB 3 BqC(BDEbB GK3 I07=@ ; @ e B9F@I<97EZ54B^@AF 31G FHE v 7O 3 O_" EZF 3 8@ >1G4;=3 C7=5 R FHE G3 F Q ,~ @AI<9DEZFDB 2 @ vZ3 B GK3 I07=@ ;$>U3 9 2 ECO4BqC , I<9EAF sb3 9 2 ECO4BCc:2 7I 2 I0@A5 e3 7=5 v E 2 3 O A BH7=54[ u ~ ThE eCH3 I9B0_

_ B `e| <`µ1w 2 7B7BT@A5E eCH3 I<9H] EZFD7 3 5?9 3 O vA3 FHBD7=EA5UEANK9 283 B 2 @AF 3 O >130> ]EZFV > ECO 30; _ B 5\9 2 7B > ECO 30; 9 2 F 3 @O4B 3 J7=BH9L7=5b@ c EZF ; OENB 3 FD7=@ ; E eCH3 I9B<_"w 243 O47f 3 F]3 58I 3eK3 9 c303 5+9 2 7=B > ECO 30; @A54O&9 283 B 2 @F 3 O >130> EZFHV > ECO 30; 7=B9 2 @99 243 9 2 F 3 @AO4B.I@59 2830> B 30;nvZ3 B eK3 9F 3 @9 3 O@ABE emH3 I<9DB@A58OU9 283 O6@9@^EZ5 c:2 7=I 2 9 243 9 2 F 3 @AO8B 3 3 I A 9 3 @AF 3E eCH3 I<9DB0_w 243 F 3 @F 3 @\5 A4>oeK3 FEAN ; @A54[ A @A[ 3 B9 2 @9B A4G8G EZF9d9 2 7=B > EJO 3<; _4@ >UG4;3 BEANB A I 2; @54[ A @A[ 3 BY@AF 3 µ Q.Q s Q2 @54O8V@A54O 3 BHB 30;> @5 CTuvZv |C GQ s 303 @A58O @A5J]54EZ5=CuvZv8u |C Q.Y s Q2 @A54O4FD@ 3 9@ ; _nCuvZv |FC G s @9 243 F s "63<; O > @A5 3 9L@ ; _ CuvZv |FC6@A58ORT s w s 3 FDB 2 @AO 3 9@ ; _ CuvEDeD?|"@I 2 EAN9 283o; @A58[ A @A[ 3 B G FDE v 7=O 3 B~I0EA54BH9DF A I9B~NnEZF9 283 NnE ;=; E c 754[õs @?|3w 243 I<F 3 @97EZ5XEAN9 2 F 3 @O4Bµ B 5 Q.Q 9 2 F 3 @AO4B.@AF 3 I0F 3 @9 3 OXNnEZF 3 @AI 2 BH9@9 3<>U3 5?9

c 7f9 2 75 @ C CT@A58O bBH9@9 3<>U3 5m90_ B 5 G6Q 9 2 F 3 @O4B@AF 3I<F 3 @M9 3 O c:243 5 E eCH3 I<9DBbEAN^B A8e I ; @ABHB 3 B\EAN ,k@AF 3 I0F 3 @9 3 OEZF c:283 5@>13 9 2 EJO+7B7=5 v E 2 3 O\EZ5+@iI0E ;=;=3 I<9D7=EZ5_ B 5 Q. >U3 9 2 ECO4BI0@A5 e3 7O 3 5?97f 3 O\@ABeK3 754[ G @AF@ ;=;=3<; x75 v E 2m7=58[\B A I 2 @ >13 9 2 ECO c:2 7=I 2 I0F 3 @9 3 B^@X9 2 F 3 @AO C c:2 7I 2ae VO 3 N@ A4; 9z7B ; ECI@9 3 OYEZ5Y9 243G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZFEZ5 c:2 7=I 2 9 243 E eCH3 I<9zF 3 BD7=O 3 B0_ B 5 G s @9 243 F@ B9l@9 30>13 5?97B G FHE v 7O 3 O c:2 7=I 2 7BzBH7 > 7 ; @F9E~9 243 4BH9@9 3<>U3 5?97=5 Q.Q i_B 5 RT s w C ; 7+2 3GQ yC6E eCH3 I<9BEAN9gV G3 < I@A5 e3 I<EZ54B9F A I<9 3 O_

s e |3w 243dG4; @AI 30>13 5?9LEAN(E eCH3 I<9DBµ B 5 Q.Q 9 243 B 3 FD7=@ ; E eCH3 I9BF 3 BH7=O 3 7=54BH7=O 3 N! E`^E eCH3 I9BqC6EZ5 3 N E ^E emH3 I<9:NnEZF 3 @AI 2+G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZF0_ B 5 GQ B 3 FH7j@ ;E emH3 I<9DB~F 3 BD7O 3 7=5 7o `eT1AxJ9 243 I0EZ54B9F A I<9DEZFNnEAF:@ 7o `e k7=B G @BDB 3 O@ oq ~< E eCH3 I9d@B^@5h@AFH[ A4>13 5?9 c:2 7I 2 O 3 65 3 B 2 E c E eCH3 I9B7=5-9 243I<E ;=;3 I<9D7=EZ5k@F 3 9E eK3i> @ G4G3 O-9E G FDECI 3 BDBHEZFDB<_ B 5 Q.Y E emH3 I<9DBd@F 3i; ECI@M9 3 O

Page 147: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

]EZ5U9 243G FDECI 3 BHBDEZFHB c:243 F 3 9 283 V c3 F 3 I<F 3 @M9 3 OXEAF9 283~G FHEZ[ZF@ >U>13 FTI@5 G FDE v 7=O 3@A5 @AO4O47f97=EA56@ ; @AFH[ A4>13 5?9~9DE LB GK3 I<7NVC7=54[@ G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZF0_ " EZF ; E?@AO e @ ; @54I]754[BC?9 243G FHEZ[ZF@ >U>13 FI0@A575 v E 2 3 @ > 7[ZF@9 3 N A 54I97EZ5UEA5U9 283 B 3 FH7j@ ; E eCH3 I<9DB9DE> E vZ3 E eCH3 I<9B:NnFDE > EZ5 3G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZF:9E1@A54E9 243 F0_

s I|w 243 @AI0I 3 BHBL9E1F 3<> E9 3 O6@9@rµ Q.Q A B 3 BL[ ; E e @ ;G EZ7=5?9 3 FDB<x49 243 7=5 v EJI0@97EZ5+EAN@ >13 9 2 EJO EZ5@A5 E eCH3 I9 G EZ75m9 3 O`9DE e V @ [ ; E e @ ;G EZ7=5?9 3 Fo7BoI@AFHFD7 3 O E A 9EA59 243 F 30> EA9 3G FDECI 3 BDBHEZF 2 E ; O47=58[19 243 E eCH3 I9_ B 5 GQ 9 243 E eCH3 I9BEA5 @ ; EJI0@ ;G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZF^I@A5`[ 3 9d@bI0E G VEAN9 243 F 3<> EA9 3 E eCH3 I9oEZ5 c:2 7=I 2 9 243 VkI@A5`75 v E 2 39 243>13 9 2 EJO_ B 5 G s @9 243 F 3 @AI 2 E emH3 I<9 2 @AB.@^[ ; E e @ ; @AO4O4F 3 BHB0x@AB7=5 Q.Q 9 24375 v EJI0@97EZ5+EAN@ >13 9 2 ECO\EA5@iF 3<> E9 3 E eCH3 I<9L7=B.I0@AFDFH7 3 O+E A 9:F 30> EA9 30; VA_

s O| s VC54I 2 FDEZ547+*@9D7=EZ5Mµ( 3 I0@ A B 3 Y@A54O B9l@9 30>13 5?9B7=5 Q.Q O8Ed54EA9F 3 9 A FD51I0EZ5?9FHE ;BA 5?9D7 ; @ ;; 9 2 F 3 @AO4BTI0F 3 @9 3 O17=5o9 283 BH9l@M9 30>13 5?9@AF 3 6547=B 243 O=C e @AFDFH7f]3 FDB@F 3G FDE v 7=O 3 O_ ,L; BHE~7=5 Q.Q s VC54I v @AFH7j@ e4;3 B@AF 3G FHE v 7O 3 O^9EBHVC54I 2 FHEZ547/* 3@AI<I 3 BDB:9EB 2 @F 3 ObO6@9@8_ B 5 Q. E G3 F@9D7=EZ58B.EZ5+B 2 @AF 3 O\E eCH3 I<9BI@5 eK3Y>yA ]9 3 +@54O 3qvA3 5?9:BHVC54I 2 FHEZ547+*@9D7=EZ5&9 2 FDE A [ 2 E GK3 F@M97=EA54BEZ5I0EZ54O8797EZ54B v @FD7j@ e4;=3 B0_w 243d; @A54[ A @A[ 3 @ ; BDE 2 @AB~@ 1BH9@9 3<>U3 5m90x@ ;; 9 2 F 3 @AO8B~I0F 3 @9 3 O 754BD7O 3 @ >yA BH99 3 F > 756@9 3de3 NnEZF 3 5 3 J9B9l@9 30>13 5?9I@A5 e3 [Z7=5 3 3 I A 97=EA5_ B 5G s @9 243 F ; EJI 2mB1@A54O > EZ547f9EZFHB@AF 3XG FHE v 7O 3 O_ RT s w yG FDE v 7=O 3 B1@5 A4>oeK3 FEANBHVC54I 2 FHEZ547/*0@97EZ5\I ; @BDB 3 BCKB A I 2 @AB . C7| 1O]i@A54O 1 BN ! K_

b/z%/# -'T)d, %) d'y?/L/# %

/#-/<% #&% ~%! )+*

w 243 F 3b2 @B eK303 5p@-I0EA54BD7O 3 FD@ e4;=3 @ > E A 5m91EANLF 3 B 3 @AFDI 2 EZ59 243+G @AFD@ ;=;30; 7 >UG8;=30>13 5?9@M]97EZ5 EAN9 243 6547f9 3X3<;=30>13 5?9 >13 9 2 EJO=C c 7f9 2 BDE >13 F 3 I 3 5m9 c EZF32hNnECI A BD7=58[EA55 3 9 c EZF32mB1EANc EAF32mBH9@97EZ54B s @ @AFY@A54O ,~eK30; CuvEDED8xz A F > @A5=CuvZvZw8x s 2 @AF > @+@A58Oh@ A [ 2#" F0_nCuvAv x A4> @FL@54O , O 30; 7UCuvZvZJx s @A5?97=@A[ZEU@A54O@ c C$uvZvA?|_ s EZBH9LEAN9 243 F 3 B 3 @AFHI 2 2 @AB:NnEJI A B 3 OEZ5`9 283 @AI<9 A @ ; @A54@ ; VCBD7Bo@ ; [ZEZFH79 28> C9 2 E A [ 2 " @AF 2 @M9 3 91@ ; _ s uvEDZvZ| ; ECE 2mBi@9 >U3 9 2 ECO4Bd9DEG @AFD@ ;=;30; 7+* 3 9 243 B A @A58O 7=5 BDE >U3 EAN:9 243c EZF32 3 !1I07 3 5?9 >U3 9 2 ECO4Bo9E-E e 9l@A75`[ZECEJO G @AF]97f97=EA54B@AF 3 O47=BHI A BHB 3 O s " @AF 2 @9C(uvEDED8x s @ ; EZ5 3 C(uvEDeD8x Y@ > @ ; @A54O , O 30; 7UCuvAvZw8x 3 FH56@AFHO

Page 148: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

@A54O s 7 > EZ5=CuvZvm|_fw 243 9gV GK3 EN@56@ ; VCBH7=B@ ; [ZEZFH79 24> B GK3 FHNnEAF >13 O-7=58I ;QA O 3 BB9l@9D7=I s $@ c CuvEDZJx " @AF 2 @9 3 9Y@ ; _ C$uveD Z|FC9FD@A54BH7 3 5?9 A BD754[&O47F 3 I9~75?9 3 [AF@9D7=EZ5 s FH9D7/*^@A54O E A F] > 7O CuvEDZJx @ @F@A54O ,~eK30; CLuveDED8x ?A @A54O ",A4; 9DEZ5 C.uvEDeD?|FC@A54O > EJO6@ ; 9FD@A54BH7 3 5?9 s " @AF 2 @9@A54O 7 ; BDEZ5=C.uvEDZ?| _ , 5 A4>oeK3 FiEN~F 3 B 3 @AFDI 283 FDB G F 3 B 3 5?9F 3 B A8; 9BoNnEAFo9 243 @ G8G4; 7I@9D7=EZ5aEAN9 243 @A56@ ; VJBH7=B^@ ; [AEZFD7f9 24> BYEZ5`O47f 3 F 3 5?9 G @AF@ ;=;=3<;T> @AI 2 7=5 3 B0_*w 2 EZB 3 9 2 @9dO4E I0E >U>13 5?9oEA59 243 N@AI<99 2 @9EZ5 3 @ ; [ZEZFD7f9 24> > 7[ 2 9 G3 FHNnEZF > eK3 9H9 3 F9 2 @A5X@A58EA9 243 F@ ; [ZEZFH79 28> EZ5&EA5 3L> @M]I 2 7=5 3 C e;A 9 > @V G3 FHNnEZF > c EZFHB 3 EA5-@A54EA9 243 F > @I 2 7=5 3 s " @AF 2 @9CuvZvZw e | _ , B~O87=BDI A BDB 3 Ok7=5B 3 I<97EZ5J_ _ C49 2 7=B:7BO A43 9DE19 243 N@AI<9:9 2 @9:9 243GK3 FHNnEAF > @A54I 3 EAN9 283^G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZFHBC >U3<> EZFVA 547f9Bo@54O`I0E >U>yA 547=I0@97EZ5a5 3 9 c EZF32aI@A5 v @AFVB A4e B9l@A5?9D7j@ ;; V eK3 9 c303 5WO47f 3 F 3 5m9 G @AF@ ;=;=3<;> @I 2 7=5 3 B0_

w 243 NnECI A BTEAN9 243> @ EZFD7f9gVoEAN9 243:c EZF32 2 @B eK303 5EZ59 243>13 9 2 EJO4B A B 3 O9DE G @AF@ ;;=3<; 7/* 39 243 65479 33<;=30>13 5?9o@A56@ ; VJBH7=B<_w 243c EZF32 2 @ABd9gV G 7I@ ;; VkI<EZ54I 3 5?9F@M9 3 OWEZ5 3 79 243 FdO4E > @A7=5O 3 I<E >1G EZBH79D7=EZ5 >U3 9 2 ECO4BEZFLEZ5-9 243 BHE ;QA 97=EA5 EANT9 243i; 7=5 3 @AFBHVCBH9 30> EAN 354`A @97EZ54B0_ B 5-9 243NnE ;=; E c 7=54[B A8e B 3 I<97EZ54BqC@ e FH7 3 N(F 3Fv 7 3<c EAN(BHE >13 EAN9 243^c EZF 2\9 2 @9 2 @AB eK303 5 G F 3 B 3 5m9 3 Ok7=59 243 B 3 @F 3 @B7=BL[Z7 vA3 5_ B 5k@AO4O47f97=EA5 CK@F 3Fv 7 3<c EAN9 243dc EZF32 G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 OkNnEZF G @AFD@ ;=;30; E eCH3 I<9H]EZFD7 3 5?9 3 O\45479 330;=3<>U3 5?9@A56@ ; VJBH7=B.7B:@ ; BHE G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 O_

"! "!'& 6?0 >?@ 0 ).8 0<5 @B8$9B8 09B6 @8 (H)+,).-'-X01- 8 8$9B0*-/0 0 9 2 ?).- @;8/@

E > @7=5 3 I<E >1G EZBH79D7=EZ5 >13 9 2 ECO4B\@AF 3 I0E >U> EZ5 ; V A B 3 O7=5 G @AFD@ ;=;30; 45479 33<;=3<>U3 5m9@A56@ ; VCBD7=B<_"w 2 7=BI@5 e3 @9H9FD7 eBA 9 3 Ob9DEU9 243 N@AI9L9 2 @99 243 Vb@AF 3 O47 v 7O 3 @54OI<EZ5 4A43 F >U3 9 2 ]EJO8BC c:2 7=I 2b> @ 2 3 B:9 283 9@AB32+EAN@ABDBH7=[Z5 >13 5?9 G @AF97I A4; @AF ; V 3 @BHVXNnEZF.9 283^G FHEZ[ZFD@ >U>13 F<_w 283B A4e O4E > @A754B7=5 9 243 O4E > @A75 O 3 I<E >UG EZBH797EZ5 >U3 9 2 ECO@AF 3\3 @I 2 @ABHBD7=[A5 3 OW9Ea@B 30G @F@9 3G FDECI 3 BDBqC c 79 2 9 243 9@AB32mBLF 3 4A 7F 3 OEAN9 243 B A4e O4E > @A7=5+9gV G 7=I0@ ;=; V eK3 7=58[ GK3 FNnEZF >13 Ob7=5+9 2 @9G FDECI 3 BDBqC49 2 E A [ 2 7=5+BDE >13 EAN$9 283Yc EZF 2U9 283 B 3 9l@B32mB@AF 3GK3 FNnEZF >13 OX75 G @AF@ ;;=3<;uA BH7=54[ >yA8; ]97 G4;=3G FDECI 3 BHB 3 B s ",A4; 9EZ5+@54O s A CuvZv x s VC545@A54O "A8; 9EA5 CuvAv?Z|_

N(9 243 O8E > @7=5\O 3 I<E >UG EZBH797EZ5 >U3 9 2 ECO4BCK9 243 B A4e BH9F A I<9 A FD754[ >13 9 2 EJO 2 @AB eK303 5 9 243> EABH9UI0E >1> EA5 ; V A B 3 O C9 2 E A [ 2 9 243 E9 243 FUO4E > @A75WO 3 I<E >UG EZBH797EZ5 >U3 9 2 ECO4B 2 @ vZ3 @ ; BDEe3<3 5 A B 3 O CNnEZF 3 8@ >UG8;=3Q @AF9 3 F 3 9@ ; _ s uvEDZv?| A B 3 79 3 FD@97 vZ3 B A4e BH9DF A I9 A FH7=54[\@A58O " @AF 2 @9@A54O E A s uvAvAm| A B 3 " w B _ B 5`9 243&c EAF32 G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 ONnEAF^9 283 B A4e B9F A I<9 A FD754[ >U3 9 2 ECO C9 243 B9l@9D7=II<EZ54O 3 54B@M97=EA5\7B9gV G 7=I0@ ;=; V G3 FHNnEZF >U3 OXEZ5X9 243 @ABHB 3<>oe4;=3 O+BHVCBH9 30> EAN 3 4A @M97=EA54B0_

Page 149: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Z E c3qvZ3 FC:9 243 NnFDEA5m9@ ;:>U3 9 2 ECOP7B1@ ; BHEhBDE >U3 97 >13 B A B 3 O C.75 c:2 7I 2 I0@AB 3 9 243 BHVCBH9 30> EAN3 4A @9D7=EZ58Bi7=Bd5 3qvZ3 FiN A4;=; VNnEAF >13 O s 2 @A54[k@A54OW A 7oC.uvZv8uAx E?@ 3 91@ ; _nC.uvZvA8x s VJ585P@A58O",A4; 9DEZ5 C.uvZvZZ|_ w 243 BDE ; A 97EZ5`EAN9 243 75?9 3 FN@AI 3XG FDE e4;30> 7=Bd9gV G 7I@ ;; VaE e 9l@7=5 3 O A BD7=58[k@O47=F 3 I9+@ G4G FHE?@AI 2 C~@ ; 9 2 E A [ 2 79 3 F@M97 vA3>13 9 2 EJO8B+@AF 3 @ ; BDE 30>1G4; EV 3 O s @ @AFX@A54O ,Le3<; CuvEDEDZ|_ B 5-9 243 O47=F 3 I9YBDE ; A 97EZ5 EAN9 243 75?9 3 FN@AI 3iG FDE e4;30> @+5 A4>de3 FEAN@ G4G FHE?@AI 243 B 2 @ vA3e3<3 5+9l@ 2 3 5WµuZ_ ; ] s @V 3 O\@A58O BD7 A 54[ s uvZvZw?|BHE ; vA3 9 243 75?9 3 FN@AI 3G FDE e4;30> 7=5 3 @AI 2bG FDECI 3 BHB0_.wE1O8E9 2 7=B 3 @I 2 B A4e O8E > @7=5-O 3 9 3 F > 75 3 B7f9BI<EZ5?9FH7 eBA 9D7=EZ5 9DEX9 243 7=5?9 3 FHN@I 3iG FHE e4;=3<> @A58O9 283 5\B 3 58O4B9 2 7=B:758NnEZF > @9D7=EZ519E1@ ;=; 9 243 EA9 243 F.B A4e O8E > @7=54B<_

_ w 243 7=5?9 3 FHN@AI 31G FDE e4;30> 7B[ 3 5 3 F@ ;; V-BHE ; vA3 Oh75h@+BD754[ ;31G FDECI 3 BHB s 2 @A54[b@A54Oh A 7UCuvZvJuZx " E ;3 V\@A54O r 7=5454@ 2AEA9@;CuvZvAm| _ ,L;=; B A4e O4E > @A7=5 G FDECI 3 BDB 3 BYB 3 54O 9 243 7=FLI0EZ5?9FH7f]eBA 9D7=EZ58B9DEU9 2 @9 G FDECI 3 BHBC c:2 7=I 2 O 3 9 3 F > 7=5 3 B9 243 75?9 3 FN@AI 3 BDE ;QA 9D7=EZ5b@A54O B 3 54O8B~9 243BDE ;QA 9D7=EZ5 e @I 2&9Ei9 243 B A4e O8E > @7=5 G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B<_

_ w 243 7=5?9 3 FHN@AI 3YG FDE e8;=30> I@A5 e3 BHE ; vA3 O75 G @AF@ ;=;=3<;=A BH7=54[9 283 @ ; [ZEZFH79 28> B9 2 @9 c3 F 3O 3 BDI0FH7 eK3 O G F 3Fv 7E A B ; VoNnEZF(9 243 O87=F 3 I<9 >13 9 2 EJO4B s " @F 2 @9 3 9@ ; _nC6uvED Jx ",A4; 9EZ51@A54O s A CuvZv x E?@ 3 9L@ ; _ CuvZvA4x6@ A [ 2 " F0_@A58O s 2 @AF > @;CuvZvA4x s VJ585@A58O ",A4; 9EZ5 CuvZv?A|_

"! "!:# Z8/@9,8 2 ?+ )576?0<@ 9 9B6?0 (*)+,).-/-/01- -/> 9,8 g8 ?0<)+ @9B0 >?)9,8 ?@

B 5`@ ; EA9YEAN9 243 F 3 B 3 @AFDI 2 7=5 G @AF@ ;=;=3<; 65879 33<;=30>13 5?9^@A56@ ; VCBD7BY9 243 NnEJI A B 2 @AB e3<3 5hEA59 243\G @AFD@ ;=;30;>U3 9 2 ECO4B A B 3 O 9DEaBHE ; vA3 9 243+; 7=5 3 @AFiBVJB9 3<> EN 354`A @97EZ54B0_ , e FD7 3 NLF 3qv 7 3<cEAN9 243 O47=F 3 I9d@54Oa7f9 3 F@9D7 vZ3i>13 9 2 ECO4BYI0E >1> EA5 ; V A B 3 Oa9E\BDE ; vZ3 9 243 B 3U354`A @97EZ54B7=B54E cG F 3 B 3 5m9 3 O_

uZ_fSO[\PLIFR EZF32U7=5X9 2 7B.[ZFDE A4G NnEJI A B 3 BEA5\BHE ; v 754[o9 243 N A4;; V1NnEZF >13 O ; 7=5 3 @AFBVJB9 3<> EAN3 4A @M97=EA54B A BD754[1@O87=F 3 I<9 >13 9 2 EJO_wTV G 7=I0@ ;=; V&BHE >U3 NnEAF > EAN @ A BDBH7j@A5 3<; 7 > 7=54@97EZ57=B A B 3 O C~9 2 E A [ 2 3 FDFHVp@A54O R(;=3<>U> EZ54B s uvED A| A B 3 @ N@I<9EAFD7/*0@97EZ5PNnEZF7 ;=; ]I0EA54O479D7=EZ5 3 O G FHE e4;30> B0_ @ A BHBD7j@5 30; 7 > 7=56@9D7=EZ5W7B GK3 FHNnEAF >13 O A BH7=54[`@ v @FD7 3 9gVEAN> @9FH7nBH9EAF@A[ 3 BDI 2830>13 B0_ s E >13YG E G;A4; @AF.B9EZFD@A[ 3 BDI 2830>13 B@F 3 9 243e @A58O 3 O > @M9FD7 BDI 2830>13 s ?A @A58O ",A4; 9DEZ5 CuvEDEDJx E 3<24; 7I 2b3 9@ ; _ C$uveDZv8x@7@A58O Q243 5=CuvZv |FC9 243

Page 150: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

(G FHEA ;=3 B9EZFD@A[ 3 BDI 243<>U3 s " @AF 2 @9@A54O 7 ; BDEZ5 C6uvEDED8x " @AF 2 @9CuvZvAwZ@8x , [?@F c @ ;63 9@ ; _nCuvZvm|.@A54O @1B G @FDB 3 BH9DEZF@A[ 3 BHI 2430>13 C s $@ c @A54O s @AI 2M@VeCuvAv xw@V ; EAFL@54O E A F]> 7O CuvZvAm| _ B 5W@ ; EA9^EAN:9 243Uc EZF 2a9 243 @ABHBD7=[A5 >U3 5?9iEAN.9 283X> @9DFD7 30;=3<>U3 5?9Bd9DE9 283^G FHEJI 3 BHB 3 BL7=B:O47f 3 F 3 5?90_ " EZF 3 8@ >1G4;=3 C4NnEZF.9 243G FHEA ;=3 ObB9EZFD@A[ 3 BDI 243<>U3 C " @AF 2 @9@A54O 7 ; BHEZ5 s uvEDED?|T@ABDBH7=[Z5&9 243 I<E ;QA4> 54BEAN$9 243> @9DFD7n175X@oI0E ;QA4> 5&I<VCI ; 7=I > @545 3 F@ > EZ54[:9 243G FDECI 3 BDBDEAFDBCm@54O^9DE7 >1G FDE vA3 EZ5^9 243G3 FHNnEZF > @A58I 3 " @AF 2 @9 s uvAvZwZ@?|@ABHBD7=[A59 283 I<E ;QA4> 54B7=5^@ e4; EJI 2IVCI ; 7I > @A585 3 F$9E9 243G FDECI 3 BDB 3 BCm@O4O47=58[ * 3 FDEABz9E9 243G FHEA ;=39EE e 9l@A75b@ e4; EJI 2 3 O G FDE ;=3 BHI 2430>13 _w 243 F 32 @AB@ ; BHE e3<3 5+@d5 A4>de3 FEAN G @ GK3 FHB G F 3 B 3 5m9 3 O e V > @9 2830> @97I07j@54B75 c:2 7I 29 283 V ; ECE 2+@99 243oG @AF@ ;;=3<; BDE ; A 97EZ5EAN ; 7=5 3 @AF 3 4A @9D7=EZ58B e VO87=F 3 I<9 >U3 @A54BLNnEAF e @A58O@A54O\B G @AFDB 3 B9EZFD@A[ 3 BDI 243<>U3 B0_ " EAF e @A54O 3 OBHI 2430>13 B:9 243 F 3 @AF 3 9 c E@ G4G FDEZ@AI 243 B~@AOJ]v ECI@M9 3 O_ " EAF e @A58O 3 O > @9FH7=I 3 B c 7f9 2 @ vZ3 FV`B > @ ;;Te @A54O CT@bO47 v 7=O 3 @A54O I<EZ5 4A43 F@ G4G FDE?@AI 2 7=BB A [A[ 3 B9 3 O=C87=5 c:2 7I 2 9 2433 4A @M97=EA54B@AF 3 F 3 5 A4>oeK3 F 3 O9DEo@ ;; E c 9 243 B A4e ]BH9DF A I9 A FH7=54[ >13 9 2 ECO9E eK33<>UG4; EV 3 O s EZ54[?@AFHF@^@A54O " E 2 58BDBDEA5 CuvEDEJx Q;3 @AFV&@A58O EZ54[Z@AFDFD@;CuvZv Z| _ " EAF e @A58O 3 O > @M9FD7I 3 B c 79 2 @ vZ3 FV ; @FD[ 3e @A54O C458EiF 3 5 A4>de3 FD7=58[EANK9 2433 4A @M97=EA54BTEJI<I A FHB@54O19 243:30;30>13 5?9BEANK9 243:> @9FH7no@AF 3 @ABHBD7=[A5 3 O17=5U@I0E ; A4> 5I<VCI ; 7=IEZF e4; ECI 2I0E ; A4> 5UIVJI ; 7I > @A545 3 F9DEd9 283LG FHEJI 3 BHB 3 B s EZ54[?@FDF@@A54O " E 2 54BHBDEZ5 CuvEDEZ|_ " EZFB G @AFDB 3 BDI 243<>U3 BC@dB A4G3 FD54ECO 3 @ G8G FDE?@I 2 7=BB A [Z[ 3 BH9 3 O+7=5 c:2 7=I 2 9 243?A 5J]2m54E c 54B.@AF 3 [AFDE A4GK3 OU9EZ[ 3 9 243 F9DEo@ ;; E c 9 243 I0E >1GBA 9@97EZ519DE G FHEJI 303 O&EZ5&@ e4; ECI 2 3 OB G @AFDB 3d> @9FH7n_%w 243oe8; ECI 2XB G @AFHB 3^> @9DFD7 +I@A5\9 243 5 eK3 BDE ; vZ3 O A BH7=54[@1[ 3 5 3 FD@ ; O47f]F 3 I<9YB G @AFDB 3 @ G4G FHE?@AI 2 C$7=5 c:2 7=I 2 9 243e4; EJI 2mBY@AF 3 @ABDBH7=[Z5 3 O-9E+7=58O47 v 7=O A @ ;G FDECI 3 BDB 3 Bs EA9 2CeK3 FH[1@A54O A4G 9l@;CuvAv x EA9 2meK3 FH[U@54O s I 2 F 3 7 eK3 FCuvZvA4x67oCuvZvZZ|FC4EZF A BD7=58[@ >A4; 9D7NnFDEA5m9@ ; @ G4G FDEZ@AI 2 s ?A @A54O :3 7O C$uvED |C67=5 c:2 7=I 2G FDECI 3 BDB 3 B[ 3 9 c EZF32X9DEO4EXNnFDE > @&9l@AB 2 G ECE ; I<EZ5?9l@A7547=58[&9 243e4; EJI 2mB c:2 7=I 2 I@5 eK330; 7 > 7=56@9 3 O s ?A W@A58O:3 7=O=CuvEDZJx6 3 585 3 F 3 9L@ ; _ CuvED Jx A8G 9l@1@A54O A4> @AFCuvZvAm| _

_FR:PF['GeRoSOleP EZF 2X7=5+9 2 7B:[ZFDE A8G NnECI A B 3 BLEZ5bBHE ; v 754[i9 243 N A4;=; VNnEZF >U3 O ; 7=5 3 @AF.BHVCB9 30>EAN 354A @97EZ54B A BD754[@A5d79 3 F@9D7 vA3>13 9 2 EJO_ , 5 A8>oe3 FEAN479 3 F@9D7 vA3>13 9 2 EJO8B@AF 3 A B 3 O_$@ c s uvEDA?| A B 3 B9 243 I<EZ5 'A [Z@9 3 [ZF@O47 3 5m9@ ; [AEZFD7f9 24> _<w 243G F 3 I0EA54O479D7=EZ5 3 O >13 9 2 EJO7=B:@ ; BDE A B 3 O s A [ 243 B 3 9L@ ; _ CuvED Jx E A F ] > 7=O+@A54O R @F32CuvED Cx _ 30 E 3 I 2+@A58Or 7O4F@BDI A CuvZv xz@ A [ 2 " F<_U@54O s 2 @AF > @;CTuvZv4x@AO4O4E A F@ 2 @A54O [ A V 3 5 CuvAvA4x@AFHF@A[V 3 9d@ ; _nCTuvZvA?|_ , G E GBA4; @AFY@ G4G FDE?@AI 2c:243 5h7 >1G4;=3<>U3 5m9D7=54[&9 243 I0EZ5 'A [?@9 3

Page 151: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

[ZFD@AO47 3 5?9 >13 9 2 EJO 7=B9 243b30;30>13 5?9H] e V?] 30;=3<>U3 5?9X@ G4G FDE?@AI 2 s $@ c CuvEDZ8x 3 FDFVp@A58OR(;=3<>U> EZ54BqCuvED Jx A [ 283 B 3 9\@ ; _nCuvED Z| _ ?A @54O ",A4; 9DEZ5 s uvEDED?| A B 3 @ > 7n 3 O" @AI<E e 7 @ A BDB] s 3 7O 30;C>13 9 2 EJOx @ A BHB] s 3 7O 30;Cc 79 2 7=5i@ G FHEJI 3 BHBDEZFT@A58O " @AI0E e 74@AI<FDEZBHBG FHEJI 3 BDBHEZFDB<_

"! "! Z8/@9,8 >?@ 0 (*)+,).-/-/01- 0<5=9 +8/0 9B0 ( + +,) 8 8 88:9;0-X0 0 9 2 ?).- @B8X@

sHA 2 A 54O6@ 3 9~@ ; _ s uvAvZ?| G F 3 B 3 5?9@A5\E eCH3 I<9]gEZFH7 3 5?9 3 O+NnF@ >13<c EZF32C R#" yC4NnEZF G @AF@ ; ];=3<; 6547f9 3o3<;=3<>U3 5m9@A56@ ; VCBD7=B A BD754[&9 243 B A4e B9F A I<9 A FD754[\@ G4G FHE?@AI 2 _ w 243 @A56@ ; VCBH9I<F 3 @9 3 BY@G FDEA[ZF@ > c:2 7=I 2 7BTF A 5UEZ5 3 @AI 2 EAN9 243LG FDECI 3 BDBDEAFDBEN9 283~G @AFD@ ;=;30;4> @AI 2 75 3 _w 243LG FDEZ[ZFD@ >I0EZ5?9@A7=54B9 c E\E eCH3 I9BµY@+B A4e B9F A I<9 A F 3 E eCH3 I9@A54O@A5@A56@ ; VCBD7BE eCH3 I9_cT@AI 2 B A8e BH9DF A I ]9 A F 3 E eCH3 I9dF 3 @AO4B79DBYO6@9l@+NnFDE > @A5a75 GBA 9Y ;3 I<EZ5?9l@A7547=58[+9 2431> ECO 30; 758NnEZF > @9D7=EZ5=C9 243G @AF979D7=EZ587=54[Y7=5JNnEZF > @97EZ5 CA9 243~> @ G4G 7=54[EAN9 243~3 J9 3 FH56@ ; O 3 [ZF 303 B ]gEANj]tNnF 3<3 O4E > 9DE 3 4A @M97=EA55 A4>oeK3 FDBqCC@A54Oi9 243 9gV GK3 EAN@A56@ ; VCBD7=Bz9E e3.GK3 FNnEZF >13 O_ B 5 3 @AI 2G FHEJI 3 BHBT9 243 BH9@97II0EA54O 3 5C]B@9D7=EZ5U7=B G3 FHNnEZF >U3 O&@A58O9 243LG FDECI 3 BDB 3 B.I0EA5m9DFD7 eBA 97EZ59Ed9 243 75m9 3 FN@AI 3LG FDE e8;=30> 7BB9EZF 3 O_w 243 75m9 3 FN@AI 3G FDE e4;=3<> 7B9 243 5BDE ;nvZ3 O7=5 G @AF@ ;;=3<; C 3 @AI 2XG FDECI 3 BDB c EZF 2C754[dEA59 2 @M9 G @FH9EAN9 243i> @9DFD7n 3 4A @M97=EA5B9EZF 3 O7=5 9 2 @9 G FHEJI 3 BDB<_cw 243 NnF@ >13<c EZF 2 A B 3 B^@A5kE eCH3 I9H] EZFD7 3 5?9 3 O> @M9FD7 ; 7 e FD@AFHVI0F 3 @9 3 OaNnEAF R" s s ECO6@ 2 3 9o@ ; _ C(uvZv Z|C c:2 7=I 2 7=5-9 A FH5 3<>UG8; EVCB^@5E eCH3 I<9H] EZFD7 3 5?9 3 ObI<E >1>yA 547I@9D7=EZ5 ; 7 e FD@AFHVeC RTR B s BD7 3<2 @54O s EA9 3<; 7=58EBCuvAv Z|_

o'<,.% 'T/#X%* 'T)1'y /#

)+* Z)1'y% /#-/% #X% ~%! )+*

B 5k9 2 7=B c EZF 2b9 243 @AI<9DEZF > EJO 30; 7B A B 3 Ok9E 3 C9 3 54O-9 283 E eCH3 I9H] EZFD7 3 5?9 3 OO 3 BD7[Z5kEANT9 2436547f9 33<;=3<>U3 5m9 >U3 9 2 ECO G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 O 7=59 243-G F 3qv 7E A B&I 2 @ G 9 3 FDB&9E`@ G @AFD@ ;=;30; I0E >1GBA 9D7=54[3 5 v 7=FHEZ5 >13 5?9_ w 243 @AI9EZF > ECO 30;c @AB1I 2 EZB 3 57=54B9 3 @AOWEANL9 243 B 2 @F 3 OE eCH3 I<9 > EJO 3<; NnEZF9 2 F 303 F 3 @ABDEA54Bµ

Page 152: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

uZ_ s VC54I 2 FHEZ547+*@9D7=EZ5b7=5+9 243 @AI<9DEZF > ECO 30; ECI0I A FDB56@9 A F@ ;; VA_%w 243d>13 BHB@A[ 3^G @BDBD754[ eK3 ]9 c303 5^E eCH3 I<9B G FHE v 7O 3 B9 283 BHVC54I 2 FHEZ547/*0@97EZ57=59 283G @AF@ ;;=3<;G FHEZ[ZFD@ > _ B NC9 243 B 2 @AF 3 OE eCH3 I<9 > ECO 30;m2 @O e3<3 5 A B 3 O=CZ79 c E A4; O 2 @ vZ3eK303 5o5 3 I 3 BHB@AFVd9EL7=O 3 5?97NV9 243 I<FD7f97=I0@ ;B 3 I<9D7=EZ54B s 9 2 EZB 3 E eCH3 I<9DB.@A54OUE eCH3 I9 >13 9 2 EJO8B75 c:2 7I 2 EZ5 ; V1@^BH7=54[ ;3:G FDECI 3 BDBI<E A4; OeK3o3 3 I A 9754[+@9Y@5mVbEZ5 3 97 >13 |:@A54O e @AFDFH7 3 F G EA7=5?9B s 9 2 EZB 3i>13 9 2 EJO8B~F 354A 7=FH7=54[X@ ;=;9 2 F 3 @O4BI0F 3 @9 3 O&754BD7O 3 9 243>13 9 2 ECOU9E^I0E >1G4;3 9 3Le3 NnEZF 3 I0EZ5?9DFDE ; 7=BF 3 9 A FH5 3 O&9DEd9 243I@ ;=; 754[ 3 5 v 7FDEZ5 >13 5?9l|_

_ w 243 I0F 3 @9D7=EZ5EAN G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 BEJI<I A FHB54@9 A FD@ ;=; Vd75i9 243 @AI9EZF > EJO 30; _w 2 7=B(7B e3 I@ A B 3 @G FHEJI 3 BDB.7BI0F 3 @9 3 O c:243 5 3qvA3 FL@o5 3<c @AI<9DEZFE emH3 I<97=BI<F 3 @M9 3 O_ B 5X9 243 B 2 @AF 3 O\E eCH3 I9> EJO 3<; 9 243:G FDEZ[AF@ >1>U3 F7B(F 3 B G EA54BD7 e4;=3 NnEZF7=O 3 5m9D7NVC7=58[ c:243 59EYI0F 3 @9 3 9 243 9 2 F 3 @AO4B0_

_ , 5 A4>de3 F~EANTF 30; 7=@ e4;3 BHEAN9 c @AF 3oG @AI 2M@A[ 3 B~B A4G4G EZF97=58[9 243^>U3 BDBD@A[ 3oG @BDBD754[ > EJO 30;3 J7BH9 3 Ob75X9 243YGBA4e8; 7=IO8E > @[email protected] 243 97 >13 9 243 F 3 B 3 @AFHI 2 B9l@AF9 3 O_

, B ; 7[ 2 9 ; V > ECO47 3 OhNnEZF > EAN:9 243 , I9EZF > EJO 30; 7=BoO 3FvZ3<; E GK3 O7=5`9 2 7=B c EZF 2a9E e EA9 2> 7547 > 7/* 3 I 2 @A58[ 3 B9DE9 243 B 3 4A43 5m9D7j@ ; O 3 BH7=[Z5 G F 3 B 3 5m9 3 O 75 9 283bG F 3qv 7=E A BI 2 @ G 9 3 FDBX@A58O9E @ ;=; E c NnEZF > EZF 3\3 !1I<7 3 5?9 G @AF@ ;;=3<; 45479 3b3<;=30>13 5?9 G FDEZ[AF@ >1> 754[4_4w 243 > ECO476I0@97EZ57=5 v E ; vZ3 B&9 243 75m9DFDECO A I97=EA5pEAN < E eCH3 I9B0_ , < E emH3 I<9+7B+@A5 E eCH3 I<9\7=5@A5p@I<9EAFt B ; ECI@ ; @AO4O4F 3 BDBUB G @I 3 _ T@AI 2 1 E eCH3 I9&7=BU@ABHBDECI07j@M9 3 O c 79 2 @A5P@AI<9DEZFCEZF c 79 2k>yA4; 9D7 G4;3 @I<9EAFDB7N@A5@A[A[ZF 3 [?@9 3 _yw 243 < E eCH3 I9F 30G F 3 B 3 5?9B9 243 F 30> EA9 3E eCH3 I<99E-9 283 E eCH3 I9B7=5 9 283\; EJI0@ ; @I<9EAFt BiB G @AI 3 _ , >U3 BDBD@A[ 3 7=5?9 3 54O 3 O NnEZFo@kF 30> EA9 3@AI<9DEZF17=BB 3 5m9U9E9 243\; ECI@ ; 1 E eCH3 I9_ w 243 < E eCH3 I<9U7=B1F 3 B G EZ54BD7 e4;=3 NnEZFB 3 54O47=58[+@A5-@ G4G FDE G FH7j@9 3d>13 BHB@A[ 3 9E9 243 F 3<> E9 3 @I<9EAFCEAF@AI<9DEZFDBL7N@A5 @A[Z[ZF 3 [?@9 3 _?w 283F 3<> EA9 3 @AI<9DEZF s Bl|F 3 I 3 7 vZ3 9 243>U3 BDBD@A[ 3 @A54O G FDECI 3 BDB 3 B790_.w 243 F 30> EA9 3 @AI9EZF s Bl| c 7 ;=; 9 243 5 C7N.F 3 4A 7F 3 O=CF 3 9 A FD5`9 243 F 3 B A4; 9d9DE9 243; ECI@ ; < E eCH3 I<9C c:2 7I 2 7=5h9 A FD5hF 30G8; 7 3 B^9DE9 243i; EJI0@ ; E eCH3 I9_ w 243 I0E >1>yA 587=I@M97=EA5 G FHEJI 3 BDBY7BB 2 E c 5k7=5 4[ A F 3 C_ @1NnEZF~9 283 I@AB 3 EAN@BD754[ ;3 @AI9EZFE eCH3 I<9Y@54O 7=5\6[ A F 3 J_ e NnEZF:9 283 I@B 3 EAN@5-@A[Z[ZF 3 [?@M9 3 _w 243 7 >UG EZF9l@A5?9@AB GK3 I9EAN69 2 7=Bz@ G4G FDE?@AI 2 7=B$9 2 @9z9 243; ECI@ ; E emH3 I<9C c:2 7I 2 7=547f97=@9 3 OY9 243 F 3 4A43 BH9Cm7B A 54@ c @AF 39 2 @M9.9 243YG FHEJI 3 BDBH7=54[17=B eK3 754[O4EZ5 3 F 30> EA9 3<; VZ_

w 243 @AO v @5m9@A[ 3 EAN9 2 7=BL@ G4G FHE?@AI 2 E vA3 FL9 243 9DF@AO8797EZ56@ ; @AI<9DEZF~@ G4G FDEZ@AI 2 CK7=5 c:2 7=I 2 @ ;=;F 354`A83 BH9DB1@AF 3XG FHEJI 3 BHB 3 OF 3<> E9 30; VEC7Bd9 2 @9i79o@ ;=; E c B^9 283X; ECI@ ; B 2 @O4E c E emH3 I<9i9DE-I@AI 283EAN9 3 5 A B 3 O O6@9@ @A54OhO6@9l@+9 2 @M9 2 @AB^54EA9dI 2 @A54[ 3 O BD754I 3 9 243&; @ABH9^I@ ;=; 9E9 2 @9 >U3 9 2 ECO_

Page 153: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Shadow

return

call

Local Actor Process

Actorcall

return

Remote Actor Process

2'!%$2> %= = 8 '5>& %8 ) #$!) 9

Shadow

return

call

Local Actor Process

Actorcall

return

Actor

Remote Actor Processes

/.0$!)&) > %= = (>8 '5& %8 ) #$!) 9

Shadow

return

call

Local Actor Process

Actor

Actor

Remote Actor Processes

', 1 % %=?= 8 '5! #%-8 ) #$!) 9

" 7[ A F 3 J_ µ "; E c EAN @M9l@ A BH7=54[ s 2 @AO8E c @A54O , I9EZF eCH3 I<9Bw 243 I@I 2 7=54[XENTO6@9l@U7=B G @FH97I A4; @AF ; VX7 >1G EZFH9@A5?9~75-@ G @AFD@ ;=;30;$3 5 v 7=FHEZ5 >13 5?9 c:243 F 3 I0E > ]>yA 547I@9D7=EZ5d7=BB ; E c CmB A I 2 @ABT@ _ w 2 7=B(7B eK3 I@ A B 3.c:243 5@ ; ECI@ ; E eCH3 I<9TF 3 4A43 B9BO6@9@9 2 @M97=B e3 7=54[dI@AI 243 O e V19 283 < E eCH3 I9C89 243 1 E emH3 I<9:I0@A5&F 3 9 A FD5&9 283 O6@9@9EX9 2831; EJI0@ ; E eCH3 I9 c 7f9 2 E A 9Y@A5?V-I<E >U>A 547=I0@97EZ5 c 7f9 2 9 243 @AI9EZFE eCH3 I9BCz@ABB 2 E c 5h7=56[ A F 3 C_ I_w 243 O47=BD@AO v @A5?9l@A[ 3 BEAN9 2 7=B@ G4G FHE?@AI 2 @F 3 9 2 @97f9I0@A5F 3 B A4; 97=5U@A5&@O4O479D7=EZ54@ ;>U3 9 2 ECOI0@ ;=; CK@ABB 2 E c 5-75b6[ A F 3 BYJ_ @&@A54O-J_ IeC@54O9 2 @97f9~F 3 4A 7=F 3 B9 2 @9L9 c EXI ; @ABHB 3 Be3 O 3FvZ3<; E GK3 O C6EA5 3 NnEZF9 243 1 E eCH3 I9L@A54Ob@A54EA9 243 F.NnEZF9 243 e]^E emH3 I<90_

w 243 1 E eCH3 I9B GK3 FNnEZF > @N A 54I97=EA5BD7 > 7 ; @AFz9EY9 243 BH9 A8e B75UF 30> EA9 3G FDECI 3 O A F 3I@ ;; s LRQ | s 7=FHF 3<;=; @A54O 30; BDEZ5 C.uvEDA4xT 3 FDB 2 @AO 3 9@ ; _nCuvEDEZ|_ LRQ 7=Bd@ >U3 I 2 @A547B >c:2 7=I 2k3 56@ e4;3 B9 283 F 30> EA9 3oG3 FHNnEZF > 754[&EAN G FHEJI 3 O A F@ ; F 3 4A43 BH9B > @AO 3oe V-I ; 7 3 5?9I0ECO 3 7=5@ ; ECI@ ;G FHEJI 3 BHB0_.w 243 F 354A43 B9B@AF 3~G FDECI 3 BDB 3 O+7=5X@ > @A545 3 F c:2 7I 2X> @ 2 3 B9 243 F 30> EA9 3 5 3 BHB9FD@A54B G @AF 3 5m9:9DEo9 243Y; ECI@ ; I ; 7 3 5?9:I0ECO 3 _w 243 2 3 VX9E > @ 2m7=58[o9 243 F 30> EA9 3 I0@ ;=; B9FD@A54B G @AF 3 5?9@AF 3 9 243.RQ B9 A4e B0_ 243 5 > @ 2m754[@F 3<> E9 3G FDECI 3 O A F@ ; I@ ;; vA3.30;30>13 5?9B(@F 3 75 v E ; vA3 OWµ9 243HA B 3 FX@A54O A B 3 F]gB9 A4e C9 243 RQ I<E >1>yA 547I@9D7=EZ5 G @AI 2M@A[ 3 s RQ F A 5?97 >U3 |FC.@54Op9 243B 3 F vZ3 F@A54OB 3 F vZ3 F]gB9 A4e _Zw 243yA B 3 F~@A54O A B 3 F ]gB9 A4e-3 87BH9~7=5b@BD754[ ;=3YG FHEJI 3 BHBEZ5b9 243d; EJI0@ ;> @I 2 7=5 3 C(@ABoO8E9 243 B 3 F vZ3 F@A54O B 3 F vA3 F] BH9 A4e EA5h9 243 F 30> EA9 3> @AI 2 7=5 3 _ 243 5`9 243bA B 3 F> @ 2 3 B^@+I@ ;; 9E+9 243gA B 3 F] BH9 A8e C9 283gA B 3 F ]gB9 A4e I0@ ;=; B9 2431; ECI@ ;TLRQ F A 5m9D7 >13 _w 243U; EJI0@ ;LRQ F A 5?97 >13 O 3 9 3 F > 7=5 3 B c:2 7=I 2 B 3 F vZ3 F > @AI 2 7=5 3 7BI0@ G @ e8;=3 EANB 3 F v 7I07=58[9 243 F 3 4A43 BH9:@A58O> @ 2 3 B@oI@ ;; 9DEo9 243RQ F A 5?9D7 >13 EZ59 2 @9 > @AI 2 75 3 _w 243 F 30> EA9 3.QR F A 5?9D7 >13> @ 2 3 B@I@ ;; EZ5 9 243 B 3 F vA3 F] BH9 A4ec:2 7=I 2 7=5 9 A FD5-75 v E 2 3 Bd@ G FDECI 3 O A F 3 EZ5 9 243 B 3 F vA3 F0_w 243 B 3 F vZ3 F

Page 154: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

G FDECI 3 BDB 3 BT9 243 F 3 4A43 BH9@A54Oo9 283 F 3 B A4; 97=BB 3 5?9 e @AI 2d9DE9 243 I ; 7 3 5?9(@ ; EZ54[~9 243 F 3FvZ3 FHB 3G @9 2 EAN9 243 EZFD7[Z7=54@ ; I@ ;; _w 2 7=B7=B@ABB 2 E c 5X7=5U4[ A F 3 J_ _ , BN@AF@B9 283 I ; 7 3 5?9I0ECO 3 7BI<EZ54I 3 FD5 3 O9 243YG FHEJI 3 BHBD7=58[UEAN9 283 F 3 4A43 BH9 c @AB GK3 FHNnEAF >13 O ; ECI@ ;; V e VXI0ECO 3 7=5X9 243fA B 3 F]gB9 A4e _

call

return

return

call

return

call

return

callServer

Servert StubClient Stub

Client

RPCruntime RPCruntime

call

return

Local Machine Remote Machine

" 7[ A F 3 J_ µ "; E c EAN @9l@ c:243 5 > @ 2m7=54[1@ Q @ ;; 7=5 RQw 243 O87 3 F 3 54I 3 B eK3 9 c303 5 RQ BH9 A4e BL@A54O < E emH3 I<9DB@AF 3 µuZ_ w 243 < E eCH3 I9B@AI<9@AB e EA9 2 9 243 BH9 A4e @A54O19 243~LRQ F A 5?97 >13 C c:2 7I 2 F 3 O A I 3 B@ ;=3FvZ30; EN754O47=F 3 I97=EA5X7=5X9 243 I<E >U>A 547=I0@97EZ5_

_ w 243 < E eCH3 I9BI@A5 > @7=5?9l@A75 2 7BH9EAFHV v @AFH7j@ e4;3 B.@54O@ ; ECI@ ; I@I 243 ENO6@M9l@;Cc:2 7I 2 I0@A5 eK3fA B 3 O\9DEUO 3 9 3 F > 7=5 3 7fNz@1F 30> EA9 3 I0@ ;=; 7B:@AI<9 A @ ;; VU5 3 I 3 BDBD@AFHVA_

_ B 5 RQ 9 283 I0@ ;=; 7=54[ G FDECI 3 BHB7BB A B GK3 58O 3 O A 5m9D7 ; 9 283 F 30> EA9 3 E GK3 FD@97EZ5Y7=B GK3 FHNnEAF >13 O_w 2 7B5 303 O\54EA9 eK3 9 243 I0@AB 3 A BD754[ < E emH3 I<9DB0_

Page 155: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

'. )1' Z)1' d'y? ,:% 'T/#&%*

/#-/<% #&% #yq /

w 243XG F 3Fv 7=E A BdF 3 B 3 @AFHI 2 7=5?9E G @AF@ ;=;=3<; 7+*07=58[+9 243 65879 3U30;30>13 5?9 >13 9 2 EJO=CB A4>1> @AFD7+* 3 O7=5kB 3 I<9D7=EZ5hJ_ C$7=O 3 5m9D7 3 O9 243 @ e B9F@I<97EZ54BNnEZF c:2 7I 2 @I<9EAF^@54Oh@[Z[ZF 3 [?@9 3 E eCH3 I9B^@AF 3F 354`A 7=F 3 OWµuZ_e] µ B 9+7=BX5 3 I 3 BDBD@AFHV 9 2 @9X9 243 @A54@ ; VCBH9 eK3 @ e4;3 9EWI0F 3 @9 3 B A4e O4E > @A7=5 @AI9EZFE eCH3 I<9DB0_ , I<9DEZF G FDECI 3 BHB 3 BBH9EAF 3 9 243 B A4e O4E > @A7=5b7=58NnEZF > @M97=EA5+@A54O G FHEJI 3 BHBL9 283 E G ]3 [email protected] 3 4A 7=F 3 O\EAN9 243 B A8e O4E > @A754B0_

_ N ;]µ B 97B@ ; BDE5 3 I 3 BHB@AFV9 2 @99 283 @A54@ ; VCBH9 eK3 @ e4;=3 9EI0F 3 @9 3 @5&@A[Z[AF 3 [Z@9 3E eCH3 I<9NnEAF@dBVJB9 3<> EAN 354`A @97EZ54B0_w 283 B 3 @AF 3 I<E ;=;3 I<9D7=EZ58BEAN@I<9EAF G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B c:2 7I 2BH9DEZF 3 9 243 BHVCBH9 30> EAN 3 4A @M97=EA54B75 G @F@ ;;=30; @54O&7=5 c:2 7=I 2 7uE emH3 I<9DBC4EN$@9gV GK3B GK3 I<7 3 O e V&9 243 @A56@ ; VCBH9C6@AF 3 I<F 3 @9 3 O_.w 243 7u B.EZFHI 243 B9F@M9 3 9 243 I<E >U>A 547=I0@M]97EZ5 e3 9 c3<3 59 2431G FDECI 3 BDB 3 B^9DE G3 FHNnEZF > E GK3 F@M97=EA54BEZ5-9 243 BHVCB9 30> EN 3 4A @M97=EA54BCB A I 2 @ABBDE ;nv 754[i9 243; 75 3 @F.BHVCBH9 30> EAN 354`A @97EZ54BC6NnEZF > 754[i9 243 s I 2A FLI0E >1G4;=3<>U3 5?9CEZFO 3 9 3 F > 7=587=54[9 2433 7=[ 3 5 v @ ; A43 B@A54O 3 7=[ 3 5 vA3 I9EZFHB0_ w 243 O 3 BD7=[A5XEAN$9 243 B 3 @A[Z[AF 3 [Z@9 3E eCH3 I<9DB GK3 F > 79DBi9 243xA B 3 EAN 3 J7=BH9D7=54[5 A4>13 FD7I@ ;.; 7 e FD@AFD7 3 BqCB A I 2 @AB s I@A ,~R ,Q s ; @AI 2?NnEZFHO 3 9L@ ; _nCuvZvEZ|@A54O R w s I s @ ; @V 3 9L@ ; _ CuvZv?Z| _

wzE1N@AI07 ; 79@9 3 9 243 O 3qvA30; E G4>13 5?9~EN G @AFD@ ;=;30; E eCH3 I9H]gEAFD7 3 5?9 3 O\6547f9 3Y30;30>13 5?9 G FDEZ[ZFD@ > BC@i5 3<c NnF@ >13<c EZF32U7=B G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 O7=5X9 2 7=B.B 3 I<9D7=EZ5_w 243 I ; @BDB 3 BL75&9 243 NnFD@ >U3c EAF32&@ ;=; E c NnEZF9 243 O 3FvZ30; E G4>13 5?9EN9 283 @AI9EZF@A58O&@A[Z[AF 3 [Z@9 3 E eCH3 I<9DB7=O 3 5?97f 3 O@ e E vA3 _w 243 5 3<c I ; @ABHB 3 B@A54Oo9 243 F 3<; @9D7=EZ54B 2 7 G @ > EA54[ZBH9z9 243<> @AF 3 B 2 E c 57=5o4[ A F 3 C_q4_w 243 5 3c I ; @ABHB 3 B9 2 @9 2 @ vA354EA9 eK303 57=5?9DFDECO A I 3 O+7=5X9 243YG F 3qv 7=E A B:I 2 @ G 9 3 FDBL@AF 3 B 2 @AO 3 O75&6[ A F 3 C_q4_

w 243 5 3<c I ; @ABHB 3 BNnEZF G @AF@ ;;=3<; 6547f9 33<;=30>13 5?9 G FHEZ[ZFD@ >U> 7=58[i@AF 3 µ < ] , 1 E eCH3 I<9F 30G F 3 B 3 5?9B@F 30> EA9 3 @AI<9DEZFTE eCH3 I97=5i9 243:; EJI0@ ; @AI9EZFG FHEJI 3 BDB<_

e]] , 5xe]^E eCH3 I9L7B:@ ; ECI@ ; E eCH3 I97=5X9 243 F 30> EA9 3 @I<9EAF G FDECI 3 BDB0_ B 9 GK3 F]NnEZF > B9 283 E GK3 FD@97EZ54B$F 354A43 B9 3 OdEAN679 e VY9 283 1 E eCH3 I9_w 283 @AI9EZFE eCH3 I<9DB7=5@A5k@A[A[ZF 3 [?@97EZ5 I<E ;=;3 I<9D7 vA30; V GK3 FNnEZF > 9 243 @A54@ ; VCBD7BE GK3 FD@97EZ54B e V I<E >1>yA 547I@9D7=54[eK3 9 c303 5b9 243<> B 30; vA3 B<_

Page 156: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

creates

Subdomain

TCP_SocketPVM_Channel

sends ActorSubdomain

Subdomain

UDP_Socket

MovableObject

DomainComponent MatrixMPI_Channel

MPI_BroadcastCH PVM_BroadcastCH TCP_BroadcastCH UDP_BroadcastCH

Channel

ObjectBroker

Shadow ActorMachineBroker

Address

ShadowSubdomain

" 7=[ A F 3 J_ õ Q; @ABDB 7j@A[AF@ > NnEAF , I<9DEZF , [Z[ZF 3 [?@9 3 " FD@ >U3c EAF32 NnEZF R @AFD@ ;=;30;#" 75479 3 ;3 ]>U3 5?9 , 56@ ; VJBH7=B

<`^]gw 243 1 @A54O e]hE emH3 I<9DBbI<E >1>yA 547I@9 3 c 79 2 3 @AI 2 EA9 243 F9 2 FDE A [ 2 <`E emH3 I<9DB0_ , 1`YE eCH3 I9&F 30G F 3 B 3 5?9B+@ G EZ75m9U7=5 @ ; EJI0@ ;@AI9EZF G FHEJI 3 BHB9 2 FDE A [ 2Xc:2 7=I 2 @ ; EJI0@ ; E eCH3 I9~I0@A5+B 3 58O @A54O\F 3 I 3 7 vZ3 7=5JNnEZF > @97EZ5_

1`U] , 5 < &E eCH3 I9F 3<G F 3 B 3 5?9DB9 243&; EJI0@97EZ5hEAN@ 1`LE eCH3 I97=59 243> @AI 2 7=5 3 B G @AI 3 _ <`LE emH3 I<9DBoB 3 54OW7=58NnEAF > @97EZ5-9E EA9 243 F 1`E eCH3 I<9DBC c:2 EZB 3+; EJI0@97EZ54Bo@F 3 [Z7 vZ3 5 e VW@5 < +E eCH3 I9_ <`~E eCH3 I<9DB@ ; BDEF 3 I 3 7 vZ3 758NnEZF > @9D7=EZ5NnFDE > EA9 243 F 1`E eCH3 I9BC c:2 EZB 3:; ECI@9D7=EZ54B@AF 3 [Z7 vZ3 5e V+@A5H<`E eCH3 I9_

| ! q e&] , | !T `e+7=Bd@A5`E eCH3 I<9 c:2 7=I 2 I0@A5 B 3 54O 79DBdBH9@9 3NnFDE > EZ5 3 @AI9EZF G FDECI 3 BHB9DE1@A54EA9 243 F<_

`e y ] , 5 `e y &7=B^@A5E eCH3 I9o75h@ ; ECI@ ; @I<9EAF G FDECI 3 BHB^NnEZFI0F 3 @9D7=54[5 3c E emH3 I<9DB0_

| , 1 y `+] , | B 1< y 7B@A5 E eCH3 I9U75@ ; EJI0@ ; @AI9EZF G FHEJI 3 BHB9 2 @97BF 3 B G EZ54BH7 e4;3 NnEZFzI0F 3 @9754[~F 30> EA9 3 @AI<9DEZF G FDECI 3 BHB 3 BT@99 243 F 354A43 B9TEAN < E eCH3 I<9DBL75+9 243 B@ >13; ECI@ ;G FHEJI 3 BDB<_

Page 157: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

]B 5W9 243 NnE ;; E c 7=54[\B A8e B 3 I<97EZ54Bi9 283XGBA F G EZB 3 EAN 3 @AI 2 EAN:9 283 5 3<c I ; @ABDB 3 Bi7=BdE A 9 ; 7=5 3 O_

R B 3A O4E Q I<EJO 3 NnF@A[ >13 5?9DB@AF 3?A B 3 O&9EoO 30> EZ54BH9DF@9 3 9 283 N A 54I97=EA5&EAN9 283 I ; @ABDB 3 B:@A58O9 243 75m9 3 F G4; @V eK3 9 c303 59 2830> _

"!$ %!'& 6?) -X)@;@

, 1 E emH3 I<97=B@ ; EJI0@ ; E eCH3 I<97=5@A5&@AI9EZFqtqB@AO4O8F 3 BHBB G @AI 3 _ , 1 E eCH3 I92 @AB.9 c E > @A7=5&N A 54I<9D7=EZ54BµuZ_ Q F 3 @9 3 9 243 F 30> EA9 3 @AI<9DEZF G FDECI 3 BDB 3 BCEZF G FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B7N@A5\@A[Z[ZF 3 [?@M9 3 _

_ :30G F 3 B 3 5?9b9 243 F 30> EA9 3 @AI<9DEZFXE eCH3 I<9 s Bl|9E@ ;; EA9 243 FXE emH3 I<9DBb75p9 243k; EJI0@ ; @AI9EZFG FHEJI 3 BDB<_ B 5 B 3 F v 7=I0754[W9 243 F 354`A83 BH9DB > @AO 3ke V 9 243k; ECI@ ; E eCH3 I9BqC9 243 < E eCH3 I<9I@A5 3 7f9 243 FTI0E >1>yA 547I@9 3c 79 2 9 243 F 30> EA9 3 @AI9EZF(E eCH3 I9 s B|FC c:2 7=I 2UG3 FHNnEZF > B9 283 E G3 F@9D7=EZ5 CJEZF G FHEJI 3 BDB:9 283 E G3 F@9D7=EZ5X7f9B 3<; N c 79 2 758NnEZF > @9D7=EZ5U79.I0@AI 243 B ; ECI@ ;=; VEZ5 eK302 @ ; NENz9 243 F 30> EA9 3 E eCH3 I9_

w 243 < I ; @ABDBY7B^@ e @AB 3 I ; @BDBCz@ABYB 2 E c 5h7=5-9 243 75m9 3 FN@AI 3 7=5k6[ A F 3 J_ C@A54O79Y7=BF 3 B G EZ54BD7 e4;=3 NnEAF G FDE v 7=O4754[i9 243 NnE ;; E c 7=58[õ

uZ_ w 243 I<EZ54B9F A I<9EAFNnEZF9 243 1 I ; @ABDBL7=BLF 3 B G EA54BD7 e4;=3 NnEAF~BH9@AFH9D7=54[UF 3<> EA9 3 @AI9EZFG FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B<_ w 243 5 A4>oeK3 FiEAN G FDECI 3 BDB 3 Bi9EkF A 5 @54O`9 243 54@ >U3 EN9 243XG FHEZ[ZF@ > 9DEA B 3 @AF 3LG @ABHB 3 O+@B.@AFD[ A4>U3 5?9BNnEAF9 243 I0EA54BH9DF A I9EZF@ ; EZ58[ c 79 2 9 283 `e y E eCH3 I<9@54Oh9 283 | , 1 y `XE eCH3 I9_ , BdB 2 E c 5 75a6[ A F 3 C_ ;Cz79^O4E 3 B^9 2 7=Be V F 30GK3 @9 3 O ; V75 v E 2m7=54[ EZ59 243 | , 11 y 7m_?w 243 I<EZ54B9F A I<9EAF7=B@ ; BHEiF 3 B G EA54BD7 e4;=3 NnEZFBH9l@FH9754[o9 2832 @A54O4B 2 @ 2m7=58[1F 3 4A 7F 3 O e V&9 283; ECI@ ; < E eCH3 I<99DE 3 56@ e4;3 I0E >U>yA 547=I0@97EZ5 c 7f9 2 9 243 1`zE eCH3 I9B.@ABHBDECI07=@9 3 O c 79 2 9 243F 3<> E9 3 e]E eCH3 I9B<_

_ w 243 1 I ; @ABDB@ ; BHEo7=BF 3 B G EA54BD7 e4;=3 NnEAF G FDE v 7=O87=54[ >13 9 2 ECO4B9 2 @9.@ ;; E c E eCH3 I<9DBEANKO 3 BDI 3 54O 3 5m9I ; @ABDB 3 B(9EYI0E >U>yA 547=I0@9 3c 7f9 2 9 243 7FT@ABDBHEJI<7j@9 3 Oge]LE eCH3 I9B0_ 5 3>13 9 2 EJO 7=B FC c:2 7=I 2 7=BX7 >1G4;30>13 5?9 3 O @AB+B 2 E c 575 6[ A F 3 C_ 8_ w 283I0E >U>yA 547=I0@97EZ5 >13 9 2 ECO4Bo@AF 3 @ ;; O 3 I ; @AF 3 OW@AB ,C@ABoB 2 E c 5W75a6[ A F 3 J_ CeK3 I@ A B 3 9 243 N@I<99 2 @99 243 e]E eCH3 I<97BEA5X@^F 30> EA9 3LG FDECI 3 BDB7B9DF@A54B G @AF 3 5?99DE@ ;; EA9 243 F:E eCH3 I<9DBL75+9 243Y; ECI@ ;G FDECI 3 BDB<_

Page 158: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

"!#$%&'()' *,+- ..$0/1!#$ - . .$2+3 54 $6!7890:#$;/1!<$ 3 =4 $6!67;90:>$+? @2.$@7890:>$8/1!#$ ? 2.$@7890:>$+2.!1. *1A 6!=B%&' $6C$6+

2.!D0* FE $* .HGJI@K#LM 2N! PO QK#L

9!5$6!5$RSS *$6!# UTVW C$6U!= C$XTP@W0*Y* .@ "!# 0.M 2N! )Z.[!\C$. 3 =4 $6!< ? M $ 3 =4 $6!/1!<$ 3 54 $6!K#LM 2N! )Z.[!9$ M 3 =4 $6!# ? M $ 3 =4 $6!/1!#$ 3 54 $6!CK#LM 2N! )Z.[!\C$. ? $6>(@$ ? $6>(@$,/1!<$ ? $6>(@$[K#LM 2N! )Z.[!9$ M ? $6>(@$ ? $6>(@$Y/1!<$ ? $6>(@$[K#LM 2N! )Z.[!\C$. ? !<P ]0 ? !#P ]^/1!#$ ? [!<P ]@K#LM 2N! )Z.[!9$ M ? !<P ]0 ? [!<P ]_/1!#$ ? [!<P ]@K#LM 2N! )Z.[!\C$.`;$6!5@V`;$6!= /1!#$<`8$6!5@aK#LM 2N! )Z.[!9$ M `;$6!=V`;$6!=D/1!#$<`8$6!5@aK#LM 2N! )Z.[!\C$.Rb E Cb E /1!#$b E K#LM 2N! )Z.[!9$ M b E Cb E /1!#$b E K#Lc L

edgf ihkjhklnm o 1 qp

Page 159: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

m

k"1 9()' *Y+- ..$F/1!<$ - ..$ +3 =4 $6!67;90:>$;/!<$ 3 =4 $6!7890:>$+? @Z.$@78'0:>$ /1!<$ ? @Z.$@7890:#$+Z.[!. *A 6!5@B%W9F$6C$6+Z.[!U0* E $* .HKSS !5N!D!<$_'$*1!5$Y6!= 9F$6 ..@Z.[(

TP@\52.!GnIFL G^. *1A 6!5@B%W9F$6C$6L K!<$ ? @Z.$@78'0:>$ !N!5A 6!= 9()' *,+e!<$ - . .$ +0* E $*X .FK#L

SS ." " C$6! k" 0.^!#$n ..$!<$ - . .$ C$6! QK#L!<$$*!=$A 6!5@9CA R9$6XG!<$ - . .$ (@$6! !5)$.$NCA '$6QK#Lc

C$. 3 =4 $6!# ? M $ 3 =4 $6!1/1!<$ 3 54 $6!KX!<$ - . .$ C$. 3 =4 P!<$ 3 54 $6!#+e!<$ 3 =4 $6!67;90:>$+e!<$$*1!5$A 6!59CA R9$6#K#Lc

d f ihkjl f <p o o < p

w 243 1 I ; @ABDBX7B+@A5@ e BH9DF@AI9 e @AB 3 I ; @ABDB<_ w 243 B A4e I ; @ABDB 3 B\EAN 1 @AF 3A B 3 O e V 9 243 @A54@ ; VCBH919EhI0F 3 @9 3bG @AFD@ ;=;30;.G FHEZ[ZF@ > B<_ 5 3 B A I 2 B A4e I ; @ABHBC@ABUB 2 E c 5 7=56[ A F 3 J_ BC87B 1 ~ 1 ,T_w 243 < ~ < ,`I ; @ABHBC c:2 EZB 3 75?9 3 FN@AI [email protected] 2 E c 5\7=5&6[ A F 3 J_ C A B 3 B >yA8; 97 G4;=3 7=5 243 FH79l@54I 3 9DE7=5 243 FD7f9NnFDE > e EA9 2 9 243 < @A54O ~ < ,`I ; @ABHB 3 B0_

0*2.F "1+ 0*X2.

0*2. 52.! ![()+- . .$)/1!#$ - . .$2+3 =4 $6!7890:>$ /1!<$ 3 54 $6!678'0:>$+? 2.$@7890:>$;/1!#$ ? 2.$@7890:>$aK#L

M 2N! PO 0*2. QK#LSS *! T !<$n 0*[email protected]*1$6!<F@,* ! $_9$Z* $*1$.!=$c L

edgf ihkjlnm o 1 ~ 1 Bp

Page 160: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

:

U 0*X2. $*$.[!<g $*1$.!X"!#$g $*1$.!KXSS $: !<! !1 n.! 9$"_ $ T\P!<$ $*1$.[!= (@$6! F"!> 0.P!<$ $*$.[! (@$6!()QKI@K

9$6! B.LSS C$. *$6>(@$n!=i!#$ 6!5@ !5$ Z.[( !D!5_(@$6!SS 9$"^!= .,$ $*$.[! T8!#$, 9 Pe[!5$ [ !<$ E [! BI@K G $*1$.!#L SS $*1$.[! .iZ.[!\ $ $HZ.Y0*Y*10. $"$!<$ E [! [K G!<$ $*$.[! (@$6! - [k()QK#L!<@ C$.gb E P!<$ E !K#LSS (@$6!U!#$g $*1$.!U 54 $6! != C$.H !Q !!=$!<@ C$. 3 54 $6!<5"!<$ $*$.[!CK#L $ $6!5$n!<$ $*$.[!<Lc L

U 0*X2. TP@B*k .[() M F FKX!<$ E [! BI@K G TP@*k.()L!<@ C$.gb E P!<$ E !K#L M $ - 0* !=$k.( G T C$Lc L

U 0*X2. (@$6!k .[() M F FKXSS $: T " ._i : 9$6! . T\ M $ - 0* !=$k.( G G !# $[K

9$6! B.i"!<$ ? !# ]FLSS C$. *$6>(@$n!=$2Z.[( 6!= 54 $6!\!5H9$6! B.,!<$n! .[(@$.[!*1( E !5 BI@K G (@$6!k .[()L!<@ C$.gb E P!<$ E !K#LSS 9$$ M $n!<$n! .[(@$.[!*!<P ]^T='0* !<$ 6!5@8 =4 $6!!<@ 9$ M ? [!<P ]F5"!<$ ? !# ]@K#L M $ - 0* !=$k.( G!< $L'$6! . "!<$ ? !<P ]0Lc

d f ihkjl f <p o o < ~ < ,p

Page 161: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

w 243 < ~ < , I ; @ABHBF 3 ]g7 >UG4;30>13 5?9B9 243.>13 9 2 ECO4B G FDE v 7=O 3 O e Vd9 283 ~

1 B I ; @ABDB<_Hw 2 7Bo7=B eK3 I@ A B 3&> @A5?VEAN.9 283 E GK3 FD@97EZ54B >yA BH9o54E c e3UG FDECI 3 BDB 3 OWF 3 ]> E9 30; V e V @A5 e] ~ < , E eCH3 I9_ " EZF 3 8@ >1G4;=3 7=59 243 C @d @A54O d @d >13 9 2 EJO8BC c:2 7I 2 @AF 3 B 2 E c 5a756[ A F 3 J_ D;C9 243 < ~ <! ,PE eCH3 I<9 c 7 ;; B 3 54O >13 BHB@A[ 3 BY9E\79BF 30> EA9 3 e7 ~ < ,pE eCH3 I<9Y9E 2 @ vZ3 79G FDECI 3 BDB(9 283 F 3 4A43 BH9CC7fN79(I0@A5454E9 G FDECI 3 BDB9 283 F 3 4A43 BH979DB 3<; NXC A BH7=54[O4@9l@7f9 2 @AB(I0@AI 243 O_ B 59 243 7 >UG4;30>13 5?9l@M97=EA5EANT9 283 B 31>13 9 2 EJO4B9 243 < ~ < ,pI ; @BDB A B 3 B9 243 I0E > ]>yA 547I@9D7=EZ5 >13 9 2 ECO4B G FDE v 7=O 3 O e V+7f9B G @F 3 5?9 < I ; @ABHB0_

"!$ %!:# 2 5=9 + -X)@;@

, 5e]E emH3 I<97=BT9 243 E eCH3 I9.7=519 243 F 3<> EA9 3LG FDECI 3 BHB c:2 7I 2XG FDECI 3 BDB 3 B9 243 F 354`A83 BH9DB> @O 3e VY9 283 < E emH3 I<9DB0_w 283 e]E emH3 I<97=BF 3 B G EZ54BD7 e4;=3 NnEZF$F 3 I 3 7 v 7=54[L7=54I<E > 7=54[>U3 BDBD@A[ 3 BiNnFHE > 7f9B@ABHBDECI07j@M9 3 O <`E eCH3 I<9U@A54O @AI<9D7=54[ A8G EZ5 9 2430> _ w 243 e]E eCH3 I<9.I<EZ5?97=5 A43 B G FHEJI 3 BDBH7=54[i754I0E > 754[ >13 BHB@A[ 3 B A 5?9D7 ; 797=B9DE ; O19EoB9E G C4@9 c:2 7=I 2XG EZ7=5?99 243 @AI9EZF G FHEJI 3 BDB:9 3 F > 7=56@M9 3 B<_ w 243G FHEJI 3 BDBH7=54[UEAN9 243 7=54I<E > 7=54[ >13 BHB@A[ 3 B~7B G3 FHNnEZF >U3 Oe V^9 243>13 9 2 EJO =f C c:2 7I 2 7=B75 v E 2 3 OEZ5d9 243 e].E emH3 I<9 c:243 579z7=BzF 3 @AO8V9E G FHEJI 3 BHB9 243 7=54I<E > 754[ >13 BHB@A[ 3 B0_.w 2 7B7=BO 30> EZ54B9FD@9 3 O\756[ A F 3 J_qv;CJ7=5 c:2 7I 2 9 243G B 3A O4E]gI<EJO 3NnEZFL9 243 F 30> EA9 3 @AI<9DEZF G FHEZ[ZFD@ > 7=5 v E 2 3 O e V9 243 I<F 3 @97EZ5 EAN 3 @AI 2 < ~ < ,E eCH3 I<97=B G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 O_

w 243 e7I ; @ABDBT7BT@A51@ e BH9DF@AI9 e @AB 3 I ; @ABHBCC@ABTB 2 E c 5 e Vd9 243 7=5?9 3 FHN@I 3 7=5i6[ A F 3 J_fuw8_w 243 e]dI ; @ABHBC ; 7+2 3 9 243 < I ; @ABHBC67=B.F 3 B G EZ58BD7 e8;=3 NnEZF G FHE v 7O47=58[17f9B.O 3 BDI 3 54O 3 5?9Bc 79 2>13 9 2 EJO4BTNnEZFB 3 54O47=58[o@A54OUF 3 I 3 7 v 7=54[^O6@9l@J_w 243 I ; @ABHBI<EZ54BH9DF A I9EZF7=BTF 3 B G EZ54BH7 e4;3 NnEZFBH9@AFH9D7=54[9 2432 @A58O4B 2 @ 2C754[U9 2 @99 243; ECI@ ; 1`(E eCH3 I<9~5 303 O4BL9DE GK3 FHNnEAF > 9E 3 54@ e4;=379.9DE1I<E >1>yA 547I@9 3~c 79 2 9 243 < E eCH3 I9@ABHBDECI07=@9 3 O c 7f9 2 9 283 1 E eCH3 I<9_

w 243 e] ~ < , I ; @ABHB~7=BL@A5 3 8@ >UG8;=3 EANT@B A4e I ; @ABHB~EAN e7CK@ABLB 2 E c 5-7=59 243 I ; @ABDBLO47j@A[AF@ > G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 O75b6[ A F 3 J_q8_ZT@AI 2 e] ~ < ,WE eCH3 I97=B~@ABDBHEJI<7f]@9 3 O c 7f9 2 @A5 < ~ < ,E emH3 I<90_w 283 e] ~ < ,hE eCH3 I<9 G3 FHNnEZF > B9 243 E GK3 FD@97EZ54B:F 354`A83 BH9 3 O-EAN79 e VX9 243 < ~ < , E emH3 I<90_%w 243 e] ~ 1 B I ; @ABDBqC@BLB 2 E c 5-7=5+9 243 7=5?9 3 FHN@AI 3dG F 3 B 3 5?9 3 O-75b6[ A F 3 J_fuZuECK7=5 243 FD7f9B.NnFDE > e EA9 29 243 e]^@A54O ~ < ,`I ; @ABHB 3 B0_

w 243 e] ~ < , I ; @BDB G FDE v 7=O 3 B&@A5 7 >1G4;=3<>U3 5?9l@9D7=EZ5 EANL9 243 =f >13 9 2 EJO

Page 162: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

2.!1*[email protected].[! N( M +g N(@[KnSS 9$"!=$ !#$n ..$F 54 $6! 62.[( 2."TP C$ 2.,!<$ N(Z.[!U ..$ $^G !=FZBN(@ VK#L T\ ..$ $YG G [K1

@*X2.$YG N(@BLZ.[! @N! G !=FZBN(@PK#L!<$ - ..$0G .$< - % ) :#$6!# N!#+ *X@2.$[K#Lc $ C$_ T\. .$ $YG G@K1SS F$ !=i $" @ !#Y!#$^2. !UT8!<$ - . .$ ! $6c

SS 9$"!=$Y.^ =4 $6! 90:>$3 =4 $6!7890:>$8!<$ 3 54 $6!678'0:>$LSS 9$"!=$ !#$ 6!5@ =4 $6! . !59! !1 ..2.[(A 6!=' 0*2.^!<$A 6!5@5"!<$ - . .$ +e!<$ 3 =4 $6!7890:>$aK#L!<$A 6!= . QK#LSS $#] !1.@*X2 $#]F !<BI@K#Lc

ed f ihkj l f #p 0d

Page 163: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

M

A 6!5@ A 6!= - ..$0/1!<$ - ..$ +

3 54 $6!678'0:>$ /!<$ 3 =4 $6!7890:>$aK#LM 29! PO A 6!=QK#L

M 29! 2.[! . M F FK#L

9!5$6!=$gM 29! 2.[!\C$. 3 54 $6!< ? M $ 3 54 $6!/!<$ 3 =4 $6!<+ - ..$ A 9$6X"!<$A 9$61G I@K#LM 29! 2.[!9$ M 3 =4 $6!< ? M $ 3 54 $6!/!<$ 3 =4 $6!<+ - ..$ A R9$6X"!<$A 9$6G I@K#LM 29! 2.[!\C$. ? $6>(@$ ? $6>[(@$^/1!#$ ? $6>[(@$+ - . .$ A '$6X"!#$A R9$6GnI@K#LM 29! 2.[!9$ M ? $6>[(@$ ? $6>(@$^/!<$ ? $6>(@$+ - . .$ A '$6X"!#$A R9$61GnI@K#LM 29! 2.[!\C$. ? !#P ]F ? !<P ]_/1!<$ ? !<P ]0+ - . .$ A '$6X"!#$A R9$6GnI@K#LM 29! 2.[!9$ M ? [!<P ]F ? !# ]_/1!<$ ? !# ]F+ - . .$ A '$6X"!#$A R9$61GnI@K#LM 29! 2.[!\C$.@`8$6!5@BV`8$6!5@D/1!<$<`;$6!=+ - . .$ A '$6X"!#$A R9$61GnI@K#LM 29! 2.[!9$ M `8$6!5@V`;$6!5@D/1!<$<`;$6!=+ - . .$ A '$61"!<$A '$6GnI@K#LM 29! 2.[!\C$.gb E Cb E /1!<$b E + - . .$ A R9$6"!#$A R9$6GnI@K#LM 29! 2.[!9$ M b E Cb E /1!<$b E + - . .$ A '$6X"!#$A R9$6GnI@K#Lc L

d f ihkjlnm o e]Hp

A 6!5@' 0*X2. 0*2. + nA 6!=

A 6!5@a 0*2. - . .$0/!<$ - . .$ +3 54 $6!678'0:>$ /!<$ 3 =4 $6!7890:>$aK#LM 2N! PO A 6!5@a 0*2. QK#L

M 2N! )Z.[! . M F 0K#LM 2N! 0.!D`;$6!5@;/(@$6! ! ]!5$. $6 0.C$ M F 0K#Lc

d f ihkj)lnm o e] ~ < , p

Page 164: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

9 2 @M9 c @ABO 3 I ; @F 3 Oa@AB GBA F 3cv 7=FH9 A @ ; 75-9 243 e]17=5?9 3 FHN@AI 3 C6[ A F 3 J_uw8_cw 243>U3 9 2 ECO CG EAFH97EZ54BEAN c:2 7I 2 @AF 3 @AB^B 2 E c 5 75a6[ A F 3 C_u C A B 3 Bd9 243G F 3qv 7E A B ; VO 3 65 3 O >13 9 2 EJO4B7=5 e EA9 2 7f9B@A58I 3 B9EZFYI ; @ABHB 3 B<_cw 243 I ; @ABDBY@ ; BDEXF 3 ]g7 >UG8;=30>13 5?9DBL9 283 d >13 9 2 ECO_ w 2 7Bi7=B eK3 I0@ A B 3 9 2 7=Bo758NnEZF > @9D7=EZ5=C c:2 7I 2 7B G @ABHB 3 O e V`9 283 ~ < ,E emH3 I<9DB c:243 5 @A5 f >13 9 2 ECOP7=B17=5 v E 2 3 O C:7=B1BH9EAF 3 O ; ECI@ ;; V e Ve] ~ 1 BhE eCH3 I9_.w 2 7=B c @ABO4EZ5 3 75\@A5 3 EZFH9.9DE1F 3 O A I 3 9 243 5 A4>oeK3 F:EAN >13 B]B@A[ 3 B:B 3 5m9 eK3 9 c303 5 G FDECI 3 BDB 3 BLO A FD754[i9 243 @A56@ ; VCBD7B0_

A 6!5@' 0*X@Z. . M F FKX F0 $#]F !$6!G T C$L@Z $ $#]F !$6! G G T C$[K

!<@ 9$ M b E P!#$ E !5K#LZ.[! 6!# 0. G!<$ E !BI@K#L51 !5 B6!> 0.K1

"C$, $*1$.[!6 SS (@$6! .Y$ $*1$.! . !\!=_!<$, 0*X2.!<$ $YG *( E ![K#L!<$ $YG !#$ 3 =4 $6!7890:>$ (@$6!<%g!<8$< $*$.[!<P!#$ $[K#L!<@ ,9$ M 3 =4 $6!#5"!<$ $[K#L9$6 ! G!# 1 $*$.[!<P!#$g $[K#L 9$" :L

"C$n(@$6!k .[( SS C$. !#$n!.(@$.[!\!=i!#$ "U 0*X@Z.!<$ ? !# ] G /YP!<@ (@$6!k .[()QKK#L!<@ C$. ? !<P ]05"!#$ ? !#P ]@K#L 9$" :L

"C$XTV*k .[( SS 0* !5$n!<$n! .[(@$.[!!<@ 10* !=$ k .[()QK#L 9$" :LSS !<$ C$ BF$ TV&!<$n!<$ "[C$6,.!\.c

ed f hj l f #p o e7 ~ < , p =f o

"!$ %! 6?) ?01- -X)@;@

, <`TE eCH3 I97=BL@ G EZ75m9EANI0E >1>yA 587=I@M97=EA5\75 @ ; ECI@ ; @O4O4F 3 BDBB G @AI 3 9 2 FDE A [ 2c:2 7=I 2 O6@9@ 3 5?9 3 FDB~@A54O ;=3 @ vA3 B:9 243^; ECI@ ;G FDECI 3 BHB0_"w 243 < (E emH3 I<9 3 B9l@ e8; 7=B 243 B9 243; 75 3 BEAN$I0E >U>yA 547=I0@97EZ5 e3 9 c3<3 5 < @A54Oe]E eCH3 I9BC4@A54OXB 3 54O4B.@54O&F 3 I 3 7 vZ3 B9 243 O6@9@8_w 283 <`KI ; @ABHBC c:2 EZB 3 7=5?9 3 FHN@AI 3 7B@ABB 2 E c 5i754[ A F 3 J_fu CM7=Bz@A5o@ e BH9FD@AI<9e @AB 3 I ; @ABHB0_ w 243>U3 9 2 ECO4B75k9 243 7=5?9 3 FHN@I 3 C$@ ;=; EN c:2 7=I 2k>yA B9 e3 7 >UG4;30>13 5?9 3 O e V 9 243

Page 165: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

B A4e I ; @ABDB 3 BqC G FDE v 7=O 3 NnEZF9 243 NnE ;=; E c 754[õ

uZ_ w c E >U3 9 2 ECO4B@F 3dG FDE v 7=O 3 O C c:2 7I 2 @AF 3 7=5 v E 2 3 Ok75b9 283 I0EZ58BH9F A I<9D7=EZ5EAN < @A54Oie7iE eCH3 I9BCF 3 B G3 I<97 vZ3<; VEC c:2 7=I 2 @ ;; E c 9 283 e]@A54O 1 E eCH3 I<9DB9EO 3 9 3 F > 7=5 3 9 243 @AO4O4F 3 BDBEAN 3 @AI 2 EA9 283 F0_

_ sb3 9 2 ECO4B\@AF 3 @ ; BDE G FHE v 7O 3 O 9E @ ;; E c 9 243 9DF@A54B > 7BDBH7=EZ5 EAN^O6@9@ eK3 9 c303 5 @AI9EZFG FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B<_w 243 O6@9l@9 2 @9(I0@A5 e3 B 3 5?97=B75o9 243 NnEZF > EANKE emH3 I<9DBCmB A I 2 @AB|` E eCH3 I<9DBC,| ;]N-E eCH3 I<9DBC `e]E eCH3 I<9DB:@A54O E eCH3 I9B<_ w 2 7=BI<E >1>yA 547I@9D7=EZ5EANE eCH3 I9BL7=5+9 2 7B~@ G8G FDE?@I 2 7=BO47f 3 F 3 5?9NnFDE > 9 243 9 2 @9 A B 3 O 75 RTR B yC75 c:2 7I 2F@ c O6@9l@-7B G @ABDB 3 O_ w 2 7BI A FHF 3 5?9U@ G4G FDE?@AI 2 7=B > EZF 3 E eCH3 I9H] EZFD7 3 5?9 3 OP@ G8G FDE?@I 2@A54O=C4@AB c 7 ;=;eK3 O47=BHI A BHB 3 Ob75&B 3 I<97EZ5\J_ J_ CJ7f9I<EZ5?9FDE ; B9 243 @AI<I 3 BHB.EAN9 283 < E eCH3 I<9DB9DE9 243 O6@9@8_

w 243 B A4e I ; @ABDB 3 BEAN 1` G FHE v 7O 3 9 283 7 >1G4;=3<>U3 5m9@97EZ54BEAN9 243 B 3>U3 9 2 ECO4B<_cC]@ >1G4;=3 BEANB A4e I ; @ABHB 3 BC@B^B 2 E c 5h7=5-6[ A F 3 J_ BC@AF 3 x| 1`XC| <`/C C@A54O x| y1 ,q a_w 283Ue FHE?@AO4I0@ABH9I 2 @545 30; E emH3 I<9DBd@F 3A B 3 Oe V 1 E emH3 I<9DB9E^I0E >1>yA 547I@9 3c 7f9 2 9 243 @AI9EZFE eCH3 I<9DB.7=5&@5X@A[Z[ZF 3 [?@M97=EA5_ 243 5@ 1 E emH3 I<9B 3 54O4B.O6@9@9DEdEZ5 3 EAN9 243 B 3e FDEZ@AO4I@BH9E eCH3 I9BCJ9 243 O6@9l@7=BB 3 5m99Eo@ ;=;9 243LG FDECI 3 BDB 3 B.[Z7 vZ3 5 e VU9 243 1`~B G3 I07f 3 O_TV754BH9@A5?97j@M97=58[^@5E eCH3 I<9.EN$@ G @FH97I]A4; @F9gV G3 C9 243 @A56@ ; VCBH9:I 2 ECEZB 3 B9 243YG FDE9ECI0E ; NnEAFI0E >1>yA 587=I@M97=EA5 e3 9 c3<3 59 243 < @A54OHe]^E eCH3 I9B0_

"!$ %! 2 +,0<@;@ -/)@ @

@I 2 < E emH3 I<9 2 @AB@ A 547 4A43 @AO4O8F 3 BHBC c:2 7=I 2 7=O 3 5m9D7 3 B(9 243 < $@ > EZ54[9 243dG FDECI 3 BDB 3 BYF A 54587=54[&EA5 9 243oG @AF@ ;;=3<;> @AI 2 75 3 _w 283 < oI ; @BDBC c:2 EZB 3 75?9 3 FN@AI 37=B@BB 2 E c 57=5 6[ A F 3 J_fuBC7B@ e @AB 3 I ; @ABHBO 3 4547=54[+@XBH7=54[ ;3dGBA F 3cv 7=FH9 A @ ;z>U3 9 2 ECO d p d _ , B A4e I ; @BDBEAN< c 7 ;;3 J7=BH9LNnEZF 3 @AI 2 B A4e I ; @ABHBEAN 1` eK3 I0@ A B 33 @AI 2 I<E >U>A 547=I0@97EZ5 G FDEA9DEJI<E ;2 @ABo7f9BoE c 5 >13 @A54BdEAN:7=O 3 5?97NVC754[b9 243 @AO4O4F 3 BHB 3 B<_ w 283 < E eCH3 I9B A B 3 d 6p d L9E vA3 FD7fNV 9 283 9gV GK3 EAN< 1E emH3 I<9 G @BDB 3 O`@AB@A5\@AFD[ A4>U3 5?99DEi9 243 <`E eCH3 I9t BLB 3 54O@A54O+F 3 I 3 7 vZ3 FDE A 975 3 B<_

Page 166: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

- ..$ - ..$RQK#L

M 2N! PO - ..$ QK#L

M 2N! )Z.[!\C$6! M F FK GnIFLM 2N! )Z.[!\C$6! @'A 6!= M F FK1GnIFLM 2N! )Z.[!\C$6! 8$#]!5A 9$60.! - . .$ A '$6/!<$A '$6#K GnIFLM 2N! - ..$ A 9$6X"(@$6! !5)$.$NCA '$6 M F 0K GnIFLM 2N! )%&9()a*Y M F FKGnIFLSS *$6!# !=iC$. S '$$ M $Y !,!5 S T590* ^. .$M 2N! )Z.[!\C$. 3 =4 ? M $ 3 54 $6! /1!<$ 3 =4 $6!#+

0.[! 3 54 $6!7890:#$8/1!<$ 3 54 $6!678'0:>$0.[! - ..$ A R9$6"!#$A '$6GnI@K GnIFL

M 2N! )Z.[!9$ M 3 =4 ? M $ 3 54 $6!/1!<$ 3 =4 $6!#+0.[! 3 54 $6!7890:#$8/1!<$ 3 54 $6!678'0:>$0.[! - ..$ A R9$6"!#$A '$6GnI@K GnIFL

M 2N! )Z.[!\C$. ? () ? $6>(@$,/1!<$ ? $6>(@$+0.[! - ..$ A R9$6"!#$A '$6GnI@K G IFL

M 2N! )Z.[!9$ M ? () ? $6>(@$,/1!<$ ? $6>(@$+0.[! - ..$ A R9$6"!#$A '$6GnI@K G IFL

M 2N! )Z.[!\C$. ? !<P ]0 ? !#P ]^/1!#$ ? [!<P ]F+0.[! - ..$ A R9$6"!#$A '$6GnI@K G IFL

M 2N! )Z.[!9$ M ? !<P ]0 ? [!<P ]_/1!#$ ? [!<P ]F+0.[! - ..$ A R9$6"!#$A '$6GnI@K G IFL

M 2N! )Z.[!\C$.`;$6!5@V`;$6!= /1!#$<`8$6!5@+0.[! - ..$ A R9$6"!#$A '$6GnI@K G IFL

M 2N! )Z.[!9$ M `;$6!=V`;$6!=D/1!#$<`8$6!5@+0.[! - ..$ A R9$6"!#$A '$6GnI@K G IFL

M 2N! )Z.[!\C$.Rb E Cb E /1!#$b E +0.[! - ..$ A R9$6"!#$A '$6GnI@K G IFL

M 2N! )Z.[!9$ M b E Cb E /1!#$b E +0.[! - ..$ A R9$6"!#$A '$6GnI@K G IFLc

ed f ihkj lnm o 1`1p

Page 167: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

N

A 9$6X

A 9$65Z.[!U k( K#LM 2N! PO A 9$6QK#L

Z.[!\(@$6! - k() M F 0KU0.[!<Lc L

ed f ihkj klnm o <N` p

"!$ %!: 0<@;@ ) 0 -X)@;@

R FHEJI 3 BHB 3 B^I0E >1>yA 587=I@M9 3oe V G @ABHBD754[ >U3 BDB@[ 3 B eK3 9 c303 5 1`E emH3 I<9DB0_ , BYO47B]I A BHB 3 Ob75&B 3 I<97EZ5\J_ _ CC9 243 B 3 54O4754[ G FHEJI 3 BDB.B G3 I07f 3 B9 243; ECI@9D7=EZ5U@A54OXBH7/* 3 EAN9 283 O6@9@9E e3 9F@54B > 79H9 3 O=C@54Ob9 243 F 3 I 3 7 v 7=58[ G FHEJI 3 BDBLB GK3 I<7 3 B~9 243 BD7+* 3 EAN(O6@9@19DE eK3 F 3 I 3 7 vZ3 O@A54O c:243 F 3 9 243 O6@9@o7=B9E eK3G4; @AI 3 O_w 243 F 3 @AF 3 9 c E1@ G4G FDE?@AI 283 B9 2 @9I<E A4; O eK3?A B 3 O&NnEZFB 3 54O47=58[ F 3 I 3 7 v 7=54[O6@M9l@o9E NnFDE > 9 243 <`E eCH3 I9BµuZ_ w 243 @AFD[ A4>U3 5?9Bi9E @A54O iB G3 I07fNV`9 243 O6@M9l@kBD7/* 3 @A54O79B ; EJI0@97EZ5 7=59 283dG FHEJI 3 BDB 3 B v 7=F9 A @ ; @AO8O4F 3 BDBB G @AI 3 C@AB~7B~O4EA5 3 7=5 RTR B s BD7 3<2 @A54O s EA9 3<; 754EBCuvZvEZ|_ " EZF 3 8@ >1G4;=3 9 283^G B 3A O8E]gI<EJO 3 9E1B 3 54O-@A5b@AFDFD@V+EANO4E A4e4;=3 9DE@ 1`E eCH3 I<9 c E A4; O eK3 o p\o j _ w 243\G FDE e4;=3<> c 79 2 9 2 7=B@ G4G FDE?@AI 2 7=B(9 2 @9T79 ;3 @AO8BT9DE A 54I0EA5m9DFDE ;;=3 O@AI<I 3 BDBT9E G FD7 v @M9 3 O6@9@ e Vi9 243 < E eCH3 I<9DB0_ " EZF 3 4@ >UG4;3 C@ G ECEZF ; V c FD79H9 3 5 < B A4e I ; @ABDBI0@A5 9EXE vA3 F 4E c 9 243O6@9@ eBA 3 F:@ABHBDECI07j@M9 3 O c 79 2 9 243 754I0E > 7=58[ >U3 BDBD@A[ 3 BqC c:2 7=I 2+c 7 ;;;3 @AO&9DE G FDEZ[ZFD@ >3 FHFDEZFHB@A54O G EABDBD7 e4; V&B 3 [ >U3 5m9@97EZ5&N@ A4; 9B<_

_ R FDE v 7=O 3 @BD754[ ;=3 I ; @ABDB^9E I<EZ5?9FDE ; 9 283 @AI<I 3 BHB e V <`LE eCH3 I<9DBd9E9 243 O6@M9l@8_w 2 7B c 7 ;=;G F 3qvA3 5?9 1`E eCH3 I<9DB1NnFHE > e EA9 2> EJO47fNVC7=54[9 243 O6@9l@ 9 2 @917=Bo9DEeK3 B 3 5?9YNnFDE > 9 243 B 3 54O47=58[ G FDECI 3 BHBC@A54O NnFHE > E vA3 F 4E c 754[X9 243 O4@9l@ eBA 3 F75 9 243F 3 I 3 7 v 7=54[ G FHEJI 3 BHBC c:2 7=I 2 I@5 ;3 @AOX9EB 3 [ >13 5?9l@M97=EA5+N@ A4; 9DB0_

B 9^7B9 243 B 3 I0EZ58O @ G4G FHE?@AI 2 9 2 @M9^7B A B 3 Oh759 2 7=BNnFD@ >U3c EAF32_ , |` kE eCH3 I<97=B@A5XE eCH3 I<9:I<EZ5?9FDE ;=; 754[^9 243 @AI<I 3 BDB.9Eo9 243 O6@9@^9 2 @M9.I@A5 eK3 B 3 5?9 F 3 I 3 7 vA3 O e V&@ 1`E eCH3 I<9.75&EZ5 3 @I<9EAF G FDECI 3 BDB9DE NnFDE > @ 1`E eCH3 I9:7=5X@54EA9 283 F@I<9EAF G FDECI 3 BDB<_ w 283| I ; @ABHBC c:2 EZB 3 7=5?9 3 FHN@AI 3 7B@AB1B 2 E c 5 754[ A F 3 J_fu C G FDE v 7=O 3 Bµ-I0EA54BH9DF A I9EZFHB

Page 168: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

NnEZF >13 BHB@A[ 3 B~NnFHE > @UF@A54[ 3 EANTO6@M9l@9gV G3 B0x$@ >13 9 2 ECO9E&E e 9l@A759 283 BD7+* 3 EAN(9 243 O6@M9l@8x@>U3 9 2 ECOb9DE G4; @AI 3 O6@9@U75m9DEU9 243d>13 BHB@A[ 3 7=5@UI0EA5m9DFDE ;;=3 O c @VKx@A54O-@ >U3 9 2 ECOb9DEF 3 9 A FH5@ G EZ7=5?9 3 F9Ei9 283 O4@9l@8_

? $6>(@$_ SS 0.!# 6!5@N

? $6>(@$ $0[ ! %g!<+k2.!D6 "$ 3 T E !5K#L? $6>(@$52.! [ !F%R!<+2.!D6 "$ 3 T E !5K#L? $6>(@$ [ !F%R!<+2.!D6 "$ 3 T E !5K#LM 2N! PO ? $6>(@$QK#LSS *$6!# != 2 " - ..$F 54 $6!= !5i !2.SS 0.!#'0 $ $6 !5 !#$n ! C$H2.Y!#$n0.[!< 6!5@9 M 2N! )Z.[! ! E !;"!<$ E ! +2.[!D!5N! F+k2.!\$. F[K#LM 2N! 0.!U "(@$6! E ! M F 0K#LM 2N! )Z.[!\(@$6!5 "$ M F FK#Lc L

d f ihkjhklnm o | p

"!$ %! ) -/0 `0<5=9 -X)@;@

, | !T `eE eCH3 I9d7BY@A5aE eCH3 I9 c:2 7=I 2 I0@A5B 3 58Oa7f9BYBH9@9 3 NnFDE > EZ5 3 @AI9EZFG FDECI 3 BDB~9DE&@A5bE eCH3 I<975@54EA9 283 F@I<9EAF G FHEJI 3 BHB0_w 243 9DF@A54B > 7BDBH7=EZ5\EAN9 243 E emH3 I<9DBBH9@9 37=BT7=58797=@ ; 7+* 3 O c:243 5X@5E eCH3 I<97=519 243; ECI@ ; B 3 54O87=54[d@AI<9DEZF G FDECI 3 BHB75 v E 2 3 B@ EA59 243^; ECI@ ; E emH3 I<9@A54O 7f9L7B~I<E >UG8;=3 9 3 O c:243 5k@A5E eCH3 I97=5\9 243 F 3<> EA9 3dG FHEJI 3 BHB7=5 v E 2 3 B@ EZ59 283 F 3<> EA9 3 E emH3 I<90_.w 243 E GK3 FD@97EZ54B @A54O @F 3G @7=F c 7B 3E GK3 F@M97=EA54B0_

w 243 | `eI ; @ABHBC c:2 EZB 3 75m9 3 FN@AI 3 7=B@BB 2 E c 5-756[ A F 3 J_fu;CK7=B~@A5k@ e ]BH9DF@AI9 e @AB 3 I ; @ABHB0_cw 243>13 9 2 EJO4B @A54O @AF 3iGBA F 3v 7FH9 A @ ; _ w 243 B A4e ]I ; @ABDB 3 BEAN7| !T `e C?B A I 2 @B u C0@H <C| ]N &@A54O `e]`C >yA B97 > ]G4;=3<>U3 5?9.9 243 B 3Y>U3 9 2 ECO4B<_ w 283 | !T `edI ; @ABHB.7=B:@ ; BDEiF 3 B G EZ54BH7 e4;3 NnEZF G FHE v 7O47=54[@ >U3 9 2 ECO d 6p d c:2 7=I 2Xc 7 ;; @ ;=; E c 9 243 E eCH3 I<9DB9gV GK3 9E e3?A 547 4A43<; VUO 3 9 3 F > 7=5 3 O_, B c 7 ;=;Te3 O47=BHI A BHB 3 O7=5hB 3 I97EZ5 J_ C_D;Cz9 2 7Bo7=B^BDE 9 2 @9iE eCH3 I<9DB1EN.9 243 B 3 54O87=54[kE eCH3 I<9DB9gV G3 I@A5 eK3 I<EZ54B9F A I<9 3 O 7=5X9 243 F 30> EA9 3 @I<9EAF G FDECI 3 BHB9DEF 3 I 3 7 vZ3 9 243 BH9@9 3 7=5JNnEZF > @97EZ5

Page 169: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Ze3 7=54[B 3 5?9_

? M $ 3 54 $6!1

? M $ 3 =4 $6!#5Z.[!U k( K#LM 2N! PO ? M $ 3 =4 $6!#QK#L

Z.[!\(@$6! - k() M F 0KU0.[!<LM 2N! )Z.[!\C$. $ T5 - . .$0/!<$ - . .$ +3 =4 $6!67;90:>$;/!<$@7;90:>$aKGnIFLM 2N! )Z.[!9$ M )$ T= - . .$F/1!<$ - ..$ +3 =4 $6!67;90:>$;/!<$@7;90:>$aKGnIFLc L

ed f hj lnm o | !T `e p

"!$ %! )5768 ?0 +0<+ -/)@ @

, | , 1 y `iE eCH3 I97=BF 3 B G EZ54BD7 e4;=3 NnEZFBH9l@FH9754[&@I<9EAF G FHEJI 3 BHB 3 BF A 5454754[EA59 243G @AF@ ;;=3<;K> @AI 2 75 3 _w 283 | B 1< y I ; @BDB7B.@A5+@ e B9FD@AI<9 e @B 3 I ; @[email protected] 2 E c 5e VX9 243 7=5?9 3 FHN@AI 3 7=5X6[ A F 3 C_uC_ w 283 I ; @ABHB 2 @ABLEA5 3Y>U3 9 2 ECO C _%w 2 7B >13 9 2 EJO7=B&75 v E 2 3 O 7=5p9 283 I0EZ54B9F A I<9D7=EZ5 EAN^@ < E eCH3 I9C@54O 79&B9l@AF9B\@`F 3<> E9 3 @AI9EZFG FDECI 3 BDB<_ , O 3 BDI 3 54O 3 5?9\I ; @BDB >A BH9 e3bG FDE v 7=O 3 OPNnEZF 3 @AI 2pG @AF@ ;;=3<;> @AI 2 75 3 9 2 @9U9 243@A56@ ; VCBH9 c 7=B 243 B9E A B 3 _JT@AI 2 B A4e I ; @ABDB >yA B9 G FDE v 7=O 3 7f9BiE c 5 7 >UG8;=30>13 5?9@97EZ5hEANL9 243 >U3 9 2 ECO_

w 243 O 3 I07=BH7=EZ5hEAN c:2 7=I 2hG FDECI 3 BDBDEAFo9EB9l@AF9d9 243 @AI9EZF G FDECI 3 BDBoEZ5h7=B ;3 N99E9 243 O47B]I0F 3 97EZ5 EAN9 243 | , 1< yN E emH3 I<90_ B 5WI0EZ58BD7=O 3 FD754[ c:2 7I 2G FDECI 3 BHBDEZFi9DE A B 3 9 243| , 11 y 7^E eCH3 I9 > @V ; EJE 2U@9L@i5 A4>oeK3 F:EANN@AI<9DEZFDBµuZ_ w 243Yc EAF32 ; E?@ObI A FDF 3 5?9 ; V+EZ5 3 @AI 2G FDECI 3 BHBDEZF7=5X9 243^G @AF@ ;;=3<;> @AI 2 7=5 3 C67=5JNnEZF > @97EZ5c:2 7I 2 I0@A5 eK3 E e 9@A7=5 3 OXNnFDE > 9 243 BHVCB9 30> _

_ w 243 5 A4>oeK3 F:EAN A B 3 FHBLI A FDF 3 5?9 ; V+EZ5 3 @AI 2bG FDECI 3 BDBDEAFC7=58NnEAF > @97EZ5 c:2 7I 2 I0@A5@[?@A7=5eK3 E e 9l@A75 3 OXNnFHE > 9 243 BHVCBH9 30> _

Page 170: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

(

? @Z.$@7890:#$

? @Z.$@78'0:>$QK#LM 2N! PO ? @Z.$@78'0:>$QK#LSS *$6!# !5_!59!D!<$,6!5@ '()' *SS ..2.(i0. .$#]! 9F$6C@M 2N! )Z.[!\!59!=A 6!5@BD6!=B%&'()' *,+- . .$0/!<$ - . .$ +

2.[!U0* FE $* . GnI@KGnIFLc L

d f ihkjlnm o | , 1 y ` p

_ w 243 F 30; @97 vZ3:GK3 FHNnEAF > @A54I 3 EAN9 243 @ v @A7 ; @ e4;=3.G FDECI 3 BHBDEZFHBCJ7N7=5U@ 243 9 3 FHEZ[ 3 5 3 E A B 3 5 v 7f]FDEA5 >U3 5?9_w 243 758NnEZF > @9D7=EZ5U@ e E A 99 243G3 FHNnEZF > @54I 3 EN9 243G FHEJI 3 BDBHEZFDB eK3 754[ eBA 7 ; 97=5?9DE~9 243G @AFH9D7=I A4; @AF| , 1 y `B A8e I ; @ABHB G FDE v 7=O 3 OiNnEZFz9 243G @F@ ;;=30;m> @AI 2 75 3 _

4_ w 243:3 GK3 I9 3 OUI0E >1GBA 9@97EZ56@ ; O 30> @A54OEANK9 283 @I<9EAF G FDECI 3 BDBC c:2 7I 2 7B([Z7 vA3 5 e Vi9 243 v @ ; A43G @ABHB 3 Ob7=5X9 283 >13 9 2 EJO_

"!$ %! `0<5=9 +0<+ -X)@;@

B 5 @ G @AF@ ;=;=3<;3 5 v 7=FHEZ5 >13 5?9 < @A54OHe]oE emH3 I<9DBLI<EZ54B9F A I<9E eCH3 I9B:9EN@AI07 ; ]79@9 3 9FD@A54B > 7BDBD7EZ5\EANEA9 243 FE eCH3 I<9DBLNnFDE > EZ5 3 @AI<9DEZF G FDECI 3 BHBL9DE@A58EA9 243 F0_"w 243 < EZF.e]~E eCH3 I9@ e E A 9(9EYF 3 I 3 7 vZ3 9 243 9DF@A54B > 7f9D9 3 OiE eCH3 I<9F 354`A 7=F 3 B@Y5 3<c:; VoI0EZ54B9F A I<9 3 OE eCH3 I<9EAN.9 243 I0EAFDF 3 I<9i9gV GK3Xe3 NnEZF 3 7f9oI0@A5 7=5 v E 2 3 ` ` _ " EAF 3 8@ >1G4;3 C c:243 5 @5e] ~ 1 B`E emH3 I<9~7=BF 3 I 3 7 v 7=54[U@A5 3<;=3<>U3 5m99 2 @9~7B.9E eK3 @AO4O 3 O9E19 243 B A4e O4E]> @7=5 C67f9 >yA BH9L7=5 v E 2 3 :EZ5@15 3<c:; V+I0EZ58BH9F A I<9 3 O 3<;=30>13 5?9E eCH3 I<9~EAN9 243 I<EZFDF 3 I99gV G3 C$@ABB 2 E c 57=54[ A F 3 C_u _ w c E\@ G4G FHE?@AI 243 BI0E A4; O e3cA B 3 Ok9EXI<EZ54B9F A I<9YF 3 I07 G 7 3 5m9E eCH3 I<9BµuZ_T@AI 2 e]d@A58O 1 E eCH3 I<9 2m54E c BL@ e E A 9@ ;=; 9 243YG EZBDBH7 e4;3 9gV G3 BLEANzE eCH3 I<9DB9 2 @9i79 > @V e3 @B32 3 O9DE-F 3 I 3 7 vZ3 _ " EZF 3 8@ >UG8;=3 CT@5 e7 ~ < , E eCH3 I92m54E c Bd@ e E A 9Y@ ;=; 9 243 B A4e I ; @ABHB 3 BEN uo9 2 @9 > @V e3 @O4O 3 Ok9E&9 243 B A4e O4E]> @A7=5_ w 243bG FDE e4;30> c 7f9 2 9 2 7=B1@ G4G FHE?@AI 2 7=Bo9 2 @99 243 e]@A54O ~ 1 B

Page 171: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

E eCH3 I<9tqBI ; @ABDB 3 BL@A54Ob9 243 7F.O 3 BHI 3 54O 3 5?9DB c E A8; O 2 @ vZ3 9E e3 F 3c FD7f9D9 3 5\NnEAF 3 @AI 2 5 3<c| ! q e^B A8e I ; @ABHB75?9FDECO A I 3 O_

_ R FDE v 7=O 3 @iBD754[ ;3 I ; @BDB9 2 @9 2C58E c BL@ ;; 9 283 9gV GK3 BEANzE eCH3 I9B:9 2 @M9 > @V eK3 F 354`A 7=F 3 O9E > E vZ3 NnFHE > EZ5 3 @I<9EAF G FDECI 3 BDB9DE+@A54EA9 243 F<_ B 5 9 2 7B@ G4G FHE?@AI 2 9 243 7=5?9DFDECO A I<9D7=EZ5EANz5 3<c B A4e I ; @ABDB 3 B~EA5 ; VF 3 4A 7F 3 B9 2 @9:9 2 7B:EZ5 3 I ; @ABDB eK3> ECO47 3 O+EZF@1B A4e I ; @ABHB:EAN9 2 7=B.I ; @ABDB eK3 7=5?9FHEJO A I 3 O_

S BH7=54[Y9 243 B 3 I0EZ58OX@ G4G FHE?@AI 2 CJ@A5 `e y E eCH3 I<9754BH9@A5?97=@9 3 B@54OF 3 9 A FD54B G EA7=5?9H]3 FHBT9DE9 243 B 3 E eCH3 I<9DB0_w 243 `e y ~I ; @ABHBC c:2 EAB 3 7=5?9 3 FHN@AI 3 7=B[A7 vZ3 57=5o6[ A F 3 J_fu]D;C7=B.F 3 B G EZ54BH7 e4;3 NnEZF G FDE v 7=O87=54[ >13 9 2 EJO8B:9DE G3 FHNnEZF > 9 283 NnE ;=; E c 754[oE GK3 FD@97EZ54Bµ

uZ_ sb3 9 2 ECO4B@F 3:G FDE v 7=O 3 O9DE^I<EZ54BH9DF A I9.@A58OF 3 9 A FH5 G EZ7=5?9 3 FDB(9DEo@ ;; 9 243L> @7=5I ; @ABDB@ e ]BH9DF@AI97EZ54B:9 2 @9@AF 3 A B 3 O-7=5+9 243d> ECO 30; 7=54[ s T uEC @H <C=| 1q],u C F],7 C . ,q7C7@x , ..C 7 , .C%| ;]NC ` ]C6@A54O E eCH3 I<9DBl|_

_ sb3 9 2 ECO4BT@AF 3 @ ; BHE G FDE v 7=O 3 Oi9EI0EA54BH9DF A I9@54OiF 3 9 A FH5 G EZ7=5?9 3 FDBz9EY@ ;; 9 283.> @A75oI ; @ABDB@ e B9FD@AI<9D7=EZ54B A B 3 O 7=5O4E > @A7=5 O 3 I0E >1G EABD79D7=EZ5@A56@ ; VCBD7BC s 1q],u 1TC , o| 1`XC , `E 1C 1E u , 7] ;7C 77`C < B |FC @*~ N@A54O , `E 7 ]T1

, <TA_ w 243 B 3 >13 9 2 EJO8B@AF 3 F 3 4A 7=F 3 O BDEh9 2 @919 243 @A56@ ; VJB9EA5 ; V 2 @BU9EaB GK3 I<7NV9 283 9gV GK3 ENO4E > @A75iO 3 I<E >1G EZBH79D7=EZ5 >13 9 2 EJOi9DE eK3 A B 3 O759 243:> @7=5 G FHEZ[ZF@ > Cm@A58O54EA9:75X9 243YG FHEZ[ZF@ > BNnEZF9 243 e] ~ 1 BT_

w 243:3 8@AI<9(9gV GK3 EANKE eCH3 I<9(9 2 @9(7=Bz9E eK3 I0F 3 @9 3 O1@A54OF 3 9 A FH5 3 O e Vd9 243 `e y 7=B7O 3 5?9D7 3 O e Vd9 243"A 587 4A43 @d7O 3 5?9D7 3 FB A4G8G4; 7 3 O@AB(@5U@FD[ A4>13 5?99DE9 243.>13 9 2 ECO4B0_w 243.G FHE v 7BD7=EA5oEAN9 243 | ! `eI ; @ABDB(@ ;=; E c B9 243.G @FH97f97EZ547=58[LEAN9 243 ,+9DEEJI<I A F:75+9 243 B@ >13 F A 54547=58[ G FDECI 3 BHB~@B:9 243 @A56@ ; VCBD7=BqC c:2 7I 2 I0@A5454EA9 eK3 O4EZ5 3 75 R#" s sHA 2 A 54O6@ 3 9@ ; _ C6uvAvZ?|_ B 5U@AO4O47f97=EA5o79T@ ;=; E c B9 243.> EJO 3<; 9DEI 2 @A54[ 3 @AB9 243 @A56@ ; VCBD7=B G FDE]I 3<3 O4BqC c:2 7=I 2\> @V eK3 F 354`A 7=F 3 Ob75 24G ] F 3 45 30>13 5?9~@A54O >yA4; 97=[AFD7=O=CJ@54Ob7f9:@ ;; E c B.O8VC56@ > 7=I; E?@O e @ ; @54I0754[ e3 9 c3<3 5 B A4e O4E > @A7=54BqC6@AB:B 2 @ ;=;eK3 O 30> EZ54B9FD@9 3 Ob75XI 2 @ G 9 3 FZJ_

Page 172: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

3 54 $6!678'0:>$

3 54 $6!7890:#$QK#LM ZN! PO 3 54 $6!678'0:>$QK#LSS *$6!# !=i'$"[!5$ .$< .@2. !# "$ *1F$00* 0.$.[!SS 54 $6!=1 . 9$6! . F2.!=$N !5_!<$*M ZN! $*$.[!"(@$6!<%g!<8$< $*$.[!<52.[!1 k[( K#LM ZN! 8 $_"(@$6!6%R!<8$< 8F$52.! k( K#LM ZN! ? % - 0.[!<'2.[!1"(@$6!6%R!<8$< ? %W52.! k[( K#LM ZN! Fk% - 0.[!<'2.!"(@$6!6%R!<8$<U %&5Z.[! k( K#LM ZN! @ - [C$^"(@$6!6%g!#8$< - 52.! k()+2.!D!( K#LM ZN! 8 F @H"(@$6!6%R!<8$< 8F @ 5Z.[! k( K#LM ZN! $*$.[! @ "(@$6!6%R!<8$< $*$.[! @ 52.! k( K#LM ZN! ? !# ] "(@$6!6%R!<8$< ? !<P ]052.!U ()+Z.[!. \+ 2.!. - 0 #K#LM ZN! @`;$6!= "(@$6!6%R!<8$< `;$6!5@5Z.[!1 ()+Z.[!\6 "$[K#LM ZN! gb E "(@$6!6%R!<8$<b E 52.[! ()+kZ.[!D6 "$[K#LSS *$6!# != (@$6!X.$< .@ !# C$ =4 $6!=SS TP@W!#$ . 6 (@@P !# *1 . 9$6! . F2.[!5$ !5 !<$*M ZN! - 0.[!<'2.[!; . $;"(@$6!6%R!<8$< - 0.[!<'2.!; .R $5Z.[! k( K#LM ZN! E 3 * $9$ "(@$6!<%g!# $< * $'$52.! k( K#LM ZN! A . 6 ? $0"(@$6!<%g!# $<UA . 6 ? F$252.!\ [k( K#LM ZN! )02.A (@ "(@$6!<%g!# $< e)0 .A (@05Z.[! [k( K#LM ZN! E 0*X@Z. E $0* A (@ "(@$6!6%R!<8$< E 0*X2. E $0* A (@052.! k( K#LM ZN! F0!!> b .[!5$6()'!=;"(@$6!<%g!<8$<U0!!> b .[!5$6()'!=52.! k( K#LM ZN! ' .[6 $.[!6b .[!5$6()'!= "(@$6!6%R!<8$< ' .[6 $.[!6b .[!5$6()'!=52.!1 [k( K#LM ZN! gb .'$*1$.[! 2b .!=$6()'!5@D"(@$6!<%g!<8$<b .'$*1$.[! 2b .!=$6()'!5@5Z.[!X k( K#L

M ZN! 2.!D(@$6!6%g!#8$< Z.$"a 3 52.! k( 3 +2.!\ ()0 M $+ Z.$"a 3 @+ 2.$"' 3 ))0 M $ K#L

M ZN! 2.!D(@$6!6%g!#8$< E E 2.$"' 3 g5Z.[! k( 3 +Z.[!U k[( EE )0 M $+ Z.$"a 3 @+ E 0*X2. 0 M $ K#L

M ZN! E 0*X@Z. E $0* 6 !# 0.A . 6 (@$6!<%g!# $< E 0*Z. E $0* A . 6 52.[! [k()+R 0*Z.Y/1!#$ E 0*2.K#L

M ZN! F 0*Z. "(@$6!5 0*X2. %g!<52.!\ [k( K#Lc L

edgf ihkjlnm o `e y p

Page 173: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

)+*-/,%(/0)1# ) Z)1' o'y/

B 5a9 2 7=BB 3 I<9D7=EZ5h@+F 3qv 7 3c 7=B > @AO 3 EAN c:2 @9I 2 @A58[ 3 B9EX9 243 O 3 BD7=[A5 G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 O`7=5k9 243G F 3Fv 7=E A BI 2 @ G 9 3 FHBNnEAF G @AF@ ;;=3<; 6547f9 3Y30;30>13 5?9L@A56@ ; VJBH7=B<_w 243 I 2 @A58[ 3 BEJI<I A F7=5 e EA9 2 9 243I ; @ABDB:7=5?9 3 FHN@I 3 B@A58O+9 243 I ; @ABDB >13 9 2 EJO4B<_

"! "!'& f8f5)9B8 9 -X)@;@ 9;01+ )50<@

w 243 O 3 BDI 3 54O 3 5?9BEAN| ! q e 2 @ vZ3 9E e3Y> EJO87 3 O+9DE@ ;=; E c NnEZF.9 283 E eCH3 I99E-B 3 54O@A54O F 3 I 3 7 vA3 79B 30; N _i@I 2 EN9 243 I ; @ABHB 3 Bi75?9FDECO A I 3 OW7=5a9 243XG F 3qv 7=E A BoI 2 @ G 9 3 FHB>yA B9 e33 C9 3 58O 3 O+9Ei754I ; A O 3 9 243>13 9 2 EJO4B @A54O _ " EZF 3 8@ >1G4;=3 C89 243F 3Fv 7B 3 O @x B . 7=5?9 3 FHN@AI 3 7=B.B 2 E c 5b7=5X6[ A F 3 J_fuv8_

M ZN! 8 F @ @

8F @ 5Z.[!.F$ k( K#L8F @ 5Z.[!.F$ k()+R0.[!\`;$6!=8/Y @0K#LO 8F @ QK#LM 2N! )Z.[!\(@$6! 8F$ k() M F 0K 0.!#LM 2N! M F @R $ !>Z*1$6!5$ G I I@K#LM 2N! )Z.[!\C$. $ T5 - . .$0/!<$ - . .$ + 3 =4 $6!7890:>$ /1!#$@7890:>$VK#LM 2N! )Z.[!9$ M )$ T= - . .$F/1!<$ - ..$ + 3 =4 $6!67;90:>$ /1!#$@7890:>$aK#Lc L

ed f hj l m o @H , p

"! "!:# f8f5)9B8 9 -X)@;@ 09B6 @

, BO47=BHI A BHB 3 O7=5+B 3 I<97EZ5J_ _ C67f9:7=B:7 >1G EZFH9@A5?9.54EA9 'A B99DEU7O 3 5?9D7NV9 2 EZB 3 9@AB32mB:9 2 @9I@A5 e3b3 3 I A 9 3 OI<EZ54I A FDF 3 5?9 ; V eBA 9U9E`EAFDI 243 BH9FD@9 3 9 243 9l@AB 2CBU9 2 @9I@A5 e3bG3 FHNnEZF >U3 OI0EZ58I A FHF 3 5?9 ; VZ_wEdEAFDI 243 BH9FD@9 3L3 3 I97 vA30; VECCBDE >13 EN9 2433 J7BH9754[I0ECO 3L2 @AB9DE eK3L> ECO47 3 O_" EZF 3 8@ >1G4;3 CTI0EZ58BD7=O 3 Fi9 243XG B 3A O4E]gI<EJO 3xA B 3 O e VW@A5 1E u , 7] ;7 c:243 5NnEZF > 7=58[d9 243 9@A54[ 3 5m9 > @9FH7nuC c:2 7I 2 7B.F 3<G3 @9 3 Ob75+4[ A F 3 J_ w8_, 9D7 >13&; 75 3 NnEZFi9 243\G B 3A O4EM]gI0ECO 3 7=5 6[ A F 3 J_ wkNnEZFo9 243\3 3 I A 97EZ5PEAN~@A5P@A56@ ; VJBH7=B

c 79 2 9 c Exe] ~ < ,$B7=B~B 2 E c 57=56[ A F 3 J_ Z _ vZ3 59 2 E A [ 2 9 243 9l@A58[ 3 5?9NnEZF3 @AI 2 B A4e O4E > @A7=57=B eK3 754[ G FDECI 3 BHB 3 O e VB 30G @AFD@9 3 @AI<9DEZF G FDECI 3 BDB 3 BC9 243 F 3 7B58EE vZ3 F ; @ G

Page 174: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

b .9$*$.[! 2b .[!5$6()'!5@B TP@*k.(@$.[!Y $b !5$ !#$g $61G!<$A . 6 ? $ (@$6! FQK!<$ Z.$"' 3 "$9A QK@Z $ VTP$ $%g!#!#$ $6QKKJI@K1

TP$ $%g!# TV*k .[(@$.!#P!<$b .!=$6()'!5@aK!<$ 2.$"' 3 1A VTV$ $%g!< (@$6! .(@$.[!<QK#+RTP$ $%g!# (@$6!<b E QKKc

c

d f ihkj l f <p o 7E 7 , u ;] @d o

EANI0E >1GBA 9@97EZ5_ , B.O47=BHI A BHB 3 Ob75&B 3 I<97EZ5bJ_ _ CJ9 2 7=B G FHEZ[ZFD@ > c E A4; O G3 FHNnEZF > 54E eK3 9H9 3 F9 2 @5 @aB 3 4A43 5?9D7j@ ;G FDEZ[ZFD@ > NnEZF9 2 7B G42 @AB 3 EN9 243 I0E >1GBA 9@97EZ5 C.@ ; 9 2 E A [ 2 e EA9 2 ] ~ 1 B$BdI<E A4; O e3 NnEZF > 7=54[X9 243 7F^9l@54[ 3 5?9DBdI0EA54I A FHF 3 5m9 ; VA_wzEbEZFDI 283 BH9DF@9 3 9 2439l@AB 2mBI0EZ58I A FHF 3 5?9 ; VEC9 243 E G3 F@9D7=EZ58Bz759 243 @d >13 9 2 EJO >yA B9 eK3 F 3 ]gB 3 4A43 54I 3 O_w 243 B 354`A83 54I 3 EAN G B 3qA O4E] I0ECO 3 NnEZF9 243 F 3qv 7=B 3 O\E G3 F@9D7=EZ5X7B G F 3 B 3 5m9 3 O 75X6[ A F 3 C_ uA_ B 59 243 F 3Fv 7=B 3 O >13 9 2 EJO 3 @I 2 " ;=30>13 5?917=B1@AB 2 3 OP9EI0E >1GBA 9 3 7f9Bi9l@54[ 3 5?9 eK3 NnEZF 3b3 @AI 2" ;=30>13 5?97=B:@B32 3 ONnEZF.7f9B9l@54[ 3 5?90_w 243 F 3 B A4; 9754[7 >1G FDE vZ3<>U3 5?9:7=5 G3 FHNnEZF > @54I 3 I@5e3 B 303 5b7=5&6[ A F 3 J_ _

b .9$*$.[! 2b .[!5$6()'!5@B TP@*k.(@$.[!Y $b !5$ !#$g $61G!<$A . 6 ? $ (@$6! FQK!<$ Z.$"' 3 "$9A QK@Z $ VTP$ $%g!#!#$ $6QKKJI@K

TP$ $%g!# TV*k .[(@$.!#P!<$b .!=$6()'!5@aK@Z $ VTP$ $%g!#!#$ $6QKKJI@K

!<$ 2.$"' 3 1A VTV$ $%g!< (@$6! .(@$.[!<QK#+RTP$ $%g!# (@$6!<b E QKKc

ed f Jhkj )l f <p o 1E 7 , u ;] @d o

Page 175: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

ActorSubdomain ProcessActorSubdomain ProcessMain Actor Process

formTangent()

FE_Element ShadowSubdomainIncrementalIntegrator

formTang()

getTang()

formTang()

getTang()

getID()

getTang()

formTang()formTang()

getTang()

formTang()

getID()

formTang()

process busy in object

ActorSubdomain ActorSubdomain

getTang()

getTang()

process idle in object waiting for result to be processed remotely

" 7[ A F 3 J_ Z µw.7 >13 7=5 3 NnEAF FH7=[Z756@ ; @d s\3 9 2 EJO

Page 176: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

ActorSubdomain Process

formTangent()

Main Actor Process ActorSubdomain Process

FE_Element ShadowSubdomainIncrementalIntegrator

formTang() formTang()

getID()

formTang()getTang()

getTang()

ActorSubdomain ActorSubdomain

getTang()

getTang()

getID()

getTang()

getTang()

" 7=[ A F 3 J_ µw.7 >U3 75 3 NnEZF 3Fv 7=B 3 O @d sb3 9 2 ECO

Page 177: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

] xy q o'y '()U'

wzEO 30> EZ54B9FD@9 3 9 243 3 J7 e 7 ; 7f9gV`@54O 9 243 9FD@A54B G @AF 3 54I<VWENL9 2 7=B@ G8G FDE?@I 2 C9 243+e @AB 3B 354`A83 5?97=@ ;LG B 3A O4E Q G FHEZ[ZFD@ > G F 3 B 3 5?9 3 O 75 B 3 I97=EA5 4_qk7=BF 3<G3 @9 3 O 243 F 3 _ s ECO47f]6I@M97=EA54B19DE9 2 7=B G FHEZ[ZF@ > @AF 3 9 283 5 > @AO 3 9E G FHEJO A I 3 5 3<c G FHEZ[ZF@ > B c:2 7I 2PGK3 FHNnEAF >G @AFD@ ;=;30; @A56@ ; VCBD7B0_w 243oe @AB 3dG FHEZ[ZFD@ > G3 FHNnEZF > BL@19DF@A54BH7 3 5m9@A56@ ; VCBD7=BLEANT@B G @AI 3 B 2A 9H9 ;=3> ECO 3<;A BD754[19 243 3<c:> @AF 2X7=5?9 3 [ZF@9D7=EZ5+B9F@M9 3 [VECK@ 3<c 9DEZ5J] @ G42 BDEZ5b79 3 F@9D7=EZ5\@9 3 @AI 297 >U3 B9 3<G C@A58O9 243 B A4e B9F A I<9 A FD754[ >13 9 2 ECOaEZ5@ A 547 G FDECI 3 BDBDEAF0_ " E A FB A4e O4E > @A754BY@AF 3I0F 3 @9 3 O C 3 @AI 2 EN c:2 7=I 2*A B 3 B@UF 3qvA3 FDB 31Q A 9 2 7 ;=; ] s I 303 5 A4>oeK3 FD754[BHI 2430>13 9DEEZFHO 3 F9 243O 3 [AF 303 B] EANj] NnF 303 O8E > @A58O @ G FDE ;=3 BH9EAF@A[ 3 BDI 243<>U3 9DE-BH9EAF 3 9 243 B A8e O4E > @A75 3 4A @M97=EA54B0_w 243 75?9 3 FN@AI 3UG FDE e4;=3<> C c:2 7=I 2 A B 3 Bo@F 3qvZ3 FDB 3+Q A 9 2 7 ;=; ] s I 303 5 A4>oeK3 FD754[BHI 2430>13 @A58O@ e @A54O 3 OaB9EZFD@A[ 3 BHI 2430>13 9EXBH9DEZF 3 9 243i3 4A @9D7=EZ58BC7=BBHE ; vA3 O e V-@XO47=F 3 I9 >U3 9 2 ECO_w 283G B 3qA O4E] I0ECO 3 NnEZF9 243Ye @B 3YG FDEA[ZF@ > 7=B:@AB.NnE ;; E c BµII . *X 0*2. G)LII S ^9$"!=$n!<$ N!# !# 0.$ 0*2._. * $ 2 $; SII ? $6!# U!<$ a % 9!> !> 0.$LII E 0*2.F% N!# !# 0.$&!#$% N!# !# 0.$BP!#$ ' F% N!# !# 0.$VK#LII % N!> !> 0.$ E 0*2.Y!#$ E 0*Z.P!<$% N!# !# 0.$aK#LIIII S ^9$"!=$n!<$X 0*X@Z.^ . i!5 !<$n 0*2.IIIII "I TP@D52.!G L G_. *X 0*2.L KI I 0*Z. !#$" 0*2. 5eKI ' .[5TP@*X!> 0.Y!<$ - 0.[!<'2.!; .R $LI - ? !<$ E 3 * $9$LI A . 6 ? $!#$ ? $ LI %W9 k $"k% E 3 !# )0 M $ !<$")0 M $LI %W9 k $"k% E 3 !<$ Z.$"' 3 P!#$")0 M $aK#LI 8$<1*X: !<$b .!=$6()'!5@ S )+ S @K#LI E 0*X@Z. E $0* A (@ !<$")02.A (@0LII E 0*X@Z. E $0* A . 6 U!#$A . 6 P!<$" 0*X@Z.+0!<$ - 0.[!<'2.[!; . $+I !#$ E 3 * $9$B+ !#$ ? $ + !<$" 0 .A (@0+)!<$b .[!5$6()'!5@+g!#$ Z.$"a 3 K#LI !<$ E 0*[email protected] 0*2. P!#$" 0*2.K#LI cII S ^9$"!=$, * $ 2 $W . 2 !#$ *1F$R SI $" !Q!< $!<$ ? F$ 7 Z $BP!#$ E 0*2.K#LI !<$ ? F$ 7 Z $ 2 ? $ QK#LII S N!# !# 0.Y!#$n0*X@Z. Z.[!5_!#$X 0*2.X SII !<$ E 0*2. N!# !# 0. . * 0*Z.[#K#L

Page 178: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

I I S ^9$"!=$n!<$ . 6 1 SI ' .5TV*!# 0.,!<$ - 0.[!<'2.!; .R $LI - ? !#$ E 3 * $9$BLI A . 6 ? F$!<$ ? F$ LI E 29$6!7 .Fk% E 3 !#$")0 M $LI 7&. k% E 3 i!<$ 2.$"' 3 P!#$")0 M $aK#LI 8$<*:,!#$b .[!5$6()'!= S )+ S @K#LI 8$<\!=0. [C0.^!#$")0 .A (@0LII E 29$6!6b .[!5$6()'!> 0.A . 6 U!#$A . 6 P!<$ E 0*X2.+e!<$ - 0.[!<'2.!; .R $+I !<$ E 3 * $9$+ !<$ ? F$2+)!#$")0 .A (@0+ !<$b .!=$6()a[!5@B+R!<$ 2.$"' 3 )K#LI I S $ TV*!#$, . 6 1 SI !<$ E 0*2. C$6! @ - C$[K#LI !<$A . 6 . "$LI

wzEaI 2 @A54[ 3 9 243 I0ECO 3 BDEa9 2 @919 243 B A8e BH9DF A I9 A FH7=54[`7BO4EZ5 3 7=5 G @AF@ ;=;=3<; C(9 283 @A54@ ; VCBH9c E A4; O\F 3<G4; @AI 3; 75 3 B:wZweD;C6wZwZv C6w8uZu@A54O\w8u oc 7f9 2 9 283 NnE ;=; E c 754[õII 3 =4 $6!7890:>$8!<$ 3 54 $6!678'0:>$LII A ? 2.$@7890:>$W!#$ ? 2.$@7890:>$LI %R` ? - . .$F!#$ - ..$2LI k"U 0*Z.,!<$" 0*Z.P!<$ - ..$ +)!<$ 3 54 $6!678'0:>$aK#L

B N(9 243 @56@ ; VCB9~654O8B~9 2 @M9~9 283 F 3 B A4; 9754[ G FHEZ[ZFD@ > 7=B~B97 ;=; 9ECEB ; E c 9 243 @A56@ ; VJB9~I<E A4; O7=54B9 3 @AO G @AFH9D79D7=EZ5~9 243 O4E > @A757=5?9E B A4e O4E > @A7=54B$@54O9FHV@ G @AF@ ;=;=3<; BVCBH9 3<> EAN 3 4A @9D7=EZ54B@A54O+BDE ; vZ3 F0_.w 243 @A56@ ; VCBH9 c E A4; ObF 30G4; @AI 3; 7=5 3 B:wZw8uEC8w @A54O\w o75&9 243 F 3Fv 7=B 3 O G FDEZ[ZFD@ >c 79 2 9 243 NnE ;=; E c 7=54[õII . *X 0*2.1G FLI k" E Z9$6!67&. k% E 3 !<$" 0 M $BLI k"X7 .Fk% E 3 !<$ 2.$"' 3 gP!<$" 0 M $VK#L

Page 179: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

u8u

! "$#% & ' ( )#*

B,+.-0/2143(56/2798:-<;>=-</2;$8?;@=BADCE=0FG79+25>;$C9AH-</2;$C eC ;@5I- ] C9=014;>+J-<;@K.K2;>301 [ +.82=0;>30;@+J-0;@KL1M+N-</2;$8:=0; ]v 14C A 3O56/P798:-0;@=Q3R143SK2143Q5 A 3Q30;>K _w /:;TK2;@3Q1 [ +G143O; v 79U A 7V-<;>K e V 8?;@=BADCE=0FW14+ [BC e C9-0/L3Q;@X A ;@+J-01Y79UMU V79+2K14+8P79=079U4UM;@U C -0/2;Z79+P79U V 3Q143[C9AT7\+ A F e ;>=GC9A]301MFG82UM;^3Q-0= A 5I- A =079U_FGC`K2;>U43 A 3Q14+ [ 7a-0;@3B-14FW82U4;>FG;>+J-67V-014CE+bCVAc-</:;GK2;>301 [ + _bw /:;G8?;@=BADCE=0FG79+25>;WCVAc-</:;W-0;@3Q-d14FW82UM;@FW;@+J-67V-014CE+e143f-</2;>+5@CEFW8P79=Q;@K c 1M-0/e7[82=QCg5>;@K A =<79U82=QC [ =079F _

Page 180: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

% ! (#" $&%(')*,+.-/'0*1%

B,+WC9=0K2;>= -<C32?;R82=0795>-0145 7VU27T30CVA -54R79=Q;$K2;@3Q16E+.F A 3Q- 79UMU4C#4ADCE=;87W5@1M;@+25:9[14+ -0;@=QFG3CVA;2?C9-0/-<1MFG;d79+2K FW;@FWCE=9 =Q;@X A 1M=0;@FW;@+J-03<>=?2A@Q;@5I-B CE=01M;@+J-<;>K 82=0CC69=<79FW3]/P7 v ;D2 ;>;@+ 30/:CE4_+ AD=QCEF%782=0CF6E=<79FWFW;@=03[8?CE1M+ -.CVA v 14;:4 -<Ca/P7 v ;e7a30/2C9=Q-<;>=GK:; v ;>U4CE8:FG;>+ -.-014FW;^-</P79+5@C9+ v ;@+J-<1MCE+P79U82=0C`5@;>K A =079U 82=QCC6E=079FG3 sHGPCE=QK2; ;I- 79UI< CKJLCLCMONC 79+:Kb-<C^=Q;@X A 14=Q;NU4;>303]-014FW;d-0C(2 CV-</bFG7914+J-<7914+79+2KW; -<;>+2K sQP A 2?CE143RBRS;>U4;>=014+.7V+2K 1MFGFW;@=QFL7V+2+ CTJLCLCUTV ;69U414+:3W 1P79+2KYX]7V+ CZJ#LCLF[VA\ A 5]W 1 CJ#LCLC^CN < w /2; =0;>3 A U -<14+T6; ;@5 A -67F2:U4;@3 /P7 v ;7VU430C_2?;@;>+&30/2C#4_+&-<C_2?; 30FG79U4UM;@=GADC9=^CC2A@Q;>5>-BCE=01M;@+J-<;>KZ8:=0CC6E=079FW3c-</P7V+Z5>CEFG8279=<7F2:U4;T82=QCg5>;@K A =<79U82=QCC6E=079FG3rsQGPCE=0K2;f;I- 79UI< C`J#LCLFMON <

B,+CE=QK2;@=f-0Ca2?;.82=<7V5>-<1M5 79U C /2C#4O; v ;>= C 1 -f143fFWCE=Q;[14FW8 CE=B-679+J-T-0/P7V-f-0/2;.30C9A -54c79=0;WK2;>30169+2 ;[;:7W5@14;>+J-fAD=0CEF 7 A 30;>=03 8 C914+J-TC9A v 14;:4<cb 3QC9A -54R7V=0;.K2;@3Q16E+ F A 3Q- 79UMU4C#4edP+21 -<;N;>U4;>FG;>+ -8P795]W 7F6E;>3f-<C,2 ;.K2; v ;>U4CE8?;@Kf4_/21456/79=Q;.793TA 793Q-d793f5>CE+ v ;>+ -014CE+279U(8P795]W 7F6E;>3 7V+2K.4_/21456/79=0;7F22UM;T-<CW795@5>CEFWFGC`KP7V-0;T82=0CF22U4;>FG3_793_U479=6E;T793$-</2;>30; 5@CE+ v ;>+J-<14C9+P79U 8P795]W 7F6E;>3<

B,+&-0/2143L56/P798:-0;@=^-</:; ;87W5@1M;@+25:9 C9A -</:; K2;@3Q16E+ 82=Q;@3Q;@+J-<;>K 14+ -</2; 82=Q; v 14C A 3^56/P798g-<;@=Q3143W; v 79U A 7V-<;>KAD=QCEF 7 A 30;@=Q3^8?CE14+J-WC9A v 14;:4< w CK2C-0/2143G7\-0;@3B-^14FW82UM;@FW;@+J-67V-014CE+CVAT-</2;K2;@3Q16E+a1M3TK2; v ;@UMCE8 ;>K A 301M+6^-</2;[CF2A@Q;@5I-B,C9=014;>+J-<;@Ka82=QCC6E=079FGFW14+T6GU479+6 A 7g6E;ih yC -</2;N-0;@3B-14FW82U4;>FG;>+J-67V-014CE+ 5@CE+J-<7914+21M+6LC v ;@=>j M;CMCMCM U41M+2;@3 C9AS5@C`K2;F< w /2;[;:7W5@14;>+2589eC9A(-</:143]8:=0CC6E=079F143R-0/2;@+ ; v 79U A 7V-<;>KZ1M+^-54cCG3Q-0;@823 µ

J <b + A Fc2 ;>=cC9A 79+279Uk9`30;>3R79=Q;]8?;@=BADCE=0FW;@K^C9+L30C9FG; 3Q-<= A 5>- A =<7VU FWCgK2;>U43 A 301M+6N7 A +2148:=0CgB5@;>303QCE=TFG7956/214+:;F< w /2;N8?;@=QADC9=0FG79+25@; C9A-0/2;NCC2l@Q;@5>-mB,CE=Q14;>+ -0;@Kb8:=0CC6E=079F143 -</2;>+b5@C9FiB8P79=Q;@K,4_1M-0/ -0/2; 8 ;>=QADCE=QFL7V+25@;fC9A 7.82=0C`5@;>K A =<7VU82=0CC69=<79Fa<

n < w /2; 79+P7VUk9`301M3_79=0;f=Q;@8?; 7V-0;@K 14+ 8P79=079U4UM;@U A 301M+6[-54cCWK21ko ;@=Q;@+J-_8P79=079U4UM;@U FL7956/:14+2;>3 C -54OCK21o ;>=0;@+J-qpr=s&3<ut$/2;f8?;@=BADCE=0FG79+25>;TC9A -</:;fCC2A@Q;@5I-B CE=01M;@+J-<;>K 8:=0CC6E=079F 143c-0/2;@+ 5@C9FiB8P79=Q;@K14_1M-</W-</2; 8?;@=QADC9=0FG79+25@;_C9A -</2; CC2A@Q;>5>-B CE=01M;@+J-<;>KL82=QCC6E=079F CE+.-</2;v2+2148:=0C`5@;@3Q30CE=FG7956/214+:;@3<

t$/2;R=Q;@3v:UM-<3w4_14U4U 3Q/2C#4-0/P7V-w4_/214UM;O-</:;c8?;@=QADC9=0FG79+25@;O1435@CEFW8P79=07F22U4;S14+ -<;>=0FW3 C9A;hxSuy -014FW;Fz-</2; CC2A@Q;>5>-mB,CE=Q14;@+J-0;@Ke8:=0CC6E=079F 3vTo ;>=03 14+ -<;>=0FW3 CVAFW;@FWCE=9 =Q;@Xlv21M=0;@FW;@+J-03<t$/:143 FG;>FGCE=m982=0CF22U4;>F 143_7VU4U4;:|`1Y7V-0;@K CE+ 8P79=079U4UM;@U?FL7956/:14+2;>3zH793$-</:; =Q;@3v2UM-034_1MU4U 30/2C#4<

Page 181: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! ! "$#&% '('))(.-/'*(.)*!#,+ *,+-%.#/

tC.;8|V79UkvP7V-0; -</:;f8 ;>=QADCE=QFL79+:5@;TC9A -0/2;]-<;>3Q-_1MFG82UM;@FW;@+J-67 -<14C9+L7N+lv2F 2?;@=$CVAUM14+2;@79=S3Q-67 -<14579+P79U9`30143N79=0; 8?;@=QADC9=0FW;@KCE+-59`82145@79U$3Q-0=v25I- v2=079URFWCgK:;@U438< t$/2; FWCgK2;>U43[7V=0; C9A_-54OC 2P7V30145-59`8 ;>3 µ 82U479+2; AD=<7VFG; 79+2K-</2=Q;@; K214FW;@+:3014C9+P79URAD=<7VFG;g< t$/2;>30;Z-54OC-59`8?;@3 7V=0; 56/2CE3Q;@+ADCE=7 +Av:F 2 ;>= C9AS=0; 7V30CE+23 µ -</2;:9\79U4UMCE4 ;0:79FG8:U4;[FWCgK2;>U43]-0C,2 ;i6E;>+2;@=07V-<;>K;@79301MUk9Cz -</2;:9\79U4UMCE4FGC`K2;>U43 -<C 2?;(6E;>+2;@=07V-<;>K 4_/21456/ |V79=m91M+=Q;@308?;@5I-[-<Ce-0/2;^8?;@=Q5@;@+J-<7F6E;^C9A_C98 ;>=<7V-014CE+23 8?;@=mBADCE=0FW;@K 1M+ -0/2;(|V79=01MCCv23[3B-67F6E;>3.C9A -0/2; 79+P79U9`301438zc7V+2K-</2; -<C98 CEUMCC6E1M;@3NC9A -</:; FWC`K2;@UM3[79=0;=0;>82=0;>30;@+J-<7V-<1|E; C9A -54OCgBO79+2K -</:=0;@; BO3Q-<=v25>-v2=<7VUFGC`K2;@UM3<

G 16Fv2=0; ^ < J5µ tx4OCL7V+2K t$/:=0;@; PT14FW;@+:3014C9+P79U t;>3Q-.1ZCgK:;@U43

tx4cC32547698;:=<?>A@B:=698Cc5@U479303Q;@379=0; K2;:|E;>U4CE8?;@K`z;DE>F@BGIH9JK6FL7CIMKNO8f7V+2KPDP>F@BGH7QR6AL7CIMKNO8=0;>308?;@5>-01k|9;@Uk9F<u=?2A@Q;@5I-<3CVAP-</2;>30;R5>UY793Q30;@3K6E;@+2;>=<7V-0;cFWCgK:;@U43&4_/21M56/ v230;cU414+:; 79= -54cC B 79+2Kd-</2=Q;@;:BK214FW;@+:3014C9+P79Uq2 ;@79F ;@UM;@FW;@+J-<3^-0C5@CE+:+2;@5I-Z-0/2; +2C`K2;@38<TSCJ79K23 79=Q;a798282UM14;>K&7V- -</2; =QCgCVAU4;:|E;@UM3_79+2K -</:;>227930; C9A ; 7V56/ZFWCgK:;@U 1M3RA v2U4U9G=Q;@3B-<=<7V14+2;>K`zH793$30/:CE4_+ 14+ d 6Fv2=0; ^ < J <t$/2;f-54OC25476A8;:B<?>F@B:B6A8C_5@U479303Q;@3 82=0C9FG8:-(-0/2;/v23Q;@=(ADCE=-</:;$+Av:F 2 ;>= C9A 2P79g3O79+2K.+lv2F 2?;@=(CVA 3B-<CE=Q14;@3C9A(-</:; FWCgK2;>U -0C(2?;c6E;>+2;@=07V-<;>K`<3t$/2;N=Q;@3v:UM-<1M+6LFWC`K2;@UM3q4_/21M56/`z 4_/21MU4; +2C9-]5@CE=Q=0;@3Q8 C9+2K214+T6-<CW79+O9 795I- vP7VU3Q-<=v25>-v2=0;>3z 79=0;3v:30;>A v:U ADC9=$FG;@793v2=Q14+6N-0/2; 8 ;>=QADCE=QFL7V+25@; C9A -</2; 3QC9A -54R7V=0;F<

b +lv2F 2?;@= CVA_;U0:79FW82U4;GFGC`K2;@UM3z 793NK2;>305@=Q12?;@K1M+-67F2:U4;@3 ^ < J 79+2K ^ < n z79=0; 7V+P79Uk9;V>;@K`<

Page 182: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! t$/2;b;027VFG82UM;@3G56/2CE30;>+ |V79=9 2?C9-</ 1M+=Q;@308?;@5I- -<C\-</2;ZFG;>FGCE=m9 =0;>XAv:14=0;>FG;>+J-<3 79+:K 4_1M-0/=0;86J79=0K-0Cb-</2; 8?;@=Q5@;@+J-<7F6E; C9A_-</2;^-014FW;L=Q;@Xlv214=Q;@K 2O9-</:; 82=0CC69=<79F -<Ca30C9Uk|E;^-0/2; 39`3B-<;@FC9AS;@XlvP7V-014CE+:3f=0;@U47V-<1|E;N-0C^-</2;N-014FW; -<C^ADCE=QF -0/2;[;@XlvP7V-014CE+:3< t$/2;[;0:79FG8:U4;@3 U K G U z U K G [ zU K GjAzP79+2K U K G ^ z4_/214UM;T-</2;:9 /P7|E; 3014FW14U479=c+lv2Fc2 ;>=03 C9A K:;6E=Q;@;@3RB,C9AB AD=0;>;@K2CEF 7V3 ;0:79FG8:U4;@3n K G U z n K G [ z n KGjzS79+2K n K G ^ z(=0;>XAv:14=0; FWCE=0;LFG;>FGCE=m9Cz 793[5@79+ 2 ; 3Q;@;>+AD=QCEF -0/2;^A 795>--</2; 3Q1 V@; C9A -</:; 8:=0CFdPUM;f143/6E=Q; 7V-0;@=8<t$/2;@3Q;d;027VFG82UM;@3 79UM30C[=0;>Xlv214=Q;d7D6E=Q; 7V-0;@=_8?;@=05>;@+J-67g6E; C9A-</2;YhxSuy -<14FW; -0C 3QCEUk|9;[-</2;>30;W;@XlvP7V-014CE+238<it$/2143 5 7V+ 2?;.30;>;@+AD=QCEF -0/2;[A 795>-f-0/P7V-z 4_/21MU4;-</2;G7|E;>=<7F6E;W5@C9Uv2FW+a/2;@1k6E/J-dCVAc-</:;Yv28:8 ;>= -0=01Y7V+6Cv2U479=T8?CE=Q-014CE+ C9AO-</2;W39`FWFG;I-<=Q145[82=QCFdPU4;FL7 -<=01 0 =0;>Xlv214=Q;@Kb-<CG3Q-0CE=0; -</2;N3m9`3Q-<;>F CVA ;@XlvP7V-014CE+23 sQbq|6T<rX ;@169/ - N 1M3 1M+25@=Q; 793Q;@K 2O9 j ^ADCE=d-0/2;@3Q; U K ;0:79FG8:U4;@38z -</:;^+lv2F 2?;@=NC9AR;@U4;>FG;>+J-<3[79+:K +2C`K2;@3N1M+-</:;L;U0:79FW82UM;@3N7V=0;^UM;@303-</P7V+Z/P7VUMA -</2C930; 14+ -</:; 8:UY79+2;TAD=079FW;f;U0:79FW82U4;>3<

0:79FW82U4; U4;>FG;>+ -03 p CgK:;@3 P=G S(=0CFdPUM;g1 V>; bq|6T<X ;@1k6E/J-n K G J UCM j M J j J [O^ j M [OUCUJ LCUn K G n [OM j M n MFLTJ ^TJ j M j UCL J J nCnn K G U j M j M n ^FMTJ F^ j M JFJ#^ n FLJ J j Jn K G [ ^CMC^FM UTJFJCJ LTJ M JUCLCLCLF[TJ J j nn K Gj FMgM UC^ nCn J#MJ#M J^CUFMCLJ J j nn K G ^ M M [JUTJ J nCn [OM J g[ n [TJ J j U

t 7g22U4; ^ < J5µ tx4OC(PT1MFG;>+2301MCE+P79U;GP=<79FW; 0:79FG8:U4;@3

0:79FW82U4; U4;>FG;>+ -03 p CgK:;@3 P=G S(=0CFdPUM;g1 V>; bq|6T<X ;@1k6E/J-U K G U n j ^FM J#U n M F^ M J J j n j n n UCLU K G [ UTJ n M J#^FMCM LCUC^CM nFnCn [OUCU n n U U K Gj UC^CMFM J [OM J#M MCM n j g[OL n n UU K G ^ [OM M n M M J nCn [OM n L n j ^TJ n n UC^

t7F22U4; ^ < n µ t$/:=0;@; PT14FW;@+:3014C9+P79U;GH=079FW; 027VFG82UM;@3

Page 183: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! !#(->'0*1% * '-% 9%?-' )0&%3%(' %3+ %3/ 01% *1%

%.0".)u*,- %3/ /w*Y) + c-.0%-%3/

!#"%$'&)(*,+.-/$)01(2"3 +W-0/2143(3Q;@5>-014CE+[-0/2;$8 ;>=QADCE=QFL7V+25@;$C9A?-</:;$CC2A@Q;@5I-B CE=01M;@+J-<;>KG82=QCC6E=079F 1M35@CEFW8P79=Q;@KD4_1M-0/W7

82=0C`5@;>Kv2=079U282=QCC6E=<7VF <t$/2;$8?;@=QADC9=0FG79+25@;cC9A?; 7956/.82=QCC6E=<7VF 1M3;8|V79UkvP7V-<;>KD2O9NFW; 793v2=01M+6T-</2;=0;@79U-<14FW;Fz2-0/2;chxSy -<1MFG; 79+:KZ-</:;d+lv2F 2?;@= C9A(827F6E; A 7Fv2UM-03_=0;@Xlv21M=0;>KZ-<CW8?;@=QADC9=0F 7GUM14+2;@79=3Q-<7V-<1M5Z7V+P79Uk9`3Q143.C9A]-0/2; FGC`K2;@UM3.82=0;>30;@+J-0;@K 1M+ 3Q;@5>-014CE+ ^ < n < t CK2;>FGC9+23Q-0=<7V-0; -0/2;Z;:o ;>5>-03C9A FW;@FWCE=9301 V@;e79+2K 82=QCg5>;@303QCE=^3Q8 ;>;@K&CE+-0/2;b8?;@=QADC9=0FG79+25@;ZC9Af-</:;b82=0CF6E=<79FW3z$3Q;8|9;@=<7VUK21ko ;@=Q;@+J- FL7V56/214+2;>3zP7V3 1M+2K21M5 7V-0;@K 14+ -67g22U4; ^ < U zP7V=0;3v23Q;@KZ-0C.8 ;>=QADCE=QF -</2; 79+279Uk9`301M3<

4%5%687%9: ;6=<>42; 7%9 ?A@ 1BDC 1E @GF ;268<4; C 1E @GF IHH ;6=<>42; C 1E @GFKJ 7%9 LC 1E @GFKM !HH< @DN OC1C @ ;268<4; ;6=<>42; PKQ<LRLS @DN B R OT J PK42U JMM,PV4WU !YX GZ PK42U

N [I\]>^ Q`_ [I\]>^ 7 !I\]>^ Q G\]>^ Q@GF aE b I\]c^ 68J G\]>^ 7 N

@GF ] @ dT JIP ]e^ 6/M ! P ]c^ 68M :W@GF fW;P P ] MJIP ] ! JIP ]5R 7 EhgGE S)i F Ekj 7 EhgGE S=i F Ehj iS dEhj

l%M X JI7 lM X JI7 l mX < Ig R E U [C!Ob J [C!Ob J GHGb @Gn aEoS 79 qprp 7%9 qpp s : i qprp

t P N aE F OC u [ [ @GF#F N 1E @GF :; uH PKvK9 F uH PwvK9 F

6 E F N B PVx/6y5%<zRuHHjuHH u JM X|Z YX uIX @ C @~

< Ig x #S Z n C uH n C GH n Ct>F2 ^ < Urµ XY`4%Y |a m DS Y 1 v'` m`

GY k9 q a z 9 lv) Y` d D .v 6 `gd) d D`F6D ` D|D` 9C<upAv Y , ` 6 ,86D` B B Y d A ` v 28` 6 / lv) D `v `Fd)F<t , k|Y h, C6D v 6 :4 ` :4YW µ

Page 184: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

u !"!$# %'&)(*,+.-/!"!"0 12$%'&)(*345"162$%'&)(*,+.-7!"!"8 9;:<( =>?0@ACBD&,%534E5<FG2C@)5HJIK:<( H @,5BL+M345"162$%'&)( *-!"!N 34E5<FG2C@)5HJIK:<( H @,5BPOJQ):)(H @RFG2,@,5HS+.-7!"!"T!"!"U V)WYXZ3[&"B3%'5\&EX?:)BM( *^]_34E5;X[`XZ3a5%bB5cXd2$:)B=?5cXeWV!"!"f gh(%'5Bi34E5?g( %5BL+.-7!"!"j 34E5?gh(%'5BPO XZ3[&"B3+.-7!"!"k!$#\! V)WG=B5\&E3a5345&)*&,H `EXc( X'WV!$#"# glBD&,*EX[m2)BL%'&E3( 2$*Y345n2$*EXZ3BD&)( *^3coK&,*@pH 5BP7!$#\0 % H &)( *,qr:)%Q<5B5Bi34E5sB&)t,4,qr:)%Q<5B5BL7!$#\8 1ru;A qr:)%Q<5B5Bi34E5"1vuAwqr:)%Q<5B5BL+M34E5sB&)t,4,qr:)%Q<5B5B-7!$#cN xh*&,H `Xc( X^FG2C@)5H<34E5<FG2C@)5H7!$#\T 1(B5?=c3 % BD2yH 5\z % 1zwu;|34E5\z2$H ~5BL7!$#\U % B2yH 5\z % 1zu;|345",(*zu;R+M345\z2$H ~5B-7!$#\f z3[&E3( ="J*^3[5c]BD&E3[2<Bi34E5"J*E3a5c]B&^3[2<BP7!$#\j ,( *E5\&B345\z2$HS*xH ]<2$7!$#\k z3[&E3( =?x*&)H `EXc( Xv34E5?x*&,H `EXc( X?+M345"162$%'&)( *)$345n2$*EXZ3B&<( *^3co&)*@pH 5BLp34E5"1vuAwqr:)%Q<5B5BL!"0"! 34E5<FG2C@)5H345\z2$HS*xH ]<2$p34E5"J*E3a5c]B&^3[2<BPw34E5",(*zwu;p-7!"0$#!"0"0 V)W|t<5BmM2<BL%345&,*&,H `Xc( X'WV!"0"8 34E5"12$%'&)(*CO Xd5c32<&@n&EXd5+d#^-7!"0N 34E5?xh*&,H `Xc( X\O&,*&,H `\57!"0"T!"0"U V)W|tBM(*E3vX[`XZ3a5%bB5cXd2$:)B=?5cX:^Xd5?@WV!"0"f 34E5?gh(%'5BPOJt&,:^Xd5+.-7!"0"j 34E5?gh(%'5BPOJtBM(*E3+L=?2$:E3Z-7!"0"k

Z &)(-*,+.&h &)(2&h

` ` m :|D D v ` ` D , t ` m ` ` ` v`Y. v) rzxv Re Z Y ` v`YL Y s./ V .tz Yz"C ^t v`Y ` Y ` Y . IY Y a )` ` 20 r I v` Y 'K¢¡)D U0' gz C£) q ¤ d lv) ¦¥ ` ` v §¥ % 6¥ a Y` v v z W `,Y #m a K m v)Y ¥ Y v lat Y a R V v d d ` ¥ ,` ` ` TvY m Av' Fz ` Y , Y V . %0' ` # ¦¨ J©wª Z ` ` ' ` U0' .

Page 185: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

uGZ¥ Y V ¥` ` `

'+_ $tz ¥ Y¨ `Cv Y ¨ ¨K D ' ` v ` >|Y`Cv v ` D

t ¥ `Iz uy Y ` Y a '8` m z`v R ¥ ` ` w 3 Y' z ¥ Y v |¥ Fv' zD`lv L ¥ IY ` z vTv` . Y a t> ¥ D Cv D `#|a 0 k|D C£)r D ` m uy m m !#"%$'&)(*+ , .-/0/1 32*4526 879"%$'&W :-7;926 8"<$ a & Y a = + >?' ;"<$ = A@CBMB@=GDE9MK:GFIH@JH ¥LK a `,£) ' D D ` 8M ` D SION QP Y` A ¥ R V S

5vT N ^ 5 E F OT < @DN OT# S9 j nVU S f S W < i t < Ig f S W < i t < Ig XZY\[Z]#]XZY\[J T x u uIX HG[ uIX Hmu H HDX|ZI HDX|Z M H uIX M [J T x J J Xou M J X HH H uIX uIX Du H uIX J J T x M M X|Z M M X M H M X J M XouO H uIXou JJ T x mXIH mX J H M Xb M M X[IH H uIXou JJ T x YX J mXb[ H mX[ mX H uIXou JJ T x YX HG YX|ZI H YX J YX HG[ H uIXou MM T x M bYX Hmu [YX|ZI H :2@ < @ g n 7 _^ OS @3U OTM T x uuIXou M uHDX|ZZ H :2@ < @ g n 7 _^ OS @3U OTM T x u J Xb[ u J XDu H :2@ < @ g n 7 _^ OS @3U OTM T x u mXbIH u mX M [ H :2@ < @ g n 7 _^ OS @3U OT

` ¥ ¨ a µ Y cb M ` NYª3SP ed

` Of c 9M ¥ ` e ¥LK ¤ D m ` ` `LM'` ¥ ` ` ZM ` ` ¢¥ ;M ` ¥LK D` m ` ` D`ef Ea ` M D ¤a K 9M) ',` ` ZM`Y ` & ,` £ M'` ¨ © ` V`w M §¥ , I D U0 `ef 9M` ¥ ¥LK Y` m µ

$ ` ¥LK D` m D Kq D` D ` K` ` ZM ` `

Page 186: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U u[

5vT N ^ 5 E F OT < @DN OT# S9 j n U S f S W < i t < Ig f S W < i t < Ig XZY\[Z]#]XZY\[J T x u J Xou uIXb H uIX|Z uIX H uIX JMJ T x J mXou M X[ H M X|ZH M X H uIX HG[J T x M JM Xou YXb b[ YXb YX H uIX H ZJ T x GZX J [YX JJ H [YX|Z [YX H H uIX HGbJ T x [DuIX uHDXou M ZZ uHDX H bYX M H uIX HGbJ T x uHGYX H uuIX [ JJ H u M X H uHDX|Z IH uIX H ZM T x M [ M X J uZX H JM :2@ < @ g n 7 _^ OS @3U OTM T x u M HDX H J HDX|Z uHmu M :2@ < @ g n 7 _^ OS @3U OTM T x u ZX J uIX[ uu M :2@ < @ g n 7 _^ OS @3U OTM T x uZ M X J YX|Z u M ZI[ M :2@ < @ g n 7 _^ OS @3U OT

` ¥ ¨ S µ > D cbr M SIeN

5vT N ^ 5 E F OT < @YN OTa S9 j nVU S f S W < i t < Ig f S W < i t < Ig XZY\[Z]#]XZY\[J T x u J J H J H J H H uIX J HJ T x J [GZ M u GZ H uIXou JJ T x M M J u M u #u u JM uuO[ H uIXouuJ T x IH uIH [bIHG[ uOIH u J H uIXou JJ T x ZI[ uO[[ u M [[b uO[ uGZ H uIXou MJ T x [b J uO u[ M Z M bDu uOb M bb uIXouuM T x M [GZI M #u u M uO :W@ < @ g n 7 _^ OS @3U OTM T x uuuOb #uOb uZIb[ M :W@ < @ g n 7 _^ OS @3U OTM T x 5 @~ P n @ :W@ < @ g n 7 _^ OS @3U OTM T x 5 @~ P n @ :W@ < @ g n 7 _^ OS @3U OT

` ¥ ¨ ¨ µ > D cb M' P

Page 187: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U ub

3dF63dF53dF3 3dF4

set up C++ C++C++form equations

form equations C solve equations C

% C

PU

2dF1 2dF2 2dF3 2dF4 2dF5 2dF6

Example

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

solve equations

100

¡z M` ¨ © µ `,£) ef ` De, ` ` SeN

Page 188: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U uZH ` M D ¤a 9M) ¡)DU0' 8& ¥LK D m ` ` M Y © > |ef Y ` #` ZM)Y D ' ` ` Y` ` D ` ` ZM`Y `

© ` ` Y` ¥ D` ` a Y , ¥LK ¤ D m ` ZM`Y Y ` ZM`Y ` K _¡)DrU0' 8& `I . ` ZM`Y ` D K ¨ C; ZM'` Y 2 Y V ' ©¡' ©¡ ¨ & ` ¥LK Y` m ` 9M = © ¨ ¨ Y V ` Z a

` Z Y% ¥LK ¤ D m ` w ZM ` ` ` Y D = ¥d & K ` &/ ¥LK D` m K ` ` MY ` w |¡Y.U0' 8& ` a = c . ¥LK D` m ` / 832 "%$2 = ?L .:B8;NO8LECB ¥LK ` . ` ;M /0\+ 8 832 9 '2 "<$ ¥ = ` E B8RCIMB4RC ¥9K & / M ;M c?' 8/1 9"<$ 26 9"<$ ¥ . = ` 3L 3: 8;NO8LECB. ¥9K eI26 Z"%$W = ; 2*452 ."%$ L 3: 8;NO8LECB ` .:B8;NO8LECB ¥LK ` M = 2 /1#"%$ )8;NO8LECB 47698A ¥LK 3 ` ZM ` & ` ` ZM Y Yr # ¡)D ¥ K 9= D = D m Y M & ` ` = Y' Y # Y M ¥LK D` m = mK ` ZM`Yr = ` # ¥ K

R 3 ` ¥LK D` m ` Y D ad a ¥ = & ` = ¥LK ` a a ¦¥ R ZM M ¥= ` ¡)DU0' 2*452 ."%$r = I .:B8;NO8LECB ¥LK Y D a ' 3: 8;NO8LECB M ¥8 '2*452 "<$ ` a , = C

` A ¥9K ¤ D # ` D D ` ' ZM`Y ` ;¡)DrU0' 8&= ` ZM'Y ` ` Y , Y M ++ 8"<$ D, ` U0'

Page 189: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U uZYu3 V` ¥9K ¤ D # ` ` ©¡'`9M` 2 I = S5& ¥LK ` a6© ¡ ¨ = Y©$©8& ¥LK

` LZ Y ¥LK Y` m K w LM' . = r a Y A' M ¥LK M V ¥LK D` m ` ` K & M y D `. ¥' ` M K¡)D20' ;&a ZM'Y ` ` .Y D K ¥ ,Y D D' Y ` # ) R 3 ` ¥9K ¤ D # ` Y` D \+ 32 ¥LK 3 Y DI 3: 8;NO8LECB, ¥LK D Y D Y' Y/ ¥LK m Y 3: 8;NO8LECB& M

m MV` ' P2 M5BC@ ¥LK

` V M' D ` K D SIeN P ` 2 ¥LK D` m ` w `9M` z D` D & z ¥ ` R ;M ¥ ¨ S ¨ ¨ ` I D 9M m ` ¥LK D` m ` I ' . ` ZM ¥ ¥ Y ` ¥ K ¥LK Y` m ` D £0 M # q Y 3 & ;M M' &' Y D ` ` ` Y & ` . IY D ` Y Y' ¥ ` `Y` M §¥ ` ' D Y D `9M m , ¥LK ¤ D m ` µ

$ ` M A L 3: 8;NO8LECBA ¥9K ` `9M` $25MBC @ ¥LK

¥LK ¥ I DI L 3: 8;NO8LECB ¥LK 3 Y & ` I CIM ¥LK & = ` @JEA8M C@ ¥9K ` D ¥ M ` ' ' = Z &=`9M` 8C3B8 ¥LK Y¥ ` D ` ` 8C3B8 `LM'` ¥LK Y`A Y K 'E ' D ` Y D 9M A ` ZM`Y

© PM ` Y M §¥ , Y I ¥LK & ` K' % ¥ I D ¥LK D` m ` w2` A D ` MY K

R PM Y M §¥ ` Y ¥ . = `

Page 190: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U uZ J = V ¥LK & ` `9M` #` ` ? Y` I Dq ¥LK D m ` A D ZM`Y

other

2dF1 2dF2 2dF4 2dF5 2dF6 3dF3 3dF4 3dF5 3dF62dF3

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% P

age

Faul

ts

form equations solve equations

Example

¡z M ¨ µ q C£) > ¡;M % De, SIeN

' M & M §¥ ;M ` 9M Y ¥ £ M'` ¨ a & 8M q ` ` ` Y = Y = ¤a 9M) ` D `%ZM' ` L` ` w ` m `D = = MYY'` ` rY I = p ¥9K ` & ` M D>) Y Z 6¡YzU0' ;& W L '` 'Of m /0 32 "<$y = ¨ '` ;M M `C ` ¥ ;M & = ;M M &Y = R M' a ¥LK ` Y` cY> = = MYY'` , K 2` ` ` `M

Page 191: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U uZ M M §¥ L ;M' & Y M ¥ %` ` = ` z D # s M d M &"$R< \ ` = h M ¥ ` ¥ Ya L m MM D = D &mY Y D , ¥LK ` $ ¥LK M ¥pA` ¥LK ¡)D%0 ;& ` = M)YY 3:B8;NO8LECB% ¥LK Y ` &#Y Y ` *25MBC @ & 8G;B4 C% ¥LK & M' ¥ % m MM Y = M)Y Y L C

!#(- -% 9% &% % %3/ ##%3# + -%3/

!#"%$'&)(*,+.-/$)01(2"3 ` y ,` D L ` ¥LK D` m ` ` U0 M

Y`Y = Y M) ¥ ` R K ` ` qU0 M ` W ¥LK D` m ` U0 M ` M Y , ` Y ` Y M Y Z D SIeN P m ¥ ¨ R ` D ' W` ` = M) ¥ M K IY D Y a ` M §¥ ;M ` ME ` KY` ` ` IY r ef K D = ¥ R ` ` M ` , IY . M % ` D ,Y Y` ` r M ef D ` ZM µ

"!$#&%#

!('*),+ %#

` ef 2 M D M ¥ ;M ;M > ;M `M `Y) D . ` m Y D = % M' ¥ M D = ` .9M) & M`ZM ` ¥ c M §¥ ;M' ` = = I M` ` m Y D = ;M ¥ w ef Y ` U0' Y V & ad w 9M) V = . = d m Y ` ¥ `,£) &m 2` D ef 2 Y a `z` ` % D `Y ¥ ;M >a = IK

Page 192: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U uZ ` D d a Y`Y ` M ¥d M M` Y

a M K ` 2 Y Y M M = C ` Y¥ e aK ` M ¥ Y LM m VLM Y D`M C£) d D` ` C ` w m ` ¥ , D = ` ` ` A , ` ` ¥ µ!"!$# %'&)(*,+.-/!"!"0 V)W_&EX?>Y:EXd5BmM2<B345G*):)%Q<5B2mKX?:)Q<@,2$%'&)(*EX WV!"!"8 ( *^3'*):,%'z:,Q<@)2$%'&)( *^X?7!"!N =?2$:E3¤R*^3[5Bvqr:)%Q<5B2mz:,Q<@)2$%'&)( *^Xd7!"!"T =( * *):,%'z:,Q<@)2$%'&)( *^X?7!"!"U!"!"f V)WG=B5\&E3a5345Gt&B3( 3( 2$*5?@ @,2$%'&)(*G&,*E@ %'2,@,5HQ,:<( H @)5B6WV!"!"j FG5c3( X34E5svBD&,t)4 % &"B3¤( 3¤( 2$*E5BL7!$#\! 12$%'&)(* % &B3( 3( 2$*E5B345 % &B3( 3( 2$*5BL+M345sBD&,t)4 % &B3( 3( 2$*5B-7!$#"# % &"B3¤( 3¤( 2$*E5?@162$%'&)(*Y34E5"162$% &<( *)+M34E5 % &B3¤( 3¤( 2$*E5B-7!$#\0!$#\8 V)WG=B5\&E3a5345 X?:)Q<@)2$% &)(*^X&,*@ &@)@ 3a2G34E5@,2$%'&)(*!$#cN u;Qa5?=c3?IKB2$>¤5BK34E5^u Q a5?=c3cIKBD2$>¤5BL7!$#\T xhHSt)4&$F_&E=4)(*5<IKB2$>¤5B345<F_&E=4)(*5<IKB2$>¤5BL7!$#\U mM2<Br+[(*E3(G#7(Y*):,%'z:,Q<@)2$%'&)( *^X?7R(e-/!$#\f ghn % z2C=>¤5c334E5nK4&,*)*5HS7!$#\j z4&@)2z:)Q<@,2$%'&)(*e345\z:)Q<@,2$%'&)(*,+M345nl4&)*,*E5H345^u Qa5?=c3?IKB2$>¤5B-7!$#\k glBD&,*^X[mM2<BP%'&E3¤( 2$*34E5n2$*^XZ3BD&)(*E3o&,*E@wH 5BL7!"0"! n6F 34E5svBD&,t)4,qr:,%eQ<5B5BL7!"0$# 1vuA qv:,%eQ<5B5B345"1vu;Aqr:)%eQ<5BD5BL+M345sBD&,t)4Cqr:)%eQ<5BD5B-7!"0"0 x*&,H `EXc( X^FG2,@,5H"345<FG2,@,5HS7!"0"8 % B2yH 5\z % 1zwu z:,Q^XZ3B z2$H ~5B34E5\zp2$H ~5BP7!"0N % B2yH 5\z % 1zwu 34E5",( *zwu+M34E5\zp2$H ~5B-7!"0"T z$3Z&E3¤( ="J*^3[5c]BD&E3a2)B34E5"J*^3[5c]BD&E3[2<BL7!"0"U 162$% &)(*,15?=?2$%etExhH ]<2_34E5\z2$H*ExH ]<2$7!"0"f 162$% &)(*,15?=?2$%etExh*&,H `Xc( X 345?x*&,H `EXc( X?+M34E5\z:)Q<@)2$% &)(*)$34E5n2$*^XZ3BD&)(*E3o&,*E@wH 5BL!"0"j 345"1vu;Aqr:)%eQ<5BD5BLp34E5<FG2C@)5HS34E5\zp2$HS*ExhH ]<2$p34E5"J*E3a5c]BD&E3[2<BL345",(*zu;p-7!"0"k 34E5"162$% &)(*,O&@,@,z:,Q<@)2$%'&)( *)+M34E5\z:,Q<@)2$%'&)( *-7!"8"! !"8$#!"8"0 V)WG=B5\&E3a5& %'2,@,5HwQ,:<(H @)5B&,*@ Q):)(H @34E5_%'2,@,5HpWV!"8"8 9;:<( =>?0@ACBD&,%534E5<FG2C@)5HJIK:<( H @,5BL+M345"162$%'&)( *-7!"8N 34E5<FG2C@)5HJIK:<( H @,5BPOJQ):)(H @RFG2,@,5HS+.-7!"8"T!"8"U V)WG=B5\&E3a5&e3(%'5B&,*E@ XZ3[&B3( 3BL:,*)*)(*^] WV!"8"f gh(%'5Bi34E5?g( %5BL7!"8"j 34E5?gh(%'5BPO XZ3[&"B3+.-7!"8"k!N)! V)W|t&B3¤( 3¤( 2$*e34E5;@)2$% &)(* (*^3[2G34E5 X?:)Q<@,2$%'&)(*EX WV!Np# 34E5"12$%'&)(*COJt&B3( 3( 2$*,+Z*):,%'z:,Q<@)2$%'&)( *^X-7!N)0!N)8 V)WG=B5\&E3a5345&)*&,H `EXc( X'WV!N"N glBD&,*EX[m2)BL%'&E3( 2$*Y345n2$*EXZ3BD&)( *^3coK&,*@pH 5BP7

Page 193: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U uZI!N)T n6F 345sBD&,t)4Cqr:)%eQ<5BD5BL7!N)U 1ru;A qr:)%Q<5B5Bi34E5"1vuAwqr:)%Q<5B5BL+M34E5sB&)t,4,qr:)%Q<5B5B-7!N)f xh*&,H `Xc( X^FG2C@)5H<34E5<FG2C@)5H7!N)j 1(B5?=c3 % BD2yH 5\z % 1zwu;|34E5\z2$H ~5BL7!N)k % B2yH 5\z % 1zu;|345",(*zu;R+M345\z2$H ~5B-7!"T"! z3[&E3( ="J*^3[5c]BD&E3[2<Bi34E5"J*E3a5c]B&^3[2<BP7!"T$# ,( *E5\&B345\z2$HS*xH ]<2$7!"T"0 z3[&E3( =?x*&)H `EXc( Xv34E5?x*&,H `EXc( X?+M345"162$%'&)( *) 34E5n2$*^XZ3BD&)(*^3co&,*E@pH 5BL!"T"8 34E5"1vuAwqr:)%Q<5B5BLp34E5<FG2C@)5H345\z2$HS*xH ]<2$w345"J*^3[5c]BD&E3a2)BLw34E5",(*zwu;p-7!"TN!"T"T V)W|t<5BmM2<BL%345&,*&,H `Xc( X'WV!"T"U 34E5"12$%'&)(*CO Xd5c32<&@n&EXd5+d#^-7!"T"f 34E5?xh*&,H `Xc( X\O&,*&,H `\57!"T"j!"T"k V)WYXZ3a2$t345;3(%5Bl&)*@ tBM( *^3 2$:^3 345GB5cX?:)H 3.X WV!"T"k 34E5?gh(%'5BPOJt&,:^Xd5+.-7!"U"! 34E5?gh(%'5BPOJtBM(*E3+L=?2$:E3Z-7!"U$#

Z '+_ $` ` M ` D ' ¥ Y ` .`

¥ ¨ ¨ R ` ZM Y Y` ` M Y w ` Y £ M ¢¨ a ¨ S ` £ M ` ` KmY §¥ Y ' w M ¥ Y ' & ¥ ` = 0 M ` w L ` M = ; 2 (*2 "%$r D G;B4RC@7>)6A4 NOM @0Ee ¥9K ` &/ ` = z` m L Y ¥ K ` ¥ M ;M R & K M M 3 ¥ ¨ `M Y J© ` D ` M = ' m w Y Y Y Y a 3 Y V ¥ Y ` = ' ' D ¥ M ` ef 9M Y = m ` ¥ 9M` ¥A ' = ZMY M ¥ Y ` ` ZM Y a

` M ` ' D µ$ Y`Y = ` ' # Y ¥ w ¥ V ¥

Y V R M ` ` D ;& ¥ 8M % D ¡)DU0' ;& ` ¥ w Y¡)S Y¡ ¨ & ¥ , Y V VP D & ¥ M 2 V ¥ . Y V M M §¥ 2 y` Y`Y.

© SY ` ¥ wA b¥ V d Y`Y. = ` ' # `

Page 194: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

WU

uZ

!" #$&% ')( *&+ ,% - .0/ -1 " 2 3% 4% 56 $7 5 / 2 89 ,: 8 ; $ 6 57 % -

Page 195: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

WU

uZZ

! " #$ % ')( + ,% - .0/ -1 " 2 3% 4% 56 $ 7 5 / 2 ; ; $ 6 57 % -

Page 196: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U uZI[

2dF2 2dF3 2dF4 2dF5 2dF62dF1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

3dF3 3dF4

10

9

8

Alg

orith

mic

Spe

edup

(A

S )

3dF63dF5

2dF2 2dF3 2dF4 2dF5 2dF62dF1 3dF3 3dF4 3dF5 3dF6

1

2

3

Spee

dup

2dF2 2dF3 2dF4 2dF5 2dF62dF1 3dF3 3dF4 3dF5 3dF6

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

Fact

or U

nbal

ance

in S

ubdo

mai

ns

2dF2 2dF3 2dF4 2dF5 2dF62dF1 3dF3 3dF4 3dF5 3dF6

20

40

50

60

80

90

70

30

10

% A

naly

sis

Tim

e

Page Faults CPU Communication

NP=3 NP=4 NP=5 NP=7

Example

Example

Example

Example

¡> M ¨ µ zY`Y > D , SIeN

Page 197: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U uZIb

2dF2 2dF3 2dF4 2dF5 2dF62dF1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

3dF3 3dF4

10

9

8

Alg

orith

mic

Spe

edup

(A

S )

3dF63dF5

2dF2 2dF3 2dF4 2dF5 2dF62dF1 3dF3 3dF4 3dF5 3dF6

1

2

3

Spee

dup

2dF2 2dF3 2dF4 2dF5 2dF62dF1 3dF3 3dF4 3dF5 3dF6

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

Fact

or U

nbal

ance

in S

ubdo

mai

ns

2dF2 2dF3 2dF4 2dF5 2dF62dF1 3dF3 3dF4 3dF5 3dF6

20

40

50

60

80

90

70

30

10

% A

naly

sis

Tim

e

Page Faults CPU Communication

NP=7NP=5NP=4NP=3

Example

Example

Example

Example

¡z M` ¨ S µ >Y > D , P

Page 198: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U uO[IH 9M m Y# = m ` ' W = IY R ¥ `9M e ` Yq Y a & M m & = ;& Y = S Y Y a h¡)D2U0' DY80 ¥ M ©¡' A SION M d !&Y D` ZM ¥' Y K

` ` Y `I D Y A I . D K` .`ZM M |¥ ;M ` M c Y`Yq = m ` ' ` ¥ ` w` Y D` w ZM w ¥ D` w` ZM ;M M &a ' ` K £ M ¨ a ¨ S ` £ M Y . ' ` ` L` 8 `ZM . M §¥ ;M Y `I D ` SIeN ` ` P , ` ZM' ` A` ` D ` § `I Y SIeN ` cP ,

R ` ` ` ` Y ` , w M D £ m M ' , D . YY C % ` ` ` Y K M `ZM & ` M ¥' Y Y `I C ` d ¥` %` ` ZM = YM 2 D P Y` I ` Y SIeN

` D K' Y = Y` ` ` Y Y Y'K` `Y`, M §¥ `I D ` µ r D ` ` Y Y` Y' & ` . 9M Y V ¥

I &q ;M m R D, = S Y `9M Y ` M D U0' ` Y Y ZM ¥ ` VU0 ` w`LM'` Y V m§ ` VU0 ` `9M` d M r , ` ` ` = A , I = Z ` = ` ¥ Y`Y Y ? ;M ¥ M &C zY1 q Y.&"$ &z D` # ` ` r M ¥ , = K` = IY ` K` Y ¥ ` = D M e C D£ ¥p Y ad & D0 YD m Y a ` ` D r Y

Page 199: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U uO[Du K 8& ` R M D = % V9M) Y M `M ` £ M` ¨ ¨ & ` ` AY ' M M = Y M e ©S Y` Y ` SIeN ` m K ` .` M % 2 M = M ¥' Y Y`.Y M ¥ ` ¥' Y D V ;& m £ M'` ¨

¥ Y` ` ` Y Y & ` V .` m ` ¥ ` ` Y m ¥ `LM'` Y' Yef ^a . D = Y ` M ;M ` = ` ¥ ` V m ¥ M ¥ D = Y.

D` D Y cY' & ` ;M m K M `LM'` Y Y a `I & w` £ M'` ¨ e ¨ S ¡)D Y ` ¥ w w M Z Y # & M ¥ ¥V` w M & Y%U0' w M M #`K Dw = ¨ ` m Y V ©¡' ` 0 M ¥ ' SION ,

M D` Z ` D z ` z ` ¥ mY §¥ Y ` ` D 3 Y ` ` D Y £ = ` ` D D ` M ¥ Y Y M ' ` M ¥ R = Y & ` ¥ 2589B@0HW ¥LK &Y ` M |¥ ` R ` M Y 9M) M §¥ ` ` ¤ ' & ` ¥ 2 ¥9K ` ' W q # M m2` & M R ` M ¥d M M` ` & M m D w ¥ . M ¥ Y r M §¥ m` M ¥ Y & ¥ M Y ` w` ¥ Z m `Y. 0 D ' d ` ` wY D` ¥ 2 ¥LK ' m M m, & M R M ¥ M M & w ` ¤ Y ¥ M # Z `M &) # D U0 `Y!& M §¥ D`

Page 200: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U uO[ J

2dF2 2dF3 2dF4 2dF5 2dF62dF1 3dF3 3dF4 3dF5 3dF6

1

2

3

Spee

dup

Example

NP=3 NP=4 NP=5 NP=7

2

4

6

8

10

14

18

16

12

20

22

24

26

28

2dF2 2dF3 2dF4 2dF5 2dF62dF1 3dF3 3dF4

Alg

orith

mic

Spe

edup

(A

S )

3dF63dF5

Example

¡z M'` ¨ ¨ µ zY > D ' , SIeN De©S 3 '

Page 201: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U uO[ M '(

3 ` A ¥ ` ¥LK Y` m & ¥ A' D m e` = ;M & W`9M Y` ef D ` ZM`Y ` ` ¡)Dw Y ` ¥ w & ` Yeef `LM'` ¥` ¥LK ¤ D m ` ¥ % S YKOf C` ¥ = c` 0 ¥ Z e0 ¥ Z ;/` ` Y ad ' 9M >` , ¥LK D` m ' D

ª I Y ad & = !&> ` ` D 9M` m` ¥LK D` m ` = ZM'Y ` ` Y Y `9M m ` VK ¥ K ¥ V Y V ` M A D D£ m U0 M ;M R M

` = ` q D ` ¥ & D m Y a W cM YY 8& M Z Y L M K V M ` ` M . M D Y` Y = ¥ Y ` ¥ K ` `` , ¥LK D` m ` ` ¥ K

` ¥ mY §¥ Y D = q ` Y q YY ` M' ef Ea ¥ d l ` M ` & m §¥ Y ' ¥ .` M ) Y r` ` M ¥ ` D ` M ¥p ` K Y d d CIM .MCB@ BI@ 4\EA8CV CIM >FN

*8C8C M ¥= ` , M' ¥ m ZM A = ` ¥ ` ¥LK Y ` # Y Y d a D£ ` CIM.M C3BI@GBI@ 4\EA8C CIM >FN *8CI8C W M ¥ D ¥ q & M ` q , U0 ¥ Z U0 ¥ Z q D Y = D M mY §¥ Y ¥ & D IY # ¥ w & M 2 a DY ¥ Y ` ; ¥ ,a

Page 202: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

;

! "# $ % %

3 ` 2 ` D ` m V ` = M % U0 Y Dr a m ¥ ZM w a = 0 m D a mY ¥ Y Y£ % m Y £) ` m K ' `m q = &' `K` 0 ' a£ 'L Dw K ) W `m h¡z &D` M 2` R D r ` = mW ¥ ¥' Y M ` `m Y ` m ` M ` K

Page 203: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U Z e P c uO[ &$(

DY ¥ Y ' R & D ` D D Y M a = Y M &W Y aYLM D Y ` ` Y M' D'£ . # Y Z D a D # ` `Y`, M §¥ `I D ` µ

$ ` Y Y W` Y IY mY §¥ Y ` D &= A ¨

© 3 Y a & Y ` r Y Y DM ¡)Dr m w I ;& M m M `LM'` D ` d ¥ D D£ m ¦ `I ` Y, C ` M' DY §¥ Y V ` D &m r Y M §¥ L #` IY` 2U0 d R ` D

Rª `Y Y Z D D # w M W` Y` ad ` M' & ` DY ` = ZM)Y ` D m M &aD 0' M ¥ D rD ` ` 'ª Y M & ` MC

ª Z D h Y # & ` Y q D #d = Y ` IY mYc §¥ V A Y R a A m M m ` K ¥ >` , = ZM) ` D

P mY ¥ Y ' R & ` D ` D = ZM)Y D = Y` M ` ` & = ` D ¥ w w mY ¥ Y ' R )P a mY ¥ . 9M W = ¥ M A ` rY I & Y M' Y Y`Y M Y M a a ¡)P d ¥ M Y`Y/ ad w IY 3 ¡)P ' Y) = ` m D' M &m9M) m ¥ Y >Z Y d D b a D &"$ w &p"$R9q` , Y.&R"$; Y.&R"$;W P.` ` bra ;&i"$S$ \ ` & mY ¥ Y ' R =

Page 204: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U Z e P c uO[ `¢ M ;M r = `rm §¥ C ` Z Y d , z ` Y ` ` & ` D d mY ¥ Y Y 3 d ` ¥ M Y`Yz A¤ d K ` I & mL . ` ¥ Y ` Y m Y M ¥ ` ` D ` rZ Y LZ a µ

$ ` LM'!M ' `m ?1D` &"SC µ ` Y M ¥ ` ` Y w 9M!M'C ` ` D ¥ `;& ` DW ` D ` ` ` ,9M MC

© P.CM `D 1Y`` &"S d y Ya &lS Y &"S w Y.&e" ¨ S !&e" e w¥ Z&_"CRP.M ªM M &K"$ M &6"$ M N &l"$ µ ` & ¤ D V Y , D£ ` ` Y!& = Y`M ` ` % . D Y`wmY m a `h Y ¦¥ ?p M ` M ` D!& D Kmc c` ` D &q ` K M ` & D ` mY a M p¥ ^ M' Y ` D ¥ = m & ` Y = ` ` D K ` A ad

R m a ` ¥ Y y Ya &l"C µ ` # & m D K ¥ ;&#Y 9M M `I M m Y ) Y ` & ` 'r w ¥ D Y`Ya ` a &a ZM C£);& M ` V V;& ` . Z K D ¥ D ¥p` ` a Y` K m r yZ 9M!M' |¥ e ZM e C£) > 9M!M';& % & m Y Y #, ¥ . D R ` ` D ` %9M!M8& Y & m Y W # ¥ Y V M Y> ` D 3 &)Y ` # YY M & Y Z &' 2 Y AY ` ` % Y` M &M ` Y D` DV # ` D % Z & ¤ ` ¥ ?K Y Y, ` ` `r m M

3 K ` = U0 d `D Yw m ¥ Y ' R £ # Y a m & ` M ` ` Z `. D

Page 205: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U Z e P c uO[GZ¥ aD£) D ` m ` ' `m D. DY ¥ Y Y a Y` ¢ = ` £ ` %U0 ` Y K 8 `D L` ` # K¡z Y & Y' M' ' ` A D Y ¥ = M mY¥ Y Y D` w

/ 3/ ( //

' m S ¤"C ¨ D a m ¥ Y M R 9M M m 3 ` Y ` Y ¥ ' m M ¥ Y & ` M §¥ . W M ¥ Y Y¥ M ` M |¥ . ` D ` M ¥ Y ` &.|, / 832 "%$'& m # ` M ¥ Y ) & M #` & ' cmY &z` §¥ ` ` M Y`Y ` M §¥ L = ` ` = ` ` # Y ` `r D D ` M` m. M ¥ ' ` D ` `. ¥ K PM` Y a &) Y ` = M ¥ Y y Y M ¥ Y V 0 = Y ¥ = ` `

` ` ¥ w ` ` `D ` µ$ ` `V ` ¥ w M m % w M ¡)D,I ` D

= ` & ` ` M d Y ` M ¥ Y ) = ` ` f & = ` V w M' M ¥ Y ) ¥ ? Y ` `

© ` `D %` Y ¥ w'¥ 8M ` M dr D ` a/)

` w a) m D # ` m ` ` = M W & @ > )694 NOMK@JE CI47G8LH H ` Z @ > )694 NOMK@JE M ¥8 & @ 9MK6 4@ > )694 NOMK@JEMZHH D G;B4RC@ >)6A4 NOMK@JEM#HH M ¥ m `aZM K ` @ 9MK6 4@ > )694 NOMK@JEMZHH ¥LK w Y ` D Y M ¥ Y ) R M Y w a & M ; 2 832 "%$'&) 9=

Page 206: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U Z e P c uO[[ V` ¥9K ;MK = ` aV w @7>)694 N MK@0E C4 G85H!H ¥LK % ¥' Y 9M#EEA8;:% ¥LK ` w M ` ` U0 = ¥ D G;B4RC@ > 6A4 NOM @0EM#HH ¥9K ` D G;B4RC@7>)694 N MK@0EM#H&H ¥LK & ` . D ` & ¥ D2` = ` M ¥ ' & D , . V M r` M M ¥ Y V@ AMK694@ > )694 NOMK@JE M#HH ¥LK = 9M#EE98;: ¥LK 8& ` D G;B4 C@ > )694 NOMK@JE M#HH ¥LK > ` @7>)694 N MK@0E C4 G85H!H ¥LK r ` ¥LK r IY V D ` M ¥ Y

(

M §¥ 8 m m w` ` M ¥ m ¤$ ¨ M' ¥ D D a DY ¥ Y ZM ¦£ # Y a ` Z `D Y ` m µ

$ª m Y ` Y # M ¥ Y ' & `` M §¥ M ¥ Y _¥ R ` M §¥ , = Y ¥ D Y M ¥ Y ` D M |¥ ` ` Y |¥ e ` z' r` D DY I M ¥ ' wa ¡ M' &;"$SC ^ M ` ` emYc §¥ Y w M & M §¥ D Y I M ¥ ' 'D£) w`M mY |¥ Y ,

© = `D r ` Y # M ¥ Y & ` M §¥ W M ¥ ' G¥ LMY ` M §¥ ` D ! q M ¥ Y ` D DE M ` AmY |¥ Y M & D Y Y £) & ¥ R m¥ Z M ¥ Y ' w`ZM mYA §¥ Y ,

` ¢£) d m & M = M ¥ ' ' `m & M M) ' M M ` ` D A w M ' ;& ;M ` ¥ ) D A d ª & ` K D w M & .% ¥ Ya &l""#" ^ ` m ` M w M ` ¡)D ` ZM' z` > d ª = Y ¥ D ` Y M ` ` & ' `m = A` Y

Page 207: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

W U e P c u

(

` ' D D` c `D A a mY ¥ ` ¥ ` = M , & Z Y D m ` = M , . £) 'K ` #E! #"$&%(')%+*-,/./01ZM24351768*19,;:<3 =$3B?>GB?>\E@" A >JEO&\@CB! A >0ED68*<1 A >JE)$3B?> B>\E@"$E25FG68'H'/35'I6J./3LKM01%£341N0#.O3 ,;34*<1341K

POQ QHR S TVULWYXLZC[]\WYT^_\<T`\a=bdce[gf<\W\WhTi^=b@UEjkTilm[Wh^onDpY[gq<q

r :3&s5t<uvuLw x yzLK|35,/:0108~,;:3|=$?>?>@"N A >25FG68'H'v%('LKM01%(341'/0,;:6J,6J~G,;35.v,;:<3&*0#.HK&6JF250#K|KM%,L0#35.;6J,/%+0#*<'68.H3M34.h~0#./K|341,;:<3&=$?>?>!"! A >08H342,268*-6,;:35.~./0#K,;:3eB@! A >k0#H3425,/',;:3N.H368F,/%+K|3M,;68 835*-¡¢,/:34K£,;0¤34.H~08./K,;:35%+.,68'H '¥1¦.H%+*,/:3)<./35§%(0#¦'¥%,;34./6J,;%(0#*|'H,;35¨©E%(§#35*&,;:<3)F+0#681&%(*<~0#./KM6J,/%+0#*,;:<3)=$?>Gª?>@"N A >7«V%(F+F%+*-§#0# J3¬­® ­¯?s5°8yz08*,/:3±N A >@=$?>?>!"$=0#H3425,I68'H'/024%+6J,;351«V%(,/:%,¨

POQ²IQ³ ´µV\b!^=q<WhTi^¶\T·\a=b¹¸IºE»UETil`[WH^£n¼ph[gq½q

r :3&CB@@ A >24F+68'/')%+')3 ,;34*<1341¤,;0&%+*25F+¦136&K|35,;:<0½1¿¾#°5x;Àt#ÁYx yz¨ r :<%+'=K|35,/:0½1«V%+F(F./3,;¦.H*,;:<3M.H368Fg,;%(KM3'H35*-,-¡,;:3NCB@@ A >Â.H0½2534'H'/%+*<e0#34./6J,;%(0#*'E'/%(*243|,;:3FG68'h,V%+*-§#026,;%+08*N08~,/:3CB@@ A >ÃÄ'I¾#°x;Àt8Áhx yzOK|35,/:01¨

POQ²IQÅ ´µV\b!^=q<WhTi^¶\T·\a=bÆjÇTl`[WH^=c¿[gf<\W\WhTi^=b@fdn¼ph[gq½q

r :3ÈN A >@=$?>?>!"$25FG68'H'=%+'I*0«É6Ê'H¦24FG6J'/'E08~g,/:3MËN$?ÌÍ! #"$&25FG68'H'4«V:%+2:13*35'ÎK|35,/:01'¥~0#.68FG68*<24%+*<6«35%+#:-,/341#.;68<:¨ r :%+'./34Ϧ%(./35'V,/:6J,V6J11%(,/%+0#*68FKM3,;:01'5<68''/:<0?«V*&%+*È#¦.H3=н¨Ñ#68.H3I%(KMF(34K|34*-,;351|~08.,/:3I A >@=$?>?>@"$I25FG68'H'4¨r :3v6811%,;%+08*68FKM3,;:01'V268*3L1%(§%+1<341%+*-,;0,«i0M246J,;35#0#.H%+34'5Ò

Ñ#¨VÓÉK|35,/:01¢¬­® ­¯?s5°8yzV«V:%(2:¤%+')%(*-§#0# J341¤«V:34*6MF+0-681¿68F+68*24%(*&'h,;35¤%+'I,/0Ê334.h~0#.HKM351¨ ~L*0¼Ô! #"$70#H3525,N%('&68'H'/024%+6J,;351Õ«V%(,;:Ö,;:39 A >@=$?>Gª?>!"$*<0&F+0#68168FG6J*24%(*È%+'V35.H~0#.HKM351¨ ~g6MÔ! #"$È%+'Î68'/'H0½25%G6J,/341«V%(,/:,;:<30#H3525,4,;:3N A >@=$?>?>!"$%(*-§#0# J34'¬­-®×­-¯?s4°8yzÎ0#*¿,;:3Ô! #"$

Page 208: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!"#$%&%'()*) + ,

-. /102043576/8:9<; /=?>@8 >@8 5791A=!BDC<EGF<.H8 -JIK=L/<CGM*NO/G. /<91-A=QPC<EGF<.H8 -RB

3576/G8S9<; /R=$>@8 >@8 5791A=UTVIK=L/<CGM<; /R=$>@8 >@8 5791A=QWX>YM1AIK=L/<CGM<; /R=$>@8 >@8 5791A=Z\[3576/G8S9<; /R=$>@8 >@8 5791A=UTVIK=L/<CGM<; /R=$>@8 >@8 5791A=QWX>YM1AIK=L/<CGM<; /R=$>@8 >@8 5791A=] 5/^NO/G. /<91-A=_W`>YM1AIa=/GC<M ] 5/^N/<. /G9-A=Z\[b 8S=$>YE/<.dce3576/G8S9<; /R=$>@8 >@8 5791A=UTfZ\[b 8S=$>YE/<. b 5*8 ^g0hA%>%; /=$>\8 >\8 579A^'3576/G8S9GTh; /R=$>@8 >@8 5791A^3576/G8S9gW`>YM1AR3576/8:9Z\[b 8S=$>YE/<.8:9>C/=$>\8 >\8 579<TV8S91>`9<EG6i; /R=$>f0\Z\[jRj 9AYkl6A%>\M5<^G0#m 5G=a. 5/1^nF/<. /<9-8S9og^<AYpq91A^n8S9gIK=L/<CGM*NO/G. /<91-A=b 8S=$>YE/<.8:9>F/<. /<91-ATVIK=L/<CGMJW`>YM1AYrsA8 oM1>tA^; /=$>\8 >\8 579IK=L/<CGMZ\[b 8S=$>YE/<.8:9>u0Vk/<CvQA=$>VA\w*TV8:9>umV=?576xq8:9>u>t57xy8:9> b A=$>VA\wzq/1o<Z\[b 8S=$>YE/<.8:9>u0Vk/<C7Nq57EG9^</=*TV8S91>amV=?576x8S9>u>V5GZ\[b 8S=$>YE/<.8:9>=?A. A)/10hAYv|A=$>tA\w7TV8S91>KmV=?576ix

8:9> b A=$>VA\wzq/1ox-579102>XIa=/GC<MJW`>YM1AYrsA8 oM>VA^'; /R=$>@8 >@8 579Ia=/GC<MGxF5*57.G57zy5~A. A)/10hAz5 ] 8 oM>VA=Z\[

b 8S=$>YE/<.8:9>=?A. A)/10hANq57E<91^</R=<TV8:9>umt=L576x-579102>XIa=/GC<MJW`>YM1AYrsA8 oM>VA^'; /R=$>@8 >@8 579Ia=/GC<MGxF5*57.G57zy5~A. A)/10hAz5 ] 8 oM>VA=Z\[

b 8S=$>YE/<.Ia=/GC<MiW`oA%>@q57. 5G=?A^IK=L/<CGMGT b 5*8 ^7Z\[ [

w ¾G°&y$°1#w×Áh° ¯xY°G­?s4°t@x?°vN A >@=$?>?>@"$À]® ­ÁhÁ

Page 209: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!"#$%&%'()*) + 7+0#H3525,4¨ :34*,;:%('±08H342,%+'L108*38!,;:3MN A >@=$?>?>!"$«V%+F(Fg2:342 ¤,;0¿'/353%(~!,;:<3B@! A >¼0#H3525,/'I:6§83v3435*eK|0½1%341¨~K|0½1%341%(,O%(*-§#0# J34'J-t½u=­#w ¯ÀK­¯?¾#°1yz¥0#*N,;:<34K 68*<1¿0#*N,/:3L=$?>?>@"N A >708H342,¨

¨¿3,;:01']Á­!°<(xY°½yz -Ág­t-¯­<'G°J® °­?ÁH° !°<+xY°!½yz +°J® °­?ÁH°"t-¯­<yzJ¾#°5x;Àt<® tG°1$# ­yz68*1¿¾#°5x%­<+x;w x;w×t<¯&# G­yzV«V:%(2:968.H3v%(*§80# 8351¤-¡,/:3vÔ! #"$0#H3525,¿1¦.H%+*D,;:<3F(0-681 68F+68*24%(*¨' :%(F+39,/:34'H3K|35,/:0½1<'¿6J./37./34'H08*'/%(F+39~0#.K|0?§%(*,;:3(E" A "½-*)C!"Ô68*<1,+v.-$?>v08H342,;'=6JKM0#*<È,/:3CB@@ª@ A >/-8,;:<3K|35,;:<0½1'Î.H0?§%(136|'/%(KMF(3E%+*-,;35.H~68253v«V:%(2:e2468*93v¦'H341e~08.I08,/:34.#./68:e68FG68*<24%+*<&.H0#F+35KM'5¨ r :%+'Ϋ0#¦<F+1¤68F(F+0«k,/:3Ô! #"$|24FG6J'/'/35'I,/0Ê3¦'H341e%(*N08,;:<34.O~.;68K|35«i0#.H 'O«V:%(2:¿:6§836ÊËN$?ÌÍ! #"$25FG68'H'4¨

POQ²IQ² 0|T[gU21[ph[^=ZCb@fkn¼ph[gq½q

r :3Ô! #"$0#H3525,Î%+'V.H34'/0#*'H%+F(3=~0#.VKM01%~¡½%(*,/:3L68.H,/%(,/%+0#*Ê,/0|08<,68%(*63,/,/34.F(0-681|68F+68*243)68K|0#*L,;:3I68.H,/%(,/%+0#*'5¨ r :3)Ô!! #"$±24F+68'/'5«V:<0#'/3=%(*-,;34.h~68243%+'O'H:0«V*e%+*Ê#¦./3vн¨ %('V68*68'h,;.;6J25,Î68'H3±25FG68'H'4¨ ,V13*34'Î0#*3LK|35,/:0½1¬­® ­¯?s5°8yz<~0#.«V:%+2:¿68F(F'/¦24F+68'/'H34'ÎK¦'h,V./0§%+13±68*%+K|F(34K|34*-,6J,/%+0#*¨

-. /1020 ] 5/^N/<. /<9-A=|PC<EGF<.H8 -RB] 5/^N/<. /G9-A=UTfZ\[

b 8S=$>YE/<.dc ] 5/^N/<. /G9-A=UTfZ\[b 8S=$>YE/<. b 5*8 ^g0hA%> ] 8S9<Y0TVIK=L/<CGM*NO/G. /<91-A= W`>YM1AN/<. /<9-A=ZjRj 6A%>\M5<^ >V5 F/<. /<91-A>YM1Ag. 5/^ /<6`5791og>YM1AC=?5*-A%020h5=$0b 8S=$>YE/<.8:9>F/<. /<91-ATdo=/GC<MJWXkA8 oM1>tA^; /=$>\8 >\8 579IK=L/<CGMZ435*[

C=?5>VA-%>VA^'BIa=/GC<M*N/<. /G9-A=76)>\MAIa=L/<CGM7N/<. /<91-A=![ [

w ¾G°&y98y ¯xY°<L­s5°gt@x?°±Ô!! #"$|À]® ­ÁhÁ

:34*N6JFG68*25%+*<,/:3EÔ! #"$v08H342,O¦'/35',;:<3=KM3,;:01'135*341%+*|,;:3=ªA >!)$?>>@"$&0#H342,¨;:0#.3<68K|F+3J,/:3=<¿">@>"$?iÔ>A@Í"$)">B@ÍgB@$-M'/¦½24F+68'/'5«V:%+2:7%+'='H:0«V*¢%(*9#¦.H3|н¨DC½C¦'/35'L,/:3ÈÁg­t-¯­<yz)KM3,;:01¨ r :<3|F(0-681968F

Page 210: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!"#$%&%'()*) + 68*25%+*&68F+#08./%(,/:K 35KMF(0¡#341e¡,;:<%+')'H¦24FG6J'/'I«V%(F+F@'/:<3419,;:<334F(34K|34*-,;'I0#*e,/:30#¦*16J.H¡3,«3534*k68F+FI68.H,/%(,/%+0#*'Ê68*1Â,;:35%+.NF(34'/'F(0-681351Â*34%(#:0#.H%+*D68.H,/%(,;%(0#*'Ê'H¦H3525,,;0D,;:3~0#F+F(0«V%+*250#*1%,;%(0#*'4Ò

Ñ#¨I0Ö'/:<3411%(*0J~34F(34K|34*-,;'N«V%(F+FE02424¦<.35,«i3435*Æ6Ö68.H,/%(,;%(0#* 68*1 %(,/'*34%(#:0#.%~,;:<37./6J,;%(008~v,/:3F+0-6J1 %(*Â,;:368.h,;%,;%+08* 68*1 %(,;'N*<34%+8:0#.%+'NF(34'H',/:362534.h,68%(*~682,;0#.5¨ r :%('Î~682,;0#.5C® t-­ ­?s5xYt %('Φ<'/341¿,;0|./34250##*%43L,;:6,I,/:34.H3v%('I6|08%+*-,V«V:34.H3,;:<3M250#'H,/'68'H'/024%+6J,;351«V%(,/:7,/:3|F+0-6816JFG68*25%+*N«V%(F+Fg3|8./36,;34.L,;:68*,/:3M34*<35,/'0#<,;68%+*<341¨ r :3E250#'H,Î08~!'h«¥68<%+*È35F+34K|34*-,/'O3,«3534*e68.H,/%(,;%(0#*'i%+'¥1¦<3L,/00J,;:N,;:32408KMK¦<*%+246J,;%(0#*240#'h,;'%(*§80#F(§8341D%(*¢'/35*1%(* (E" A "-.)¿C@"¢6J*1DÔÇ0#H3525,/'68*1,;:<3v250#'H,I08~%(*-§#0# %+*< -t<u)­#w ¯#ÀK­¯?¾#°1yz¥0#*,;:3CB@@ A >/-±«V:<34*¿,/:3±F+0-68168F+68*25%+*%('O240#K|F+3,;351¨

¨I0N'h«¥6J%+*<0J~i35F+35KM35*,/'E3,«3534*768.h,;%(,/%+0#*<')02424¦<./'E%(~35F+35KM35*,/'=«35./3ÈK|0?§8341%+*,;:<3N./3§½%(0#¦'ÈF+0#681D68F+68*24%(*¤'H,/34¨ r :<%+'%+'1<0#*3Ê,;035*'/¦.H3,/:6J,È6J#3Ê~68¦F,;%+*<«V:%(2:72468*#./346J,;F¡e%(*24.H368'H34'L%+*¤*¦K35.=«V:34* -t<u)­-w ¯#Àu­-¯?¾#°yz)%+'=%(*-§#0# J341¢08*6B!@ A >1<0½35'*08,268¦'H3ÊF+0#681¢6JFG68*25%+*,;0e0½2524¦.±«V:34*¼,/:3Ê*3 ½,68*68F¡½'H%+''H,/34«08¦F+1*08,V.H34Ϧ%+.H3±68*-¡N1¦3L,;0È2408KM¦½,6J,/%+0#*6JF+F(¡È68FG68*<24341¤B!@ A >.-8¨

! "# %$& ' () +*

, + - ./102304' - "

POQ65¥QHR 7^¥\<fTVULº=Z\WYTi^

r :%+'v'/342,;%(0#*¼3<68K|%+*<34'L,;:3M3983425,08~O1<¡*6JKM%(2MF(0-681768FG6J*24%(*¿08*,;:<3&34.H~08./KM68*24308~!,;:3L68./68F+F(34F./0#8.;68K½«V:35*¿,/:3EF+0-6J1%(K68F+68*253=0#*N,;:3L.H0½2534'H'/0#.H'I%('V6È250#*'H34Ϧ34*<24308~,;:3%+*%,;%G6JF!68.H,/%(,;%(0#*%(*¨ r :<%+'=%('=10#*3¡9240#K|68.H%+*|,;:3,/%+K|3±,;68 835*7,/0Ê35.H~0#.HK ;:68*68F¡'/%+'O'h,;35'I%(*Ê«V:%+2:*0È1<¡*68K|%+2EF(0-681N6JFG68*25%+*%('O35.H~0#.HKM351N,;0 3: 'H,/34'Î%+*Ê«V:%(2:,;:3 <">C>"$ ?Ôi>A@Í"$ )¿">A@ÍgB@$ -v1<¡*6JKM%(2F+0-6J1968F+68*24%(*&'h,;./6J,;358¡#C.H34'H34*-,;351¢%+*#¦.H3н¨ C<%+'I¦'/351¨*e,/:36J*68F(¡'H%+'4,;:<334F(34K|34*-,;'I./35K&68%(*e%(*¿,;:<334F+68'H,/%+2±.;68*<#368*<1e,;:30#*F¡./02435'/'/35'=./¦<**%+*<&0#*,;:3vK&682:<%+*3v68./3v1¦3±,;0M,/:3±68.;6JF+F+35FC./08#.;68K¨ r 0&34.H~08./K3: 'H,/34'«V%(,/:*0F+0-6816JFG68*25%+*<gF+%+*<3=< :& 08~Î,;:<3250½1<3N./35'/34*-,/341Õ%(*D'/342,;%(0#*?>½¨A@¨ÑN%+'./35FG6825341«V%(,/:,/:3E~0#F+F(0«V%+*Ò

Page 211: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!"#$%&%'()*) +

-. /1020QA)/ b 8 A=Lz5 ] 8 oM>VA=QA8 oMGF57E<=$0)B`CGEGF<.H8 - ] 5/1^N/<. /<91-A=PC<EGF<.H8 -RB

QA)/ b 8 A=Lz5 ] 8 oM>VA=QA8 oMGF57E<=$0TU^G57E<FG. A . 5/^R/-%>t5G=Z\[b 8:=$>YE/<.dcQA)/ b 8 A=Lz5 ] 8 oM>VA=QA8 oMGF57E<=$0TfZ\[8S91>`F/<. /<91-ATVIa=/GC<MiWXkA8 oM>VA^'; /R=$>@8 >@8 579Ia=/GC<MZ\[ [

QA)/ b 8 A=?zy5 ] 8 oM1>tA=_A8 oMGF57E<=$0)BB F/<. /<9-ATVIa=L/<CGM&WXkA8 oM1>tA^; /=$>\8 >\8 579IK=L/<CGMZ@PjRj 579G. ^G5>YM1Ai/G. o5=d8 >\M<6 8 mu950Vka/GC<C8:9o . /02>K>@8:6`A8 muT2. /102>*ka/<C 3 3 >\=UEAZ`P

. /102>*ka/<C 3 mU/G. 0hA[=?A%>YEG=U9 5*[

jRj 8 >VA=L/1>tA>YMG=L57EoMJ>\MA b A=$>\8 -A%0v|A=$>VA\w >VA=QW`>YM1AYv|A=$>\8 -A%0 3 kA8 oM>VA^'; /=$>\8 >\8 579GIa=L/<CGM oA%>fvQA=$>\8 -A%0TfZ\[kM8:. AT2T b A=?>tA\w;'>Y=3 3l>\MAYvQA=?>@8 -A%0TfZ2Z 5Z`P

8S91> b A=$>VA\wzq/1o 3 b A=?>tA\w;'>Y= oA%>Vzq/oTfZ\[^G57E<FG. A b A=$>VA\w ] 5/^ 3 b A=$>VA\w7;>Y= oA%>fr A8 oM>YTfZ\[-57902> 3 Wi9A8 oMGF57E<=$043 b A=$>VA\w7;>\=XoA%>^V/1-A9-Y<TfZ\[jRj . 5<57/1>D/G.S.>YM1A b A=$>@8 -A%0491A8 oMGF57E<=$0md5=aTV8:9>`8 35*[849A8 oMGF57E<=$0 !8 ")ATfZ\[y8$##4ZXP

8S9>#5>YM1A=?zq/1o 3 9A8 oMGF57E<=$0 !8 ")ATfZ\[b A=$>VA\w 65>YM1A=f;'>Y=73 kA8 oM>VA^'; /=$>\8 >\8 579GIa=L/<CGM oA%>fvQA=$>VA\w7;>Y=UTU5>\MA=?zq/1o<Z\[^G57EGF<. A45>YM1A= ] 5/^ 3 5>YM1A=!;>\=% oA%>!rsA8 oM1>\TfZ\[jRj 0M1A^n. 5/^&>V5 .H8 oM>VA=a9A8 oMGF5G=8 muE<9GF/<. /G9-A. /=?oA4A9157E1oM8 m#T b A=$>VA\w ] 5/^ j 5>YM1A= ] 5/^& . 5/1^'R/1-%>V5= Z`P

>YM1AIa=/GC<M*N/<. /G9-A= 0Vka/<C*Nq57E<91^*/=<T b A=$>VA\wzq/1oxH5>\MA=?zq/o<Z\[. /02>*ka/<C 3l>Y=UE1A[

w×¾+° (y*)4?°<¿">@>"$ ?Ô>B@Í"$ )"½>A@ÍgB!$ -±À®×­?ÁhÁ

Page 212: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!"#$%&%'()*) + 5 ;_3A. >V/ D9/G. 10%8 0K>YM1A D9/<. 10%8 0T*x >\MAR3576/G8:9Gx >YM1Aq57902>Y=L/G8S9> |/<91^ . A=Ux

r 0v35.H~0#.HK 3: 6J*68F(¡'H%+''H,/34'i¦'/%(*±,/:3<¿">@>"$ ?Ô>B@Í"$ )¿">A@ÍgB!$ -O1<¡*68K|%+2F+0-6J168FG6J*24%(*E68F(#0#./%,;:KF+%+*<34'<3<E68*1<<Ñ<=08~,/:3O24013]H¦'H,<./34'H34*-,;351M~0#.,;:3 3: 'h,;34<'«V%(,/:*<0MF(0-681N68F+68*25%+*%('O./34<FG6825341«V%(,;:N,/:3E~0#F+F(0?«V%(*Ò

55 QA)/ b 8 A=?zy5 ] 8 oM>VA=QA8 oM<F57EG=$0>YM1A ] 5/^N/<. /G9-A=UT mU/1-%>V5= Z\[55 3a576/G8S9*; /=$>\8 >\8 5791A=!Td>\MAR; /=$>\8 >\8 5791A=!x>YM1A ] 5/^N/<. /G9-A=Z\[

POQ65¥Q³ Âb!q<ºEp\<q

r 68<F+3н¨(Ñv'/:0«V'),/:3±3983425,)08~g34.h~0#./K|%+*È1<¡*6JKM%(2vF(0-68168FG6J*24%(*M08*¿,;:<3vÓ ÎÓK&6J2:%+*3v~0#.I,/:33<68K|F+35'=.H34'/35*-,;341%+*9'H342,;%+08* >½¨ ¦<'/%+*<Ê,«01% 835./34*-,E§J68F(¦34')~08.),;:3® t-­ ­sxYt 0J~)Ñ#¨ : 68*1 ¨A<<¨*,;68F(3Èн¨Ñ08,/:¤,;:3,/%+K|34'),;68 835*,/035.H~0#.HK 68F(F 3: 'h,;34<'08~g,;:<368*68F¡'/%+'5C68*1¿,;:3,/%+K|3v,;68 835*9,;0N34.H~08./K ,;:3 3: ,;:¤'H,/34¤08~g,/:3È68*6JF(¡'/%('4! "¨

r :3v.H34'H¦F(,/'Î1<34K|0#*'H,/.;6J,/3E,;:3E~0#F(F+0«V%+*<Ò

Ñ#¨$#)¡*68K|%+2EF(0-68168F+68*24%(*26J*¿%(KM.H0§#3E,;:3±34.H~08./KM68*243L08~!,;:<3v6J.;68F(F+34F./08#.;68K¨:0#.3%<68KM<F+38,;:3Ê34.h~0#./KM68*253&08~O,/:3Ê6J.;68F(F+34F.H0##./68K¿&%('%+K|.H0?§8341¼-¡6¤~6825,/0#.08~ ¨ : «V:35*¦'H%+* C'/¦10#KM68%+*<'(' *)!@,+68*16D® t-­ ­?s5xYtÎ08~Ñ#¨ : ,/068*6JF(¡ 43E3%6JKMF(3C81 : : 0#*,;:<3±Ó *ÎÓÆK&682:<%+*3J¨

¨$#)¡*68K|%+2F(0-68168F+68*24%(*268*¢68F+'H0134#./6813È,;:3|34.H~08./KM68*243J¨ :0#.L3%6JKMF(38@,;:368./68F+F(34FC.H0##./68K-%+'Î'/F(0?«i341¤1<0?«V*¤-¡¿6M~682,;0#.Î08~VÑ#¨A>|«V:<34*¤¦'H%+* >&'/¦10JKM68%+*'.' *)LÐ+6J*1Ê6È® t-­ ­?s5xYt08~Ñ#¨ : ,/068*68F(¡ 43Î3<68K|F(3CJ1 : Cv08*M,;:<3IÓ ÎÓKM682:%+*<38¨

C<¨ r :3V08,;35*,/%G68F~0#.g%+K|.H0?§834K|34*-,g%(*È,/:3O68./68F+F(34F½35.H~0#.HK&68*<243,/:6J,26J*|3Î682:%(35§#351¦'H%+*¿1<¡*68K|%+2|F+0-681768F+68*25%+*%+'±#./346J,;35.±«V:<34*¢,/:3&250#KMK¦*%+246J,;%(0#*240#'h,;'5./35FG6,;%§#3,/0N240#K|¦<,;6J,;%(0#*9250#'H,/'4!68./3F+0«L¨ r :<%+'=%('=134K|0#*'h,;./6J,;3517-¡¿,;:3~682,=,;:6J,E,;:3%+K|.H0?§834K|34*-,O%(*N35.H~0#.HK&68*<243=%('4<,¡%(268F(F(¡##.H36J,/34.¥~0#.,/:3 C'/¦10#KM68%(*/' .0)!@,+26J'/3,;:6J*7,/:3>'H¦10#KM68%+*1' *)LÐ+)268'H38¨ :34*7¦'H%+* CN'/¦10#KM68%(*'2' .0)!@,+.H0½2534'/'H0#./'6J*16v® t-­G ­?s5xYt08~CÑ8¨ : 3%<68KM<F+3 1 :Ñ.H34Ϧ%(./34' @43<Ñ¥'H3424'5! "6) Ñ@Õ'H3427+0#*k,/:38#:9*; K&682:<%+*3J¨ %(,/:0#¦<,eF+0-681Ç68F+68*24%(*,/:3¼'/68KM3¢3<68K|F+3./34Ϧ%(./35'

Page 213: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!"#$%&%'()*) +

"!$#%&(' )

#*' ) #%&+,# +.-/ #%&+,# 0-H,1 1 " 1 1 " 1 1 "

.&+#+ 22-/ +.-/3, 0-/, +.-$+4 %2-/33 +.- 3.&+ 30-$+ 0-$+4 #5'67 8) #*' 8).&+ 390- % 0- 0-/, 0-:, 30- , 0-H,;.&+ + ,-: 0- ; +R+0- 8- +R+ 8- 8-,.&+< + 0- % 0- + ,-H, 8-: + 0-/ 0-$+ .&+<9 998-/9% %2-: 0- 2 0-/3 98-H,R, 2-/3.&+ ;%2-:. + 30-H,%3 0-/9 + 8-:. , 0-/3 + 8- ;3.&+ 0- ;3 30-$+, 0-/, + 0-H,%9 %2-H,% + 0- ;.&+< +R+ 90- 0- 2 ;97+.-H,% + 8-/ 990-/3 ,-,.&+<9 +4.0- , 0-3 7+ 0- ;3 7+.- ,-/ ,-/

.&+#+ 30-/3 +.-$+ 0-/ +.-H,%3 30-/9 +.-H,;.&+ 30-/% +.- 0-:, +.-9 30-/ +.-9.&+ 8-H, 0-H, 0-/3% 0-H, 0-:. +.-/.&+ 9%2-/9 0-/ 930- 0-/, 990-/3 0- ;.&+< +R+ 0- , 8-$+ +R+ 90-H,%3 8- , +R+,-/9% 8- .&+<9 + %2- 3 0-$+ +R+ 0-:. 8- +R+42-: 8-.&+ ,%90-3 +R+.-/ 7+,-/9 +R+.- 390- +,-:..&+ + 0-$+ + 90- ,%30-H,% + 0-/3 , 0-$+, + 0-: .&+< 922-H,%9 0- ; 97+.-/3 0- ;3 9,;2- 2 0-$+,.&+<9 90-/9 30-/ 9;90- , + 0-$+ 3 98-/9 0-/,

.&+#+ +.-/3 +.-, +.-/ +.-/ %2-/, +.- 3.&+ 97+.-/, 0-$+4 90-, 0- 3 0-H, 0-H,%.&+ 3%2-/3 0-$+ 30-/9 0-H, 30-3 0-H,%9.&+ +R+ 30-/ 8- 2 +R+ 8-$+ 8- 9 +R+ 30- ; 8- .&+< +0-/3 8-/9 + ,-:.9 8-/, +R+ 0-H,%9 8-H, .&+<9 +4*+.-/33 90- , ,R,- 30-/9% + 9,-: 0-/,.&+ 0- 30-/9 90-/% +,-/% 0-/3 0-H, .&+ 7+R+.-$+ +R+.-/ 30-H,R, +0-:, #*' 8).&+< ;90-H,; +42-$+, ;97+.-$+R+ + 90-/3, #*' 8).&+<9 ,78- 90-/ 9330-/ 0-/, 938- ;3 0-/3

r 6JF+3=н¨(Ñ8Ò 983525,O08~#)¡*6JKM%(2 C0-681>=¥68FG6J*24%(*0#*M,;:3@?V36JF r %(KM3I¦'/%(*Ó IÓÇ~0#. ;:Ó)*6JF(¡'/%('BA,;35'ΫV%,;:N,;:<3 <"C>C>"$ ?DÔi>A@Í"$ )¿">A@ÍEDB@$ -E68F+80#./%,;:K

Page 214: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!"#$%&%'()*) + 9

Ð;>&C¿'/342' " ) C;<9'/3427+¨ r :%+'%+'69-6J%+*¼%(*¼35.H~0#.HK&6J*243Ê08*¼,;:3 #:9*;¹K&6J2:%+*308~±Ñ#¨ : 3 ' ¨(Ñ@,+«V:%(F+3&,/:3N-68%(*¼%+*D34.h~0#./KM68*253N0#*¼,;:<3Ó *ÎÓ K&6J2:%+*3&%+'0#*<F(¡Ñ#¨ C&C 'YÑ#¨ :;: +¨

@¨ r :3%+K|./0§834K|34*-,|%+*D,;:368./68F+F(34F¥34.h~0#./KM68*253%+'#.H36J,/34.È«V:34*Ö,;:3%+K68FG68*<24368K|0#*,/:3L./02435'/'/08./'Î%+'OFG6J./#3J¨ r :%+'V%+'O1<34K|0#*'H,/.;6J,/341-¡Ê,;:3E~682,V,;:6J,4<~0#.¥,/:3C'/¦<108K&68%(* ' *)!@,+Î2468'/3J,;:<3-68%(*¿%(*935.H~0#.HK&6J*243L~0#.)3%<68KM<F+3 1 :Ñv%+')8./36,;34.,;:68*N,;:6J,V~0#.O3%<68KM<F+34' 1 : C< 1 : @6J*1 1 : : 3§#35*¿,;:<0#¦#:N,;:<3±F+6J,;35.O./08F+35KM'./35Ϧ%+.H3v6'HK&68F(F+35.¥35./2534*-,6883±0J~]0§#35.;68F(FC240#K|K¦*<%+26,;%+08*&,;%(KM3J¨

: ¨ ~L6240#*<'/%+1<34.;6JF+3¿68K|0#¦*-,|08~EF+0#68168FG68*<24%+*<702425¦./'5¥,;:368./68F+F(34F¥<./0##./68K 26J*'/34*<1k6¼'H%+#*%26J*,6JKM0#¦<*,Ê08~L,;%+K|3934.h~0#./K|%+*,;:3¤F(0-681Â68F+68*25%+*¨ :0#.Ê3%68K|F+3J~0#.69*¦K34.È08~Î3%6JKMF(34'53§#35*Ö,/:0#¦#:D,/:3N35.H~0#.HK&6J*2436J,,;:3 3: ÃÄ,/:%(,/34./6J,;%(0#*&%('35,/,/34.¥«V:35*1<¡*68K|%+2)F(0-681Ê68FG68*<24%+*<%+'¦'/351<,;:<34./3E%('¥68*N0§834.;6JF+FF(0#'/'%+*35.H~0#.HK&6J*243J¨ r :%+'vF+0#'H'%(*¼35.H~0#.HK&6J*243|«0#¦<F+1¼*0J,:6§#3N02425¦./.H341D%~V6eFG6J./#334*<0#¦#:Ê*¦K35.08~C%,;35.;6J,/%+0#*'g%('i34.h~0#./K|341½'H¦2:68'i~08.i6±,;%+K|3V:%+'h,;0#.h¡|68*68F¡'/%+'%+*«V:%(2:¿'H35§#35.;68FC,/:0#¦'/68*1¿,/%+K|3='H,/34'I68.H3E¦'/351¨

><¨ r :3F(0-681e68FG68*<24%+*<&34K|F(0?¡834126J*¤./34'H¦F(,)%+*¤6Ê68.H,/%(,;%(0#*%(*|«V:<%+2:¤./35Ϧ%+.H34'EK|0#./32408KM¦½,6J,/%+0#*',;0L'/0#F§#3O,;:68*,;:3O0#.H%+#%(*68F68.h,;%(,/%+0#*<%+*¨ r :%('g0½2524¦.H'%+*È'/0#K|3O08~,;:368*6JF(¡'/%('¦<'/%+*<>L'/¦10#KM68%+*<' ' *)LÐ+g~08.,/:3)'HK&6JF+F+35.],«i068*1|,;:.H3431%+K|34*<'/%+08*68F.H0#F+35KM'V«V%(,/:¤6M'HK&6JF+Fg® t-­ ­sxYt ¨ r :%('=%+'I6&250#*'/35Ϧ34*253È08~,;:<3F+0-6J1e68F+68*25%+*'H,/.;6J,/348¡,;:6,%+'v34K|F+0¡#351g«V:%+2:1034'*<08,È6J,H,;34K|<,v,;0¤K|%+*%(KM%43,;:3N%(*-,;34.h~682430#¦*16J./%+35'E3,«3534*¢,/:3È68.h,;%(,/%+0#*<'4¨ r :3|./08F+35K¶26J*3È0?§834.H240#K|3|~08.E'/KM68F+F(34..H0#F+35KM'O-¡N'H3524%~¡½%(*ÈFG68.H#34.i§86JF+¦35'V~08.=® t-­ ­?s5xYt ~0#.O3<68K|F+3L6Ê® t-­G ­?s5xYt!08~ ¨A<~0#.¥,;:35'/3±./08F+35KM'50#.O-¡¦'/%(*|61%834.H34*-,ÎF+0-681N68FG68*<24%+*<'H,;./6J,;358¡#¨

н¨ :0#.E2435.H,;68%+*.H0#F+35KM'E,/:6J,±68.H3=H¦<'H,vFG68.H#334*<0#¦#:7,;0%+*%,;%+6J,;368#3~68¦F,;%+*<Ê0#*6.H0½2534'/'H0#.4@§J68./%+68%(F+%(,¡%(*7,/:3È*¦<K35.v0J~6J#3~68¦F(,/'L0½2524¦.H./%+*<¿6,v34682:¢%,;35.;6J,/%+0#*26J*N./34'H¦F(,¥%+*N1<¡*68K|%+2IF+0-6J1Ê68F+68*24%(*«V:35**0#*3E%('¥./3468F+F¡È*34351341¨ r :3E.H0#F(34K%+'E0§834./250#K|3M-¡'/3,/,/%+*¿6F+68./83&® t-­ ­sxYt ~0#.=,/:34'H3&.H0#F+35KM'5C0#.L¦'/%(*68.;6JF+F+35FKM682:%+*<34'¥«V%(,/:¿K|34K|0#.h¡&F+68./#3E35*0#¦8:,/:6J,V6883L~6J¦F(,/%+*%('O*08,I68*%+'H'/¦3J¨

Page 215: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

!"#$%&%'()*) + %

-' ' +0$

*¿,;:<%+'V2:68<,/34.V,;:3L*%,;3L34F(34K|34*-,Î134'H%+#*,;:6,I:681¿3435*9.H34'/35*-,;341e%+*,;:3L.H35§%+0#¦<'2:68<,/34.H'!«68'!3,;35*1341±,;0I68F+F(0«7~08.C1<¡*68K|%+2gF+0#681E68F+68*24%(*V6O*%(,/3g34F(34K|34*-,!68*68F¡'/%+'5¨&,«¥6J'i'H:0«V*M,;:6J,,;:3Î3,;35*'/%(0#*'i68*1|KM01%26J,/%+0#*<'],;0L,;:3V3%<%('H,/%+*±134'H%+#*È,;0±6825240#K|F(%+'/:,;:%('¥«¥6J'IK|%+*%(K&6JF ¨

,=«¥6J'E68F+'H0Ê'/:<0?«V*9,/:6J,E1½¡½*68KM%(2vF(0-681¿68FG6J*24%(*Ê6M*%(,/334F(34K|34*-,L68*68F(¡'/%('I2468*¤%+K./0§83|,/:335.H~0#.HK&6J*24308~,;:<3|68.;68F(F+35F.H0##./68K¿¨ r :34'H3M%(KM.H0§#34K|34*-,/'=«35./3|0#'/35.H§8341~0#.,;:<3V68*68F¡½'H%+'g08~6E*¦K34.08~3<68K|F(34'¦'/%(*E'/%(KM<F+3¥35F+34K|34*-,/'~0#.g'/%,;¦6J,/%+0#*<'%+*«V:%(2:*0¢0J,;:35.|¦<'/34.H'&«i34./3¿./¦*<*%+*7.H0½2534'/'H34'Ê08*Ö,/:3¿68.;68F(F+35F¥K&6J2:%+*3J¨ r :30J,;34*-,/%G68F¥~0#.35§834*e8./36,;34.O%(KM<./0§#35KM35*,/'O%+*N34.h~0#./KM68*253E3½%+'h,O~0#.O68*6JF(¡'/%('¥%+*-§#08F(§%+*K|0#.H3=240#K|F(334F(34K|34*-,;'68*1È*08*½F(%+*3468.]'h,6J,/3Î1<35,;35./K|%+*6,;%+08*8~0#.F+68./834.g.H0#F+35KM']./34Ϧ%(./%(*EKM08./3O2408KȦ<,;6J,;%(0#*&.H¦**%(*0#*NKM682:%(*34'«V%(,;:&FG68.H#3)35*0#¦#:&KM35KM0#.H%+35'i'H068#3)~6J¦F(,/%+*±%+'i*08,O6J*%+'H'/¦3J68*1~0#.¥,;:3L'H%(,;¦6J,;%(0#*'¥%(*«V:<%+2:08,;:35.V¦'/35./'I68./3L0#*N,;:<3±'h¡'H,;35K¿¨

Page 216: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Ñ3

! #" -' ' +0$

r%$'&)(+*-,/.10 &32546, § &3780 ~ 46$',/7%9:&;7:&<*=9:2>$ « &39?& ÒÑ#¨ r@0BAC& § &;DE0 ¦ 7?,E. 0 &;2;4 0F9?,E&3.G4:&3AH7:0 ~ 4 « *-9:&IA'&;7:, .H4:&32>$'.C, Ϧ &37 *JA'&37?, . « $',/2>$« 0 ¦ DEAK*-D/DE0 « ~ 0F9MLN& , DE&O*-.CAK& 46&3.C7:, DE& .',P46&Q&3D/&3(R&3.G4 9:0 96*-(R(R,E. ¨

¨ r@0S& 4:&3.'AT4:$'&UA'&37?, .O460V*=23230-(+(R0WA'*=46&&5X+2;,E&;.Y4 *-9:*-DED/&3D .C,/46&U&3D/&3(R&3.G4 9:0Z23&;7:7:,/. ¨ .R2>$'* 46&;9 Ñ# *[9:& § ,/& « 0 ~ 46$'& ~¦ .'A'*-(+&;.G4>*-DW23D\*=7:7]* 7^469:*-2;4:,E0F.'7_4:$N*=4]$N* § & &3&;.`,EA'&;.Y4:,

&3A ~ 0F9a0 &3254 0-9:,E&;.G46&3A .',/4:&b&;DE&;(+&;.Y4 9:0 96*-(R(R,E. =« *-7 9:&37?&3.G46&;A ¨ r%$'&37?&V23DE*-7:7?&37%*-9?& Ò([cedWfd½-*) Dhg@d +5D.-#i%CNj- Dkf CNj'l Dmg@dZconqpjocrgsdYi'l C<#itjvug *-.'AIw dZx8Dyi¨

.z2>$N* 46&;9 46$'&[& ,E7?4:,E. * < 9:0G*=2>$'&37%4>* &3. ~ 0F9M4:$'&O CNcv| -<jB- 23DE*-7:7 « &39?&Q9:& § ,/& « &3A*-.'A4:$'&3,/9~D/,E(R,/4>*t46,E0-.'7_,EAC&3.G46, &3A ¨gÓ .'& « A'&;7:, . ~ 0F9]46$'& .',/4:&S&3D/&3(R&3.G4%*=.N*-D ¡ 7?,E7 « *-7 9:& 7:&;.Y4:&3A « $C,E2>$ 9:0 § ,EA'&;7 9:&3*=46&;9sL'& , ,/DE,P4 ¡ *-.CA)& 4:&3.'7?, ,/DE,P4 ¡ 46$'*-.O4:$'&]2 ¦ 9?9:&;.Y4* 9:0G*-2>$C&37 ¨r%$'&%.'& « * 9:0F*-2>$ 9:&3* 746$'& CNcv| -<jB- 23DE*-7:7,E.G460S7:& § &39:*-DN230F( 0F.'&3.G42;D\*-7?7:&;7 ¨Ó .`*-.N* D ¡ 7?4 <¦ ,ED/A'7*-.`*-.'*-D ¡ 7:,/7 9?0W2;&3A ¦ 9?& ¡ 9:0 § ,EA',/. 0 &32;4:7]0 ~ 4:$'&%230-( 0F.'&;.Y4_23D\*=7:7:&;7460[46$'&*-.N*-D ¡ 7:,E7@0 &;2;4:7_230F.C7?469 ¦ 2;4:0F9 ¨ r%$',E7* 9?0G*-2>$,/7A', 8 &;9:&3.G446$N*-.)46$'&U4696*=A',/4:,E0F.N*=DG* 9?0G*-2>$ ,E. « $',/2>$K4:$'&O*-.N*-D ¡ 7^4230F.C7?469 ¦ 2;4:7S*`7:,/. D/&V0 &;2;4 4:$'&O CNcv| -<jB- 0 &;2;4 4:0 &;9 ~ 0F9?(46$'&*-.N*-D ¡ 7:,E7 ¨ r%$'&O.'& « * 9:0F*-2>$0 8 &39?7 9?&<*=4LN& , ,/DE,/4 ¡8 &32<* ¦ 7:&T4:$'&)*-.N*-D ¡ 7^482<*-. § *=9 ¡ 46$'&*-.N*-D ¡ 7:,E7 -¡ 2>$N*-. ,E. 46$C&84 ¡ &37~0 ~ 0 &;2;4:7 *=7:7:&;A460Q46$C&b2;0F.'7?4:9 ¦ 25460F9 *=.'A& 4:&3.'7?, ,/DE,P4 ¡# &;2<* ¦ 7:&46$C&T4 ¡ &;7[0 ~ *-.N*-D ¡ 7?,E7 9:0Z23&;A ¦ 9:&;7V46$N*t4[2<*-. & &39 ~ 0F9:(R&3A,/7 9?&<*=4:D ¡ ,E.C239:&3*-7:&;A-¡ 4:$'&S,/.G469:0ZA ¦ 2546,/0F.+0 ~ *O.C& « 230F( 0F.'&3.G4a7 ¦ 23DE*-7:7 ¨ r%$'&S2;0F( 0F.C&3.G4M2;D\*-7?7:&37a,E.G469?0WA ¦ 23&;A

Page 217: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

3 |\dJR 72 2@) d +

*-9:& Ò4#d@ki%C<.Dki C'ce| -3j - cA@ Dyi=j?Í@f +5D.-5<i;C'j< C@gcedYi) )p@f¤dYitdYi*-.'A ( l Dmg@dZcY¨ r%$C& ( l DhgsdZc 0 &32;4T,E7O*9?& 0F7:,P460F9 ¡¤~ 0F9[46$'& ( ([cedWfd½ *-.CA Ë1i%Dkp!Ì 0 &32;4:7 ¨ r%$'& ( ([cedZfd *-.'A Ë1i%Dkp@Ì 23D\*=7:7:&;7O*-DED/0 « A', 8 &;9:&;.Y4230F.C7?469:*-,E.G4U$N*-.CA'DE,/. *-D 0F9:,P46$'(R74:0 &&3( DE0 ¡ &;A+,/.*[(+*-.'.'&;946$N*=4U,/7_4696*=.'7 *=9:&3.G4U460Q46$'& C'ce| -3j -8¨

. 2>$N* 4:&39 *A', 8 &39?&3.G41* 9:0F*-2>$ 46046$'&z7?460-9:,E. *-.'A 7:0FD § ,/. 0 ~ 46$'&7 ¡ 7?4:&3( 0 ~& Ϧ *=4:,E0F.C7 « *=7[*-DE7?0 ,E.G4:9:0ZA ¦ 23&;A ¨: .46$C&T469:*-A',/4:,E0F.'*-Ds* 9?0G*-2>$ *7:,/. DE&)23DE*-7:7b,E7 ¦ 7?&3A4:0 0=46$7^460F9?&%*-.'Aq7?0FD § &~46$'&~7 ¡ 7?4:&3(0 ~ & Ϧ *=4:,E0F.'7 ¨ .T4:$',E7 « 0F9 4 « 0Q23DE*-7:7?&37*=9:&M,/.Y4:9:0ZA ¦ 2;&3A |-5#dZf ( *-.'A D c >kdYi 2;D\*-7?7:&37 C« $',E2>$*-9:&q9?&37 0F.C7:, DE& ~ 0F9[7^460F9?,E. 4:$'&`& Ϧ *=4:,E0F.'7*-.'AQ7:0-D § ,E. 4:$'&]& Ϧ *=4:,E0F.C7@9?&37 &;2;46, § &;D ¡#¨ r%$',E7s* 9:0F*-2>$T*=DEDE0 « 7mAC, 8 &39:&;.G4s& Ϧ *=4:,E0F.Q7:0-D § ,E. *-D 0F9:,P46$'(R7460 &V&3( DE0 ¡ &3AI,E.1*7?,E. DE&V*=.N*-D ¡ 7?,E7 ¨ r%$'&[,E.G46&;9 ~ *-2;& ~ 0F9U46$'& | -5#dZf (7 ¦ 23DE*-7:7?&37 , ¨ & ¨ÔajsdCCi- ( *-9?&+7 &;23, &3A7:0z46$N*=4)A', 8 &;9:&3.G4T7?460-96* &+7:2>$'&;(+&;72<*=. &&3( DE0 ¡ &3A « ,P46$'0 ¦ 4T46$C& CNce|-<j - 0 &;2;4q.'&;&3A',/. 4:0 &* « *-9?& 0 ~ 4:$'& 7 &;23, 24 ¡ &+0 ~ |-5#dZf ( 0 &;2;4 ¨

: ,E.N*=DED ¡8 4:$'&A'&;7:, . « *-7 & 4:&3.'A'&;A 460*=DEDE0 « (+0ZAN*-D8*-.N*=D ¡ 7:,/7*-.CA (+0ZAN*-D%4:96*-.'7?,E&;.Y4*-.N*-D ¡ 7:,E7 ¨ . 2>$'* 46&;9 C½ 46$'&KA'&;7:, . « *-7+& 46&3.CA'&3A 4:0*-D/DE0 « .C0F. 0 § &39:DE* ,/. A'0F(+*-,E.A'&32;0F( 0F7?,/4:,E0F.z(+&546$'0ZA'7 ¨ r « 0I.'& « 23D\*=7:7:&;7 Ë i%CÌ]Í@ C'i j j D@dYi *-.'A Dkf C'j@ C'i jGª j DsdYiJ« &39:&%,/.G469:0ZA ¦ 2;&3A ~ 0F9 *-9?4:,/4:,E0F.',/. 46$'&MAC0F(*=,E. *-.'Aq.'& « 2;D\*-7?7:&37 « &39?&%,E.G469?0WA ¦ 23&;A~ 0F946$'&)A'0F(+*-,E.KA'&32;0F( 0F7?,/4:,E0F. ¨ r%$'&37?&.'& « 2;D\*-7?7:&37 ~ 0F946$'&)A'0F(+*-,E.KA'&32;0F( 0F7?,/4:,E0F. *=DED7 ¦ 23DE*-7:7?&37]0 ~ & ,/7?46,/. 23DE*-7:7?&37 *=9:& Òhp@]gD f CNj- C'i j j D@dZg! Dkf C'j8 Dkf CNj!Id#ªxDkf¢Ì CNcv| -<jB-8 Dkf CNj!IdZxDkf¢Ì cB@ DyitjÍf *-.'A D f CNj D c >kdYi¨

9 ( ,/9:,E23*-DY9:&;7 ¦ DP467_7?$'0 « ,E. 4:$'& &39 ~ 0-9:(+*-.'23&~0 ~ *-.,/( D/&3(R&3.G4>*t46,E0-.)0 ~ 4:$'&MA'&;7:, . « *=7 9:&;7:&;.Y4:&3A,/.J46$'& 9:7^4 *-9?4O0 ~ 2>$N* 46&39 ><¨ =i¡ 2;0F( *-9:,/. 46$'& &39 ~ 0-9:(+*-.'23&q0 ~ 46$C&R.C& «,E( DE&;(+&;.G4>*=4:,E0F. « ,/4:$46$'*=4q0 ~ *7 &;23,E*-DED ¡¤« 9:,/4?46&;. 9:0Z23&;A ¦ 9:*-D 9?0 9:*-( ,/4 « *-7q7?$'0 « .46$N*t4T46$C&+46$C& ;6 9:& Ϧ ,E9:&;(+&;.G4670 ~ 46$'& 0 &3254 0-9:,E&;.G46&3AA'&37?, . « *-72;0F( *-96* DE& « ,/4:$46$N*t4S0 ~ 46$'& 9:0Z23&;A ¦ 96*=DA'&;7:, . ¨$ 0 « & § &;9 4:$'&T0 &3254 0-9:,E&;.G46&3AA'&37?, .9?& Ϧ ,/9:&3A(+0F9?&Q0 ~46$'& § ,E9^4 ¦ *=D*-A'A'9?&37?7T7 *-23&q46$'*-.B4:$'& 9:0Z23&;A ¦ 9:*-D 9:0 96*-( « $',/2>$,E7Q*=.,/7:7 ¦ & ~ 0-9[D\*-9 &39 9:0 DE&;(+70F.+DE,/(+,P46&3AT(+&;(+0F9 ¡ (+*-2>$',/.'&37 ¨Ó D/7:0 A ¦ &460[4:$'&bDE*-2 0 ~ 7 *t46,\*=D'DE0Z2<*-D/,/4 ¡ ,E.`46$'&(* ,E. 0 ~ 4:$'&0 &;2;4:7V460 46$C& § ,E9?4 ¦ *-D*-A'A'9?&37?7[7 *-2;&q0 ~ 46$C&0 &;2;4 0F9:,/&3.G46&;A 9:0 96*-( 46$'&Q. ¦ ( &390 ~ * & ~ * ¦ D/4:7%*-9:& Ϧ ,P46&Q$', $ « $'&3. * & ~ * ¦ DP46,/. A'0Z&370Z232 ¦ 9 ¨

Page 218: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

3 |\dJR 72 2@) d ,R,; $N* 4:&39 : ,E.G4:9:0ZA ¦ 23&;AI230F.'2;& 4:7,E. *=96*-D/DE&3D 9?0 96*=(+(R,E. *-.'A1AC,E7:2 ¦ 7:7?&3AI46&;2>$'.', Ϧ &;7

46$N*t4M$N* § & &;&3. ¦ 7?&3A 460 *-9:*-DED/&3DE, &M4:$'& .C,/46&b&3D/&3(R&3.G4M(R&;4:$'0WA ¨ & « 23D\*=7:7:&;7 ~ 0F9 *-96*=DEDE&;D .',P46&%&3D/&3(R&3.G4 9?0 96*=(+(R,E. I¦ 7:,/. 46$'&8*-25460F9 9:0 9:*-(R(+,/. (R0WAC&3D « &39?&84:$'&3. 9?&37:&;.G46&3A Ò x8Dyi +ÍCsdZch~l d - - C*@ydl D> Cced dZx8- g@gsitd--JMl CNxÍj@dZni%DydZi È@ª dZx8 ni%DkdYi *-.'A Í C'g D¿¨ r%$C& CÍCNgD 2;D\*-7?7`*-DED/0 « 7)46$'&1,/.Y4:9:0ZA ¦ 2546,E0-.0 ~I *-96*=DEDE&;D 9:0Z23&;7:7?,E. 46014:$'&qA'&37?, . ,E.B* (*=.'.'&39 « $C,E2>$ ,E7 § ,E9^4 ¦ *=DED ¡ 4:96*-.'7 *-9?&3.G4Q460 46$C&R& ,E7?4:,E. 23DE*-7:7?&37 ¨ r%$C& CÍCNgD 23DE*-7:7 9:0 § ,EA'&;7 ~ 0F9R&;XR23,/&3.G4 *-9:*-DED/&3D 9?0W2;&37:7?,E. D &323* ¦ 7?&AN*=46*2<*-. &z2<*-2>$'&;A DE0Z2<*-D/D ¡ ,/. * ÍCNg D 0 &3254 O« $',/2>$ ,E. 2;&39^4>*-,/. .'0F. 230-( ¦ 4>*=4:,E0F.N*=DED ¡A'&3(+*-.'AC,E. 7:,P4 ¦ *=4:,E0F.C7*-DED/0 « 7%4:$'&)D/0W23*-D 9?0W2;&37:7?,E. 0 ~ (R&;4:$'0ZA'7 -¡9Í C'g D 0 &325467S0-. &;$N*-D ~ 0 ~ 0 &;2;467O46$N*t4)9?&37?,EA'&`,E.*I9:&3(R0-4:& 9:0Z23&37?7 ¨ r%$C&* ,EDE,P4 ¡ 4:0z23*-2>$'&+AN*=4>*IDE0Z2<*=DED ¡ 9:0 § &3AI460 & *-9?4:,E2 ¦ D\*-9?D ¡È¦ 7?& ~¦ D ~ 0F9M,E( D/&3(R&3.G46,/. &5X+2;,E&;.Y4 ÍCNg DNhp@]g Dkf C'j *-.CA x8Dyi#hp@]g Dkf C'j 23DE*-7:7?&37 ¨ r%$',E7_,/7 &32<* ¦ 7:& « $'&;. &;9 ~ 0F9?(+,/. A ¡ .N*=(+,/2~DE0F*-A *-DE*-.'2;,E. 46$'& Dkf C'j@ C'i j D@dYi 0 &32;4~( ¦ 7^4%,/4:&396*t46&46$'9?0 ¦ $1*=DEDN46$'& Ô D CNg/- ,E.1* hp@]gD f CNj~ 9:0F( « $',E2>$H*-. ([cedZfd ,/7 &;,E. 9?&3(R0 § &3A ¨ =¡ 2<*-2>$C,E. *DE0Z2<*=D~230 ¡ 0 ~ 4:$'&37?&IDE0G*-A0 &;2;467 « ,/4:$146$'& Í CNgDNmp!]gDkf CNj 0 &3254b4:$'& &;9 ~ 0F9?(*=.'23&[0 ~ 46$C&OD/0G*-A *-DE*-.'2;,E. « *=7 9?&<*=4:D ¡ ,E( 9:0 § &3A ¨

? &;7 ¦ DP467M7?$'0 « ,E. 4:$'& &39 ~ 0F9:(+*-.'2;&S0 ~ 4:$'&S,/( DE&3(R&3.G46*=46,/0F. « *-7 9:&;7:&3.G4:&3AI,E.4:$'&S7?&32 0F.'A *=9?40 ~ 2>$N* 46&;9 >)~ 0F94 « 0 7 ¨ r%$'&%9?&37 ¦ D/4677?$'0 « &;AR4:$N*=47?, .C, 23*-.G4 &39 ~ 0-9:(+*-.'23&,E( 9:0 § &3(R&3.G467Q230 ¦ DEA &q0 4>*=,E.'&;A ,E.J0F.'&`,/.'7?46*-.'23& § & « 0F9 7^4>*=4:,E0F.C7 9:0 § ,EA'&;A*-D/(+0-7?44 « &;.G4 ¡ &3, $G4b4:,E(R&37M46$C& &39 ~ 0F9:(+*-.'2;&[0 ~ *`7?,E. DE& « 0F9 7?46*=46,/0F. ¨

.H2>$'* 46&;9 н A ¡ .N*-(R,E2+DE0G*-A *-D\*=.'23,/. 460J,/( 9:0 § &4:$'& &39 ~ 0-9:(+*-.'23&0 ~ * *-96*=DEDE&;D 9:0 96*-(R(R,E. « *-7 9?&37?&3.G46&;A ¨Ó . & ,E7?4:,E. * < 9:0G*=2>$ 4:0 A ¡ .N*-(R,E21DE0F*-A *-DE*-.'23,/. e~ 0F9 .',P46&I&3D/&3(R&3.G4+*-.N*-D ¡ 7?,E7 « *-7 9:&37?&3.G46&;A ¨ r « 0*-DP46&39?.N*=4:, § &I* 9:0F*-2>$'&37 « &;9:& 9:0 0F7?&3A 0F.'&0 ~« $',/2>$+,/7 &54:46&;9]7 ¦ ,P46&3Aq4:0)* ¦ 7:,E. *=.+&546$'&;9:.'&54 ~ 0-9230F(R( ¦ .',/2<*=4:,E0F. &54 « &;&3.46$'& « 0F9 7?4>*t46,E0-.'7 ¨Ó .'& « 23D\*=7:7 Ô D CNg@n CNc CxFdYi<« *-7 9?&37:&;.G46&3Az*-.'A 4:$'&V(R0WAC, 23*=46,/0F.'79:& Ϧ ,E9:&;AT460b7:0F(R&U& ,E7^46,E. 2;D\*-7?7:&37 # C'i j j D@dZg! Dkf C'j#hp@]g Dkf C'j *-.CA Dkf CNjCª C'i j j DsdYi« *-7 , § &3. ¨ 9 ( ,E9:,/2<*-DY9?&37 ¦ D/4677:$'0 « &3Aq46$N*t446$C& &;9 ~ 0F9?(*=.'23&a0 ~ 46$'& *-96*=DEDE&;D 9:0 96*-( 23*-. &S,E( 9?0 § &3A « $C&3.I*T7?,E( DE&DE0F*-A *=D\*-.'2;,E. 7:2>$C&3(R&[,E7U&3( DE0 ¡ &;A ,/.7?0F(+&,E.'7^4>*-.C23&37(R0F9:&V4:$N*-.KA'0 ¦ DE,E. 46$'&Q0F9?, ,/.N*-D &;9 ~ 0F9?(*-.C23& ¨

Page 219: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

3 |\dJR 72 2@) d ,+! -0 01

r%$',E7 9?&37?&<*-9?2>$ *=2>$',E& § &3A ,P467(+*-,/. 0 &;2;4:, § &;710 ~L 9?0 § ,/A',E. *7:0 ~ 4 « *-9?&JA'&37?, . 46$N*=4*-DED/0 « 7 ~ 0-9QL'& , D/&*=.'A& 4:&3.'7?, D/& .C,/46&`&;DE&3(R&3.G4T*-.N*-D ¡ 7:,E7[4:0 & &39 ~ 0F9:(R&3A,E.*-.&5X 23,/&3.G4 « * ¡ ,E. 0-46$I7?& Ϧ &3.G4:,\*-D@*-.'A *-9:*-DED/&3D 230F( ¦ 4:,E. &3. § ,E9?0F.'(R&3.G467 ¨ .K4:$'& 9:0Z23&;7:780 ~A'& § &3D/0 ,E. *-.'A,E( D/&3(R&3.G46,/. 4:$'&1.'& « A'&;7:, . ~¦ 4 ¦ 9:&19:&;7:&3*-9:2>$HA',E9?&32546,E0-.'7$N* § & &3&;.,EA'&;.G46, &3A ¨ r%$'&;7:&),E.'2;D ¦ A'& ÒÑ#¨VÓ 7q4:$'&IA'&37?, . *-DED/0 « 7 ~ 0F9 9:&3*=4`LN& , ,ED/,/4 ¡ *-.'AH& 46&;.'7:, ,ED/,/4 ¡ ,/4`,E7q&;7:7?&3.G46,E*-D%46$N*=4*-.1,/.Y4:&39 9:&546&3A1&;. § ,/9:0F.C(+&;.Y4 7:,/(+,/D\*-94:046$N*=4 9:0 § ,EAC&3A ~ 0F9 *=46DE* < &VA'& § &;DE0 &3A ¨A½¦ 2>$)*-.Q&3. § ,E9?0F.'(R&3.G4 « 0 ¦ DEAO*-D/DE0 « 46$C&a*=.N*-D ¡ 7^4m460A'& § &3D/0 .'& « 23DE*-7:7?&37@*-.'A &39 ~ 0-9:(A', 8 &;9:&3.G4M*-.N*-D ¡ 7?,E7 « ,/4:$'0 ¦ 4U46$'&b.'&3&;A460T9:&32;0F( ,ED/&4:$'& 9:0 9:*-( ~ 0F9U&<*-2>$.'& « 23DE*-7:7*-.'AK&<*=2>$zA', 8 &;9:&;.Y44 ¡ &O0 ~ *-.'*-D ¡ 7:,/7 9:0Z23&;A ¦ 9?& ¨

¨ r%$'&O2 ¦ 9?9:&;.Y4SA'&37?, .*-DED/0 « 7M46$'&)239:&3*=46,/0F.K0 ~ 4:$'& .',/4:&O&;DE&;(+&;.Y4b(R0WA'&;Dh,E.I46$'&O(+*-,E. 9?0W2;&37:7[0 ~ 46$'& *-96*-D/DE&;D 9:0 9:*-( ¨2: 0F9 § &39 ¡ D\*-9 & 9:0 D/&3(R784:$'&q(R0WA'&;D,P467?&3D ~ (* ¡& $N* ¦ 7?4R46$'&I(R&3(R0F9 ¡ 9:&;7:0 ¦ 9?23&;70 ~ 46$'&I(+*-2>$',/.'&37 ¨ 4R,E7q.C&323&;7:7:*-9 ¡ 46$'*=4 *-96*=DEDE&;Dl DhgsdWconqp@jrcog@dYi 2;D\*-7?7:&;7 & ¦ 7:&;A ¨Ó 9?& § ,E& « 0 ~ 46$'&a2>$N*-. &37_46$'*=4 « 0 ¦ D/A &a9:& Ϧ ,E9:&;A460R*-D/DE0 « ~ 0F9%&;XR2;,E&3.G4 *-9:*-DED/&3Dk(+0ZA'&3D &3.'&;96*=4:,E0F.I,/7%9:& Ϧ ,/9:&;A ¨

C<¨VÓ .C0F. D/,E.'&3*-9s0F94:96*-.C7:,E&;.G4*-.N*=D ¡ 7:,/70 ~ * § &;9 ¡ D\*-9 & 9:0 D/&3( J« $'&546$'&;9 -¡ *=.0 &;2;4 0F9?,E&3.G4:&3A 9:0 96*-( 0-9b* 9?0W2;&3A ¦ 9:*-D 9?0 96*=( 23*-. &3.'&;96*=4:&O&;.'0F9?(+0 ¦ 7b*=(+0 ¦ .Y4:70 ~$',/7?460-9 ¡ AN*=4>*V4:$N*=4_4:$'&*-.N*-D ¡ 7?4(+* ¡« ,E7?$q460[76* § & ¨ 4],E7,E.'&5X+2;,E&;.Y4 ~ 0-946$'& (VcodZfd*-.'A ) Dhgsd 0 &3254674:0V7?4:0F9:&~4:$',E7,E. ~ 0-9:(+*=46,/0F. ¨CÓ 9?& § ,E& « 0 ~ 46$'&a2>$N*-. &37_46$'*=4 « 0 ¦ D/A &[9:& Ϧ ,/9:&;AK4:0+*=DEDE0 « 46$C,E7%,E. ~ 0F9:(+*=46,/0F.+4:0 &Q7?4:0F9:&;Az,/.17:& Ϧ &3.G46,E*-D@*-.'A=0-9 *-96*=DEDE&;DAN*=46* *-7?&37,E7%9?& Ϧ ,/9:&3A ¨

@¨ 48,E7%,/( 0F9?46*-.G4M46$'*=4%46$'&)*-.N*=D ¡ 7?4 &O* DE&V4:0 <¦ ,ED/A 46$'& .',P46&Q&3D/&3(R&3.G4(R0WA'&;DE7*-.CA9:& § ,E& « 46$'&O9:&;7 ¦ DP46780 ~ 4:$'&T*=.N*-D ¡ 7?,E7 96* $',E23*-DED ¡#¨Ó 9:& § ,/& « 0 ~ 46$C&).'& « 23DE*-7:7?&3746$N*=4« 0 ¦ DEA &Q9:& Ϧ ,/9:&;A ~ 0F9* 9:* $',/2<*-D ¦ 7:&;9b,/.Y4:&39 ~ *-23&[,/7%9:& Ϧ ,/9:&;A ¨

: ¨ 4 « *-7aAC&3(R0F.'7?4:96*=4:&3AR,E.`2>$N* 46&39 > 46$'*=4]46$'& *=9?46,P46,/0F.',E. 7?4:96*=4:& 8¡ AC0W&;7U.C0-4U*-D « * ¡ 7DE&3*-A[460 « &;DED *-DE*-.'2;&3A *-9?4:,/4:,E0F.'7 « $'&3. ¦ 7:,/. 46$'&U7 ¦ 7?469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 9:,/. (R&;4:$'0ZA ~ 0F9h7?(*=DED. ¦ ( &39?7[0 ~ 7 ¦ A'0F(+*-,/.'7 ¨ & «d *-9^46,/4:,E0F.C,E. 7?4:96*=4:& ,/&37V.'&;&3AJ460 &A'& § &;DE0 &3A ~ 0F9

Page 220: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

3 |\dJR 72 2@) d , 7 ¦ 2>$7:,P4 ¦ *=4:,E0F.C7 « $C,E2>$46* &+,E.G460z*-2;230 ¦ .G4T.'0-4O0F.'D ¡ 46$'&R. ¦ ( &39O0 ~ &3D/&3(R&3.G467 ¦ 4*-D/7:0q46$'&Q. ¦ ( &39%0 ~ & 4:&39:.'*-Ds*-.'AK,E.G46&;9:.N*=Dm.'0ZA'&37 ¨

><¨ 4 « *-7q.'0-4:,E23&;A ,E.46$C&1& ½ &;9:,/(+&;.Y4:746$N*t446$'&I*=(+0 ¦ .Y4`0 ~I 9:0Z23&37?7:,/. ,E.46$C&17 ¦½A'0F(+*-,/.'7 « *-7`7:0F(R& « $N*t4`7:&3.C7:,/4:, § & 460J46$'& )zpf¤dYi dZi¿¦ 7:&;A ¨ r%$'&19?&<*-7?0F.~ 0F9~4:$',E7%,/7~46$'*=4%4 ¡ ,E23*-Dm. ¦ ( &39?,E. 7?2>$'&3(R&378A'0`.'0-4M46* &Q,/.Y4:0`*-232;0 ¦ .G446$N*t4 <« $'&;.¦ 7?,E. 4:$'&1A'0F(+*-,E.A'&32;0F( 0F7?,/46,/0F.(R&;4:$'0WAC7 46$'&1AC& 9?&3&37 0 ~G ~ 9:&;&3A'0F( .'&3&;AH4:0 &7 DE,/4O,/.Y4:0z4 « 0 9?0 ¦ 7 ,E.G4:&39:.'*-DU*-.'A& 4:&39?.N*-D *-.'A. ¦ ( &;9:&;A*-232;0F9:AC,E. D ¡#¨ & «. ¦ ( &39?,E. 7:2>$C&3(R&378.'&3&;Az460 &QA'& § &3DE0 &;A ~ 0F9M4:$'&Q7 ¦ 7?469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 9:,/. (R&;4:$'0ZA ¨

н¨ .'D ¡ * ~ & « A ¡ .'*-(+,/2DE0G*-A *-DE*-.'2;,E. 7:2>$C&3(R&37 « &39?&S& *-(R,E.C&3A,/.R4:$',E7 « 0F9 ¨ *-. ¡0-4:$'&39DE0F*-A *-DE*-.'23,/. 7:2>$C&3(R&378230 ¦ D/A &QA'& § &3D/0 &3A*=.'A146&37^46&;A ¨

Page 221: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

<&C

Ó) *-9 « *-D r ¨¨(A 4:0F96*F*=7:DE, ¨ ¨ *=.'A I#¦<¡ &3. 6#¨ r ¨$'hÑ @,+¨HÓ *-96*=DEDE&;D &32;4:0F9Ó D 0F9?,/46$C( ~ 0F9 ? * ,EA A 4:9 ¦ 254 ¦ 9:*-D Ó .N*-D ¡ 7:,E7K0F. , $ &39 ~ 0-9:(+*-.'23& ; 0F( ¦ 4:&39?7 ! #"$&%'()'*(+, - 0FD ¨ : Ñ,' 0 ¨ : +ÒĨ : <&C/. : Ñ ¨

Ó) $N* ©¨( &3A',P460F9 'YÑ3;@4+¨'0 *21 043 2$567"8*+)"9+ #;:"&:<"&=>:?():(@2+AB$%'CDE r%$C& r 9:&37?7 ¨

Ó D/(*=7:, g©È¨ A¨ *-.'A © 0=4:46D/,E& gÓ¨ &;A',/4:0F9:7 'YÑ3+¨GF :IHJ5KCMLN #O #5<5?5+(:<"H = &3. *-(R,E. ;¦ (+(R,E. 7 ? &3A « 0W0ZA ;Ó¨

Ó (RAN*-$CD 8©È¨&¨ 'YÑ3>34+ ¨P r%$C& *-DE,/A',/4 ¡ 0 ~ 46$'& A ,E. DE& 9:0Z23&37?7:0F9 Ó) 9:0G*-2>$q4:0 Ó 2>$',/& § ,E. *-9 & A 2<*-D/& ; 0F( ¦ 4:,E. ; * * ,ED/,/46,/&37 Q . L,D*,,B$#:<"HR6&<J9 0 S):*B #"UTVB$)W #(:"X6ZY"[6[)\ #;:"]LD*,,,:<"H^%_D*:(CD` 0 ):<5badcdWAegfD` 0 ;5I #"9(:*hi:<(CD`7jkgl ¨@43&CD. @43 : ¨

Ó (R&39?,E23* !¨'hÑ73-Ð+ ¨m .C$'&39?,/4>*=.'23&Q*-.CA A½¦ 4 ¡ ,/. ,E.I* *=96*-D/DE&3D = &3254 9?,E&;.Y4:&3A *-. #¦ * & . LD*,,B$#:<"HN6onmNp7pLrq c9st`8u#5K+Se'swv>6Pxy,*;jz,:<"|+A%_*:"8*, <<¨ C;@. @ A½ 9:,/. &;9 &;9:DE* ¨

Ó .CA'&39?7:0F. 9O¨( = *-, +~]¨ = ,E7:2>$C0 ~Y";)¨"# &;(+(R&3D <¨( # 0F. *-9:9:* +<¨(g<¨ #=¦ ; 9:0 J½Óv¨© 9:&;&3. * ¦ ( A¨ ±¨( 2 &;.'. ¡#=Óv¨( 7?4:9:0 ¦ 2>$C0 §A¨( *-.'A A 0F9?&3.'7?0F. #¨:'hÑ7 : + ¨ x 0 WL 0 _D9q+b+:($WPe"$\B$l A 0Z23,E&54 ¡~ 0F9 .'A ¦ 7?4:9:,\*=Dy*-.'A Ó) D/,E&;A *=46$'&;(*t46,E2;7 $',EDE*-A'&;D $',E* Ó¨

Ó .CA'&39?7:0F. r ¨;¦ DED/&39 #¨( *=.'A *=4?46&;9:7:0-. #¨'hÑ : +¨HÓ ; *=7:& ~ 0F9 ' &54 « 0-9 70 ~/ 0-9 7?46*=46,/0F.'7 + Q Y,nonon 3 :* g 0-D ¨Ñ : ' 0 ¨Ñ +ÒĨ : @. >;@¨

Ó 9?2>$'&39 ©¨ 'hÑ73>4+ ¨m = &;2;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A 0F.'D/,E.'&3*-9 #)¡ .N*=(+,/2 : ,/.',/4:& 9 DE&;(+&;.G4 Ó .N*=D ¡ 7:,/7 $ # 46$'&;7:,E7 .', § &39?7:,P4 ¡ 0 ~ ; *-DE, ~ 0F9:.',E**=4 = &;9 &3DE& ¡# * ¡#¨

= *-ACA'0 ¦ 9:*-$ ¨Ó¨ *-.'A Î#¦<¡ &;. *#¨ r ¨6'hÑ;@,+¨ *-96*-D/DE&;D &;2;4:0F9 ; 0F( <¦ 4>*=4:,E0F.C7 ~ 0F9© &30F(R&;4:9:,E23*-DED ¡ 0F.CDE,E.C&<*-9 : ,E.',P46& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 Ó .N*-D ¡ 7?,E7 +A! #"$r%'()'*(,, 0FD ¨ : Ñ,' 0 ¨ >4+ÒĨÐ3 : .<Ð3½¨

= *-DE* ¡# A¨ 2 .'.'&;7 g¨;)¨© 9?0 ƨ *-.CA A (+,P46$ =)¨ 'hÑ : +¨4 9 r A 2 ¨ < 7?&39?7 *-. ¦ *=D A9)ojz#l 0 jx8aa Ó 9 0F.C.'& *=4:,E0F.N*=D * 0F96*=4:0F9 ¡8Ó 9 0F.'.C& D ¨

Page 222: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%:dR2G ,7= *-9:* Ó¨ *-.'A A $',/DE0F$ <Ó¨&'hÑ3 : +¨!HÓ # ,E7^469?, ¦ 4:&3A 0G*-A = *-DE*-.'23,/. 2 0FD/,E2 ¡Ê~ 0F98* ¦ D 46,/230F( ¦ 4:&39 Q %_6) #,7WLO *(:*,E #"$rnt9):"8*, g 0FD ¨Ñ : ' 0 ¨ +ÒĨ 3<<Ñ). <ÑC<¨

= *-9?96* J¡#,9O¨( ; *-9?& ¡#½©¨:¨ *=.'A *=. © & © &;, . ?L¨ 'hÑ7;@,+ ¨b &39 ~ 0F9:(+*-.'2;&b*=.'A A 2<*-DE* ,ED ,/4 ¡ 0 ~ : ,/.',/4:& 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 Ó .N*-D ¡ 7?,E7 ~ 0F9 # ,E7^469?, ¦ 4:&3A *-9:*-DED/&3D ; 0F( <¦ 4>*=4:,E0F. Q k')" #56Lb #O #5<5?5V #"$r=>:?():(@2+AB$M+(:<"H g 0FD ¨ Ñ4' 0 ¨ +ÒĨ < . Ñ ¨

= *=4:$'& ¨o<¨ 'YÑ3>+¨ To:<"9:<\n5?S"9L,D*,B$#, * 9?&3.G46,/23& *=DED 9 . DE& « 0Z0WA ; D/, 8 7 m<¨

= * ¦< $ X<¨ ƨ *-.'A ? &3$N* #¨ 9O¨ 'hÑ7 + ¨ # *=4>* ÓI 7?4:96*-2546,E0-. ,/. 9 . ,E.'&;&39 ,E. A 0 ~ 4 « *-9?& # & § &3D/0 (R&3.G4 k9+)" #56 +(:<"H :<" i:<uD:<5&n"H#:<"8,):<"H 0FD ¨ > ' 0 ¨ C4+ Ò <¨ 3 . C3<<Ñ#¨

= * ¦< $ 9 ¨7<¨ ƨ *=.'A A $N*-9?(* A¨ ¨ 'YÑ;@,+ ¨ 9g§ *-D ¦ *=4:,E0F. 0 ~ # ,/7?469?, ¦ 46&3A : ,E.',P46&9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 Ó D 0F9:,P46$'(R70F.1* 0-9 7?46*=46,/0F. &;4 « 0F9 n"H#:<"8,):<"HP:<<J^ 0FD ¨Ñ< ' 0 ¨Ñ +ÒĨ @ : . > ¨

= & #¦ &3D/,E. Ó¨# 0F. *=9:96* <¨@© &;,E7^4 Óv¨( *-.'2>$'& ?L¨(/ 0W0F9?& ¨ *-.'A A¦ .'A'&;96*-( _¨'hÑ7&C4+ ¨7 i *-.'A & ;69OÒ r@0W0FD/7 ~ 0F9 &;46&;9:0 &3.'&;0 ¦ 7 &;4 « 0F9 ; 0F( ¦ 46,/. / .# 0F. *-9:9:* -<¨ *-.'Ar0 ¦ 96*-.C2>$'&<* ¦ =)¨( &3A',P460F9?7 n"9uD:<S"9 > #"$D5 i6[Lb #O #5<5?5%_*:"9(: b*\+(:<"H ¨CÑC/.Ñ : C< 0F9?4:$ 0FDEDE*-.'A ¨

= &;.'.'&39 ?±¨ 9O¨/ 0F.G469?& ¡8]©¨<?L¨( &;, *-.CA !©È¨©È¨ *-.'A #=¦ 8!¨*'YÑ3-Ð+ ¨M ; 0F.'2 ¦ 9:9:&;.G4¿¦ DP46, ~ 9:0F.G4>*=D &546$'0ZA'7 Ò A $N*-9?&3A &3(R0F9 ¡8 ; *-2>$C&*-.CA : 9:0-.Y4 « ,/AC46$ 7:7 ¦ &37 Q _J9Y"9A)" #;:" #5 k')" #567%'D9,*,A 0 5K:*B #(:"g g 0FD ¨Ñ,' 0 ¨ C4+ Ò <¨ >/. @;@¨

= &;9:.N*-9?A A¨ r ¨ *-.'A A ,E(R0F. v¨"#¨'hÑ;@,+¨mHÓ : *-7^4 ¿¦ D/4:,ED/& § &;D ( DE&;(+&;.G4>*=4:,E0F. 0 ~6? & 2 ¦ 9:7:, § & A½ &;2;4:96*-D = ,/7:&32546,/0F. ~ 0-9 *-9?4:,/46,/0F.',/. .'7^469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 9:&;A &37?$'&37 Q "8*+)"8*C#1LO *;:*,E #"$rnt9):"8*, + 0-D ¨ > ' 0 ¨ +ÒĨCÑ<½Ñ.Ñ#Ñ?Ш

= &;9:9 ¡8*7¨Æ¨ *-.'A DE&3(R(R0F.'7 ?L¨+<¨'hÑ3#Ð+¨ hÓ D 0F9:,P46$'(R7*-.'A 9 < &39?,E(R&3.G467 ~ 0F9 A 469 ¦ 2 4 ¦ 96*-D &;2>$N*-.',/237+0F. , $ &;9 ~ 0F9?(*=.'23& Ó 9?2>$',/4:&3254 ¦ 9?&37 A 3 <J92$ :<"0 5K:B$ 3 ,*,Jg #"9:*,z #"$rn"H#:<"8,:<"H + 0FD ¨ >;@ ' 0 ¨Ñ5C4+ÒĨÑ3-н¨

= &;9:7:$'*-A =I¨( ; $',E. *#¨(0 * 0 « 7 * 9O¨(A *-.',/7:D/0 <¨( *-.'A A 2>$ « *=9?4 J ¨ 'YÑ3-Ð+¨ HÓ? &3(R0-46& 9?0W2;&3A ¦ 9:& ; *-DED : *-23,/DE,P4 ¡¤~ 0F9 .G46&;9:2;0F.'.'&;2;46,/. &546&39?0 &;.'&30 ¦ 7 ; 0-( ¦ 46&39A¡ 7?4:&3(R7 Y,nonon-O #"g2 *(:"g"S%_6) #bn"H#:<"8,):<"H w 0FD ¨½ÑC"' 0 ¨34+ Ò ¨4333</.3;@<¨

= &;9:7:$'*-A =I¨ v¨ * 0 « 7 * 9O¨ *-.'A & §¡# v¨.¨0'hÑ7334+ ¨] ?$9 A r Ò!Ó A¡ 7^46&3( ~ 0F9= &3254 9?,E&;.Y4:A *-9:*-DED/&3D 9?0 96*=(+(R,E. <Q %_6) #,21GLO *;:*,^ #"$ nt9):"8*, 0FD ¨Ñ3 ' 0 ¨"34+ÒĨнÑC/.<Ð"C ¨

= ,/9:9:&;DED Ó¨ *-.'A &;DE7?0F. =)¨ 'YÑ3;@4+¨S ( DE&3(R&3.G4:,E. ? &;(+0=46& 9?0W2;&3A ¦ 9?& ; *-D/DE7 X0 3-O #"g2 *(:"gE" A>%'CDAE g 0FD ¨ ' 0 ¨Ñ + Ò ¨ C/. : ½¨

Page 223: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%:dR2G ,%

= DE*-2 -~ 0F9:A g¨ A¨; $'0F, <¨; DE&3*-9 ¡8Óv¨( #ÃÄÓ & § &3A'0 9O¨( # &3(R(R&3D -<¨( # $',/DED/0F. ¨ # 0F. *-9?96* <¨ *-(R(*=9:DE,/. 0A¨ &3.'9 ¡#<©È¨ &;4:,/4:&;4 Ó¨A 4>*=.'DE& ¡#¨( *-D &39 #¨ *-.CA $N*-D/& ¡8?±¨;)¨ 'hÑ#Ð+¨M,A 2<* @Ó Ó$;bÒCÓ ,E.'&3*-9 Ó D & 96* , 96*-9 ¡¿~ 0F9 &37:7:* & *=7:7:,/. ; 0F( <¦ 46&;9:7 . %+Y 0m3 "[6["8*, "Lb #O #5<5?58LD*,,,:<"H ¨

=¦ , r ¨ v¨ *-.'A 0F.'&;7 ;)¨ 'hÑ&C4+¨ hÓ & ¦ 9?,E7?4:,E2 ~ 0F9 ? &3A ¦ 23,/. : ,/DED .`,E. A½ *-9?7:& *=469?, : *-2;4:0F9:, *=4:,E0F. Q . A ,E.'2;0 § &32 ?L¨ :i¨( & ¡ &37 !#¨ 9V¨! & ¦ & ¨ ¨ 0-4 0FD/A g¨$?L¨(*-.'A ? &3&3A 6#¨gÓ¨ &;A',/4:0F9:7 %': d<J %+Y 0m3 "[6["8*, "GLb #O #5<5?5LD*,,,:<"Hr6[%_*:"9(: b*\+(:<"H ¨ @3@ : . @ :& AÓ2¨

=¦ 9?(*=. Ó¨ 'hÑ3<4+¨ . .'2;9:&3*-7:,/. 46$'&r%$'9?0 ¦ $ ¦ 4Q,E. * ; 0-( ¦ 46&39 &;4 « 0F9 . ,E. &3D -©¨ g¨ *-.'A ? 0F$'A'& A¨"¨ &3A',P460F9?7 A,:<"\n"H#:<"8,):<"H1LD*,,B$#:<"H6M<J9 af 0 % 3 n Y"9A" #(:" #5!+A^:<" n"H#:<"8,):<"H "[6["8*,h #"$nt9D:<;:"g`i%'dH#b#W ` D"g` 3 0E¨ @3@Ñ). @3@43<½Ó@A* 9V¨

; * 9?&39:* g¨( I¦ .G4:&39 9O¨P *-9:&;DE7 ¨<¨( *-.'A 0F7:$'&;9 #¨@Ó¨ 'hÑ7334+ ¨ 7?&39 9:0Z23&37?7; 0F(R( ¦ .',/2<*=4:,E0F. &;9 ~ 0F9?(*=.'23&q,/. &54 « 0F9 7O0 ~0; 0F( <¦ 46&;9:7 Ynonn -O #"g2 *;:"g" %_6) #7n"H#:<"8,):<"H 0FD ¨Ñ@ ' 0 ¨Ñ + Ò <¨ C3/. : C<¨

; *-D ,/. B?±¨$ &;( &3D ?L¨. 0 & .v¨ ;)¨ *-.'A ¡ ,E0-9 ?±¨ 'hÑ @,+¨ 0F9?46* D/& 9:0 9:*-(+(R,E. )« ,/4:$R4:$'& Ó ?¿Ó$;"A &;7:7:* & *-7?7:,/. , 9:*-9 ¡8Q Lb #O #5<5?5V+(:<"H 0FD ¨ < ' 0 ¨ @,+ÒĨ ><Ñ : . >&C ¨

; *-9?A'0F.N* mÓ¨ DE* * ¨( *-.'A © &;96*-A',/. ¨ 'hÑ;@,+¨ # &;7:, . 0 ~ * & «: ,/.',/4:& 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 9?0 96*=(+(R,E. 9 . § ,/9:0F.'(R&3.G4 Q n"H#:<"8,):<"H #(:"g 0FD ¨Ñ#Ñ,' 0 ¨ @,+ÒĨ C3> : . C3<Ñ8¨

; *-9^46&39 ƨ r ¨ A $N*-( r ¨ ¨ *-.'A * «Lo¨ ±¨ 'YÑ34+ ¨ HÓ- *-9:*-DED/&3D : ,E.C,/46& 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 &546$'0ZA *-.'A,P4 à 7 9:0=460-4 ¡ & ( DE&3(R&3.G46*=46,/0F.z0-. * Ρ &39:2 ¦ & Z #"$%'(9*(+, - 0FD ¨ C<Ñ,' 0 ¨ >+ÒĨ Ñ). &C;@¨

; *-9^46&39 _<¨ =)¨ = &;.'.'&54:4 _<¨8¨ *=.'A ~« *-&3.'& 0Z&3D ƨ 'hÑ7 : + ¨S r&;2>$'.', Ϧ &;7 ~ 0F9 ? &;A ¦ 2 ,E. ; 0F.'7?,E7?4:&3.'2 ¡ *-.'A ; 0F(R( ¦ .C,E2<*t46,E0-. ,E. # ,/7?469?, ¦ 46&3A A $N*-9?&3A &3(R0F9 ¡ A¡ 7?4:&3(R7 0 3 -O #"g2 *;:"g!" 7%'CDE g 0-D ¨ÑC"' 0 ¨ C4+ÒĨ < : . @&C<¨

; $N* 9:* *-9^46, A¨("# &3(R(+&;D g<¨( *-.CAU&;DE,/2 -Ȩ &3AC,/460-9:7 'YÑ-Ð+ ¨3 2$5 ! #"$\%_*,J9B$#5K:<"H0 5H):< JEV6[ 3 : +B$!=! # & #"$ 9 zLb #O #5<5?5-L,BH#O #E 460T* &<*=9~,E. ÒP 0 ¦ 9?.N*-D0 ~ *-9:*-DED/&3D *-.'A # ,E7?4:9:, ¦ 46&;A ; 0F( ¦ 46,/. ¨

; $N*-.CA'96* B?L¨(ΩE¦ 46* OÓ¨ *-.'A &3.'.C&37:7 ¡#m<¨ g¨ 'hÑ"C4+¨ # *=46* 0W23*-DE,P4 ¡ *-.'A 0G*=A= *-DE*-.'2;,E. ,/. ; :gQ U0 3 %+YwLox 0 jj!(:*,, - 0FD ¨ 3 ' 0 ¨Ð+ÒĨ @/. 3: ½¨

; $N*-.CA ¡#¨ ¨ *-.'A &;7:7?&3DE(+*-. ;)¨ 'hÑ7&C4+ ¨ ; ;Ò Ó # &32;DE&39:*=46, § & ; 0F.'2 ¦ 9 9:&;.G4 E &32;4 9:,/&3.G46A 9:0 96*-(R(R,E. 0-46*=46,/0F. . Ó) $N* ©¨ & .'&39 !¨( *-.CAU0F.'& * « * Ó¨ &3A',P460F9?7 + ,DB #*,JE=7:<,,*(:"g"M"8*+)"9op @[,*;W)pb):"9AB$7LWH#O #ZZ:<"H <¨ 3<Ñ. C½ÑC< ( r 9:&37?7 ¨

Page 224: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%:dR2G ,%9

; $',/&3. Ó¨Ó¨ *-.'A # *-DED ¡#$ƨ8<¨ 'YÑ3<+¨r ; 0-.'2 ¦ 9?9:&;.Y4 Ó)# 9?& *t46&37 ' ;Ó + 0 3 %+YbWLox 0 j j!(:*,, g 0FD ¨ 3: ' 0 ¨ C+ÒĨCÑ3-Ð[.Ñ3><¨

; $',/&3. ¨!!¨( 9 23&39 Ó¨ÓI * ¡8!v¨¨ ; *-9 &;.G46&39 :¨ *-.CA = D\*-2>$ ?L¨Óv¨ 'YÑ;@,+ ¨R #)¡-.N*-(R,E2 0G*-A = *-D\*=.'23,/. 0F.* &54 « 0-9 0 ~* 0-9 7?46*=46,/0F.'7 ~ 0-9 A 0FD § ,E. ; 0F( <¦ 4>*=4:,E0F.'*-D: D ¦ ,EA #)¡ .N*-(R,E2;7 9:0 DE&3(R7 +A 3 <J92$z:<" 0 5K:B$ 3 ,*,Jg #"9:*,! #"$rn"9WH#:<"8,):<"H + 0FD ¨Ñ#Ñ"' 0 ¨Ñ5 +ÒĨÑ?Ð[. C&C<¨

; $'0 96* Óv¨-¨'YÑ : + ¨ =7Cw" #Z:*,!6%'(9*(+,E1 _J9,)C& #"$ 0 5K:*B #;:"gmEnN #)<JW g mn"H#:<"8,:<"H " 9?&3.G46,/23& *=DED 9 . DE& « 0Z0ZA ; D/, 8 7 <¨

; $'0 « A'$ ¦ 9 ¡# A¨&'hÑ;<4+¨! r%$'& © 9:&;&3A ¡( 0G*-A A $N*=9:,E. |Ó D 0-9:,/4:$'( Q k9+)" #5i6mLb #O #5<5?5 #"$r=>:?():(@2+AB$M;:<"H g 0-D ¨""' 0 ¨Ñ +ÒĨ "C/. <¨

; $ ¦ A'0 * ?±¨ *-.'A = ,P4:4:.N*-9 i~]¨ 'YÑ : + ¨ 9 ½ D/,E23,P4 : ,E.',P46& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 ; 0-( ¦ 4>*=4:,E0F. ÒÈÓ .= &3254 9?,E&;.Y4:&3A Ó) 9:0G*-2>$ Q . *-$'D !¨y<¨ *-.'A &39?.'&39 &±¨( &;A',/4:0F9:7 +(W:<"HM:<" i:<uD:<5 #"$ :<5I$#:<"H n"H#:<"8,):<"H1SLD*,,B$#:<"H 6& J9\%': d<JhY)"9)" #(:" #5"[6["8*,"h;:<"HE:<"Mi:<uD:<5 #"$ :<5I$#:<"H>n"H#:<"8,:<"H` 5K:<"g`)\ #"9CD`k+5KCSa#eW a a <¨CÑC/.Ñ@ : ½Ó¨Ó¨ = *-D &3(+* = 9?9:0 - &;DEA g r < : <&C3><¨

; DE&3*-9 ¡8Ó¨ *=.'A # 0F. *-9?96* P<¨ 'hÑ-Ð+¨ ( D/&3(R&3.G4>*=4:,E0F.,E. A 23* CÓ Ó$;b 0 ~.# , § ,EAC& *-.'A ; 0F. Ϧ &;9 Ó D 0-9:,/4:$'(R7 ~ 0F9 = *-.CA'&3A*-.'Ar9?,EA',E* 0F.N*=D ,E.'&3*-9 A¡ 7?4:&3(R7 A9)jz#lb%'W -s[W dc .C, § &;9:7?,/4 ¡ 0 ~ r@&3.'.'&;7:7?&3& 8 .'0 ½§ ,/DEDE& r ±¨

; 0ZA'&3.'0=4:46, =)¨ *-.'A &30F.'2;,E.', *7¨( &;A',/4:0F9:7 'YÑ&C+¨ Y)"9;2$#9*;:"ZLb #O #5<5?5LD*,,,:<"H Ó ACA',E7?0F. &37?DE& ¡#¨

;¦ D/DE&39 #¨( #=¦ 7?7:&3* ¦Ó¨© 0FD/A'7?4:&3,E. A¨8 9:,/7:$'.'*-( ¦ 9^46$ ¡#Ó¨ C¦ (+&54:46* $A¨§ 0F. 9 , &3. r ¨ *=.'A U&;DE, y¨'YÑ&C+¨h *-96*=DEDE&;D 9:0 96*-(R7[,E. A½ DE,/4 ;) . &39?.'&39 !¨( &;A', 460-9 %'D9*,+(:<"HVq w`8jzu>a#W a`_L );5I #"$`opb,H"l 99*9 ; 0F( ¦ 46&;9 A 0Z23,/&;4 ¡ 9:&;7:7 ¨

;¦ D/DE&39 #¨ A ,E. $ 9<¨ ¨ *-.'A ©L¦ 4>* ½Ó¨ &3AC,/460-9:7 'YÑ-Ð+ ¨ Lb #B #5<5?5+A 0 *,J:<A,*W(+21 0 F #O$ #A'%_6) # 0 2 *,J 0F9 *-. * ¦<~ (+*-.'. g¦ D/,E7:$C&39:7 ¨

;i¡ &;. 0 C©¨ 'YÑ3+¨r #)¡ .N*=(+,/2 0F*-A = *=D\*-.'2;,E. ~ 0F9 # ,E7^469?, ¦ 4:&3A &3(R0F9 ¡ ¿¦ D/4:, 9?0 23&;7:7?0F9:7 Q k9+)" #5_6bLb #B #5<5?5 #"$z=7:?;):(@2B$R;:<"H d 0FD ¨Ð"' 0 ¨ + Ò <¨ Ð/.C3<<Ñ8¨

# 0F. *-9:9:* V<¨<¨ *-.'A 0F$'.'7?7:0F. g¨*'hÑ3#Ð+¨U,A 0FD § ,E. =Ó .'A'&;A A¡ 7?4:&3(R7)0F.* *-9:*-DED/&3D 9:0Z23&;7:7:0-9 Lb #O #5<5?5P+(:<"H g 0FD ¨ : ' 0 ¨Ñ + Ò ¨ Ñ/. @ ><¨

# 0F. *-9:9:* <¨( 0 0 ?L¨( *-.'A *-D &39 #¨ 'hÑ7 : + ¨b * *-2 ǧÑ#¨A<<Ò , $ &39 ~ 0-9:(+*-.'23& ,E.'&3*-9 Ó D & 96* 7:&;9:7 éL¦ ,/A'& U A9)Pjz#l%'W #WAef .C, § &;9:7?,/4 ¡ 0 ~ r@&3.C.'&37?7:&3& .'0 § ,/DED/& r ±¨

Page 225: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%:dR2G ,;

# 0 ¦ DE,E7 :¨ *-.'A E¦ 7?46&;9:$'0 ¦ 4 <¨.'hÑ734+ ¨ r@96*=.'7 *=9:&3.G4 9?0W2;&37?7 , 96*=4:,E0F. ~ 0-9 &39 7:0-.N*-D 0F9 7?46*=46,/0F.'7 Q r A9)'j!#lP %-=Xc 88f ; 0F( ¦ 4:&39 A 23,/&3.'2;& # , § ,E7?,E0F.' 99*;"A"+ .', § &39?7:,/4 ¡ 0 ~ ; *=DE, ~ 0-9:.',E* = &39 &3D/& ¡#;Ó ;@Ð << 0 § &3( &;9 ¨

#=¦ 0F,E7 &3DE&;9:,/. ¨ *-.'A ~ ,E(R(R&39:(+*-.'. r ¨ 'hÑ7&C4+ ¨ = &;2;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A : ,E.',P46& 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 9:0 96*-(R(+,/. Ò* ¨Ó . 9 XR2;,E&3.G4 ( D/&3(R&3.G4>*=4:,E0F.K,E. ; 3 <J92$:<" 0 5K:B$ 3 ,*,Jg #"9:*,z #"$rn"H#:<"8,:<"H 0FD ¨Ñ<3 ' 0 ¨Ñ + Ò ¨Ñ> : .Ñ3&C<¨

#=¦ 0F,E7 &3DE&;9:,/. ¨'~ ,E(R(+&;9:(+*-.'. r ¨ *-.CA = 0F(R(+& !¨'hÑ +¨ = &;2;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A : , .',P46& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 9?0 9:*-(+(R,E. Ò ¨Ó 9?0-460-4 ¡ & 9:0 96*-( ,/. A (*-D/D/46*-D +A3 J92$z:<" 0 5K:B$ 3 ,*,Jg #"9:*,z #"$\n"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0FD ¨ 3 ' 0 ¨ C+ÒĨ C3>½Ñ. C-Ш

#=¦ 8!¨<A¨ *-.'A ? &3,/A y<¨_¨ 'hÑ3"C4+¨| r%$C& ¿¦ D/4:, ~ 9?0F.G4>*-D A 0FD ¦ 46,/0F.0 ~* .'AC& .',P46& A½ *-9:7?&A¡ (R(+&5469:,/2 ,E.'&3*-9 9gϦ *=4:,E0F.'7 Q 0 3 -O #"g2 *(:"gS" 3 #<J9\ #;:*B #5%_6) # 0FD ¨" ' 0 ¨ C4+ Ò <¨ C3< . C 3: ¨

#=¦ 8 ¨ A¨ *-.'A ? &;,EA |<¨ Ȩ 'hÑ33>4+¨ *-96*-D/DE&;D ( DE&;(+&;.G4>*=4:,E0F. 0 ~ ¦ D/4:, ~ 9:0-.Y46*-DA 2>$'&;(+&;7 Lb #O #5<5?5P+(:<"H g 0FD ¨*C ' 0 ¨ +ÒĨCÑ"C/. <;@<¨

9 * &;9 #¨ ¨ * 0 « 7 * 9O¨ #¨( *-.'A ~ *-$'0F9 *-. <¨&'hÑ733>4+ ¨ZHÓ AN* 4:, § & 0G*-AK,E. 0F(R0 &;.'&30 ¦ 7 # ,/7?469?, ¦ 46&3A A¡ 7^46&;(+7 Q Y,nonon -O #"g2 *(:"g"G%_6) #Sn"H#:<"8,):<"H 0FD ¨ A 9]Ñ ' 0 ¨ : + Ò ¨ >3> . >#Ð : ¨

9 D A * ¡ &3A 7¨ 9O¨ 7¨ *-.CA 7?, ¦ . < ;)¨ ¨ 'YÑ3<+¨ *-96*-D/DE&;D : ,E.',P46& 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4; 0F( ¦ 46*=46,/0F. « ,/46$ A & *-96*t46& A½¦ 7^469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 9:&37 Q A, #"$ %'()'*(,, 0FD ¨*C3> ' 0 ¨ +ÒĨ >½Ñ. > : ¨

: *-9:$'*=4 ;)¨ *-.CA ; 9:, § &3D/DE, g¨ 'hÑ;@,+¨HÓ r9:*-.'7?,E&3.G4 : 9 r 4 &546$'0ZA'0FD/0 8¡È~ 0F9 *=9 & A 23*-DE& *=96*-D/DE&3D ( DE,/23,P4 ; 0F( <¦ 4>*=4:,E0F.C7,/. A 469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 96*=D &;2>$N*-.',/237 Q Y"9A" #(:" #5 k')" #56[mjmS):*B #5 3 J92$z:<" n"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0FD ¨*C-Ð ' 0 ¨Ñ#Ñ + Ò ¨CÑ;@ : .Ñ-Ð : ¨

: *-9:$'*=4 ;)¨ *-.'A ? 0 ¦ :¨¨ 'hÑ<Ñ +¨ HÓ &;4:$'0WA 0 ~: ,E.',P46& 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4&r&3*-9:,/. *-.CA .G46&;9:230-.'.'&32546,/. *-.'A+,/4:7 *-96*=DEDE&;D A 0FD ¦ 46,/0F. Ó D 0F9:,P46$'( Q Y"9A" #(:" #5-k9+)" #5D6[j+S):*B #5 3 J92$>:<" n"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0-D ¨ C ' 0 ¨ >4+ÒÄ¨Ñ < : .Ñ & н¨

: *-9:$'*=4 ,;)¨ *=.'A ? 0 ¦ :¨ 'YÑ;@4+¨ ( DE,/23,/4 *=96*-D/DE&3D 9:0Z23&37?7:,/. ,/. A 469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 96*-D &32>$N*-. ,E2;7 #;:" #5 3 ,*,Jg #"9:*, 0 $#u #"8*,, g 0FD ¨ ' 0 ¨Ñ+ÒĨCÑ.Ñ @¨

: *-9:$'*=4 ;)¨ *-.'A ,ED/7:0F. ,9V¨ 'YÑ33>+¨ 0ZAN*-D A½¦ &39 0-7:,/4:,E0F. #)¡ .N*-(R,E2 Ó .N*-D ¡ 7:,E7]0F. ; 0F. 2 ¦ 9:9:&;.G4 ¿¦ D/46, 9:0Z23&;7:7?0F9:7 Q n"H#:<"8,):<"HG #;:"g P 0FD ¨ C ' 0 ¨@,+ Ò <¨ C3< : .C<Ñ#Ñ8¨

: *-9:$'*=4 *;)¨ *=.'A ,EDE7?0F. 9O¨ 'YÑ334+ ¨4hÓ *-9:*-DED/&3D Ó 2;4:, § & ; 0FD ¦ (R. 9gϦ *=46,/0F. A 0FD § &;9 ! #"$&%'()'*(+, - 0FD ¨ 3 ' 0 ¨ +ÒĨ 3/. C3< @¨

: *-9:$'*=4 0;)¨ ,/DE7:0-. *9V¨ *=.'A 0 « &;DED ¥©¨ 'hÑ73-Ð+ ¨ ,A 0FD ¦ 46,/0F.0 ~ : ,/.',/4:& 9 DE&3(R&3.G4 A¡ 7 46&;(+70F. ; 0F.'2 ¦ 9:9?&3.G4 9?0W2;&37?7:,E. ; 0F( <¦ 46&;9:7 n"H#:<"8,):<"H P:< J 0FD ¨ ' 0 ¨ C4+ Ò <¨Ñ : Ð[.Ñ> : ¨

Page 226: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%:dR2G ,%3

: *-9:$'*=4 ;)¨( 96*-(R0F.'0 *9O¨ *-.'A : &3DE, * *;)¨.'YÑ34+ ¨ r@0F9 « *-9:AC7 *-96*-D/DE&;D ,/. : , .',P46& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 A ,E( ¦ D\*=4:,E0F.'7 Q Y"9A" #(:" #5k9" #5 6[RjmS):*B #5 3 <J92$|:<"n"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0FD ¨ 3 ' 0 ¨Ñ8Ñ +ÒĨ ;: @Ñ. ;:3: C<¨

: *-9:$'*=4 ";)¨'hÑ334+¨7HÓ A ,/( D/&[*-.'A 9 XR23,/&3.G4 Ó)¦ 4:0F(+*=46,/2 : 9 # 0F(*=,E. # &;230F( 0F7:&;9 ! #"$&%'()'*(+, - 0FD ¨ 3 ' 0 ¨ : +ÒĨ : Ð/. >3< ¨

: *-9:$'*=4 ;)¨ 'hÑ3<4+¨ ? &;A'&37?, .C,E. 46$'& A½ -¡ DE,/.'& A 0FD § &39 ~ 0F9 *=96*-D/DE&3D &325460F9 A½¦ &39:2;0F( ¦ 4 &39?7 _J9Y)"9)" #(:" #58k9+)" #5#6[ F :IHJ %d9,B$ #(:"g ÒĨ & C/. C3½¨

: *-9:$'*=4 ;)¨ 'hÑ73<4+ ¨P $',/2>$ *=96*-D/DE&3D : ,/.',/4:& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 Ó D 0F9?,/4:$'( ~ 0F9 « $C,E2>$ Ó 9?2>$',/4:&3254 ¦ 9?&*-.'A « $',/2>$ 9:0 DE&;( n"H#:<"8,):<"H #;:"g g 0-D ¨Ð"' 0 ¨*C4+ÒĨCÑ3;>/.Ñ : ¨

: &3D/A'(*=. y<¨Óv¨( ,E( ;)¨ *-.'A ? * ¦< &;9 r ¨*'hÑ7&C4+ ¨^ r%$'& A $'*-9:&;A &;(+0-9 ¡ *-. #¦ * & A *t46$'&;9O0-.* # ,E7^469?, ¦ 4:&3A &;(+0-9 ¡ ¿¦ D/46, 9:0Z23&;7:7?0F9 0 3 %+YwLox 0 j jz;:*,, 0FD ¨ 3 ' 0 ¨Ñ +ÒĨCÑ?Ð[. <<¨

: &3. § &;7 ©¨"g¨'YÑ3<4+ ¨m E &32;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A 9?0 9:*-(+(R,E. ±~ 0F9 9 . ,E.'&;&39?,E. (A 0 ~ 4 « *-9?& # & § &;DE0 (+&;.Y4 Q n"H#:<"8,):<"H P:< J A, + 0FD ¨ > ' 0 ¨Ñ + Ò ¨CÑ.Ñ : ¨

: D/0 « &39 <¨( 4?460 $A¨ *-.'A A *-DE*-(* ¨&'hÑ73-Ð+ ¨E E 46,E(+*-D * ,/. 0 ~ 9?9:& #¦ D\*=9 : ,E.',P46&9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 # 0F(*=,E.'7@460 *=96*-D/DE&3D 9:0Z23&;7:7:0-9:7 . 0Z0F9 -Óv¨d¨ &3A',P460F9 Lb #B #5<5?5_ZW #(:"gr #"$R<J9:<7Yg * " 3 ,*,Jg #"9:*, ¨ C/. 3: << r%$'& Ó (R&39?,E2<*=. A 0Z23,/&;4 ¡0 ~ &32>$'*-.',E23*-D 9 . ,/.'&3&;9:7 ¨

: 0FDE& ¡# ;)¨=7¨ *-.'A ,E.'.N* 0-46* A¨/'hÑ7;@,+ ¨ *-9:*-DED/&3D 9:0Z23&37?7:,/. ,E. 46$C& 9 DE*-7?4:,E2 0-.'DE,/.'&<*-9 Ó .N*-D ¡ 7:,E7 0 ~ , $ ? ,E7?& : 96*-(R& « 0F9 7 Q +A #"$X%'()'*(,, 0FD ¨ :& ' 0 ¨ >4+ÒĨCÑ#Ñ>/.Ñ#ÑÐ<¨

: 0F9:AC& =)¨*ƨ ?L¨( : 0F7?2>$', ?±¨ ¨ *-.'A A 46&;,E(R&39 A¨ :¨'hÑ73<4+ ¨z = &3254 9?,E&3.G4:&3A : ,E.',P46&9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 Ó .N*-D ¡ 7?,E7 Q +AE #"$\%'(9*(+, - 0FD ¨ C;@ ' 0 ¨ C+ÒĨ C :3: . C-Ð @¨

:¦ D/4:0F. ?L¨.:i¨ *=.'A A½¦6?±¨ A¨ 'hÑ7 + ¨ Lb #B #5<5?5i%'g@(9*(+ 0 2 *,J\6[ 3 ,:<u#5KCLb #O #5<5?5P+A Ó@A$ 9O¨

© &30F9 & d<¨JÓv¨ *-.CA , ¦#<¨ ƨ v¨ 'hÑ7-Ð34+ ¨iHÓ . ÓI¦ 460F(+*=4:,E2 &37^46&;A # ,E7:7?&32546,E0-. Ó D 0F9?,/46$C(~ 0F9 9:9:& #¦ DE*-9 : ,E.',P46& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 9?0 DE&;(+7 Q %+Y 03 k9+)" #5V"Rj+S):*B #5 0 " #5KCD:? 0FD ¨Ñ : ' 0 ¨ : +ÒĨCÑ< : C/.Ñ<;><¨

© &30F9 & _<¨Ó¨ 'hÑ#Ð½Ñ +¨R ; 0F( ¦ 46&;9 ( DE&;(+&;.Y46*=46,/0F.0 ~ 46$'& : ,/.',/4:& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 &546$'0ZA $ # 46$'&;7:,E7 A 4>*-. ~ 0F9:A .C, § &;9:7?,/4 ¡# * ¡8¨

© &30F9 & +<¨Ó¨ 'YÑ-Ð"C4+ ¨N &37^46&3A # ,E7:7?&32546,E0-.+0 ~ * ? & 8¦ D\*-9 : ,/.',/4:& 9 DE&3(R&3.G4 &;7:$ %+Y 0m3k9+)" #5"jS:*B #5 0 " #5KCD:? g 0FD ¨Ñ<"' 0 ¨ +ÒĨ C @ : . C3>"C<¨

© 0W&;$'DE,/2>$ #¨(z 0F( 7?, ¨ *-.'A :¦ DP460F. ?±¨.9O¨ 'hÑ734+ ¨ hÓ) D/,E23*=46,/0F.'7I0 ~ * *-9 *-D/DE&3D 9Ϧ *t46,E0-. A 0FD § &;9R4:0 A 46*=46,/2 : 9 9:0 DE&3(R7 #"$ %'()'*(,, 0FD ¨*C<Ñ,' 0 ¨ +ÒĨCÑ Ñ.Ñ ½¨

Page 227: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%:dR2G ,%

© 0FD ¦©¨ ±¨ *-.CA *-. 0G*-. ";)¨ :¨ 'hÑ34+¨P3 #;): #;:"g r%$'& 0F$'. 0 ,E.'7 .C, § &;9:7?,/4 ¡ 9:&;7:7 = *-D/4:0F(+9?& * *-9 ¡ DE*-.'A ¨

© 9:0 /ƨ C¦ 7 9V¨ # 0-7:7 v¨ *-.CA A½ 4 &3D/D ¦ ( !Ó¨ &3AC,/460-9:7 'hÑ;>4+¨ 0F :IHJ^L <6[)W\ #"8*,,`NL ) @25?EY)5?S"9 #(:" 6r<J9 3 LiY 3 ,,2 DHZLb ,:<"H Y)"9<6t *,Z%' #"9W$ #O$ ?$gÒ $G4:4 Ò «O«O«L¨ (R237 ¨ *-.CD ¨Ä 0 § t( , =( ,E2>$t( ,/2>$N*-9^46,E2;DE& ¨ 7 ¨

©E¦ 4>* Ó¨ *-.'A E¦ (*=9 ¨ 'YÑ;@,+ ¨ HÓ A 2<*-DE* D/& *-9:*-DED/&3D Ó D 0F9?,/46$C( ~ 0F9 A½ *-9:7?&; $'0FD/&37 ¡;: *=2;460-9:, *=46,/0F. . &39?.'&39 =)¨ &;A',/4:0F9 %'D9*,+(:<"HVq g`7j!u^a9Wadcw`ag`| ,J:<"H#A"g`i=!lol ¨Ð&C/. 3;< 999 ; 0F( ¦ 4:&39 A 0Z23,E&54 ¡ 9:&;7:7 ¨

* *-9 <¨ :¨ *=.'A ÓI &;D <¨ :¨'YÑ33+¨ *-96*-D/DE&;D 9:0Z23&37?7:,/. ~ 0-9Er9:*-.'7:,/&3.G4 0F.CDE,E.C&<*-9A 4:9 ¦ 254 ¦ 9:*-D #)¡ .N*-(R,E237q0 ~ r%$'9?&3& # ,E(R&3.'7?,E0F.'*-D : 96*=(+&;A A 469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 9:&37 ¦ 7:,/. # 0F(+*-,E.# &32;0F( 0F7?,/4:,E0F. ! #"$\%'()'*(,, 9 0FD ¨*C3<"' 0 ¨ >4+ÒĨCÑ C-ÐD.Ñ 3: @¨

0 8 (R&3,/7?46&;9 !¨(~ *-$CD/46&;. ƨ *-.'A 96*=4 , < ƨ<=)¨'YÑ&C+¨^ E &32;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A : ,E.',P46&9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 0ZA'&3D/,E. . ; 0F$C. $¨ :¨ &3AC,/460-9 ;:<"H]:<"i:<uD:<5 #"$ :<5I$#W:<"H&n"H#:<"8,:<"H1D*,,B$#:<"HZ6z J9 96)<J Y"9A" #(:" #5"[6["8*, YwNN n`0 " J9:<E` 0 `ok+"8&s[W <¨ : C-Ð[. : @3@½Ó@A";69O & « U0F9 Ñ<3<<Ñн¨

: : 0-9 ¦ ( 'hÑ7&C4+ ¨ , $ &39 ~ 0F9:(+*-.'2;& : 0F9?4:96*-. *-. #¦ * & A &;23, 2<*=4:,E0F. i§ &39?7:,/0F.Ñ#A<< A9)ojz#lb LiW #eee ? ,/23& .', § &39:7?,/4 ¡8¨

7?,E&;$ A¨ ±¨ *-.'A A 0-46&;DE,E.C0 (9V¨2#¨('YÑ-Ð+ ¨ HÓ &;7:7:* & *-7?7:,/. ; D\*-7?7 , 96*-9 ¡; ~ 0F9 0F9^4>* D/& *=96*-D/DE&3D 9:0 96*-(R(+,/. n"H#:<"8,):<"H P:< J 0FD ¨ÑC ' 0 ¨Ñ +ÒĨ <D. C;@¨

I¦< $'&37 r ¨i<¨ ?L¨( : &;9:&;.'2 J ?±¨ ¨ *-.'A *-DED Ϧ ,E7^4 <¨ ¨0'hÑ3-Ð+¨G *-9 & A 2<*=DE& &32 460-9:, &3A ( D/,E2;,/4 ; *-D/2 ¦ DE*=46,/0F.'7%,/. A 0FD/,EA &;2>$N*-.',/237[*-.* ; 9:* ¡ Î @3 4:,ED/, ,/. 9 =69 9:&;230F.'AC,/46,/0F.'&;A ; 0F. H¦< *=46& © 96*-A',/&3.G467 Q 3 J92$:<" 0 5K:B$ 3 W*,Jg #"9:*,! #"$rn"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0-D ¨ ><Ñ4' 0 ¨ +ÒĨ Ñ : . @43<¨

I¦< $'&37 r ¨<¨ ?L¨.'hÑ3-Ð+¨ _J9 To:<"9:<ARn5?S"9 3 J92$ 9?&3.G46,/23& *-D/D 09 . DE& « 0Z0ZA; DE, 8 7 m<¨

* ~¦ 9:* $#¨V©È¨ *-.'A &3& m¨ v¨ 'hÑ34+¨ .'$C&39:,P4>*-.C23&J,E. Ó 2;4:0F9 = *-7?&3A ; 0F.'2 ¦ 9:9?&3.G4= &3254 9?,E&;.Y4:&3A *=. #¦ * &37 . LD*,,B$#:<"H76bnNp7pLrq c -¨ÑC<Ñ.Ñ@ : ,; *=( 9?,EA & .', § &39?7:,/4 ¡ 9?&37?7 ¨

*-DE& 1¨|¨ *=.'A 9?,E7?$'.N*-. A¨ 'hÑ"C4+¨ ;6ÎÓ ? Ò Ó 0F9^4>* DE& ; 0F.'2 ¦ 9 9:&;.G4 E &32;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A A¡ 7?46&;( *-7?&3A 0F. ;Q 0 3 %+YLox 0 j jz;:*,, 0FD ¨ 3 ' 0 ¨Ñ<4+ÒĨ ½Ñ.Ñ<3½¨

*-(+*-D ¨ *-.CA Ó A'&3D/, v¨ 'YÑ3<4+ ¨ HÓI¦ 460F(+*=4:,E2 *-9?4:,/46,/0F.',/. 0 ~ : 96*-(R& A 469 ¦ 2 4 ¦ 9:&37 ~ 0F9 ; 0F.'2 ¦ 9:9:&;.G4 9?0W2;&37?7:,E. Q 3 :*D*,+A :<" i:<uD:<5|n"H#:<"8,):<"H 0FD ¨ : ' 0 ¨ @,+ Ò <¨ >D. 3&C<¨

Page 228: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%:dR2G 7+, *-9 ¡ ,/7 <©È¨ *-.CA E¦ (*=9 ¨ 'hÑ : +¨N 9 r AÒ .'7?4:9 ¦ 254 ¦ 9?&3A © 96* $ *-9^46,P46,E0-.',E. *-.CA

A½ *=9:7:& *t469:, 9?A'&39?,E. BA¡ 7^46&3( &;9:7?,E0F. ¨A<< #"8"9CS'6) \Ay6) 8l(*,2lI2 #"$#:( lKHu:<"M<J9 o5?N-@ g 9A8@, J9"$#gH#:($2l92l ¨

*-9 ¡ ,/7 L©¨ *-.'A E¦ (*=9 ¨ 'hÑ : +¨ ¿¦ DP46,/DE& § &3D #« * ¡ *-9^46,/4:,E0F.C,E. A 2>$C&3(R& ~ 0F9 9:9?& #¦ D\*-9 © 96* $C7 ^ A9)jz#lyvWBfv .', § , § &;9:7:,P4 ¡ 0 ~/ ,/.'.'&;7:0-46* # & 46*-9?4:(+&;.Y40 ~ ; 0F( ¦ 46&;9 A 23,/&3.'2;& ,/.'.'&<* 0FD/,E7 ±¨

&39?.', $'*-. =I¨ *-.'A ,/. A¨ 'hÑ-Ð <4+¨HÓ .1& 8 &;2;4:, § &[$C& ¦ 9?,E7?4:,E2 9:0Z23&3A ¦ 9:& ~ 0F9 *-9?4:,/4:,E0F.',/. 9:* $'7 Q _J9 5<58%'CD ,*,J"9:( #5 k9)" #5 ¨ <Ñ). C3<3<¨

,E9 *=469?,E2 A¨(#© &;D\*=4?4 ;)¨ #¨ *-.'A &;232>$', ¨ ¨ 'hÑ73&C4+ ¨V = 46,/(+, *=4:,E0F. -¡ A ,E( ¦ D\*=4:&3AÓ .C.'&<*-D/,E. <Q %_*:"8*, " <<ÒĨ >-нÑ). >33<<¨

E¦ (+*-9 A¨ *=.'A Ó A'&3D/, ±¨'hÑ : +¨E # ,E7^469?, ¦ 4:&3A : ,/.',/4:& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 Ó .'*-D ¡ 7:,/70F. &;4 « 0F9 0 ~ 0F9 7?46*=46,/0F.'7 ( D/&3(R&3.G4>*=4:,E0F.*-.'A Ó)< DE,/2<*=4:,E0F. k9" #5V6%'(9*(+O #58n"9WH#:<"8,):<"H + 0FD ¨Ñ Ñ4' 0 ¨Ñ<4+ Ò ¨Ñ@ : >D.Ñ@ > ¨

E¦ (+*-9 ¨© 96*-(+* Ó¨©L¦< 4>* ½Ó¨ *-.'A *-9 ¡ ,E7 ©¨( &;A',/4:0F9:7 'hÑ @,+¨ Y"9(2$#'*(:" ALb #O #5<5?5o+(:<"H1 = ,:IH#"h #"$ 0 " #5KCD:?Z6 0 5H):< JE = &;. *-(R,E. ;¦ (+(R,E. 7g¦ D/,E7:$C,E. 2; 0F( *-. ¡8 ? &;A « 0Z0ZA ;Ó¨

*-, C©È¨ *=.'A ; $'&3. ±¨'hÑ +¨M *=96*-D/DE&3D/, *=46,/0F.z0 ~6 ,E.C&<*-9 : ,E.',P46& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 Ó .N*=D ¡ 7:,/7 . © 0Z0ZA'.'0 =)¨y<¨ *-.CA 9:, $G4 y<¨ ?±¨ &3AC,/460-9:7 +(:<"H|:<" i:<uD:<5 n"H#:<"8,):<"H`n:IHJ J "[6["8*,NJ95I$E:<"M*," )+"8*(:" P:< J 0 9ny %'CDAE|q #e#`V=! #5<5I ,` ,`k+"8&s[W <¨ > :3: . >3> ½Ó@A";69O¨

* «L¨v¨ *=.'A *-2 * ¡8 #¨?L¨*'hÑ7&C4+ ¨ HÓ *-9:*-DED/&3D ? 0 «¥ 9:,/&3.G46&;A A½ *-9:7?& A 0-D ¦ 4:,E0F. &546$'0ZA ~ 0F9 : ,/.',/4:& 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 A 4:9 ¦ 254 ¦ 9:*-D Ó .N*-D ¡ 7:,E7 Q Y"9A)" #;:" #5 k')" #56[j+S):*B #5 3 J92$>:<" n"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0-D ¨ C3>"' 0 ¨Ñ?Ð+ Ò ¨ 3 : . <ѽ¨

* «L_¨ ±¨ 'YÑ33>4+ ¨ hÓ *=96*-D/DE&3D : ,/.',/4:& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 A 0-D ¦ 4:,E0F. &;4:$'0ZA Q Z #"$%'(9*(+, - 0FD ¨ C ' 0 ¨ >+ÒĨ 3;@ : . 3 : 3<¨

&3& <¨'Ȩ *=.'A © *-.'.C0F. #¨'YÑ<Ñ + ¨z = &3254 9?,E&3.G4:&3A *-9:*-DED/&3D 9?0 96*=(+(R,E. 9 ½ &39 ,E(R&3.G4:7[*-.'A ? &37 ¦ D/4:7 . ; 0 &3D\*=.'A Óv¨( &;A',/4:0F9 %'/9*,;:<"HVq a`j!u adcdWAee#`0 5I@2 ' 9,`Pj! 3 d:*, ¨ Ð"C/. 3 999 ; 0F( ¦ 46&;9 A 0Z23,E&54 ¡ 9:&;7:7 ¨

, ¨ *-.CA I¦ A'* ¨ 'hÑ34+¨S &;(+0F9 ¡ ; 0-$'&39?&3.'2;&q,E. A $N*-9:&;A ,/9?4 ¦ *-D &3(R0F9 ¡ * 2>$',/.'&37 Q ]0 3 gB #"g2 *(:"gE"]+A7%'C/AE g 0FD ¨Ð"' 0 ¨ @,+ Ò <¨ C Ñ.C : <¨

, ¨ A¨ 'hÑ3>4+¨&,A *-9:7?& © * ¦ 7:7?,\*-. 9 DE,E(R,E.'*=46,/0F.10F. , $ &;9 ~ 0F9?(*-.C23& ; 0F( ¦ 4:&39?7 $ # 46$'&;7:,E7 .', § &39?7:,P4 ¡ 0 ~ ; *-DE, ~ 0F9:.',E**=4 = &;9 &3DE& ¡# A & 46&;( &;9 ¨

,E. :¨ ;)¨ v¨ *=.'A &;DEDE&;9 ?L¨=¨/'YÑ3-Ð+¨ r%$'& © 9:*-A',E&;.G4 0ZA'&3D 0G*-A = *=D *-.'2;,E. &;46$C0WA Y,nonon -O #"g2 *;:"g " %_6) # n"H#:<"8,):<"H M 0FD ¨>A 9ÑC ' 0 ¨Ñ +ÒĨ C . C3<¨

Page 229: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%:dR2G 7+R+C¦ <¨( $',P46& #¨*ƨ *-.'A ; $'&3. ƨ :¨'hÑ7&C4+ ¨ZHÓI D ¡ ,/. E &32;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A # &37?, .460 : ,/.',/4:& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 9:0 9:*-(R(+,/. . LD*,,B$#:<"H 6r<J9Sa 0 3 '%+Y 0 LoL%'C9D:<+" 0 5K:B$M;:<"H`VY"$#:( #" 95K:?,` Y"$#:( #" <<¨ @ @. @4 ½Ó$;¨

C¦><¨ $',P46& #¨ ƨ( ; $C&3. ƨ :¨ *-.CA #=¦ .C7:(R0F9:& :v¨ 9O¨'hÑ : +¨ hÓ *=469?, ; D\*=7:7 , 96*-9 ¡ ,/. ; ~ 0-9 A 4:9 ¦ 254 ¦ 9:*-D 9 . ,/.'&3&;9:,/. ; 0F( ¦ 4:,E. > #"$%'(9*(+, - 0FD ¨ :3: ' 0 ¨Ñ+ÒĨ : .Ñ#Ñ#Ñ#¨

*-2 &39?DE& Z<¨ 'hÑ73>4+ ¨ ( DE&3(R&3.G4:,E. : ,E.',P46& 9 DE&3(R&3.G4 &;46$C0WA'7J0-. A½¦ &39:2;0F( ¦ 4 &39?7 0-9 7?46*=46,/0F.'7*=.'A *; 7 Ò·Ó = , DE,E0 96* $ ¡8Q n"H#:<"8,):<"H #(:"g 0FD ¨ÑC ' 0 ¨Ñ +ÒĨ C&CD. 3 : ¨

*-2 ,/& ?L¨&<¨ 'YÑ + ¨ = &3254 9?,E&;.Y4:&3A 9?0 96*=(+(R,E. 0 ~ 46$'& : ,E.',P46& 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 &546$'0ZA Y)"9)" #(:" #5Mk9+)" #5Z6[4jmS):*B #5 3 <J92$ :<" n"H#:<"8,):<"H 0FD ¨*C : ' 0 ¨ +ÒĨ @ ;: . @C3>½¨

*-2 ,/& ?±¨ ¨ 'hÑ : +¨ E &32;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A &;4:$'0WAC7 .: ,E.',P46& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 9:0 9:*-(R(+,/. *-.CA9 . ,/.'&3&;9:,E. A 0 ~ 4 « *-9:& # &37:, . . *-$'D ¨-<¨ *-.CA &;9:.'&;9 ±¨( &3A',P460F9?7 +(W:<"HM:<" i:<uD:<5 #"$ :<5I$#:<"H n"H#:<"8,):<"H1SLD*,,B$#:<"H 6& J9\%': d<JhY)"9)" #(:" #5"[6["8*,"h;:<"HE:<"Mi:<uD:<5 #"$ :<5I$#:<"H>n"H#:<"8,:<"H` 5K:<"g`)\ #"9CD`k+5KCSa#eW a a <¨CÑC&C/.ÑC3<½Ó¨Ó¨ = *-D &3(+* = 9?9:0 - &;DEA g r < : <&C3><¨

*-D/0F.'& <¨O©È¨ 'hÑ334+¨HÓI¦ 460F(+*=4:&3A &;7:$ # &32;0F( 0F7?,/46,/0F. *=.'A ; 0F.'2 ¦ 9:9:&;.G4 : ,E.',P46&9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 Ó .N*-D ¡ 7?,E7 ~ 0F9 Ρ &39?2 ¦ & ¦ D/4:, 9?0W2;&37:7?0F9 ; 0F( ¦ 46&;9:7 Q A 3 <J92$:<" 0 5K:B$ 3 ,*,Jg #"9:*,z #"$rn"H#:<"8,:<"H 0FD ¨Ð;< ' 0 ¨Ñ + Ò <¨ ÐD. : 3<¨

&;.'&;4:9:& ¡8:¨ *-.'A ~ ,E(R(+&;9:(+*-.'. r ¨:'hÑ"C4+¨ = &3254 9?,E&;.Y4:&3A 0-. ,E.C&<*-9 : ,E.',P46&9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 Ó .N*-D ¡ 7?,E7 ÒNÓ) D/,E23*=46,/0F.460 D\*-7^46,E2;,/4 ¡8Q +A #"$h%'()'*(,, 0FD ¨ @4 ' 0 ¨ : +ÒĨÐ;>#ÐD.<Ð#Ð#Ш

,/DEDE&;9 ©È¨6?±¨ *=.'A ?Φ 2 , 4¨ #¨ 'YÑ&C+¨ HÓ 9:0 96*-( Ó 9?2>$',/4:&3254 ¦ 9?& ~ 0-9 .G46&39:*-2;4:, § & 0-.'DE,/.'&<*-9 #)¡ .N*-(R,E2 Ó .N*-D ¡ 7:,E7a0 ~ A 4:9 ¦ 254 ¦ 9?&37 . ; 0F$'. ¨$:¨ &3AC,/460-9 (:<"H:<"i:<uD:<5y #"$ :<5I$#:<"Hrn"H#:<"8,):<"H1 L,D*,,B$#:<"HE6> J97To: 6)<JSY"9A)" #;:" #5i"9W6["8*, YNN no` 0 " J9:< ` 0 `k+"8Ss[W ¨ :" /. : C;><Ó@A ;69V & « U0F9 Ñ<;<<Ñ?н¨

,/DEDE&;9 ©¨E?L¨ 'hÑ7<Ñ + ¨ HÓ . = &;2;4 9:,E&;.G46&3A ÓI 9:0F*-2>$H4:0 A 469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 96*-D Ó .N*-D ¡ 7?,E7`*-.CA# &37?, . Q E #"$\%'()'*(+, 9 0FD ¨ @ < ' 0 ¨Ñ +ÒĨР: . 3 ¨

0ZAN* 8A¨(A 0-46&;DE,/.'0 9O¨#¨ *=.'A 7:,E&;$ 8A¨ ±¨"'YÑ-Ð+¨VHÓ *-9:*-DED/&3D *t469:, ; D\*=7:7 , 96*-9 ¡,E. ; ~ 0F9 ; 0F( <¦ 4>*=4:,E0F.'*-D &;2>$N*-.',/237 ÓI DE,/2<*=4:,E0F.C7 3 :*D*,!:<" i:<uD:<5n"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0FD ¨Ñ ' 0 ¨Ñ+ÒĨ 3&CD. <¨

¿¦ ¦ .CAN* i©È¨6?±¨ A 0-4:&3D/,E.'0 9O¨ #¨ *-.'A 7?,E&;$ A¨ ±¨ 'YÑ3>4+ ¨XHÓ . E &32;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A: ,/.',/4:& 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 Ó .N*-D ¡ 7:,E7 : 9:*-(R& « 0F9 A9)jz#l!nW% _=>W vW ; , § ,ED 9 . , .'&;&39:,/. 2g¦ 9:A ¦ & .', § &39:7?,/4 ¡8* &;7?4 * ~ * ¡ &;4?46& ±¨

Page 230: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%:dR2G 7+ & § ,E. ±¨( &3A',P460F9 'hÑ3>4+¨ _J9rL <6[\ #"8*, 6Zx 0m3 vD`Afh #"$ 3 LPY F al(f#l<a#e]"G

D #(:"i5K A ?$gÒ $Y4?4 Ò «O«O«L¨ 0F7?2 ¨ &3A ¦ *=( =DE*-( =D\*-( >3< &;9 ~Y¨ $G46(RD ¨ , g¨ ¨( )¦;)¨/ƨ( *=.'A © &;.'A'9?&<* ¦ r ¨=)¨ 'hÑ3 : +¨HÓ # ,E7?4:9:, ¦ 46&;A # 9:* ~ 46,/. ¿Ó D

0F9?,/4:$'( ~ 0F9 0G*-A = *-D\*-.C23,E. Q Y,nonon -O #"g2 *(:"gh" %_6) #|n"H#:<"8,):<"H 0FD ¨ A 9]Ñ8Ñ,' 0 ¨Ñ<4+ Ò <¨CÑ#Ñ : CD.Ñ#Ñ><Ñ8¨

,/230FD #¨ ¨ *=.'A ? & ¡ .'0FDEAC7 9 ¨8¨ :¨ 'YÑ3<+¨ = 46,/(*-D #)¡ .N*=(+,/2 ? &3(+* ½ ,/. 0 ~(# *=46* *=96*-D/DE&3D ; 0F( ¦ 46*=46,/0F.'7 Y,nonon gO #"g2 *;:"g " 0FD ¨*C ' 0 ¨ +ÒĨ <;>/. ѽ¨

0 ¦ 9 (R,EA 6=)¨ *-.'A *-9 iȨ ;)¨ 'hÑ3#Ð+¨,A 0FD § ,E. A 469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 96*=D &;2>$N*-.',/237 9:0 DE&;(+70F.4:$'& ; *=D/46&;2>$ Ρ &39:2 ¦ & *-2>$',/.'& 3 <J92$7:<" 0 5K:B$ 3 ,*,Jg #"9:*, #"$rn"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0FD ¨ ><Ñ,' 0 ¨ +ÒĨCÑ>½Ñ.Ñ?Ð;>½¨

9?4:, 8.¨ *-.'A 0 ¦ 9 (R,EA =I¨ 'YÑ33>+¨ .'2;0F.'A',P46,E0-.N*-DED ¡ A 4>* D/& ; 0-.'2 ¦ 9?9:&;.Y4 9:0Z23& A ¦ 9?&37 ~ 0F9vr9:*-.'7?,E&3.G4 : ,E.',P46& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 Ó .N*-D ¡ 7?,E7 3 <J92$S:<" 0 5K:B$3 ,*,Jg #"9:*,! #"$rn"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0FD ¨ : 3 ' 0 ¨ +ÒĨCÑ : Ñ).Ñ?Ð @¨

7?4:&39:(+*-.'. 7ƨ(¦ .'A'&;9:DE,/2>$ 7ƨ *-.'A ; 96*-(R&39 v¨*'YÑ : + ¨M E &32;4 9:,/&3.G46&;Ar@0Z0FDE7~ 0F9s46$'& # & § &3DE0 (+&;.G4_0 ~ 7:&;9 .G46&;9 ~ *-2;&37 ~ 0F9 .G46&39:*-2;4:, § &¥r&3*-2>$ « *=9:& . *-$'D !¨d<¨*-.'A &;9:.'&;9 4±¨( &3A',P460F9?7 +(:<"H7:<"i:<uD:<5g #"$ :<5I$#:<"Hn"H#:<"8,):<"H1LD*,,B$#W:<"H 67<J9>%': d<J&Y"9A)" #;:" #5P"[6["8*,!" +(:<"H&:<" i:<uD:<5 #"$ :<5I$#:<"Hn"H#:<"8,):<"H` )5K:<"g`m)\ #"9C/`k+5KC|a#eW a|a ¨ÑC/.Ñ@ : Ó¨Ó¨ = *-D &3(+* = 9?9:0 - &;DEA - r < : <"C3><¨

=¦?L¨ *-.'A :¦ DP460F. 0?±¨ 9O¨"'YÑ33+¨HÓ . . § &37?4:, *t46,E0-.0 ~ *=96*-D/DE&3D Φ (R&39:,/2<*-D .G46& 96*=4:,E0F. &546$'0ZA'7 ~ 0F9 0F.'DE,/.'&<*=9 #)¡ .N*-(R,E2;7 +A\ #"$ %'()'*(,, 0FD ¨7C3<"' 0 ¨]Ñ5 + Ò ¨ @ <&C/. @3<<¨

*=9 &;7 A¨ ; $'*-.'A ¡8b<¨Ó¨ *=.'A = *-.'&;9 &3& *¨ 'YÑ;@,+ ¨ HÓ , 96*-9 ¡ = *=7:&3A ÓI 9:0F*-2>$460 0F9^4>* D/& *-9:*-DED/&3D = &;2;4 9:,E&;.G46&3A 9?0 96*=(+(R,E. .G46&;9 ~ *-2;& " ( DE&;(+&;.G4>*=4:,E0F.*-.'A Ó)< DE,/2<*=4:,E0F. . &39?.'&39 =I¨( &;A',/4:0F9 %'D9*,+(:<"HVq g`ijzu\a9W adcw`ag`| ,J:<"H#"g`i=zlol ¨ >D.<Ð3< 9*99 ; 0F( ¦ 4:&39 A 0Z23,/&;4 ¡ 9?&37:7 ¨

,EAN* *-9?4:, ?L¨ 7¨\¨ *=.'A I¦ A'D ¿Ó¨Z¨ 'hÑ7&C4+ ¨ #)¡ .N*-(R,E2 Ó .'*-D ¡ 7:,/7 0 ~ A 469 ¦ 2 4 ¦ 9:&37 ¦ 7?,E. = &;2;4 9:,E&;.G46&3A r@&32>$'.', Ϧ &37 Q A, #"$ %'()'*(,, 0FD ¨ @4 ' 0 ¨Ñ +ÒĨCÑ@/.Ñ : >½¨

96*-(R0F.'0 9O¨( A ,E(R0F. ±¨ #¨ *-.'A A 0F$'. gÓv¨ 'hÑ7;@,+ ¨ #)¡ .N*-(R,E2 0G*-A = *-D\*-.C23,E. ~ 0F9: ,/.',/4:& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 ; *-D/2 ¦ DE*=46,/0F.'7s0F. *-96*=DEDE&;D ; 0F( <¦ 46&;9:7 2 . = *-,/DE& ¡8#¨ v¨8=@ 0-9:7?46*-A ¨&9O¨(© ,ED &;9?4 i<¨ ¨ *-7?2<* .C, ¨V¨ A 2>$'9?&3, &39 E?L¨A¨ A ,/(+0F. v¨&#¨ r0-9:2 0-. i<¨ r ¨ *-.'A *=4:7:0F. g¨ r ¨ &;A',/4:0F9:7 %_u#"9<J^%+Y 0m3 "[6["8*,S"ULb #O #5<5?5LD*,,,:<"H 6[m%_*:"9;: b*r+(:<"H ¨ : /. >3< @ A Ó ¨

¦ ,E.C. &7¨<¨( &3A',P460F9 'YÑ;@,+ ¨ Lb #B #5<5?5;:<"H1 _J9,Cm #"$LO *(:*, & 2 © 96* «¥ ,EDED .'2 ¨

Page 231: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%:dR2G 7+ ? * $N*-&;D =)¨ *-.'A 9?,E7?$'.N*-(R0W0-9?46$ ¡86;)¨ A¨.'hÑ7&C4+ ¨ HÓI¦ 460-(*=4:,E2 : ,/.',/4:& 9 DE&3(R&3.G4 # &

§ &;DE0 (+&;.Y4 ¦ 7:,E. = &;2;4 9:,/&3.G46&;Adr@&32>$C.', Ϧ &;7 n"H#:<"8,):<"H #(:"g 0FD ¨Ñ< ' 0 ¨*C4+ÒĨ >#ÐD. Ð3½¨

? ,E$N*-2 & ;)¨ *-.CA 9?0 D/,E. %=)¨4'hÑ"C4+¨ = &;2;4 9:,E&;.G46&3A : ,/.',/4:& 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 0WAC&3DE,/. .; 0F$'. g¨ :¨ &3A',P460F9 ;:<"HS:<"i:<uD:<5V #"$ :<5I$#:<"H\n"H#:<"8,):<"H1,D*,,B$#:<"H6 J996) JrY"9A" #(:" #5V"[6["8*, ^YNN no` 0 " J9:< ` 0 `k+"8rs[W ½¨: @ : . :3:& ½Ó@A";69O & « U0F9 Ñ<3<<Ñн¨

? 0G* ¨ 0 *-9:*=46$'*-. 7¨ *-.'A ? *-(+*-. !v¨N¨'hÑ7;@,+ ¨ ¦ D/4:, ~ 9:0-.Y46*-D = *=7:&3A Ó)½ 9?0G*-2>$ ~ 0F9 ; 0F.C2 ¦ 9?9:&3.G4 : ,/.',/4:& 9 DE&;(+&;.G4 Ó .N*-D ¡ 7:,E7 Q A, #"$^%'()'*(,, 0FD ¨ :& ' 0 ¨ @,+ÒĨ 3;@<Ñ. 3;@ >½¨

? 0F7:7 r ¨d<¨" * .'&;9 4g¨2?±¨ *=.'A C¦ &;9 ©¨":i¨ 'YÑ +¨ = &3254 9?,E&3.G4:&3A 9:0 96*-(R(+,/. ~ 0F9 A 23,/&3.G46, 2 ; 0WA'&;7 ¨0 Ò*9 *=( D/&37+,E. ; k')" #5m6 +(:<"HU:<"i:<uD:<5n"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0FD ¨ > ' 0 ¨ @,+ Ò <¨ @4-ÐD. : Ñ@¨

? 0-46$ &39 < 9O¨ *-.'A ©L¦ 4>* Ó¨'YÑ&C4+ ¨ HÓ . 9 XR23,E&;.G4 = D/0W2 # 9?,E&;.Y4:&3A Ó) 9?0G*-2>$4:0 *-9 *-D/DE&3D A *-9:7?& ; $'0-DE&37 -¡ : *-25460F9?, *=46,/0F. . &;9:.'&;9 ¨ &;A',/4:0F9 %'D9,*,(:<"HVq w`jzu\a#W a`iL (5I #"$` pbH" ¨ : <&C/. : Ñ 999 ; 0F( ¦ 4:&39 A 0Z23,/&;4 ¡ 9:&;7:7 ¨

? 0-46$ &39 <69O¨ *-.'A A 2>$'9:&;, &39 "?±¨$'YÑ;@4+¨ ( 9:0 § &;A 0G*-A # ,E7^469?, ¦ 4:,E0F.,/. *-9:*-DED/&3DA½ *=9:7:& ; $'0FD/&37 ¡ : *-25460F9?, *t46,E0-. Q . &39?.'&39 =)¨ &3A',P460F9 %'/9*,;:<"HVq g` jzua9W adcw`ag`| ,J:<"H#A"g`i=!lol ¨Ð3&C/.<Ð 999 ; 0F( ¦ 4:&39 A 0Z23,/&;4 ¡ 9:&;7:7 ¨

?V¦ 2 , ¨ #¨ *=.'A ,ED/DE&;9 ]©È¨ ?±¨ 'hÑ73>4+ ¨ HÓ . Ó D 0F9:,P46$'(R,E2 : 96*=(+& « 0F9 ¤~ 0F9 : D/& , DE&: ,/.',/4:& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 9 DE&;(+&;.G4 = *-7:&;A A 469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 96*=D 0ZA'&3D/,E. <Q 3 <J92$:<"0 5K:B$ 3 ,*,Jg #"9:*,z #"$rn"H#:<"8,:<"H + 0FD ¨ÑC3> ' 0 ¨ C? @,+ Ò ¨ C3>&C/.C3;@¨

?V¦ 2 , ¨#¨ 'hÑ3>4+¨bHÓ . Ó D 0F9?,/46$C(+,/2 : 96*-(R& « 0F9 ~ 0F9 : DE& , DE& : ,E.',P46& 9 DE&;(+&;.G4 0WA &3D/DE,/. / $ # 4:$'&37?,E7 .', § &39?7:,/4 ¡ 0 ~. *-7:$C,E. 4:0F. * ¡8¨

?V¦ ( * ¦< $ N<¨"= DE*-$N* ¨ 9:&3(R&39?$N*-.', 4ƨ 9 A'A ¡8 :¨( *-.'A 0-9:&3.C7:&3. ƨ 'YÑ<Ñ+¨p @[,*(W)pb:"9AB$ 3 2$5K:<"H #"$ = ,:IH#" 9:&;.G46,E2;& *-D/D .9 . DE& « 0Z0WA ; DE, 8 7 ! & « &39?7:& ¡&<-Ð;>&C ¨

A *F* ¨-©¨ *-.CA ? *=0 w¨0=)¨"'hÑ<Ñ +¨ ; 0F( ,E.N*t460F9?,\*-D = 4:,E(R, *=46,/0F. ¡ A 4:0W2>$N*=7?46,/2 9§ 0 D ¦ 46,E0-. Q Y,nonon -O #"g2 *;:"g\"A 0 :($B$R= ,:IH#" 6zY"9AH#O #B$ i:<*+:<< #"$\%'CDE - 0-D ¨Ñ< ' 0 ¨ @,+ Ò ¨ :&3: . : C : ¨

A *-.G4:,\* 0 69O¨*#¨ *=.'A * «L ¨0±¨ 'YÑ3>+¨ HÓ . ( DE&;(+&;.G4>*=4:,E0F. 0 ~ : ,E.',P46& 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 &546$'0ZA0-. # ,/7?469?, ¦ 46&3A 0F9 7^4>*=4:,E0F.C7 . ; $C&3. .:¨ ¨( &3AC,/460-9 0 " #5KC/:?\ #"$ #(:"1 ,D*,,B$#:<"Hh6 J9M 5 6)<J4*,"[6["8*, J95I$ :<"*," )"8*(:" P:<<J%'(9*(+,S"H#,,Y 8`J:*B DHD`Y5<5K:<"8:?,` 0 ):<5Va#W adc ¨CÑ33/.Ñ7<<Ó A";69O¨

Page 232: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%:dR2G 7+ A * ¦ 7:& ?L¨ *-.'A A 0F. +<¨ 'YÑ;@,+ ¨b E &32;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A A 469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 96*-D Ó .'*-D ¡ 7:,/7 « ,/4:$ A½¦< 7?4:9 ¦ 2 4 ¦ 9:&37 Q . $'0 &3,/(+&;$ +Ȩ &;A',/4:0F9 ;:<"HZ:<"]i:<uD:<59n"H#:<"8,:<"H1LD*,,B$#:<"H6r<J9ZTo:<!"[6["8*, J95I$|:<"X" )+"8*(:" P:<<J 0 9ny %'CDE q g` | ,JW:<"H#A"g`i=!lolI`Pk"8zegfWAee#`a ¨CÑ : C/.Ñ>;<<<Ó A";69O¨

A 2>$'D/0W& &3D =Ó¨> *-9 ¡ ,/7 L©¨ *-.'A E¦ (+*-9 ¨ 'YÑ-Ð+ ¨ Lb # 3 (:?21 Lb #O #5<5?5x:(@2B #)C6[ V"g()'*(,B$ 3 ,,J9, DLb #)(:<;:"9:<"HM #"$%dg #D 3 #;): pbO$):<"H ?.gÒ$G4:4 Ò «O«O«¥¦ 7?&39?7 ¨ 237 ¨Ä¦ (R. ¨ &3A ¦ *-9 ¡ ,E7 t4>*-D 7 *=9:(R&;46,/7 =,/.'A'& ¨ $G46( ¨

A 2>$'0-D 8 A¨ ¨ 'hÑ +¨ 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4:7%0 ~ *-. = &3254 9?,E&3.G4:&3A : 9 9:0 96*-( ,E. ; ! #"$&%'()'*(+, - 0FD ¨ @C ' 0 ¨*C4+ÒĨ : Ñ?ÐD. :& <¨

A $N*=9:(+* A¨VȨ *=.'A = * ¦ $ 9 ¨(<¨Æ¨0'hÑ +¨U CÓ! 0 A 469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 96*=D Ó .N*-D ¡ 7?,E7O0F.* &54 « 0-9 Q . © 0W0ZA'.'0 =I¨o<¨ *-.'A 9:, $Y4 <¨E?±¨ &3A',P460F9?7 +(:<"H :<"4i:<uD:<5n"H#:<"8,):<"H`n:IHJ J "[6["8*,!J95I$ :<"G*," )+"8*(:" P:< J 0 9ny %'CDEUq #e#`=! #5<5I ,` ,`Pk"8&s[W ¨ >&C/. >;@ >½<Ó@A ;69V¨

A ,/(+0F. ±¨ #¨'hÑ<Ñ +¨ *-9^46,P46,E0-.',E. 0 ~ .C7?469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 9:&;A 9:0 DE&3(R7 ~ 0F9 *-9:*-DED/&3D 9?0 DE&;(+7 Q ;:<"H\%'CDAEz:<"n"H#:<"8,:<"H 0FD ¨ ' 0 ¨ C+ÒĨCÑC : .Ñ@43<¨

A 4:& § &;.'7 ƨ2?±¨ &;A',/4:0F9 'YÑ3<+¨ y"9: >jzL,BH#O #ZZ:<"H 9?&3.G46,/23& *-DED . DE& « 0Z0ZA; DE, 8 7 & « &;9:7:& ¡#¨

A 4:9:0 ¦ 7^469 ¦ =)¨'YÑ<Ñ + ¨ _J9\ LBH#O #ZZ:<"Hrx_ #"H#- DH <Ó A'A',/7:0F. &37:D/& ¡8¨A½¦ .CA'&39:*-( -¨ A¨(© &3,/7?4 ©È¨Óv¨( *-.'A # 0F. *-9:9:* '<¨ <¨'hÑ;@,+¨! r%$C& i ; 0F.'2 ¦ 9:9?&3.G4

; 0F( ¦ 4:,E. A¡ 7?4:&3( Ò69§ 0-D ¦ 4:,E0F. "9 ½ &39?,E&3.C23&37S*-.'A¿r9?&3.'A'7 Q Lb #O #5<5?5o+(:<"H 0FD ¨ < ' 0 ¨ @,+ÒĨ : C½Ñ. : @ >½¨

A½¦ .CA'&39:*-( ¨ A¨ 'YÑ3<+¨S i ÒÓ ~ 96*=(+& « 0F9 N~ 0F9 *=96*-D/DE&3DsA',/7?4:9:, <¦ 46&;A230-( ¦ 46,E. Q "8*"8*C#1 LO *;:*,E #"$rnt9):"8*, g 0FD ¨ ' 0 ¨ @,+ÒĨ C<Ñ : . C&C½¨

A¡ .'. A¨ ¨ *-.'A :¦ DP460F. ?L¨"9O¨'hÑ7 : + ¨m 9:*-2;4:,E2<*=D A 4:96*=4:& 8¡M~ 0F9 ; 0-.'2 ¦ 9?9:&;.Y4 A½¦< 7?4:9 ¦ 2 4 ¦ 9:& Ó .N*=D ¡ 7:,/7 ! #"$r%';)9*;, ' 0-D ¨ : @ ' 0 ¨ : + Ò ¨ &C/. @3@¨

r* ¡ D/0F9 ¨9V¨ *-.'A 0 ¦ 9 (+,/A $=)¨Óv¨ 'YÑ;@,+ ¨RHÓ A 4 ¦ A ¡ 0 ~ 4:$'& : *-25460F9?, *t46,E0-. : ,/DED .~ 0F9`* *=96*-D/DE&3D ( DE&3(R&3.G46*=46,/0F.0 ~ 46$'& : ,/.',/4:& 9 DE&;(+&;.Y4 &;46$C0WA Y)"9)" #(:" #5k9+)" #56[jmS):*B #5 3 J92$>:<" n"H#:<"8,:<"H 0FD ¨ C-Ð"' 0 ¨ & + Ò ¨*C33</. C3 C<¨

r%,E.C.'& ¡8ƨ:¨ *-.'A *-D &39 !<¨ ƨ 'hÑ;>-Ð+¨ # ,/9:&;2;4 A 0FD ¦ 46,/0F. 0 ~ A½ *-9?7:& &;4 « 0F9 9gϦ *=46,/0F.'7 -¡ = 4:,E(+*-DED ¡ 9?A'&39?&3A r@9:,E*-. #¦ D\*-9 : *-25460F9?, *t46,E0-. Q LD*2l Ynonn 0FD ¨ :3: ' 0 ¨Ñ#Ñ +ÒĨCÑ733<<Ñ.Ñ733<<¨

*-. # 9?,E&;7:7:2>$C& ?±¨ *-.'A ? 0Z0F7:& #¨6'YÑ : +¨ hÓ . ( 9:0 § &3A A½ &32;4:96*-D = ,E7?&32546,E0-. Ó D 0 9:,P46$'( *-.'A,/467 ÓI D/,E2<*t46,E0-.460 #)¡ .'*-(+,/2 0G*-A = *-DE*-.'23,/. Lb #O #5<5?5 +(:<"H 0FD ¨ Ñ,' 0 ¨Ñ +ÒĨ D. @43<¨

Page 233: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

%:dR2G 7+

*-.'AC&39:7^469:*-&;4:&3. #¨ *-.'A & ¦ .C,E. 7 <?L¨ 'hÑ7 : + ¨ = 46,/(+, &;A *=9?46,P46,/0F.',E. 0 ~ .'7?4:9 ¦ 2 4 ¦ 9:&3A : ,/.',/4:& 9 DE&3(R&3.G4 &;7:$'&;7 Y)"9)" #(:" #5gk9+)" #5D6[bjmS):*B #5 3 <J92$ :<"n"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0FD ¨ C3 ' 0 ¨ C+ÒĨ @C"C/. @ : <½¨

*-D &39 #¨ ƨ 'hÑ7;@,+ ¨ r%$'& # &37?, . 0 ~ * A 46*-.'AN*=9:A &37?76* & *=7:7:,/. .G4:&39 ~ *-2;& ~ 0F9 # ,E7^469:, ¦ 4:&3A &3(R0F9 ¡ ; 0F.C2 ¦ 9?9:&3.G4 ; 0-( ¦ 46&39?7 Lb #O #5<5?5r+(:<"H 0FD ¨ < ' 0 ¨ @,+ÒĨ > : ÐD. >-Ð"C½¨

*-. ¨ r ¨ *-.CA 0F9?9:,E7 ?L¨8<¨ r ¨ 'hÑ3 : +¨& 0G*-A A $N*-9?,E. ,E. # ,/7?4:9:, <¦ 46&;A A¡ 7?4:&3(R7 Y,nonon -O #"g2 *(:"gE" g 0-D ¨ ;C;@ ' 0 ¨ C4+ Ò <¨ <;@. Ñ?н¨

,ED/DE,E*-(+7 ?±¨ #¨ 'YÑ<Ñ + ¨ &39 ~ 0F9:(+*-.'2;&0 ~ #)¡ .N*-(R,E2 0G*=A = *-D\*-.C23,E. Ó D 0 9:,P46$'(R7 ~ 0F9 .C7?469 ¦ 2;4 ¦ 9:&;A &;7:$'&;7 "8*)"8*Cd1 LO *(:*,G #"$ nt9):"8*, 0FD ¨*C ' 0 ¨ : + Ò <¨ @ : Ð[. @43<Ñ#¨

=¦N<¨ *-.'A Ϋ *-. <N¨$'hÑ"C4+¨ & ¦ 9?,E7^46,E2 &546$'0ZA'7 ~ 0F9 #)¡ .N*-(R,E2 0G*-A = *-DE*-.'2;,E. ,E. * &37?7 * & *-7:7?,E. ¿¦ D/46,/230F( ¦ 4:&39 Q k')" #5>6 Lb #O #5<5?5m #"$ =>:?():(@2+AB$;:<"H g 0-D ¨Ñ73 ' 0 ¨Ñ + Ò ¨CÑ.ÑC<¨

¨ # & ? 0Z&32 4!¨ g¨ *-.'A ,EAC96*-7?2 ¦&¨"'YÑ +¨VHÓ # 0F(+*-,E. # &32;0F( 0F7?&3A A 0FD § &39 ~ 0F9 0F. DE,/.'&<*=9 9 DE*-7?4:,E2;,/4 ¡# A 3 <J92$S:<" 0 5K:B$ 3 ,*,Jg #"9:*,S #"$|n"H#:<"8,):<"H 0FD ¨" ' 0 ¨ C4+ Ò <¨Ñ3-Ð[. <-н¨

¦©¨ *-.CA Ó A'&3D/, v¨'YÑ&C4+ ¨7 = &;2;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A : ,E.',P46& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 Ó .N*=D ¡ 7:,/7 ¦ 7:,/. 99 ? 0ZA'&3D Q k9+)" #567%'()'*(B #5_n"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0FD ¨Ñ#Ñ7 ' 0 ¨ 4+ Ò ¨ Ð;>&C/. Ð3<Ñ#¨

~ *-$'DP46&;. ƨ(&# &3(R(+&;9?4 ¨ *-.CA 96*=4 , 7ƨ =)¨*'hÑ : +¨UHÓ . = &;2;4 9:,E&;.G46&3A Ó)½ 9?0G*-2>$ 460 $ ¡ 7:,E23*-DED ¡ 0F.'DE,/.'&<*=9 9:0 DE&3(R7 ,/. ; 0F( <¦ 4>*=4:,E0F.'*-D &32>$N*-.C,E237 Q . *=$'D ¨g<¨ *-.'A &39?.'&39 "v¨ &;A',/4:0F9:7 (:<"HZ:<" i:<uD:<5 #"$ +:<5I$#:<"H!n"H#:<"8,)W:<"H1rLD*,,B$#:<"H 6r<J9r%': d JY)"9)" #(:" #5N"[6["8*,S"X;:<"H|:<"Xi:<uD:<5 #"$ +:<5I$#:<"H]n"H#:<"8,):<"H` )5K:<"g` \ #"9CD` k5KCa#eW aGa )¨EÑC/.Ñ@ : Ó¨Óv¨ = *-D &;(* = 9:9?0 - &3D/A - r < : <&C3>½¨

~ & DE,E.C7 , ©¨&ƨ *-.'A *-. ?±¨,!¨ A¨ 'YÑ;@4+¨N E &32;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A *=4:9:, ; D\*-7?7:&37 ~ 0F9 7?&,E.* : ,E.',P46& 9 DE&3(R&3.G4 ; 0ZA'& ¦ 7?,E. ; Y"9A" #(:" #5Pk9+)" #5 6[rjmS):*B #53 J92$z:<"n"H#:<"8,):<"H + 0-D ¨ C-Ð ' 0 ¨ & + Ò ¨ C Ñ.C&C-н¨

~ $N*-. &ƨ *-.'A C¦ , ,9O¨¨ 'YÑ<Ñ+¨HÓ *=96*-D/DE&3D : 9:0F.G4>*=D A 0FD § &39]0F.q4:$'& Ó DED/,\*-.G4 : 3;<<Q ! #"$&%'()'*(+, - 0FD ¨ C3 ' 0 ¨ +ÒĨ <&C/. Ñ : ¨

~ ,E&;. ,E& « ,E2 J ¨ ;)¨ *-.'Aer* ¡ DE0F9 ?L¨ ¨ 'hÑ734+ ¨ _J9zTP:<"9:<>n5?S"9 3 J92$RW9 Jnb$l 2 © 9:* «¥ ,/DED 0F.'A'0-. ¨

~ ,E(R(R&39:(+*-.'. r ¨$#=¦ 0-,E7 &;DE&39?,E. ¨ *-.'A = 0F(R(R& !¨:'hÑ7 + ¨ = &;2;4 9:,/&3.G46&;A: ,/.',/4:& 9 D/&3(R&3.G4 9:0 9:*-(R(+,/. Ò ¨© 0 § &39?.',E. 9:,/.'23, DE&;7 +A 3 <J92$z:<"0 5K:B$ 3 ,*,Jg #"9:*,z #"$rn"H#:<"8,:<"H + 0FD ¨ 3 ' 0 ¨ + Ò <¨ <Ñ.C3<&C<¨

Page 234: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

Ñ>

H B

.H4:$',E7`* &;.'A', 46$'& l C#itjvu w dZxDyi *-.'A 23DE*-7:7?&37R*-9:&'9?&37?&3.G46&;A l C<i=jvuw dWx.Dki *-.'A 0?&;2;467+*-9?&C9:,E(+*-9?,ED'7?&3A ,E.46$'&KA'&;7:,-.H4:0'*-7:7R,E.e0-9:(+*=46,/0F. &7?4:, 8 .'&37?7*-.CA DE0F*-A ,E.e0F9?(*t46,E0-. &54 ~&;&3. 0?&325467 "!%$'& l C#itjvu *=.'AHw dZxDyi 2;D\*-7?7:&;7*-DE7?0#'9:0%$Z,EAC&+*&'CDED_9:*-.F&q0U.('(R&39?,E2<*=D)''.'2546,E0-.'7 4 ',/2<*-D/Dz,E.46$C&*e0-9:( 0+a0%$-&39:D/0G*-A'&;A0k&396*t460F9,''.C2;46,/0F.'7-!%$'&37?&.''.C2;46,/0F.'7,a&39?&.e0C.'A1460* &/C7:&-'CD@,/. 46$'&0'9?,E(+*-91R7^4>*F&;70&3D/&3(R&3.G4TAC&-$F&;DE0C(+&;.Y4 $'0%a&-$-&39 e0-9)&5X+2;,E&;.'2-B9:&3*-7:0-.'7T(+*-.2 0M4:$'&+&;DE&;(+&;.Y4)(R&;46$C0WA'746$N*t43'7:&;Az46$C&37:&0''.'2546,/0F.'7,a&39:&OD\*t46&39%9?&-9?,/4:4:&3.

4 5 " 6 7.89;:=< >@? 7 !%$'& l C#itjvu 2;D\*-7?7 $'0F7?&T,/.Y4:&39Ao*-23&Q,E77?$'0%,E.+,E.BC'9?&EDEF '9?0%$W,/A'&378(R&;46$C0WA'7%4:0

0C46*-,E.),E.e0F9?(*t46,E0-.)*+ 0W446$C&~7:,G3&M0+'46$'& l CH#itjeu 460IG;&39?0V0C446$'& l C<i=jvu 460[*-7?7:&;(J'DE&* l C#itjeu ,/.G4604:$'& l C#itjeuK *-.'A4:017:&;4O*=.'AJ9:&5469:,/&-$-&q230F(L 0-.'&3.G467[0+U4:$'& l C#itjvu .*-A'A',P46,/0F.(+*-.20+%46$'& 0 &;96*=4:0F9E''.C2;46,/0F.'7q*=9:& 0%$F&;9:D/0G*-A'&;AM!%$'&10%$F&;9:DE0F*-A'&3AN'C.'2;4:,E0F.'72<*-.O &O7P'D/,/48,E.G4:0+4 a0QF9:0'7 Ra46$'0F7?&)4:$N*=4b2>$N*-.F&)46$'&O0F9:,F,E.'*-D l C#itjvu ' )J )SUT )JV )J;W ) +X *-.B46$'0F7?&46$'*=4T9?&;4P'9:.*K.'&- l C#itjvu 'SYTE V W+ !%$C&D\*t4:46&;9.'C.'2;4:,E0F.'79:&-ZC,E9:&846$N*t4%*J[z*=469?, 230F.C7?4691'2;4:0F9\k&S23*-DED/&3AR4 ,E23&S*-.'A 7?0q*-9?&S& k&3.'7?,$-&V460]C7:&V,/.D\*=9PF&'9:0'DE&;(+7-#!%$',E7O,E7. &;2<*C7:&1*K230F.'7^4691'2;4:0F9T(JC7?4.BN9:7^4Jk&+23*-DED/&3AB,E.'7?,EA'&`46$'&L''.'2546,E0-.B4:0239?&<*=4:&V* l C<i=jvu ,/.G4600$',E2>$4:0T7^460F9?&84:$'&S9?&37PCD/467a0m4:$'&b0 &;96*=4:,E0F. *-.CA *)2;0F.'7^469PC2;460-9~,E72<*-D/DE&;A*F*-,E.$'&3.4:$',E7 l C#itjvu ,E789:&54^'9?.'&3A_`D9:&-e&;9:&;.'23&4:0+46$C&T.'&= l CH#itjeu 239:&3*=46&;A,E.'7?,EA'&V4:$'&/''.'2546,E0-.K23*-.'.'0=4ak&Q9:&54^'9?.'&3A &;2<*C7:&)*`AC&37?4:9P'25460F982<*=.'.'0-4bk&O23*-DED/&3A

Page 235: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! "#%$'&)( +* ,.-0/

12 354)476'358:9!; <>=?A@CB 2D; 1EFF 1HG.I54)8:9 @ 1J8KGL9M4N3AIPO>OCQJ4)8:9 @ 1J8RGA9M4

6'3589S; <.TVU:W FFX GA9Y4 @CB 12 354)4ZQJ46'3589S; <.TK;[I08IC\GH]^4H_`;[I58IAaG.2 4:U:W6'3589S; <.TK;[I08IC\GH]^4H_`;[I58IAaG.2 4H_OAG @CB 2 Qcb8:dPQef358K3U:W6'3589S; <.T!1HG.I04)8g6'3089S; <"h"6iU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2Sk[6'3589S; <.TVU:WFF @ 8;l2m; 8npoQJ8d5GqOL4j ;[9M8 @ 3C2r;lI08sI5Gr\GH]^4HTVUt1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2r;lI08sI5Gqa`G.2 4HTVUt1HG.I54)8:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2 j Gq; OvuQ9wG.T j Gq; OqU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9zG.2 j QT!1HG.I54)8^xQH1J8KGL9yh|xU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <"hs~y4)4ZQo B 2 QT!1HG.I04)86'358:9S; <'h_

1HG.I54)8geh9wGH]^4H_%1HG.I04)8Nehs1HG.2 4H_OAG @CB 2 Q X 3P1J8tmLU:WX 9S; QIPO>G4)89wQ3CohsG ? Q9358KGL9!7T!G4)8:9Q3Aoh4H_1HG.I04)86'3589S; <"h|xU:WX 9S; QIPOv; 4)8:9wQ3CohG ? Q9308KGL9TK; 4)89wQ3Coh|4H_Y6'3589S; <'hxtU:WFF G ? Q9308KGL9+G j Q9!2 GL3POAQHO X @ I51J8:; G.I54j ;[9M8 @ 3C2AOCG @AB 2 Q7hsG ? Q9358RGA9!TVU:TK;[I58g9wGH]s_`;[I58^1HG.2Uj ;[9M8 @ 3C2AOCG @AB 2 Q7hsG ? Q9358RGA9!TVU:TK;[I58g9wGH]s_`;[I58^1HG.2Ut1HG.I54)8j ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <cG ? Q9308KGL9TVU:T!1HG.I04)87eh9wG]4H_1HG.I04)8geh1HG.2 4:U1HG.I54)8:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <"hsG ? Q9358KGL9"T!OAG @AB 2 Q j 3C2 @ Q0U:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <"hsG ? Q9358KGL9"T!1HG.I04)876'358:9!; <"h"6iU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <"hsG ? Q9358KGL97cT!OAG @CB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <"hsG ? Q9358KGL9R"T!OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <"hsG ? Q9358KGL9SbP"T!OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <"hsG ? Q9358KGL9 F "T!OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <"hsG ? Q9358KGL9SbP"T!1HG.I04)86'3589S; <"hsG8d5Q9U:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <"hsG ? Q9358KGL97cT!1HG.I04)876'3589S; <"hsG8d5Q9U:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <"hsG ? Q9358KGL9R"T!1HG.I04)876'358:9!; <"hsG8d5Q9U:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <cG ? Q9308KGL9cT!OAG @CB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU^1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <cG ? Q9308KGL9MZT!OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU^1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <cG ? Q9308KGL9!bLT!OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU^1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <cG ? Q9308KGL9 F T!OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU^1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9+G ? Q9308KGL9!bLT!1HG.I04)8txyQH1J8RGA9h|xU^1HG.I54)8:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9+G ? Q9308KGL9 mT!1HG.I04)8xyQH1J8RGA9h|xU1HG.I54)8:W FF @ 4ZQHO X GA9Y893CI04 ? G4ZQj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <cG ? Q9308KGL9cT!1HG.I04)876'3589S; <"h"6iU^1HG.I54)8:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <cG ? Q9308KGL9MZT!1HG.I04)86'3589S; <"h"6iU^1HG.I54)8:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <cG ? Q9308KGL9!bLT!1HG.I04)86'3589S; <"h"6iU^1HG.I54)8:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <cG ? Q9308KGL9 F T!1HG.I04)86'3589S; <"h"6iU^1HG.I54)8:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <cG ? Q9308KGL9 mT!1HG.I04)876'358:9!; <"h"6iU1HG.I54)8:W W

%rig M¡r¢g£M¤¥ZA ¦L§ >¨ ¥ l©<i=jvu«ª^¬ ¦A­­

Page 236: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! "#%$'&)( +* ,.-4 5 8L9 > ? 7

!%$'& w dWxki 2;D\*-7?7 $'0F7?&1,E.G46&;91o*-2;& ,E77?$'0%. ,E.NBCC9:&QDE C9:0%$Z,EA'&;7q(+&546$'0ZA'7T4:00C46*-,E.`,E.He0F9:(+*=46,/0F.q*k0C44:$'&7:,G3&0 4:$'&%w dWxki( 4:0.G;&39?0T0C44:$'&w dZx yi( 4:0T*-7?7:&;(J'DE&*Ow dZx yi ,/.Y4:0O4:$'&w dZx yi( 460)0C46*-,E.`46$'&8.'0F9?( 0 4:$'&w dZx yi( *-.'AR460)7:&;4~*-.'A+9:&5469:,/&-$-&230F(Lk0F.'&3.G4:7@0+W4:$'&w dZx yi .)*-A'A',P46,E0-.[(*-.2S0W4:$'&]0k&396*t460F9''.C2;46,/0F.'7s*-9?&0%$F&39?DE0G*=A'&3A!%$'&S0%$-&39:D/0G*-A'&;A ''.C2;46,/0F.'7U2<*-. &87PCDE,/4U,/.Y4:0O4 a0]-9:0C7 R4:$'0F7:&846$N*t4a2>$'*-.F&846$'&80F9:,F,E.'*-Dw dWxkiJ JJJ X *-.'A+4:$'0F7?&84:$N*=4U9:&54^'9?. *).C&- w dZx yiS ( !%$'&SDE*=4:4:&39''.'2546,E0-.'77:$'0'DEA*k&b* $-0F,EA'&;A* &;2<*'7?&84:$'&-9:& Z(',/9:&M4:$N*=4U*Vw dWxki 230-.'7?4:9P'25460F9;k&%2<*-D/DE&3A4 ,E2;&)*=.'A*=9:&V46$C&39:&=e0F9:&Q&k&3.C7:,$-&)4:0LC7:&O,E.ID\*-91F&I'9?0'D/&3(R7

4 5 ! > ? 7 !%$'& - 23DE*-7:7 $C0F7:&V,/.G46&39Ao*-23&,/7a7?$'0%. ,E.*BC'9?&`DE#" '9?0%$W,/A'&37a230F.G4:9:0FD/DE&3A+*-2;23&37?7a4:0

,E.G46&-F&39b*-9?96* Z7 3[z&546$'0ZA'7S*-9:&0'9?0 $Z,/A'&3AK4600C4>*-,/.146$'&O7:,G3&O0_46$C&T*-9?96* 4:0 G;&39:0+0C4846$'&*-9:9:* *=.'A 4607?&;48*-.CA 9:&5469:,/&-$-&[230F(L 0-.'&3.G467~0h46$'&V*-9:9:*% [z&;4:$'0ZA'7*-9:&S*-DE7?0J'9?0 $Z,/A'&3A 4:07:&;&), *=.z,/.Y4:& F&;9%,E7%,/.I4:$'&O*-9:9:* I*-.'A1460R9:&;(+0%$-&)*=.K,/.G46& -&39 $=*-D'&Ie9?0F(4:$'&O*-9:9:*

Page 237: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! "#%$'&)( +* ,.-

12 354)4xyQH1J8RGA9f=?A@CB 2D; 1EFF 1HG.I54)8:9 @ 1J8KGL9M4N3AIPO>OCQJ4)8:9 @ 1J8RGA9M4

xyQH1J8RGA9!TVU:W FFX GA9Y4 @CB 12 354)4ZQJ4xyQH1J8RGA9!TK;[I58t4J; Q0U:WxyQH1J8RGA9!T!1HG.I04)8xQH1J8KGL9yhgU:WxyQH1J8RGA9!T!OAG @CB 2 Qib0Oq308)3C_;[I584J; Q0U:Wk xyQH1J8RGA9!TVU:WFF @ 8;l2m; 8npoQJ8d5GqOL4j ;[9M8 @ 3C2AOCG @AB 2 QGL9!oT j Gq; OqU|1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2r;lI08tz; QT j Gq; OqU^1HG.I54)8:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2 j Gq; OvuQ9wG.T j Gq; OqU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2 j Gq; O~y4)4ZQo B 2 QT!1HG.I04)8^xyQH1J8RGA9h|x|_1HG.I54)8geh2D_OAG @CB 2 Q X 3P1J8 mLU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2 j Gq; O 35OCOxyQH1J8RGA9!T!1HG.I04)8xyQH1J8KGL9yhG8d5Q9_OAG @CB 2 Q X 3P1J8 mLU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2 j Gq; O 35OCO%6'3589S; <PxQH1J8KGL9!T!1HG.I54)86'3089S; <"ho7_rxyQH1J8RGA9h j _OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8tmLU:WX 9S; QIPO>G4)89wQ3CohsG ? Q9358KGL9!7T!G4)8:9Q3Aoh4H_1HG.I04)86'3589S; <"h|xU:WX 9S; QIPOv; 4)8:9wQ3CohG ? Q9308KGL9TK; 4)89wQ3Coh|4H_Y6'3589S; <'hxtU:WFF G ? Q9308KGL9+G j Q9!2 GL3POAQHO X @ I51J8:; G.I54j ;[9M8 @ 3C2AOCG @AB 2 Q7hsG ? Q9358RGA9!TVU:TK;[I58^<LU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2AOCG @AB 2 Q7hsG ? Q9358RGA9!TVU:TK;[I58^<LU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9+G ? Q9308KGL9TVU:T!1HG.I04)87eh9wG]4:U1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9hsG ? Q9358KGL9"T!1HG.I04)8xyQH1J8RGA9h|xU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9hsG ? Q9358KGL97cT!1HG.I04)8xyQH1J8RGA9h|xU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9hsG ? Q9358KGL9R"T!1HG.I04)8xyQH1J8RGA9h|xU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9hsG ? Q9358KGL97cT!OAG @CB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9hsG ? Q9358KGL9R"T!OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9hsG ? Q9358KGL9SbP"T!OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9hsG ? Q9358KGL9 F "T!OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9+G ? Q9308KGL9cT!1HG.I04)8xyQH1J8RGA9h|xU^1HG.I54)8:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9+G ? Q9308KGL9MZT!1HG.I04)8txyQH1J8RGA9h|xU^1HG.I54)8:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9+G ? Q9308KGL9cT!OAG @CB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU^1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9+G ? Q9308KGL9MZT!OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU^1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9+G ? Q9308KGL9!bLT!OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU^1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9+G ? Q9308KGL9 F T!OAG @AB 2 Q X 3P1J8ZU^1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2xyQH1J8RGA9+G ? Q9308KGL9 F T!1HG.I04)86'3589S; <"h"6iU^1HG.I54)8:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2AOCG @AB 2 QG ? Q9358KGL9 T!1HG.I54)8xQH1J8KGL9yh|xU^1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2%6'3589S; <cG ? Q9308KGL9 mT!1HG.I04)876'358:9!; <"h"6iU1HG.I54)8:W W

rig ¢£M¤¥ZA ¦L§ i¨ ¥ w dZx yivª^¬ ¦A­­

Page 238: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

! "#%$'&)( +* ,,

12 354)4e =?A@CB 2D; 1EFF 1HG.I54)8:9 @ 1J8KGL9M4N3AIPO>OCQJ4)8:9 @ 1J8RGA9M4

etTVU:W FFX GA9 4 @CB 12 354)4ZQJ4etTK;lI08^4J; Q0U:WetTK;lI08^4J; Q_;lI08b8:dPQef358K3U:WetT!1HG.I54)8gehgU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2SkDetTVU:WFF @ 8;l2m; 8npoQJ8d5GqOL4j ;[9M8 @ 3C2r;lI08tz; QT j Gq; OqU^1HG.I54)8:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2 j Gq; OvuQ9wG.T j Gq; OqU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2r;lI08LQJ8Gq1308:; G.ICTK;[I58 j 3C2 @ Q0U:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2r;lI08s9wQoG j Qxy3C2 @ QTK;[I58 j 3C2 @ Q0U:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2 X 9S; QIPO>G4)89wQ3CohsG ? Q9358KGL9!7T!G4)8:9Q3Aoh4H_1HG.I04)8geh|xU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2 X 9S; QIPOv; 4)8:9wQ3CohsG ? Q9358RGA9!TK; 4)8:9wQ3Coh|4H_ eh|xU:WFF G ? Q9308KGL9+G j Q9!2 GL3POAQHO X @ I51J8:; G.I54j ;[9M8 @ 3C2r;lI08G ? Q9358RGA9!TVU:TK;[I58^<LU:Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2r;lI08G ? Q9358RGA9 TK;lI08^<LU:W FF ; X < 4J; Q_`os3QJ42 39LQ9j ;[9M8 @ 3C2r;lI08G ? Q9358RGA9!TVU:TK;[I58^<LU^1HG.I04)8Wj ;[9M8 @ 3C2ehsG ? Q9358KGL9"T!1HG.I04)8ehcDU:W W

rig ¢7£¤¥ZC ¦A§ i¨ ¥ - ª¬¦L­:­

Page 239: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

HF

! "!

$#&%('*),+.-0/1#*2*) 324/5%6-7),8,/523),#H:9<;(=>-7%?)@9<#A-B94%.%?'4/JB/5;1:9<;C=D-7#*E1/J4;(/1+C/1#F%?/52 )@#GE6'H- %?/5;JIK)@+ <)$L/1#

M 5ON P .QSR UTQ8: 7]?WV /9X L9ZY 7[T

$#\%('*),+]+(/5E5%(),9<#G%6-+*8,/5+^-7;(/S*;C/1+(/5#F%?/12 *;(9B*8,),#_%?'*/>`baZcd%(),=e/K-L#*2\#(*=J0/1;]9YH-</f-*8g%?+ :9<;h%?'*/^+(/ Z(*/5#F%?)i-78 *;C9<;(-L= *;(/5+(/5#j%(/12&),#k+(/5E5%(),9<#lI#"HF !-*8@/1+nm`Fo%?'*;C9<'lm` "<)$L/%?'*/;*;C9BH8,/)@#:9<;C=D-7%(),9<#J+('*9%h)@#bh'*-7%UB/5;(E1/5#F%6-</p9q%?'*/r`baZc!%?)@=>/)s-L+t+P0/1#F%),#U%?'*/=D-7),#3E59<= 09<#*/5#F%?+U9p%?'*/Ku ¨wv ¦ ¤ ªKA¦ ¤Lq uHx$y y­ ¨ ¬ z ª rRC¤¥|%¥Z~ x$y -L#42 F u ¦ ¥Z x$yn=e/5%('*9w2E-L8@8,+ h'*)@E6'S-L;C/J%?'4/.=>/%?'*9q2*+r),#2$<9<7/12#h'*/5# ¦ ¤ ¦r¬ xyp),+p),#2$L9<L/52k9L#S-e ©fFSf©*:19C/5E5% Aw)@=>)@8i-L;a*;(9+BH8,/e),#:9L;(=>-7%?)@9<#O:9<;]%?'*/L0/1;(E5/1#F%6-+</_9\H-</*f-*8g%?+o9<#\%('*/D8@),=e)@%(/12=>/5=>9L;1QDnapbD-L#*2AUr`=>-LE6'*),#4/1+-L;(/]+C'*9%h#A)@#%?-*8@/1+m`>-7#*2lmaH

M 5 V 7]9;7]? ? /?V /9X L9ZY 7[T

!-48,/1+nm`I>%?'*;C9<'lm`#HFJ*;C9 $q)@2*/^24/5%6-7),8,/52l)@#:9<;(=>-7%(),9<#S9<#A%?'*/EB/5;1:9<;C=D-L#4E1/o9%?'*/H-L;(-L8,8@/18*;C9<;?-7= *;(/5+(/1#F%(/12&),#A+(/1E%?)@9<#GI F $#A%?'*/o%6-*8@/1+h%?'*/^%?),=e/U%6-L7/1#3%(9&0/1;1:9L;(=%?'*/^-L#H-78q+()@+)@+ *;(9LL/1#l),#F%?9 % s9Rr%?'4/]%(),=e/.%6-L7/1#l%(9 *-L;C%()@%?)@9<#_%?'4/^=e9w24/18 -L#*2%?'*/]%?)@=>/%6-L7/1#%(9 0/1;A:9<;(=¡%('*/>-L#H-L8 w+C),+o9<#*E5/e%('*/ *-L;C%()@%?)@9<#*)@#S'H-L+.B/5/1#N0/1;A:9<;(=e/12_S¢H9<;]/-LE6'

Page 240: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H! * $|HH '#%: Z.)iH# ,,,%?'*/k`baZc%?)@=>/D-L#*2 #(*=J0/1;K9bH-+</Qf-*8g%?+K-L;C/S-L8@+(9M*;C9 $q)@2*/12 $# -72*2*)@%(),9<# :9<;[/1-LE6'+P02*9<=>-L)@#_),#:9L;(=>-7%?)@9<#>+C'*9%h),#[%('*/U+()G1/.9+t%('*/I*;C9*8@/1= -L#*2S%?'*/nE19<+|%h),#D%(/1;(=e+b9t;C/-L8%?)@=>/ `baZc%?)@=>/J-L#*2S#(*=]B/5;b9UH-</bf-*8g%?+ %?9J0/1;A:9<;(=d%?'4/.+P02*9<=>-L)@#_E19<=L4%?-7%?)@9<#*+-L;(/o-L8@+(9S*;C9%$w)@2*/12_

Page 241: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,,

!" ! ! # # # # " $ $ "

%&' ()* +,

' - . /*0 1 23 +, 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5* 6 1 23 70 &8 % +, 9

:* 6 ;<= * +,

> > ?@ A B B B B B B B B B B

C ?D E F F G H G > IJ I K # B # B # B # B #L #L #L #L

MN0 . O N (& )P ' /& ) &' Q* +, 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

MN0 . R) * .* ' 6 S* :< ( -& ) +,

MN0 . T&' 5* ' 6 +, 9

: N )U * +, V 9V W W W W V V V V

-8 ( & 6* +, 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

X G B B B B B B B B B B

YZ [\^] _a` bc d ef gh ij ] kl m no pq r s kt eu u f t kv t Z j

Page 242: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,,

! I ! L ! B ! B ! B ! B " " " "

%&' ()* +, W 9

' - . /*0 1 23 +, 4 4 4 4 4

5* 6 1 23 70 &8 % +, W

:* 6 ;<= * +, 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

> > ?@ A ! B B B B B B B B B

C ?D E F F G H G > I B I" I # # B # B I # #L #L # #

MN0 . O N (& )P ' /& ) &' Q* +, 4 4 4 4 4

MN0 . R) * .* ' 6 S* :< ( -& ) +,

MN0 . T&' 5* ' 6 +, 9

: N )U * +, 9 W W W W V 4 WV WV WV

-8 ( & 6* +, 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

X G ! ! B B B B B B B B

Y Z [\ ] _a` c d ef gh ij ] kl o f m s kt eu u f t kv t Z j

Page 243: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,,

! L I $ $ $ $

%&' ()* +,

' - . /*0 1 23 +, 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5* 6 1 23 70 &8 % +,

:* 6 ;<= * +, 4 4

> > ?@ A B B B B B B B B

C ?D E F F G H G > I $ #J # $ # $ # $ # $ # K # K

MN0 . O N (& )P ' /& ) &' Q* +, 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

MN0 . R) * .* ' 6 S* :< ( -& ) +,

MN0 . T&' 5* ' 6 +,

: N )U * +, 9 9 W 9 V V V V V V

-8 ( & 6* +, 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

X G B B B B B B B B

YZ [\^] _a` c d ef g h ij ] kl pq e s kt eu u f t kv t Z j

Page 244: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,,

! B B B ! ! B B

%&' ()* +,

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

' - . /*0 1 23 +,

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5* 6 1 23 70 &8 % +,

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

:* 6 ;<= * +,

4 4 4 4 4

> > ?@ A

! L " J J

C ?D E F F G H G >

#" I # # ! I # # J # J # $ # $

MN0 . O N (& )P ' /& ) &' Q* +,

4 4

MN0 . R) * .* ' 6 S* :< ( -& ) +,

V W W

MN0 . T&' 5* ' 6 +,

W 9

: N )U * +,

4 9 4 4 V

-8 ( & 6* +,

X G

J K " $ L J J

YZ [\^] _a` c d f Z v ] Z \h kl o f m s kt eu u f t kv t Z j

Page 245: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,,L/

B B B B B B B

%&' ()* +,

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

' - . /*0 1 23 +,

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5* 6 1 23 70 &8 % +,

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

:* 6 ;<= * +,

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

> > ?@ A

B $ ! $ $

C ?D E F F G H G >

# I # #L # ! # ! #" #"

MN0 . O N (& )P ' /& ) &' Q* +,

4 4 4 4

MN0 . R) * .* ' 6 S* :< ( -& ) +,

W

MN0 . T&' 5* ' 6 +,

9 W 4

: N )U * +,

4 W

-8 ( & 6* +,

4

X G

K $ $ ! !

YZ [\ ] _a` c d f Z v ] Z \h kl pq e s kt eu u f t kv t Z j

Page 246: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,,

! " # $ %

'& 4 '& 4 & V 4 4 V (

( '& W 4& V 4 4& 4 & V 4& 4 4 V W 4& 4& ( 4 (V V 9V 9V W

4& W 4& 9 4 ( V W W

('& & ( 4& 9 4 '& 4& 4 W 4 W V (

4& ( 9 4& ( 4 V ( 9 4 9 ( W

& 9 & 9 4 ( W (V 4

4& ( ( 4& ( 4 V V ( 9 4 4 9

('& 4 & 9 4& W 4 & W W 4& 4 ( 4 4

4& ( 9 4& ( 4 ( ( 9 W 9

4& 4& 4 ( 4 4 W 9 ( 4

4& ( 4& 4 ( 9 9 (

4& ( 4& 4 4 4 9 V 9 4

9 & & 9 & 4 ( 4 '& V W 4& 4 4 ( (

4& 9 4& 9 4 W 4 V V 9 4 W W 4

4& W 4& W 4 W ( V ( 9 4 4V 9 9

4& 4 4& 4 4 W V ( 4V W

4& W 4& W 4 W 4 9 4 W V

4& 4& 4 W V 4 ( 4 W W

4& ( 4& ( 4 W ( 4 W 4 W W

YZ [\^] _a` )c *] \h s kt + b kl o f m r] h , kt -

Page 247: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,,

! " # $ %

& 4

& 4 ('& W 4 4 4

( & 4 & W 4& 4 '& 9 9 4& 4 ( 4 ( & & ( 4 ( 9 V 4 4 9

& 9 & 4 ( 4 V 4 4 9

& W & 4& W 9 4 '& 9 ( 4& 4

& 4 9 & 4 9 4 4 W W ( W ( 4 9 V

& ( & ( 4 9 ( 4 9

& ( & 4 ( ( ( W ( 4 9

('& & W 4& V 9 4 '& 4 9 4& 4 9

4& ( 4& ( 4 4 9 4 ( 4

4& 9 4& 9 4 ( 4 9 4 (

4& ( 9 4& ( 9 4 V ( 9 4 4

4& 9 4 4& 9 4 4 W V 4 4 4

9 '& W '& ( 4 & ( 4 & W 4& 4 (V

4& W 4& W 4 4 4 W 9V 9 ( 9

4& 9 9 4& 9 9 4 V ( 9 ( 9

4& W 4& W 4 4V W 4 9 (

4& ( 4& ( 4 4 W 4 W 9 9 ( 9

4& 9 9 4& 9 4 W ( 9 ( 9

4& W 4& W 4 4 9 9 ( 9V

YZ [\^] _a` c *] \h s kt + kl o f m r] h , kt -

Page 248: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,

! " # $ %

('& 4 ('& 4 '& V V W 9 4

( '& 4 W & W ( 4& V 4 & 4& 4 4 4 9 '& 9 '& W 4 ( WV 9 4 (

'& '& 4 (V 4 ( 4 ( (

'& 4 '& 4 & 4 & 4 ( 4& 9 4

& ( 4 & W 4 WV ( 4 9 W V

'& ( 9 '& ( 4 9 W ( W W W

& 4 & 4 ( 4 W ( V 9 W ( W W

'& 4 '& 4 & W 4 '& V 4& ( 4 ( 4 4 ( (

4& W 4& W 4 4 4 9 ( W V

4& 4& 4 V W 9 9V ( W

& ( 4 & W 4 4 ( V ( W

& 9 & 9 4 V W 4 W

9 9& '& ( & V 4 & ( W 4& 9 4 (

4& 9 4& 4 ( 9 V W (

& & 4 ( WV 4 9 W (

4& W 4& W 4 ( ( W 9 4 W

4& 4& 4 4 ( 4 V W W

4& ( 4& W 4 ( 9 ( W 9

& 9 & 4 ( 9 9 W

YZ [\^] _a` c *] \h s kt + kl o f m r] h , kt -

Page 249: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,.-

! " # $ %

9& 4 9& 4 W'& ( 4 V W 4

( W'& 4 '& 4 9 & 4 '& V W 4& 4 4 W W ('& 9 ('& 9 4 ( W W ( 4 ( 4 V 9

('& ( ('& 4 9 4 W V ( 4 ( 4 9 4

W'& ( '& W & 9 4 ('& ( W 4& 4 W W

& 9 & 9 4 ( 4 4 4 4 4 W

('& V W ('& V ( 4 ( WV V 9 4 4 4 (

& W ( & 9 W 4 ( 9 9 ( 4 4 4 V

'& V W '& 4 & 4 ('& ( W 4& W 4 ( ( 4

4& W 9 4& W ( 4 ( W 4 V W

& 4 & 4 4 ( W 9 9V 9

& ( & ( 4 (V V 9 W (

4& W 4 4& 9 W 4 4 W 4 V 4 W 4

9 V & W & 4 W '& ( W '& 4 4& 9 4 V

4& 9 4& 9 4 4 ( 4 W 4 4 W

& W W & W 9 4 ( V 4 4 4

4& 4 4& 4 4 4 V 9 9 4 4 4

4& 4& 4 ( 4 W ( 4 4

& 4 & 4 4 ( W ( ( 4 4

4& ( 4& ( 4 ( 4 9 W 4 4

YZ [\^] _a` c *] \h s kt + kl o f m r] h , kt -

Page 250: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,,

! " # $ %

W & ( W & 4 4& 4 ( 9 9 4 9 4

( '& '& W & W 4 ('& 9 4& ( 4 V 4 W'& 9& 9 W W 9 V ( ( W

W'& ( ( 9& V W V V ( ( W (

W'& 9 W ('& 4 & V 4 '& W 4& ( 4 4 ( 4 (

'& '& 4 4 ( ( (

'& ( '& 4 ( 9 4 ( 9 ( 9

& 4 & ( 4 ( V ( ( ( 9 (

W'& ('& 4 '& 4 ( 4 '& 4& ( 4 ( ( 9

'& ( '& ( 4 9 V 9 9 9 W V

'& W W '& W W 4 9 W 9 9 9 9 V 9

& ( & 4 9V V ( 4 ( 9 W V ( (

'& ( 9 '& ( 4 9 ( 4 W ( W 9 9 V (V

9 4& W & V '& V 9 9 '& V 4 4& 9 4 9V

4& 4 4& W 4 W 9 W 9V

4& 4 4& 4 WV 4 V W 9 9V

'& ( '& 4 WV 9 9V ( 4

& 4 & 4 4 W 9 W W 9 W

& 4 & 4 4 W ( 9 9 W

'& '& 4 W W ( 9 9 W W

YZ [\^] _a` b c *] \h s kt + kl o f m r] h , kt -

Page 251: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,

! " # $ %

4 '& 4 4 4 '& 4 4 & 4 W 4 4 (

( '& 4 '& W & 4 '& W 4& 4 9 4 V W 4 9& '& 4 W V 4 4 4 9

'& ( & 4 4 ( V ( 4 4 4 9 9

W'& ( 9 ('& ( W '& ( 4 & V W 4& ( 9 4 (

'& W '& 9 W 4 V 9 V (V V

W'& 9& 4 V 4 ( W V (

('& ( ('& ( W 4 ( V (

4& ( 4 & '& W '& 4 W 4& 4 4 (V (

& ( & ( 4 ( 9 V W 4 4 4 4 9

('& 9 ('& 4 ( WV V 4 4 4 9

('& V W ('& V ( 4 ( 9 V W W 4 4 4 9

& & 4 ( W 4 4 9 4V 4 4 4 4

9 ('& V ( '& ( & 4 ( 9& 9 4& W 4 4 9V V

4& 9 4& 9 4 W V 4 ( 9

('& ('& ( 4 4 ( WV ( 9 4

& ( & ( 4 4V V ( 9 9 (

4& 9 ( 4& 9 ( 4 (V 9 9 V ( 9 9 (

& V ( & V ( 4 V V 9 ( 9 9 (

4& 4& ( 4 W V W ( 9 9

YZ [\^] _a` b bc *] \h s kt + ) kl o f m r] h , kt -

Page 252: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,

! " # $ %

W ('& W W ('& W 9& 4 ( ( 9 W 4 (V

( 4& & 9 4& 9 W 4 W'& W 4& 4 4 4 '& 9 '& 4 4 4 4 W 4 V W 4 W

'& W 9 '& 9 W 4 (V 4 V W W 4 V

'& ('& 9 '& W 4 4 W'& & 9 ( 4 W (

('& W ( ('& W ( 4 4 W W ( 9

('& ( 4 ('& 4 4 9 W ( W V ( W

'& W '& 4 9 9 W ( W W W ( (

'& 9 4 & ( ( ('& 4 '& ( 9 & W 4 4 4 W

'& W '& W 4 ( 4 4 (

'& W '& W 4 4V ( 4 ( V

'& W '& W 4 4 ( 4 W 4 ( (

'& '& 4 4 4 ( ( 4 4 9 W 4 ( 4

9 '& ( '& ('& 9 V & V W '& V W ( 9 W 4 W

& ( & ( 4 ( W W 9 (V

& 4 & 4 ( 9 4 9 (V

& 4 9 & 4 4 W W ( W

'& 4 '& 4 W 4 (V W 4 ( 9

'& 4 ( '& 4 ( 4 ( W W 4 9

'& ( 4 '& ( 4 4 9 4 4 9 V

YZ [\^] _a` b c *] \h s kt + kl o f m r] h , kt -

Page 253: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,

! " # $ %

( 4& 4 ( 4& 4 4& 9 4 4 ( V ( 4 ( W

( '& 4 & 4& W 9 4 & 9 W 4& 4 4 4 4& ( W'& 9 4 W 9 4 4 ( 4 W

& V & ( 4 9 W 4 4V 4 W W

( ('& V ('& 9 W '& V 4 4 ( 4& ( & 4 W (

'& 4 '& ( ( 4 ( 9 V ( 4 4 V

& W ('& 9 9 ( ( 4 W ( W 4 4 4

& V 9 & V ( 4 ( ( 4 W 4 4

'& 4 '& ( ('& W 9& 4 ( '& ( W 4

W'& V W W'& V 9 4 ( W ( ( 4 ( 9 W 4 (

4& 4 4& 4 ( 9 9 W 4

9& 9 ( 9& 9 4 W ( 4 ( 9 W 4 (

'& 4 '& ( W 4 V ( ( 9 W 4 (

9 4& W 9& W 9 '& ( '& 9 4 & 9 ( V 4 4 ( 4

& V & V 4 4 9 4 ( 4 4 9 ( 4 V 4

'& 9 W '& 9 ( 4 9 W ( V V 4 V (

('& ( ( ('& ( 4 4 9 W W V 4 W 9

('& ( ('& ( ( 4 V ( 4 4 4 V

('& 4 ('& ( W 4 V ( W 4 V

('& ( ('& ( 4 W W 9 4 V 9

YZ [\^] _a` b c *] \h s kt + kl o f m r] h , kt -

Page 254: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,

! " # $ %

9& 9 9& 9 & 9 W ( 4 W 4 4 ( 9

( ('& W & W 9 4& V ( 4 & V & 9 4 4 4 ('& ( W 4& ( W 4 4 W 4 4 V (

'& 9 W 4& 9 4 W 4 4 V V

'& 4 4 & W ('& 4 & 9 & V 9 4 4

'& V 4 '& W W 4 ( 9 9 V 4 4 V

( W'& 4 W '& 9 ( W 9 4 4 ( ( 4 4

9& V 9& W W ( 4 W 4 4 4 4

( '& W W 9& W '& 9 '& 4 '& V 4 9 ( W (

& 9 & 4 V ( 9 V V 4 4 W 9

& 4 & 4 ( 4 V W ( W V 4 V 4 4 W W

& & 4 4 9 W 4 W V 4 4 V W

V & 9 9 V & ( V W 4 ( V 4 4 V

9 V & 9 & W 9& 4 9& 4 '& 9 4 4 W ( V

('& ( ('& 4 V V ( 4 4 4 4 ( (

('& ( ('& W 4 4 4 ( 4 4 4 4 4 ( (

('& 9 ('& 4 V W ( 9 4 4 ( (

& & 4 V V ( 4 ( 4 4 ( (

'& 4 ( '& 4 4 4 4 (V V 4 4 ( (

'& W '& W 4 W 9 4 W 4 4 (

YZ [\^] _a` b c *] \h s kt + kl o f m r] h , kt -

Page 255: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,L/

! " # $ %

9 ('& 9 ('& '& 9 ( 9 W ( 4 (

( '& '& 4 9 & 4 4 4 4& W 4& 9 4 4 4 4& '& 4 4 ( ( 4 4 4 4

(V & ( '& ( ( W 4 V 4 4 4 W

W & & 4 W '& V 9 4 W 4& 9 & W 4 W 4 4

& 9 9& ( 4 V ( 4 9 4 9

'& V W ( ('& V W 9 9 4 ( W 4 ( 4 ( 4 9

9& 9 9& 4 V ( 4 4 4 ( 4 9 V

( W'& ( 9& W 9 '& W ( 4& 9 '& W 9 4 W 4

4& 4 4& 4 ( ( ( ( 4 4 W 4 ( W 4 4 4

'& V ( '& 9 9 ( 4 W 4 4

4& W V & W ( W W W 4 ( V 4 4 W

'& 4 9 '& 4 4 ( 4 4 WV 4 4 4

9 '& ( '& ( ( 4& 4 4 ( 4& '& V 4 9 4 4V W ( ( W

& & 4 4 4 W 9 W 4 ( W

'& W '& 9 ( 4 4 ( W 4 ( W

& ( & 4 4 4 ( ( 4 W 4 ( 9 4

W'& V W W'& W W 4 4 4 W W W 4 ( W

'& V ( '& W W 4 V ( W W W 4 ( W

9& ( 9 9& W 4 4 ( 9 ( W 4 ( W 4

YZ [\^] _a` b c *] \h s kt + ) kl o f m r] h , kt -

Page 256: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,

! " # $ %

& ( 4 4 V (

( ( 4 9 4& 4 V W 4 (V V 9V 9V W

4 ( V W W

4 4 4 ( 4 & 4 W V (

9 9 4 V ( 9 4 9 ( W

9 9 4 ( W (V 4

9 4 V V ( 9 4 4 9

4 9 4 '& 4 4 ( 4 4

W 9 4 ( ( 9 W 9

4 ( 4 4 W 9 ( 4

4 ( 9 9 (

V V 4 4 9 V 9 4

9 ( W 4 W ('& 4 ( (

4 W 4 V V 9 4 W W 4

( ( 4 W ( V ( 9 4 4V 9 9

W W 4 W V ( 4V W

( 4 W V 4 9 4 W W

4 W 4 ( 4 W V

W W 4 W ( 4 W 4 W W

Y Z [\ ] _a` b )c *] \h s kt + b kl pq e r] h , kt -

Page 257: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,

! " # $ %

W 9 W 9 '& 9 4

( ( W 4 4 W 4& 4 ( 4 ( 9 V 4 4 9

4 ( 4 V 4 4 9

( ('& 4 4 (

( ( 4 4 W W 9 ( 4 9 V

4 ( 4 9

4 V 9 ( 4 9

( 4 ('& 4 4 9

4 4 9 4 ( 4

4 ( 4 9 4 (

9 9 4 V ( 9 4 4

4 W V 4 4 4

9 4 '& W (V

4 4 4 W 9V 9 ( 9

4 V ( 9 ( 9

( ( 4 4V W ( 9 (

4 4 W 4 W 9 9 ( 9

4 W ( 9 ( 9

( ( 4 4 9 9 ( 9V

Y Z [\ ] _a` b c *] \h s kt + kl pq e r] h , kt -

Page 258: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,

! " # $ %

( ( ( & 9 4

( 4 ( V 4 9 4& 9 4 4 9 ( W ( W 4 ( WV 9 4 ( 9

( 9 ( 9 4 (V 4 ( 4 (

9 W 4 ( ('& W 4 V

( 4 V 4 4V W ( W W W

9 4 ( 9 9 9 W V 4

4 4 W ( WV

4 ( & V 4 ( 4 4 ( (

( ( 4 4 4 9 V

4 V 9 W W ( W

4 V W 4 ( W (

( ( 4 V V 4 (

9 W ( 9 ( 4& (

4 V 4 ( 4 V ( W 4

4 ( V W W 4

4 ( 9 ( V W 9

9 4 ( ( 9 W

4 ( 4 9 W

4 ( W 4 V W 4

Y Z [\ ] _a` b c *] \h s kt + kl pq e r] h , kt -

Page 259: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,-

! " # $ %

4 4 4& ( WV 4 W V W 4

( 9 4 W 4& W 4 9 W W 9 4 ( W 9 ( 4 ( 4 V 9

V W 4 V W 9 ( 4 ( 4

V ( 9 & 9 4 9 (

( ( 4 ( 4V V ( 4 4 4 4 W

( 4 V 4 ( 9 9 V W 4 W 4 4 4 V

( ( ( 9 W 4 4 4 W

9 4 V 4 '& ( 4 ( ( ( (

( ( 4 ( ( 9 W

( ( ( ( 4 ( ( W

W 9 4 4 4 9 W 4 4

4 (V V W V 9V W

9 W W ( 9 & ( 4 9V

4 V 4 V 4 4 4

( ( 4 4 W 4 4

4 4 4 V W 4 4 4

4 9 4 4 4 (V

( 4 V 4 ( 9 W 4 4 W

( 4 V 4 4 ( W

Y Z [\ ] _a` b c *] \h s kt + kl pq e r] h , kt -

Page 260: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,A,

! " # $ %

9 W 9 W W W'& ( ( W WV 4 9 4

( V V 9 4& W 4 ( 9 9 W 9 9 ( 4 ( ( W

( V (V ( ( ( W W

W ( W 4 '& V 4 ( 4 (

4 (V 4 ( V ( 9 (

V V V W 4 ( 4 W ( 4

4 (V ( 4 W ( 9

W ( ( 9& ( 4 ( 9 V

4 9V 4 V 4 9 W V ( 4

4 9 W 9 W V W

( ( 4 9 ( ( ( 9 9 V

9 9 4 9 ( V W 4 9 9 V

9 9 9 V & ( 9 W

4 4 4 W W 4 W 9 W 9

4 W 9 W 4 9 W

( ( 4 V 4 W 9 W (

4 4 4 W 9 9V ( 9

4 W W W 9V

9 9 4 WV ( 9V 9 W (

Y Z [\ ] _a` c *] \h s kt + kl pq e r] h , kt -

Page 261: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,

! " # $ %

WV WV '& ( W 9 4 (

( ( ( V 4 4 & 4 V W 4 9 ( 9 W W V 4 4 4 9

9 W ( V ( 4 4 4 9 9

( 4 ( 9 W'& ( WV (

( ( 4 V 9 V (V V

( ( ( W V (

( V (

( W W V & (V (

9 9 4 ( 9 V W 4 4 4

W 9 4 ( WV V 4 4 (

( 4 ( 9 V W W 4 4

V V 4 ( W 4 4 9 4V 4 4 V

9 W V 4 V W'& W W 9V V

( 4 W V 4 ( 9

4 4 ( WV ( 9 4

4 4V V ( 9 9 (

4 (V 9 9 V ( 9 9 (

( ( 4 V V 9 ( 9 9 (

4 W V W ( 9 9

Y Z [\ ] _a` bc *] \h s kt + ) kl pq e r] h , kt -

Page 262: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,

! " # $ %

W 9 W 9 ( & ( 9 W 4 (V

( 4 4 4 ('& 4 4 4 4 4 W 4 V W 4 W

V W (V 4 V W W 4 V

V 4 ( 4 W'& 9 9 ( W (

9 9 4 W W ( 9

V V 9 W ( W V ( W

9 W 9 9 9 W ( 4 W W ( (

9 W ( 4 ( ( & V 4 W

4 4 4 ( 4 4 (

V V ( 4V ( 4 ( V

( 4 4 ( 4 W 4 ( (

W 9 4 ( ( 4 4 9 W 4 ( 4

9 ( 4 W W ( ( '& 9 W 9 W 4 W

V W 4 ( W W 9 (V

4 ( 9 4 9 (V

4 W W ( W

( ( 4 (V W 4 ( 9

( W W 4 9

9 4 4 9 V

Y Z [\ ] _a` c *] \h s kt + kl pq e r] h , kt -

Page 263: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,

! " # $ %

V V W'& W 9V W ( V ( 4 ( W

( W 4 9 ('& 4 4 4 4 9 W 9 4 4 ( 4 W

4 V 9 9 W 4 4V 4 W W

9 9 4 W'& 9 ( W (

V 4 WV 4 ( 9 V ( 4 4 V

( W ( 9 W 9 ( ( 4 W ( W 4 4 4

W W 4 ( ( 4 W 4 4

( 9 4 ( 4& W 4 W 4

( ( 4 ( W ( ( 4 ( 9 W 4 (

4 ( 9 9 W 4

4 W ( 4 ( 9 W 4 (

W W 4 V ( ( 9 W 4 (

9 ( 4V ( ( 4 4 9 9 9 & 4 4 V 4 4 ( 4

( 4 4 9 4 ( 4 4 9 ( 4 V 4

( 4 9 W ( V V 4 V (

( 4 9 W W V 4 W 9

4 V ( 4 4 4 V

4 V ( W 4 V

4 W W 9 4 V 9

Y Z [\ ] _a` c *] \h s kt + kl pq e r] h , kt -

Page 264: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,

! " # $ %

( 4 4 4 ('& 4 4 4 ( V W 4 4 W 4 4 V (

( V W 4 4 4 W 4 4 V V

W 9 W 9 ( '& W 4

4 W 4 W 4 ( 9 9 V 4 4 V

W ( ( 9 ( W 9 4 4 ( ( 4 4

V ( 4 W 4 4 4 4

( ( 9 4 9 ( 9 '& ( WV 9 ( W W

4 4 4 V ( 9 W V V 4 4 W 9

V V ( V (V 4 V 4 WV V W 9

9 9 4 9 4 4 W V 4 4 4

W ( 9 V W 4 ( V 4 4 V

9 9 4 ( (V V '& 9V 4 4 W ( V

4 4 V V ( 4 4 4 4 ( (

4 4 4 4 4 ( 4 4 4 4 4 ( (

9 4 W 4 V W ( 9 4 4 ( (

W 4 W 4 4 V V ( 4 ( 4 4 ( (

V V 4 4 4 4 (V V 4 4 ( (

V W 4 W 9 4 W 4 4 (

Y Z [\ ] _a` c *] \h s kt + kl pq e r] h , kt -

Page 265: Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation - Home Page · Ë 6 1 )*< !#"$ &%')(+*+),-"."/ 0 1*32 1),-"$546(+)798:;(< &=> 1,- ?38 8 @a=> *+(+ b "/8,- 1 c%d,e),-

("H!* $|HH '#%: Z.)iH#

,C/

! " # $ %

( 9 ( 4 ( ('& 4 4 4 9 4 ( 4 4 4 4

V V W W 4 V 4 4 4 W

W W 9 9 W 4V 9& 9 V 4 W 4 4

9 4 V ( 4 9 4 9

9 V 9 ( W 4 ( 4 ( 4 9

( 9 ( 4 4 4 ( 4 9 V

( W 4 ( '& 4V 9 9 4 W 4

( 4V W 4 W ( ( 4 4 W 4 ( W 4 4 4

W W 4 ( 4 W 4 4

( 4 ( 9 W V ( W W W 4 ( V 4 4 W

W W 4 ( 4 4 WV 4 4 4

9 W V V 4 ( W 9 & W 4V W ( ( W

9V 9V 4 W 9 W 4 ( W

WV W ( ( 4 4 ( W 4 ( W

9 9 9 4 ( ( 4 ( W 4 ( 9 4

( W 9 4 4 W W W 4 ( W

V ( W W W 4 ( W

V 4 ( 9 ( W 4 ( W 4

Y Z [\ ] _a` c *] \h s kt + ) kl pq e r] h , kt -


TEL. 798 26 01 • FAX 798 93 86 WIRTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG › ... › konjunktubericht-herbst-2017.pdf · 2018-07-16 · 1. Konjunkturentwicklung: Höchstes regionales Wirtschaftswachstum

TEL. 798 26 01 • FAX 798 93 86 WIRTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG › ... › konjunktubericht-herbst-2017.pdf · 2018-07-16 · 1. Konjunkturentwicklung: Höchstes regionales Wirtschaftswachstum

FA - Nr. 798

FA - Nr. 798

2010 - life-online.de LIFE e.V. Umwelt Bildung Chancengleichheit Dircksenstr. 47 | 10178 Berlin Telefon: +49.30.308 798 - 0 v.i.S.d.P. : Rita Eichelkraut

2010 - life-online.de LIFE e.V. Umwelt Bildung Chancengleichheit Dircksenstr. 47 | 10178 Berlin Telefon: +49.30.308 798 - 0 v.i.S.d.P. : Rita Eichelkraut

Modernisieren Sie mit Europas Nr. 1: Hörmann Garagentore ... · Automatik Garagentor Haustür Seitenteil ab 899 € * ab 1698 € * ab 798 € * Modernisieren Sie mit Europas Nr.

Modernisieren Sie mit Europas Nr. 1: Hörmann Garagentore ... · Automatik Garagentor Haustür Seitenteil ab 899 € * ab 1698 € * ab 798 € * Modernisieren Sie mit Europas Nr.

Assessment of Rockfall Hazard Induced by Earthquakeiapsam.org/psam14/proceedings/paper/paper_64_1.pdf · Assessment of Rockfall Hazard Induced by Earthquake for Important Facility

Assessment of Rockfall Hazard Induced by Earthquakeiapsam.org/psam14/proceedings/paper/paper_64_1.pdf · Assessment of Rockfall Hazard Induced by Earthquake for Important Facility

Электронная почта, базы данныхelab.pro/pluginfile.php/798/mod_resource/content/1/Лекция 7.pdf · 1. tcp/ip — для адресации в сети

Электронная почта, базы данныхelab.pro/pluginfile.php/798/mod_resource/content/1/Лекция 7.pdf · 1. tcp/ip — для адресации в сети

TEL. 798 26 01 • FAX 798 93 86 WIRTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG · Für 2017 wird mit +1,0% ein weiterer Anstieg in ähnlicher Größenordnung erwartet, die Verlangsamung des Wachstums 2017

TEL. 798 26 01 • FAX 798 93 86 WIRTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG · Für 2017 wird mit +1,0% ein weiterer Anstieg in ähnlicher Größenordnung erwartet, die Verlangsamung des Wachstums 2017

Kontinentale Extension: Das Beispiel des Oberrheingrabens · morphology vs.geology HvE – Regionale Geologie - ORG Historical woodcut of the catastroppq p pphic 1356 earthquake in

Kontinentale Extension: Das Beispiel des Oberrheingrabens · morphology vs.geology HvE – Regionale Geologie - ORG Historical woodcut of the catastroppq p pphic 1356 earthquake in

gymnasium wendalinumwendalinum.de/downloadsalt/aktuelles/Gymnasium Wendalinum_Flyer.pdfBeteiligung zur Typisierung bei der »Stefan-Morsch-Stiftung« am Wendalinum. statistik • 798

gymnasium wendalinumwendalinum.de/downloadsalt/aktuelles/Gymnasium Wendalinum_Flyer.pdfBeteiligung zur Typisierung bei der »Stefan-Morsch-Stiftung« am Wendalinum. statistik • 798

mathaus.ro · Tel +43-1/798 26 23-0, Fax "3-1/798 26 23-50, E-Mail hfa@holzforschung at, Homepage . 2.2. Auftrag Auftragsdatum: Ansprechpartner(in): Verantwortliche(r) Produktion

mathaus.ro · Tel +43-1/798 26 23-0, Fax "3-1/798 26 23-50, E-Mail hfa@holzforschung at, Homepage . 2.2. Auftrag Auftragsdatum: Ansprechpartner(in): Verantwortliche(r) Produktion

PJT (P M - wicTronic€¦ · PJT (P ROJEKTE UND T OOLS) M ... MATLAB/Introduction. demo - Browse demos for MATLAB, ... Loma Prieta Earthquake. MATLAB/Visualization.

PJT (P M - wicTronic€¦ · PJT (P ROJEKTE UND T OOLS) M ... MATLAB/Introduction. demo - Browse demos for MATLAB, ... Loma Prieta Earthquake. MATLAB/Visualization.

Product development of earthquake- safe houses and schoolselpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/servlets/DerivateServ... · CAD/CAM and detailsteel engineering. This work would not have been

Product development of earthquake- safe houses and schoolselpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/servlets/DerivateServ... · CAD/CAM and detailsteel engineering. This work would not have been

HDS 551 C, 558 C, HDS 558 CSX, 698 CSX, 698 C, 798 C 798 · PDF fileDeutsch HDS 551 C, 558 C, 698 C, 798 C, 558 CSX, 698 CSX, 798 CSX 5 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Umweltschutz 5 Übersicht

HDS 551 C, 558 C, HDS 558 CSX, 698 CSX, 698 C, 798 C 798 · PDF fileDeutsch HDS 551 C, 558 C, 698 C, 798 C, 558 CSX, 698 CSX, 798 CSX 5 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Umweltschutz 5 Übersicht

TEL. 798 26 01 • FAX 798 93 86 WIRTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG · 2017. 9. 4. · TEL. 798 26 01 • FAX 798 93 86. Oberösterreichs Wirtschaft im europäischen Konkurrenzumfeld Zweiter Bericht

TEL. 798 26 01 • FAX 798 93 86 WIRTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG · 2017. 9. 4. · TEL. 798 26 01 • FAX 798 93 86. Oberösterreichs Wirtschaft im europäischen Konkurrenzumfeld Zweiter Bericht

bersicht DIN / ISO Norm - schraubenundmehr.de · 787 299 Nutenschrauben UTS . Seite 6 von 13 792 - Zylindersenkschrauben 797 - Ankerschrauben 798 - Ankermuttern 835 - Stiftschrauben

bersicht DIN / ISO Norm - schraubenundmehr.de · 787 299 Nutenschrauben UTS . Seite 6 von 13 792 - Zylindersenkschrauben 797 - Ankerschrauben 798 - Ankermuttern 835 - Stiftschrauben

TRANSPONDER NOTFALL-CODES FUNK-NOTFREQUENZ … fileTRANSPONDER NOTFALL-CODES Entführung 7500 Funkausfall 7600 Notfall +43 (0)1-798 83 80 (H24)7700 JETZT NICHT LANDEN! ROTE FEUERWERKSKÖRPER

TRANSPONDER NOTFALL-CODES FUNK-NOTFREQUENZ … fileTRANSPONDER NOTFALL-CODES Entführung 7500 Funkausfall 7600 Notfall +43 (0)1-798 83 80 (H24)7700 JETZT NICHT LANDEN! ROTE FEUERWERKSKÖRPER

Die langfristige Zukunft des UKW-Bandes (analog und ... · Übersicht Erlenstrasse 2 w CH - 6343 Rotkreuz Tel +41 41 798 88 00 w Fax +41 41 798 88 80 w Einleitung IST-Zustand und

Die langfristige Zukunft des UKW-Bandes (analog und ... · Übersicht Erlenstrasse 2 w CH - 6343 Rotkreuz Tel +41 41 798 88 00 w Fax +41 41 798 88 80 w Einleitung IST-Zustand und

Technischer Anhang - ME Pneumatik · 2019. 4. 9. · Technischer Anhang 798 Allgemeiner Teil Einheiten und Umrechnungen Bezeichnung Einheiten/ Kurzzeichen Umrechnung Längenmaße

Technischer Anhang - ME Pneumatik · 2019. 4. 9. · Technischer Anhang 798 Allgemeiner Teil Einheiten und Umrechnungen Bezeichnung Einheiten/ Kurzzeichen Umrechnung Längenmaße

TEL. 798 26 01 • FAX 798 93 86 WIRTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG · 2018. 11. 29. · 3. Ergebnisse des Arbeitsmarktmonitors 2016 Es sind durchwegs kleine EU-Staaten, die in den fünf Indexbereichen

TEL. 798 26 01 • FAX 798 93 86 WIRTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG · 2018. 11. 29. · 3. Ergebnisse des Arbeitsmarktmonitors 2016 Es sind durchwegs kleine EU-Staaten, die in den fünf Indexbereichen

Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,/+ ,00 ˘ˇˆ˙˝ MEMS Evaluation of MEMS ... · sibility of MEMS sensors for earthquake observations, dense seismic array observations were carried out using MEMS

Vol. pp. 2. ,**3 ,/+ ,00 ˘ˇˆ˙˝ MEMS Evaluation of MEMS ... · sibility of MEMS sensors for earthquake observations, dense seismic array observations were carried out using MEMS