Parts Oriented

download Parts Oriented

of 7

Transcript of Parts Oriented

  • 8/12/2019 Parts Oriented

    1/7

    The concept of the parts oriented productionsystem

    Autor(en): Kunugi, Takashi / Takada, Hiroo / Mine, Naoto

    Objekttyp: Article

    Zeitschrift: IABSE reports = Rapports AIPC = IVBH Berichte

    Band(Jahr): 79(1998)

    Persistenter Link: http://dx.doi.org/10.5169/seals-59949

    Erstellt am: 13.05.2014

    NutzungsbedingungenMit dem Zugriff auf den vorliegenden Inhalt gelten die Nutzungsbedingungen als akzeptiert. Die

    angebotenen Dokumente stehen fr nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre, Forschung und fr dieprivate Nutzung frei zur Verfgung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot knnenzusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und unter deren Einhaltung weitergegeben werden.Die Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern ist nur mit vorherigerschriftlicher Genehmigung mglich. Die Rechte fr diese und andere Nutzungsarten der Inhalte liegenbeim Herausgeber bzw. beim Verlag.

    Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek Rmistrasse 101, 8092 Zrich, Schweiz

    [email protected]://retro.seals.ch

    http://dx.doi.org/10.5169/seals-59949http://dx.doi.org/10.5169/seals-59949
  • 8/12/2019 Parts Oriented

    2/7

  • 8/12/2019 Parts Oriented

    3/7

    632 THE CONCEPTOF THE PARTS ORIENTEDPRODUCTIONSYSTEM

    2. The Concept ofthe Parts Oriented Production SystemThis system comprises three major Subsystems. The first Subsystem is design. Considering abuildingto be made up entirelyofparts, it is possible to describe the buildingin terms oftheproperties ofeach part, i.e. the qualities and shapes ofparts, and part unit prices. The designerthen decides on the volume ofthe buildingas a whole, and the structure and layout of eachspace, taking into account the restrictingconditions such as the demands from the customer,the site conditions and the laws and regulations which apply to the site. Next, in order toachieve the Performance of each space, the designer selects the materials to be used in theparts which make the space, and decides on the dimensions after considering individualdemands for each space and the buildingas a whole, based on existing design cases and thedesigner's knowledge gained from experience. In parts oriented design, the designer advancesthe design process by selecting the parts one by one based on his or her knowledge gainedthrough experience and the attribute informationof each part. Ifa designers wishes to makethe most of his individualityin building or space, or if a conscious attempt is made todifferentiate that buildingor space from others, original parts may be developed. It is alsopossible to use designs which intend parts replacement to extend the building's life. Throughsuch processes as these, a list ofthe parts to be used in the buildingas a whole is completed,and it is easy to obtain the total numbers ofeach part includinga total ofeach type ofpart, anda total unit cost.

    The second Subsystem is procurement and distribution.Procurement plans are formulatedbyreferringto the parts list foreach buildingprovisionallydecided upon in the design Subsystem,and taking into account the process for each building.The design Subsystem entails review ofeach individualitem, but in the procurement and distributionSubsystem, review is carried outto bring together the lists of parts for each building and to increase the quantity of partspurchased as much as possible. If it is judged that the Performance of particular parts areroughly the same, but the quantitative effect against cost is higher for the parts of a differentmanufacturer, review must be carried out once more to establish whether it is possible to makechanges in the design Subsystem. Ifit is impossibleto make one order due to slight differencesin the deliverydate, at the same time as reviewingthe possibilityto changes in deliverydate atthe construction site, the possibilityof provisionallysetting up a temporary stockyard at theCompany or the manufacturershould be reviewed. In addition, in order to purchase parts morecheaply, production planning of parts manufacturers shall be considered. It is necessary toconstantly exchange information with parts manufacturers, and possess low-cost partsinformationin real time.

    The distribution Subsystem reviews how the procured parts will be delivered to theconstruction site. Up untilnow, there has been a high degree of reliance on manufacturers forthe distributionof each part, and the distributioncosts ofparts have been tacitlyadded ontopart unit costs. In the distributionSubsystem, it is important to review conventional customs,to clearlydifferentiatepart unit cost and distributioncosts, and to develop a mechanism whichenables cost controlofthe two. The necessary parts must be delivered to each constructionsiteat the necessary time (just in time), but if parts ordered all at one in large quantities areshipped at the one-sided convenience of the manufacturer, the management at each sitebecomes confused. Two methods available to prevent this from happening are that themanufacturer maintains a temporary inventory, or the Company provides a temporary storagearea. Taking a look at the conventionalState ofcarrying in materials to constructionsites, thereare many cases in whicha large truck comes only carryinga minuscule quantityofmaterials. It

  • 8/12/2019 Parts Oriented

    4/7

    T. KUNUG1,H. TAKADA,N. MINE 633

    is also importantto review the ideal packing method and formofpackaging for transportationbased on the dimensions, shape, weight and material of each part. This would then make itpossible to select a truck in accordance with the quantity, thereby improving distributionefficiency.Additionally,using the return trips oftrucks whichhave carried in parts to recovertemporary parts which are no longer necessary, and patrollingother sites located nearby willalso contribute to improvingdistributionefficiency.The third Subsystem is pre-assembly. Most of the assembly Systems in current constructionproduction entail carrying out work continuouslyone by one on a final assembly line leadingto completion. i.e. the straight line productionsystem. Taking a close look at this productionprocess, it is not necessarily the case that it must be implemented on a final assembly line.That is to say, there are a considerable number of parts which can be unitized or assembledinto panels in a place inside or outside the site, before being installed on the final assemblyline. Ifthis parallel production system (hereinafter referred to as pre-assembly ) is used, itbecomes possible in principleto divideup and carry out in parallel the productionprocesses inaccordance with the required workduration, thereby dramaticallyreducing the work duration.In unitizingparts or assembling panels, there is the method in which a productionyard is setup and operated within the construction site, the method which uses the factories ofmanufacturers ofrelated parts, and the method whichuses a temporary storage area discussedin the distributionSubsystem above. Whichevermethod is used, it is separated from the finalassembly line (sub-line), and a good work environment may be expected. That is to say, anattitude which is easy to work in is adopted by creating tools to fit the parts, or deciding onsupply routes for parts which minimizethe Walkingdistance ofworkers. Improvements in thework environment will also make it possible to simplify the work which conventionallyrequires highlydeveloped skills.For example, ifworkdone facing upwards is changed to workdone facing downwards, that alone makes work easier to perform. This makes it possible touse unskilled labor, which in turn enables companies to keep the cost of labor down. Inaddition, when differentoccupations performworkone after the other, it becomes possible forworkers from different occupations to perform simplifiedwork. That is to say, it makesworkers multi-skilled.The same may be said ifmachines are used on the sub-line. Ifsimpleregulr position work is adopted, and processing machines are used, sophisticated machinerybecomes totallyunnecessary. Unlikeconventional constructionrobots, there is no need for themachines to automaticallyapproach the parts. Machines should be operated using cheap labor,witha mobile pedestal for the machines or the parts to be assembled.

    A further benefit of the pre-assembly method is the prevention ofunproductivewaitingtime.

    Conventionallyin locations related

    to equipmentand the interiors

    of buildings a variety ofoccupations become jumbled, and there is a tendency for workabilityto suffer. In suchlocations, by breaking away from a final assembly line, and assembling at a sub-line, not onlyis it possible to achieve a more spacious workingarea, but by establishing multiplesub-linesand making workers patrol on cycles which correspond with the cycles of the final assemblyline, it is possible to prevent unproductive waiting time from occurring and to achievedramatic improvements in workability.

    The content of the main three sub-systems has been described above, and while these threeprocesses have a slight time differential,work can be advanced simultaneously in parallelthrough Cooperation. As mentioned at the beginning of the design Subsystem section, byadopting an approach which recognizes that the individualparts whichmake up a buildingareseparate and have their own unique attributes, it suggests the possibilitythat matters which

  • 8/12/2019 Parts Oriented

    5/7

    634 THE CONCEPT OF THE PARTS O

    may have seemed extremely complex in the convorganized clearly.

    3. ApplicationIn order to verify the effectiveness of this concetesting assuming actual construction, and are apcases are presented here.

    3.1 Utilizationof Multi-skilledLabor in InteDwellingHousing

    Conventionally,the systematization ofconstructibehind that of structural work, and there is a teand the workingefficiencyto suffer as a result ointricate in confined areas such as plumbingareaproblem by making carpenters who were conventand having them implementpart of the equipmewiringand plumbing,mountingof Ventilation fathe presence of specialist workers. In order to mout the water and hot water plumbing,parts mad

    lightweight and can be bent, were pre-assembresidential layout. In addition, in an effort to imprparts constructed from plasterboard and woodPol eth lene i es it becomes ossible for the ca

  • 8/12/2019 Parts Oriented

    6/7

    T. KUNUGI,H. TA

    ?^ l5i:.

    Fig.3 LayingofcrosslinkedPolyethylenepipes Fi

    Fi . 5 Electric

  • 8/12/2019 Parts Oriented

    7/7

    636 THE CONCEPTOF THE PARTS O

    livingJapanese-style iroom

    children'sbed room

    balcony entradiningroom

    i bedbathkitchen1 room i \ roomi i 1

    ,,,J,.,,.,.,,.^,..,..,L.^^r^

    ' -'

    | ,-;.. MI)

    m

    Fig. 8 Steelform F