Universität zu Köln Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät Institut für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie (ISS)

Prof. Dr. Marita Jacob & Dr. Judith Offerhaus

Social Inequality Beyond Europe.

Education and social stratification in developing countries Summer Term 2017 & Winter Term 2017/18

Tuesday, 10:00 – 13:30, Seminarraum, Greinstr. 2

Course Overview The unequal distribution of education and life chances is of continuous concern all over the world. In particular, in countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Latin and South America and in Asia unequal participation in education and disparate life chances are a major challenge to society and its development. This course brings together different theoretical perspectives on social inequality and social stratification with empirical evidence for countries beyond Europe.

In the first part of the course during summer term 2017, we will discuss basic concepts and central theoretical models and themes in social inequality and social stratification. We then elaborate on these theoretical considerations by looking at recent empirical literature on social stratification and how institutions such as the education system and the labour market shape social inequalities. We will then sketch country characteristics and social inequalities of selected countries in CEE, MENA, South American and Asia. In particular, we will look at empirical evidence from (mainly quantitative) studies in economics and sociology about inequality in education, in the labour market and with regard to intergenerational mobility.

The course is hold in collaboration with the CMIS Centre of Modern India Studies at the University of Cologne offering up to 10 students the possibility to attend a two-week summer school at the Symbiosis International University, Pune (India) from 3. to 15. September 2017. Details on application for the program, participation and costs will be given during the first meeting of the course on Tuesday, April 25, 2017.

During the second part of the course in winter term 2017/18 students will conduct their own research projects, analysing their own research question on education and social stratification using data of selected countries. Please refresh your Stata knowledge as the empirical analyses will be conducted with Stata. In Winter Term 2017/18 Judith Offerhaus will join the course supporting your individual research projects.

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Requirements (Summer Term 2017)

– Reading. A key part of this course is regular and thoughtful prepration and consideration of the texts. It is essential that you complete the assigned reading before each and every class session.

– Discussion. Contribute to the discussion in class.

– Memos. You will be asked to write up to four short memos (1-2 pages), either a literature recherche or answering questions related to the assigned reading.

– Poster Presentation. Prepare a poster on aspects of education and social stratificaiton for one selected country. In addition, check the available data in that country and possible research questions that one could answer with the data.

– Research Pitch. Prepare a short overview of yor research question using Robert Faff’s template for pitching research. Choose among the topics that had been discussed in the course. This is going to be the topic you are going to work intensively in the second part of the course.

– Proposal. Write a proposal (2-3 pages) explaining your research question and how you will conduct your own analyses. The proposal will be discussed with Marita Jacob or Judith Offerhaus individually.

– Exposé (5-8 pages), deadline of submission 20.09.2017. The exposé will be graded and counts 1/3 of the final grade.

All written contributions have to be handed in via ILIAS. Please take care of respective dates for submisssion

Course Schedule (short) Part I (10:00 – ca. 12:00) Part II (12:15 – ca. 13:15) 25.4. Introduction of participants

CMIS Summer School Introduction to the course

9.5. Principles of stratification research Education and social stratification 16.5. Reading Week 23.5. Inequalities in education around the world Pitching Research 30.5. Social inequalities in education Finding relevant literature 16.6. Education and labour market outcomes Theory, hypotheses and analyses 20.6. Social mobility Stata I 27.6. Education and social stratification in India Stata II 4.7. Presentation of own Research Questions 11.7. & 18.7. Individual appointments with Marita Jacob and Judith Offerhaus

Please carefully read the course schedule and the assigments resp. ILIAS submissions you are asked for. If you are asked to prepare a presentation, please the presentation on a USB-stick to class. For the stata sessions please bring your own laptop to the course – if possibe - and have Stata installed on your computer. Attendance of Stata sessions is not mandatory.

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Course Schedule (long) Introduction to research in education and social stratification. (April 25, 2017) The course outline is presented and the CMIS Summer School will be introduced. In the second part we start discussing several topics that are going to be covered in more detail during the semester. Suggestions for additional topics or readings from participants are welcome. Basic Reading Grusky, David B. (2011) The Stories About Inequality that We Love to Tell. In: The Inequality Reader: Contemporary and Foundational Readings in Race, Class, and Gender, 2nd Edition, edited by David B. Grusky and Szonja Szele ́nyi. 2011, Chapter 1. Boulder: Westview Press. Buchmann, Claudia & Emily Hannum (2001). Education and stratification in developing countries: Review of theories and empirical research. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 77–102. Preparation for next week Read the basic reading of next week carefully and be prepared for a discussion. Please submit 5 questions and/or remarks you have to four out of the five basic readings via ILIAS until Monday, May 8, 23:59.

Principles of research in education, social stratification and mobility. (May 9, 2017)

During the first part of the session we discuss two classical views on social stratification. In the second part of the session we dicuss theoretical and empirical considerations of the so-called OED-triangle. Basic reading (Part I) Davis, K and Moore W (1945) Some Principles of Stratification. American Sociological Review 10(2): 242-249 Tumin, M (1953) Some Principles of Stratification: A Critical Analysis. American Sociological Review 18(4): 387-394 18 (4) Basic Reading (Part II) Blau, PM and Duncan OD (1967) The American Occupational Structure. New York. Wiley. Chapter 5. The Process of stratification, pages 163-206 Hansen, DO and Haller AO (1973) Status attainment of Costa Rica males: a cross-cultural test of a model. Rural Sociology 38: 269-282 Treiman, D and Yip K (1989) Educational and occupational attainment in 21 countries. In: Cross-national Research in Sociology, ed. M. Kohn, Beverly Hills, CA:Sage. pages 373-394.

Reading Week (May 16, 2017) There will be no ‘regular’ session but I expect everyone to gather ‘general’ information about social inequalities in education, the transition from school to work and returns to education in the labour market focussing on countries beyond Europe. In addition, please review the literature list to find out which topics may interest you. Look for (descriptive) empirical evidence for your topic!

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Basic reading Ferreira, F.H.G., Gignoux, J. (2013): The measurement of educational inequality: achievement and opportunity. World Bank Economic Review Preparation for next week Prepare a 5 min one/two-slides PowerPoint-presentation with some interesting empirical findings on inequalities in education (and related social stratification) using e.g. http://www.education-inequalities.org, OECD Education databases, ILO work4youth reports or other sources. Please submit your presentation via ILIAS until Monday, April 24, 23:59. In addition, bring your presentation on a USB-stick to class.

Educational inequality around the world. Pitching Research. (May 25, 2017) We discuss empirical findings on inequality in education around the world and link these findings to theoretical considerations on education systems. In the second part, we will work on how to find and elaborate on a research question. Basic reading (Part I) Gross, C, Hadjar A and Meyer HD (2016) Theorising the impact of education systems on inequalities. In Hadjar A and Gross C (ed) Education Systems and Inequality. International comparisons. Kerckhoff AC (2001) Education and social stratification processes in comparative perspective. Sociology of Education 74: 3-18 Basic reading (Part II) Faff, RW. (2017) Pitching Research® https://ssrn.com/abstract=2462059 OR http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2462059 (in particular: section 2) and http://uqccr.uq.edu.au/media/113941/PitchingPaper_2pageFlyer_UQAPS2015.pdf Preparation for next week At the end of the session we agree on the topics to be covered in next week’s session, see literature sorted by topic. Basic reading for the selected topics will be identified from the list that you are asked to read. In addition, please prepare a short oral summary (5 min) of one additional article relted to the selected topics. If possible, please bring your own laptop to the session.

Social inequalities in education. Finding relevant literature. (May 30, 2017) We discuss theoretical considerations and empirical findings on selected dimensions of educational inequality such as social origin, gender, race, ethnicity or urban/rural origin in selected countries. In the second part we discuss how to find relevant literature for your topic. Please bring your laptop to the session. Basic Reading (Part I) to be announced according to participants’ interests Basic Reading (Part II) Gunnar Otte (2014) Hinweise zur Recherche soziologischer Literatur. Mimeo. https://sozialstruktur.soziologie.uni-mainz.de/files/2014/05/Hinweise-Literaturrecherche.pdf

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Preparation for next week Do a short recherche on basic considerations of human capital theory, signaling/credentialist theories and theories on occupational closure, in case you have not yet encountered them in your previous studies. Read the two basic readings of Part I and compare them regarding target readers, scope and theories, and in particular to empirical evidence on (economic) returns to education in the US and in developing countries. Also carefully read the basic reading for Part II.

Education and labour market outcomes. Theory, hypotheses and analyses (June 16, 2017) In the first part we discuss returns to education. In the second part we use the basic reading as an example to re-construct the ’common’ structure of empirical articles in quantitative sociology: introduction, theory, data, results, conclusion. Basic reading (Part I) Hout, M (2012) Social and Economic Returns to College Education in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 38:379-400 Peet, E, Fink, G. and Fawzi W (2015), Returns to education in developing countries: Evidence from the living standards and measurement study surveys, Economics of Education Review, Volume 49, December 2015, Pages 69-90 Basic reading (Part II) Wu, Xiaogang and Yu Xie. 2003. Does the Market Pay Off? Earnings Returns to Education in Urban China. American Sociological Review, 68 (3): 425-442. Preparation for next week Choose one article of literature list for topic Intergenerational occupational mobility and read it carefully. Prepare a summary of the theoretical arguments and empirical findings of the article. Be prepared to advocate your article in a Science Slam, i.e. why it is interesting, important and inspiring for your peers (as usual: 5 min, two-slides).

Social mobility. Stata I. (June 20, 2017)

We now turn to intergenerational mobility, i.e. the intergenerational transmission of occupation, status, or income, one of the core themes in social stratification research. In the second part we start with refreshing your Stata knowledge, please bring our own laptop with Stata installed. Basic reading (Part I) Choose one article of the suggested readings in the literature list for topic Intergenerational occupational mobility

Preparation for next week Please read the basic reading carefully and be prepared for a discussion. Start thinking about you research interests and your own research question.

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Special session on education and social stratification in India. Stata II. (June 27, 2017) As a (first) preparation for the participants in the CMIS Summer School but also as a country-case study for those who do not participate. In the first part of the session we will focus in education, social stratification and mobility in India. In the second part we continue with the Stata exercises. Basic reading (Part I) tba Preparation Do you already have a discovered a topic that you are interested in? Please elaborate on a particular research question you want to continue working on during the next months. Prepare Faff’s template Pitching Research as a handout for participants and a 5 min two-slides-Presentation of your pitch. Please submit your pitch via ILIAS until Monday, July 3, 23:59.

Presentation and Discussion of Research Questions. (July 4, 2017)

We discuss participant’s research questions. After presentations we will build working groups that are either grouped along topics or to shared data. Basic reading (for preparing the Exposé and the Proposal) Massengill, Rebekah: Writing Sociology. A Guide for Junior Papers and Senior Theses. http://sociology.princeton.edu/files/undergraduate/soc_ug_writing_guide.pdf Harvard (2009): A Guide to Writing Senior Thesis in Sociology, http://sociology.fas.harvard.edu/files/sociology/files/thesis_guide_sept_2012.pdf Preparation for next week Please prepare a 3-5 pages exposé to be discussed with Marita Jacob and Judith Offerhaus. Please submit your exposé via ILIAS until Saturday, July 8; 23:59.

Individual Appointments. (July 11, 2017)

There will be no regular session but individual appointments with Marita Jacob and Judith Offerhaus to discuss your research questions.

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LiteraturebycountriesWork4YouthPublicationsCountryReportsfor:Armenia,Bangladesh,Cambodia,Egypt,Jamaica,Jordanien,Malawi,Nepal,Palästina,

Tanzania,Uganda,Ukraine,VietNamRegionalreports:EasternEuropeandCentralAsia,AsiaandthePacific,Sub-saharanAfricaINDIAAzam,M.&Bhatt,V.(2012)Likefather,likeson?IntergenerationaleducationmobilityinIndia.Discussion

PaperSeries,ForschungsinstitutzurZukunftderArbeit.Bhaumik,S.K.,&Chakrabarty,M.(2009).IseducationthepanaceaforeconomicdeprivationofMuslims?

EvidencefromwageearnersinIndia,1987–2005.JournalofAsianEconomics,20:137–149.Gang,IraN.,KunalSen,andMyeong-SuYun(2016).IsCasteDestiny?OccupationalDiversificationamong

DalitsinRuralIndia.In:EuropeanJournalofDevelopmentResearch,forthcoming.Hnatkovska,Viktoria,AmartyaLahiri,andSourabhB.Paul.(2013).BreakingtheCasteBarrier:

IntergenerationalMobilityinIndia.JournalofHumanResources,48(2):435-73.Iversenetal.(2016)IntergenerationaloccupationalmobilityinIndia.GDIWorkingPaper2016-004.

Manchester:TheUniversityofManchester.KingdonG.G..(1998)DoestheLabourMarketExplainLowerFemaleSchoolinginIndia?,Journalof

DevelopmentStudies35(1):39-65Kingdon,G.(2007).TheprogressofschooleducationinIndia.OxfordReviewofEconomicPolicy,23(2):168-

195.Majumder,Rajarshi(2010):Intergenerationalmobilityineducational&occupationalattainment:a

comparativestudyofsocialclassesinIndia.Margin4(4).Availableat:https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/

Munshi,K.,&Rosenzweig,M.(2006).Traditionalinstitutionsmeetthemodernworld:Caste,gender,andschoolingchoiceinaglobalizingeconomy.AmericanEconomicReview,96:1225–1252.

Munshi,K.,&Rosenzweig,M.(2009).WhyismobilityinIndiasolow?Socialinsurance,inequality,andgrowth(NBERWorkingPaper,14850).Cambridge,MA:NationalBureauofEconomicResearch.

Reddy,A.Bheemeshwar(2015)ChangesinIntergenerationalOccupationalMobilityinIndia:EvidencefromNationalSampleSurveys,1983–2012,WorldDevelopment,76:329-333

TutanAhmedRaghabendraChattopadhyay(2016)ReturntogeneraleducationandvocationaleducationandtraininginIndiancontext.InternationalJournalofEducationalManagement,30(3):370–385

PakistanandNepalStash,S,Hannum,E(2001)Whogoestoschool?Educationalstratificationbygender,casteandethnicity.

ComparativeEducationReview,45SatharZandLloydC(1993)WhogetsprimaryschoolinginPakistan:inequalitiesamongandwithinfamilies.

PopulationCouncilWorkingPapers42:1-40CHINACheng,Y.andDai,J.(1995).IntergenerationalmobilityinmodernChina.EuropeanSociologicalReview,11:

17-35.

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Deng,ZandTreimanDJ(1997)TheimpactoftheculturalrevolutionontrendsineducationalattainmentinthePeople’sRepublicofChina.AmericanJournalofSociology103:391-428

Hu,A.&Vargas,N.(2015)Economicconsequencesofhorizontalstratificationinpostsecondaryeducation:evidencefromurbanChina.In:HigherEducation70:337

HannumEandXieY(1994)TrendsineducationalgenderinequalityinChina1949–1985.ResearchinSocialStratificationandMobility,13:73–98

LiH,MengL,ShiX,(2012)Doeshavingacadreparentpay?EvidencefromthefirstjoboffersofChinesecollegegraduates.JournalofDevelopmentEconomics99:513–520

LuY,TreimanDJ(2008)TheeffectofsibshipsizeoneducationalattainmentinChina:Periodvariations.AmericanSociologicalReview73:813–834

Wu,XiaogangandDonaldTreiman(2007).InequalityandequalityunderChinesesocialism:Thehukousystemandintergenerationaloccupationalmobility.AmericanJournalofSociology,113,415–445.

Wu,XiaogangandYuXie(2003).DoestheMarketPayOff?EarningsReturnstoEducationinUrbanChina.AmericanSociologicalReview,68(3):425-442.

WuY(2013)Thekey-pointschoolsystem,tracking,andeducationalstratificationinChina,1978–2008.SociologicalStudies4:179–202

Yang,Wenhui,ChenLing(2016)Politicalcapitalandintergenerationalmobility:EvidencefromelitecollegeadmissionsinChina.ChineseJournalofSociology2(2):194-213

Zhou,Xueguang,PhyllisMoenandNancyBrandonTuma(1998)EducationalStratificationinUrbanChina:1949-94.SociologyofEducation,71(3):199-222

ASIABroaded,CM(1997)Thelimitsandpossibilitiesoftracking:someevidencefromTaiwan.Sociologyof

Education70:36-53Buchmann,CandBrakewoodD(2000)Laborstructuresandschoolenrollmentsindevelopingsocieties:

ThailandandKenyacompared.ComparativeEducationReview44:175-204LillardLandWillisRJ(1994)Intergenerationaleducationalmobility:effectsoffamilyandstateinMalaysia,

JournalofHumanResources29:1126–1166Maralani,V(2008)TheChangingRelationshipBetweenFamilySizeandEducationalAttainmentOverthe

CourseofSocioeconomicDevelopment:EvidenceFromIndonesia.Demography45(8):693-717Sandefur,GF,H.Park(2007)Educationalexpansionandchangesinoccupationalreturnstoeducationin

Korea.ResearchinSocialStratificationandMobility,25(4):306–322Parish,WLandWillisRJ(1993)Daughters,educationandfamilybudgets:TaiwanExperiences.Journalof

HumanResources28:863-898Park,Hyunjoon.(2007)Single-ParenthoodandChildren’sReadingPerformanceinAsia.JournalofMarriage

andFamily69:863-877.Park,Hyunjoon,Soo-yongByun,andKyung-keunKim(2011)ParentalInvolvementandStudents'Cognitive

OutcomesinKorea:FocusingonPrivateTutoring.SociologyofEducation84:3-22Pong,SL(1996)Schoolparticipationofchildrenfromsingle-motherfamiliesinMalaysia.Comparative

EducationReview40:231-249SmithHL,CheungPP(1986)Trendsintheeffectsoffamilybackgroundoneducationalattainmentinthe

Philippines.AmericanJournalofSociology91:1387–1408Yu,Wei-hsin,Chi-TsunChiu,Offtoagoodstart(2014)Acomparativestudyofchangesinmen'sfirstjob

prospectsinEastAsia.ResearchinSocialStratificationandMobility,37:3-22

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LATINANDSOUTHAMERICABills,DB,HallerAO,KelleyJ,OlsonMB,andPastoreJ(1985)Class,classorigins,regionalsocioeconomic

developmentandthestatusattainmentofBrazilianmen.ResearchinSocialStratificationandMobility4:89-127

Celhay,PabloandSebastiánGallegos(2015)PersistenceintheTransmissionofEducation:EvidenceacrossthreegenerationsforChile.JournalofHumanDevelopment6(3)420–451

Creighton,MathewandHyunjoonPark(2010)ClosingtheGenderGap:SixDecadesofReforminMexicanEducation.ComparativeEducationReview54:513-537.

Creighton,MathewJ,DavidPostandHyunjoonPark.(2016)EthnicInequalityinMexicanEducation.SocialForces94:1187-1220

Daude,Christian.(2011).AscendancebyDescendants?OnIntergenerationalEducationMobilityinLatinAmerica.OECDDevelopmentCentreWorkingPapers,PaperNo.297

Farell,JP,SchiefelbeinE(1985)EducationandstatusattainmentinChile.AcomparativechallengetotheWisconsinmodelofstatusattainment.ComparativeEducationReview,29:490-560

Marteleto,L.andAndrade,F(2014)TheEducationalAchievementofBrazilianAdolescentsSociologyofEducation87(1):16-35

Marteleto;L.(2012)EducationalinequalitybyraceinBrazil,1982–2007:Structuralchangesandshiftsinracialclassification.Demography,49(1):337–358

ParradoEA(1998)Expansionofschooling,economicgrowthandregionalinequalitiesinArgentina.ComparativeEducationReview,42:338-364

Telles,Edward,RenéD.Flores,FernandoUrrea-Giraldo(2015)Pigmentocracies:Educationalinequality,skincolorandcensusethnoracialidentificationineightLatinAmericancountries,ResearchinSocialStratificationandMobility40:39-58

Torche,Florencia(2014)IntergenerationalMobilityandInequality:TheLatinAmericanCase.AnnualReviewofSociology40:619-642

Torche,Florencia(2015)IntergenerationalMobilityandGenderinMexico.SocialForces.94(2):563-587MENAAssaad,RandM.Arntz(2005)Constrainedgeographicalmobilityandgenderedlabormarketoutcomes

understructuraladjustment.EvidencefromEgypt.WorldDevelopment,33(3):431–454Gebel,MandS.Heyne(2014)TransitionstoadulthoodintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica:Youngwomen's

rising?PalgraveMacmillan,Basingstoke,HampshireGebel,MichaelandStefanieHeyne(2016)Delayedtransitionsintimesofincreasinguncertainty:School-to-

worktransitionandthedelayoffirstmarriageinJordan.ResearchinSocialStratificationandMobility,46:61-72

Heyne,StefanieandMichaelGebel(2016).Educationeffectsontheschool-to-worktransitioninEgypt:Acohortcomparisonoflabormarketentrants1970-2012.ResearchinSocialStratificationandMobility,46:37-49

Krafft,CarolineandHalimatAlawode(2016)InequalityofOppportunityinHigherEducationintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.EconomicResearchForum.WorkingPaperSeriesNo.1056.

Salehi-isfahani,D.,Hassine,N.B.,&Assaad,R.(2014).EqualityofopportunityineducationalachievementintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.JournalofEconomicInequality,12(4):489-515.

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Sieverding,Maia(2015)Intergenerationalmobilityinwomen’semploymentoutcomesinEgypt.EconomicResearchForum.WorkingPaperNo.978

CEEANDRUSSIAGerber,T.P.,&Schaefer,D.R.(2004).HorizontalstratificationofhighereducationinRussia:Trends,gender

differences,andlabormarketoutcomes.SociologyofEducation,77(1):32–59.Noelke,C.,Michael,G.,&Kogan,I.(2012).Uniforminequalities:institutionaldifferentiationandthe

transitionfromhighereducationtoworkinpost-socialistcentralandeasternEurope.EuropeanSociologicalReview,28:704–716.

LiteraturebytopicSocialoriginandeducationAzam,M.&Bhatt,V.(2012)Likefather,likeson?IntergenerationaleducationmobilityinIndia.Discussion

PaperSeries,ForschungsinstitutzurZukunftderArbeit.Celhay,PabloandSebastiánGallegos(2015)PersistenceintheTransmissionofEducation:Evidenceacross

threegenerationsforChile.JournalofHumanDevelopment6(3)420–451Daude,Christian.(2011).AscendancebyDescendants?OnIntergenerationalEducationMobilityinLatin

America.OECDDevelopmentCentreWorkingPapers,PaperNo.297LiH,MengL,ShiX,(2012)Doeshavingacadreparentpay?EvidencefromthefirstjoboffersofChinese

collegegraduates.JournalofDevelopmentEconomics99:513–520LillardLandWillisRJ(1994)Intergenerationaleducationalmobility:effectsoffamilyandstateinMalaysia,

JournalofHumanResources29:1126-1166Majumder,Rajarshi(2010):Intergenerationalmobilityineducational&occupationalattainment:a

comparativestudyofsocialclassesinIndia.Margin4(4).Availableat:https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40939/

Munshi,K.,&Rosenzweig,M.(2006).Traditionalinstitutionsmeetthemodernworld:Caste,gender,andschoolingchoiceinaglobalizingeconomy.AmericanEconomicReview,96:1225–1252.

SatharZandLloydC(1993)WhogetsprimaryschoolinginPakistan:inequalitiesamongandwithinfamilies.PopulationCouncilWorkingPapers42:1-40

SmithHL,CheungPP(1986)TrendsintheeffectsoffamilybackgroundoneducationalattainmentinthePhilippines.AmericanJournalofSociology91:1387–1408

Wu,XiaogangandDonaldTreiman(2007).InequalityandequalityunderChinesesocialism:Thehukousystemandintergenerationaloccupationalmobility.AmericanJournalofSociology,113,415–445.

Yang,Wenhui,ChenLing(2016)Politicalcapitalandintergenerationalmobility:EvidencefromelitecollegeadmissionsinChina.ChineseJournalofSociology2(2):194-213

FamilyandeducationLuY,TreimanDJ(2008)TheeffectofsibshipsizeoneducationalattainmentinChina:Periodvariations.

AmericanSociologicalReview73:813–834Maralani,V(2008)TheChangingRelationshipBetweenFamilySizeandEducationalAttainmentOverthe

CourseofSocioeconomicDevelopment:EvidenceFromIndonesia.Demography45(8):693-717

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Marteleto,L.andAndrade,F(2014)TheEducationalAchievementofBrazilianAdolescentsSociologyofEducation87(1):16-35

Park,Hyunjoon,Soo-yongByun,andKyung-keunKim(2011)ParentalInvolvementandStudents'CognitiveOutcomesinKorea:FocusingonPrivateTutoring.SociologyofEducation84:3-22

Park,Hyunjoon.(2007)Single-ParenthoodandChildren’sReadingPerformanceinAsia.JournalofMarriageandFamily69:863-877.

Pong,SL(1996)Schoolparticipationofchildrenfromsingle-motherfamiliesinMalaysia.ComparativeEducationReview40:231-249

GenderandeducationCreighton,MathewandHyunjoonPark(2010)ClosingtheGenderGap:SixDecadesofReforminMexican

Education.ComparativeEducationReview54:513-537.HannumEandXieY(1994)TrendsineducationalgenderinequalityinChina1949–1985.ResearchinSocial

StratificationandMobility,13:73–98KingdonG.G..(1998)DoestheLabourMarketExplainLowerFemaleSchoolinginIndia?Journalof

DevelopmentStudies35(1):39-65Munshi,K.,&Rosenzweig,M.(2006).Traditionalinstitutionsmeetthemodernworld:Caste,gender,and

schoolingchoiceinaglobalizingeconomy.AmericanEconomicReview,96:1225–1252.Parish,WLandWillisRJ(1993)Daughters,educationandfamilybudgets:TaiwanExperiences.Journalof

HumanResources28:863-898SatharZandLloydC(1993)WhogetsprimaryschoolinginPakistan:inequalitiesamongandwithinfamilies.

PopulationCouncilWorkingPapers42:1-40Stash,S,Hannum,E(2001)Whogoestoschool?Educationalstratificationbygender,casteandethnicity.

ComparativeEducationReview,45Torche,Florencia(2015)IntergenerationalMobilityandGenderinMexico.SocialForces.94(2):563-587MinoritiesandeducationBhaumik,S.K.,&Chakrabarty,M.(2009).IseducationthepanaceaforeconomicdeprivationofMuslims?

EvidencefromwageearnersinIndia,1987–2005.JournalofAsianEconomics,20:137–149.Creighton,MathewJ,DavidPostandHyunjoonPark.(2016)EthnicInequalityinMexicanEducation.Social

Forces94:1187-1220Marteleto;L.(2012)EducationalinequalitybyraceinBrazil,1982–2007:Structuralchangesandshiftsin

racialclassification.Demography,49(1):337–358Stash,S,Hannum,E(2001)Whogoestoschool?Educationalstratificationbygender,casteandethnicity.

ComparativeEducationReview,45Telles,Edward,RenéD.Flores,FernandoUrrea-Giraldo(2015),Pigmentocracies:Educationalinequality,skin

colorandcensusethnoracialidentificationineightLatinAmericancountries.ResearchinSocialStratificationandMobility40:39-58

TransitionfromschooltoworkWork4YouthPublicationsCountryReportsforArmenia,Bangladesh,Cambodia,Egypt,Jamaica,Jordanien,Malawi,Nepal,Palästina,Tanzania,Uganda,Ukraine,VietNam.RegionalreportsforEasternEuropeandCentralAsia,AsiaandthePacific,Sub-saharanAfrica

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Gebel,MandHeyneS(2016)Delayedtransitionsintimesofincreasinguncertainty:School-to-worktransitionandthedelayoffirstmarriageinJordan.ResearchinSocialStratificationandMobility,46:61-72

Gebel,MandHeyneS.(2014)TransitionstoadulthoodintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica:Youngwomen'srising?PalgraveMacmillan,Basingstoke,Hampshire

Heyne,StefanieandMichaelGebel(2016).Educationeffectsontheschool-to-worktransitioninEgypt:Acohortcomparisonoflabormarketentrants1970-2012.ResearchinSocialStratificationandMobility46:37-49

Yu,Wei-hsin,Chi-TsunChiu(2014)Offtoagoodstart.Acomparativestudyofchangesinmen'sfirstjobprospectsinEastAsia.ResearchinSocialStratificationandMobility,37:3-22

ReturnstoeducationAssaad,RandM.Arntz(2005)Constrainedgeographicalmobilityandgenderedlabormarketoutcomes

understructuraladjustment.EvidencefromEgypt.WorldDevelopment,33(3):431–454Buchmann,CandBrakewoodD(2000)Laborstructuresandschoolenrollmentsindevelopingsocieties:

ThailandandKenyacompared.ComparativeEducationReview44:175-204Sandefur,GF,H.Park(2007)Educationalexpansionandchangesinoccupationalreturnstoeducationin

Korea.ResearchinSocialStratificationandMobility,25(4):306–322TutanAhmedRaghabendraChattopadhyay(2016)Returntogeneraleducationandvocationaleducationand

traininginIndiancontext.InternationalJournalofEducationalManagement,30(3):370–385Wu,XiaogangandYuXie.2003.DoestheMarketPayOff?EarningsReturnstoEducationinUrbanChina.

AmericanSociologicalReview,68(3):425-442.IntergenerationaloccupationalmobilityBills,DB,HallerAO,KelleyJ,OlsonMB,andPastoreJ(1985)Class,classorigins,regionalsocioeconomic

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