RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙...

147
UHVHDUFKIRU PDQDQGHQYLURQPHQW 5,-.6,167,7887922592/.6*(=21’+(,’(10,/,(8 1$7,21$/,167,787(2)38%/,&+($/7+$1’7+((19,5210(17 5,90UDSSRUW 1DDUHHQYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPDYRRU 1HGHUODQGLQGH HHXZ %$0YDQGHU=HLMVW0,’LMNPDQ3*1.UDPHUV : /X\WMHV+&5PNH5:HOWH VHSWHPEHU ,QVDPHQZHUNLQJPHW$-:YDQ$OSKHQ(& %HXYHU\0$(&RQ\QYDQ6SDHQGRQFN<YDQ ’X\QKRYHQ0/$+HLMQHQ09-DFREV*)$ .HUVWHQ(-.XLSHUV-*.XVWHUV+GH0HONHU- 5LMODDUVGDP/6PLWV ’LWRQGHU]RHNZHUGYHUULFKWLQRSGUDFKWHQWHQODVWHYDQGHGLUHFWLHYDQKHW5,90LQKHW NDGHU YDQSURMHFW6/DQJHWHUPLMQSODQQLQJ593 5,903RVWEXV%$%LOWKRYHQWHOHIRRQID[

Transcript of RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙...

Page 1: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

UHVHDUFK�IRUPDQ�DQG�HQYLURQPHQW5,-.6,167,7887�9225�92/.6*(=21'+(,'�(1�0,/,(81$7,21$/�,167,787(�2)�38%/,&�+($/7+�$1'�7+(�(19,5210(17

5,90�UDSSRUW�����������1DDU�HHQ�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�YRRU1HGHUODQG�LQ�GH���VWH�HHXZ%$0�YDQ�GHU�=HLMVW��0,�'LMNPDQ��3*1�.UDPHUV�: /X\WMHV��+&�5�PNH��5�:HOWH

VHSWHPEHU�����

,Q�VDPHQZHUNLQJ�PHW��$-:��YDQ�$OSKHQ��(&%HXYHU\��0$(�&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��<�YDQ'X\QKRYHQ��0/$�+HLMQHQ��09�-DFREV��*)$.HUVWHQ��(-�.XLSHUV��-*�.XVWHUV��+�GH�0HONHU��-5LMODDUVGDP��/�6PLWV

'LW�RQGHU]RHN�ZHUG�YHUULFKW�LQ�RSGUDFKW�HQ�WHQ�ODVWH�YDQ�GH�GLUHFWLH�YDQ�KHW�5,90��LQ�KHWNDGHU YDQ�SURMHFW�6���������/DQJH�WHUPLMQ�SODQQLQJ�593�

5,90��3RVWEXV���������%$�%LOWKRYHQ��WHOHIRRQ�������������������ID[�����������������

Page 2: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

$EVWUDFW$ YLHZ�LV�SUHVHQWHG�RQ�WKH�IXWXUH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�SROLF\�LQ�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV��7KH�UHSRUW�DGGUHVVHVWKH�IROORZLQJ�IRXU�VXEMHFWV�,PSURYHPHQW�RI�WKH�FXUUHQW�QDWLRQDO�YDFFLQDWLRQ�SURJUDPPH��593���0DLQWDLQLQJ�DQGLPSURYLQJ�WKH�TXDOLW\�RI�WKH�593�UHTXLUHV�HIIRUWV�UHODWHG�WR�HIILFDF\��VDIHW\�DQG�DGYHUVHHIIHFWV��YDFFLQDWLRQ�VFKHPHV���UH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�RI�HOGHUO\�SHRSOH�DQG�WKH�HUDGLFDWLRQ�RI�SROLR�3RVVLEOH�LQFOXVLRQ�LQ�WKH�593�RI�DYDLODEOH�YDFFLQHV�RU�YDFFLQHV�SUREDEO\�DYDLODEOH�EHIRUH������7ZHOYH�FDQGLGDWH�YDFFLQHV�ZHUH�DQDO\VHG�ZLWK�UHVSHFW�WR�SUHYHQWDEOH�GLVHDVH�EXUGHQ�FRVW�HIHFWLYHQHVV�DQG�IHDVLELOLW\�RI�LQFOXVLRQ�LQ�WKH�FXUUHQW�YDFFLQDWLRQ�SURJUDPPH��7KHDQDO\VLV�UHVXOWHG�LQ�WKH�LGHQWLILFDWLRQ�RI�YDFFLQHV�GHHPHG�VXLWDEOH�DQG�OHVV�VXLWDEOH�IRULQFRUSRUDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�593�ZLWK�D�QXPEHU�RI�UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV�IRU�IXUWKHU�DFWLRQ�9DFFLQHV�LQ�D�VWDJH�RI�HDUO\�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�SRVVLEO\�DYDLODEOH�EHWZHHQ������DQG������6RPH�RI�WKHVH�YDFFLQHV��ILYH��PD\�EH�UHOHYDQW�IRU�WKH�'XWFK�SXEOLF�KHDOWK��3URJUHVV�LQ�WKHVHILHOGV�VKRXOG�EH�PRQLWRUHG��,Q�DGGLWLRQ��DFWLYH�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ�ZLWK�UHVSHFW�WR�FRPELQDWLRQYDFFLQHV�DQG�DOWHUQDWLYH�DSSOLFDWLRQ�URXWHV��WR�SDUHQWHUDO�LPPXQLVDWLRQ��LV�SDUDPRXQW�$FWLYLWLHV�LPSRUWDQW�IRU�PDLQWDLQLQJ�D�VXFFHVVIXO�593�ZHUH�LGHQWLILHG�

Page 3: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ����YDQ����

9RRUZRRUG+HW�5LMNVYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD��593��LV�HHQ�EHODQJULMN�RQGHUGHHO�YDQ�KHW�1HGHUODQGVHYRONVJH]RQGKHLGVSUHYHQWLHEHOHLG��'H�0LQLVWHU�YDQ�9:6�LV�YHUDQWZRRUGHOLMN�YRRU�GH�LQKRXGYDQ�KHW�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�HQ�YRRU�GH�EHVFKLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�KRRJZDDUGLJH�YDFFLQV�HQ�KHWEHYRUGHUHQ�YDQ�HHQ�]R�KRRJ�PRJHOLMNH�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG��9DFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ�HQYDFFLQSURGXFWLH�YDOOHQ�GDQ�RRN�RQGHU�GH�PLQLVWHULsOH�YHUDQWZRRUGHOLMNKHLG��+HW�RQWZLNNHOHQHQ RS]HWWHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD¶V�HQ�GH�RQGHUVWHXQLQJ�HQ�HYDOXDWLH�YDQ�GH�XLWYRHULQJYDQ�GH�SURJUDPPD¶V��]LMQ�RYHUKHLGVWDNHQ��+HW�5,90�LV�EHODVW�PHW�GH�EHVFKLNEDDUVWHOOLQJ�YDQYDFFLQV�GLH�LQ�KHW�NDGHU�YDQ�KHW�593�ZRUGHQ�WRHJHSDVW��2S�GH]H�ZLM]H�VWUHHIW�GH�RYHUKHLGQDDU�ZDDUERUJLQJ�YDQ�GH�FRQWLQXwWHLW�HQ�EHVFKLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�593�YDFFLQV�YDQ�JRHGHNZDOLWHLW�'H]H�RYHUKHLGVWDNHQ�YHUHLVHQ�KHW�UHJHOPDWLJ�HYDOXHUHQ�YDQ�KHW�593�HQ�KHW�WLMGLJ�HQSODQPDWLJ�YHUGHU�RQWZLNNHOHQ�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQSDNNHW��2RN�JH]LHQ�GH�VQHOOH�YHUDQGHULQJHQ�RSGH�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH�YDFFLQPDUNW�LV�WLMGLJH�VWUDWHJLHRQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�EHODQJ��+HW�GRHO�YDQ�GH]HQRWLWLH�LV�GH�SODQPDWLJH�DDQSDN�YDQ�GH�YHUGHUH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�RS�JDQJ�WH�EUHQJHQ�*HJHYHQV�RYHU�LQIHFWLH]LHNWHQ��YDFFLQV�HQ�YDFFLQDWLH�LQ�1HGHUODQG�YRUPHQ�GH�EDVLV�YDQ�GH]HQRWLWLH��(U�LV�RQGHU�PHHU�JHEUXLN�JHPDDNW�YDQ�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRULQIHFWLH]LHNWHQ�XLW�KHW�UDSSRUW�³,QIHFWLH]LHNWHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG��HSLGHPLRORJLH��GLDJQRVWLHN�HQEHVWULMGLQJ�������+HW��5,90�UDSSRUW�³7KH�HIIHFWV�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQ�RQ�WKH�LQFLGHQFH�RI�WKH�WDUJHWGLVHDVHV´������OHYHUGH�LQIRUPDWLH�RS�RYHU�KHW�YRRUNRPHQ�YDQ�GH�GRHO]LHNWHQ�YDQ�KHW�593�HQKXQ�FRPSOLFDWLHV�RYHU�GH�MDUHQ��-DDUOLMNVH�UDSSRUWDJHV�GRRU�GH�,*=�OHYHUGHQ�LQIRUPDWLH�RYHUGH�YDFFLQDWLHWRHVWDQG�WRW�RS�KHW�QLYHDX�YDQ�GH�JHPHHQWH������HQ�LQ�KHW�NDGHU�YDQ�KHW3,(17(5�SURMHFW������LV�LQ������HQ������GH�LPPXXQVWDWXV�WHQ�RS]LFKWH�YDQ�GH�YHUZHNNHUVYDQ�GH�593�]LHNWHQ�JHSHLOG�9RRU�GH]H�QRWLWLH�LV�GDDUQDDVW�]R�YHHO�PRJHOLMN�JHEUXLN�JHPDDNW�YDQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDDOZHWHQVFKDSSHOLMN�HQ�EHOHLGVPDWLJ�ZHUN�RS�KHW�WHUUHLQ�YDQ�YDFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ�HQ�YDFFLQDWLH�'ULH�$PHULNDDQVH�UDSSRUWHQ�ZDUHQ�GDDUELM�YDQ�JURRW�EHODQJ�HQ�GLHQHQ�DOV�YRRUEHHOG�YRRU�KHWRQWZLNNHOHQ�HQ�DFWXHHO�KRXGHQ�YDQ�HHQ�VWUDWHJLH�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�HQ�YDFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ��+HWEHWUHIW�³7KH�-RUGDQ�5HSRUW��$FFHOHUDWHG�'HYHORSPHQW�RI�9DFFLQHV´��������������³1HZ9DFFLQH�'HYHORSPHQW��HVWDEOLVKLQJ�SULRULWLHV´�������������HQ�³9DFFLQH�5HVHDUFK�3ULRULWLHVIRU�WKH���VW�&HQWXU\��$�WRRO�IRU�GHFLVLRQPDNHUV��3UH�SXEOLFDWLH�FRS\´�������(U�ZDUHQ�HHUGHU�DDQ]HWWHQ�WRW�SODQPDWLJH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�KHW�593��(LQG������YHUVFKHHQYDQ�GH�KDQG�YDQ�GU��-�7��3RROPDQ�GH�QRWLWLH�³9DFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ�WRW�KHW�MDDU�����´�PHWYRRUVWHOOHQ�YRRU�DDQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�KHW�593��,Q�PDDUW������YHUVFKHHQ�GH�GLVFXVVLHQRWD�³3ODQYRRU�HYDOXDWLH�YDQ�KHW�5LMNVYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD´�HQ�LQ�DSULO������YRQG�HU�LQWHQVLHI�RYHUOHJSODDWV�WXVVHQ�GH�,*=�HQ�KHW�5,90�RYHU�GH�LQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV��0HW�GH]H�QRWLWLH�GLH�UHJHOPDWLJ�DDQ�GH�QLHXZVWH�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�DDQJHSDVW�]DO�PRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ��KRRSW�KHW5,90�HHQ�SODQPDWLJH�DDQSDN�YDQ�KHW�593�YRRU�GH�NRPHQGH����MDDU�LQ�JDQJ�WH�KHEEHQ�JH]HW�

Page 4: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

,QKRXG6DPHQYDWWLQJ� ��� ,QOHLGLQJ� ����� $FKWHUJURQG� ����� 'RHOVWHOOLQJ� ����� 2YHU]LFKW�YDQ�YDFFLQV�GLH�EHVSURNHQ�ZRUGHQ� ����� $IEDNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�QRWLWLH� ����� 2SERXZ�YDQ�GH�QRWLWLH� ���� +HW�KXLGLJH�593� ����� 9HLOLJKHLG�YDQ�YDFFLQV� ����� %LMZHUNLQJHQ� ����� (IIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH��DQWLJHQH�YDULDWLH� ����� 2SWLPDOLVDWLH�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH��YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD¶V� ����� 9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ�YROZDVVHQHQ� ����� 6WRSSHQ�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�QD�HUDGLFDWLH� ����� &RQFOXVLH�HQ�DDQEHYHOLQJHQ� ���� 0HWKRGH�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�YRRU�KHW�593� ����� %HRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�HSLGHPLRORJLH�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW� ����� %HRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�JH]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ� ������� *H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DQDO\VHV�GRRU�KHW�,20� ����� %HRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�SODDWV�YDQ�YDFFLQV�LQ�KHW�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD� ���� %HRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�YDFFLQV�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�593����� ����� +HW�HIIHFW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�RS�GH�YHUPLQGHULQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW� ����� 5HVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�KHW�OLWHUDWXXURQGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW� ����� =LMQ�GH�YDFFLQV�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�KHW�593����"� ����� 0RJHOLMNH�VDPHQVWHOOLQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�LQ������ ����� &RQFOXVLH� ����� $DQEHYHOLQJHQ� ���� 9DFFLQV�LQ�HHQ�YURHJ�VWDGLXP�YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ� ����� $OJHPHQH�LQIRUPDWLH�RYHU�GH�YDFFLQV� ����� +HW�EHODQJ�YDQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQV� ����� 1LHXZH�WRHGLHQLQJVYRUPHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQV� ����� &RQFOXVLH�HQ�DDQEHYHOLQJHQ� ���� &RQWLQXHULQJ�YDQ�HHQ�VXFFHVYRO�593� ����� 9DFFLQDWLHJUDDG� ������� %LMZHUNLQJHQ� ����� 1LHXZH�YDFFLQV�HQ�QLHXZH�GRHOJURHSHQ� ������� 9DFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�VHNVXHHO�RYHUGUDDJEDUH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ� ����� ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH�LQYORHGHQ� ����� $DQEHYHOLQJHQ� ��$INRUWLQJHQ� ��/LWHUDWXXU� ��%LMODJH����*HVFKLHGHQLV�YDQ�KHW�5LMNVYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD� ��%LMODJH����'H�XLWYRHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�593� ��/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH��� ��%LMODJH����9DFFLQV�GLH�RSJHQRPHQ�]LMQ�LQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�593� ���� %DFWHULsOH�YDFFLQV� ������ 'LIWHULH� ������ 7HWDQXV� ��

Page 5: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ����YDQ�������� .LQNKRHVW� ������ +DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH� ���� 9LUDOH�YDFFLQV� ������ 3ROLR� ������ %RI� ������ 0D]HOHQ� ������ 5XEHOOD� ��

/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH��� ��%LMODJH����%HVFKLNEDUH�YDFFLQV�HQ�YDFFLQV�GLH�YRRU������EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ� ���� %DFWHULsOH�YDFFLQV� ������ 0HQLQJRNRNNHQ� ������ 3QHXPRNRNNHQ� ���� 9LUDOH�YDFFLQV� ������ 5RWDYLUXV� ������ +HSDWLWLV�$�YLUXV� ������ +HSDWLWLV�%�YLUXV� ������ :DWHUSRNNHQ��9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU�� ������ ,QIOXHQ]D�YLUXV� ������ 5HVSLUDWRLU�V\QF\WLHHO�YLUXV� ������ +HUSHV�VLPSOH[�YLUXV��� ������� +XPDDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV� ���/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH��� ���%LMODJH����9DFFLQV�LQ�HHQ�YURHJ�VWDGLXP�YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ� ����� %DFWHULsOH�YDFFLQV� ������� +HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL� ������� &KODP\GLD�WUDFKRPDWLV� ������� 1HLVVHULD�JRQRUUKRHDH� ����� 9LUDOH�YDFFLQV� ������� &\WRPHJDORYLUXV� ������� +HSDWLWLV�&�YLUXV� ���/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH��� ���%LMODJH����,QIRUPDWLH�RYHU�GH�EHUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW� ���/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH��� ���%LMODJH����6HOHFWLH�YDQ�JH]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�VWXGLHV� ����� 7RHSDVEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ� ����� .ZDOLWHLW�YDQ�GH�DQDO\VHV� ���/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH��� ���%LMODJH�����'H�EUXLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�KHW�,20�UDSSRUW� ����� 5HVXOWDWHQ� ����� %UXLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�JHJHYHQV�YRRU�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�EHVOXLWYRUPLQJ� ���/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH��� ���%LMODJH��� 9HU]HQGOLMVW� ���

Page 6: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

6DPHQYDWWLQJ+HW�GRHO�YDQ�GH]H�QRWLWLH�LV�HHQ�YLVLH�WH�SUHVHQWHUHQ�YRRU�HHQ�WRHNRPVWLJ�YDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�LQ1HGHUODQG��2S�EDVLV�YDQ�HHQ�DQDO\VH�YDQ�UHOHYDQWH�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�]LMQ�YRRUVWHOOHQ�JHGDDQYRRU�PRJHOLMNH�DDQSDVVLQJHQ�YDQ�KHW�5LMNVYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD��593���RP�EHVOXLWYRUPLQJGRRU�GH�0LQLVWHU�YDQ�9RONVJH]RQGKHLG��:HO]LMQ�HQ�6SRUW��9:6��KLHURYHU�WH�RQGHUVWHXQHQ�'H]H�QRWLWLH�JDDW�VSHFLILHN�LQ�RS�� DDQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQDWLHV�]RDOV�RSJHQRPHQ�LQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�593�� GH PRJHOLMNH�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593�YDQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�GLH�DO�EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ�HQ�YDQQLHXZH YDFFLQV�GLH�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�YyyU������EHVFKLNEDDU�]XOOHQ�]LMQ�� YDFFLQV GLH�LQ�HHQ�YURHJ�VWDGLXP�YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�]LMQ�HQ�GLH�PRJHOLMN�RSJHQRPHQNXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�LQ�KHW�593�WXVVHQ������HQ������� FRQWLQXHULQJ�YDQ�HHQ�VXFFHVYRO�593�9HUEHWHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�593+HW�KXLGLJH�593�RPYDW�YDFFLQDWLHV�WHJHQ�GLIWHULH���NLQNKRHVW���WHWDQXV��HQ�SROLR�LQIHFWLHV�ERI��PD]HOHQ�HQ�UXEHOOD�HQ�LQYDVLHYH�+LE�LQIHFWLHV��+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH� PHW�GH�FRPELQDWLH�YDFFLQV�'.73��%05�HQ�+LE��2P�RRN�LQ�GH�WRHNRPVW�DDQ�GH�HLVHQ�YDQ�KHW�593WH�YROGRHQ�RS�KHW�WHUUHLQ�YDQ�RQGHU�PHHU�HIIHFWLYLWHLW��YHLOLJKHLG�HQ�ELMZHUNLQJHQ��KHHIWXLWYRHULQJ�YDQ�GH�YROJHQGH�DFWLYLWHLWHQ�HHQ�KRJH�SULRULWHLW�� 9RRU�GH�YHUEHWHULQJ�YDQ�GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW� LV�PHW�QDPH�DDQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�GHNLQNKRHVWFRPSRQHQW�LQ�GH�'.73�FRPELQDWLH�EHODQJULMN��,QYRHULQJ�YDQ�HHQERRVWHUYDFFLQDWLH�PHW�'D.73�RS���MDULJH�OHHIWLMG�NDQ�GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YHUKRJHQ��9HUGHU�LVHIIHFWLYLWHLWVRQGHU]RHN�ZHQVHOLMN�RP�WH�EHSDOHQ�RI�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�QRRG]DNHOLMN�LV�YDQHHQ YDFFLQFRPSRQHQW��FHOOXODLU�RI�DFHOOXODLU��GLH�EHWHU�RYHUHHQNRPW�PHW�LQ�1HGHUODQGFLUFXOHUHQGH�VWDPPHQ��$OV�GLW�HHQ�FHOOXODLUH�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�LV�GDQ�GLHQW�GH]H�PLQGHUUHDFWRJHHQ�WH�]LMQ�GDQ�GH�KXLGLJH�FRPSRQHQW�� 9RRU�GH�YHUEHWHULQJ�YDQ�GH�YHLOLJKHLG�LV KHW�UHOHYDQW�GDW�GH�EHUHLGLQJ�YDQ�GH�GLIWHULH��NLQNKRHVW���HQ�WHWDQXV��FRPSRQHQWHQ�DDQJHSDVW�ZRUGW��]RGDW�JHHQ�LQJUHGLsQWHQ�YDQGLHUOLMNH�RRUVSURQJ�PHHU�QRGLJ�]LMQ��+HW��QDDU�GH�KXLGLJH�LQ]LFKWHQ�]HHU�NOHLQH��ULVLFR�YDQFRQWDPLQDWLH�YDQ�YDFFLQ�PHW�SULRQHQ��%6(�]LHNWH�YDQ�&UHXW]IHOGW�-DNRE��HQ�GLHUOLMNHYLUXVVHQ�ZRUGW�KLHUPHH�ZHJJHQRPHQ��2RN�GH�EHUHLGLQJ�YDQ�KHW�SROLRYDFFLQ�GLHQWDDQJHSDVW�WH�ZRUGHQ�� 'H�KXLGLJH�593�YDFFLQV�KHEEHQ�PLQLPDOH�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�PHW XLW]RQGHULQJ�YDQ�GHNLQNKRHVWFRPSRQHQW�YDQ�GH�'.73�FRPELQDWLH��9HUPLQGHULQJ�YDQ�GH�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�YDQKHW KXLGLJH�FHOOXODLUH�NLQNKRHVWFRPSRQHQW�RI�LQYRHULQJ�YDQ�HHQ�DFHOOXODLUH�FRPSRQHQW�LVQRRG]DNHOLMN�RP�GLW�WH�YHUEHWHUHQ�� 'H�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD¶V�YROGRHQ��$OOHHQ�YRRU�%05�GLHQW�RQGHU]RFKW�WH�ZRUGHQ�RIDDQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�VFKHPD�JHZHQVW�LV��2S�WHUPLMQ�NDQ�RYHUZRJHQ�ZRUGHQ�KHWDDQWDO +LE�YDFFLQDWLHV�WHUXJ�WH�EUHQJHQ�YDQ���QDDU���� +HUYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�RXGHUHQ�LV�PRJHOLMN�UHOHYDQW�YRRU�KHW�LQVWDQGKRXGHQ�YDQ�HHQLPPXQRORJLVFK�JHKHXJHQ��HQ�RP�WH�YHUKLQGHUHQ�GDW�GRRU�LQIHFWLH�YDQ�YROZDVVHQHQ�HHQUHVHUYRLU�RQWVWDDW�GDW�DOV�EHVPHWWLQJVEURQ�NDQ�JDDQ�GLHQHQ�YRRU�MRQJHUHQ�.LQNKRHVWLQIHFWLHV�ELM�YROZDVVHQHQ�YHUORSHQ�YDDN�PLOG�PDDU�SUHYHQWLH�NDQ�ZHQVHOLMN�]LMQPHW KHW�RRJ�RS�WUDQVPLVVLH�QDDU�]XLJHOLQJHQ��2S�EDVLV�YDQ�EHVWDDQGH�JHJHYHQV�HQ�GHUHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�KHW�3,(17(5�SURMHFW�NDQ�RQGHU]RFKW�ZRUGHQ�RI�KHW�ZHQVHOLMN�LVYROZDVVHQHQ�V\VWHPDWLVFK�ELQQHQ�KHW�593�RI�LQ�KHW�NDGHU�YDQ�HHQ�VSHFLDDO�SURJUDPPDYDQ RXGHUHQ�WH�JDDQ�KHUYDFFLQHUHQ�WHJHQ�NLQNKRHVW�

Page 7: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ����YDQ����

� 0RQGLDDO�ZRUGW�JHZHUNW�DDQ�GH�HUDGLFDWLH�YDQ�SROLR��2P�HHQ�DIJHZRJHQ�EHVOLVVLQJ�RYHUKHW VWRSSHQ�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�PRJHOLMN�WH�PDNHQ�LV�YDQ�EHODQJ�L��VXUYHLOODQFH�RP�GHDIZH]LJKHLG�YDQ�FLUFXOHUHQG�YLUXV�PHW�]HNHUKHLG�YDVW�WH�NXQQHQ�VWHOOHQ�HQ�LL��GHIRUPXOHULQJ�YDQ�HLVHQ�ZDDUDDQ�YROGDDQ�GLHQW�WH�ZRUGHQ�YRRUGDW�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�JHVWRSWNDQ ZRUGHQ�=LFKW�RS�HHQ��593����2P�WRW�HHQ�DIJHZRJHQ�RRUGHHO�WH�NRPHQ�RYHU�GH�ZHQVHOLMNKHLG�YDQ�RSQDPHV�YDQ�QLHXZHYDFFLQV�LQ�HHQ�WRHNRPVWLJ�593��LV�HHQ�DDQWDO��NDQGLGDDW�YDFFLQV�QDGHU�EHVFKRXZG��+HWEHWUHIW�YDFFLQV�GLH�DO�EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ��WHJHQ�KHSDWLWLV�$�YLUXV��+$9���KHSDWLWLV�%�YLUXV�+%9���ZDWHUSRNNHQ��SQHXPRNRNNHQ�����YDOHQW�YDFFLQ���PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�&��URWDYLUXV�HQLQIOXHQ]DYLUXV�$�%��RI�GLH�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�YRRU������EHVFKLNEDDU�]XOOHQ�]LMQ��WHJHQPHQLQJRNRNNHQ�%�&��SQHXPRNRNNHQ��JHFRQMXJHHUG�YDFFLQ���UHVSLUDWRLU�V\QF\WLHHO�YLUXV�569���KHUSHV�JHQLWDOLV��HQ�KXPDDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV��+39����9RRU�HON�YDQ�GH]H�YDFFLQV�]LMQGH�YROJHQGH�DVSHFWHQ�V\VWHPDWLVFK�JHDQDO\VHHUG���� GH ]LHNWHODVW�GLH�GRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�YRRUNRPHQ���� GH NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW��.($��YDQ�GH�YDFFLQDWLH���� GH KDDOEDDUKHLG�YDQ�LQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD��JHOHWRS YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD¶V�HQ�JHOHW�RS�KHW�IHLW�GDW�SHU�VHVVLH�PD[LPDDO���LQMHFWLHV�WRHJHGLHQGPRJHQ�ZRUGHQ�'H�YDFFLQV�GLH�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�DQDO\VH�DOV�³]HHU�JHVFKLNW´�RI�³PRJHOLMN�JHVFKLNW´�EHRRUGHHOG�]LMQYRRU�HHQ�593������]LMQ�VDPHQ�PHW�GH�EHVWDDQGH�YDFFLQDWLHV�RSJHQRPHQ�LQ�RQGHUVWDDQGH�WDEHO����7DEHO����0RJHOLMNH�VDPHQVWHOOLQJ�593�����/HHIWLMG ,QMHFWLH�� ,QMHFWLH�� 2UDDO�QDVDDO� PDDQGHQ '�D�.7�3��+LE�FRPELQ�� 0HQLQJRNRN�SQHXPRNRN�FRPELQ� 569��QDVDDO�� PDDQGHQ '�D�.7�3��+LE�FRPELQ� 0HQLQJRNRN�SQHXPRNRN�FRPELQ�� PDDQGHQ '�D�.7�3��+LE�FRPELQ� 0HQLQJRNRN�SQHXPRNRN�FRPELQ� 569��QDVDDO����PDDQGHQ '�D�.7�3��+LE�FRPELQ� 0HQLQJRNRN�SQHXPRNRN�FRPELQ� 569��QDVDDO����PDDQGHQ %05 �9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU��� MDDU '7�D�.�3�� MDDU '7�3� %05������MDDU +%9 +39���� 3QHXPRNRN����YDOHQW ,QIOXHQ]D��QDVDDO�

�'H�D�YRRU�NLQNKRHVW�LV�WXVVHQ�KDNHQ�JHSODDWVW�DDQJH]LHQ�QRJ�RQGXLGHOLMN�LV�RI�LQ������DQWLJHQH�YDULDWLH�HHQYHUEHWHUGH�NLQNKRHVWYDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�YHUHLVW�HQ�RI�GH]H�YHUEHWHUGH�FRPSRQHQW�DFHOOXODLU�RI�FHOOXODLU�]RX�PRHWHQ]LMQ��3ROLR�LV�WXVVHQ�KDNHQ�JHSODDWVW�RPGDW�SROLR�HUDGLFDWLH�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�HHQ�IHLW�LV�RYHU����MDDU��1DGHUH�DQDO\VH�YDQ�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�ZDWHUSRNNHQ�HQ�YDQ�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�9DULFHOOD]RVWHU�PRHW�XLWZLM]HQ�RI�YDFFLQDWLH�JHZHQVW�LV�8LW�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�GH�DQDO\VHV�NDQ�YHUGHU�JHFRQFOXGHHUG�ZRUGHQ�GDW�YDFFLQV�WHJHQ�KHUSHVJHQLWDOLV��PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�&��PRQRYDOHQW�YDFFLQ��HQ�+$9�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�]LMQ�YRRU�RSQDPHLQ�KHW�593������9DFFLQV�WHJHQ�+$9�HQ�+%9�]LMQ�ZHO�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�FRQWLQXHULQJ�YDQ�KHWKXLGLJH�GRHOJURHSHQEHOHLG��7RHSDVVLQJ�YDQ�+%9�LQ�KHW�593�����ZRUGW�ILQDQFLHHODDQWUHNNHOLMNHU�DOV�GH�SULMV�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�GDDOW�HLQG�������ZDQQHHU�SDWHQWHQ�YHUYDOOHQ�9DFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�URWDYLUXV�OLMNW�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593������PDDUDDQYXOOHQG RQGHU]RHN�LV�QRRG]DNHOLMN�RP�KLHURYHU�PHHU�GXLGHOLMNKHLG�WH�NULMJHQ�7HQVORWWH�]LMQ�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�DQDO\VH�HHQ�DDQWDO�YRRUVWHOOHQ�YRRU�DFWLH�JHIRUPXOHHUG�

Page 8: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

� 2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�HQ�]LHNWHODVW�YDQ�569�LQIHFWLHV�ELM�RXGHUHQ��$DQYXOOHQGRQGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�]LHNWHODVW�YDQ�569�LQIHFWLHV�ELM�NLQGHUHQ�HQ�XLWYRHULQJ�YDQ�.($¶VYRRU 569�YDFFLQDWLH��RXGHUHQ�HQ�NLQGHUHQ���9ROJHQ�YDQ�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�569�YDFFLQV HQ�GH�FRQVHTXHQWLHV�KLHUYDQ�EHSDOHQ�YRRU�GH�LQSDVEDDUKHLG�LQ�KHW�593�� 1DJDDQ�RI�YHUGHU�RQGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQLQIHFWLHV��SQHXPRQLsHQ��HQLQYDVLHYH�LQIHFWLHV��HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�ELM�RXGHUHQ�QRGLJ�LV��%HSDOHQ�ZDW�KHW�HIIHFW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLHPHW KHW�SQHXPRNRNNHQYDFFLQ��QDDVW�GH�UHHGV�ORSHQGH�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�LQIOXHQ]D��LV�ELMRXGHUHQ��2S�JURQG�KLHUYDQ�EHVOLVVHQ�RYHU�GH�LQYRHULQJ�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQDWLH�� $QDO\VH�YDQ�GH�1,9(/�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�ZDWHUSRNNHQ�HQ�EHSDOLQJ�YDQ�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�HQYRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�YDULFHOOD�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�NLQGHUHQ�� 9ROJHQ�YDQ�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�LQIOXHQ]D�$�%�YDFFLQV��+HW�EHWUHIW�]RZHO�GHRQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�NRXGH�JHDGDSWHHUGH�YDFFLQV�GLH�QDVDDO�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�WRHJHGLHQG�YHUZDFKW�ELQQHQ����MDDU��DOV�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�UHFRPELQDQW�'1$�LQIOXHQ]D�$�%YDFFLQV �YHUZDFKW�RYHU�PHHU�GDQ����MDDU��� .RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VHV�XLWYRHUHQ�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�PHW�HHQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQ�� .RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VH�XLWYRHUHQ�YRRU�+39�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ����MDULJHQ��GHRQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�YDFFLQV�WHJHQ�+39�YROJHQ��HQ�GH�FRQVHTXHQWLHV�KLHUYDQ�EHSDOHQ�YRRUGH LQSDVEDDUKHLG�LQ�KHW�593�� .RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VHV�XLWYRHUHQ�YRRU�+%9�YDFFLQDWLH��XLWJDDQGH�YDQ�HHQ�ODJHUHYDFFLQSULMV��YRRU�WRHGLHQLQJ�RS����MDULJH�OHHIWLMG�HQ�DOV�RQGHUGHHO�YDQ�HHQ�'.73�+LE�+%9�FRPELQDWLH�� %HSDOHQ�ZHONH�DFWLHV�RS�ODQJHUH�WHUPLMQ�QRGLJ�]LMQ�LQ�YHUEDQG�PHW�PRJHOLMNH�YDFFLQDWLHWHJHQ�WXEHUFXORVH��'H]H�]LHNWH�LV�YHUGHU�LQ�GH]H�QRWLWLH�QLHW�EHVSURNHQ��PDDU�NRPW�WRFK�DOVEHODQJULMN�QDDU�YRUHQ�� 2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLH�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�GRRU�URWDYLUXV�YDFFLQDWLH��2SEDVLV YDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�NDQ�EHRRUGHHOG�ZRUGHQ�RI�HHQ�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VH�RRNZHQVHOLMN�LV�9DFFLQV�LQ�HHQ�YURHJ�VWDGLXP�YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ(U�LV�WHQVORWWH�HHQ�JURHS�YDFFLQV�GLH�UHOHYDQW�OLMNHQ�YRRU�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�YRONVJH]RQGKHLG�HQGLH�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�ELQQHQ����MDDU�EHVFKLNEDDU�]XOOHQ�]LMQ��PDDU�GLH�PRPHQWHHO�QRJ�LQ�HHQYURHJ�VWDGLXP�YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�]LMQ��+HW�EHWUHIW�YDFFLQV�WHJHQ�+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL�FKODP\GLD��JRQRUURH��F\WRPHJDORYLUXV�HQ�KHSDWLWLV�&��'H�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�GH]H�YDFFLQVGLHQW�V\VWHPDWLVFK�JHYROJG�WH�ZRUGHQ��:DQQHHU�KHW�593�����ZHUNHOLMNKHLG�ZRUGW��GDQEHWHNHQW�GLW�HHQ�LQWHQVLHI�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD��(U�LV�QDXZHOLMNV�SODDWV�YRRU�DGGLWLRQHOHLQMHFWLHV��ZDDUGRRU�LQ�GH�WRHNRPVW�KHW�EHODQJ�YDQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQV�HQ�DQGHUHWRHGLHQLQJVYRUPHQ��ELMYRRUEHHOG�RUDDO�RI�QDVDDO��YHUGHU�]DO�WRHQHPHQ��,Q�GH]HRQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�GLHQW�DFWLHI�JHSDUWLFLSHHUG�WH�ZRUGHQ�+DQGKDYLQJ�YDQ�HHQ�VXFFHVYRO�5937RW�VORW�LV�HHQ�JH]DPHQOLMNH�LQVSDQQLQJ�YDQ�KHW�0LQLVWHULH�YDQ�9:6��GH�XLWYRHUGHUV�YDQ�KHW593�HQ�YDQ�KHW�5,90�QRRG]DNHOLMN�RP�HHQ�VXFFHVYROOH�XLWYRHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�RRN�LQ�GHWRHNRPVW�WH�ZDDUERUJHQ��'H�YROJHQGH�DFWLYLWHLWHQ�]LMQ�EHODQJULMN�YRRU�KDQGKDYLQJ�HQYHUEHWHULQJ�YDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�KHW�593�� 9HUEHWHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�PRQLWRUHQ�YDQ�]RZHO�KHW�YHUWURXZHQ�YDQ�GH�EHYRONLQJ�LQ�KHW�593�DOVYHUDQGHULQJHQ�LQ�GH�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG��RP�VQHOOHU�WH�NXQQHQ�DQWLFLSHUHQ�RS�QHJDWLHYHYHUDQGHULQJHQ�� 9HUKRJLQJ�YDQ�GH�SDUWLFLSDWLH�LQ�KHW�593�YDQ�SHUVRQHQ�XLW�PRHLOLMN�EHUHLNEDUH�JURHSHQ�

Page 9: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ����YDQ����

� 9HUEHWHULQJ�HQ�VWURRPOLMQLQJ�YDQ�GH�VXUYHLOODQFH�YDQ�ELMZHUNLQJHQ��ZHWHQVFKDSSHOLMNHRQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�RS�KHW�WHUUHLQ�YDQ�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�YROJHQ�HQ��ZDDU�PRJHOLMN��KLHUDDQELMGUDJHQ�� %HVWXGHULQJ�YDQ�GH�PRJHOLMNKHGHQ�HQ�QRRG]DDN�RP�KHW�593�XLW�WH�EUHLGHQ�PHW�YDFFLQDWLHYDQ DQGHUH�GDQ�GH�KXLGLJH�GRHOJURHSHQ�� %HVWXGHULQJ�YDQ�PDDWVFKDSSHOLMNH�DVSHFWHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�62$�� ,Q�NDDUW�EUHQJHQ��DQDO\VHUHQ�HQ�ZDDU�QRGLJ�EHwQYORHGHQ�YDQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDOHRQWZLNNHOLQJHQ��GLH�YDQ�EHODQJ�]LMQ�YRRU�GH�YDFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ��GH�YDFFLQSURGXFWLH�HQYRRU KHW�593�DOV�JHKHHO�9DFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ�HQ�DDQSDVVLQJHQ�YDQ��YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD¶V��]LMQ�SURFHVVHQ�GLH�RS�]LMQPLQVW�HQNHOH�MDUHQ�GXUHQ��+HW�LV�GXV�YDQ�EHODQJ�HHQ�]R�QDXZNHXULJ�PRJHOLMNH�NRHUV�HQWLMGVFKHPD�XLW�WH�]HWWHQ��GH]H�QDXZJH]HW�WH�RQGHUERXZHQ��HQ�ppQ�HQ�DQGHU�RRN�WLMGLJ�ELM�WHVWHOOHQ��(HQ�UHJHOPDWLJH�DFWXDOLVHULQJ�YDQ�GH]H�QRWLWLH�LV�GDDURP�EHODQJULMN�

Page 10: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

Page 11: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

���,QOHLGLQJ���� $FKWHUJURQG,Q������YRHUGH�GH�(QJHOVH�SODWWHODQGVDUWV�-HQQHU�DOV�HHUVWH�KHW�SURFHV�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�XLW�PHWPDWHULDDO�GDW�PLQGHU�SDWKRJHHQ�ZDV�GDQ�GH�RRUVSURQNHOLMNH�]LHNWHYHUZHNNHU��'RRU�KHWLQEUHQJHQ�YDQ�NRHSRNNHQYLUXV��YDFFLQLD��LQ�GH�KXLG�YDQ�HHQ���MDULJH�MRQJHQ�EHVFKHUPGH�KLMGH]H�WHJHQ�HHQ�ODWHUH�LQIHFWLH�PHW�KHW�YRRU�GH�PHQV�GRGHOLMNH�KXPDQH�SRNNHQYLUXV��'HNRHSRNNHQYDFFLQDWLH�LV�XLWHLQGHOLMN�ZHUHOGZLMG�WRHJHSDVW��'LW�LV�LQ������EHNURRQG�PHW�GHXLWURHLLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH��KHW�DJHQV�NRPW�DOOHHQ�QRJ�LQ�HHQ�EHSHUNW�DDQWDO�ODERUDWRULD�YRRU�9RRU�GH]H�WLMG�VWLHUYHQ�HU�ZHUHOGZLMG�RQJHYHHU�YLMI�PLOMRHQ�PHQVHQ�SHU�MDDU�DDQ�SRNNHQ��7RWELMQD�KRQGHUG�MDDU�QD�-HQQHU�NZDPHQ�HU�JHHQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�WRWGDW�/RXLV�3DVWHXU�LQ������GHGUDDG�ZHHU�RSSDNWH��1LHXZH�YDFFLQV�NZDPHQ�EHVFKLNEDDU�HQ�ZHUGHQ�LQ�QDWLRQDOHYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD¶V�RSJHQRPHQ��'H]H�SURJUDPPD¶V�KHEEHQ�ZHUHOGZLMG�WRW�DDQ]LHQOLMNHJH]RQGKHLGVZLQVW�JHOHLG�,Q�1HGHUODQG�YLQGW�SODQPDWLJH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�NLQGHUHQ�SODDWV�LQ�KHW�NDGHU�YDQ�KHW9DFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�$:%=��PHHVWDO�5LMNVYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD��593��JHQRHPG��+HW5,90�LV�EHODVW�PHW�KHW�OHYHUHQ�RI�GRHQ�OHYHUHQ�YDQ�DOOH�YDFFLQV�LQ�KHW�NDGHU�YDQ�KHW�593�'LW�]LMQ�RS�GLW�PRPHQW�YDFFLQV�WHJHQ�'LIWHULH��.LQNKRHVW��7HWDQXV��3ROLRP\HOLWLV��'.73��%RI��0D]HOHQ��5XEHOOD��%05��HQ�+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�E �+LE��LQIHFWLHV��+HW�JDDW�RP�HHQYULMZLOOLJ�SURJUDPPD��]RQGHU�YDFFLQDWLHSOLFKW�������6LQGV�KHW�RQWVWDDQ�YDQ�GLW�SURJUDPPD�LQ�����LV�KHW�593�YRRUWGXUHQG�DDQJHSDVW��]LH�ELMODJH�����2RN�LQ�GH�WRHNRPVW�]XOOHQYHUDQGHULQJHQ�HQ�DDQYXOOLQJHQ�QRRG]DNHOLMN�]LMQ����� 'RHOVWHOOLQJ'RHO�YDQ�GH�QRWLWLH�LV�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�GLH�YDQ�EHODQJ�]LMQ�YRRU�KHW�WRHNRPVWLJHYDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�LQ�1HGHUODQG�LQ�NDDUW�WH�EUHQJHQ�HQ�RS�EDVLV�GDDUYDQ�OLMQHQ�XLW�WH�]HWWHQ�YRRUGH�EHQRGLJGH�DDQSDVVLQJHQ�YDQ�KHW�593�'H�PRJHOLMNH�DDQSDVVLQJHQ�YDQ�KHW�593�]LMQ�LQ�GULH�JURHSHQ�LQJHGHHOG�� $DQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQV�RSJHQRPHQ�LQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�593��+HW�EHWUHIW�YHUEHWHULQJ�YDQGH]H YDFFLQV�RS�KHW�JHELHG�YDQ�ELMZHUNLQJHQ��ZHUN]DDPKHLG�HQ�VWDELOLWHLW��'DDUQDDVW�NDQVWRSSHQ�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�DDQ�GH�RUGH�]LMQ�QD�HUDGLFDWLH�YDQ�HHQ�LQIHFWLH]LHNWH�� 'H�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593�YDQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�GLH�DO�EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ�HQ�YDQ�YDFFLQV�GLHQDDU YHUZDFKWLQJ�YRRU������EHVFKLNEDDU�NRPHQ�� 'H�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593�YDQ�YDFFLQV�GLH�QRJ�LQ�HHQ�YURHJ�VWDGLXP�YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�]LMQHQ ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�SDV�RS�ODQJHUH�WHUPLMQ�EHVFKLNEDDU�NRPHQ�9HUVFKLOOHQGH�DVSHFWHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH��]RDOV�GH�YHUPLQGHULQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW��GH�NRVWHQ��HQPRJHOLMNKHGHQ�YRRU�WRHGLHQLQJ�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ��]LMQ�JHDQDO\VHHUG��'H�UHVXOWDWHQ�]LMQ�JHEUXLNWRP�WH�EHRRUGHOHQ�RI�YDFFLQV�PHHU�RI�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�]LMQ�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�HHQ�PRJHOLMN593������1DDVW�GH�VDPHQVWHOOLQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�LV�RRN�GH�XLWYRHULQJ�YDQ�EHODQJ�YRRU�GHHIIHFWLYLWHLW�HQ�HIILFLsQWLH�YDQ�KHW�SURJUDPPD��'H�QRWLWLH�EUHQJW�GDDURP�RRN�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQLQ�NDDUW�GLH�GH�XLWYRHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�EHwQYORHGHQ�HQ�GRHW�DDQEHYHOLQJHQ�YRRU�GHKDQGKDYLQJ�HQ�YHUEHWHULQJ�YDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�KHW�593�'H�QRWLWLH�ELHGW�ERXZVWHQHQ�YRRU�KHW�EHYRUGHUHQ�YDQ�HHQ�SURVSHFWLHYH��SODQPDWLJH�DDQSDNYDQ�KHW�YDFFLQEHOHLG�LQ�1HGHUODQG��WH�EHJLQQHQ�ELQQHQ�KHW�5,90��&RQIRUP�GH�V\VWHPDWLHN

Page 12: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

YRRU�EHVOXLWYRUPLQJ�RYHU�KHW�593�]DO�GH�0LQLVWHU�YDQ�9:6�HHQ�HLQGEHVOLVVLQJ�QHPHQ�RYHUGH�WRHNRPVWLJH�DDQSDN�YDQ�KHW�593�9DFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ�HQ�DDQSDVVLQJHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD¶V�]LMQ�SURFHVVHQ�GLH�RS�]LMQPLQVW�HQNHOH�MDUHQ�GXUHQ��+HW�LV�GXV�YDQ�EHODQJ�HHQ�]R�QDXZNHXULJ�PRJHOLMNH�NRHUV�HQWLMGVFKHPD�XLW�WH�]HWWHQ�HQ�GH]H�RRN�WLMGLJ�ELM�WH�VWHOOHQ��(HQ�UHJHOPDWLJH�DFWXDOLVHULQJ�YDQGH]H�QRWLWLH�LV�GDDURP�YRRU]LHQ����� 2YHU]LFKW�YDQ�YDFFLQV�GLH�EHVSURNHQ�ZRUGHQ$OOH�LQ�GH�QRWLWLH�RSJHQRPHQ�YDFFLQV�]LMQ�UHOHYDQW�YRRU�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�YRONVJH]RQGKHLG��'HYDFFLQV�]LMQ�LQ�GULH�JURHSHQ�YHUGHHOG��7HQ�HHUVWH�YDFFLQV�GLH�DO�LQ�KHW�593�RSJHQRPHQ�]LMQ�'.73��%05�HQ�+LE��7HQ�WZHHGH�YDFFLQV�GLH�DO�EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ�PDDU�QLHW�RSJHQRPHQ�LQ�KHWKXLGLJH�593�HQ�YDFFLQV�GLH�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�ELQQHQ����MDDU�EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ��]LH�WDEHO������7HQ�GHUGH�YDFFLQV�GLH�]LFK�LQ�HHQ�YURHJ�VWDGLXP�YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�EHYLQGHQ�HQ�GLH�PRJHOLMNELQQHQ����MDDU�EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ��]LH�WDEHO������

7DEHO����� 6WDWXV�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQV%HVFKLNEDUH�YDFFLQV 6WDWXV��YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�+HSDWLWLV�$ *HUHJLVWUHHUG��YRRU�NLQGHUHQ�RXGHU�GDQ���MDDU��HQ�LQJHEUXLN�YRRU�GRHOJURHSHQ+HSDWLWLV�% *HUHJLVWUHHUG�HQ�LQ�JHEUXLN�YRRU�GRHOJURHSHQ,QIOXHQ]D�$�% *HUHJLVWUHHUG�HQ�LQ�JHEUXLN�YRRU�GRHOJURHSHQ1HLVVHULD�PHQLQJLWLGLV�& 1LHW�JHUHJLVWUHHUG�LQ�1HGHUODQG��ZHO�HOGHUV6WUHSWRFRFFXV�SQHXPRQLDH�RQJHFRQMXJHHUG�SRO\VDFFKDULGH� *HUHJLVWUHHUG�YRRU���MDDU�HQ�RXGHU�,Q�JHEUXLN�YRRU�GRHOJURHSHQ9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU 1LHW�JHUHJLVWUHHUG�LQ�1HGHUODQG��ZHO�HOGHUV5RWDYLUXV 9DFFLQ�YDQ�GH�PDUNW�JHKDDOG��EHVFKLNEDDUKHLG�RQ]HNHU�9DFFLQV�GLH�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�YyyU������EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ6WUHSWRFRFFXV�SQHXPRQLDH�JHFRQMXJHHUG� ��YDOHQW��UHJLVWUDWLH�LQ�(XURSD�XLWHUOLMN�EHJLQ�������YDOHQW��IDVH�,,,�,QIOXHQ]D�$�%��QLHXZH�JHQHUDWLH )DVH�,,,1HLVVHULD�PHQLQJLWLGLV�%�&� )DVH�,,,5HVSLUDWRLU�6\QF\WLHHO�9LUXV )DVH�,,�+HUSHV�VLPSOH[�YLUXV��W\SH����+HUSHVJHQLWDOLV� )DVH�,,+XPDDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV )DVH�,,7DEHO����$��6WDWXV�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQV9DFFLQV�LQ�HHQ�YURHJ�VWDGLXP�YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ 6WDWXV��YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�&\WRPHJDORYLUXV )DVH�,,+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL )DVH�,�+HSDWLWLV�& )XQGDPHQWHHO�RQGHU]RHN&KODP\GLD�WUDFKRPDWLV )XQGDPHQWHHO�RQGHU]RHN1HLVVHULD�JRQRUUKRHDH )XQGDPHQWHHO�RQGHU]RHN� )DVH�,��2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�YHLOLJKHLG�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ��0HHVWDO�SDUWLFLSHHUW�HHQ�NOHLQH�JURHS�JH]RQGHYROZDVVHQ�YULMZLOOLJHUV�� )DVH�,,��2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�LPPXQRJHQLFLWHLW�HQ�QDDU�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ��0HHVWDOSDUWLFLSHUHQ�HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�JH]RQGH�YULMZLOOLJHUV�XLW�GH�GRHOSRSXODWLH�� )DVH�,,,��2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�EHVFKHUPHQGH�ZHUN]DDPKHLG�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�ELM�GH�GRHOSRSXODWLH�RSJURWH�VFKDDO��+HW�DDQWDO�SDUWLFLSDQWHQ�LV�DIKDQNHOLMN�YDQ�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH�� ,Q�GH�QRWLWLH�ZRUGW�JHNHNHQ�QDDU�HHQ�YDFFLQ�WHJHQ�1HLVVHULD�PHQLQJLWLGLV�%�&��GDW�PRPHQWHHO�GRRUKHW�5,90�RQWZLNNHOG�ZRUGW��'LW�YDFFLQ�GHNW�����YDQ�DOOH�LQ�1HGHUODQG�YRRUNRPHQGH�VXEW\SHQ�%�HQ&�

%LM�GH�NHX]H�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQV�GLH�LQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�]LMQ�LV�JHEUXLN�JHPDDNW�YDQ�HHQ�GRRU�KHW,QVWLWXWH�RI�0HGLFLQH��,20��RSJHVWHOGH�OLMVW�PHW�YDFFLQV�GLH�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�ELQQHQ����MDDUEHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ�������ZDDUELM�+,9�EXLWHQ�EHVFKRXZLQJ�LV�JHODWHQ��'H�JHVHOHFWHHUGH�YDFFLQV

Page 13: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

]LMQ�YDFFLQV�ZDDUYRRU�YROGRHQGH�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�HSLGHPLRORJLH�EHVFKLNEDDU]LMQ�HQ�RI�YDFFLQV�GLH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ�NXQQHQ�YRRUNRPHQ�ZDDUPHH�KRJH�XLWJDYHQ�YRRUFXUDWLHYH ]RUJ�JHPRHLG�]LMQ��ELMYRRUEHHOG�VHNVXHHO�RYHUGUDDJEDUH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ���� ,Q�WDEHO��� HQ�LQ�WDEHO����$�LV�GH�VWDWXV�YDQ�GH�LQ�GH�QRWLWLH�EHVSURNHQ�YDFFLQV�ZHHUJHJHYHQ�9DFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�F\WRPHJDORYLUXV�ZRUGW�SDV�RYHU����MDDU�YHUZDFKW��DOKRHZHO�KHW�PRPHQWHHOGH]HOIGH�VWDWXV�KHHIW��)DVH�,,��DOV�HQNHOH�YDFFLQV�GLH�ELQQHQ����MDDU�YHUZDFKW�ZRUGHQ��'HUHGHQ LV�GDW�F\WRPHJDORYLUXV�HHQ�ELM]RQGHU�JHFRPSOLFHHUG�YLUXV�LV�ZDDUGRRU�RQWZLNNHOLQJYDQ HHQ�YDFFLQ�ELQQHQ����MDDU�RQZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�ZRUGW�JHDFKW��]LH�RRN�ELMODJH����7KHUDSHXWLVFKH�YDFFLQV�]LMQ�EXLWHQ�EHVFKRXZLQJ�JHODWHQ��RPGDW�KHW�593�HHQSUHYHQWLHSURJUDPPD�LV����� $IEDNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�QRWLWLH'H�QRWD�EHRRJW�VOHFKWV�GH�EHQRGLJGH�JHJHYHQV�WH�OHYHUHQ�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GHZHQVHOLMNKHLG�YDQ�XLWEUHLGLQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�PHW�QLHXZH�YDFFLQDWLHV��+HW�PDNHQ�YDQ�NHX]HVRYHU�GH�LQYRHULQJ�YDQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQDWLHV��PHW�DQGHUH�ZRRUGHQ�GH�EHVOLVVLQJ�RI�GH�WH�EHKDOHQJH]RQGKHLGVZLQVW�GH�NRVWHQ��ZDDUG�LV��EHKRRUW�QLHW�WRW�GH�GRHOVWHOOLQJHQ�YDQ�GLW�UDSSRUW�HQ�LVHHQ YHUDQWZRRUGHOLMNKHLG�YDQ�GH�0LQLVWHU�,Q�]LMQ�KXLGLJH�YRUP�EHWUHIW�KHW�593�GH�SODQPDWLJH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�NLQGHUHQ��0RPHQWHHOZRUGHQ HFKWHU�RRN�SODQPDWLJH�YDFFLQDWLHV�XLWJHYRHUG�ELM�RXGHUHQ�HQ�VSHFLILHNH�GRHOJURHSHQEXLWHQ�KHW�593�RP��ELMYRRUEHHOG�ELM�UHL]LJHUV��PLOLWDLUHQ�HQ�FKURQLVFK�]LHNHQ��'H�NRVWHQ�YDQYDFFLQDWLH��GHPRJUDILVFKH�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ��YHUJULM]LQJ��HQ�HSLGHPLRORJLVFKH�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�LQIHFWLHGUXN�YDQXLW�DQGHUH�ODQGHQ��PDNHQ�GDW�LQ�VRPPLJH�JHYDOOHQ�GH�SODQPDWLJH�YDFFLQDWLHYDQ�DQGHUHQ�GDQ�NLQGHUHQ�HHQ�HIIHFWLHYH�HQ�HIILFLsQWH�PDQLHU�LV�RP�GH�EHYRONLQJ�WHEHVFKHUPHQ�WHJHQ�EHSDDOGH�LQIHFWLH]LHNWHQ��'H�QRWLWLH�EHSHUNW�]LFK�RP�GLH�UHGHQ�QLHW�WRWYDFFLQV�GLH�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV�LQ�DDQPHUNLQJ�NRPHQ��PDDUEHVWXGHHUW�RRN�RI�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�DQGHUH�JURHSHQ�GH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YDQ�GH�JHKHOH�EHYRONLQJ�WHQJRHGH�NDQ�NRPHQ�+HW�LQWHUQDWLRQDDO�DDQZH]LJH�JHGDFKWHJRHG�PHW�EHWUHNNLQJ�WRW�YDFFLQV�LV�YDVWJHOHJG�LQYHUZLM]LQJHQ�QDDU��VOHXWHO�SXEOLFDWLHV��]RQGHU�GDW�JHSUREHHUG�LV�DOOH�LQIRUPDWLH�LQ�GH�QRWLWLHRS�WH�QHPHQ��]HNHU�ZDDU�GH]H�DDQZH]LJ�LV�LQ�HHUGHUH��5,90���UDSSRUWHQ��'RHO�KLHUYDQ�LV�KHWUHGHQHHUSDG�WUDQVSDUDQW�WH�PDNHQ�HQ�WH�RQGHUERXZHQ��,Q�GLH�JHYDOOHQ�ZDDU�EHODQJULMNHJHJHYHQV�RQWEUHNHQ�LV�GLW�DDQJHJHYHQ�HQ�]LMQ�YRRUVWHOOHQ�JHGDDQ�YRRU�DDQYXOOHQG�RQGHU]RHN����� 2SERXZ�YDQ�GH�QRWLWLH,Q�KRRIGVWXN���ZRUGW�LQJHJDDQ�RS�GH�ZHQVHOLMNKHLG�YDQ�YHUEHWHULQJ�YDQ�GH�KXLGLJH�593�YDFFLQV��,Q�ELMODJH���LV�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�LQGLYLGXHOH�EHVSUHNLQJ�RSJHQRPHQ�YDQ�GH�KXLGLJH593�YDFFLQV��9RRU�HOI�QLHXZH�RI�ELQQHQNRUW�EHVFKLNEDUH�YDFFLQV�LV�EHRRUGHHOG�RI�]H�LQDDQPHUNLQJ�NRPHQ�YRRU�HHQ�WRHNRPVWLJ�593������,Q�KRRIGVWXN���LV�DDQJHJHYHQ�RS�ZHONHZLM]H�GDDUWRH�GULH�FULWHULD��GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLH�GRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�YRRUNRPHQ��GHNRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQDWLH��HQ�GH�KDDOEDDUKHLG�YDQ�LQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LQ�KHWKXLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD��]LMQ�WRHJHSDVW��,Q��KRRIGVWXN���ZRUGHQ�GDDUYDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQJHJHYHQ��,Q�ELMODJH���LV�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�LQGLYLGXHOH�EHVSUHNLQJ�RSJHQRPHQ�YDQ�GH�HOIEHRRUGHHOGH�YDFFLQV��,Q�KRRIGVWXN���ZRUGHQ�YDFFLQV�EHVSURNHQ�GLH�]LFK�LQ�HHQ�YURHJ�VWDGLXP� ,Q�KHW�,20�UDSSRUW�ZRUGHQ�GDDUQDDVW�GH�YROJHQGH�YDFFLQV�EHVSURNHQ��VWUHSWRNRNNHQ�$�HQ�%��WXEHUFXORVH�SDUDLQIOXHQ]D��%RUUHOLD� (SVWHLQ�%DUU�YLUXV��HQWHURWR[LQRJHQH�(��FROL� HQ�6KLJHOOD� (HQ�JHEUHN�DDQHSLGHPLRORJLVFKH�JHJHYHQV�HQ�RI�GH�LQGUXN�GDW�EHWUHIIHQGH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ�JHHQ�JURRW�SUREOHHP�]LMQ�YRRU�GH1HGHUODQGVH�YRONVJH]RQGKHLG��KHHIW�HUWRH�JHOHLG�GDW�DDQ�GH]H�YDFFLQV�LQ�GH]H�QRWLWLH�JHHQ�DDQGDFKW�ZRUGWEHVWHHG�

Page 14: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�EHYLQGHQ�HQ�LQ�ELMODJH���LV�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�LQGLYLGXHOH�EHVSUHNLQJRSJHQRPHQ�YDQ�GH]H�YDFFLQV��+RRIGVWXN���JDDW�RYHU�GH�DFWLYLWHLWHQ�GLH�EHODQJULMN�]LMQ�YRRUFRQWLQXHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�VXFFHV�YDQ�KHW�593�LQ�KHW�DOJHPHHQ�HQ�KDQGKDYLQJ�YDQ�GH�KRJHYDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�LQ�KHW�ELM]RQGHU�

Page 15: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

���+HW�KXLGLJH�593%LM�GH�EHVOXLWYRUPLQJ�RYHU�RSWLPDOLVHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�LQ�GH�KXLGLJH�VDPHQVWHOOLQJ��'.73�%05�HQ�+LE��]LMQ�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�IDFWRUHQ�YDQ�EHODQJ��'H�YHLOLJKHLG�HQ�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�YDQ�GH�LQKHW�593�RSJHQRPHQ�YDFFLQV�PRHWHQ�DFFHSWDEHO�]LMQ�HQ�GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YROGRHQGH��+HWYDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD�NDQ�LQ�VRPPLJH�JHYDOOHQ�JHRSWLPDOLVHHUG�ZRUGHQ��2RN�PRHW�EHNHNHQZRUGHQ RI�KHW�]LQYRO�LV�RP�QDDVW��NLQGHUHQ�RRN�YROZDVVHQHQ�RI�RXGHUHQ�WH�YDFFLQHUHQ��RP�RSGLH�PDQLHU�GH�EHYRONLQJ�DOV�JHKHHO�EHWHU�WH�NXQQHQ�EHVFKHUPHQ��,QGLHQ�HUDGLFDWLH�YDQ�HHQ]LHNWH�RS�WHUPLMQ�YHUZDFKW�ZRUGW�PRHW�RYHUZRJHQ�ZRUGHQ�ZDQQHHU�DIVFKDIILQJ�YDQEHWUHIIHQGH�YDFFLQDWLH�ZHQVHOLMN�LV�HQ�ZHONH�PDDWUHJHOHQ�JHQRPHQ�PRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ�RP�GHRYHUJDQJ�]R�YHLOLJ�PRJHOLMN�WH�ODWHQ�YHUORSHQ�2QGHUVWDDQG�ZRUGHQ�GH�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�EHVSURNHQ�GLH�YDQ�EHODQJ�]LMQ�YRRU�GHEHVOXLWYRUPLQJ�RYHU�GH�YHUEHWHULQJ�YDQ�GH�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQV�RI�DIVFKDIILQJ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH��,Q�����]LMQ�DDQEHYHOLQJHQ�YRRU�YHUEHWHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�LQ�GH�KXLGLJH�VDPHQVWHOOLQJRSJHQRPHQ����� 9HLOLJKHLG�YDQ�YDFFLQV.HQQLV�RYHU�GH�YHLOLJKHLG�YDQ�YDFFLQV�LV�YDQ]HOIVSUHNHQG�HHQ�YRRUZDDUGH�YRRU�GH�EHVOLVVLQJRP�YDFFLQV�DO�GDQ�QLHW�WH�JHEUXLNHQ�RI�DDQ�WH�SDVVHQ��1LHXZH�LQ]LFKWHQ�HQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQOHLGHQ�RQDIJHEURNHQ�WRW�DDQVFKHUSLQJ�YDQ�GH�YHLOLJKHLGVYRRUVFKULIWHQ�YRRU�GH�UHJLVWUDWLH�YDQYDFFLQV�2S�GLW�PRPHQW�YHUHLVW�ELMYRRUEHHOG�GH�SULRQHQSUREOHPDWLHN�DDQSDVVLQJ�YDQSURGXFWLHSURFHVVHQ�YDQ�GH�NLQNKRHVW���GLIWHULH��HQ�WHWDQXVYDFFLQV��]LH�RRN�ELMODJH�����'H�XLW(QJHODQG�DINRPVWLJH�%6(�SUREOHPDWLHN�KHHIW�JHOHLG�WRW�KHW�EHVHI�GDW�SULRQHQ��GH]LHNWHYHUZHNNHU�YDQ�%6(��DDQZH]LJ�]RXGHQ�NXQQHQ�]LMQ�LQ�JURQGVWRIIHQ�HQ�VWDELOLVDWRUHQ�YDQGLHUOLMNH�RRUVSURQJ��PHW�QDPH�YDQ�KHW�UXQG���'HUJHOLMNH�SURGXFWHQ�ZRUGHQ�JHEUXLNW�YRRU�GHEHUHLGLQJ�YDQ�VRPPLJH�YDFFLQV��2P�LQ�GH�WRHNRPVW�GH�NDQV�RS�EHVPHWWLQJ�PHW�LQIHFWLHX]HDJHQWLD�QRJ�YHUGHU�WH�EHSHUNHQ�]XOOHQ�HU��LQWHU�QDWLRQDDO�QLHXZH�HLVHQ�JHVWHOG�JDDQ�ZRUGHQDDQ GH�WRHYRHJLQJ�YDQ�EORHGSURGXFWHQ�HQ�DDQ�KHW�JHEUXLN�YDQ�XLW�GLHUHQ�DINRPVWLJHLQJUHGLsQWHQ�WLMGHQV�GH�SURGXFWLH��'H]H�HLVHQ�]XOOHQ�RRN�LQ�GH�HLVHQ�YRRU�UHJLVWUDWLH�YDQYDFFLQV�WRW�XLWGUXNNLQJ�NRPHQ��(U�]DO�GDQ�RRN�JHVWUHHIG�PRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ�QDDU�YHUYDQJLQJ�YDQXLW�GLHUHQ�DINRPVWLJH�LQJUHGLsQWHQ�GRRU�DOWHUQDWLHYHQ����� %LMZHUNLQJHQ9RRU�UHJLVWUDWLH�YDQ�HHQ�YDFFLQ�PRHW�GXLGHOLMN�]LMQ�GDW�KHW�YHLOLJ�LV�HQ�JHHQ�HUQVWLJH�ELMZHUNLQJHQKHHIW��0LOGH�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQV�]LMQ�RQYHUPLMGHOLMN��'H]H��HQ�]HOIV�VSRUDGLVFK�YRRUNRPHQGHHUQVWLJHU�ELMZHUNLQJHQ��ZRUGHQ�JHDFFHSWHHUG�ZDQQHHU�GH�JH]RQGKHLGVZLQVW�HYLGHQW�LV��'H�EDODQVWXVVHQ�YRRUGHHO�HQ�ULVLFR�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLHV�YHUVFKXLIW�HFKWHU�QDDUPDWH�GH�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�WRHQHHPWHQ GH�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH�DIQHHPW��2S�HHQ�JHJHYHQ�PRPHQW�NDQ�GH�GRRU�GH�EHYRONLQJJHVFKDWWH�NDQV�RS��YHUPHHQGH��ELMZHUNLQJHQ�GH�GRRU�KHQ�JHVFKDWWH�NDQV�RS�]LHNWH�RYHUVFKULMGHQ�HQGH�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�NDQ�GDDUGRRU�DIQHPHQ�������(U�RQVWDDW�HHQ�VSDQQLQJVYHOG�WXVVHQ�LQGLYLGXHHO��HQJURHSVEHODQJ������%LM�KHW�NLQNKRHVWYDFFLQ�LV�PRPHQWHHO�VSUDNH�YDQ�HHQ�IRUVH�ODVW�DDQ�ELMZHUNLQJHQ��]LH�ELMODJH����2P�GLH�UHGHQ�GLHQW�KHW�YDFFLQ�GDQ�RRN�YHUEHWHUG�WH�ZRUGHQ��(HQ�YHUDQGHULQJ�YDQ�KHWYDFFLQ�EHWHNHQW�GDW�DDQYXOOHQG�RQGHU]RHN�QRRG]DNHOLMN�LV�RP�HHQ�YHUEHWHUGHNLQNKRHVWFRPSRQHQW�RS�WH�NXQQHQ�QHPHQ�LQ�GH�FRPELQDWLH�ZDDULQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�QX�ZRUGWWRHJHSDVW��'.73���=LH�RRN������RYHU�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQV�

Page 16: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

���� (IIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH��DQWLJHQH�YDULDWLH9DQ�HHQ�DDQWDO��LQIHFWLHX]H�DJHQWLD�NRPHQ�PHHUGHUH��VHUR�W\SHQ�YRRU��(U�LV�LQ�SULQFLSH�JHHQNUXLVEHVFKHUPLQJ�WXVVHQ�GH]H�VHURW\SHQ��QRFK�ELM�QDWXXUOLMNH�LPPXQLWHLW��QRFK�ELM�GRRUYDFFLQDWLH�RSJHZHNWH�LPPXQLWHLW��+HW�YyyUNRPHQ�YDQ�YHHO�VHURW\SHQ�LV�HHQ�DDQZLM]LQJ�GDWKHW�RUJDQLVPH�PDNNHOLMN�NDQ�PXWHUHQ�HQ�GDDUGRRU�NDQ�RQWVQDSSHQ�DDQ�GH�GRRU�KHWYRRUDIJDDQGH�VHURW\SH�RSJHZHNWH�LPPXQLWHLW��³HVFDSH�PXWDQWHQ´��$QWLJHQH�YDULDWLH�YDQ�]LHNWHYHUZHNNHUV�VWHOW�KRJH�HLVHQ�DDQ�GH�WH�JHEUXLNHQ�YDFFLQV��7HQHHUVWH�PRHWHQ�HU�PHHUGHUH�VHURW\SHQ�LQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�ZRUGHQ�RSJHQRPHQ�RP�YROGRHQGH�GHNNLQJWH�NULMJHQ��7HQ�WZHHGH�]DO��QD�GH�LQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�YDFFLQVJHEDVHHUG�RS�QLHXZH�VHURW\SHQ�GRRU�PRHWHQ�JDDQ��'H�VQHOKHLG�KLHUYDQ�KDQJW�LQ�VWHUNH�PDWHDI YDQ�GH�VQHOKHLG�ZDDUPHH�DQWLJHQH�YDULDQWHQ�RQWVWDDQ��7HQ�GHUGH�]XOOHQ�QLHXZH�VHURW\SHQVQHO LQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�JHwQFRUSRUHHUG�PRHWHQ�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ��9DFFLQV�JHEDVHHUG�RSJHFRQVHUYHHUGH�HSLWRSHQ��GLH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�NXQQHQ�ELHGHQ�WHJHQ�YHUVFKHLGHQH�VHURW\SHQYHUGLHQHQ�GDQ�RRN�GH�YRRUNHXU�'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�GH�KXLGLJH�NLQNKRHVWFRPSRQHQW�OLMNW�YHUPLQGHUG�WH�]LMQ��+HW�LV�PRJHOLMNGDW�GLW�WH�PDNHQ�KHHIW�PHW�DQWLJHQH�YDULDWLH��]LH�RRN�ELMODJH�����$OV�GH]H�YHUZDFKWLQJEHYHVWLJG�ZRUGW�GDQ�GLHQW�KHW�KXLGLJH�NLQNKRHVWYDFFLQ�DDQJHSDVW�WH�ZRUGHQ�DDQ�GH�QXYRRUNRPHQGH�W\SHQ����� 2SWLPDOLVDWLH�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH��YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD¶V7XVVHQ�GH�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD¶V�YDQ�ODQGHQ�EHVWDDQ�DDQ]LHQOLMNH�YHUVFKLOOHQ�����������������'HRYHUHHQNRPVW�LV�GDW�ELM�JHEUXLN�YDQ�QLHW�OHYHQGH�YDFFLQV��]RDOV�'.7�3���LQ�KHW�DOJHPHHQGRRU�HHQ�DDQWDO�YDFFLQDWLHV�HHQ�EDVLVLPPXQLWHLW�ZRUGW�RSJHERXZG�HQ�GDW�GDDUQD�GRRUKHUYDFFLQDWLH�GH�LPPXQLWHLW�RS�SHLO�JHKRXGHQ�ZRUGW��%LM�OHYHQG�YHU]ZDNWH�YDFFLQV��]RDOV%05��]LMQ�KHUYDFFLQDWLHV�EHGRHOG�RP�SHUVRQHQ�ZDDUELM�GH�YDFFLQDWLH�LQ�HHUVWH�LQVWDQWLH�QLHWDDQVORHJ�HHQ�WZHHGH�NDQV�WH�JHYHQ��'DDUQDDVW�VSHOHQ�ORJLVWLHNH�DVSHFWHQ�HHQ�URO��,Q�KHW�JHYDOYDQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQV�PRHW�VRPV�HHQ�FRPSURPLV�JH]RFKW�ZRUGHQ�WXVVHQ�GH�EHVWH�WLMGVWLSSHQYRRU�GH�WRHGLHQLQJ�YDQ�GHHOFRPSRQHQWHQ��'H�PHHVWH�VFKHPD¶V�]LMQ�VOHFKWV�EHSHUNWZHWHQVFKDSSHOLMN�RQGHUERXZG�,Q�GH�ORRS�GHU�MDUHQ�LV�KHW�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD�YRRU�KHW�593�HHQ�DDQWDO�PDOHQ�JHZLM]LJG��2YHUKHW�ZHJODWHQ�YDQ�GH�.�FRPSRQHQW�LQ�GH�KHUYDFFLQDWLH�RS���MDULJH�OHHIWLMG�LV�GHVWLMGV����IHEUXDUL�������DDQ�GH�0LQLVWHU�JHDGYLVHHUG�XLWJHEUDFKW�GRRU�GH�YRRU]LWWHU�YDQ�GH*H]RQGKHLGVUDDG��6LQGV���MDQXDUL������LV�KHW�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD�YRRU�'.73�HQ�+LE�YHUYURHJGYDQ���������PDDQGHQ�QDDU���������PDDQGHQ�������(HQ�ZLM]LJLQJ�YRRU�KHW�VFKHPD�YDQ�GH�%05�YDFFLQDWLH��YHUYURHJLQJ�YDQ�GH�WZHHGH�%05�HQWLQJ�YDQ���MDDU�QDDU���MDDU��LV�GHVWLMGVRYHUZRJHQ�GRRU�GH�,QVSHFWLH�YRRU�GH�*H]RQGKHLGV]RUJ��PDDU�ZHUG�YRRUDOVQRJ�QLHW�QRGLJJHDFKW��2S�GLW�PRPHQW�ZRUGW�GLW�GRRU�GH�:HUNJURHS�5LMNVYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�YDQ�GH*H]RQGKHLGVUDDG�RQGHU]RFKW����� 9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ�YROZDVVHQHQ(U�]LMQ�HHQ�DDQWDO�UHGHQHQ�RP�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD¶V�YRRU�YROZDVVHQHQ�WH�RYHUZHJHQ�PHW�GHKXLGLJH�593�YDFFLQV�� 9RRU�KHW�RSWLPDDO�LQVWDQGKRXGHQ�YDQ�HIIHFWLHYH�PHPRU\�LPPXQLWHLW��ELMYRRUEHHOG�WHJHQGLIWHULH�������WHWDQXV����������HQ�NLQNKRHVW�GRRU�HHQ�ERRVWHUYDFFLQDWLH��&LUFD�����YDQ�DOOHYROZDVVHQ�PHW�HHQ�ODQJGXULJH�KRHVW�KHHIW�NLQNKRHVW��������������� +HW�YHUKLQGHUHQ�YDQ�GH�LQIHFWLH�GRRU�YLUXVVHQ�RI�NRORQLVDWLH�GRRU�EDFWHULsQ�GLH�]LHNWHNXQQHQ�YHURRU]DNHQ�ELM�YROZDVVHQHQ��]RGDW�GH]H�QLHW�DOV�UHVHUYRLU�NXQQHQ�GLHQHQ�YRRUEHVPHWWLQJ�YDQ�MRQJHUHQ��ELMYRRUEHHOG�NLQNKRHVW��������������

Page 17: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

,Q�VHUR�HSLGHPLRORJLVFKH�VWXGLHV��������������ZRUGW�JHYRQGHQ�GDW�YHHO�RXGHUHQ�QLHW�RIRQYROGRHQGH�DQWLVWRIIHQ�WHJHQ�GLIWHULH�HQ�WHWDQXVWR[LQH�KHEEHQ��HQ�GDDURP�PRJHOLMNRQEHVFKHUPG�]LMQ�WHJHQ�GH]H�]LHNWHQ��0HW�HHQ�JHULFKW�UHYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�]RX�GLWHSLGHPLRORJLVFKH�JDW�WH�GLFKWHQ�]LMQ��'H�SURJUDPPDWLVFKH�ODVW�]RX�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�HFKWHU�QLHWRSZHJHQ�WHJHQ�GH�XLW]RQGHUOLMN�ODJH�]LHNWHODVW��6LQGV������]LMQ�HU�LQ�1HGHUODQG�PDDU�YLHUEHZH]HQ�JHYDOOHQ�YDQ�GLIWHULH�YRRUJHNRPHQ��'LW�RQGDQNV�KHW�IHLW�GDW�GLIWHULH�YHHO�YRRUNRPWLQ�2RVW�(XURSD�HQ�GH�YRRUPDOLJH�6RYMHW�5HSXEOLHNHQ�HQ�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�HHQ�KRJHUHLQIHFWLHGUXN�YHURRU]DDNW�LQ�:HVW�(XURSD��:HO�LV�KHW�]LQYRO�RP�LQ�GLW�NDGHU�QD�WH�JDDQ�RIYROZDVVHQHQ�]RQGHU�DDQWRRQEDUH�GLIWHULH�DQWLVWRIIHQ�HHQ�PHPRU\�UHVSRQV�KHEEHQ��'HLQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�WHWDQXV�LQ�1HGHUODQG�LV�JHPLGGHOG�GULH�JHYDOOHQ�SHU�MDDU��(HQ�ppQPDOLJHLQHQWLQJVFDPSDJQH�WHJHQ�WHWDQXV��ELMYRRUEHHOG�YDQ�DOOH�SHUVRQHQ�JHERUHQ�YyyU�������]RXGH]H�JHYDOOHQ�FXPXODWLHI�RYHU�GH�NRPHQGH�MDUHQ�YRRUNRPHQ��'H�VHFWRUHQ�RXGHUHQ]RUJ�HQJHULDWULH�KHEEHQ�GHVRQGDQNV�DDQJHJHYHQ�GDW�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�GLIWHULH�HQ�WHWDQXV�LQ�GHGRHOJURHS�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�HHQ�HUJ�ODJH�SULRULWHLW�]DO�KHEEHQ�*HJHYHQV�RYHU�KHW�YRRUNRPHQ�YDQ�]LHNWHQ�HQ�RYHU�GH�LPPXQLWHLW�YDQ�GH�EHYRONLQJ��]RDOVJHPHWHQ�LQ�KHW�3,(17(5�SURMHFW���������NXQQHQ�LQ]LFKW�JHYHQ�LQ�GH�ZHQVHOLMNKHLGYROZDVVHQHQ�V\VWHPDWLVFK�ELQQHQ�KHW�593�RI�LQ�KHW�NDGHU�YDQ�HHQ�VSHFLDDO�SURJUDPPD�YRRURXGHUHQ�WH�JDDQ�KHUYDFFLQHUHQ�PHW��RQGHUGHOHQ�YDQ��593�YDFFLQV����� 6WRSSHQ�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�QD�HUDGLFDWLH2S�GLW�PRPHQW�JDDW�ZHUHOGZLMG�YHHO�DDQGDFKW�XLW�QDDU�GH�HUDGLFDWLH�YDQ�KHW�SROLRYLUXV��2P�WHNXQQHQ�EHVOLVVHQ�RI�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�SROLR�JHVWRSW�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�LV�KHW�YDQ�JURRW�EHODQJ�GDWL��]HNHU�LV�GDW�KHW�YLUXV�QLHW�PHHU�FLUFXOHHUW�LQ�1HGHUODQG�HQ�LL��KHULQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�KHW�YLUXV�LQ1HGHUODQG�YRRUNRPHQ�ZRUGW��9RRUDOVQRJ�EHVWDDW�HU�JHHQ�PDQLHU�ZDDURS�GLW�PHW�]HNHUKHLGJHVWHOG�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�HQ�LV�GH�EHVOLVVLQJ�RP�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�WH�VWRSSHQ�GXV�QRJ�QLHW�DDQ�GH�RUGH�+HW�LV�DO�ZHO�]LQYRO�RP�HQNHOH�VFHQDULR¶V�YRRU�KHW�WLMGSHUN�QD�GH�HUDGLFDWLH�WH�RQWZLNNHOHQ�+LHUELM�]DO�RQGHU�PHHU�DDQGDFKW�EHVWHHG�PRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ�DDQ�GH�WHUPLMQ�ZDDURS�YDFFLQDWLHQRJ�GRRUJH]HW�]DO�PRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ��2RN�GLHQW�EHVORWHQ�WH�ZRUGHQ�RI�HQ�ZHONH�PRJHOLMNKHGHQ1HGHUODQG�RSHQ�ZLO�KRXGHQ�RP�LQ�JHYDO�YDQ�QRRG�WRFK�QRJ�YDFFLQ�WH�NXQQHQ�SURGXFHUHQ��'LWLV�PHW�QDPH�YDQ�EHODQJ�RPGDW�GH�SURGXFWLH�YDQ�,39�DOOHHQ�PRJHOLMN�LV�PHW�JHEUXLNPDNLQJYDQ�YLUXOHQWH�VWDPPHQ��]LH�RRN�%LMODJH�����'H]H�]RXGHQ�NXQQHQ�RQWVQDSSHQ�XLW�GHSURGXFWLHIDFLOLWHLWHQ�HQ�WRW�HHQ�HSLGHPLH�NXQQHQ�OHLGHQ��$OV�HU�PLQLPDDO���MDDU�JHHQ�VSUDNH�LVYDQ�FLUFXODWLH�YDQ�ZLOG�SROLRYLUXV��GDQ�]XOOHQ�GH�SURGXFWLHIDFLOLWHLWHQ�PRHWHQ�JDDQ�YROGRHQDDQ GH�HLVHQ�EHKRUHQG�ELM�³ELRVDIHW\�OHYHO��´��%6/����������'LW�]DO�DDQ]LHQOLMNH�LQYHVWHULQJHQYHUHLVHQ��0RJHOLMN�ZRUGHQ�GH�YHLOLJKHLGVHLVHQ�YRRU�KHW�ZHUNHQ�PHW�239�]DDLVWDPPHQ�ODJHUJHVWHOG�GRRU�GH�:+2��:DQQHHU�GLW�KHW�JHYDO�LV�GDQ�NDQ�GH�PRJHOLMNKHLG�RP�,39�WH�PDNHQPHW 239�]DDLVWDPPHQ�EHVWXGHHUG�ZRUGHQ�2S�WHUPLMQ�ZRUGW�PRJHOLMN�RRN�HHQ�HUDGLFDWLH�SURJUDPPD�YRRU�PD]HOHQ�JHVWDUW�����������'HRQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�WHQ�DDQ]LHQ�YDQ�GH�HUDGLFDWLH�YDQ�PD]HOHQ�PRHWHQ�GDQ�RRN�JHYROJG�ZRUGHQ����� &RQFOXVLH�HQ�DDQEHYHOLQJHQ2S�EDVLV�YDQ�ERYHQVWDDQGH�JHJHYHQV�HQ�GH�JHJHYHQV�LQ�ELMODJH���NDQ�JHFRQFOXGHHUG�ZRUGHQGDW�DDQSDVVLQJHQ�YDQ�GH�593�YDFFLQV�JHZHQVW�]LMQ��'H�DDQSDVVLQJHQ�]LMQ�KLHURQGHU�SHUYDFFLQ�JHQRHPG��=LM�KHEEHQ�HHQ�KRJH�SULRULWHLW��RPGDW�UHJHOJHYLQJ�GHUJHOLMNH�DDQSDVVLQJHQYHUHLVW�HQ�RI�RPGDW�]LM�GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�593�WHQ�JRHGH�NRPHQ���=LH�RRN�WDEHO�����YRRUHHQ RYHU]LFKW��

Page 18: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

'LIWHULH� $DQSDVVLQJ�SURGXFWLHSURFHV��JHHQ�LQJUHGLsQWHQ�JHEUXLNHQ�YDQ�GLHUOLMNH�RRUVSURQJ�LQ�KHWNZHHNPHGLXP�YDQ�GH�EDFWHULH�� +HURYHUZHJLQJ�'�GRVHULQJ�LQGLHQ�GH�VDPHQVWHOOLQJ�YDQ�'.73�YHUDQGHUG�ZRUGW�� 1DJDDQ�RI�GH�KRXGEDDUKHLG�YDQ�KHW�GLIWHULH�JURQGSURGXFW�YHUOHQJG�NDQ�ZRUGHQ��'H]HEHGUDDJW�QX���MDDU��(HQ�YHUOHQJLQJ�QDDU���MDDU�LV�JHZHQVW�RP�SURGXFWLHWHFKQLVFKHUHGHQHQ�� 2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�ZLM]H�ZDDURS�KHW�RQWVWDDQ�YDQ�LPPXQRORJLVFK�JHKHXJHQ�JHUHODWHHUGLV DDQ�HHUGHUH�YDFFLQDWLHV�HQ�DDQ�KHW�YDFFLQDWLH�LQWHUYDO�WHQ�RS]LFKWH�YDQ�GH�ODDWVWHYDFFLQDWLH�.LQNKRHVW- 2SQDPH�YDQ�HHQ�H[WHUQ�DDQJHNRFKWH�DFHOOXODLUH�NLQNKRHVWYDFFLQFRPSRQHQW��D.��LQ�KHW'.73�YDFFLQ�� ,QYRHULQJ�YDQ�HHQ�ERRVWHUYDFFLQDWLH�PHW�'D.73�RS���MDULJH�OHHIWLMG�HQ�KHW�HIIHFWEHVWXGHUHQ�PLGGHOV�VXUYHLOODQFH�� (IIHFWLYLWHLWVRQGHU]RHN�RP�WH�EHSDOHQ�RI�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�QRRG]DNHOLMN�LV�YDQ�HHQYDFFLQFRPSRQHQW��FHOOXODLU�RI�DFHOOXODLU��GLH�EHWHU�RYHUHHQNRPW�PHW�LQ�1HGHUODQGFLUFXOHUHQGH�VWDPPHQ�HQ�RI�GLH�LPPXQLWHLW�RSZHNW�WHJHQ�DGGLWLRQHOH�KHFKWLQJVIDFWRUHQ�$OV�GLW�HHQ�FHOOXODLUH�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�LV�GDQ�GLHQW�GH]H�PLQGHU�UHDFWRJHHQ�WH�]LMQ�GDQ�GHKXLGLJH�FRPSRQHQW�� 1DJDDQ�RI�ERRVWHU�YDFFLQDWLH�YRRU�NLQNKRHVW�LQJHYRHUG�]RX�PRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ�RSYROZDVVHQ�OHHIWLMG��+LHUWRH�PRHW�QDGHU�LQ]LFKW�ZRUGHQ�JHNUHJHQ�LQ�GH�OHHIWLMGVVSHFLILHNHLQIHFWLHIUHTXHQWLH�LQ�DDQYXOOLQJ�RS�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�GH�]LHNWHIUHTXHQWLH� 7HYHQV�LVRQGHU]RHN�QDDU�WUDQVPLVVLH�DDQJHZH]HQ�RP�GH�EHODQJULMNVWH�EURQQHQ�YDQ�LQIHFWLH�YRRUNZHWVEDUH�]XLJHOLQJHQ�YDVW�WH�VWHOOHQ��RXGHUV�HQ�RI�EURHUWMHV��]XVMHV��DQGHUHQ��� =RODQJ�QRJ�JHsQW�ZRUGW�PHW�KHW�KXLGLJH��FHOOXODLUH��YDFFLQ�LV�GH�EHSHUNWH�KRXGEDDUKHLGHHQ ORJLVWLHN�SUREOHHP�ELM�GH�SURGXFWLH��1DJDDQ�RI�KLHUYRRU�HHQ��LQWHULP��RSORVVLQJJHYRQGHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�� +HW�YHUGHU�RQWZLNNHOHQ�HQ�YDQ�HHQ��JHYDOLGHHUG��GLHUPRGHO��ZDDULQ�]RZHO�YRRUDFHOOXODLUH�DOV�YRRU�FHOOXODLUH�YDFFLQV�GH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YRRU�NLQGHUHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQYRRUVSHOG����������� 2SKHOGHULQJ�EHVFKHUPLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�HQ�µFRUUHODWHV�RI�SURWHFWLRQ¶��'LW�YHUJHPDNNHOLMNWKHW XLWYRHUHQ�YDQ��YHOG�VWXGLHV�YRRU�GH�UHJLVWUDWLH�YDQ�YHUEHWHUGH�YDFFLQV�7HWDQXV� $DQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�GH�EHUHLGLQJ�YDQ�KHW�WHWDQXVYDFFLQ�]RGDW�JHHQ�LQJUHGLsQWHQ�YDQ�GLHUOLMNHRRUVSURQJ�PHHU�QRRG]DNHOLMN�]LMQ�YRRU�GLH�EHUHLGLQJ�� 1DGHUH�GHILQLsULQJ�YDQ�DGYLH]HQ�RYHU�UHYDFFLQDWLH�LQWHUYDOOHQ�3ROLR� 9RRU�GH�EHUHLGLQJ�YDQ�KHW�,39�GLHQW�LQ�SODDWV�YDQ�SULPDLU�DSHQQLHUFHOVXEVWUDDW�JHEUXLN�WHZRUGHQ�JHPDDNW�YDQ�9HURFHOOHQ��GLW�LV�HHQ�DSHQQQLHUFHOOLMQ����+HW�JHEUXLN�YDQ�GH]HFHOOLMQHQ�YHUKRRJW�GH�YHLOLJKHLG�HQ�YHUPLQGHUW�GH�NZHWVEDDUKHLG�YDQ�KHW�SURGXFWLHSURFHV�7HYHQV�]DO�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�HHQ�9HUR�,39�HHQ�QLHXZ�'.73�YDFFLQ�JHIRUPXOHHUG�PRHWHQZRUGHQ�$GGLWLRQHOH�DFWLYLWHLWHQ�GLH�YHUEDQG�KRXGHQ�PHW�GH�PRJHOLMNH�HUDGLFDWLH�YDQ�SROLR�� 2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�PDWH�ZDDULQ�EHVFKHUPLQJ�WHJHQ�YLUXVUHSOLFDWLH�JHZDDUERUJG�EOLMIW�QXFLUFXOHUHQG�YLUXV�XLW�1HGHUODQG�LV�YHUGZHQHQ��,QGLHQ�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�HHQ�ODWHQWH�LQIHFWLHNXQQHQ�RSORSHQ��ELMYRRUEHHOG�LQ�KHW�EXLWHQODQG��YRUPHQ�]LM�GDDUPHH�PRJHOLMN�HHQEHGUHLJLQJ�YRRU�QLHW�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�� +HW�RSWLPDOLVHUHQ�YDQ�HHQ�DGHTXDDW�VXUYHLOODQFHV\VWHHP�RP�GH�DIZH]LJKHLG�YDQFLUFXOHUHQG�YLUXV�YDVW�WH�NXQQHQ�VWHOOHQ�� )RUPXOHULQJ�YDQ�HLVHQ�ZDDUDDQ�YROGDDQ�GLHQW�WH�ZRUGHQ�YRRUGDW�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�JHVWRSW

Page 19: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

NDQ�ZRUGHQ�� 2QWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�VFHQDULR¶V�QD�HUDGLFDWLH��+LHUELM�]DO�RQGHU�PHHU�DDQGDFKW�EHVWHHGPRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ�DDQ�GH�WHUPLMQ�ZDDURS�YDFFLQDWLH�QRJ�GRRUJH]HW�]DO�ZRUGHQ��2RN�GLHQWEHVORWHQ�WH�ZRUGHQ�RI�HQ�ZHONH�PRJHOLMNKHGHQ�1HGHUODQG�RSHQ�ZLO�KRXGHQ�RP�LQ�JHYDOYDQ QRRG�WRFK�QRJ�YDFFLQ�WH�NXQQHQ�SURGXFHUHQ��'DDUELM�GLHQW�DDQGDFKW�EHVWHHG�WHZRUGHQ�DDQ�GH�JHYROJHQ��NRVWHQ��YDQ�KHW�HYHQWXHHO�XSJUDGHQ�YDQ�GH�SURGXFWLHIDFLOLWHLWHQQDDU %LRVDIHW\�/HYHO���QLYHDX�HQ�GH�HYHQWXHOH�PRJHOLMNKHGHQ�YRRU�RYHUVFKDNHOHQ�QDDU,39�SURGXFWLH�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�239�]DDLVWDPPHQ�+��LQIOXHQ]DH�E� 6XUYHLOODQFH�YDQ�+��LQIOXHQ]DH�PRHW�JHFRQWLQXHHUG�ZRUGHQ��RP�WLMGLJ�WH�NXQQHQ�UHDJHUHQDOV DQGHUH��NDSVHOOR]H��+��LQIOXHQ]DH�VWDPPHQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�W\SH�YHUYDQJHQ��GRRUGDWYDFFLQDWLH�OHLGW�WRW�KHW�OHHJUDNHQ�YDQ�GH�+LE�QLFKH��:DQQHHU�DQGHUH�VWDPPHQ�GH�QLFKHRSYXOOHQ�RQWVWDDW�PRJHOLMN�EHKRHIWH�DDQ�HHQ�QLHXZ�YDFFLQ�� 2SQDPH�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LQ�HHQ�'.73�+LE�FRPELQDWLH��ZDQQHHU�EHVORWHQ�ZRUGW�DGGLWLRQHOHYDFFLQDWLHV�DDQ�KHW�]XLJHOLQJHQSURJUDPPD�WRH�WH�YRHJHQ�� 2S�WHUPLMQ�QDJDDQ�RI�KHW�DDQWDO�YDFFLQDWLHV�YDQ�YLHU�QDDU�GULH�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�WHUXJJHEUDFKW�%05� 2QGHU]RHNHQ�RI�KHW�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD�DDQJHSDVW�PRHW�ZRUGHQ�� 1DJDDQ�RI�GH�VWDELOLWHLW�YDQ�GH�ERI��HQ�GH�PD]HOHQFRPSRQHQW�YHUEHWHUG�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�GRRUDDQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�KHW�SURGXFWLHSURFHV��'LW�YHUPLQGHUW�GH�NZHWVEDDUKHLG�YDQ�KHW�%05�SURGXFWLHSURFHV�HQ�GDDUPHH�GH�NZHWVEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�EHVFKLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�0D]HOHQ� 9ROJHQ�YDQ�GH�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�URQG�KHW�RS]HWWHQ�YDQ�HHQ�HYHQWXHHOHUDGLFDWLHSURJUDPPD�HQ�KLHURS�DQWLFLSHUHQ�7DEHO����� 2YHU]LFKW�YDQ�ZHQVHOLMNH�DDQSDVVLQJHQ�YDQ�GH�KXLGLJH�593�YDFFLQV�

$FWLH 'LIWHULH .LQNKRHVW 7HWDQXV 3ROLR +LE %RI 0D]HOHQ 5XEHOOD(IIHFWLYLWHLW � ; � � � � � �9HLOLJKHLG ; � ; ; � � � �%LMZHUNLQJHQ � ; � � � � � �9DFFLQDWLHVFKHPD � ; � � ; �;� �;� �;��+HU�YDFFLQDWLHYROZDVVHQHQ � ; � � � � � �(UDGLFDWLH � � � ; � � ; �

Page 20: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

Page 21: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

���0HWKRGH�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�YRRUKHW�5932P�WRW�HHQ�DIJHZRJHQ�RRUGHHO�WH�NRPHQ�RYHU�GH�ZHQVHOLMNKHLG�YDQ�RSQDPHV�YDQ�DGGLWLRQHOHYDFFLQV�LQ�HHQ�WRHNRPVWLJ�593��]LMQ�GHUWLHQ�SRWHQWLsOH�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�QDGHU�EHVFKRXZG��]LHRRN�WDEHO�������+HW�EHWUHIW�YDFFLQV�GLH�DO�EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ�RI�GLH�GDW�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�YRRU�����]XOOHQ�]LMQ��9RRU�HON�YDQ�GH]H�]LMQ�GH�YROJHQGH�DVSHFWHQ�V\VWHPDWLVFK�JHDQDO\VHHUG���� GH ]LHNWHODVW�GLH�GRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�YRRUNRPHQ���� GH NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�GH��YDFFLQDWLH���� GH KDDOEDDUKHLG�YDQ�LQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ��LQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD��JHOHWRS YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD¶V�HQ�JHOHW�RS�KHW�IHLW�GDW�SHU�VHVVLH�PD[LPDDO���LQMHFWLHV�WRHJHGLHQGPRJHQ�ZRUGHQ�2S�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�HHUVWH�WZHH�FULWHULD�]LMQ�GH�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�YDFFLQV�JHUDQJVFKLNW��+HW�GHUGHFULWHULXP�LV�DOOHHQ�WRHJHSDVW�ZDQQHHU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�RS�JURQG�YDQ�GH�HHUVWH�WZHH�UHODWLHIJXQVWLJ�XLWYDOW��2S�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�WRWDOH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�LV�HHQ�PRJHOLMN�593�YRRU�����VDPHQJHVWHOG�'H�SUDNWLVFKH�LPSOLFDWLHV�YDQ�XLWEUHLGLQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�VSHOHQ�JHHQ�URO�ELM�GH]H�EHRRUGHOLQJ�'LW�QHHPW�QLHW�ZHJ�GDW�ELMYRRUEHHOG�KHW�EHUHLNHQ�YDQ�QLHXZH�JURHSHQ�LQ�GH�VDPHQOHYLQJ�HQGH�LQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�GLH�RQEHNHQG�]LMQ�ELM�GH�EHYRONLQJ��RRN�QLHXZH�HLVHQ]XOOHQ�VWHOOHQ�DDQ�GH�XLWYRHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�593��'H�PRJHOLMNKHGHQ�HQ�EHUHLGKHLG�RP�DDQ�GLHHLVHQ�WHJHPRHW�WH�NRPHQ��VSHOHQ�HHQ�URO�ELM�GH�XLWHLQGHOLMNH�EHVOXLWYRUPLQJ�RYHU�KHW�593�YDQGH�WRHNRPVW��'H]H��SXQWHQ�NRPHQ�DDQ�GH�RUGH�LQ�KRRIGVWXN���RYHU�GH�FRQWLQXHULQJ�YDQ�HHQVXFFHVYRO 593����� %HRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�HSLGHPLRORJLH�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW%LM�GH�LQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�YDFFLQV�VWDDQ�KHW�YRRUNRPHQ�YDQ�]LHNWH�HQ�VWHUIWH�HQ�KHW�YHUOLFKWHQ�YDQPHQVHOLMN�OLMGHQ�YRRURS��2P�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ��RI�GHJH]RQGKHLGVZLQVW�GRRU�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�LQWHUYHQWLHV��]R�JRHG�PRJHOLMN�WH�NXQQHQ�YHUJHOLMNHQ]LMQ�PHWKRGHQ�RQWZLNNHOG�GLH�KHW�PRJHOLMN�PDNHQ�RP�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�VWHUIWH�HQ�RQ�JH]RQGKHLG�WH�FRPELQHUHQ�LQ�HHQ�JHPHHQVFKDSSHOLMNH�PDDW��'$/<¶V��GLVDELOLW\�DGMXVWHGOLIH�\HDUV��HQ�4$/<¶V��TXDOLW\�DGMXVWHG�OLIH�\HDUV��]LMQ�GDDUYDQ�YRRUEHHOGHQ��,Q�GLW�UDSSRUW�LVGH�'$/<�EHQDGHULQJ�DOV�XLWJDQJVSXQW�JHEUXLNW��'$/<¶V��KLHU�FRUUHFWHU��'$/<¶V�YHUORUHQGRRU�HHQ�]LHNWH��ZRUGHQ�EHUHNHQG�DOV�GH�VRP�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDO�YHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ��9/��HQ�KHWDDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ��=-(���+HW�DDQWDO�YHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ�ZRUGW�EHUHNHQG�DOV�KHWDDQWDO�VWHUIJHYDOOHQ��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW��SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��GH�YRRU�GLH�OHHIWLMG�JHOGHQGHUHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��+HW�DDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ�ZRUGW�EHUHNHQG�GRRU�KHWDDQWDO�MDUHQ�JHOHHIG�PHW�HHQ�DDQGRHQLQJ�WH�YHUPHQLJYXOGLJHQ�PHW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�GLH�GHNZDOLWHLW�YDQ�OHYHQ�ZHHUJHHIW��'LH�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YDULHHUW�WXVVHQ����JHHQ�JH]RQGKHLGVYHUOLHV�HQ ���PD[LPDDO�JH]RQGKHLGVYHUOLHV��HTXLYDOHQW�DDQ�GRRG�������3HU�YDFFLQ�LV�EHUHNHQG��YRRU�GH�VSHFLILHNH�GRHOJURHS��KRHYHHO�'$/<¶V�YHUORUHQ�ZRUGHQ�GRRUGH�EHWUHIIHQGH�]LHNWH��HQ�KRHYHHO�GDDUYDQ�ZHHU�JHZRQQHQ�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�GRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�'H�UHVXOWDWHQ�]LMQ�VDPHQJHYDW�LQ�KRRIGVWXN����HQ�XLWYRHULJ�JHGRFXPHQWHHUG�LQ�ELMODJH����,QHHQ PLQGHUKHLG�YDQ�GH�JHYDOOHQ�NRQ�ZRUGHQ�WHUXJJHYDOOHQ�RS�EHUHNHQLQJHQ�XLW�979�����������'LNZLMOV�]LMQ�GH�EHUHNHQLQJHQ�XLW�979������RRN�JHEUXLNW�RP�VFKDWWLQJHQ�YDQ�PRJHOLMNYHUJHOLMNEDUH�VLWXDWLHV�WH�RQGHUERXZHQ��2PGDW�HU�LQ�GH�EHVFKLNEDUH�JHJHYHQV�DDQ]LHQOLMNHRQ]HNHUKHGHQ�]LMQ�HQ�GH�EHUHNHQLQJHQ�RRN�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�DDQQDPHV�YHUHLVHQ��YRRUWRHOLFKWLQJ��]LH�ELMODJH����]LMQ�LQ�KRRIGVWXN���GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�LQ�VHPL�NZDQWLWDWLHYH�]LQZHHUJHJHYHQ��FRQIRUP�GH�SUHVHQWDWLH�LQ�979������

Page 22: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

,GHDOLWHU�YRUPW�GH�EHUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�GRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YHUPHGHQ�]LHNWHODVW�HHQ�ERXZVWHHQ�YDQGH�.($�EHUHNHQLQJ��'H�.($�JHHIW�GH�NRVWHQ�SHU�HHQKHLG�YDQ�YHUPHGHQ�]LHNWHODVW��%LM�GHKXLGLJH�VWDQG�YDQ�EHVFKLNEDUH�JHJHYHQV�HQ�DQDO\VHV�NRQ�GLW�QRJ�QLHW�ZRUGHQ�JHUHDOLVHHUG�PHW QDPH�RPGDW�YRRU�HHQ�DDQWDO�YDFFLQV�QRJ�JHHQ�NRVWHQDQDO\VHV�YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVHVLWXDWLH�EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ��]LH�YHUGHU�VHFWLH���������� %HRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�JH]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ'RRU�DQDO\VH�YDQ�GH�JH]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�JHYROJHQ�YDQ�KHW�JHEUXLN�YDQ�HHQ�QLHXZYDFFLQ�ZRUGW�KHW�PRJHOLMN�RP�WH�EHRRUGHOHQ�LQ�ZHONH�PDWH�YDFFLQDWLH�HHQ�HIILFLsQWHPDDWUHJHO�LV�RP�GH�JH]RQGKHLG�YDQ�GH�EHYRONLQJ�WH�YHUEHWHUHQ��'H�DIJHORSHQ�MDUHQ�]LMQ�HUYHUVFKLOOHQGH�PHWKRGHQ�RQWZLNNHOG�]RDOV�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VHV��.($¶V��HQNRVWHQXWLOLWHLWVDQDO\VHV��.8$¶V��RP�GH�HFRQRPLVFKH�HIIHFWHQ�YDQ�GH�LQYRHULQJ�YDQYDFFLQDWLH�WH�NXQQHQ�DQDO\VHUHQ������������0HW�EHKXOS�YDQ�HHQ�.($�NDQ�GHNRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVUDWLR�EHUHNHQG�ZRUGHQ��'H�HIIHFWHQ�ZRUGHQ�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ�JHZRQQHQOHYHQVMDUHQ��'H�.8$�LV�HHQ�ELM]RQGHU�VRRUW�.($��ZDDUELM�GH�HIIHFWSDUDPHWHU�GH�NZDOLWHLWYDQ�OHYHQ�UHIOHFWHHUW��0HW�HHQ�.8$�NXQQHQ�GH�QHWWR�NRVWHQ�SHU�JHZRQQHQ�4$/<��4XDOLW\$GMXVWHG�/LIH�<HDUV��EHUHNHQG�ZRUGHQ��4$/<¶V�]LMQ�GH�PHHVW�JHEUXLNWH�HIIHFWSDUDPHWHUYRRU�.8$¶V�&RQIRUP�GH�5LFKWOLMQHQ�YRRU�IDUPDFR�HFRQRPLVFK�RQGHU]RHN������LV�XLWJHJDDQ�YDQ�HHQPDDWVFKDSSHOLMN�SHUVSHFWLHI���'LW�KRXGW�LQ�GDW�DOOH�NRVWHQ�HQ�JH]RQGKHLGVHIIHFWHQ�LQ�GHDQDO\VH�ZRUGHQ�PHHJHQRPHQ��'H�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��ELQQHQ��NRVWHQ�YRRU�PHGLVFKH�]RUJ��HQEXLWHQ�GH�JH]RQGKHLGV]RUJ��]RDOV�UHLVNRVWHQ�YRRU�GH�SHUVRRQ�GLH�]LFK�ODDW�YDFFLQHUHQ���]LMQ�LQSULQFLSH�RQGHUGHHO�YDQ�GH�DQDO\VH��$OV�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�EXLWHQ�GH�JH]RQGKHLGV]RUJ�EHNHQG]LMQ��ELMYRRUEHHOG�NRVWHQ�YDQ�YHUORUHQ�DUEHLGVXUHQ�YDQ�RXGHUV��GDQ�ZRUGHQ�GH]H�DSDUWYHUPHOG��+HW�LV�HHQ�SROLWLHNH�EHVOLVVLQJ�RI��LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�ZHO�RI�QLHW�HHQ�PRWLHI�]LMQ�RP�KHW593�XLW�WH�EUHLGHQ�PHW�EHSDDOGH�YDFFLQDWLHV�'H�LQ�GH�QRWLWLH�YHUZHUNWH�JH]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�JHJHYHQV�]LMQ�DINRPVWLJ�YDQ�EHVWDDQGH5,90�VWXGLHV�HQ��LQWHU�QDWLRQDOH�SXEOLFDWLHV�RYHU�.($¶V��$OKRHZHO�YRRU�YHHO�YDFFLQV�LQDQGHUH ODQGHQ�JH]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DQDO\VHV�XLWJHYRHUG�]LMQ��]LMQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDDN�QLHWJRHG�EUXLNEDDU�YRRU�1HGHUODQGVH�EHVOXLWYRUPLQJ��RPGDW�GH�XLWJDQJVSXQWHQ�DQGHUV�JHNR]HQ]LMQ�GDQ�JHZHQVW�RI�RPGDW�JHJHYHQV�EHWUHNNLQJ�KHEEHQ�RS�HHQ�QLHW�YHUJHOLMNEDUH�VLWXDWLH�LQHHQ DQGHU�ODQG��ELMYRRUEHHOG�HHQ�ODQG�PHW�DQGHUH�EHKDQGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�DDQGRHQLQJ�GLH�KHWYDFFLQ�YRRUNRPW���,Q�ELMODJH���LV�WRHJHOLFKW�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�ZHONH�FULWHULD�VWXGLHV�]LMQJHVHOHFWHHUG�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�GH]H�QRWLWLH�'H�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�GH�JH]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DQDO\VHV�]LMQ�LQ�YLHU�FDWHJRULHsQ�JHSODDWVW�NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG��]HHU�JXQVWLJ��JXQVWLJ�HQ�QLHW�]R�JXQVWLJ�NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG��&DWHJRULH�,������ NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG�]HHU�JXQVWLJ��&DWHJRULH�,,����� NRVW�PLQGHU�GDQ��������(85�SHU�JHZRQQHQ�4$/<��OHYHQVMDDU�JXQVWLJ��&DWHJRULH�,,,���� NRVW�������������������(85�SHU�JHZRQQHQ�4$/<��OHYHQVMDDU�QLHW�]R�JXQVWLJ��&DWHJRULH�,9���� NRVW�PHHU�GDQ���������(85�SHU�JHZRQQHQ�4$/<��OHYHQVMDDU�

Page 23: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

'LW�LV�FRQIRUP�HHQ�LQGHOLQJ�GLH�GRRU�KHW�,20������LQ�HHQ�UHFHQWH�VWXGLH�QDDU�GH�NRVWHQ�HQJH]RQGKHLGVHIIHFWHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�LV�JHEUXLNW��]LH�RRN����������'H�NRVWHQ�]LMQ�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ(85�� (U�ZRUGW�QLHW�DOOHHQ�JHEUXLN�JHPDDNW�YDQ�.($¶V�GLH�4$/<V�JHEUXLNHQ�DOVHIIHFWSDUDPHWHU��FDWHJRULHsQ�DDQJHGXLG�PHW�HHQ�5RPHLQV�FLMIHU�,�,9���PDDU�RRN�YDQ�.($¶VGLH�JHZRQQHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ�JHEUXLNHQ�DOV�HIIHFWSDUDPHWHU��FDWHJRULHsQ�DDQJHGXLG�PHW�HHQ$UDELVFK�FLMIHU�������������*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DQDO\VHV�GRRU�KHW�,20,Q�KRRIGVWXN���HQ���ZRUGW�DDQGDFKW�EHVWHHG�DDQ�HHQ�UHFHQW�DIJHURQG��PDDU�QRJ�QLHWJHSXEOLFHHUG��UDSSRUW�YDQ�KHW�,QVWLWXWH�RI�0HGLFLQH�³9DFFLQHV�IRU�WKH���VW�&HQWXU\��D�WRRO�IRUGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ´�������'LW�UDSSRUW�LV�XQLHN��RPGDW�GH�,20�YHUVFKHLGHQH�YDFFLQV�KHHIWJHsYDOXHHUG��LQFOXVLHI�HQNHOH�YDFFLQV�LQ�HHQ�YURHJ�VWDGLXP�YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ��PHWJHEUXLNPDNLQJ�YDQ�LGHQWLHNH�LQIRUPDWLHEURQQHQ�YRRU�NRVWHQ�HQ�HIIHFWHQ��4$/<V���'DDURP]LMQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�GH�,20�VWXGLH�RQGHUOLQJ�EHWHU�YHUJHOLMNEDDU�GDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQDQGHUH .($¶V��,Q�KHW�UDSSRUW�]LMQ�SHU�YDFFLQ�GH�NRVWHQ�SHU�JHZRQQHQ�4$/<�EHUHNHQG�YRRUYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�JURHSHQ��+HW�,20�KHHIW�YHUYROJHQV�GH�YDFFLQDWLHV�LQJHGHHOG�LQGH KLHUERYHQ�JHQRHPGH�FDWHJRULHsQ�,�WRW�,9�'H�XLWOHJ�RYHU�GH�DQDO\VHPHWKRGH�LV�HFKWHU�QRJ�QLHW�EHVFKLNEDDU��+LHUGRRU�RQWEUHHNWLQIRUPDWLH�RYHU�RQGHU�PHHU�GH�JHPDDNWH�YHURQGHUVWHOOLQJHQ�HQ�GH�JHEUXLNWH�SDUDPHWHUV��'LWEHPRHLOLMNW�HHQ�LQVFKDWWLQJ�YDQ�GH�EUXLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�$PHULNDDQVH�JHJHYHQV�YRRU�GH1HGHUODQGVH�VLWXDWLH��LQ�ELMODJH���LV�HHQ�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�EUXLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�,20JHJHYHQV�YRRU�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�VLWXDWLH�RSJHQRPHQ���=RGUD�GH]H�JHJHYHQV�EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ]RX EHNHNHQ�PRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ�RI�GH�,20�PHWKRGH�JHVFKLNW�LV�YRRU�GH�EHUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GHNRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�GH�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�YDFFLQV�YRRU�1HGHUODQG��2S�GH]H�PDQLHU�NDQZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�RS�HIILFLsQWH�ZLM]H�EHODQJULMNH�LQIRUPDWLH�YRRU�EHVOXLWYRUPLQJ�RYHU�KHWWRHNRPVWLJH�593�YHUNUHJHQ�ZRUGHQ����� %HRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�SODDWV�YDQ�YDFFLQV�LQ�KHWYDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD'H�LQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�YHUHLVW�DDQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�GH�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD¶V��%LMGH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�SODDWV�YDQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�LQ�KHW�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD��]LMQ�WZHHXLWJDQJVSXQWHQ�JHIRUPXOHHUG�� 1LHXZH�YDFFLQDWLHV�PRJHQ�QLHW�WHQ�NRVWH�JDDQ�YDQ�UHHGV�EHVWDDQGH�YDFFLQDWLHV�� 3HU�YDFFLQDWLHVHVVLH�ZRUGHQ�PD[LPDDO�WZHH�LQMHFWLHV�JHJHYHQ��GLW�PHW�KHW�RRJ�RSDFFHSWDWLH�YDQ�HHQ�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�GRRU�]RZHO�RXGHUV�DOV�JH]RQGKHLGVZHUNHUV���������%LM�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQV�LV�JHNHNHQ�RI�GH�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD¶V�YRRU�EHVWDDQGH�HQQLHXZH�YDFFLQV�YHUHQLJEDDU�]LMQ��,QYRHULQJ�YDQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�LQ�KHW�EHVWDDQGH�VFKHPD�KHHIWVWHUN�GH�YRRUNHXU��RPGDW�DDQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�KHW�VFKHPD�GXXU�LV�HQ�PRJHOLMN�GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQKHW�EHVWDDQGH�593�QHJDWLHI�EHwQYORHGW��:DQQHHU�HHQ�QLHXZ�YDFFLQ�WRHJHGLHQG�]RX�PRHWHQZRUGHQ LQ�HHQ�VHVVLH�ZDDULQ�NLQGHUHQ�DO�WZHH�LQMHFWLHV�NULMJHQ��GDQ�]LMQ�RI�FRPELQDWLHV�PHWEHVWDDQGH�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQWHQ�RI�DQGHUH�WRHGLHQLQJVYRUPHQ��ELMYRRUEHHOG�RUDDO�RI�QDVDDO�QRGLJ�

� $DQQDPH���(85� ��86�� 9RRU�HHQ�EHSDDOG�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�NDQ�KHW�DDQWDO�JHZRQQHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ�ODJHU��LGHQWLHN�RI�KRJHU�]LMQ�GDQKHW�DDQWDO�JHZRQQHQ�4$/<V�

Page 24: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

Page 25: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

���%HRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�YDFFLQV�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�593����9RRU����QLHXZH�RI�ELQQHQNRUW�EHVFKLNEDUH�YDFFLQV�LV�EHRRUGHHOG�RI�]H�LQ�DDQPHUNLQJ�NRPHQ�YRRURSQDPH�LQ�HHQ�WRHNRPVWLJ�593������]LH�RRN�WDEHO��������,Q�KRRIGVWXN���LV�DDQJHJHYHQ�RS�ZHONHZLM]H�GDDUWRH�GULH�FULWHULD�]LMQ�WRHJHSDVW��,Q�GLW�KRRIGVWXN�ZRUGHQ�GDDUYDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�JHJHYHQ�$FKWHUHHQYROJHQV�NRPHQ�GH�GULH�FULWHULD�DDQ�ERG���� GH ]LHNWHODVW�GLH�GRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�YRRUNRPHQ���� GH NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�GH��YDFFLQDWLH���� GH KDDOEDDUKHLG�YDQ�LQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ��LQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�2S�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�HHUVWH�WZHH�FULWHULD�ZRUGHQ�GH�YDFFLQV�EHRRUGHHOG�DOV�µ]HHU�JHVFKLNW¶�µPRJHOLMN�JHVFKLNW¶�HQ�µPLQGHU�JHVFKLNW¶�YRRU�KHW�593��7HQVORWWH�ZRUGHQ�GH�YDFFLQV�GLH�DOV]HHU JHVFKLNW�HQ�PRJHOLMN�JHVFKLNW�EHRRUGHHOG�]LMQ��LQ�HHQ�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD�YRRU�HHQPRJHOLMN�593�LQ������JHSODDWVW��8LWJHEUHLGH�DFKWHUJURQGLQIRUPDWLH�RYHU�GH�YHUVFKLOOHQGHEHUHNHQLQJHQ�LV�WH�YLQGHQ�LQ�ELMODJH������� +HW�HIIHFW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�RS�GH�YHUPLQGHULQJ�YDQ�GH]LHNWHODVW7DEHO�����JHHIW�HHQ�VHPL�NZDQWLWDWLHI�RYHU]LFKW�YDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�GH�'$/<�EHUHNHQLQJHQ��2QGHU�DDQ�GH�WDEHO�]LMQ�WHU�YHUJHOLMNLQJ�HQNHOH�DQGHUH�]LHNWHQ�XLW�979�����ZHHUJHJHYHQ�������6HPL�NZDQWLWDWLHI�KRXGW�KLHU�LQ�GDW�GH�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�]LHNWH��YDFFLQFRPELQDWLHV�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDO�EHUHNHQGH�'$/<¶V�]LMQ�LQJHGHHOG�LQ�FDWHJRULHsQ�PHW JUHQ]HQ�GLH�VWHHGV�FLUFD�HHQ�IDFWRU���YHUVFKLOOHQ��'H]H�SUHVHQWDWLHZLM]H�LV�FRQIRUP�GLH�LQ979�������HQ�LV�HYHQDOV�GDDU�JHNR]HQ�RP�GH�RQ]HNHUKHLG�LQ�GH�JHWDOOHQ�WH�LOOXVWUHUHQ�7DEHO������'H�WRWDOH�]LHNWHODVW�YHURRU]DDNW�GRRU�DDQGRHQLQJHQ�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLHYRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�PLGGHOV�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�JURHSHQ�LQ�GH�EHYRONLQJ�&DWHJRULHYRRU�'$/<¶V � ±���� ����±������ ������±������ ������±������� ������±�������

=LHNWHODVW�LQEHWUHIIHQGHGRHOJURHS+HUSHV�JHQLWDOLV��� +HSDWLWLV�$���5RWDYLUXV����+HSDWLWLV�%�����

0HQLQJRNRN���3QHXPRNRN���3QHXPRNRN�����+HSDWLWLV�%����569���9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU���

+39���,QIOXHQ]D����

9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�GRRUYDFFLQDWLH+HUSHV�JHQLWDOLV����5RWDYLUXV����� 3QHXPRNRN���+HSDWLWLV�$����5RWDYLUXV����+HSDWLWLV�%���9DULFHOOD���

0HQLQJRNRN���3QHXPRNRN����569���+39���,QIOXHQ]D����

=LHNWHODVWDQGHUH�]LHNWHQXLW�979�����7XEHUFXORVH 'RZQ�V\QGURRP*HZHOG 0DDJNDQNHU3DUNLQVRQ$,'6

$FKWHU�GH�YDFFLQV�VWDDW�GH�OHHIWLMG�YDQ�GH�JURHS�GLH�JHYDFFLQHHUG�ZRUGW��MRQJHU�RI�JHOLMN�DDQ���MDDU����������MDDU���������HQ�RXGHU���������,Q�ELMODJH����LV�GH�SUHFLH]H�VSUHLGLQJ�YDQ�GH�'$/<¶V�SHU�]LHNWHEHHOG�DDQJHJHYHQ���'H�VFKDWWLQJHQ�YRRU�GH�]LHNWHODVW�YRRU�KHSDWLWLV�%�HQ�URWDYLUXV�ZDUHQ�GXLGHOLMN�YHUVSUHLG�RYHU�PHHUGHUHFDWHJRULHsQ��'DDURP�]LMQ�GH]H��WXVVHQ�KDNHQ��LQ�EHWUHIIHQGH�NRORPPHQ�JHSODDWVW��'H�'$/<�VFKDDO�ORRSW�YHUGHU�GRRU��FRURQDLUH�KDUW]LHNWHQ��GHSUHVVLH�HQ�ORQJNDQNHU�NRPHQ�RS�PHHU�GDQ��������'$/<V�XLW�'H�UHJHOV�LQ�GH�WDEHO�JHYHQ�DFKWHUHHQYROJHQV�����GH�WRWDOH�]LHNWHODVW�LQ�'$/<¶V�GRRU�GHEHWUHIIHQGH�]LHNWHYHUZHNNHU�LQ�GH�EHWUHIIHQGH�GRHOJURHS��ELMYRRUEHHOG�����MDDU��������HQ����

Page 26: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

KHW�GHHO�YDQ�GH]H�]LHNWHODVW�GDW�YRRUNRPEDDU�LV�GRRU�KHW�EHRRJGH�YDFFLQ��'H�YRRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�LV�QLHW�JHGLVFRQWHHUG��'LVFRQWHUHQ�ZRUGW�DOJHPHHQ�WRHJHSDVW�LQ�.($¶V��PDDU�QLHWYDQ]HOIVSUHNHQG�ELM�]LHNWHODVWEHUHNHQLQJHQ��+HW�KRXGW�LQ�GDW�WRHNRPVWLJH�YHUORUHQ�MDUHQSURJUHVVLHI�PLQGHU�]ZDDU�ZRUGHQ�PHHJHUHNHQG��+LHUGRRU�ZRUGW�LQ�IHLWH�JH]RQGKHLGVYHUOLHVLQ�GH��YHUUH��WRHNRPVW�PLQGHU�HUQVWLJ�EHRRUGHHOG��,Q�GLW�JHYDO�LV�HUYRRU�JHNR]HQ�LQ�HHUVWHLQVWDQWLH�QLHW�WH�GLVFRQWHUHQ��]LH�ELMODJH���YRRU�DGGLWLRQHOH�LQIRUPDWLH��,PSOLFLHW�DDQ�GH�'$/<�EHUHNHQLQJ�LV�GDW�HHQ�HUQVWLJH�IDWDOH�DDQGRHQLQJ�GLH�HHQ�NOHLQ�DDQWDOSHUVRQHQ�WUHIW�HYHQYHHO�YHUORUHQ�'$/<¶V�NDQ�RSOHYHUHQ�DOV�HHQ�ZHLQLJ�HUQVWLJH�DDQGRHQLQJGLH�]HHU�YHHO�YRRUNRPW��LQ�GH�WDEHO�ELMYRRUEHHOG�$,'6�YHUVXV�LQIOXHQ]D���'H�QRRG]DDN�LHWV�WHGRHQ�DDQ�HHQ�]HOG]DPH�PDDU�HUQVWLJH�DDQGRHQLQJ�ZRUGW�PRJHOLMN�GRRU�GH�PDDWVFKDSSLM]ZDDUGHU�JHZRJHQ�GDQ�GH�QRRG]DDN�LHWV�WH�GRHQ�DDQ�HHQ�PLOGH�YHHO�YRRUNRPHQGHDDQGRHQLQJ��9RRU�HHQ�GHILQLWLHYH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQV�]RX�GRRU�KHW�0LQLVWHULH�YDQ9:6�RYHUZRJHQ�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�RI�LQ�GH]H�]LQ�GH�DDQQDPHV�LQ�GH�'$/<�EHUHNHQLQJ�GHPDDWVFKDSSHOLMNH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YROGRHQGH�UHIOHFWHUHQ����������9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ�RXGHUHQ�������WHJHQ�LQIOXHQ]D�HQ�YDQ�SHUVRQHQ�YDQ����WHJHQ�+39�]RX�YDQDOOH�YDFFLQDWLHV�GH�JURRWVWH�JH]RQGKHLGVZLQVW���������������'$/<��RSOHYHUHQ��2RNYDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�569��PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�HQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�������OHYHUW�HHQ�VXEVWDQWLsOHJH]RQGKHLGVZLQVW�RS��9RRU�569�LV�QLHW�GXLGHOLMN�RI�GLW�HHQ�ERYHQ��RI�HHQ�RQGHUJUHQV�EHWUHIW�RPGDW�UHODWLHI�ZHLQLJ�HSLGHPLRORJLVFKH�JHJHYHQV�EHVFKLNEDDU�ZDUHQ��%RYHQGLHQ�]LMQ�HUDDQZLM]LQJHQ�GDW�HHQ�GHHO�YDQ�GH�RXGHUHQ�GLH�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�NOLQLVFKH�V\PSWRPHQJHGLDJQRVWLFHHUG�ZRUGHQ�PHW�JULHS��LQ�ZHUNHOLMNKHLG�WH�PDNHQ�KHEEHQ�PHW�HHQ�569�LQIHFWLH�+LHURYHU�LV�YRRUDOVQRJ�RQYROGRHQGH�EHNHQG�RP�KHW�QXW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�RXGHUHQ�WH�NXQQHQEHRRUGHOHQ��1DGHU�RQGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�YDQ�569�LQIHFWLHV�ELM�]RZHONLQGHUHQ�DOV�RXGHUHQ�OLMNW�GDQ�RRN�QRRG]DNHOLMN��9DFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQ������KHSDWLWLV�$�HQ�%��HQ�9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU��OHYHUW�HHQ�UHGHOLMN�JURWH�JH]RQGKHLGVZLQVW�RS��9RRUURWDYLUXV�LV�GH�VSUHLGLQJ�LQ�GH�JHWDOOHQ�YULM�JURRW��+HW�LV�GDQ�RRN�RQGXLGHOLMN�RI�GH�WH�EHKDOHQJH]RQGKHLGVZLQVW�NOHLQ�RI�UHGHOLMN�LV��'H�WH�EHKDOHQ�JH]RQGKHLGVZLQVW�LV�NOHLQ�YRRU�KHUSHVJHQLWDOLV�7HQVORWWH�EOLMNW�XLW�WDEHO�����GDW�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�WXEHUFXORVH�PRJHOLMN�EHODQJULMNHU�LV�GDQZHUG YHURQGHUVWHOG��%HSDDOG�PRHW�ZRUGHQ�ZHONH�DFWLHV�RS�ODQJHUH�WHUPLMQ�QRGLJ�]LMQ�LQYHUEDQG�PHW�PRJHOLMNH�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�WXEHUFXORVH��7XEHUFXORVH�ZRUGW�LQ�GH]H�QRWLWLH�YHUGHUQLHW�EHVSURNHQ����� 5HVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�KHW�OLWHUDWXXURQGHU]RHN�QDDU�GHNRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW,Q�WDEHO�����HQ�����VWDDQ�YRRU�GH�EHVWXGHHUGH�YDFFLQV�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�KHWOLWHUDWXXURQGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�ZHHUJHJHYHQ��,Q�ELMODJH���LV�SHUYDFFLQ�XLWJHEUHLGHU�LQIRUPDWLH�RSJHQRPHQ��,Q�GH]H�SDUDJUDDI�ZRUGW�YROVWDDQ�PHW�GHSUHVHQWDWLH�YDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ��(QLJH�YRRU]LFKWLJKHLG�LV�JHERGHQ�ELM�KHW�JHEUXLN�YDQ�GHUHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH�VWXGLHV�YRRU�1HGHUODQGVH�EHVOXLWYRUPLQJ��,Q�ELMODJH���VWDDWEHVFKUHYHQ�KRH�KHW�OLWHUDWXXURQGHU]RHN�LV�XLWJHYRHUG��'DDUQDDVW�ZRUGW�LQJHJDDQ�RS�GH�PDWHYDQ�EUXLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�JHJHYHQV��9HHO�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�GH�OLWHUDWXXUVWXGLH�]LMQ�DINRPVWLJ�XLWKHW�UDSSRUW�YDQ�GH�,20�������'H�UHOHYDQWLH�YDQ�GLH�JHJHYHQV�YRRU�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�VLWXDWLHZRUGW GDQ�RRN�QRJ�DSDUW�EHOLFKW�LQ�ELMODJH���

Page 27: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

7DEHO����� .RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�EHVFKLNEDUH�YDFFLQV9DFFLQ�WHJHQ� 'RHOJURHS .RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW

,QWHUQDWLRQDDO 1DWLRQDDO��1/�'LUHFWH.RVWHQ 7RWDOH.RVWHQ 'LUHFWH�NRVWHQ 7RWDOHNRVWHQ

&DWHJRULHsQ� &DWHJRULHsQ�

>(85���JHZRQQHQ�OHYHQVMDDU@+HSDWLWLV�$ 5HL]LJHUV�QDDU�KRRJ�HQGHPLVFKH�JHELHGHQ � � � �+HSDWLWLV�% -RQJH�NLQGHUHQ �������� �������� �

>�������������@������

,QIOXHQ]D�YLUXV�JHUHJLVWUHHUGYDFFLQ�3HUVRQHQ�YDQ���� ���������������� � ������� ����

5RWDYLUXV -RQJH�NLQGHUHQ ������,,,����� ���������������

� �3QHXPRNRNNHQ����YDOHQW� 3HUVRQHQ�YDQ���� �������������� � �������

����������� �����

9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU -RQJH�NLQGHUHQ ������������������ ��������������� � ������ NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG�� � ]HHU�JXQVWLJ ��NRVW�PLQGHU�GDQ��������(85���JHZRQQHQ�OHYHQVMDDU� � JXQVWLJ ��NRVW�������������������(85���JHZRQQHQ�OHYHQVMDDU� ,,,� JXQVWLJ ��NRVW�������������������(85���JHZRQQHQ�4$/<� � QLHW�]R�JXQVWLJ ��NRVW�PHHU�GDQ���������(85��JHZRQQHQ�OHYHQVMDDU��7RHNRPVWLJH�NRVWHQ�HQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ�]LMQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW�����UHIHUHQWLHMDDU�YRRU�GH�NRVWHQ�LV������� 'H]H�JURHS�NRPW�LQ�DDQPHUNLQJ�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�LQ�1HGHUODQG��PDDU�QLHW�LQ�KHW�NDGHU�YDQ�KHW�593�� 7RHNRPVWLJH�NRVWHQ�HQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ�]LMQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHU�MDDU��'H�NRVWHQ���RRUVSURQNHOLMN�LQ�����+IO��]LMQ�JHwQIODWHHUG�YRRU������PHW�JHEUXLNPDNLQJ�YDQ�2(&'�*'3�SULMVLQGH[HQ�HQ�YHUYROJHQV�RPJH]HW�LQ(85�FRQIRUP�HHQ�2(&'�GDWDEDVH��2(&'�+HDOWK�'DWD��������7RHNRPVWLJH�NRVWHQ�HQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ�]LMQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHU�MDDU��'H�NRVWHQ���RRUVSURQNHOLMN�LQ������+IO�]LMQ�JHwQIODWHHUG�YRRU������PHW�JHEUXLNPDNLQJ�YDQ�2(&'�*'3�SULMVLQGH[HQ�HQ�YHUYROJHQV�RPJH]HW�LQ�(85FRQIRUP�HHQ�2(&'�GDWDEDVH��2(&'�+HDOWK�'DWD�������$DQJH]LHQ�SDVVLHYH�LPPXQLVDWLH�WHJHQ�KHSDWLWLV�$�LQ�GH�PHHVWH�JHYDOOHQ�NRVWHQHIIHFWLHYHUOLMNW�GDQ�DFWLHYH�LPPXQLVDWLH�LV�JHHQ�FDWHJRULH�WRHJHNHQG��$FWLHYH�LPPXQLVDWLH�LVHFRQRPLVFK�DOOHHQ�DDQWUHNNHOLMNHU�ZDQQHHU�SHUVRQHQ�ELQQHQ�HHQ�SHULRGH�YDQ����MDDUPHHUGHUH�NHUHQ��RI�ODQJHU�GDQ�HHQ�KDOI�MDDU��QDDU�KRRJ�HQGHPLVFKH�JHELHGHQ�JDDQ�����������������'LW�LV�UHOHYDQW�YRRU�VSHFLILHNH�GRHOJURHSHQ�GLH�PRPHQWHHO�LQ�1HGHUODQG�RRNJHYDFFLQHHUG�ZRUGHQ��DO�LV�KHW�QLHW�LQ�KHW�NDGHU�YDQ�KHW�593��'H�JURWH�YDULDWLH�LQ�GHNRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVUDWLR�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�%�ZRUGW�YHURRU]DDNW�GRRU�GH�JURWH�YHUVFKLOOHQ�LQ�GHKRRJVW�HQ�ODDJVW�PRJHOLMNH�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�%�LQ�1HGHUODQG�������'H�.(5�YRRULQIOXHQ]DYDFFLQDWLH�ELM�RXGHUHQ�LV�JXQVWLJ��(U�]LMQ�DDQZLM]LQJHQ�GDW�HHQ�GHHO�YDQ�GH�RXGHUHQGLH�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�NOLQLVFKH�V\PSWRPHQ�JHGLDJQRVWLFHHUG�ZRUGHQ�PHW�JULHS��LQ�ZHUNHOLMNKHLG�WHPDNHQ�KHEEHQ�PHW�HHQ�569�LQIHFWLH��+LHURYHU�LV�HFKWHU�QRJ�WH�ZHLQLJ�EHNHQG�RP�LHWV�WHNXQQHQ�]HJJHQ�RYHU�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�RXGHUHQ�WHJHQ�569��'H�.(5YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�WHJHQ�URWDYLUXV�YDULHHUW�YDQ�]HHU�JXQVWLJ�WRW�JXQVWLJ��'H.(5¶V�YRRU�SQHXPRNRNNHQYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�RXGHUHQ�������EOLMNHQ��QHW�DOV�GH�.(5¶V�YRRUYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�WHJHQ�9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU�NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG�WRW�]HHU�JXQVWLJ�

Page 28: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

7DEHO������.RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQV�GLH�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�YRRU������EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ�9DFFLQ�WHJHQ� 'RHOJURHS .RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW

,QWHUQDWLRQDDO 1DWLRQDDO��1/�'LUHFWH.RVWHQ 7RWDOH.RVWHQ 'LUHFWH�NRVWHQ(85�'$/< 7RWDOH�NRVWHQ(85�'$/<&DWHJRULHsQ� &DWHJRULHsQ�

>(85�4$/<@+HUSHV�VLPSOH[�YLUXV7\SH���HQ�� 3HUVRQHQ�YDQ����MDDU ,,����� � � �+XPDDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV 3HUVRQHQ�YDQ����MDDU ,,����� � � �,QIOXHQ]D�YLUXV�QLHXZH�JHQHUDWLH� 'H�KHOH�SRSXODWLH�LHGHUH� MDDU�RI�����YDQ�GHSRSXODWLH�LHGHU�MDDU

, ���� � � �

0HQLQJRNRNNHQ�%�& =XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV � � ,,,>������@� ����

,,,�>������@� ����0HQLQJRNRNNHQ�% =XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV ,9���� � � �5HVSLUDWRLUV\QF\WLHHO�YLUXV =XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV0HLVMHV�YDQ����MDDU ,,����� � � �3QHXPRNRNNHQ�JHFRQMXJHHUG� =XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV � � ,,,>������@� ���� ,,,>������@� ����3QHXPRNRNNHQ�JHFRQMXJHHUG� =XLJHOLQJHQ��SHXWHUVHQ�RXGHUHQ����� , ���� � � ��, NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG�,, ]HHU�JXQVWLJ ��NRVW�PLQGHU�GDQ��������(85��JHZRQQHQ�4$/<,,, JXQVWLJ ��NRVW�������������������(85��JHZRQQHQ�4$/<,9 QLHW�]R�JXQVWLJ ��NRVW�PHHU�GDQ���������(85��JHZRQQHQ�4$/<WXVVHQ�URQGH�KDDNMHV��OLWHUDWXXUUHIHUHQWLHV� .RVWHQ�HQ�JH]RQGKHLGVHIIHFWHQ�]LMQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHU�MDDU��UHIHUHQWLHMDDU�NRVWHQ�LV�������'LW�]LMQ�YRRUORSLJH�QRJ�QLHW�JHSXEOLFHHUGH�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�HHQ�5,90�RQGHU]RHN�$OOHHQ�YRRU�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ��HQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV�ZDUHQ1HGHUODQGVH�VWXGLHV�EHVFKLNEDDU��9DFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�%�&�EOLMNWNRVWHQHIIHFWLHYHU�WH�]LMQ�GDQ�GH�SQHXPRNRNNHQYDFFLQDWLH�������2YHU�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWYDQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�&�YDFFLQDWLH�ZDUHQ�JHHQ�EUXLNEDUH�JHJHYHQV�EHVFKLNEDDU��'HYHUZDFKWLQJ�LV�HFKWHU�GDW�YDFFLQDWLH�PHW�KHW�PRQRYDOHQWH�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�&�YDFFLQ�YHHOPLQGHU NRVWHQHIIHFWLHI�]DO�]LMQ�GDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�%�&��RPGDW�VOHFKWV����YDQ�GH�PHQLQJRNRNNHQLQIHFWLHV�LQ�1HGHUODQG�GRRU�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�&�ZRUGW�YHURRU]DDNW�HQ����GRRU�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�%�����������'H�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQYDFFLQDWLHYDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV�LV�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�LQ�ZHUNHOLMNKHLG�JXQVWLJHU��DDQJH]LHQ�GHPRJHOLMNH�HIIHFWHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�RS�KHW�YRRUNRPHQ�YDQ�RWLWLV�PHGLD�QLHW�YHUZHUNW�]LMQ�LQ�GH.($��9ROJHQV�KHW�,20�LV�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]RZHO�]XLJHOLQJHQ��SHXWHUV��DOV�RXGHUHQ������PHWSQHXPRNRNNHQFRQMXJDDWYDFFLQV�NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG�9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ����MDULJHQ�WHJHQ�KHUSHV�VLPSOH[�W\SH���HQ����HQ�WHJHQ�KXPDDQ�SDSLOORPD�YLUXVLV�]HHU�JXQVWLJ�YROJHQV�KHW�,20�UDSSRUW������HYHQDOV�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ��SHXWHUV�HQPHLVMHV�YDQ����MDDU�WHJHQ�569��'H�,20�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�569�]LMQ�PLQGHUJHVFKLNW�YRRU�GH]H�QRWLWLH��RPGDW�XLWJHJDDQ�LV�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ����MDULJHQ�RP�569LQIHFWLHV�ELM�]XLJHOLQJHQ�WH�YRRUNRPHQ�PLGGHOV�PDWHUQDOH�LPPXQLWHLW��+LHUYRRU�LV�HFKWHU�HHQYDFFLQ�QRGLJ�GDW�ODQJGXULJH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�ELHGW�HQ�HHQ�GHUJHOLMN�YDFFLQ�ZRUGW�QLHW�ELQQHQ���MDDU�YHUZDFKW��+HW�YDFFLQ�GDW�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�ZHO�ELQQHQ����MDDU�EHVFKLNEDDU�LV��LV�DOOHHQJHVFKLNW�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV��'LW�]DO�RQJHWZLMIHOG�YDQ�LQYORHG�]LMQ�RSGH�.(5��+HW�,20�UHVXOWDDW�LV�HFKWHU��ELM�JHEUHN�DDQ�EHWHUH�LQIRUPDWLH��WRFK�JHEUXLNW�

Page 29: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ�GH�JHKHOH�EHYRONLQJ�WHJHQ�LQIOXHQ]D�LV�YROJHQV�KHW�,20�UDSSRUWNRVWHQEHVSDUHQG�������+HW�,20�KHHIW�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�EHNHNHQ�YDQ�HHQ��WH�YHUZDFKWHQ�QLHXZ�JHQHUDWLH�YDFFLQ�GDW�PDDU�HHQV�LQ�GH���MDDU�KRHIW�WH�ZRUGHQ�WRHJHGLHQG��(U�ZDUHQHFKWHU�JHHQ�VWXGLHV�LQ�1HGHUODQG�XLWJHYRHUG�GLH�GH]H�PRJHOLMNKHLG�EHVWXGHHUGHQ��2RN�LV�KHWQLHW�]HNHU�GDW�ELQQHQ����MDDU�HHQ�GHUJHOLMN�YDFFLQ��GDW�YROGRHQGH�EHVWDQG�LV�WHJHQ�DQWLJHQHGULIW��EHVFKLNEDDU�LV��'H�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�GHUJHOLMNH�YDFFLQV�GLHQW�GDQ�RRN�JHYROJG�WHZRUGHQ HQ�ZDQQHHU�KHW�YDFFLQ�EHVFKLNEDDU�NRPW�]XOOHQ�DGGLWLRQHOH�VWXGLHV�QRRG]DNHOLMN�]LMQRP�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�HQ�ZHQVHOLMNKHLG�YDQ�LQYRHULQJ�YRRU�GH�KHOH�EHYRONLQJ�WH�EHSDOHQ����� =LMQ�GH�YDFFLQV�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�KHW�593����",Q�WDEHO�����]LMQ�GH�YDFFLQV�LQ�HHQ�PDWUL[�LQJHGHHOG�QDDU�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�HQ�YRRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW��'H�JXQVWLJVWH�VLWXDWLH�LV�UHFKWVERYHQ��GH�RQJXQVWLJVWH�OLQNVRQGHU��2P�WHEHRRUGHOHQ�RI�YDFFLQV�]HHU���PRJHOLMN��RI�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�]LMQ�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593�LVHHQ �LQ�]HNHUH�]LQ�ZLOOHNHXULJH��VFKHLGVOLMQ�DDQJHEUDFKW��9DFFLQV�GLH�PLQGHU�GDQ����'$/<¶V��NXQQHQ�YRRUNRPHQ��RI�PHHU�GDQ���������(85�SHU�4$/<�RI�JHZRQQHQ�OHYHQVMDDUNRVWHQ��]LMQ�DOV�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�EHRRUGHHOG��9DFFLQV�GLH��������������'$/<¶V�NXQQHQYRRUNRPHQ��RI��NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG�]LMQ��]LMQ�DOV�]HHU�JHVFKLNW�EHRRUGHHOG��$OOH�RYHULJHFRPELQDWLHV�]LMQ�DOV�PRJHOLMN�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�KHW�593�DDQJHPHUNW�7DEHO������,QGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQV�QDDU�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�HQ�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�

9RRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW��'$/<�.RVWHQEHVSDUHQG������� ��������� ����������� ������������

��������(85�SHUJHZRQQHQ�4$/<��OHYHQVMDDU

+HUSHV�JHQLWDOLV����5RWDYLUXV���� 9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU����5RWDYLUXV���� 569���3QHXPRNRNNHQ��� +39���,QIOXHQ]D������������������(85�SHU�JHZRQQHQ4$/<���OHYHQVMDDU

�5RWDYLUXV���� 3QHXPRNRNNHQ���+HSDWLWLV�%����5RWDYLUXV����0HQLQJRNRNNHQ���

!��������(85�SHUJHZRQQHQ�4$/<��OHYHQVMDDU$FKWHU�GH�YDFFLQV�VWDDW�GH�OHHIWLMG�YDQ�GH�JURHS�GLH�JHYDFFLQHHUG�ZRUGW��MRQJHU�RI�JHOLMN�DDQ���MDDU����������MDDU���������MDDU�HQ�RXGHU��������8LW�WDEHO�����YROJW�GDW�YDFFLQDWLHV�YDQ����MDULJHQ�WHJHQ�+39�HQ�YDQ����SOXVVHUV�WHJHQLQIOXHQ]D�]HHU�JHVFKLNW�]LMQ�YRRU�WRHSDVVLQJ�LQ�KHW�NDGHU�YDQ�KHW�593������9DFFLQDWLHV�WHJHQSQHXPRNRNNHQ��]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV��HQ�RXGHUHQ��������HQ�WHJHQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�%�&�9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU��KHSDWLWLV�%�HQ�569��]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV��]LMQ�PRJHOLMN�JHVFKLNW�YRRUWRHSDVVLQJ�LQ�KHW�593��=RDOV�JHVWHOG�LQ�GH�YRULJH�SDUDJUDDI�]LMQ�GH�,20�JHJHYHQV�RYHUYDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�569�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�GH]H�QRWLWLH��RPGDW�XLWJHJDDQ�LV�YDQ�HHQ�YDFFLQGDW QRJ�QLHW�ELQQHQ����MDDU�EHVFKLNEDDU�LV�HQ�GDW�JHEUXLNW�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ]XLJHOLQJHQ��SHXWHUV�HQ����MDULJH�PHLVMHV��'H�JHJHYHQV�]LMQ�WRFK�JHEUXLNW�ELM�JHEUHN�DDQEHWHUH�LQIRUPDWLH��%LM�GH�EHUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�'$/<¶V�LV�XLWJHJDDQ�YDQ�HHQ�YDFFLQ�GDW�QDDUYHUZDFKWLQJ�ZHO�ELQQHQ����MDDU�EHVFKLNEDDU�LV��PDDU�DOOHHQ�JHEUXLNW�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�YRRUYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV��2QGXLGHOLMN�LV�RI�HHQ�GHUJHOLMN�YDFFLQNRVWHQHIIHFWLHYHU�]RX�]LMQ�GDQ�KHW�GRRU�KHW�,20�YHURQGHUVWHOGH�YDFFLQ��'LW�PRHW�EOLMNHQ�XLWWRHNRPVWLJH�.($¶V��9DFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�URWDYLUXV�OLMNW�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW593������PDDU�GH�JHJHYHQV��]RZHO�RYHU�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�DOV�RYHU�GH

� +HW�EHWUHIW�KLHU�RYHULJHQV�WZHH�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�VRRUWHQ�YDFFLQV��*HFRQMXJHHUG�YDFFLQ�YRRU�NOHLQH�NLQGHUHQ�HQPXOWLYDOHQW�RQJHFRQMXJHHUG�YDFFLQ�YRRU�RXGHUHQ�

Page 30: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW��YHUWRQHQ�HHQ�GHUPDWH�JURWH�VSUHLGLQJ��GDW�YRRU�HHQ�FRQFOXVLH�QDGHURQGHU]RHN�YHUHLVW�LV�9DFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�KHUSHV�JHQLWDOLV� ����MDULJHQ��OLMNW�QLHW�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW593������=RZHO�KHW�YDFFLQ�WHJHQ�KHSDWLWLV�$�DOV�KHW�YDFFLQ�WHJHQ�KHSDWLWLV�%�LV�JHVFKLNW�YRRUYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�VSHFLILHNH�GRHOJURHSHQ��EXLWHQ�KHW�593�RP������ 0RJHOLMNH�VDPHQVWHOOLQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�LQ�����'H�YDFFLQV�GLH�]HHU�JHVFKLNW�RI�PRJHOLMN�JHVFKLNW�]LMQ��]LMQ�LQ�HHQ�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD�JHSODDWVWYRRU�HHQ�PRJHOLMN�593�YRRU�������]LH�WDEHO�������8LWJDQJVSXQWHQ�GDDUELM�ZDUHQ��GDW�QLHXZHYDFFLQDWLHV�QLHW�WHQ�NRVWH�PRJHQ�JDDQ�YDQ�UHHGV�EHVWDDQGH�YDFFLQDWLHV�HQ�GDW�SHUYDFFLQDWLHVHVVLH�PD[LPDDO�WZHH�LQMHFWLHV�JHJHYHQ�ZRUGHQ�7DEHO������0RJHOLMNH�VDPHQVWHOOLQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�LQ������

/HHIWLMG ,QMHFWLH�� ,QMHFWLH�� 2UDDO�QDVDDO� PDDQGHQ '�D�.7�3��+LE�FRPELQ�� 0HQLQJRNRN�SQHXPRNRN�FRPELQ� 569��QDVDDO�� PDDQGHQ '�D�.7�3��+LE�FRPELQ� 0HQLQJRNRN�SQHXPRNRN�FRPELQ�� PDDQGHQ '�D�.7�3��+LE�FRPELQ� 0HQLQJRNRN�SQHXPRNRN�FRPELQ� 569��QDVDDO����PDDQGHQ '�D�.7�3��+LE�FRPELQ� 0HQLQJRNRN�SQHXPRNRN�FRPELQ� 569��QDVDDO����PDDQGHQ %05 �9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU��� MDDU '7�D�.�3�� MDDU '7�3� %05������MDDU +HS�% +39���� 3QHXPRNRN����YDOHQW ,QIOXHQ]D��QDVDDO�

�'H�D�YRRU�NLQNKRHVW�LV�WXVVHQ�KDNHQ�JHSODDWVW�DDQJH]LHQ�QRJ�RQGXLGHOLMN�LV�RI�LQ������DQWLJHQH�YDULDWLH�HHQYHUEHWHUGH�NLQNKRHVWYDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�YHUHLVW�HQ�RI�GH]H�YHUEHWHUGH�FRPSRQHQW�DFHOOXODLU�RI�FHOOXODLU�]RX�PRHWHQ]LMQ��3ROLR�LV�WXVVHQ�KDNHQ�JHSODDWVW�RPGDW�SROLR�HUDGLFDWLH�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�HHQ�IHLW�LV�RYHU����MDDU��1DGHUH�DQDO\VH�YDQ�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�ZDWHUSRNNHQ�HQ�YDQ�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�9DULFHOOD]RVWHU�PRHW�XLWZLM]HQ�RI�YDFFLQDWLH�JHZHQVW�LV�8LW�WDEHO�����EOLMNW�GDW�KHW�PRJHOLMNH�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�LQ������LQWHQVLHYHU�]DO�]LMQ�GDQ�QXKHW�JHYDO�LV��PHW�QDPH�YRRU�NLQGHUHQ�RQGHU�KHW�MDDU�HQ�URQG�GH����MDDU��:DQQHHU�EHVORWHQZRUGW HHQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�FRPELQDWLH�LQ�WH�YRHUHQ��GDQ�]DO�+LE�KLHUPHH�RIPHW '�D�.73�JHFRPELQHHUG�PRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ�RP�KHW�DDQWDO�LQMHFWLHV�WRW�WZHH�WH�NXQQHQEHSHUNHQ��,QYRHULQJ�YDQ�HHQ�FRPELQDWLH�PHW�'�D�.73�KHHIW�YRRUDOVQRJ�GH�YRRUNHXU��RPGDWGLW�HHQ�]HHU�JDQJEDUH�FRPELQDWLH�LV��'H�D�YyyU�NLQNKRHVW�LQ�'.73�LV�WXVVHQ�KDNHQ�JHSODDWVWDDQJH]LHQ�QRJ�RQGXLGHOLMN�LV�RI�LQ�������DQWLJHQH�YDULDWLH�HHQ�YHUEHWHUGHNLQNKRHVWYDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�YHUHLVW�HQ�RI�GH]H�YHUEHWHUGH�FRPSRQHQW�DFHOOXODLU�RI�FHOOXODLU]RX PRHWHQ�]LMQ��3ROLR�LV�WXVVHQ�KDNHQ�JHSODDWVW�RPGDW�SROLR�HUDGLFDWLH�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�HHQ�IHLWLV�RYHU����MDDU��(FKWHU��DIKDQNHOLMN�YDQ�KHW�DIERXZSODQ�]XOOHQ�GDQ�PLVVFKLHQ�EHSDDOGHYDFFLQDWLHV�WHJHQ�SROLR�QRJ�HHQ�WLMG�JHKDQGKDDIG�ZRUGHQ��(HQ�KHSDWLWLV�%�YDFFLQDWLH�HQ�HHQ+39�YDFFLQDWLH�]LMQ�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�SHUVRQHQ�WXVVHQ�GH����HQ����MDDU��+HSDWLWLV% HQ�+39�]XOOHQ�EHLGH�ERRVWHUYDFFLQDWLHV�YHUHLVHQ��2PGDW�KHW�+39�YDFFLQ�QRJ�QLHWRQWZLNNHOG�LV��NDQ�RYHU�GH�LQWHUYDOOHQ�QRJ�JHHQ�]HNHUKHLG�ZRUGHQ�JHJHYHQ��+HSDWLWLV�%�]RX�RP�ORJLVWLHNH�HQ�RP�NRVWHQWHFKQLVFKH�UHGHQHQ�RRN�JRHG�LQ�HHQ�FRPELQDWLH�'.73�+LE�+HS%RSJHQRPHQ�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�

� 9RRU�GH�.($�LV�JHNHNHQ�QDDU�+HUSHV�VLPSOH[�W\SH���HQ����WHUZLMO�YRRU�GH�'$/<�EHUHNHQLQJ�DOOHHQ�QDDU�W\SH� LV�JHNHNHQ��'H�YHUZDFKWLQJ�LV�GDW�GH�.(5�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�W\SH���HQ���QLHW�ELM]RQGHU�YHUVFKLOW�YDQ�GH.(5�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�DOOHHQ�W\SH����KHUSHV�JHQLWDOLV���'LW�RPGDW�QRFK�GH�NRVWHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH��QRFK�GHXLWJDYHQ�YRRU�GH�]RUJ�GLH�EHVSDDUG�ZRUGHQ�HUJ�]XOOHQ�YHUVFKLOOHQ�

Page 31: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

'H�VDPHQVWHOOLQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�����LV�JHEDVHHUG�RS�GH�YHUZDFKWLQJ�GDW�HHQ�569�YDFFLQ�JHSURGXFHHUG�PHW�EHKXOS�YDQ�UHFRPELQDQW�'1$�WHFKQLHNHQ��LQIHFWLHX]H�NORRQ���ELQQHQ���MDDU�EHVFKLNEDDU�LV�HQ�QDVDDO�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�WRHJHGLHQG��(HQ�WZHHGH�YHUZDFKWLQJ�LV�GDW�HU�WHJHQGLH�WLMG�HHQ�NRXGH�JHDGDSWHHUG�LQIOXHQ]D�$�%�YDFFLQ�EHVFKLNEDDU�LV�GDW�HYHQHHQV�QDVDDO�NDQZRUGHQ WRHJHGLHQG�2SQDPH�YDQ�9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU�LQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD�LV�WHFKQLVFK�JHHQ�SUREOHHP��'HUHGHOLMNH�RPYDQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLH�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�HQ�GH�UHODWLHI�JXQVWLJH�.($PDNHQ�GLW�YDFFLQ�RS�KHW�HHUVWH�JH]LFKW�DDQWUHNNHOLMN��0RPHQWHHO�PDDNW�LHGHUHHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQGHHQ ZDWHUSRNNHQLQIHFWLH�GRRU�RS�MRQJH�OHHIWLMG��'H�KHHUVHQGH�RSYDWWLQJ�LV�GDW�GLW�QLHWJHYDDUOLMN�LV�HQ�GH�NDQV�RS�EOLMYHQG�OHWVHO�YHUZDDUORRVEDDU�NOHLQ�LV��'LW�]RX�HHQ�UHGHQ�NXQQHQ]LMQ�RP�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�ZDWHUSRNNHQ�QLHW�LQ�KHW�593�RS�WH�QHPHQ��'DDURP�VWDDWZDWHUSRNNHQ�RRN�WXVVHQ�KDNHQ�JHSODDWVW��'H]H�PHQLQJ�RYHU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�HHQZDWHUSRNNHQLQIHFWLH�RS�MRQJH�OHHIWLMG�LV�HFKWHU�YRRUDO�JHEDVHHUG�RS�KHW�RQWEUHNHQ�YDQJHJHYHQV�RYHU�FRPSOLFDWLHV�HQ�PRUWDOLWHLW��(LQG������NRPHQ�GHUJHOLMNH�JHJHYHQV�EHVFKLNEDDUHQ NDQ�HHQ�EHWHUH�XLWVSUDDN�JHGDDQ�ZRUGHQ�RYHU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�DDQGRHQLQJ����� &RQFOXVLH� =LH�WDEHO�����YRRU�GH�VDPHQVWHOOLQJ�YDQ�HHQ�PRJHOLMN�593������ 9DFFLQV�WHJHQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�&��PRQRYDOHQW�YDFFLQ���KHSDWLWLV�$�HQ�KHUSHV�JHQLWDOLV�]LMQPLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593������ +HW�YDFFLQ�WHJHQ�URWDYLUXV�OLMNW�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593������1DGHUHSLGHPLRORJLVFK�RQGHU]RHN�HQ�HHQ�1HGHUODQGVH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VH�]RXGHQKLHURYHU�PHHU�GXLGHOLMNKHLG�PRHWHQ�JHYHQ�� 9DFFLQV�WHJHQ�KHSDWLWLV�$�HQ�KHSDWLWLV�%�]LMQ�EHLGH�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQVSHFLILHNH�GRHOJURHSHQ�FRQIRUP�KHW�KXLGLJH�EHOHLG��7RHSDVVLQJ�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�%�LQ�KHW593�����ZRUGW�ILQDQFLHHO�DDQWUHNNHOLMNHU�DOV�GH�SULMV�YDQ�KHW�KHSDWLWLV�%�YDFFLQ�GDDOWHLQG ������+HSDWLWLV�%�]RX��RP�ORJLVWLHNH�HQ�RP�NRVWHQWHFKQLVFKH�UHGHQHQ�RRN�JRHG�LQHHQ FRPELQDWLH�'.73�+LE�+HS%�RSJHQRPHQ�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�� (U�]LMQ�WH�ZHLQLJ�JHJHYHQV�RP�WH�NXQQHQ�EHRRUGHOHQ�RI�KHW�LQIOXHQ]D�YDFFLQ��YDFFLQDWLHYDQ GH�JHKHOH�EHYRONLQJ��HQ�KHW�569�YDFFLQ��RXGHUHQ��JHVFKLNW�]LMQ�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW593������'LW�JHOGW�RRN�YRRU�SQHXPRNNHQYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�RXGHUHQ����� $DQEHYHOLQJHQ'H�YROJHQGH�DFWLHV�PRHWHQ�RQGHUQRPHQ�ZRUGHQ�� 2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�HQ�]LHNWHODVW�YDQ�569�LQIHFWLHV�ELM�RXGHUHQ��$DQYXOOHQGRQGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�]LHNWHODVW�YDQ�569�LQIHFWLHV�ELM�NLQGHUHQ�HQ�.($¶V�XLWYRHUHQ�YRRU569�YDFFLQDWLH��RXGHUHQ�HQ�NLQGHUHQ���9ROJHQ�YDQ�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�569�YDFFLQV�HQGH FRQVHTXHQWLHV�KLHUYDQ�EHSDOHQ�YRRU�GH�LQSDVEDDUKHLG�LQ�KHW�593�� 1DJDDQ�RI�YHUGHU�RQGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQLQIHFWLHV�SQHXPRQLsHQ��HQ�LQYDVLHYH�LQIHFWLHV��HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�ELM�RXGHUHQ�QRGLJ�LV��%HSDOHQ�ZDWKHW HIIHFW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�PHW�KHW�SQHXPRNRNNHQYDFFLQ��QDDVW�GH�UHHGV�ORSHQGH�YDFFLQDWLHWHJHQ�LQIOXHQ]D��LV�ELM�RXGHUHQ��2S�JURQG�KLHUYDQ�EHVOLVVHQ�RYHU�GH�LQYRHULQJ�YDQ�GHYDFFLQDWLH�� $QDO\VH�YDQ�GH�1,9(/�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�ZDWHUSRNNHQ�HQ�EHSDOLQJ�YDQ�GHNRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�HQ�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQNLQGHUHQ�� 9ROJHQ�YDQ�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�LQIOXHQ]D�$�%�YDFFLQV��+HW�EHWUHIW�]RZHO�GHRQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�NRXGH�JHDGDSWHHUGH�YDFFLQV�GLH�QDVDDO�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�WRHJHGLHQG�YHUZDFKW�ELQQHQ����MDDU��DOV�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�UHFRPELQDQW�'1$�LQIOXHQ]D�$�%

Page 32: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

YDFFLQV��YHUZDFKW�RYHU�PHHU�GDQ����MDDU���'LW�ODDWVWH�YDFFLQ�]DO�PRJHOLMN�LPPXQLWHLWNXQQHQ�RSZHNNHQ�GLH�RQDIKDQNHOLMN�LV�YDQ�DQWLJHQH�GULIW�HQ�PDDU�HHQV�LQ�GH���MDDUWRHJHGLHQG�KRHYHQ�ZRUGHQ��,Q�GDW�JHYDO�LV�KHW�PRJHOLMN�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�GHJHKHOH�EHYRONLQJ��]LH�RRN�ELMODJH����������:DQQHHU�HU�DDQZLM]LQJHQ�]LMQ�GDW�HHQ�GHUJHOLMNYDFFLQ�EHVFKLNEDDU�NRPW��GDQ�]RX�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�GH�JHKHOHEHYRONLQJ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�EHVWXGHHUG�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�� .RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VHV�XLWYRHUHQ�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�PHW�HHQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQ�� .RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VH�XLWYRHUHQ�YRRU�+39�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ����MDULJHQ��GHRQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�YDFFLQV�WHJHQ�+39�YROJHQ��HQ�GH�FRQVHTXHQWLHV�KLHUYDQ�EHSDOHQ�YRRUGH�LQSDVEDDUKHLG�LQ�KHW�593�� .RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VHV�XLWYRHUHQ�YRRU�KHSDWLWLV�%�YDFFLQDWLH��XLWJDDQGH�YDQ�HHQODJHUH�YDFFLQSULMV��YRRU�WRHGLHQLQJ�RS����MDULJH�OHHIWLMG�HQ�DOV�RQGHUGHHO�YDQ�HHQ�'.73�+LE�+HS%�FRPELQDWLH�� .RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VHV�XLWYRHUHQ�YRRU�URWDYLUXV��HQ�KHUSHV�JHQLWDOLV�YDFFLQDWLH�� %HSDOHQ�ZHONH�DFWLHV�RS�ODQJHUH�WHUPLMQ�QRGLJ�]LMQ�LQ�YHUEDQG�PHW�PRJHOLMNH�YDFFLQDWLHWHJHQ�WXEHUFXORVH��'H]H�]LHNWH�LV�YHUGHU�LQ�GH]H�QRWLWLH�QLHW�EHVSURNHQ��]LH�WDEHO������PDDU NRPW�WRFK��XLW�WDEHO������DOV�EHODQJULMN�QDDU�YRUHQ�� 2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLH�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�GRRU�URWDYLUXVYDFFLQDWLH�HQXLWYRHULQJ�YDQ�HHQ�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VH�

Page 33: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

���9DFFLQV�LQ�HHQ�YURHJ�VWDGLXP�YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ���� $OJHPHQH�LQIRUPDWLH�RYHU�GH�YDFFLQV'H�YDFFLQV�GLH�]LFK�LQ�HHQ�YURHJ�VWDGLXP�YDQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�EHYLQGHQ��NXQQHQ�]LHNWH�YRRUNRPHQYHURRU]DDNW�GRRU�+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL��F\WRPHJDORYLUXV��KHSDWLWLV�&�YLUXV�HQ�HHQ�WZHHWDOYHUZHNNHUV�YDQ�VHNVXHHO�RYHUGUDDJEDUH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ��&KODP\GLD�WUDFKRPDWLV��1HLVVHULDJRQRUUKRHDH�� 0RJHOLMN�NRPW�RYHULJHQV�LQ�GH�NRPHQGH�WZLQWLJ�MDDU�RRN�HHQ�YDFFLQ�WHJHQ�+,9EHVFKLNEDDU��GDDU�ZRUGW�YHUGHU�QLHW�RS�LQ�JHJDDQ�+HW�LV�RQ]HNHU�RI�DO�GH]H�YDFFLQV�XLWHLQGHOLMN�RRN�RS�GH�PDUNW�WHUHFKW�]XOOHQ�NRPHQ��7HQ�HHUVWH�]LMQHU PRJHOLMNH�RQWZLNNHOLQJVSUREOHPHQ��DDQJH]LHQ�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�DO�GH]H�YDFFLQVJHFRPSOLFHHUG�LV��'H�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�YDFFLQV�WHJHQ�+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL��&KODP\GLD�WUDFKRPDWLVHQ F\WRPHJDORYLUXV�YHUORRSW�UHGHOLMN�YRRUVSRHGLJ��WH�RRUGHOHQ�DDQ�GH�NOLQLVFKH�WULDOV�GLH�ORSHQ�PHWGH]H�YDFFLQV��'H�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�YDFFLQV�WHJHQ�KHSDWLWLV�&��1HLVVHULD�JRQRUUKRHDH�HQ +,9�LV�RPYHUVFKLOOHQGH�UHGHQHQ�ELM]RQGHU�FRPSOH[��*HQLWDOH�LQIHFWLHV�PHW�1HLVVHULD�JRQRUUKRHDH�LQGXFHUHQQDXZHOLMNV�HHQ�DQWLOLFKDDPUHVSRQV�������'LW�EHPRHLOLMNW�YDFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ��+HW�KHSDWLWLV�&�YLUXVLV�QLHW�NZHHNEDDU�HQ�PXWHHUW�]HHU�VQHO��PRJHOLMN�UHVXOWHUHQG�LQ�DQWLJHQH�YDULDWLH��ZDW�GHRQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�HHQ�YDFFLQ�HQRUP�EHPRHLOLMNW������7HQ�WZHHGH��NDQ�KHW�]LMQ�GDW�DOWHUQDWLHYHQ�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH��]RDOV�HHQ�EHWHUH�VFUHHQLQJ�HQEHKDQGHOLQJ��XLWHLQGHOLMN�GH�YRRUNHXU�YHUGLHQHQ��,Q�KHW�JHYDO�YDQ�+��S\ORUL�LV�GH�YHUZDFKWLQJ�GDWHHUVW��ELQQHQ����MDDU��HHQ�WKHUDSHXWLVFK�YDFFLQ�EHVFKLNEDDU�]DO�NRPHQ��$IKDQNHOLMN�YDQ�GHUHVXOWDWHQ�GLH�KLHUPHH�EHKDDOG�ZRUGHQ��]DO�GH�EHKRHIWH�DDQ�HHQ�SUHYHQWLHI�YDFFLQ�PLVVFKLHQDIQHPHQ��ZDDUGRRU�RRN�GH�LQWHUHVVH�LQ�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�HHQ�GHUJHOLMN�YDFFLQ�]DO�DIQHPHQ�7HQVORWWH�]LMQ�HU�QRJ�HHQ�DDQWDO�SUDNWLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�GLH�LQ�GH�WRHNRPVW�YDQ�LQYORHG�]XOOHQ�]LMQRS�GH�EUXLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�YRRU�KHW�593��'H�ZHQVHOLMNKHLG�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLHWHJHQ�VHNVXHHO�RYHUGUDDJEDUH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ�]RDOV�&KODP\GLD�HQ JRQRUURH�PRHW�EHRRUGHHOGZRUGHQ �]LH��������YRRU�DGGLWLRQHOH�LQIRUPDWLH���:DQQHHU�KHW�593�����ZHUNHOLMNKHLG�ZRUGW�GDQ�EHWHNHQW�GLW�HHQ�LQWHQVLHI�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD��(U�LV�QDXZHOLMNV�SODDWV�YRRU�DGGLWLRQHOHLQMHFWLHV��ZDDUGRRU�KHW�EHODQJ�YDQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQV�HQ�DOWHUQDWLHYH�WRHGLHQLQJVYRUPHQ�]DOWRHQHPHQ��2QGHUVWDDQG�ZRUGHQ�GH]H�WZHH�RQGHUZHUSHQ�YHUGHU�XLWJHZHUNW����� +HW�EHODQJ�YDQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQV=RZHO�LQ�GH�SHULRGH�YRRU������DOV�GDDUQD�EOLMYHQ�HHQ�JRHGH�DFFHSWDWLH�YDQ�KHWYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�HQ�ODJH�LPSOHPHQWDWLHNRVWHQ�YDQ�JURRW�EHODQJ��'DDURP�VWDDW�KHWJHEUXLN�YDQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQV�KRRJ�RS�GH�SULRULWHLWHQOLMVW��&RPELQDWLHYDFFLQV�EHSHUNHQQDPHOLMN�KHW�DDQWDO�LQMHFWLHV�HQ�GDDUPHH�UHGXFHUHQ�]H�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�RRN�GH�NRVWHQ�YDQYDFFLQDWLH��1DDUPDWH�PHHU�FRPSRQHQWHQ�DDQ�KHW�593�]XOOHQ�ZRUGHQ�WRHJHYRHJG�]DO�KHWPDNHQ�YDQ�GH�MXLVWH�FRPELQDWLHV��RI�DOWHUQDWLHYHQ�KLHUYRRU���EHODQJULMNHU�ZRUGHQ��$OV�UHJHOZRUGW WRW�QX�WRH�HHQ�PD[LPXP�YDQ���LQMHFWLHV�SHU�VHVVLH�DDQJHKRXGHQ��0RJHOLMN�NDQ�GLW�QDDU� ZRUGHQ�RSJHYRHUG��2XGHUV�EOLMNHQ�RYHU�KHW�DOJHPHHQ�PLQGHU�SUREOHPHQ�PHW�PHHUGHUHLQMHFWLHV�WH�KHEEHQ�GDQ�SHUVRQHQ�XLW�GH�JH]RQGKHLGV]RUJ�����������'LW�KHHIW�HFKWHU�QLHW�GHYRRUNHXU�+HW�PDNHQ�YDQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQV�LV�JHFRPSOLFHHUG�HQ�YHUHLVW��NRVWEDDU��DDQYXOOHQGRQGHU]RHN�RS�HHQ�DDQWDO�EHODQJULMNH�WHUUHLQHQ��'H�YHLOLJKHLG�YDQ�KHW�PHQJVHO�PRHW�RSQLHXZZRUGHQ YDVWJHVWHOG��'DDUQDDVW�PRHW�GH�LQWHUDFWLH�YDQ�GH�JHEUXLNWH�FRPSRQHQWHQ�RQGHUOLQJ�HQPHW KHW�JHEUXLNWH�DGMXYDQV�ZRUGHQ�RQGHU]RFKW��9DDN�]LMQ�YRRU�GH�DI]RQGHUOLMNH�YDFFLQV

Page 34: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

YHUVFKLOOHQGH�DGMXYDQWLD�JHEUXLNW��WHUZLMO�YRRU�KHW�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQ�VOHFKWV�ppQ�DGMXYDQVJHEUXLNW�NDQ�ZRUGHQ��9LD�YHOGRQGHU]RHN�PRHW�ZRUGHQ�EHSDDOG�RI�HU�JHHQ�RQDDQYDDUGEDUHLQWHUIHUHQWLH�LV�WXVVHQ�GH�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�FRPSRQHQWHQ��GLH�HU�WRH�OHLGW�GDW�GH�LPPXXQUHVSRQVWHJHQ�ppQ�RI�PHHU�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQWHQ�RQGHU�KHW�NULWLVFKH�QLYHDX�GDDOW��9RRU�GH�UHJLVWUDWLHYDQ�QLHXZH�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQV�LV�PHW�QDPH�KHW�LPPXQRJHQLFLWHLWVRQGHU]RHN�ELM�GH�PHQV�YDQEHODQJ�9HHO�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQV�VOXLWHQ�HONDDU�XLW�GRRUGDW�]LM�HONDDU�JHGHHOWHOLMN�RYHUODSSHQ�LQVDPHQVWHOOLQJ��'LW�EHWHNHQW�GDW�KHW�YDDN�QLHW�PRJHOLMN�LV�RP�GH��NZDOLWDWLHI��EHVWH��YDFFLQVYDQ�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�IDEULNDQWHQ�VDPHQ�WRH�WH�GLHQHQ��%LM�GH�SODQQLQJ�YDQ�GH�XLWEUHLGLQJ�YDQ�KHW593�GLHQW�KLHUPHH�UHNHQLQJ�WH�ZRUGHQ�JHKRXGHQ������������� 1LHXZH�WRHGLHQLQJVYRUPHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQV*H]LHQ�GH�NRVWHQ�HQ�SUREOHPHQ�YHUERQGHQ�DDQ�KHW�RQWZLNNHOHQ�YDQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQV�OLJWKHW�YRRU�GH�KDQG�PHHU�DDQGDFKW�DDQ�DOWHUQDWLHYHQ�WH�EHVWHGHQ��'H�PLQVW�LQJULMSHQGHEHQDGHULQJ�LV�HHQ�RYHUJDQJ�QDDU�KHW�JHEUXLN�YDQ�YRRUJHYXOGH�LQMHFWLHVSXLWHQ�PHW�PHHUGHUHFRPSDUWLPHQWHQ�ZDDUPHH�PHHUGHUH�YDFFLQV�WHJHOLMNHUWLMG�WRHJHGLHQG�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�+LHUGRRU�LV�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQV�QLHW�QRGLJ��(U�LV�QRJ�ZHO�YHOGRQGHU]RHNQDDU�GH�YHLOLJKHLG�HQ�PRJHOLMNH�LQWHUIHUHQWLH�YDQ�GH�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�YDFFLQ�FRPSRQHQWHQ�QRRG]DNHOLMN�2RN�LV�HU�GH�PRJHOLMNKHLG�YDQ�QDDOGYULMH�LQMHFWLHV\VWHPHQ��³MHW�LQMHFWRU´��ZDDUPHH�LQ�KHWYHUOHGHQ�DO�YHHO�HUYDULQJ�LV�RSJHGDDQ��'RRU�RSWUHGHQGH�EHVPHWWLQJHQ��KHSDWLWLV�%�HQ�+,9��LVGH�EHODQJVWHOOLQJ�JHGDDOG��PDDU�QX�YLQGW�HU�ZHHU�HHQ�RSOHYLQJ�SODDWV��RPGDW�³MHW�LQMHFWRUV´YRRU�ppQPDOLJ�JHEUXLN�]LMQ�RQWZLNNHOG��7H�GHQNHQ�YDOW�RRN�DDQ�RUDOH�RI�QDVDOH��YRRUDOEHODQJULMN�YRRU�YDFFLQV�WHJHQ�UHVSLUDWRLUH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ��WRHGLHQLQJ��$IJH]LHQ�YDQ�KHW�IHLW�GDWGH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�GHUJHOLMNH�YDFFLQV�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�JRHGNRSHU�LV��]DO�LQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�GH³YDFFLQDWLH´�HHQYRXGLJHU�]LMQ�HQ�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�PDNNHOLMNHU�JHDFFHSWHHUG�ZRUGHQ�GRRU�GHEHYRONLQJ�GDQ�ELMYRRUEHHOG�DGGLWLRQHOH�LQMHFWLHV��:DQQHHU�KHW�DDQWDO�YDFFLQV�YHUGHU�WRHQHHPWPRHW PLVVFKLHQ�RRN�JHGDFKW�ZRUGHQ�DDQ�WRHGLHQLQJ�YDQ�PHHUGHUH�QDVDOH�YDFFLQV��RUDOHYDFFLQV�RI�HHQ�FRPELQDWLH�GDDUYDQ�2RN�LV�WUDQVGHUPDOH�YDFFLQDWLH�HHQ�PRJHOLMNKHLG��*HEOHNHQ�LV�GDW�KHW�LQ�SURHIGLHUHQ�PRJHOLMNLV�YLD�GH�QDDNWH�LQWDFWH�KXLG��HHQ�JRHGH�DQWLOLFKDDPUHVSRQV�RS�WH�ZHNNHQ�WHJHQ�HHQ�DDQWDODQWLJHQHQ����������'LW�SUHNOLQLVFK�RQGHU]RHN�ZRUGW�XLWJHEUHLG�PHW�RQGHU]RHN�ELM�GH�PHQVGRRU�KHW�KLHUYRRU�RSJHULFKWH�EHGULMI��,RPDL����� &RQFOXVLH�HQ�DDQEHYHOLQJHQ'H�NRPHQGH�SHULRGH�PRHWHQ�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�PHW�EHWUHNNLQJ�WRW�GH�KLHU�EHVSURNHQ�YDFFLQVV\VWHPDWLVFK�JHYROJG�ZRUGHQ��'H�ZHQVHOLMNKHLG�YDQ�VWUDWHJLVFKH�VDPHQZHUNLQJVYHUEDQGHQ�PRHWRQGHU]RFKW�ZRUGHQ��'DDUQDDVW�YDOW�KHW�WH�RYHUZHJHQ�DFWLYLWHLWHQ�WH�RQGHUQHPHQ�RS�KHW�JHELHG�YDQQLHXZH�WRHGLHQLQJVYRUPHQ��RPGDW�WRHJDQJ�KLHUWRH�YDQ�EHODQJULMN�VWUDWHJLVFK�EHODQJ�OLMNW�WHZRUGHQ�

Page 35: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

���&RQWLQXHULQJ�YDQ�HHQ�VXFFHVYRO�5939RRU�GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�593�LV�QDDVW�NZDOLWDWLHI�JRHGH�YDFFLQV�RRN�HHQ�KRJHYDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�YDQ�HVVHQWLHHO�EHODQJ��,Q�GLW�KRRIGVWXN�ZRUGW�LQJHJDDQ�RS�IDFWRUHQ�GLH�GHYDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�EHwQYORHGHQ��]RDOV�KHW�YHUWURXZHQ�YDQ�GH�EHYRONLQJ�LQ�KHW�593�HQELMZHUNLQJHQ��+DQGKDYLQJ�YDQ�GLH�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�LV�RRN�HHQ�IDFWRU�YDQ�EHWHNHQLV�ELMEHVOXLWYRUPLQJ�RYHU�XLWEUHLGLQJ�YDQ�KHW�593�PHW�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV��+HW�YHUWURXZHQ�YDQ�GHEHYRONLQJ�LQ�GH]H�QLHXZH�FRPSRQHQWHQ�PRHW�JHZHNW��NXQQHQ��ZRUGHQ�HQ�HU�PRHWHQPRJHOLMNKHGHQ�]LMQ�RP�HYHQWXHOH�QLHXZH�GRHOJURHSHQ�WH�EHUHLNHQ��'LW�LV�PHW�QDPH�YRRUVHNVXHHO�RYHUGUDDJEDUH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ�HHQ�SXQW�YDQ�DDQGDFKW��7RW�VORW�ZRUGW�DDQGDFKWEHVWHHGW�DDQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH�LQYORHGHQ��PHW�QDPH�RS�KHW�WHUUHLQ�YDQ�UHJHOJHYLQJ��GLH�YDQLQYORHG�]LMQ�RS�GH�VDPHQVWHOOLQJ�HQ�GH�XLWYRHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�593����� 9DFFLQDWLHJUDDG(HQ�KRJH�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�LV�YDQ�ZH]HQOLMN�EHODQJ�YRRU�HHQ�VXFFHVYRO�QDWLRQDDOYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�HQ�KDQJW�QDXZ�VDPHQ�PHW�]RZHO�IXQFWLRQHUHQGHXLWYRHULQJVRUJDQLVDWLHV�DOV�HHQ�SDUWLFLSHUHQGH�EHYRONLQJ��7RW�QX�WRH�LV�GH�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�LQ1HGHUODQG�KRRJ��8LW�KHW�ODDWVWH�RYHU]LFKW��EOLMNW�GDW�ODQGHOLMN�JH]LHQ�����GH�YLHU�'.73�HQ+LE�YDFFLQDWLHV�KHHIW�RQWYDQJHQ�HQ�����GH�WZHH�%05�YDFFLQDWLHV�������'H�ODDWVWH�MDUHQ�LV�GHYDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�YULMZHO�JHOLMN�JHEOHYHQ�7RFK�LV�HU�ZHO�HQLJH�]RUJ�RYHU�JHPHHQWHQ�GLH�HHQ�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�KHEEHQ�GLH�RQGHU�GH�:+2QRUP�OLJW����YRRU�'.73�HQ����YRRU�%05���'LW�KHW�JHYROJ�YDQ�HQHU]LMGV�SULQFLSLsOH�ZHLJHULQJYDQ�RXGHUV��YRRUQDPHOLMN�UHOLJLHXV�EH]ZDDUGHQ�HQ�DQWURSRVRIHQ��RP�KXQ�NLQGHUHQ�WH�ODWHQYDFFLQHUHQ�������$QGHU]LMGV�JDDW�KHW�RP�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�PRHLOLMN�WH�EHUHLNHQ�JURHSHQ��PHWQDPH�DOORFKWRQH�EHYRONLQJVJURHSHQ�LQ�JURWH�VWHGHQ�������0DDWUHJHOHQ�JHULFKW�RS�KHW�RSKHIIHQYDQ�WDDOEDUULqUHV�HQ�VRFLDOH�EDUULqUHV�HQ�FRQWDFWHQ�PHW�VOHXWHOILJXUHQ�XLW�GH�JURHS�YDQUHOLJLHXV�EH]ZDDUGHQ�]LMQ�DDQEHYROHQ������HQ�ZRUGHQ�LQ�SUDNWLMN�JHEUDFKW�2RN�GH�NRPHQGH�MDUHQ�GLHQW�KHW�YHUWURXZHQ�LQ�KHW�593�JURRW�WH�EOLMYHQ��9RRUEHHOGHQ�XLW�KHWEXLWHQODQG�WRQHQ�DDQ�GDW�ODQJ]DPH�HURVLH�YDQ�YHUWURXZHQ��]RDOV�LQ�KHW�JHYDO�YDQ�NLQNKRHVW�LQHHQ DDQWDO�ODQGHQ��]HHU�HUQVWLJH�JHYROJHQ�NDQ�KHEEHQ��=R�VWHHJ�LQ�=ZHGHQ�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQNLQNKRHVW�RP�GH]H�UHGHQ�DDQ]LHQOLMN��WRW�HHQ�QLYHDX�PHHU�GDQ�����PDDO��KRJHU�GDQ�LQ�KHWEXXUODQG�1RRUZHJHQ��������$QWL�YDFFLQDWLH�JURHSHQ�NXQQHQ�RRN�KHW�YHUWURXZHQ�YDQ�GHEHYRONLQJ�LQ�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD¶V�VFKDGHQ�������9RRUDO�ZDQQHHU�WHJHQVWDQGHUV�YDQYDFFLQDWLH�KHUNHQEDDU�]LMQ��JHZHHVW��LQ�GH�ZHWHQVFKDS�RI�GH�JHQHHVNXQGH�NXQQHQ�]H�YHHORQUXVW�YHURRU]DNHQ��GLH�]LFK�LQ�GH�QLHXZVPHGLD�LQ�HHQ�PRHLOLMN�WH�FRQWUROHUHQ�ULFKWLQJ�NDQRQWZLNNHOHQ��%LMZHUNLQJHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQV�YRUPHQ�LQ�GHUJHOLMNH�GLVFXVVLHV�YDDN�HHQ�EHODQJULMNHFRPSRQHQW �]LH�RRN�KLHURQGHU��+HW�KXLGLJH�V\VWHHP�YRRU�KHW�RQGHU]RHN�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�LV�RQJHVFKLNW�RP�WLMGLJ�HHQYHUPLQGHUGH�DFFHSWDWLH�DDQ�WH�WRQHQ��2RN�GH�WLMGLJKHLG�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLHV�NDQ�RQYROGRHQGHVHQVLWLHI�ZRUGHQ�RQGHU]RFKW��:HO�LV�HU�HHQ�UDSSHOV\VWHHP�YRRU�NLQGHUHQ�ZDDUYDQYDFFLQDWLHNDDUWHQ�WH�ODDW�RS�GH�HQWDGPLQLVWUDWLHV�ELQQHQNRPHQ�������%LMZHUNLQJHQ9DFFLQV�]LMQ�DOV�RRU]DDN�JHQRHPG�YDQ�YHOH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ��PDDU�YULMZHO�DOOH�FRUUHODWLHV�]LMQ�QD�RQGHU]RHN��RQMXLVW�JHEOHNHQ�������������������1LHW�DOOHHQ�EHZLM]HQ�YDQ�IHLWHOLMNHELMZHUNLQJHQ��PDDU�RRN�DQJVW�YRRU�YHUPHHQGH�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�NXQQHQ�KHW�YHUWURXZHQ�LQ�KHW593�HUQVWLJ�DDQWDVWHQ��5LVLFR¶V�YDQ�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�ZRUGHQ�GRRU�KHW�SXEOLHN�DIJHZRJHQ�WHJHQGH�PRJHOLMNH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH��GLH�HFKWHU�RQGHUVFKDW�ZRUGW�VLQGV�YDFFLQDWLH�GLH�HIIHFWLHI

Page 36: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

KHHIW�JHUHGXFHHUG��1DDVW�PLQLPDOLVDWLH�YDQ�GH�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQV�]LMQ�GDQ�RRN�]RZHOKHW�YHUVWUHNNHQ�YDQ�GH�MXLVWH�IHLWHQ�RYHU�ELMZHUNLQJHQ��DOV�KHW�RS�HHQ�MXLVWH�ZLM]HFRPPXQLFHUHQ�RYHU�GLH�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�YDQ�EHODQJ�����2S�GLW�PRPHQW�YUDDJW�HHQ�PRJHOLMNH�UHODWLH�WXVVHQ�YDFFLQDWLH�HQ�GLDEHWHV�GH�DDQGDFKW����������2RN�HHQ�OLQN�PHW�DOOHUJLHsQ��ZDDURQGHU�DVWPD��ZRUGW�UHJHOPDWLJ�JHOHJG�������9HHODOZRUGHQ GH]H�YHUGHQNLQJHQ�LQJHEHG��LQ�GH�³K\JLsQH�K\SRWKHVLV´��*LYH�XV�WKLV�GD\�RXU�GDLO\JHUPV���ZDDUELM�PHQ�HUYDQ�XLW�JDDW�GDW�KHW�GRRUPDNHQ�YDQ�GH�QRUPDOH�]LHNWHYHUZHNNHQGHLQIHFWLH�JXQVWLJH�HIIHFWHQ�KHHIW�RS�KHW�LPPXXQV\VWHHP����������'H�ZHWHQVFKDSSHOLMNHRQGHUERXZLQJ�YDQ�GH]H�K\SRWKHVH�LV�]ZDN��'H�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�GLHQHQ�GDQ�RRN�JHYROJG�WHZRUGHQ� ,PPXQLWHLW�JHPHGLHHUG�GRRU�7�KHOSHU����7K���FHOOHQ�VSHHOW�HHQ�URO�ELM�KHW�RQWVWDDQYDQ�DWRSLH��:HWHQVFKDSSHOLMN�JH]LHQ�LV�HU�HQLJH�JURQG�RP�DDQ�WH�QHPHQ�GDW�YDFFLQV�GH�EDODQVWXVVHQ�7K���HQ�7K��FHOOHQ�LQ�GH�ULFKWLQJ�YDQ�GH�ODDWVWH�NXQQHQ�ODWHQ�GRRUVODDQ��'LW�]RX�KHWRQWVWDDQ�YDQ�DOOHUJLHsQ�NXQQHQ�EHYRUGHUHQ��$QGHU]LMGV�NDQ�GH�FDXVDOLWHLW�QHW�DQGHUVRPOLJJHQ��.LQGHUHQ�PHW�DWRSLH�UHDJHHUGHQ�EHGXLGHQG�VOHFKWHU�RS�WHWDQXV�WR[RwG�������2QGHU]RHNQDDU�GH�PDWXUDWLH�YDQ�KHW�LPPXXQV\VWHHP��LQFOXVLHI�GH�7K��7K��EDODQV��HQ�QDDU�GH�URO�YDQDGMXYDQWLD�ELM�GH�LQGXFWLH�YDQ�UHOHYDQWH�7�FHO�UHVSRQVHQ��]RX�KLHU�YHUGHU�OLFKW�RS�NXQQHQZHUSHQ� 2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�PDWXUDWLH�YDQ�KHW�LPPXXQV\VWHHP�LV�GRRU�KHW�5,90��LQVDPHQZHUNLQJ�PHW�XQLYHUVLWDLUH�JURHSHQ��RSJHVWDUW�0RQLWRULQJ�YDQ�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�RS�KHW�WHUUHLQ�YDQ�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�LV��JHOHW�RS�KHWERYHQVWDDQGH�EHODQJULMN��(HQ�VXUYHLOODQFHV\VWHHP�ZDDUXLW�GH�EHQRGLJGH�LQIRUPDWLH�RYHUELMZHUNLQJHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�JHKDDOG�GLHQW�GDQ�RRN�RSWLPDDO�WH�IXQFWLRQHUHQ��(HQGHUJHOLMN�VXUYHLOODQFHV\VWHHP�EHVWDDW�PRPHQWHHO�DOOHHQ�PDDU�LQ�1HGHUODQG��GH�9HUHQLJGH6WDWHQ��&DQDGD�HQ�$XVWUDOLs������+HW�V\VWHHP�LQ�1HGHUODQG�IXQFWLRQHHUW�JRHG��ZRUGW�RRNLQWHUQDWLRQDDO�JHZDDUGHHUG�����������PDDU�KHHIW�HQLJH�DFKWHUVWDQG��9HUGHUH�YHUEHWHULQJ�HQVWURRPOLMQLQJ�OLMNHQ�ZHQVHOLMN��PHW�QDPH�RRN�LQ�GH�DIEDNHQLQJ�YDQ�WDNHQ�WXVVHQ�KHW�&%*�HQKHW�5,90�,QWHUQDWLRQDOH�VDPHQZHUNLQJ�RP�GH�NHQQLV�RYHU�GH�YHLOLJKHLG�HQ�NZDOLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQV�WHRSWLPDOLVHUHQ�LV�ZHQVHOLMN��'LW�NDQ�JRHG�GRRU�DDQVOXLWLQJ�WH�]RHNHQ�ELM�KHW�³&RFKUDQH9DFFLQH�)LHOG´��'LW�LV�HHQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDDO�QHWZHUN�GDW�EHRRJW�³HYLGHQFH�EDVHG�YDFFLQRORJ\´�WHSURSDJHUHQ��*HJHYHQV�RYHU�YHLOLJKHLG�YDQ�YDFFLQV��GH�NZDOLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQV�HQ�GHNRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH��������������ZRUGHQ�YHU]DPHOG�HQ�NXQQHQ�JHEUXLNW�ZRUGHQLQ�1HGHUODQG�YRRU�GH�NHX]H�YDQ�YDFFLQV����� 1LHXZH�YDFFLQV�HQ�QLHXZH�GRHOJURHSHQ,PPXQLVDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV�LV�VXFFHVYRO�GRRUGDW�GH�RXGHUV�SDUWLFLSHUHQ�HQ�YHUWURXZHQKHEEHQ�LQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD��'LW�YHUWURXZHQ�HQ�GH�EHUHLGKHLG�RP�WH�SDUWLFLSHUHQ]LMQ�QLHW�YDQ]HOIVSUHNHQG�DDQZH]LJ�ZDQQHHU�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�JHwQWURGXFHHUG�ZRUGHQ�HQ�RI�ZDQQHHUQLHXZH�GRHOJURHSHQ��NLQGHUHQ�YDQ�������MDDU��YROZDVVHQHQ�HQ�RXGHUHQ��EHQDGHUG�JDDQ�ZRUGHQ�0HW�XLW]RQGHULQJ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD¶V�YRRU�RXGHUHQ�LV�HU�WRW�QX�WRH�ZHLQLJ�V\VWHPDWLVFKRQGHU]RHN�JHGDDQ�QDDU�KHW�RQWZHUSHQ�YDQ�URXWLQH�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD¶V�YRRU�DQGHUHEHYRONLQJVJURHSHQ�GDQ�NOHLQH�NLQGHUHQ��=RDOV�DDQJHJHYHQ�]LMQ�YHHO�YDFFLQV�GLH�PRPHQWHHO�LQ��HHQYHUJHYRUGHUG�VWDGLXP�YDQ��RQWZLNNHOLQJ�]LMQ��EHODQJULMN�YRRU�MHXJG�URQG�GH�OHHIWLMG�YDQ����MDDU�2YHU�KHW�EHUHLN�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�GH]H�JURHS�LV�HFKWHU�QRJ�QDXZHOLMNV�LHWV�EHNHQG��%LM�GHEHUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLH�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�YRRUNRPHQ�LV�XLWJHJDDQ�YDQ�HHQ�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�GLHYHUJHOLMNEDDU�LV�PHW�GLH�YDQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�593��'LW�LV�PRJHOLMN�QLHW�KDDOEDDU�2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�PRJHOLMNKHGHQ�YRRU�LPSOHPHQWDWLH�YDQ�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLG�593�HQ�GHLQYRHULQJ�HUYDQ�]DO�GDQ�RRN�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�HHQ�HQRUPH�H[WUD�LQVSDQQLQJ�YHUHLVHQ��'H]H

Page 37: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

DVSHFWHQ�]LMQ�YDQ�EHODQJ�YRRU�GH�XLWHLQGHOLMNH�EHVOXLWYRUPLQJ�RYHU�GH�VDPHQVWHOOLQJ�YDQ�KHW593�YDQ�GH�WRHNRPVW�������9DFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�VHNVXHHO�RYHUGUDDJEDUH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ$DQGRHQLQJHQ�DOV�KXPDDQ�SDSLOORPD�YLUXV��KHSDWLWLV�%��HQ�KHUSHV�VLPSOH[�YLUXV�W\SH���ZRUGHQ�HHQSUREOHHP�YDQDI��KHW�EHJLQ�YDQ�GH�SXEHUWLMG��9DFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�GH]H�DDQGRHQLQJHQ�LQ�KHW�NDGHU�YDQKHW�593�����OLMNW�GDQ�RRN�ZHQVHOLMN�URQG����MDULJH�OHHIWLMG��(U�]LMQ�HHQ�DDQWDO�DVSHFWHQ��QDDVWHSLGHPLRORJLVFKH�HQ�JH]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH��GLH�YDQ�EHODQJ�]LMQ�YRRU�EHVOXLWYRUPLQJ�RYHUHYHQWXHOH LQYRHULQJ�YDQ�GHUJHOLMNH�YDFFLQDWLHV��7HQ�HHUVWH�YHUHLVW�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�EHWURNNHQ�SDUWLMHQLQ�GH�PDDWVFKDSSLM��RXGHUV��DDQELHGHUV�YDQ�]RUJ�HWF���GDW�]LM�KHW�IHLW�DFFHSWHUHQ�GDW�MRQJHUHQ�YDQDIKHW�EHJLQ�YDQ�GH�SXEHUWLMG�SRWHQWLHHO�VHNVXHHO�DFWLHI�]LMQ��7HQ�WZHHGH�]RX�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�62$�WHQRQUHFKWH�GH�LQGUXN�NXQQHQ�ZHNNHQ�GDW�YHLOLJ�YULMHQ�RYHUERGLJ�LV�JHZRUGHQ��+HW�YHUGLHQW�GDQ�RRNDDQEHYHOLQJ�GH]H�HQ�PRJHOLMN�QRJ�DQGHUH�HWKLVFKH�PDDWVFKDSSHOLMNH�DVSHFWHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ62$�WLMGLJ�WH�EHVWXGHUHQ��0HW�QDPH�RRN�RPGDW�LQ�GH�WRHNRPVW�QRJ�PHHU�YDFFLQV�XLW�GH]H�FDWHJRULH�JRQRUURH��FKODP\GLD�HQ�+,9��YHUZDFKW�ZRUGHQ����� ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH�LQYORHGHQ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH�UHJHOJHYLQJ�HQ�DIVSUDNHQ�NXQQHQ�YDQ�LQYORHG�]LMQ�RS�KHW�593��=R�KHHIWKDUPRQLVDWLH�YDQ�UHJHOJHYLQJ�ELQQHQ�GH�(XURSHVH�8QLH�JHYROJHQ�YRRU�GH�HLVHQ�GLH�DDQ�GHSURGXFWLH�HQ�UHJLVWUDWLH�YDQ�YDFFLQV�JHVWHOG�ZRUGHQ��'DDUPHH�KHHIW�KDUPRQLVDWLH�SRWHQWLHHORRN�HHQ�HIIHFW�RS�KHW�593��2RN�:+2�DGYLH]HQ�NXQQHQ�YHUVWUHNNHQGH�JHYROJHQ�KHEEHQ�YRRUKHW�593��'H�:+2�DGYLVHHUW�ELMYRRUEHHOG�GDW�SHU������HHQ�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQKHSDWLWLV�%�LQJHYRHUG�]RX�PRHWHQ�]LMQ�LQ�DOOH�JHwQGXVWULDOLVHHUGH�ODQGHQ��1HGHUODQG��KHW9HUHQLJG�.RQLQNULMN�HQ�HQNHOH�6FDQGLQDYLVFKH�ODQGHQ�]LMQ�GH�HQLJHQ�GLH�GH�KHSDWLWLV�%YDFFLQDWLH�QRJ�QLHW�KHEEHQ�LQJHYRHUG��:+2�DGYLH]HQ�LQ�KHW�NDGHU�YDQHUDGLFDWLHSURJUDPPD¶V��RS�GLW�PRPHQW�SROLR��NXQQHQ�RS�WHUPLMQ�YDQ�1HGHUODQG�YUDJHQ�GDWRQGHU�VWUHQJHUH��GXXUGHUH��FRQGLWLHV�YDFFLQ�JHSURGXFHHUG�ZRUGW�HQ�]XOOHQ�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�RRNHHQ EHVOLVVLQJ�RYHU�KHW�DO�GDQ�QLHW�VWRSSHQ�PHW�SROLRYDFFLQDWLH�EHwQYORHGHQ��7HQVORWWH�NDQRRN�GRRU�LQGLYLGXHOH�ODQGHQ�GUXN�XLWJHRHIHQG�ZRUGHQ�RS�1HGHUODQG�RP�EHSDDOGH�YDFFLQDWLHVLQ�WH�YRHUHQ��9DQXLW�GH�96�ZRUGW�ZHO�NULWLHN�JHOHYHUG�RS�KHW�IHLW�GDW�LQ�GH�96�XLWEUDNHQ�YDQZDWHUSRNNHQ�RSWUHGHQ�RPGDW�DQGHUH�ODQGHQ�KLHUWHJHQ�QLHW�YDFFLQHUHQ�2P�GH�NZDOLWHLW�HQ�FRQWLQXwWHLW�YDQ�GH�593�YDFFLQV�WH�NXQQHQ�EOLMYHQ�JDUDQGHUHQ�GLHQHQLQWHUQDWLRQDOH�RQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�JHYROJG��JHDQDO\VHHUG�HQ�ZDDU�QRGLJ�EHwQYORHG�WH�ZRUGHQ����� $DQEHYHOLQJHQ'H�YROJHQGH�DFWLYLWHLWHQ�]LMQ�EHODQJULMN�YRRU�KDQGKDYLQJ�HQ�YHUEHWHULQJ�YDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQKHW�593�� 9HUEHWHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�PRQLWRUHQ�YDQ�]RZHO�KHW�YHUWURXZHQ�YDQ�GH�EHYRONLQJ�LQ�KHW�593�DOVYDQ GDOLQJHQ�LQ�GH�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG��RP�VQHOOHU�WH�NXQQHQ�DQWLFLSHUHQ�RS�QHJDWLHYHYHUDQGHULQJHQ�� 9HUKRJLQJ�YDQ�GH�SDUWLFLSDWLH�LQ�KHW�593�YDQ�SHUVRQHQ�XLW�PRHLOLMN�EHUHLNEDUH�JURHSHQ�� 9HUEHWHULQJ�HQ�VWURRPOLMQLQJ�YDQ�GH�VXUYHLOODQFH�YDQ�ELMZHUNLQJHQ��HQ�ZHWHQVFKDSSHOLMNHRQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�RS�KHW�WHUUHLQ�YDQ�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�YROJHQ�� %HYRUGHULQJ�YDQ�GH�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH�VDPHQZHUNLQJ�RS�KHW�WHUUHLQ�YDQ�ELMZHUNLQJHQ��'LW�NDQRQGHU PHHU�GRRU�DDQVOXLWLQJ�WH�]RHNHQ�ELM�KHW�³&RFKUDQH�9DFFLQH�)LHOG´�� %HVWXGHULQJ�YDQ�GH�PRJHOLMNKHGHQ�YRRU�LPSOHPHQWDWLH�YDQ�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLG�593�ZDQQHHUYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�DQGHUH�GDQ�GH�KXLGLJH�GRHOJURHSHQ�ZHQVHOLMN�OLMNW�� %HVWXGHULQJ�YDQ�PDDWVFKDSSHOLMNH�DVSHFWHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�62$�

Page 38: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

� ,Q�NDDUW�EUHQJHQ��DQDO\VHUHQ�HQ�ZDDU�QRGLJ�EHwQYORHGHQ�YDQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDOHRQWZLNNHOLQJHQ��GLH�YDQ�EHODQJ�]LMQ�YRRU�GH�YDFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ��GH�YDFFLQSURGXFWLH�HQYRRU KHW�593�DOV�JHKHHO�

Page 39: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

$INRUWLQJHQ$&9 ��$FHOOXODLU�YDFFLQ$J ��$QWLJHQ$:%= ��$OJHPHQH�:HW�%LM]RQGHUH�=LHNWHQNRVWHQ%05 ��%RI��0D]HOHQ��5XEHOOD%6( ��%RYLQH�6SRQJLIRUPH�(QFHSKDORSDWKLH%6/ ��%LRVDIHW\�/HYHO&'& ��&HQWHU�IRU�'LVHDVH�&RQWURO&56 ��&RQJHQLWDDO�5XEHOOD�6\QGURRP&7/ ��&\WRWR[LF�7�/\PSKRF\WH'1$ ��'HR[\ULERQXFOHLF�$FLG'73 ��'LIWHULH��7HWDQXV��3ROLR'.73 ��'LIWHULH��.LQNKRHVW��7HWDQXV��3ROLR'D.73 ��'LIWHULH��DFHOOXODLU�.LQNKRHVW��7HWDQXV��3ROLR)+$ ��)LODPHQWHXV�+HPDJJOXWLQLQH),0 ��)LPEULDH)'$ ��)RRG�DQG�'UXJ�$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ+&9 ��+HSDWLWLV�&�9LUXV+LE ��+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH+39 ��+XPDDQ�SDSLOORPD�YLUXV+69 ��+HUSHV�VLPSOH[�YLUXV,*= ��,QVSHFWLH�YRRU�GH�*H]RQGKHLGV]RUJ,39 ��,QDFWLYDWHG�3ROLR�9DFFLQH.($ ��.RVWHQ�(IIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VH.5= ��.ZDOLWHLWV��HQ�5HJLVWUDWLH]DNHQ/&% ��/DERUDWRULXP�YRRU�&RQWUROH�%LRORJLVFKH�3URGXFWHQ/32 ��/DERUDWRULXP�YRRU�3URGXFW��HQ�3URFHVRQWZLNNHOLQJ/92 ��/DERUDWRULXP�YRRU�9HOGRQGHU]RHN/95 ��/DERUDWRULXP�YRRU�9DFFLQUHVHDUFK0HQ�% ��0HQLQJRNRNNHQ�%1/ ��1HGHUODQG239 ��2UDO�3ROLR�9DFFLQH3($ ��3URYLQFLDOH�(QW�$GPLQLVWUDWLHV5,90 ��5LMNVLQVWLWXXW�YRRU�9RONVJH]RQGKHLG�HQ�0LOLHX569 ��5HVSLUDWRLU�6\QF\WLHHO�9LUXV593 ��5LMNVYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD62$ ��6HNVXHHO�2YHUGUDDJEDUH�$DQGRHQLQJ690 ��6WLFKWLQJ�WRW�%HYRUGHULQJ�YDQ�GH�9RONVJH]RQGKHLG�HQ�0LOLHXK\JLsQH7K ��7�KHOS81,&() ��8QLWHG�1DWLRQV�&KLOGUHQ¶V�)XQG96 ��9HUHQLJGH�6WDWHQ9:6 ��9RONVJH]RQGKHLG��:HO]LMQ�HQ�6SRUW:&9 ��:KROH�&HOO�9DFFLQH:+2 ��:RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJDQL]DWLRQ

Page 40: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

/LWHUDWXXU��� $QRQ\PRXV��3ODJXHG�E\�FXUHV��7KH�(FRQRPLVW��������������������� $QRQ\PRXV��&RPELQDWLRQ�YDFFLQHV�IRU�FKLOGKRRG�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�� 0RUE�0RUWDO�:NO\�5HS������������������� $QRQ\PRXV��5HFRPPHQGHG�FKLOGKRRG�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�VFKHGXOH�� ���������� $QRQ\PRXV��9DFFLQDWLRQ�&RYHUDJH�$PRQJ�$GROHVFHQWV���<HDU�%HIRUH�WKH�,QVWLWXWLRQ�RI�D6HYHQWK�*UDGH�6FKRRO�(QWU\�9DFFLQDWLRQ�5HTXLUHPHQW����6DQ'LHJR��&DOLIRUQLD������� 0RUE�0RUWDO�:NO\�5HS���������������������� $UQDO��-��0���)ULVDV��2���*DUX]��5���DQG�$QWRQDQ]DV�)��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI�KHSDWLWLV�$LPPXQLVDWLRQ�LQ�6SDLQ��3KDUPDFRHFRQRPLFV���� ������������������ %DOO��/��.���*��(YDQV��DQG�$��%RVWURP��5LVN\�EXVLQHVV��FKDOOHQJHV�LQ�YDFFLQH�ULVNFRPPXQLFDWLRQ� 3HGLDWULFV��������������������� %DOWXVVHQ��5��0��3��0���$��-��+��$��$PHQW��5��0��/HLGO��DQG�YDQ�5��)XUWK��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RIYDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�SQHXPRFRFFDO�SQHXPRQLD�LQ�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV�� (�-�3�+��������������������� %HXWHOV��3���5��&ODUD��*��7RUPDQV��(��YDQ�'RRUVODHU��DQG�3��9DQ�'DPPH��&RVWV�DQG�EHQHILWV�RIURXWLQH�YDULFHOOD�YDFFLQDWLRQ�LQ�*HUPDQ�FKLOGUHQ� -�,QIHFW�'LV������6XSSO���6����6������������� %LUPLQJKDP��.��DQG�0��&LPRQV��5HDFWLRQV�WR�005�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�VFDUH� 1DWXUH�0HGLFLQH������������������� %ODFN��6��(SLGHPLRORJ\�RI�SHUWXVVLV� 3HG�,QIHFW�'LV�-RXUQDO�������������������� %RV��-��0���+��&��5�PNH��5��:HOWH��0��-��3RVWPD��(��=ZDQHSRO��DQG��-��&��-DJHU�.RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�LQYDVLHYH�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�HQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQLQIHFWLHV�ELM�NLQGHUHQ��5,90�UDSSRUW������������LQ�EHZHUNLQJ�� ���������� &KHQ��5��7��DQG�)��'H6WHIDQR��9DFFLQH�DGYHUVH�HYHQWV��FDVXDO�RU�FRLQFLGHQWDO"� /DQFHW��������������������� &KHQ��5��7���6��&��5DVWRJL��-��5��0XOOHQ��6��:��+D\HV��6��/��&RFKL��-��$��'RQORQ��DQG�6��*�:DVVLODN��7KH�9DFFLQH�$GYHUVH�(YHQW�5HSRUWLQJ�6\VWHP��9$(56�� 9DFFLQH��������������������� &KHUU\��-��'� 3HUWXVVLV�LQ�DGXOWV� $QQ�,QWHUQ�0HG����������������������� &ODVVHQ��'��&��DQG�-��%��&ODVVHQ��7KH�WLPLQJ�RI�SHGLDWULF�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�DQG�WKH�ULVN�RI�LQVXOLQ�GHSHQGHQW�GLDEHWHV�PHOOLWXV� ,QIHFW�'LV�&OLQ�3UDFW����������������������� &RKHQ��-� 7KH�VFLHQWLILF�FKDOOHQJH�RI�KHSDWLWLV�&� 6FLHQFH���������������������� &ROOHJH�YRRU�]RUJYHU]HNHULQJHQ��5LFKWOLMQHQ�YRRU�IDUPDFR�HFRQRPLVFK�RQGHU]RHN�� �������$PVWHOYHHQ���� &RSHQKDJHQ��'HQPDUN�:+2�5HJLRQDO�2IILFH�IRU�(XURSH��6WUDWHJLF�SODQ�IRU�WKH�HOLPLQDWLRQ�RIPHDVOHV�LQ�WKH�(XURSHDQ�5HJLRQ���������

Page 41: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ�������� &RXGHYLOOH��/���)��3DUHH��7��/HEUXQ��DQG�-��6DLOO\��7KH�YDOXH�RI�YDULFHOOD�YDFFLQDWLRQ�LQ�KHDOWK\FKLOGUHQ��FRVW�EHQHILW�DQDO\VLV�RI�WKH�VLWXDWLRQ�LQ�)UDQFH�� 9DFFLQH����������������������� &XWWV��)��7��DQG�5��6WHLQJODVV��6KRXOG�PHDVOHV�EH�HUDGLFDWHG"� %�0�-������������������������� 'HYHORSPHQW�&RPPLWWHH�RQ�,VVXHV�DQG�3ULRULWLHV�IRU�1HZ�9DFFLQH��1HZ�9DFFLQH�'HYHORSPHQW�(VWDEOLVKLQJ�3ULRULWLHV�� 1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�3UHVV��:DVKLQJWRQ�'�&�������������� 'LHSH��$��&��0��DQG�+��3DXZ�3ORPS��'H�$PVWHUGDPVH�YDFFLQDWLHWRHVWDQG�QDGHU�EHNHNHQ�6HFWRU�-HXJGJH]RQGKHLGV]RUJ��-*=�������� ��������$PVWHUGDP��***'�$PVWHUGDP����� 'RPLQJR��-��'���5LGDR��0���/DWRXU��-���DQG�%DOOHVWHU��$��$ FRVW�EHQHILW�DQDO\VLV�RI�URXWLQHYDULFHOOD�YDFFLQDWLRQ�LQ�6SDLQ��9DFFLQH���� ���������������������� 'RRUVODHU��9DQ�(���*��7RUPDQV��DQG�3��9DQ�'DPPH��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�DQDO\VLV�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQDJDLQVW�KHSDWLWLV�$�LQ�WUDYHOOHUV� -�0HG�9LURO������������������������ 'RZGOH��:��/DERUDWRU\�FRQWDLQPHQW�RI�ZLOG�SROLRYLUXVHV��&KDQJHV�WR�WKH�*OREDO�3ODQ�RI$FWLRQ� ��������*HQHYH��:+2���� 'UXPPRQG��0��)���%��-��2%ULHQ��*��/��6WRGGDUW��DQG�*��:��7RUUDQFH��0HWKRGV�IRU�WKHHFRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURJUDPV���2[IRUG�8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV��2[IRUG������������ )HQQ��3���$��0F*XLUH��DQG�$��*UD\��$Q�HFRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�KHSDWLWLV�$IRU�IUHTXHQW�WUDYHOOHUV� -�,QIHFW���������������������� )LQH��3��(��DQG�-��$��&ODUNVRQ��,QGLYLGXDO�YHUVXV�SXEOLF�SULRULWLHV�LQ�WKH�GHWHUPLQDWLRQ�RIRSWLPDO�YDFFLQDWLRQ�SROLFLHV� $P�-�(SLGHP������������������������ *DEOH��&��%���6��6��+RO]HU��/��(QJHOKDUW��5��%��)ULHGPDQ��)��6PHOW]��'��6FKURHGHU��DQG�.�%DXP��3QHXPRFRFFDO�YDFFLQH��(IILFDF\�DQG�DVVRFLDWHG�FRVW�VDYLQJV� -$0$�������������������������� *DQJDURVD��(��-���$��0��*DOD]ND��&��5��:ROIH��/��0��3KLOOLSV��5��(��*DQJDURVD��(��0LOOHU��DQG�5�7��&KHQ��,PSDFW�RI�DQWL�YDFFLQH�PRYHPHQWV�RQ�SHUWXVVLV�FRQWURO��WKH�XQWROG�VWRU\�/DQFHW����������������������� *HOOLQ��%��7KH�-RUGDQ�UHSRUW��$FFHOHUDWHG�'HYHORSPHQW�RI�9DFFLQHV�� ����������� *H]RQGKHLGVUDDG��3ROLRP\HOLWLV� &RPPLVVLH�3ROLRP\HOLWLV��3XEOLNDWLH�QU��������� ��������'HQ+DDJ��*H]RQGKHLGVUDDG����� *LEERQ��&���7��6PLWK��3��(JJHU��3��%HWWV��DQG�'��3KLOOLSV��(DUO\�LQIHFWLRQ�DQG�VXEVHTXHQW�LQVXOLQGHSHQGHQW�GLDEHWHV� $UFKLYHV�2I�'LVHDVH�,Q�&KLOGKRRG��������������������� *OHQQ��*��0���0��5DR��*��5��0DW\DV��DQG�&��5��$OYLQJ��6NLQ�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�PDGH�SRVVLEOH�E\FKROHUD�WR[LQ� 1DWXUH������������������� *OHQQ��*��0���7��6FKDUWRQ�.HUVWHQ��5��9DVVHOO��&��3��0DOOHWW��7��/��+DOH��DQG�&��5��$OYLQJ�7UDQVFXWDQHRXV�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�ZLWK�FKROHUD�WR[LQ�SURWHFWV�PLFH�DJDLQVW�OHWKDO�PXFRVDOWR[LQ�FKDOOHQJH� -�,PPXQRO��������������������������� *OHQQ��*��0���7��6FKDUWRQ�.HUVWHQ��5��9DVVHOO��*��5��0DW\DV��DQG�&��5��$OYLQJ��7UDQVFXWDQHRXVLPPXQL]DWLRQ�ZLWK�EDFWHULDO�$'3�ULERV\ODWLQJ�H[RWR[LQV�DV�DQWLJHQV�DQG�DGMXYDQWV�,QIHFW�,PPXQ����������������������

Page 42: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

���� +DOSHULQ��%��$���%��-��(DVWZRRG��DQG�6��$��+DOSHULQ��&RPSDULVRQ�RI�SDUHQWDO�DQG�KHDOWK�FDUHSURIHVVLRQDO�SUHIHUHQFHV�IRU�WKH�DFHOOXODU�RU�ZKROH�FHOO�SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQH� 3HGLDWULF,QIHFW�'LV�-���������������������� +HDOWK�&RXQFLO�RI�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV��3URWHFWLRQ�DJDLQVW�GLSKWKHULD��'LSKWHULD�&RPPLWWHH�3XEOLFDWLRQ�QR������������������5LMVZLMN��+HDOWK�&RXQFLO�RI�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV����� +HGJHV��6��5���0��6��0D\R��-��0HVWHFN\��(��:��+RRN��DQG�0��:��5XVVHOO��/LPLWHG�ORFDO�DQGV\VWHPLF�DQWLERG\�UHVSRQVHV�WR�1HLVVHULD�JRQRUUKRHDH�GXULQJ�XQFRPSOLFDWHG�JHQLWDOLQIHFWLRQV� ,QIHFW�,PPXQ�������������������������� +HOZLJ��+���-��0HUWVROD��'��+DUYH\��'��1LFRORSRXORV��-��&��6FKDDFN��DQG�:��6HGODN��&KLOGKRRGLPPXQLVDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�(XURSHDQ�8QLRQ��&RQIHGHUDWLRQ�RI�(XURSHDQ�6SHFLDOLVWV�LQ3DHGLDWULFV��&(63�� (XU�-�3HGLDWU������������������������ +HUPDQ��&��0���&KHQ��*��-���DQG�+LJK��.��3���3QHXPRFRFFDO�SHQLFLOOLQ�UHVLVWDQFH�DQG�WKH�FRVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI�SQHXPRFRFFDO�YDFFLQH��,QI�0HG����� �������������������� +RI��YDQ�GHQ�6��0��$��(�&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��+��(��GH�0HONHU��(��/��3��(��*HXEEHOV��$��:�0��6XLMNHUEXLMN��(��7DOVPD��$��'��3ODQWLQJD��+��&��5�PNH��7KH�HIIHFWV�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQ�WKH�LQFLGHQFH�RI�WKH�WDUJHW�GLVHDVHV���5,90�UDSSRUW����������� ����������� +XVH��'��0���+��&��0HLVVQHU��0��-��/DFH\��DQG�*��2VWHU��&KLOGKRRG�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVWFKLFNHQSR[��DQ�DQDO\VLV�RI�EHQHILWV�DQG�FRVWV� -�3HGLDWU������������������������� ,QVSHFWLH�YRRU�GH�*H]RQGKHLGV]RUJ��9DFFLQDWLHWRHVWDQG�LQ�1HGHUODQG�SHU���MDQXDUL��������������'HQ�+DDJ��,*=����� ,20��9DFFLQHV�IRU�WKH���VW�FHQWXU\��D�WRRO�IRU�GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ��3UHSXEOLFDWLRQ�FRS\��6WUDWWRQ�.��5���'XUFK�-�6���DQG�/DZUHQFH�5�6�����������:DVKLQJWRQ�'&��1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\3UHVV����� -HIIHUVRQ��7� 1HZ�DQG�QRW�VR�QHZ�YDFFLQHV� %�0�-��������������������� -HIIHUVRQ��7� 9DFFLQDWLRQ�DQG�LWV�DGYHUVH�HIIHFWV��UHDO�RU�SHUFHLYHG��6RFLHW\�VKRXOG�WKLQN�DERXWPHDQV�RI�OLQNLQJ�H[SRVXUH�WR�SRWHQWLDO�ORQJ�WHUP�HIIHFW� %�0�-���&OLQLFDO�5HVHDUFK�(G������������������������ -HIIHUVRQ��7� 9DFFLQH�WULDO�GDWD�V\VWHPDWLFDOO\�DVVHPEOHG��SRROHG�DQG�GLVVHPLQDWHG�E\�WKH&RFKUDQH�&ROODERUDWLRQ���9DFFLQH����������������������� -HIIHUVRQ��7���9��'HPLFKHOL��DQG�0��3UDWW��(YLGHQFH�EDVHG�YDFFLQRORJ\��7KH�ZRUN�RI�WKH&RFKUDQH�9DFFLQH�)LHOG� (SLGHPLFDO�&RPPXQLW\�+HDOWK����������������������� .LPXUD��0� ,PPXQL]DWLRQ�VFKHGXOH� $VLDQ�0HG�-������������������������ /HYLQH��2��6��DQG�%��6FKZDUW]��(FRQRPLF�DQDO\VHV�RI�YDFFLQHV�DQG�YDFFLQDWLRQ�SURJUDPV�HYDOXDWLQJ�WKH�HFRQRPLF�UDWLRQDOH�IRU�LPPXQL]DWLRQ��LQ���1HZ�*HQHUDWLRQ�9DFFLQHV��0�0�/HYLQH�HW�DO�� HGV���0DUFHO�'HNNHU��,QF���1HZ�<RUN��SS������������������ /LHX��7��$���6��/��&RFKL��6��%��%ODFN��0��(��+DOORUDQ��+��5��6KLQHILHOG��6��-��+ROPHV��0�:KDUWRQ��DQG�$��(��:DVKLQJWRQ��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI�D�URXWLQH�YDULFHOOD�YDFFLQDWLRQSURJUDP�IRU�86�FKLOGUHQ� -$0$������������������������ 0DDV��YDQ�GHU�3��-��DQG�3��*��1��.UDPHUV��9RONVJH]RQGKHLG�7RHNRPVW�9HUNHQQLQJ�������,,,*H]RQGKHLG�HQ�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�JHZRJHQ� 5,90�5DSSRUW����������� �������

Page 43: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ�������� 0HONHU��GH�+��(��,QIHFWLH]LHNWHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG��(SLGHPLRORJLH��GLDJQRVWLHN�HQ�EHVWULMGLQJ�6WDDWVXLWJHYHULM��'HQ�+DDJ������������ 0HONHU��GH�+��(���*��$��%HUEHUV��1��-��1DJHONHUNH��DQG�0��$��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN�'LSKWKHULD�DQWLWR[LQ�OHYHOV�LQ�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV��D�SRSXODWLRQ�EDVHG�VWXG\� (PHUJ�,QIHFW�'LV����������������������� 0HONHU��GH�+��(��DQG�0��$��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��,PPXQRVXUYHLOODQFH�DQG�WKH�HYDOXDWLRQ�RIQDWLRQDO�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�SURJUDPPHV��D�SRSXODWLRQ�EDVHG�DSSURDFK� (SLGHPLRO�,QIHFW������������������������ 0HONHU��GH�+��(���+RI�6��YDQ�GHQ��*��$��%HUEHUV��1��-��1DJHONHUNH��+��&��5�PNH��DQG�0��$�&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��$ SRSXODWLRQ�EDVHG�VWXG\�RQ�WHWDQXV�DQWLWR[LQ�OHYHOV�LQ�7KH1HWKHUODQGV� 9DFFLQH����������������������� 0LOOHU��(� &ROODSVH�UHDFWLRQV�DIWHU�ZKROH�FHOO�SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQDWLRQ�� %�0�-���&OLQLFDO�5HVHDUFK(G��������������������� 0LOOV��.��+���0��%UDG\��(��5\DQ��DQG�%��3��0DKRQ��$ UHVSLUDWRU\�FKDOOHQJH�PRGHO�IRU�LQIHFWLRQZLWK�%RUGHWHOOD�SHUWXVVLV��DSSOLFDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�DVVHVVPHQW�RI�SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQH�SRWHQF\DQG�LQ�GHILQLQJ�WKH�PHFKDQLVP�RI�SURWHFWLYH�LPPXQLW\� 'HY�%LRO�6WDQG��������������������� 0LOOV��.��+���0��5\DQ��(��5\DQ��DQG�%��3��0DKRQ��$ PXULQH�PRGHO�LQ�ZKLFK�SURWHFWLRQFRUUHODWHV�ZLWK�SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQH�HIILFDF\�LQ�FKLOGUHQ�UHYHDOV�FRPSOHPHQWDU\�UROHV�IRUKXPRUDO�DQG�FHOO�PHGLDWHG�LPPXQLW\�LQ�SURWHFWLRQ�DJDLQVW�%RUGHWHOOD�SHUWXVVLV� ,QIHFW�,PPXQ������������������������ 0XOORRO\��-��3���0��'��%HQQHWW��0��&��+RUQEURRN��:��+��%DUNHU��:��:��:LOOLDPV��3��$�3DWULDUFD��DQG�3��+��5KRGHV��,QIOXHQ]D�YDFFLQDWLRQ�SURJUDPV�IRU�HOGHUO\�SHUVRQV��FRVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�LQ�D�KHDOWK�PDLQWHQDQFH�RUJDQL]DWLRQ� $QQ�,QWHUQ�0HG������������������������ 0XUSK\��6��0���'��0��+HJDUW\��&��6��)HLJKHU\��-��%��:DOVK��<��:LOOLDPV��DQG�'��3��&RDNOH\�7HWDQXV�LPPXQLW\�LQ�HOGHUO\�SHRSOH� $JH�DQG�$JHLQJ���������������������� 1HGHUODQGV�5HIHUHQWLHODERUDWRULXP�YRRU�%DFWHULsOH�0HQLQJLWLV��-DDUYHUVODJHQ�1DWLRQDDO5HIHUHQWLH�/DERUDWRULXP�YRRU�%DFWHULsOH�0HQLQJLWLV�������������� ��������$PVWHUGDP�$0&�5,90����� 1LFKRO��.��/���.��/��0DUJROLV��-��:XRUHQPD��DQG�7��YRQ�6WHUQEHUJ��7KH�HIILFDF\�DQG�FRVWHIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�LQIOXHQ]D�DPRQJ�HOGHUO\�SHUVRQV�OLYLQJ�LQ�WKHFRPPXQLW\� 1�(QJO�-�0HG������������������������� 1LFKRO��.��/���-��:XRUHQPD��DQG�7��YRQ�6WHUQEHUJ��%HQHILWV�RI�LQIOXHQ]D�YDFFLQDWLRQ�IRU�ORZ��LQWHUPHGLDWH���DQG�KLJK��ULVN�VHQLRU�FLWL]HQV� $UFK�,QWHUQ�0HG��������������������������� 1RDK��1��DQG�+HQGHUVRQ��%��6XUYHLOODQFH�RI�EDFWHULDO�PHQLQJLWLV�LQ�(XURSH��������� 3+/6&RPPXQLFDEOH�'LVHDVH�6XUYHLOODQFH�&HQWUH����������/RQGHQ����� 3HOWROD��+���$��3DWMD��3��/HLQLNNL��0��9DOOH��,��'DYLGNLQ��DQG�0��3DXQLR��1R�HYLGHQFH�IRUPHDVOHV��PXPSV��DQG�UXEHOOD�YDFFLQH�DVVRFLDWHG�LQIODPPDWRU\�ERZHO�GLVHDVH�RU�DXWLVPLQ�D����\HDU�SURVSHFWLYH�VWXG\� /DQFHW����������������������� 3RVWPD��0��-���-��0��%RV��0��YDQ�*HQQHS��-��&��-DJHU��5��%DOWXVVHQ��DQG�0��-��:��6SUHQJHU�(FRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�LQIOXHQ]D�YDFFLQDWLRQ��$VVHVVPHQW�IRU�7KH�1HWKHUODQGV�3KDUPDFRHFRQRPLFV��� 6XSSO����������������

Page 44: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

���� 3RVWPD��0��-���0��/��$��+HLMQHQ��DQG�-��&��-DJHU��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�DQDO\VLV�RI�SQHXPRFRFFDOYDFFLQDWLRQ�IRU�'XWFK�HOGHUO\�� 3KDUPDFRHFRQRPLFV�,Q�SUHVV������������� 3UHVFRWW��6��/���3��'��6O\��DQG�3��*��+ROW���5DLVHG�VHUXP�,J(�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�UHGXFHGUHVSRQVLYHQHVV�WR�'37�YDFFLQDWLRQ�GXULQJ�LQIDQF\� /DQFHW�������������������� 5RQDOG��:��(��&RPELQDWLRQ�YDFFLQHV��GHYHORSPHQW��FOLQLFDO�UHDVHDUFK�DQG�DSSURYDO���+XPDQD3UHVV�,QF���7RWRZD��1HZ�-HUVH\������������� 5RRN��*��$��DQG�-��/��6WDQIRUG��*LYH�XV�WKLV�GD\�RXU�GDLO\�JHUPV� ,PPXQRO��7RGD\�������������������� 6KDKHHQ��6��2���3��$DE\��$��-��+DOO��'��-��%DUNHU��&��%��+H\HV��$��:��6KLHOO��DQG�$��*RXGLDE\�0HDVOHV�DQG�DWRS\�LQ�*XLQHD�%LVVDX� /DQFHW������������������������ 6LVN��-��(���$��-��0RVNRZLW]��:��:KDQJ��-��'��/LQ��'��6��)HGVRQ��$��0��0F%HDQ��-��)��3ORXIIH�0��6��&HWURQ��DQG�-��&��%XWOHU��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�SQHXPRFRFFDOEDFWHUHPLD�DPRQJ�HOGHUO\�SHRSOH� -$0$��������������������������� 6PLWK��-��&���$��&��+DGGL[��6��0��7HXWVFK��DQG�5��,��*ODVV��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�DQDO\VLV�RI�DURWDYLUXV�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�SURJUDP�IRU�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV� 3HGLDWULFV����������������������� 6WHJHU��0��0���&��0DF]HN��3��%HUJHU��DQG�%��*UXEHFN�/RHEHQVWHLQ��9DFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�WHWDQXVLQ�WKH�HOGHUO\��GR�UHFRPPHQGHG�YDFFLQDWLRQ�VWUDWHJLHV�JLYH�VXIILFLHQW�SURWHFWLRQ�/DQFHW������������������� 7DNDOD��$��.���(��.RVNHQQLHPL��-��-RHQVXX��0��0DNHOD��DQG�7��9HVLNDUL��(FRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RIURWDYLUXV�YDFFLQDWLRQV�LQ�)LQODQG��UDQGRPL]HG��GRXEOH�EOLQG��SODFHER�FRQWUROOHG�WULDORI�WHWUDYDOHQW�UKHVXV�URWDYLUXV�YDFFLQH� &OLQ�,QIHFW�'LV������������������������ 7RUPDQV��*���3��9DQ�'DPPH��DQG�(��YDQ�'RRUVODHU��5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV�IRU�3UHYHQWLRQ�RI+HSDWLWLV�$�%DVHG�RQ�D�&RVW��(IIHFWLYHQHVV�$QDO\VLV� -�7UDYHO�0HG����������������������� 7XFNHU��$��:���$��&��+DGGL[��-��6��%UHVHH��5��&��+ROPDQ��8��'��3DUDVKDU��DQG�5��,��*ODVV��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�DQDO\VLV�RI�D�URWDYLUXV�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�SURJUDP�IRU�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�-$0$�������������������������� 9HHU��YDQ�GHU�0���/��0��YDQ�1RRUOH�-DQVHQ��-��1DJHO��*��YDQ�6WHHQLV��$��'��3ODQWLQJD��DQG�+��&�5�PNH��$QWLVWRISDWURQHQ�LQ�HHQ�GRRUVQHGH�YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�EHYRONLQJ��2QGHU]RHNSHLOVWDWLRQV�LQ������HQ�������5,90�5DSSRUW������������ ���������� 9HUPHHU��GH�%RQGW�3��(���-��/DEDGLH��DQG�+��&��5�PNH��5DWH�RI�UHFXUUHQW�FROODSVH�DIWHUYDFFLQDWLRQ�ZLWK�ZKROH�FHOO�SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQH��IROORZ�XS�VWXG\� %�0�-���&OLQLFDO5HVHDUFK�(G������������������������ :DNHILHOG��$��-���6��+��0XUFK��$��$QWKRQ\��-��/LQQHOO��'��0��&DVVRQ��0��0DOLN��0��%HUHORZLW]�$��3��'KLOORQ��0��$��7KRPVRQ��3��+DUYH\��$��9DOHQWLQH��6��(��'DYLHV��DQG�-��$�:DONHU�6PLWK��,OHDO�O\PSKRLG�QRGXODU�K\SHUSODVLD��QRQ�VSHFLILF�FROLWLV��DQG�SHUYDVLYHGHYHORSPHQWDO�GLVRUGHU�LQ�FKLOGUHQ� /DQFHW����������������������� :LMQJDDUGHQ��YDQ�-��.� 9HUYURHJLQJ�5LMNVYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�SHU����������1HG�7LMGVFKU�*HQHHVNG����������������� :LW��'H�*��$���.UHW]VFKPDU��0��0��(���6PLWV��/��-��0���6WUXLMV��-��+���3RVWPD��0��-���/DDU��9DQGH 0��-���DQG�-DJHU��-��&��.RVWHQ�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�DOJHPHQH�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�KHSDWLWLV�%�5,90�UHSRUW����������������������

Page 45: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ�������� :LW��'H�*��$��DQG�5��:HOWH��(FRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�KHSDWLWLV�%�YDFFLQDWLRQ�VWUDWHJLHV��$V\VWHPDWLF�UHYLHZ�RI�OLWHUDWXUH���5,90�5DSSRUW����������� ���������� :RRGLQ��.��$���/��(��5RGHZDOG��6��*��+XPLVWRQ��0��6��&DUJHV��6��-��6FKDIIHU��DQG�3��*�6]LODJ\L��3K\VLFLDQ�DQG�SDUHQW�RSLQLRQV��$UH�FKLOGUHQ�EHFRPLQJ�SLQFXVKLRQV�IURPLPPXQL]DWLRQV"� $UFK�3HGLDWU�$GROHVF�0HG����������������������� :ULJKW��6��:��3HUWXVVLV�LQIHFWLRQ�LQ�DGXOWV� 6RXWKHUQ�0HGLFDO�-RXUQDO�������������������

Page 46: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

Page 47: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

RIVM rapport 000001 001 pag. 47 van 147

Bijlage 1

Bijlage 1: Geschiedenis van hetRijksvaccinatieprogrammaDoor de jaren heen is het vaccinatiebeleid in Nederland aan veranderingen onderheviggeweest, zoals hieronder chronologisch is weergegeven.

1799 - eerste koepokvaccinatie1823-1857 - pokkenvaccinatie verplicht bij schoolbezoek1872 - pokkenvaccinatie verplicht bij schoolbezoek (Wet op de Besmettelijke Ziekten)1928 - opschorting vaccinatieplicht pokken1939-1975 - vaccinatieplicht voor pokken op grond van Inentingswet1952 - introductie gecombineerd vaccin tegen difterie, kinkhoest en tetanus (DKT)1957 - start RVP, met DKT en afzonderlijke poliovaccinatie (P)1962 - invoering combinatievaccin DKTP1974 - invoering rubellavaccinatie voor meisjes (R)1976 - pokkenvaccinatie gestaakt

- invoering mazelenvaccinatie (M)1987 - invoering combinatievaccin bof, mazelen, rubella (BMR)1993 - invoering vaccinatie tegen ziekte veroorzaakt door Haemophilus influenzae type

B (Hib)

Vanaf 1 januari 1999 ziet het RVP eruit als weergegeven in tabel B1.1.

Tabel B1.1: Het Rijksvaccinatieprogramma vanaf 1 januari 1999Leeftijd Vaccinaties 2 maanden DKTP 1 + Hib 1 3 maanden DKTP 2 + Hib 2 4 maanden DKTP 3 + Hib 311 maanden DKTP 4 + Hib 414 maanden BMR 1 4 jaar DTP 5 9 jaar DTP 6 + BMR 2

Page 48: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

Page 49: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

RIVM rapport 000001 001 pag. 49 van 147

Bijlage 2

Bijlage 2: De uitvoering van het RVPHet RVP wordt gefinancierd krachtens de Algemene Wet Bijzondere Ziektekosten.

De aan het RIVM gelieerde Stichting tot Bevordering van de Volksgezondheid enMilieuhygiëne (SVM) levert namens het RIVM de vaccins voor het RVP. D(K)TP en BMRworden door SVM geproduceerd. Hib wordt extern aangekocht. Het College ter Beoordelingvan Geneesmiddelen (CBG) autoriseert de door het RIVM aangeleverde registratiedossiersvan de vaccins. Het toezicht op de uitvoering van het RVP ligt bij de Inspectie voorGezondheidszorg (IGZ). De IGZ kan een probleem signaleren aan de Minister en adviserenom de Gezondheidsraad in te schakelen voor een advies.

De SVM levert namens het RIVM de vaccins aan de 13 Provinciale Ent-administraties(PEA’s). De PEA’s bevoorraden de gebruikers, voornamelijk consultatiebureaus,thuiszorgorganisaties en GGD’en. De PEA’s zijn verantwoordelijk voor de administratievebewaking van het RVP. Hiertoe wordt een computer-database bijgehouden waarin elk kindvanaf de geboorte tot 13-jarige leeftijd opgenomen wordt.

Bijwerkingen worden via een speciaal telefoonnummer aan het RIVM gemeld. Sinds het inwerking treden van de Wet op de Geneesmiddelenvoorziening, op 15 juli 1993, speelt hetCBG ook een rol bij de registratie van bepaalde vormen van bijwerkingen. DeGezondheidsraad rapporteert jaarlijks over de bijwerkingen aan de Minister en de Ministerinformeert hierover de Tweede Kamer.

De Gezondheidsraad verzorgt ook de wetenschappelijke advisering van de Minister over hetRVP. Vaak is een probleemsituatie aanleiding voor een advies over aanpassing van het RVP(1-3).

Page 50: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH����� *H]RQGKHLGVUDDG��3ROLRP\HOLWLV� &RPPLVVLH�3ROLRP\HOLWLV��3XEOLNDWLH�QU�����������������'HQ+DDJ��*H]RQGKHLGVUDDG��� +HDOWK�&RXQFLO�RI�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV��3URWHFWLRQ�DJDLQVW�GLSKWKHULD��'LSKWHULD�&RPPLWWHH�3XEOLFDWLRQ�QR�����������������5LMVZLMN��+HDOWK�&RXQFLO�RI�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV���� +HDOWK�&RXQFLO�RI�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV��3HUWXVVLV��D�FULWLFDO�DSSUDLVDO� �������

Page 51: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

RIVM rapport 000001 001 pag. 51 van 147

Bijlage 3

Bijlage 3: Vaccins die opgenomen zijn in het huidigeRVPIn deze bijlage worden de thans gebruikte vaccincomponenten van de in het RVP toegepastecombinatievaccins (DKTP, DTP en BMR) onder de loep genomen. Alle beschrijvingen zijnbeknopt gehouden. Meer uitgebreide informatie is te vinden in twee RIVM rapporten (35,67), het boek “Vaccinaties bij kinderen” (13) en in naslagwerken als “Vaccines” (64).Aanvullende informatie uit het PIENTER-project is beschikbaar voor de difterie-, kinkhoest,tetanus-, polio-, bof-, mazelen- en rubella-componenten (6, 20, 30, 37, 46, 50, 51).

Page 52: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

���%DFWHULsOH�YDFFLQV����� 'LIWHULH

=LHNWH� 'LIWHULH$JHQV��&RU\QHEDFWHULXP�GLSKWKHULDH%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�HQ��0HPEUDQHX]H�ODU\QJLWLV�PHW�VWLNNHQ��XOFHUHUHQGH�WUDFKHwWLV��WR[LVFK�RHGHHP�KDOV�EXUJHPHHVWHUVQHN��7R[LVFKH�YHUVFKLMQVHOHQ��KDUWULWPHVWRRUQLVVHQ��FRQYXOVLHV��YDDN�QD�HHQODQJHU�LQWHUYDO�YDQ���WRW���ZHNHQ�ZDQQHHU�RRN�GH�WZHHGH�VWHUIWHSLHN�RSWUHHGW��+XLGGLIWHULHPHW XOFHUD��RRN�]HHU�EHVPHWWHOLMN��(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�$O�GDOHQGH�YRRU�GH�VWDUW�YDQ�KHW�593��,Q���������WUDG�HHQ�JURWH�HSLGHPLH�RS��LQ��������ZHUGHQ GH�ODDWVWH�HQGHPLVFKH�JHYDOOHQ�JHGLDJQRVWLFHHUG��0RPHQWHHO�LV�GH�LQFLGHQWLHELM]RQGHU�ODDJ��VOHFKWV���EHZH]HQ�JHYDOOHQ�VLQGV���������������,QWHUQDWLRQDDO�RQGHU]RHN�ZLMVW�XLW�GDW�GH�]LHNWH�DO�YHUGZLMQW�ELM�HHQ�EHVFKHUPLQJVJUDDG�YDQ��������������'H�EHVFKHUPLQJVJUDDG��JHVFKDW�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�DQWLVWRISHLOLQJHQ�LQ�GH1HGHUODQGVH�EHYRONLQJ��LV�QLHW�KRRJ��URQG��������YDQ�GH�RQGHU]RFKWH�SHUVRQHQ�GLH�QD�����]LMQ�JHERUHQ�HQ�GLH�GXV�]HHU�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�RRN�JHYDFFLQHHUG�]LMQ��KHHIW�HHQ�DQWLVWRIQLYHDX!����,8�PO��'H�DQWLVWRISUHYDOHQWLH�RQGHU�DQGHUH�1HGHUODQGHUV�LV�YHHO�ODJHU��WRW�VOHFKWV����PHW DQWLVWRIJHKDOWHQ�ERYHQ�KHW�JHQRHPGH�QLYHDX����������������'H�µKHUG�LPPXQLW\¶�ZRUGWPRJHOLMN�QLHW�RQGHUKRXGHQ�GRRUGDW�VLQGV�EHJLQ�YDQ�GH�MDUHQ����GH�EDFWHULH�LQ�1HGHUODQGYULMZHO�QLHW�PHHU�YRRUNRPW�+HULQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�GH�EDFWHULH�XLW�KHW�EXLWHQODQG�]RX�GDQ�RRN�SUREOHPHQ�NXQQHQ�JHYHQ��1DKHW�XLWHHQYDOOHQ�YDQ�GH�6RYMHW�8QLH�GDDOGH�LQ�GH�1LHXZH�2QDIKDQNHOLMNH�6WDWHQ�HQ�GH%DOWLVFKH�6WDWHQ�GH�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG��ZDDUGRRU�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�GLIWHULH�VWHUN�VWHHJ��(UEHVWRQG�WRHQ��EHJLQ�MDUHQ�����JHYDDU�YRRU�LPSRUW�LQ�1HGHUODQG��1DDU�DDQOHLGLQJ�YDQ�GH]HGUHLJLQJ�LV�HHQ�DGYLHV�YDQ�GH�*H]RQGKHLGVUDDG�XLWJHEUDFKW�������,Q�1HGHUODQG�]LMQ�RQGDQNVGH]H�GUHLJLQJ�JHHQ�GLIWHULHJHYDOOHQ�JHZHHVW�PHW�HHQ�FRQQHFWLH�QDDU�GH�2RVW�(XURSHVH�ODQGHQPHW KRJH�LQFLGHQWLH��KRHZHO�RRN�QLHW�YDVWVWDDW�GDW�HU�YDQXLW�GLH�ODQGHQ�HHQ�QRHPHQVZDDUGLJHLQIHFWLHGUXN�LV�JHZHHVW��'H�*H]RQGKHLGVUDDG�KHHIW�GDQ�RRN�JHHQ�YHUVFKHUSLQJ�YDQ�KHWYDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�JHDGYLVHHUG�������:HO�LV�KHW�]LQYRO�RP�LQ�GLW�NDGHU�QD�WH�JDDQ�RIYROZDVVHQHQ�]RQGHU�DDQWRRQEDUH�GLIWHULH�DQWLVWRIIHQ�HHQ�JHKHXJHQUHVSRQV�KHEEHQ�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ�'LIWHULHWR[RwG�ZRUGW�YHUNUHJHQ�GRRU�LQDFWLYHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�JH]XLYHUGH�WR[LQH�PHWIRUPDOGHK\GH��'H�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�LV�FLUFD����MDDU�JHOHGHQ�RQWZLNNHOG�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�9DFFLQDWLH�OHLGW�WRW�DQWL�WR[LQH�LPPXQLWHLW��GLH�JHEDVHHUG�LV�RS�GH�YRUPLQJ�YDQQHXWUDOLVHUHQGH�DQWLVWRIIHQ��,J*���+HW�EHVFKHUPHQG�DQWLVWRI�QLYHDX�LV�����,8�PO��WHUZLMO�HHQQLYHDX�YDQ����������,8�PO�QRJ�SDUWLHHO�EHVFKHUPW����������:HUN]DPH�DQWLOLFKDPHQ�ZRUGHQDDQJHWRRQG�PHW�EHKXOS�YDQ�HHQ�9HURFHO�QHXWUDOLVDWLHWHVW�

Page 53: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

'XXU�LPPXQLWHLW�'H�GLIWHULHFRPSRQHQW�LQ�'.73��HQ�'73�YDFFLQV�LQGXFHHUW�WR[LQH�QHXWUDOLVHUHQGH�DQWLVWRIIHQ����������'H�SHUVLVWHQWLH�YDQ�DQWL�GLIWHULH�DQWLVWRIIHQ�LV�HFKWHU�PLQGHU�GDQ�GLH�YDQ�DQWL�WHWDQXVDQWLVWRIIHQ��,Q�KHW�593�EOLMNW�URQG�����YDQ�GH�NLQGHUHQ�NRUW�YRRU�KXQ�'73�YDFFLQDWLHV�URQGGH�OHHIWLMG�YDQ���HQ���MDDU�DQWLVWRIQLYHDXV������,8�PO�WH�KHEEHQ��PDDU�QDJHQRHJ�DOOH�NLQGHUHQKHEEHQ�HHQ�WRHUHLNHQGH�UHVSRQV�RS�GH]H�UHYDFFLQDWLH�������+LHUXLW�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�DIJHOHLG�GDW�GHGLIWHULHFRPSRQHQW�LQ�'.73�PDWLJ�LPPXQRJHHQ�LV��DOWKDQV�PLQGHU�KRJH�HQ�SHUVLVWHUHQGHDQWLVWRIIHQ�RSZHNW�GDQ�WHWDQXVWR[RwG���PDDU�ZHO�HHQ�JRHGH�SULPLQJ�JHHIW��9RRUDOVQRJ�LV�HUGDQ�RRN�JHHQ�GULQJHQGH�UHGHQ�RP�GH�GLIWHULHWR[RwG�FRQFHQWUDWLH�����/I��LQ�KHW�KXLGLJH'.73�YDFFLQ�WH�YHUKRJHQ�'H�KRRJWH�YDQ�GH�GLIWHULHWR[RwG�FRQFHQWUDWLH�PRHW�]HNHU�ZRUGHQ�KHURYHUZRJHQ�LQGLHQ�GHVDPHQVWHOOLQJ�YDQ�'.73�ZRUGW�YHUDQGHUG��ELMYRRUEHHOG�ELM�JHEUXLN�YDQ�HHQ�DQGHU�DGMXYDQVRI�HHQ�DQGHUH�NLQNKRHVWFRPSRQHQW���'H�LPPXQRJHQLFLWHLW�YDQ�GLIWHULHWR[RwG�LQ�'.73�LVQDPHOLMN�DIKDQNHOLMN�YDQ�GH�DGMXYHUHQGH�ZHUNLQJ�YDQ�DOXPLQLXPIRVIDDW�HQ�YDQ�GH�FHOOXODLUHNLQNKRHVWFRPSRQHQW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ��+RHZHO�PHW�'.73�YDQ�KHW�5,90�JHHQ�VWXGLHV�]LMQJHGDDQ�QDDU�KHW�HIIHFW�YDQ�YHUDQGHULQJ�YDQ�GH�GLIWHULHWR[RwG�FRQFHQWUDWLH��LV�KHW�HHQ�UHGHOLMNHYHURQGHUVWHOOLQJ�GDW�HHQ�FRQFHQWUDWLHYHUKRJLQJ�HHQ�KRJHUH�DQWLVWRIUHVSRQV�]DO�JHYHQ��GHZLQVW�KLHUYDQ�PHW�EHWUHNNLQJ�WRW�GH�SHUVLVWHQWLH�YDQ�DQWLVWRIIHQ�]DO�HFKWHU�JHULQJ�]LMQ��'HPHHVW JHEUXLNHOLMNH�GRVHULQJ�YDQ�GLIWHULHWR[RwG�LQ�FRPELQDWLH�PHW�GH�DFHOOXODLUHNLQNKRHVWYDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�LV����/I��0RPHQWHHO�NDQ�PRQRFRPSRQHQW�GLIWHULHYDFFLQ�ZRUGHQJHwPSRUWHHUG��%HUQD��66,�����/I�����PO�GRVLV��%LM�YROZDVVHQHQ�ZRUGW�'73�YDFFLQ�JHEUXLNW�YRRU��UH�YDFFLQDWLHV�LQ�YHUEDQG�PHW�UHL]HQ��RIDQGHUH LQGLFDWLHV��8LW�HHQ�NOHLQVFKDOLJ�RQGHU]RHN�EOLMNW�GDW�GH�UHVSRQV�RS�HHQ�'73�YDFFLQDWLHELM�SHUVRQHQ�PHW�HHQ�ODJH�SUH�YDFFLQDWLHWLWHU�VOHFKWV�ELM��������WRW�HHQ�EHVFKHUPHQG�QLYHDXOHLGW�������9HUKRJLQJ�YDQ�GH�GLIWHULHWR[RwG�FRQFHQWUDWLH�LV�QLHW�GH�RSORVVLQJ��DDQJH]LHQ�GHERRVWHU�UHDFWLH�PHHU�DIKDQNHOLMN�LV�YDQ�GH�HHUGHUH�LPPXQLVDWLHVWDWXV�GDQ�YDQ�GH�GRVHULQJ�YDQKHW�GLIWHULHWR[RwG�GDW�YRRU�GH�ERRVWHUYDFFLQDWLH�ZRUGW�JHEUXLNW����������%LM�SHUVRQHQ�JHERUHQYRRU�������GDW�ZLO�]HJJHQ�YRRU�GH�LQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�KHW�593��NXQQHQ�YDDN�JHHQ�DDQWRRQEDUH����������,8�PO��RI�ODJH���������������,8�PO��DQWLVWRIQLYHDXV�ZRUGHQ�JHYRQGHQ�������9RRUKHW�RSZHNNHQ�YDQ�HHQ�SULPDLUH�DQWL�GLIWHULHWR[LQH�LPPXQLWHLW�ELM�QRJ�QLHW�HHUGHUJHYDFFLQHHUGH�YROZDVVHQHQ�LV�HHQ�PRQRFRPSRQHQW�GLIWHULHYDFFLQ�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�HHQ�QXWWLJHDDQYXOOLQJ� 9RRU�UHYDFFLQDWLHV�NDQ�PHW�GH�KXLGLJH�ODJH�GRVLV������/I��YROVWDDQ�ZRUGHQ��9HUEHWHULQJ�QRGLJ"��� +HURYHUZHJLQJ�GLIWHULHWR[RwG�FRQFHQWUDWLH��LQGLHQ�GH�VDPHQVWHOOLQJ�YDQ�'.73�YHUDQGHUGZRUGW���� $DQSDVVLQJ�SURGXFWLHSURFHV��JHHQ�LQJUHGLsQWHQ�JHEUXLNHQ�YDQ�GLHUOLMNH�RRUVSURQJ�LQ�KHWNZHHNPHGLXP�YDQ�GH�EDFWHULH���� 1DJDDQ�RI�GH�KRXGEDDUKHLG�YDQ�KHW�GLIWHULH�JURQGSURGXFW�YHUOHQJG�NDQ�ZRUGHQ��'H]HEHGUDDJW�QX���MDDU��(HQ�YHUOHQJLQJ�QDDU���MDDU�LV�JHZHQVW�RP�SURGXFWLHWHFKQLVFKHUHGHQHQ�=R�MD��PHGH��GRRU�5,90"-D��LQ�VDPHQZHUNLQJ�PHW�690

� 'H�ODJH�GRVLV�YDQ�����/I�LV�LQ�GH�MDUHQ�������JHNR]HQ�RPGDW�YROZDVVHQHQ�WRHQ�RS�HHQ�KRJHUH�GRVLV�PHW]RJHQDDPGH�K\SHULPPXQLVDWLHYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�UHDJHHUGHQ��ORNDOH�YRUPLQJ�YDQ�LPPXXQFRPSOH[HQ�PHWJHwQMHFWHHUG�DQWLJHHQ�HQ�SUHYDFFLQDWLH�KRJH�DQWLVWRIQLYHDXV��

Page 54: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

([SHUWLVH�RP�GLW�WH�GRHQ�/32��/&%��690�9HUGHUH�DFWLH�1DGHUH�GHILQLsULQJ�YDQ�GH�HYHQWXHOH�ZHQVHOLMNKHLG�YDQ�UHYDFFLQDWLH�LV�JHZHQVW��'DDUQDDVWGLHQW�LQIRUPDWLH�EHVFKLNEDDU�WH�NRPHQ�RYHU�GH�ZLM]H�ZDDURS�KHW�RQWVWDDQ�YDQ�LPPXQRORJLVFKJHKHXJHQ�JHUHODWHHUG�LV�DDQ�HHUGHUH�YDFFLQDWLHV�HQ�DDQ�KHW�YDFFLQDWLH�LQWHUYDO��'H]HLQIRUPDWLH�]DO�YROJHQ�XLW�5,90�RQGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�DQWLVWRI�UHVSRQV�QD�HHQ�ERRVWHU�'73�GDWLQ������ZRUGW�DIJHURQG��7HQVORWWH�LV�KHW�ZHQVHOLMN�LQ]LFKW�WH�NULMJHQ�LQ�GH��PHPRU\��UHVSRQVYDQ�YROZDVVHQHQ�JHERUHQ�YRRU�GH�LQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�URXWLQHYDFFLQDWLH�JH]LHQ�KHW�JHEUHN�DDQDQWLVWRIIHQ�LQ�GH]H�OHHIWLMGVJURHS��2YHU�GH�UHVSRQV�RS�YDFFLQDWLH�ELM�GH]H�JURHS��GLH�GHHOVYURHJHU�RS�QDWXXUOLMNH�ZLM]H�LV�JHwQIHFWHHUG��LV�RQYROGRHQGH�EHNHQG�

����� 7HWDQXV=LHNWH� 7HWDQXV$JHQV��&ORVWULGLXP�WHWDQL%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�HQ��.DDNNOHP�HQ�QHRQDWDOH�WHWDQXV�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�6LQGV�GH�VWDUW�YDQ�KHW�593�LV�HU�HHQ�GXLGHOLMNH�DIQDPH�YDQ�GH�LQFLGHQWLH��(U�]LMQ�QX�VOHFKWV��WRW���JHYDOOHQ�SHU�MDDU�������9ULMZHO�DO�GH]H�JHYDOOHQ�EHWUHIIHQ�QLHW�RI�RQYROOHGLJJHYDFFLQHHUGH�SHUVRQHQ��'H]H�SHUVRQHQ�]LMQ�ELMQD�DOOHPDDO�������JHERUHQ�YRRU�������GDW�ZLO]HJJHQ�YRRU�GH�LQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�URXWLQH�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�WHWDQXV��,Q�GH]H�JHERRUWHFRKRUWHQZRUGW GH�ODDJVWH�LPPXQLWHLW�WHJHQ�WHWDQXV�JHYRQGHQ������KHHIW�RQYROGRHQGH�WHWDQXVDQWLVWRIIHQ��������,8�PO��������1HRQDWDOH�WHWDQXV�ZDV�LQ�1HGHUODQG�RRN�YRRU�GH�LQWURGXFWLHYDQ�KHW�593�JHHQ�SUREOHHP��7HWDQXV�]RX�ELM�DOORFKWRQHQ�HHQ�YHUKRRJG�ULVLFR�NXQQHQ�YRUPHQYDQZHJH�ORNDOH�JHERRUWHSUDNWLMNHQ��F�T��KHW�DDQEUHQJHQ�YDQ�ULQJHWMHV�HQ�SHUIRUDWLHV�9RRUDOVQRJ�]LMQ�KLHU�JHHQ�EHZLM]HQ�YRRU�JHYRQGHQ�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�7HWDQXV�WR[RwG�DOV�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�LV�FLUFD����MDDU�JHOHGHQ�RQWZLNNHOG��'H�FRPSRQHQWZRUGW YHUNUHJHQ�GRRU�GH�EHKDQGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�JHFRQFHQWUHHUGH�FXOWXXUYORHLVWRI�PHWIRUPDOGHK\GH�JHYROJG�GRRU�HHQ�]XLYHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�UXZH�WR[RwG�����:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�9DFFLQDWLH�OHLGW�WRW�DQWL�WR[LVFKH�LPPXQLWHLW�GLH�JHEDVHHUG�LV�RS�GH�YRUPLQJ�YDQQHXWUDOLVHUHQGH�DQWLVWRIIHQ��VXE�NODVVH�,J*����+HW�EHVFKHUPHQG�DQWLVWRIQLYHDX�LV����,8�PO�DDQ WH�WRQHQ�PHW�EHKXOS�YDQ�HHQ�PXL]HQ�QHXWUDOLVDWLHWHVW���%RYHQ�GLW�QLYHDX�]LMQ�HFKWHU�WRFKQRJ�LQIHFWLHV�EHVFKUHYHQ��2QGHU�����,8�PO�LV�VSUDNH�YDQ�SDUWLsOH�EHVFKHUPLQJ��(HQ�QLYHDXYDQ�����,8�PO�RI�KRJHU�LV�EHVFKHUPHQG��(HQ�GHUJHOLMN��EHVFKHUPHQG�DQWLVWRI�QLYHDX�ZRUGWXLWVOXLWHQG�QD�YDFFLQDWLH�RSJHZHNW��+HW�GRRUPDNHQ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH�OHLGW�QLHW�WRW�HIIHFWLHYHEHVFKHUPLQJ��WLWHUV�URQG�������,8�PO��'XXU�LPPXQLWHLW�$QWL�WHWDQXV�DQWLVWRIIHQ�SHUVLVWHUHQ�ODQJ��*HYDFFLQHHUGH�PHQVHQ�PHW�RQPHHWEDUH�WLWHUV�]LMQ]HOG]DDP��PDDU�UHDJHUHQ�YULMZHO�DOWLMG�XLWVWHNHQG�RS�HHQ�UHYDFFLQDWLH�PHW�HHQ�ERRVWHUUHDFWLH�2RN�XLW�KHW�3,(17(5�SURMHFW�EOLMNW�GDW�DQWLVWRIIHQ�QD�YDFFLQDWLH�]HHU�ODQJGXULJ��WHQPLQVWHWZHH�GHFHQQLD�PDDU�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�YHHO�ODQJHU��SHUVLVWHUHQ�������%LM�YHUZRQGLQJ�NDQ�QLHW

Page 55: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

DOOHHQ�RS�PHPRU\�ZRUGHQ�YHUWURXZG��0HQ�KHHIW�RS�GDW�PRPHQW�YROGRHQGH�DQWLVWRIIHQ�QRGLJ�!��� ,8�PO���7HWDQXVWR[LQH�LV�QLHW�LPPXQRJHHQ�ELM�GH�PHQV�HQ�OHLGW�HYHQPLQ�WRW�ERRVWHULQJ�9HUEHWHULQJ�QRGLJ"$DQSDVVLQJ�SURGXFWLHSURFHV��JHHQ�LQJUHGLsQWHQ�JHEUXLNHQ�YDQ�GLHUOLMNH�RRUVSURQJ�LQ�KHWNZHHNPHGLXP�YDQ�GH�EDFWHULH�����=R�MD��PHGH��GRRU�5,90"-D([SHUWLVH�RP�GLW�WH�GRHQ�/32��/&%��6909HUGHUH�DFWLH�1DGHUH�GHILQLsULQJ�YDQ�DGYLH]HQ�RYHU�UHYDFFLQDWLH�LQWHUYDOOHQ�LV�QRRG]DNHOLMN��5,90RQGHU]RHN��GDW�LQ������ZRUGW�DIJHURQG��]DO�DDQJHYHQ�RI�KHW�YHUDQWZRRUG�LV�RP�ELMYHUZRQGLQJ��GH�HHUVWH�YLMI�MDDU�QD�HHQ�VHULH�YDQ�GULH�YDFFLQDWLHV��JHHQ�SURI\OD[H�WH�JHYHQ�'DDUQDDVW�ZRUGW�XLWVOXLWVHO�JHJHYHQ�RI�QD�YHUZRQGLQJ��RSJHORSHQ�ELQQHQ����MDDU�QD�HHQ�VHULHYDQ�GULH�YDFFLQDWLHV��ZHHU�HHQ�YROOHGLJH�VHULH�YDQ�GULH�YDFFLQDWLHV�RI�HHQ�HQNHOH�UHYDFFLQDWLHZHQVHOLMN�LV��=LH�RRN�RQGHU�GLIWHULH�

����� .LQNKRHVW=LHNWH� �.LQNKRHVW$JHQV��%RUGHWHOOD�SHUWXVVLV%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�HQ��.LQNKRHVW�LV�HHQ�OXFKWZHJLQIHFWLH��(U�ZRUGHQ�WZHH�VWDGLD�RQGHUVFKHLGHQ��+HW�HHUVWH�VWDGLXPYHUORRSW�FDWDUUDDO��YDDN�PHW�DOOHHQ�YHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�YDQ�HHQ�JHZRQH�YHUNRXGKHLG��+HW�WZHHGHVWDGLXP��VWDGLXP�FRQYXOVLYXP��NHQW�GH�YDDN��PDDU�ODQJ�QLHW�DOWLMG��W\SLVFKH�KRHVWDDQYDOOHQ�YDDN�¶V�QDFKWV�HQ�JHYROJG�GRRU�EUDNHQ��NLQNHQ�ELM�RXGHUH�NLQGHUHQ��PDDU�PHHVWDO�QLHW�ELM�KHOHMRQJH�NLQGHUHQ��'LW�WZHHGH�VWDGLXP�NDQ�ZHNHQ�WRW�PDDQGHQ�GXUHQ�HQ�JDDW�ODQJ]DDP�RYHUQDDU�KHW�GHUGH�VWDGLXP��+HW�GHUGH�VWDGLXP�YDQ�UHFRQYDOHVFHQWLH�GXXUW�HYHQHHQV�ZHNHQ�WRWPDDQGHQ�,Q�KHW�HHUVWH�OHYHQVMDDU�VWHUIW�ppQ�RS�GH�GXL]HQG�SDWLsQWHQ��(pQ�RS�GH�����SDWLsQWHQ�RYHUOHHIWPHW FHUHEUDOH�UHVWVFKDGH��WHUZLMO�ppQ�RS�GH�KRQGHUG�SDWLsQWHQ�ODVW�KHHIW�YDQ��FRQYXOVLHVWLMGHQV�LQIHFWLH�DDQYDOOHQ��+RHZHO�YURHJHU�EURQFKLsFWDVLHsQ�DOV�ODWH�FRPSOLFDWLHV�ZHUGHQJHQRHPG��EOLMNW�QLHW�GXLGHOLMN�GDW�NLQNKRHVW�ELM�NLQGHUHQ�WRW�HHQ�YHUPLQGHUGH�ORQJIXQFWLH�RSODWHUH�OHHIWLMG�OHLGW������'H�EDFWHULsQ�KHFKWHQ�]LFK��WLMGHQV�KHW�ERYHQJHQRHPGH�HHUVWH�VWDGLXP�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH��PHW�KXQKHFKWLQJVIDFWRUHQ�DDQ�GH�JHFLOLHHUGH�FHOOHQ�YDQ�GH�QDVRSKDU\Q[��'H�KHFKWLQJVIDFWRUHQ�]LMQSHUWDFWLQH��351���DQGHUH�RS�351�OLMNHQGH�EXLWHQPHPEUDDQHLZLWWHQ��HQ�ILPEULDH��),0��7LMGHQV�KHW�WZHHGH�VWDGLXP�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH�YHUVSUHLGHQ�GH�EDFWHULsQ�]LFK�QDDU�GH�JHFLOLHHUGHFHOOHQ DDQZH]LJ�LQ�GH�WUDFKHD�HQ�GH�EURQFKLDH��'RRU�GH�XLWVFKHLGLQJ�YDQ�WR[LQHV�ZRUGHQ�GH]HFHOOHQ HUQVWLJ�DDQJHWDVW��1D�GH]H�IDVH�QHHPW�KHW�DDQWDO�EDFWHULsQ�WRH�HQ�ZRUGW�R�P�SHUWXVVLVWR[LQH��37��JHYRUPG��'H�W\SLVFKH�NLQNKRHVWYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�ZRUGHQ�DDQ�GLW�WR[LQHWRHJHVFKUHYHQ��+HW�WR[LQH�NDQ�JHUXLPH�WLMG�SHUVLVWHUHQ��ZDW�GH�ODQJH�GXXU�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHYHUNODDUW������(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�3UHYDFFLQDWLH��WLHQGXL]HQGHQ�NLQGHUHQ�SHU�MDDU��PRUWDOLWHLW��������SHU�MDDU������

Page 56: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

3RVWYDFFLQDWLH��%HJLQ�MDUHQ����ZHUGHQ���������NLQNKRHVW�SDWLsQWHQ�SHU�MDDU�JHPHOG�ELM�GHLQVSHFWLH�����������,Q�����������ZHUG�HHQ�SORWVHOLQJH�VWLMJLQJ�YDQ�GH�NLQNKRHVW�LQFLGHQWLHZDDUJHQRPHQ�PHW�FLUFD�������DDQJLIWHQ�������'LW�UHVXOWHHUGH�LQ���VWHUIJHYDOOHQ�ELM�]HHU�MRQJH�QRJ�QLHW�JHYDFFLQHHUGH�NLQGHUHQ�������'H�RRU]DDN�YDQ�KHW�YHUKRRJGH�DDQWDO�]LHNWHJHYDOOHQ�LQ1HGHUODQG�LQ�����������LV�PRJHOLMN�GHHOV�WHUXJ�WH�YRHUHQ�WRW�PXWDWLHV�GLH�VLQGV�GH�LQWURGXFWLHYDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�]LMQ�RSJHWUHGHQ�LQ�GH�FLUFXOHUHQGH�YHOGVWDPPHQ�YDQ�GH�EDFWHULH�������+HWDDQWDO�]LHNWHJHYDOOHQ�GDDOGH�LQ������ZHOLVZDDU��PDDU�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�LV�]HHU�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMNKRJHU�GDQ�YRRU�������%RYHQGLHQ�ZHUG�LQ������ZHHU�HHQ�VWLMJLQJ�ZDDUJHQRPHQ�����������������3LHNHQ�ZRUGHQ�QLHW�DOOHHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�PDDU�RRN�LQ�DQGHUH�ODQGHQ�PHW�HHQ�KRJHLPPXQLVDWLHJUDDG�ZDDUJHQRPHQ��=R�GHHG�]LFK�LQ������HHQ�HSLGHPLH�YRRU�LQ�&LQFLQQDWL��96�LQ�HHQ�JRHG�JHwPPXQLVHHUGH�SRSXODWLH��'H�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH�QDP�YRRUDO�RQGHU�GHRXGHUH�NLQGHUHQ�WRH�������6WRSSHQ�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�JHHIW�ELQQHQ�HQNHOH�PDDQGHQ�HHQ�]HHUVWHUNH�WRHQDPH�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDO�JHYDOOHQ����������'H�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�]LHNWHJHYDOOHQ��PHW�QDPH�]RDOV�JHPHOG�ELM�GH�LQVSHFWLH��NRPW�QLHW�RYHUHHQPHW GH�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�LQIHFWLH�PHW�%��SHUWXVVLV� 8LW�VHURSUHYDOHQWLH�RQGHU]RHN�QDDU�KHWYRRUNRPHQ�YDQ�,J*�DQWLVWRIIHQ�WHJHQ�37��LQ�GH�DOJHPHQH�EHYRONLQJ�EOLMNW�GDW�LQIHFWLHV�PHW%��SHUWXVVLV�IUHTXHQW�YRRUNRPHQ��RRN�RQGHU�YROZDVVHQHQ������%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ�.ODVVLHNH�µZKROH�FHOO¶�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQW��:&9��+HW�YDFFLQ�EHVWDDW�XLW�HHQ�JHGRGH�VXVSHQVLH�YDQ�NLQNKRHVWEDFWHULsQ��+HW�YDFFLQ�LV�HIIHFWLHI�PDDU KHHIW�ZHO�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�������+HW�OLSRSRO\VDFFKDULGH��/36��LV�ppQ�YDQ�GH�FRPSRQHQWHQGLH�YHUDQWZRRUGHOLMN�LV�YRRU�GH]H�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�����$FHOOXODLUH�NLQNKRHVWYDFFLQFRPSRQHQW��$&9��$&9�EHVWDDQ�XLW�ppQ�RI�HHQ�FRPELQDWLH�YDQ�PHHUGHUH�JH]XLYHUGH�EDFWHULsOH�HLZLWWHQ�RI�XLWHHQ FRPSOH[�YDQ�HLZLWWHQ�DINRPVWLJ�XLW�GH�FXOWXXUYORHLVWRI�����������$OOH�DFHOOXODLUH�YDFFLQVEHYDWWHQ�37�LQ�HHQ�FKHPLVFK�RI�LQ�HHQ�JHQHWLVFK�JHGHWR[LILFHHUGH�YRUP��'H�GHWR[LILFDWLHKHHIW�LQYORHG�RS�GH�LPPXQRJHQLFLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�37��PHW�QDPH�RS�GH�IXQFWLRQDOLWHLW�YDQ�GH�GRRU37�JHwQGXFHHUGH�DQWLVWRIIHQ�������+HW�YDFFLQ�GDW�XLW�37�EHVWDDW�LV�LQ�HHQ�IDVH�,,,�RQGHU]RHN�LQ=ZHGHQ�RQGHU]RFKW������HQ�KHHIW�HHQ�UHGHOLMNH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW��'H�EHVWH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�EH]LW�KHWYLMIFRPSRQHQWHQYDFFLQ�GDW�GRRU�3DVWHXU�0pULHX[�&RQQDXJKW�ZHUG�RQWZLNNHOG��+HW�YDFFLQEHVWDDW�XLW�37��ILODPHQWHXV�KDHPDJJOXWLQLQH��)+$���351�HQ�),0���������:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�7LMGHQV�GH�SDWKRJHQHVH�NXQQHQ�WZHH�IDVHQ�ZRUGHQ�RQGHUVFKHLGHQ��7LMGHQV�GH�HHUVWH�IDVHKHFKW�GH�EDFWHULH�]LFK�PHW�KHFKWLQJVIDFWRUHQ�DDQ�HSLWKHHOFHOOHQ�DDQZH]LJ�LQ�GH�QDVRSKDU\Q[�LQ�GH�WUDFKHD�HQ�LQ�GH�EURQFKLDH��'H�EHODQJULMNVWH�KHFKWLQJVIDFWRUHQ�]LMQ�351�HQ�),0������*HGXUHQGH�GH�WZHHGH��PHHU�LQYDVLHYH�IDVH�ZRUGHQ�HHQ�DDQWDO�WR[LQHQ�DIJHVFKHLGHQ��+HWEHODQJULMNVWH�WR[LQH�LV�KHW�37��%HVFKHUPLQJ�WHJHQ�GH�LQIHFWLH�KDQJW�VDPHQ�PHW�LPPXQLWHLWWHJHQ�GH�KHFKWLQJVIDFWRUHQ�HQ�WHJHQ�37��$QWLVWRIIHQ�WHJHQ�GH]H�FRPSRQHQWHQ�]LMQJHDVVRFLHHUG�PHW�EHVFKHUPLQJ�WHJHQ�PLQGHU�HUQVWLJH�YRUPHQ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH����������'XXU�LPPXQLWHLW�(U�]LMQ�EHWUHNNHOLMN�ZHLQLJ�KDUGH�JHJHYHQV�EHVFKLNEDDU�RYHU�GH�GXXU�YDQ�GH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�RPGDW�WRW�YRRU�NRUW�ZHUG�JHGDFKW�GDW�GH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�WHQ�PLQVWH�YLMI�MDDU�GXXUGH��'H�GXXUYDQ�EHVFKHUPLQJ�WHJHQ��HUQVWLJH��]LHNWH�LV�]HHU�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�ODQJHU�GDQ�WHJHQ�LQIHFWLH�

Page 57: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

:&98LW�HQJHOVH�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�GH�GXXU�YDQ�GH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�PHW�FHOOXODLU�NLQNKRHVWYDFFLQ�EOLMNWGDW�LQ�KHW�YLHUGH�MDDU�QD�YDFFLQDWLH�GH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�����EHGURHJ��,Q�KHW�YLMIGH�MDDU�ZDV�GLW����HQ�LQ�KHW�]HYHQGH�MDDU�����������'H�VWHUNH�WRHQDPH�YDQ�KHW�SHUFHQWDJH�NLQGHUHQ�LQ�GHDOJHPHQH�EHYRONLQJ�PHW�DQWLVWRIIHQ�WHJHQ�SHUWXVVLV�WR[LQH�QD�YLHUMDULJH�OHHIWLMG�GXLGW�RS�HHQWRHQDPH�YDQ�GH�LQIHFWLHIUHTXHQWLH�QD�YLHUMDULJH�OHHIWLMG������$&92YHU�GH�GXXU�YDQ�GH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YDQ�DFHOOXODLUH�YDFFLQV�]LMQ�QRJ�ZHLQLJ�SXEOLFDWLHVYRRUKDQGHQ��9RRU�GULHFRPSRQHQWHQYDFFLQV�LV�YDVWJHVWHOG�GDW�GH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�LQ�HHQ�SHULRGHYDQ����PDDQGHQ�QDXZHOLMNV�ZDV�WHUXJJHORSHQ�������,Q�HHQ�GHUJHOLMNH�SHULRGH�QHPHQ�GHDQWLVWRIWLWHUV�HFKWHU�VWHUN�DI��'H�FHOOXODLUH�LPPXQLWHLW�]RX�LQ�GH]H�SHULRGH�PLQGHUWHUXJJHORSHQ��6RPPLJH�RQGHU]RHNHUV�FRQFOXGHUHQ�KLHUXLW�GDW�FHOOXODLUH�LPPXQLWHLW�HHQEHODQJULMNH�ELMGUDJH�DDQ�GH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�OHYHUW�����9HUEHWHULQJ�QRGLJ"-D��'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�GH�NLQNKRHVWFRPSRQHQW�PRHW�YHUKRRJG�ZRUGHQ�HQ�GH�ELMZHUNLQJHQPRHWHQ YHUODDJG�ZRUGHQ��'H�RSQDPH�YDQ�HHQ�H[WHUQ�DDQJHNRFKWH�DFHOOXODLUHNLQNKRHVWYDFFLQFRPSRQHQW��D.��LQ�KHW�'73�YDFFLQ�]DO�ELMGUDJHQ�DDQ�GH�YHUPLQGHULQJ�YDQ�GHELMZHUNLQJHQ������HQ�PRJHOLMN�GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�YHUKRJHQ��,QYRHULQJ�YDQ�HHQERRVWHUYDFFLQDWLH�PHW�'D.73�RS���MDULJH�OHHIWLMG�NDQ�ELMGUDJHQ�DDQ�GH�YHUKRJLQJ�YDQ�GHHIIHFWLYLWHLW��9RRUDOVQRJ�LV�RQGXLGHOLMN�LQ�KRHYHUUH�HHQ�GHUJHOLMNH�DFHOOXODLUH�FRPSRQHQW�GHKXLGLJH�NLQNKRHVWHSLGHPLHsQ�]RX�NXQQHQ�YRRUNRPHQ��(U�PRHW�GDQ�RRN�UHNHQLQJ�ZRUGHQJHKRXGHQ�PHW�GH�QRRG]DDN�YDQ�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�HHQ�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQW��FHOOXODLU�RIDFHOOXODLU��GLH�EHWHU�RYHUHHQNRPW�PHW�LQ�1HGHUODQG�FLUFXOHUHQGH�VWDPPHQ�HQ�RI�GLHLPPXQLWHLW�RSZHNW�WHJHQ�DGGLWLRQHOH�KHFKWLQJVIDFWRUHQ�=R�MD��PHGH��GRRU�5,90",Q�KHW�5,90�LV�DOOH�H[SHUWLVH�EHVFKLNEDDU�RP�HHQ�H[WHUQ�DDQJHNRFKWH�DFHOOXODLUH�FRPSRQHQWLQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�RS�WH�QHPHQ�HQ�RP�QD�WH�JDDQ�RI�YHUKRRJGH�RYHUHHQVWHPPLQJ�PHW�LQ�1HGHUODQGFLUFXOHUHQGH�VWDPPHQ�QRRG]DNHOLMN�LV��0RPHQWHHO�ZRUGW�DO�JHZHUNW�DDQ�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQHHQ HIIHFWLHYHU�FHOOXODLUH�FRPSRQHQW�GLH�RRN�PLQGHU�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�KHHIW��(U�LV�YRRUDOVQRJJHHQ�HUYDULQJ�PHW�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�HQ�SURGXFWLH�YDQ�DFHOOXODLUH�YDFFLQV�([SHUWLVH�RP�GLW�WH�GRHQ�/32�±�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�KHW�SURGXFWLHSURFHV/92�±�YHOGRQGHU]RHN�QDDU�ELMZHUNLQJHQ�HQ�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQV/&%�±�FRQWUROH�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQV�RS�YHLOLJKHLG�HQ�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�/,2����DDQSDVVLQJ�]DDLVWDPPHQ&,(����EHSDOLQJ�YDQ�GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�LQ�KHW�YHOG�9HUGHUH�DFWLH�� +HW�HIIHFW�YDQ�GH�LQYRHULQJ�YDQ�'D.73�EHVWXGHUHQ�PLGGHOV�VXUYHLOODQFH�� 1DJDDQ�RI�ERRVWHU�YDFFLQDWLH�YRRU�NLQNKRHVW�LQJHYRHUG�]RX�PRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ�RS�YROZDVVHQOHHIWLMG��+LHUWRH�PRHW�QDGHU�LQ]LFKW�ZRUGHQ�JHNUHJHQ�LQ�GH�OHHIWLMGVVSHFLILHNHLQIHFWLHIUHTXHQWLH�LQ�DDQYXOOLQJ�RS�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�GH�]LHNWHIUHTXHQWLH� 7HYHQV�LVRQGHU]RHN�QDDU�WUDQVPLVVLH�DDQJHZH]HQ�RP�GH�EHODQJULMNVWH�EURQQHQ�YDQ�LQIHFWLH�YRRUNZHWVEDUH�]XLJHOLQJHQ�YDVW�WH�VWHOOHQ��ELMYRRUEHHOG�RXGHUV�HQ�RI�EURHUWMHV��]XVMHV�DQGHUHQ��� =RODQJ�QRJ�JHsQW�ZRUGW�PHW�KHW�KXLGLJH��FHOOXODLUH��YDFFLQ�LV�GH�EHSHUNWH�KRXGEDDUKHLGHHQ ORJLVWLHN�SUREOHHP�ELM�GH�SURGXFWLH��1DJHJDDQ�PRHW�ZRUGHQ�RI�KLHUYRRU�HHQ��LQWHULP�

Page 58: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

RSORVVLQJ�JHYRQGHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�� +HW�YHUGHU�RQWZLNNHOHQ�HQ�JHYDOLGHHUG�NULMJHQ�YDQ�HHQ�GLHUPRGHO�ZDDULQ�LQ�]RZHO�YRRUDFHOOXODLUH�DOV�FHOOXODLUH�YDFFLQV�GH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YRRU�NLQGHUHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�YRRUVSHOG���������� 2SKHOGHULQJ�EHVFKHUPLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�HQ�µFRUUHODWHV�RI�SURWHFWLRQ¶��'LW�YHUJHPDNNHOLMNWKHW�XLWYRHUHQ�YDQ��YHOG�VWXGLHV�YRRU�GH�UHJLVWUDWLH�YDQ�YHUEHWHUGH�YDFFLQV������ +DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH

=LHNWH� +LE�LQIHFWLHV$JHQV��+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�W\SH�E��+LE�%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�HQ��0HQLQJLWLV��VHSVLV��HSLJORWWLWLV��SQHXPRQLH��VLQXVLWLV��RWLWLV�PHGLD��RVWHRP\HOLWLV��FHOOXOLWLV�DUWULWLV(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�3UH�YDFFLQDWLH��'H�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�+LE�PHQLQJLWLV�ZDV�LQ�1HGHUODQG�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�����������NLQGHUHQ�LQ�GH�OHHIWLMGVFDWHJRULH�����MDDU��+HW�WRWDDO�DDQWDO�+LE�JHYDOOHQ�PHQLQJLWLV�HQ�VHSVLV��LQ�1HGHUODQG�EHGURHJ�����SHU�MDDU����SHU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU����� ����3RVWYDFFLQDWLH��+HW�YDFFLQ�EOHHN�HHQ�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�WH�KHEEHQ�YDQ������&,��������������'HUHGXFWLH YDQ�KHW�DDQWDO�+LE�LQIHFWLHV�QD�YDFFLQDWLH�EOHHN�YRRUDO�XLW�HHQ�VWHUNH�GDOLQJ�YDQ�GH+LE�PHQLQJLWLV�LQFLGHQWLH���������%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ�+HW�YDFFLQ�GDW�LQ�1HGHUODQG�ZRUGW�WRHJHGLHQG��353�7��EHVWDDW�XLW�HHQ�NDSVHOSRO\VDFFKDULGH�W\SH�E��GDW�JHFRQMXJHHUG�LV�DDQ�HHQ�GUDJHUHLZLW��WHWDQXV�WR[RwG��������+HW�YDFFLQ�ZRUGWWHJHOLMNHUWLMG�PHW�'.73�YDFFLQ�WRHJHGLHQG��PDDU�RS�HHQ�DQGHUH�SODDWV�LQJHVSRWHQ�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�*HFRQMXJHHUG�+LE�YDFFLQ�ZHNW�HHQ�DQWL�SRO\VDFFKDULGH�UHVSRQV�RS��(HQ�DQWLVWRIQLYHDX�YDQ������J�PO�HQ�KRJHU�LV�GH�PDDW�YRRU�EHVFKHUPLQJ�����ELM�QDWXXUOLMN�JHwQIHFWHHUGHQ��9RRUJHFRQMXJHHUGH�+LE�YDFFLQV�LV�KHW�EHVFKHUPHQGH�DQWLVWRIQLYHDX�QLHW�JRHG�EHNHQG��+HW�OLJWZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�WXVVHQ�������J�PO�HQ������J�PO��'H�DQWLVWRIIHQ�KHEEHQ�RSVRQLVHUHQGHHLJHQVFKDSSHQ�GLH�IDJRF\WRVH�YDQ�PHW�DQWLVWRI�EHODGHQ�EDFWHULsQ�EHYRUGHUHQ��+HW�YDFFLQYRRUNRPW�QLHW�DOOHHQ�GH�]LHNWH��PDDU�UHGXFHHUW�RRN�KHW�GUDJHUVFKDS��,Q�1HGHUODQG�HQ�LQDQGHUH ODQGHQ�ZDDU�KHW�YDFFLQ�JHwQWURGXFHHUG�LV�KHHIW�GLW�JHOHLG�WRW�KHW�YULMZHO�YHUGZLMQHQYDQ�GH�]LHNWH������������������'H�DQJVW�GDW�DQGHUH��JHNDSVHOGH��+��LQIOXHQ]DH�VWDPPHQ GHHFRORJLVFKH�QLFKH�]RXGHQ�RSYXOOHQ�LV�YRRUORSLJ�QRJ�QLHW�EHZDDUKHLG������,Q�1HGHUODQG�ZRUGHQ�NLQGHUHQ�RS�GH�OHHIWLMG�YDQ���������HQ����PDDQGHQ�JHYDFFLQHHUG�WHJHQ+��LQIOXHQ]DH�W\SH�E�]LHNWHQ��,Q�HQNHOH�DQGHUH�ODQGHQ�ZRUGW�PDDU�GULH�NHHU�JHYDFFLQHHUG�]RQGHU�GDW�GLW�HHQ�QHJDWLHI�HIIHFW�KHHIW�RS�GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQDWLH��=ZHGHQYDFFLQHHUW�QD������HQ����PDDQGHQ�HQ�)LQODQG�QD������HQ����PDDQGHQ�������'ULH�MDDU�QD�GHLQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�LV�GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�RS������HQ���PDDQGHQ�LQ�KHW9HUHQLJG�.RQLQNULMN�QDXZHOLMNV�DIZLMNHQG�YDQ�GLH�JHPHWHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG��ELMQD��������������2YHUZRJHQ�]RX�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�ppQ�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQDWLHV�LQ�1HGHUODQG�DFKWHUZHJH�WH�ODWHQ�'LW�]RX�SHU�MDDU�FLUFD�IO�����PLOMRHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQ��HQ�WRHGLHQLQJVNRVWHQ�EHVSDUHQ��(FKWHU�PRJHOLMNH�XLWEUHLGLQJHQ�YDQ�KHW�593�]RXGHQ�GH�+LE�LPPXQLWHLW�QHJDWLHI�NXQQHQ

Page 59: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

EHwQYORHGHQ��'DDURP�LV�KHW�ZHOOLFKW�WRFK�EHWHU�YRRUORSLJ�GH�KXLGLJH���GRVHV�WH�KDQGKDYHQ�GLW�LV�FRQIRUP�DGYLH]HQ�YDQ�GH�*H]RQGKHLGVUDDG�ZHUNJURHS�593��,Q�&KLOL�ZHUG�DDQJHWRRQG�GDW���GRVHV�RI���GRVHV�PHW�GH�KHOIW�RI�HHQ�GHUGH�YDQ�GH�KRHYHHOKHLGYDFFLQ�YROGRHQGH�]LMQ�RP�EHVFKHUPHQGH�FRQFHQWUDWLHV�DDQ�DQWLVWRIIHQ�WH�LQGXFHUHQ�ELM�PHHUGDQ�����YDQ�GH�JHYDFFLQHHUGH�NLQGHUHQ�RS�GH�OHHIWLMG�YDQ���PDDQGHQ������'XXU�LPPXQLWHLW�'H�YHUZDFKWLQJ�LV�GDW�KHW�LPPXQRORJLVFK�JHKHXJHQ�HQNHOH�WLHQWDOOHQ�MDUHQ�DDQKRXGW��+HW�LVHFKWHU�RQEHNHQG�KRH�ODQJ�GH�LPPXQLWHLW�SHUVLVWHHUW�QX�GH�FLUFXODWLH�VLQGV�LQYRHULQJ�YDQ�GHYDFFLQDWLH�VWHUN�LV�YHUPLQGHUG�9HUEHWHULQJ�QRGLJ"2S�GLW�PRPHQW�QLHW��(FKWHU��GH�PRJHOLMNKHLG�EHVWDDW�GDW�DQGHUH�W\SHQ��HQ�QLHW�W\SHHUEDUH��+�LQIOXHQ]DH� KHW�KXLGLJH�W\SH�YHUYDQJHQ��GRRUGDW�YDFFLQDWLH�OHLGW�WRW�KHW�OHHJUDNHQ�YDQ�GH�+LEQLFKH��:DQQHHU�DQGHUH�W\SHQ�GH�QLFKH�RSYXOOHQ�RQWVWDDW�PRJHOLMN�EHKRHIWH�DDQ�HHQ�QLHXZYDFFLQ��6XUYHLOODQFH�YDQ�+��LQIOXHQ]DH�PRHW�JHFRQWLQXHHUG�ZRUGHQ�RP�WH�NXQQHQ�EHRRUGHOHQRI�DQGHUH�+��LQIOXHQ]DH�GDQ�W\SH�E�RSNRPHQ��'LW�NDQ�XLWJHYRHUG�ZRUGHQ�LQ�VDPHQZHUNLQJPHW KHW�5HIHUHQWLH�/DERUDWRULXP�%DFWHULsOH�0HQLQJLWLV��5%0��9HUGHUH�DFWLHV�� *HVWUHHIG�ZRUGW�QDDU�HHQ�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD�ZDDUELM�PD[LPDDO�WZHH�LQMHFWLHV�SHU�VHVVLHJHJHYHQ�ZRUGHQ��'LW�PHW�KHW�RRJ�RS�DFFHSWDWLH�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�GRRU�]RZHOGH RXGHUV�DOV�JH]RQGKHLGVZHUNHUV��$OV�EHVORWHQ�ZRUGW�HHQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQ�RS�WH�QHPHQ�LQ�KHW�]XLJHOLQJHQSURJUDPPD�GDQ�]DO��RPKHW DDQWDO�LQMHFWLHV�WRW�WZHH�WH�NXQQHQ�EHSHUNHQ��+LE�RI�PHW�'.73�RI�PHW�GHSQHXPRNRNNHQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�FRPELQDWLH�JHFRPELQHHUG�PRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ��9RRUDOVQRJOLMNW�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�HHQ�'.73�+LE�FRPELQDWLH�KHW�PHHVW�YRRU�GH�KDQG�OLJJHQG�([SHUWLVH�RP�GLW�WH�GRHQ�&,(��/92��/95��/32��.5=

Page 60: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

���9LUDOH�YDFFLQV����� 3ROLR

=LHNWH� 3ROLRP\HOLWLV$JHQV��SROLRYLUXV����VHURW\SHQ%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�HQ��'H�PHHVWH�EHVPHWWLQJHQ�YHUORSHQ�DV\PSWRPDWLVFK��(U�NDQ�DV\PSWRPDWLVFK�GUDJHUVFKDSRSWUHGHQ��JHGXUHQGH�HQNHOH�ZHNHQ�WRW�PDDQGHQ��ELM�HHQ�HOGHUV�RSJHORSHQ�HQ�JHwPSRUWHHUGHLQIHFWLH�RI�JHGXUHQGH�HHQ�HSLGHPLH�%LM����YDQ�GH�LQIHFWLHV�LV�HU�VSUDNH�YDQ�³PLQRU�LOOQHVV´��6OHFKWV��������YDQ�GH�LQIHFWLHV�OHLGWWRW�DFXWH�]LHNWH�PHW�YHUODPPLQJ��DVHSWLVFKH�PHQLQJLWLV��RI�EXOEDLU�SDUDO\VH�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�,Q�KHW�SUHYDFFLQDWLH�WLMGSHUN�ZDV�KHW�YLUXV�HQGHPLVFK��PHW�HSLGHPLHsQ��'H�ODDWVWH�ODQGHOLMNHHSLGHPLH�ZDV�LQ������PHW������JHYDOOHQ��1D�LQYRHULQJ�YDFFLQDWLH��LQFLGHQWHHO�WUHHGW�QRJSROLR�RS�RQGHU�RQJHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�PHW�HHQ�KRJH�PDWH�YDQ�VRFLDOH�FOXVWHULQJ��+HW�EHWUHIW�PHWQDPH�SHUVRQHQ�GLH�RS�JURQG�YDQ�UHOLJLHX]H�EH]ZDUHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�KHEEHQ�DIJH]LHQ������1D�GH�ODDWVWH�]LHNWHXLWEUDDN�LQ�����������RQGHU�QLHW�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�LV�GH�KHOH�VLWXDWLHURQGRP�GH�JHYDUHQ�GLH�³UHOLJLHXV�EH]ZDDUGHQ´�ORSHQ�RP�SROLR�WH�NULMJHQ�XLWJHEUHLG�EHNHNHQ������'H�VLWXDWLH�YRRU�QLHW�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�LV�PLVVFKLHQ�LHWV�]RUJHOLMNHU�GDQ�YRRUKHHQ�ZHUGJHGDFKW��RPGDW�HU�DDQZLM]LQJHQ�]LMQ�GDW��SHUVRQHQ�GLH�PHW�,39�JHYDFFLQHHUG�]LMQ��PDDU�QRRLWLQ�DDQUDNLQJ�]LMQ�JHZHHVW�PHW�ZLOGH�YHOGVWDPPHQ��JHHQ�JRHGH�PXFRVDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�KHEEHQ������+HW�YLUXV�NDQ�]LFK�GDDUGRRU�]RQGHU�NOLQLVFKH�YHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�LQ�GH]H�SHUVRQHQYHUPHQLJYXOGLJHQ�HQ�RYHUJHGUDJHQ�ZRUGHQ�QDDU�QLHW�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�6WRSSHQ�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�JHHIW�ELQQHQ�HQNHOH�PDDQGHQ�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�JHHQ�]HHU�VWHUNH�WRHQDPHYDQ�KHW�DDQWDO�JHYDOOHQ��RPGDW�GDQN]LM�GH�YRRUWJDQJ�YDQ�KHW�:+2�*OREDO�(UDGLFDWLRQ,QLWLDWLYH�GH�NDQV�RS�LPSRUW�GUDVWLVFK�LV�DIJHQRPHQ�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ�,Q�1HGHUODQG�LV�JHNR]HQ�YRRU�,39��LQDFWLYDWHG�SROLRYDFFLQH��������HHQ�YDFFLQ�YHUNUHJHQ�GRRULQDFWLYHULQJ�YDQ�HHQ�VXVSHQVLH�YDQ�YLUXOHQW�SROLRYLUXV�VWDPPHQ��,Q�YHOH�DQGHUH�ODQGHQ�ZRUGWRUDO�SROLR�YDFFLQH��239��JHEUXLNW��EHVWDDQG�XLW�OHYHQG�YHU]ZDNW�YLUXV������:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�=RZHO�,39�DOV�239�LQGXFHUHQ�KXPRUDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�������%LM�,39�ZRUGW�YRRUQDPHOLMNV\VWHPLVFKH�LPPXQLWHLW�JHwQGXFHHUG��WHUZLMO�ELM�239�YRRUQDPHOLMN�PXFRVDOH�LPPXQLWHLWZRUGW JHwQGXFHHUG��%HLGH�YDFFLQV�EHVFKHUPHQ�WHJHQ�]LHNWH��PDDU�239�UHGXFHHUW�RRN�GHXLWVFKHLGLQJ�YDQ�KHW�YLUXV��'DDU�VWDDW�WHJHQRYHU�GDW�ELM�239�YDFFLQDWLH�ppQ�YDQ�GH�PLOMRHQJHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�]LHNWHYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�YDQ�SROLR�NULMJW�'XXU�LPPXQLWHLW�1D�YDFFLQDWLH�ZRUGW�ODQJGXULJH�LPPXQLWHLW�JHwQGXFHHUG���������������0RPHQWHHO�ZRUGW�LQ�HHQ239�FKDOOHQJH�VWXGLH�GH�³PHPRU\´�LPPXQLWHLW�EHVWXGHHUG�YDQ�VHURQHJDWLHYHQ�JHERUHQWXVVHQ������HQ�������2QGHU�GH]H�JHERRUWHFRKRUWHQ�ZRUGW�HHQ�ODJHUH�VHURSUHYDOHQWLHZDDUJHQRPHQ��RPGDW�]LM�HQHU]LMGV�QLHW�LQ�DDQPHUNLQJ�NZDPHQ�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH��HQ�DQGHU]LMGVHHQ NOHLQHUH�NDQV�KDGGHQ�RS�EORRWVWHOOLQJ�DDQ�KHW�YLUXV��'LW�ZDV�HHQ�JHYROJ�YDQ�YHUEHWHUGHK\JLsQH�HQ�GH�LQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�

Page 61: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

9HUEHWHULQJ�QRGLJ"-D��9RRU�GH�EHUHLGLQJ�YDQ�KHW�,39�GLHQW�LQ�SODDWV�YDQ�SULPDLU�DSHQQLHUFHOVXEVWUDDW�JHEUXLN�WHZRUGHQ JHPDDNW�YDQ�9HURFHOOHQ��GLW�LV�HHQ�DSHQQQLHUFHOOLMQ���+HW�JHEUXLN�YDQ�GH]H�FHOOLMQPDDNW KHW�JHEUXLN�YDQ�DSHQ�RYHUERGLJ�HQ�YHUPLQGHUW�GDDUGRRU�RRN�GH�NZHWVEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GHSURGXFWLH��%RYHQGLHQ�KRHYHQ�PLQGHU�FRQWUROHV�RS�GLW�FHOVXEVWUDDW�WH�ZRUGHQ�XLWJHYRHUG�7HYHQV�]DO�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�HHQ�9HUR�,39�HHQ�QLHXZ�'.73�YDFFLQ�JHIRUPXOHHUG�PRHWHQZRUGHQ�=R�MD��PHGH��GRRU�5,90"5,90��690([SHUWLVH�RP�GLW�WH�GRHQ�/32��/&%6SHFLDOH�RYHUZHJLQJHQ�PHW�EHWUHNNLQJ�WRW�HUDGLFDWLH�2S�GLW�PRPHQW�JDDW�YHHO�DDQGDFKW�XLW�QDDU�GH�HUDGLFDWLH�YDQ�KHW�SROLRYLUXV�������2P�WHNXQQHQ�EHVOLVVHQ�RI�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�SROLR�JHVWRSW�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�LV�KHW�YDQ�JURRW�EHODQJ�GDWL��]HNHU�LV�GDW�KHW�YLUXV�QLHW�PHHU�FLUFXOHHUW�LQ�1HGHUODQG�HQ�LL��KHULQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�KHW�YLUXV�LQ1HGHUODQG�YRRUNRPHQ�ZRUGW��9RRUDOVQRJ�EHVWDDW�HU�JHHQ�PDQLHU�ZDDURS�GLW�PHW�]HNHUKHLGJHVWHOG�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�,Q�1HGHUODQG�LV�VXUYHLOODQFH�RSHUDWLRQHHO�GLH�RS�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�SLMOHUV�UXVW�NOLQLVFK��ODERUDWRULXP��PLOLHXVXUYHLOODQFH��]RGDW�GH�DIZH]LJKHLG�YDQ�FLUFXOHUHQGHSROLRYLUXVVWDPPHQ�PHW�JURWH�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMNKHLG�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�YDVWJHVWHOG�������$GYLH]HQ�YDQGH�:+2�RYHU�VWRSSHQ�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�]XOOHQ�YDQ�JURRW�EHODQJ�]LMQ��(HQ�]RUJHOLMN�SXQW�EOLMIWGH�PRJHOLMNKHLG�YDQ�KHULQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�KHW�YLUXV�LQ�1HGHUODQG��'LW�NDQ�QLHW�PHW�VXUYHLOODQFHYRRUNRPHQ�ZRUGHQ�HQ�GH�PRJHOLMNKHLG�EHVWDDW�GDQ�RRN�GDW�SROLR�XLWEUDNHQ��]RDOV�LQ�����������RQGHU�QLHW�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ��]LFK�ZHHU�YRRUGRHQ������'H�SURGXFWLH�YDQ�,39�LV�DOOHHQ�PRJHOLMN�PHW�JHEUXLNPDNLQJ�YDQ�YLUXOHQWH�VWDPPHQ��'H]H]RXGHQ�NXQQHQ�RQWVQDSSHQ�XLW�GH�SURGXFWLHIDFLOLWHLWHQ�HQ�YRRU�HHQ�XLWEUDDN�NXQQHQ�]RUJHQ�'H�:+2�KHHIW�EHVORWHQ�GDW�SURGXFWLHIDFLOLWHLWHQ��ZDDU�PHW�GH]H�YLUXOHQWH�VWDPPHQ�JHZHUNWZRUGW��QD�HUDGLFDWLH�]XOOHQ�PRHWHQ�JDDQ�YROGRHQ�DDQ�GH�HLVHQ�EHKRUHQG�ELM�³ELRVDIHW\�OHYHO��´�%6/����������'LW�]DO�DDQ]LHQOLMNH�LQYHVWHULQJHQ�YHUHLVHQ��0RJHOLMN�]XOOHQ�GH�HLVHQ�GLH�GRRUGH�:+2�JHVWHOG�ZRUGHQ�DDQ�GH�SURGXFWLHIDFLOLWHLWHQ�ZDDU�PHW�239�VWDPPHQ�ZRUGW�JHZHUNWPLQGHU VWUHQJ�]LMQ��GDQ�GLH�YRRU�SURGXFWLHIDFLOLWHLWHQ�ZDDU�PHW�,39�]DDLVWDPPHQ�ZRUGWJHZHUNW��:DQQHHU�GDW�KHW�JHYDO�LV�NDQ�RYHUZRJHQ�ZRUGHQ�LQ�GH�WRHNRPVW�239�]DDLVWDPPHQWH�JDDQ�JHEUXLNHQ�YRRU�GH�EHUHLGLQJ�YDQ�,39�9HUGHUH�DFWLHV�� 2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�PDWH�ZDDULQ�EHVFKHUPLQJ�WHJHQ�YLUXVUHSOLFDWLH�JHZDDUERUJG�EOLMIW�QXFLUFXOHUHQG�YLUXV�XLW�1HGHUODQG�LV�YHUGZHQHQ��,QGLHQ�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�HHQ�ODWHQWH�LQIHFWLHNXQQHQ�RSORSHQ��ELMYRRUEHHOG�LQ�KHW�EXLWHQODQG��YRUPHQ�]LM�GDDUPHH�PRJHOLMN�HHQEHGUHLJLQJ�YRRU�QLHW�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�� +HW�RSWLPDOLVHUHQ�YDQ�HHQ�DGHTXDDW�VXUYHLOODQFHV\VWHHP�RP�GH�DIZH]LJKHLG�YDQFLUFXOHUHQG�YLUXV�YDVW�WH�NXQQHQ�VWHOOHQ�� )RUPXOHULQJ�YDQ�HLVHQ�ZDDUDDQ�YROGDDQ�GLHQW�WH�ZRUGHQ�YRRUGDW�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�JHVWRSWNDQ ZRUGHQ�� 2QWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�VFHQDULR¶V�QD�HUDGLFDWLH��+LHUELM�]DO�RQGHU�PHHU�DDQGDFKW�EHVWHHGPRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ�DDQ�GH�WHUPLMQ�ZDDURS�YDFFLQDWLH�QRJ�GRRUJH]HW�]DO�ZRUGHQ��2RN�GLHQWEHVORWHQ�WH�ZRUGHQ�RI�HQ�ZHONH�PRJHOLMNKHGHQ�1HGHUODQG�RSHQ�ZLO�KRXGHQ�RP�LQ�JHYDOYDQ QRRG�WRFK�QRJ�YDFFLQ�WH�NXQQHQ�SURGXFHUHQ��'DDUELM�GLHQW�DDQGDFKW�EHVWHHG�WH

Page 62: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

ZRUGHQ�DDQ�GH�JHYROJHQ��NRVWHQ��YDQ�KHW�HYHQWXHHO�XSJUDGHQ�YDQ�GH�SURGXFWLHIDFLOLWHLWHQQDDU�%LRVDIHW\�/HYHO���QLYHDX�HQ�GH�HYHQWXHOH�PRJHOLMNKHGHQ�YRRU�RYHUVFKDNHOHQ�RS,39�SURGXFWLH�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�239�]DDLVWDPPHQ������ %RI

=LHNWH� %RI$JHQV��%RIYLUXV%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�HQ��$FXWH�YLUDOH�LQIHFWLH�YDQ�OXFKWZHJHQ��VSHHNVHONOLHUHQ��WHVWHV�HQ�RYDULD��,Q�VRPPLJH�JHYDOOHQLV�HU�VSUDNH�YDQ�SDQFUHDWLWLV�HQ�RI�PHQLQJLWLV�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�3UH�YDFFLQDWLH��LHGHUHHQ�NUHHJ�GH�]LHNWH��JHPLGGHOG�RS�FLUFD������MDULJH�OHHIWLMG��3HU�MDDUZDUHQ HU�JHPLGGHOG�����JHYDOOHQ�YDQ�ERIPHQLQJLWLV�PHW�]LHNHQKXLVRSQDPH�3RVW�YDFFLQDWLH�VLQGV�������ERI�HQ�ERIPHQLQJLWLV�NRPHQ�QX�VOHFKWV�VSRUDGLVFK�YRRU��PLQGHUGDQ�WLHQ�]LHNHQKXLVRSQDPHV�SHU�MDDU��%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ�'H��ERIFRPSRQHQW�LV�HHQ�YHU]ZDNW�OHYHQG�YLUXVYDFFLQ�������1HGHUODQG�JHEUXLNW�GH�-HU\O�/\QQ�VWDP��'H�GRRU�VRPPLJH�SURGXFHQWHQ�JHEUXLNWH�8UDEH�VWDP�YHURRU]DDNW�FLUFD���JHYDOYDQ�ERIPHQLQJLWLV�SHU�������JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�������%LM�GH�LQ�1HGHUODQG�JHEUXLNWH�-HU\O�/\QQVWDP�LV�GDW�QRRLW�ZDDUJHQRPHQ��+HW�ERIYDFFLQ�ZRUGW�WRHJHGLHQG�LQ�FRPELQDWLH�PHW�GHYDFFLQV�WHJHQ�PD]HOHQ�HQ�UXEHOOD�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�+HW�GRRUPDNHQ�YDQ�GH�LQIHFWLH�GRRU�KHW�YHU]ZDNW�OHYHQG�YLUXV�YDFFLQ�OHLGW�WRW�LPPXQLWHLW�:DDUVFKLMQOLMN�RQWVWDDW�HU�HHQ�FRPELQDWLH�YDQ�FHOOXODLUH��HQ�KXPRUDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�PHWPRJHOLMN�RRN�HHQ�PXFRVDOH�FRPSRQHQW��&HOOXODLUH�LPPXQLWHLW�LV�JHULFKW�WHJHQ�JHwQIHFWHHUGHFHOOHQ� WHUZLMO�GH�KXPRUDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�YULM�YLUXV�]DO�QHXWUDOLVHUHQ��$QWLVWRIQLYHDXV��GLHZRUGHQ EHSDDOG�PHW�HHQ�(/,6$��NRPHQ�JRHG�RYHUHHQ�PHW�DQWLVWRIWLWHUV�GLH�EHSDDOG�ZRUGHQLQ�HHQ�QHXWUDOLVDWLHWHVW������'XXU�LPPXQLWHLW�/HYHQVODQJH�LPPXQLWHLW��ELM�GLHJHQHQ�������ZDDUELM�VHURFRQYHUVLH�ZRUGW�YDVWJHVWHOG������+HW�3,(17(5�SURMHFW�ODDW�]LHQ�GDW�GH�LPPXQLWHLW�LQ�JHYDFFLQHHUGH�NLQGHUHQ�KRRJ�JHQRHJ�LV�����QD���YDFFLQDWLHV��RP�HHQ�HSLGHPLH�WH�YRRUNRPHQ������'H�YDFFLQDWLH�ZDV�WH�NRUW�JHOHGHQLQJHYRHUG�RP�PRJHOLMN�YHUGZLMQHQGH�LPPXQLWHLW�WH�NXQQHQ�EHVWXGHUHQ�9HUEHWHULQJ�QRGLJ"� 1DJDDQ�RI�GH�VWDELOLWHLW�YDQ�GH�ERIFRPSRQHQW�LQ�KHW�%05�YDFFLQ�YHUEHWHUG��NDQ�ZRUGHQGRRU DDQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�KHW�SURGXFWLHSURFHV��HHQ�DDQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�GH�YULHVGURRJVWDS���'LWYHUPLQGHUW�GH�NZHWVEDDUKHLG�YDQ�KHW�%05�SURGXFWLHSURFHV�HQ�GDDUPHH�GH�NZHWVEDDUKHLGYDQ GH�FRQWLQXwWHLW�HQ�EHVFKLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�

����� 0D]HOHQ=LHNWH��0D]HOHQ$JHQV��0D]HOHQYLUXV

Page 63: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�.RRUWV��QHXVYHUNRXGKHLG��KRHVW��FRQMXQFWLYLWLV�HQ�KXLGXLWVODJ��'DDUQDDVW�NXQQHQ�FRPSOLFDWLHVRSWUHGHQ�DOV�ORQJRQWVWHNLQJ���������HQFHIDOLWLV���������PRUWDOLWHLW��������HQ�VXE�DFXWHVFOHURVHUHQGH�SDQHQFHIDOLWLV�GLH�DOWLMG�IDWDDO�LV����RS�GH��������JHYDOOHQ�������2YHUGUDFKW�+HW�YLUXV�YHUVSUHLGW�]LFK�LQ�DHURVROHQ�YLD�GH�OXFKWZHJHQ��+HW�LQIHFWHHUW�LQ�HHUVWH�LQVWDQWLH�KHWOXFKWZHJHSLWKHHO��YRRUDO�QDVRSKDU\Q[��GH�ODJHUH�OXFKWZHJHQ�HQ�RJHQ��HQ�YHUYROJHQV�GHO\PIDWLVFKH�ZHHIVHOV�YDQ�ZDDUXLW�KHW�]LFK�YLD�KHW�EORHG�GRRU�KHW�OLFKDDP�YHUVSUHLGW�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ��'H�]LHNWH�LV�VHL]RHQVJHERQGHQ�HQ�NRPW�YRRUDO�LQ�GH�ZLQWHU�HQ�LQ�KHW�YRRUMDDU�YRRU�3UH�YDFFLQDWLH��LHGHUHHQ�NUHHJ�GH�]LHNWH��JHPLGGHOG�RS�FLUFD�����MDULJH�OHHIWLMG�3RVW�YDFFLQDWLH��VLQGV�YDFFLQDWLH�ODQGHOLMN�VWDUWWH�LQ������LV�GH�DDQJLIWH�YDQ�PD]HOHQ�VWHUNJHGDDOG��(ONH�����MDDU�EUHHNW�HU�QRJ�HHQ�PD]HOHQ�HSLGHPLH�XLW�PHW�QDPH�RQGHU�JURHSHQ�GLHQLHW��RI�SDUWLHHO�JHYDFFLQHHUG�]LMQ��RPGDW�YDFFLQDWLH�QLHW�ELM�KXQ�UHOLJLH�RI�OHYHQVEHVFKRXZLQJSDVW��EHYLQGHOLMN�JHUHIRUPHHUGHQ�HQ�DQWURSRVRIHQ��������(U�]LMQ�DDQZLM]LQJHQ�GDW�GH�PD]HOHQHSLGHPLH�GLH�]LFK�YRRUDO�RQGHU�EHYLQGHOLMN�JHUHIRUPHHUGHQ�YRRUGHHG�LQ�����������EHJRQQHQLV�GRRU�LPSRUW�YDQ�YLUXV�XLW�KHW�EXLWHQODQG��/RNDOH�XLWEDUVWLQJHQ�NRPHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�EXLWHQGH�JHQRHPGH�JURHSHULQJHQ��QLHW�YRRU��]HNHU�QLHW�QX�WZHH�NHHU�ZRUGW�LQJHsQW�7DEHO�%���� (SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�PD]HOHQ�

,QFLGHQWLH3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

=LHNHQKXLV�RSQDPHV3HU���������LQZRQHUVSHU�MDDU

0RUWDOLWHLW3HU���������LQZRQHUVSHU�MDDU

:HUHOG ��� � ��96 ����������� � �1HGHUODQG ���� ���� ,QFLGHQWHHO(XURSD ������������� � �

��'H�LQFLGHQWLH�YROJHQV�DDQJLIWHQ�YDULHHUW�HQRUP��'H�ODDWVWH�MDUHQ�ZDV�GLH�RQJHYHHU�������������LQZRQHUV�SHUMDDU��PDDU�LQ�GH�ZLQWHU�����������LV�HU�VSUDNH�YDQ�HHQ�HSLGHPLH�������HQ�]DO�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJKRJHU�GDQ������������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU�]LMQ�9DFFLQDWLH�ELHGW�LQ�SULQFLSH�YROOHGLJH�EHVFKHUPLQJ��HFKWHU�LQ��������YDQ�GH�JHYDOOHQ�VODDWKHW�YDFFLQ�QLHW�DDQ��ZDW�NDQ�OHLGHQ�WRW�ORNDOH�XLWEUDNHQ�YDQ�PD]HOHQ��'DDUQDDVW�LV�YDFFLQDWLHYDQ�]HHU�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�HHQ�SUREOHHP�GRRU�GH�DDQZH]LJKHLG�YDQ�PDWHUQDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�+LHUGRRU�NXQQHQ�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�LQ�GH�SHULRGH�YDQ�KHW�YHUGZLMQHQ�YDQ�GH�PDWHUQDOHLPPXQLWHLW�HQ�GH�HHUVWH�YDFFLQDWLH��RQJHYHHU�����PDDQGHQ��RQEHVFKHUPG�]LMQ�����������'LW�LVHFKWHU�LQ�1HGHUODQG�JHHQ�JURRW�SUREOHHP��RPGDW�GH�PD]HOHQLQFLGHQWLH�KHHO�ODDJ�LV�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ�'H�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQV�]LMQ�JHDWWHQXHHUGH�OHYHQGH�YLUXVVHQ��YHU]ZDNW�GRRU�SDVVDJH�RYHUNLSSHQHPEU\RILEUREODVWHQ�������1HGHUODQG�JHEUXLNW�GH�(GPRQVWRQ�0RUDWHQ�VWDP��+HW�YDFFLQZRUGW SDUHQWHUDDO�WRHJHGLHQG�DOV�RQGHUGHHO�YDQ�KHW�%05�YDFFLQ�'XXU�LPPXQLWHLW�9DFFLQDWLH�UHVXOWHHUW�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�LQ�OHYHQVODQJH�LPPXQLWHLW�ZDQQHHU�HU�VSUDNH�LV�YDQVHURFRQYHUVLH��'LW�LV�ELM�PHHU�GDQ�����YDQ�GH�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�KHW�JHYDO�������9ROJHQV�GHUHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�KHW�3LHQWHU�SURMHFW�LV�GH�VHURSUHYDOHQWLH��PHHWEDUH�DQWLOLFKDDPWLWHUV��EHSDDOGPHW HHQ�(/,6$��LQ�JHYDFFLQHHUGH�FRKRUWHQ�DDQ]LHQOLMN�ODJHU�������GDQ�YRRUGDW�YDFFLQDWLHZHUG LQJHYRHUG��������3HUVRQHQ�GLH�JHHQ�PHHWEDUH�WLWHU�PHHU�KHEEHQ�]LMQ�HFKWHU�VRPV�QRJ

Page 64: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

ZHO�EHVFKHUPG��2YHULJHQV�LV�YROJHQV�GH�:+2�HHQ�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG�YDQ�����WH�ODDJ�RPHOLPLQDWLH�WH�EHUHLNHQ������:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�+HW�GRRUPDNHQ�YDQ�GH�LQIHFWLH�PHW�YHU]ZDNW�YLUXV�JHHIW�LPPXQLWHLW��'LW�LV�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�HHQFRPELQDWLH YDQ�FHOOXODLUH�LPPXQLWHLW��KXPRUDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�HQ�HHQ�PXFRVDOH�FRPSRQHQW��'HYDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�LQGXFHHUW�EHVFKHUPHQGH��QHXWUDOLVHUHQGH�DQWLOLFKDDPWLWHUV�WHJHQ�KHWKHPDJJOXWLQLQH�HQ�KHW�IXVLH�HLZLW��DOVPHGH�HHQ�EHVFKHUPHQGH�UHVSRQV�GRRU�F\WRWR[LVFKH�7�FHOOHQ WHJHQ�QLHW�VWUXFWXUHOH�HLZLWWHQ�9HUEHWHULQJ�QRGLJ"9HUEHWHULQJ�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�]HOI�LV�QLHW�QRRG]DNHOLMN��� 1DJDDQ�ZDW�GH�PRJHOLMNKHGHQ�]LMQ�RP�GH�WZHHGH�%05�YDFFLQDWLH�WH�YHUYURHJHQ�+LHUGRRU�]RX�KHW�DDQWDO�YDWEDUHQ�±GLH�NLQGHUHQ�GLH�QLHW�UHDJHUHQ�RS�GH�HHUVWH�YDFFLQDWLH�YHUNOHLQG�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ��'H�KDDOEDDUKHLG�KLHUYDQ�KDQJW�DI�YDQ�HYHQWXHOH�FRQVHTXHQWLHVYDQ YHUYURHJLQJ�YDQ�GH�%05�YDFFLQDWLH�YRRU�ERI�HQ�UXEHOOD�RS�GH�GXXU�YDQ�GHEHVFKHUPLQJ�YDQ�GH]H�FRPSRQHQWHQ�� 1DJDDQ�RI�GH�VWDELOLWHLW�YDQ�GH�PD]HOHQFRPSRQHQW�LQ�KHW�%05�YDFFLQ�YHUEHWHUG��NDQZRUGHQ�GRRU�DDQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�KHW�SURGXFWLHSURFHV��HHQ�DDQSDVVLQJ�YDQ�GH�YULHVGURRJVWDS��'LW�YHUPLQGHUW�GH�NZHWVEDDUKHLG�YDQ�KHW�%05�SURGXFWLHSURFHV�HQ�GDDUPHH�GHNZHWVEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�FRQWLQXwWHLW�HQ�EHVFKLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�=R�MD��PHGH��GRRU�5,90"5,90�HQ�690([SHUWLVH�RP�GLW�WH�GRHQ�/32��/&%��/92��&,(��6906SHFLDOH�RYHUZHJLQJHQ�PHW�EHWUHNNLQJ�WRW�HUDGLFDWLH�'H�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH�LQLWLDWLHYHQ�RS�KHW�WHUUHLQ�YDQ�HUDGLFDWLH�PRHWHQ�JHYROJG�ZRUGHQ�

����� 5XEHOOD=LHNWH� 5XEHOOD��URGH�KRQG�$JHQV��UXEHOODYLUXV%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�HQ��5XEHOOD�LV�HHQ�YULMZHO�DOWLMG�RQVFKXOGLJ�YHUORSHQGH�H[DQWKHHP�]LHNWH��0RJHOLMNH�FRPSOLFDWLHV]LMQ�³SDVVDJqUH�DUWUDOJLH�DUWULWLV´��5XEHOOD�LV�YRRUDO�HHQ�SUREOHHP�YRRU�]ZDQJHUH�YURXZHQ�DDQJH]LHQ�LQIHFWLH�YDQ�GH�IRHWXV�YDDN�OHLGW�WRW�DDQJHERUHQ�DIZLMNLQJHQ�DDQ�KHW�KDUW�HQ�GHKHUVHQHQ��'DDUQDDVW�NDQ�KHW�EOLQGKHLG��GRRIKHLG�HQ�LPPXXQVWRRUQLVVHQ�YHURRU]DNHQ��'LWZRUGW KHW�&RQJHQLWDDO�5XEHOOD�6\QGURRP��&56��JHQRHPG�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�3UHYDFFLQDWLH��LHGHU�NLQG�NUHHJ�URGH�KRQG��JHPLGGHOG�RS�HHQ�OHHIWLMG�YDQ������MDDU��GDDUQDDVWZDUHQ HU�QDDU�VFKDWWLQJ����&56�JHYDOOHQ�SHU�MDDU�� 9DQZHJH�KHW�UHODWLHI�KRJH�DDQWDO�JHYDOOHQ�ZDDULQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�QLHW�DDQVODDW�HQ�GH�SUREOHPHQ�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ]HHU�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�LV�YRRU�ZHUHOGZLMGH�WRHSDVVLQJ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�QLHXZH�YDFFLQV�JHZHQVW��9RRU�1HGHUODQGLV�GLW�HFKWHU�QLHW�QRGLJ�

Page 65: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

3RVWYDFFLQDWLH��UXEHOOD�ZRUGW�QRJ�VWHHGV�DDQJHJHYHQ�HQ�VRPV�RRN�YDVWJHVWHOG��+HW�VWHOOHQ�YDQHHQ GLDJQRVH�]RQGHU�ODERUDWRULXPGLDJQRVWLHN�LV�DEVROXXW�RQEHWURXZEDDU��3HU�MDDU�ZRUGWJHPLGGHOG�PLQGHU�GDQ���JHYDO�YDQ�&56�ZDDUJHQRPHQ��PDDU�HU�LV�JHHQ�EHWURXZEDDUVXUYHLOODQFH�V\VWHHP�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ�+HW�UXEHOODYDFFLQ�EHVWDDW�XLW�HHQ�YHU]ZDNW�OHYHQG�YLUXV�������+HW�5,90�JHEUXLNW�GH�5$����VWDP��+HW�UXEHOODYDFFLQ�ZRUGW�LQ�FRPELQDWLH�PHW�GH�ERI��HQ�PD]HOHQFRPSRQHQWHQ�DOV�%05�YDFFLQ�WRHJHGLHQG�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�9DFFLQDWLH�ZHNW�QHXWUDOLVHUHQGH�DQWLOLFKDPHQ�RS��'H�URO�YDQ�FHOOXODLUH�HQ�RI�PXFRVDOHLPPXQLWHLW�LV�RQEHNHQG�'XXU�LPPXQLWHLW�9DFFLQDWLH�OHLGW�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�WRW�OHYHQVODQJH�LPPXQLWHLW�DOV�KHW�YDFFLQ�DDQVODDW�VHURFRQYHUVLH���$QWLVWRIIHQ�]LMQ�HHQ�JRHGH�JUDDGPHWHU�YRRU�EHVFKHUPLQJ�������6HURFRQYHUVLHZRUGW ELM�PHHU�GDQ�����YDQ�GH�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�ZDDUJHQRPHQ�8LW�KHW�3LHQWHU�SURMHFW�EOLMNW�GDW�GH�LPPXQLWHLW��VHURSUHYDOHQWLH��YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVHEHYRONLQJ�KRRJ�LV����������]RZHO�LQ�JHYDFFLQHHUGH�DOV�RQJHYDFFLQHHUGH�FRKRUWHQ��'HLPPXQLWHLW�LV�HFKWHU�DDQ]LHQOLMN�ODJHU�LQ�GH�EHYRONLQJVJURHS�GLH�]LFK�QLHW�LQ�ODDW�HQWHQ��GDDUEHVWDDW�JHYDDU�YRRU�HHQ�WRHQDPH�YDQ�&56�LQ�GH�WRHNRPVW�9HUEHWHULQJ�QRGLJ"1HH$FWLH�*HHQ

Page 66: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH����� $OSKHQ��YDQ�/���/��6SDQMDDUG��YDQ�GHU�$��(QGH��,��6FKXXUPDQ��DQG�-��'DQNHUW��(IIHFW�RIQDWLRQZLGH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�RI���PRQWK�ROG�LQIDQWV�LQ�7KH�1HWKHUODQGV�ZLWK�FRQMXJDWH+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�W\SH�E�YDFFLQH��KLJK�HIILFDF\�DQG�ODFN�RI�KHUG�LPPXQLW\��-�3HGLDWU������������������������ $QGHUVRQ��3� 7KH�SURWHFWLYH�OHYHO�RI�VHUXP�DQWLERGLHV�WR�WKH�FDSVXODU�SRO\VDFFKDULGH�RI+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�W\SH�E�>OHWWHU@� -�,QIHFW�'LV������������������������� $QRQ\PRXV��*OREDO�PHDVOHV�FRQWURO�DQG�5HJLRQDO�(OLPLQDWLRQ�������������0RUE�0RUWDO�:NO\�5HS������������������������� $XVLHOOR��&��0���)��8UEDQL��$��OD�6DOD��5��/DQGH��$��3LVFLWHOOL��DQG�$��&DVVRQH��$FHOOXODUYDFFLQHV�LQGXFH�FHOO�PHGLDWHG�LPPXQLW\�WR�%RUGHWHOOD�SHUWXVVLV�DQWLJHQV�LQ�LQIDQWVXQGHUJRLQJ�SULPDU\�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�SHUWXVVLV� 'HY�%LRO�6WDQG����������������������� %DUDII��/��-���&��5��0DQFODUN��-��'��&KHUU\��3��&KULVWHQVRQ��DQG�6��0��0DUF\��$QDO\VHV�RIDGYHUVH�UHDFWLRQV�WR�GLSKWKHULD�DQG�WHWDQXV�WR[RLGV�DQG�SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQH�E\�YDFFLQHORW��HQGRWR[LQ�FRQWHQW��SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQH�SRWHQF\�DQG�SHUFHQWDJH�RI�PRXVH�ZHLJKW�JDLQ�3HGLDWU�,QIHFW�'LV�-���������������������� %HDXPRQW��0��7��$���6��YDQ�GHU�+RI��*��$��0��%HUEHUV��DQG�0��$��(��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN�'H�LPPXQLWHLW�YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�SRSXODWLH�WHJHQ�ERI��HYDOXDWLH�YDQ�KHW5LMNVYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD��5,90�UDSSRUW����������� ���������� %L]]LQL�%���7HWDQXV� LQ���%DFWHULDO�9DFFLQHV���*HUPDQLHU�5���HG���$FDGHPLF�3UHVV��1HZ�<RUN�SS� ����������� %M|UNKROP��%���0��%|WWLJHU��%��&KULVWHQVHQ��DQG�/��+DJEHUJ��$QWLWR[LQ�DQWLERG\�OHYHOV�DQG�WKHRXWFRPH�RI�LOOQHVV�GXULQJ�DQ�RXWEUHDN�RI�GLSKWHULD�DPRQJ�DOFRKROLFV�� 6FDQ�-�,QIHFW�'LV���������������������� %M|UNKROP��%���0��*UDQVWURP��0��:DKO��&��(��+HGVWURP��DQG�/��+DJEHUJ��$GYHUVH�UHDFWLRQVDQG�LPPXQRJHQLFLW\�LQ�DGXOWV�WR�UHJXODU�DQG�LQFUHDVHG�GRVDJH�RI�GLSKWKHULD�YDFFLQH�(XU�-�&OLQ�0LFURELRO����������������������� %M|UNKROP��%���0��:DKO��0��*UDQVWURP��DQG�/��+DJEHUJ��,PPXQH�VWDWXV�DQG�ERRVWHU�HIIHFWV�RIORZ�GRVHV�RI�WHWDQXV�WR[RLG�LQ�6ZHGLVK�PHGLFDO�SHUVRQQHO� 6FDQG�-�,QIHFW�'LV������������������������ %RO��3� >(SLGHPLRORJ\�RI�+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�W\SH�E�LQIHFWLRQV�LQ�7KH�1HWKHUODQGV�DQGHOVHZKHUH@� 1HG�7LMGVFKU�*HQHHVNG�������������������� %RWWLJHU��0� 3ROLR�LPPXQLW\�WR�NLOOHG�YDFFLQH��DQ����\HDU�IROORZ�XS� 9DFFLQH���������������������� %XUJPHLMHU��5��)��-��9DFFLQDWLH�ELM�NLQGHUHQ��8LWYRHULQJ�HQ�DFKWHUJURQGHQ�ELM�KHW5LMNVYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�HQ�DQGHUH�YDFFLQDWLHV�ELM�NLQGHUHQ�� ����������� &'&��+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�LQYDVLYH�GLVHDVH�DPRQJ�FKLOGUHQ�DJHG�OHVV�WKDQ���\HDUV�±&DOLIRUQLD������������ ���������� &KHUU\��-��'���-��*RUQEHLQ��8��+HLQLQJHU��DQG�.��6WHKU��$ VHDUFK�IRU�VHURORJLF�FRUUHODWHV�RILPPXQLW\�WR�%RUGHWHOOD�SHUWXVVLV�FRXJK�LOOQHVVHV� 9DFFLQH���������������������

Page 67: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

���� &KULVWLH��&��'���0��/��0DU[��&��'��0DUFKDQW��DQG�6��)��5HLVLQJ��7KH������HSLGHPLF�RI�SHUWXVVLVLQ�&LQFLQQDWL��5HVXUJHQFH�RI�GLVHDVH�LQ�D�KLJKO\�LPPXQL]HG�SRSXODWLRQ�RI�FKLOGUHQ��1�(QJO�-�0HG����������������������� &KX��&���5��6FKQHHUVRQ��-��%��5REELQV��DQG�6��&��5DVWRJL��)XUWKHU�VWXGLHV�RQ�WKHLPPXQRJHQLFLW\�RI�+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�W\SH�E�DQG�SQHXPRFRFFDO�W\SH��$SRO\VDFFKDULGH�SURWHLQ�FRQMXJDWHV� ,QIHFW�,PPXQ������������������������ &ROYLOOH��$��DQG�6��3XJK��0XPSV�PHQLQJLWLV�DQG�PHDVOHV��PXPSV��DQG�UXEHOOD�YDFFLQH� /DQFHW������������������ &RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��0��$��(��+�(��GH�0HONHU��+&�5XPNH��-.�YDQ�:LMQJDDUGHQ��)5�0RRL�-)3�6FKHOOHNHQV��(HQ�HSLGHPLVFKH�YHUKHIILQJ�YDQ�NLQNKRHVW�LQ������RQGDQNV�KRJHYDFFLQDWLHJUDDG� 1HG�7LMGVFKULIW�*HQHHVNXQGH���������������������� &RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��0��$��(��+�(��GH�0HONHU��)��$EELQN��1��(O]LQJD�*KROL]DGHD��7�*�.LPPDQ�DQG�$�0��YDQ�/RRQ��,PPXQLW\�DJDLQVW�SROLRP\HOLWLV�LQ�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV�$P�-�(SLGHPLRO���LQ�SUHVV������������ &RSHQKDJHQ��'HQPDUN�:+2�5HJLRQDO�2IILFH�IRU�(XURSH��6WUDWHJLF�SODQ�IRU�WKH�HOLPLQDWLRQ�RIPHDVOHV�LQ�WKH�(XURSHDQ�5HJLRQ������������ 'HSDUWPHQWV�RI�+HDOWK��8QLWHG�.LQJGRP���,PPXQLVDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�LQIHFWLRXV�GLVHDVHV������������� (GZDUGV��.��0��DQG�0��'��'HFNHU��$FHOOXODU�SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQHV�IRU�LQIDQWV� 1�(QJO�-�0HG������������������������ (GZDUGV��.��0���0��'��'HFNHU��DQG�(��$��0RUWLPHU��3HUWXVVLV�9DFFLQH� LQ���9DFFLQHV���6��$�3ORWNLQ�HW�DO���HGV���:��%��6DXQGHUV�&RPSDQ\��3KLODGHOSKLD������������� *DQJDURVD��(��-���$��0��*DOD]ND��&��5��:ROIH��/��0��3KLOOLSV��5��(��*DQJDURVD��(��0LOOHU��DQG�5�7��&KHQ��,PSDFW�RI�DQWL�YDFFLQH�PRYHPHQWV�RQ�SHUWXVVLV�FRQWURO��WKH�XQWROG�VWRU\�/DQFHW����������������������� *H]RQGKHLGVUDDG��9DFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�W\SH�E��9DFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�W\SH�E���SXEOLFDWLH�QU��������� &RPPLVVLH�+DHPRSKLOXVLQIOXHQ]DH������������� *H]RQGKHLGVUDDG��3ROLRP\HOLWLV� &RPPLVVLH�3ROLRP\HOLWLV��3XEOLNDWLH�QU��������� ��������'HQ+DDJ��*H]RQGKHLGVUDDG���� *ULIILQ��'��(���0HDVOHV�YLUXV� LQ���9LURORJ\���%��1��)LHOGV��HG���/LSSLQFRWW�5DYHQ�3XE��3KLODGHOSKLD������������� *XSWD��5��.���6��1��6D[HQD��6��%��6KDUPD��DQG�6��$KXMD��,PPXQRJHQLFLW\�RI�JOXWDUDOGHK\GHLQDFWLYDWHG�SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQH� 9DFFLQH���������������������� +DDV��GH�5���+RI�6��YDQ�GHQ��*��$��%HUEHUV��+��(��'H�0HONHU��DQG�0��$��&RQ\Q�YDQ6SDHQGRQFN��3UHYDOHQFH�RI�DQWLERGLHV�DJDLQVW�UXEHOOD�YLUXV�LQ�7KH�1HWKHUODQGV���\HDUVDIWHU�FKDQJLQJ�IURP�VHOHFWLYH�WR�PDVV�YDFFLQDWLRQ� (SLGHPLRO�,QIHFW������������������������ +DUPVHQ��7���0��&��-RQJHULXV��&��:��YDQ�GHU�=ZDQ��$��'��3ODQWLQJD��&��$��.UDDLMHYHOG��DQG�*�$��%HUEHUV��&RPSDULVRQ�RI�D�QHXWUDOL]DWLRQ�HQ]\PH�LPPXQRDVVD\�DQG�DQ�HQ]\PH�OLQNHGLPPXQRVRUEHQW�DVVD\�IRU�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�LPPXQH�VWDWXV�RI�FKLOGUHQ�YDFFLQDWHG�IRUPXPSV� -�&OLQ�0LFURELRO����������������������

Page 68: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

���� +HDOWK�&RXQFLO�RI�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV��3URWHFWLRQ�DJDLQVW�GLSKWKHULD��'LSKWHULD�&RPPLWWHH�3XEOLFDWLRQ�QR������������������5LMVZLMN��+HDOWK�&RXQFLO�RI�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV����� +HUUHPDQV��0��0���$��0��9DQ�/RRQ��-��+��5HLPHULQN��+��&��5�PNH��+��*��9DQ�'HU�$YRRUW��7�*��.LPPDQ��DQG�0��3��.RRSPDQV��3ROLRYLUXV�VSHFLILF�LPPXQRJOREXOLQ�$�LQ�SHUVRQVYDFFLQDWHG�ZLWK�LQDFWLYDWHG�SROLRYLUXV�YDFFLQH�LQ�7KH�1HWKHUODQGV� &OLQ�'LDJQ�/DE,PPXQRO����������������������� +HZOHWW��(��/� 3HUWXVVLV��FXUUHQW�FRQFHSWV�RI�SDWKRJHQHVLV�DQG�SUHYHQWLRQ� 3HGLDWU�,QIHFW�'LV�-����6���6������������� +RI��YDQ�GHQ�6��7KH�HIIHFWV�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQ��WKH�LQFLGHQFH�RI�WKH�WDUJHW�GLVHDVHV��5,90�UDSSRUW���������� ����������� +RI��YDQ�GHQ�6� 0D]HOHQ��RQGHU]RHN�RS�KHW�5,90� ,QIHFWLH]LHNWHQ�%XOOHWLQ������������������� +RI��YDQ�GHQ�6���*��$��%HUEHUV��+��(��GH�0HONHU��DQG�0��$��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��6HUR�HSLGHPLRORJ\�RI�PHDVOHV�DQWLERGLHV�LQ�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV��D�FURVV��VHFWLRQDO�VWXG\�LQ�DQDWLRQDO�VDPSOH�DQG�LQ�FRPPXQLWLHV�ZLWK�ORZ�YDFFLQH�FRYHUDJH� 9DFFLQH���������������������� +XOO��+��)��DQG�5��%��$\OZDUG��(QGLQJ�SROLR�LPPXQL]DWLRQ� 6FLHQFH������������������� ,SVHQ�-� &LUFXODWLQJ�DQWLWR[LQ�DW�WKH�RQVHW�RI�GLSKWHULD�LQ�����SDWLHQWV�� -�,PPXQRO����������������������� -HQNLQVRQ��'� 'XUDWLRQ�RI�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI�SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQH��HYLGHQFH�IURP�D����\HDUFRPPXQLW\�VWXG\� %U�0HG�-��&OLQ�5HV�(G������������������������� -RKQVWRQ��,��'���'��3��6WUDFKDQ��DQG�+��5��$QGHUVRQ��(IIHFW�RI�SQHXPRQLD�DQG�ZKRRSLQJ�FRXJKLQ�FKLOGKRRG�RQ�DGXOW�OXQJ�IXQFWLRQ� 1�(QJO�-�0HG������������������������� .LPPDQ��7��*���0��3��.RRSPDQV��DQG�+��*��9DQ�'HU�$YRRUW��(QGLQJ�SROLR�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�ZKHQ�DQG�KRZ�DUH�ZH�VXUH�WKDW�WKH�QHHGOH�LV�RXW�RI�WKH�KD\VWDFN"� 9DFFLQH���������������������� /DEDGLH��-���/��&��6XQGHUPDQQ��DQG�+��&��5�PNH��0XOWL�FHQWHU�VWXG\�RQ�WKH�VLPXOWDQHRXVDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI�'37�,39�DQG�+LE�353�7�YDFFLQHV��3DUW��,PPXQRJHQLFLW\��5,905DSSRUW����������� ����������� /DJRV��5���0��7��9DOHQ]XHOD��2��6��/HYLQH��*��$��/RVRQVN\��$��(UD]R��6��6��:DVVHUPDQ��DQG�0�0��/HYLQH��(FRQRPLVDWLRQ�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�W\SH�E��DUDQGRPLVHG�WULDO�RI�LPPXQRJHQLFLW\�RI�IUDFWLRQDO�GRVH�DQG�WZR�GRVH�UHJLPHQV� /DQFHW������������������������� /RRQ��YDQ�$��0���+��&��5�PNH��DQG�0��$��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��3ROLR�HUDGLFDWLRQ�LQ�WKH1HWKHUODQGV��D�SURSRVDO�IRU�VXUYHLOODQFH��5,90�5DSSRUW����������� ����������� 0HONHU��GH�+��(���*��$��%HUEHUV��1��-��1DJHONHUNH��DQG�0��$��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN�'LSKWKHULD�DQWLWR[LQ�OHYHOV�LQ�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV��D�SRSXODWLRQ�EDVHG�VWXG\� (PHUJ�,QIHFW'LV���������������������� 0HONHU��GH�+��(���0��$��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��+��&��5�PNH��0��-��6SUHQJHU��DQG�-��)�6FKHOOHNHQV��>:KRRSLQJ�FRXJK�LQ�7KH�1HWKHUODQGV�����������@�1HG�7LMGVFKU�*HQHHVNG�����������������������

Page 69: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

���� 0HONHU��GH�+��(���0��$��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��+��&��5�PNH��-��.��YDQ�:LMQJDDUGHQ��)��5�0RRL��DQG�-��)��6FKHOOHNHQV��3HUWXVVLV�LQ�7KH�1HWKHUODQGV��DQ�RXWEUHDN�GHVSLWH�KLJKOHYHOV�RI�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�ZLWK�ZKROH�FHOO�YDFFLQH� (PHUJ�,QIHFW�'LV���������������������� 0HONHU��GH�+��(���0��$��(��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��DQG�-�)�3��6FKHOOHNHQV��7KH�SHUWXVVLVHSLGHPLF�LQ�������GHVFULSWLRQ�DQG�HYDOXDWLRQ�EDVHG�RQ�VXUYHLOODQFH�GDWD�IURP������WR������5,90�UDSSRUW����������� ���������� 0HONHU��GH�+��(���6��YDQ�GHQ�+RI��*��$��%HUEHUV��1��-��1DJHONHUNH��+��&��5�PNH��DQG�0��$�&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��$ SRSXODWLRQ�EDVHG�VWXG\�RQ�WHWDQXV�DQWLWR[LQ�OHYHOV�LQ�7KH1HWKHUODQGV� 9DFFLQH����������������������� 0HONHU��GH�+��(���)��*��9HUVWHHJK��0��$��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��/��+��(OYHUV��*��$��%HUEHUV�=HH�$��YDQ�'HU��DQG�-��)��6FKHOOHNHQV��6SHFLILFLW\�DQG�VHQVLWLYLW\�RI�KLJK�OHYHOV�RILPPXQRJOREXOLQ�*�DQWLERGLHV�DJDLQVW�SHUWXVVLV�WR[LQ�LQ�D�VLQJOH�VHUXP�VDPSOH�IRUGLDJQRVLV�RI�LQIHFWLRQ�ZLWK�ERUGHWHOOD�SHUWXVVLV� -�&OLQ�0LFURELRO������������������������ 0LOOV��.��+���0��%UDG\��(��5\DQ��DQG�%��3��0DKRQ��$ UHVSLUDWRU\�FKDOOHQJH�PRGHO�IRU�LQIHFWLRQZLWK�%RUGHWHOOD�SHUWXVVLV��DSSOLFDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�DVVHVVPHQW�RI�SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQH�SRWHQF\DQG�LQ�GHILQLQJ�WKH�PHFKDQLVP�RI�SURWHFWLYH�LPPXQLW\� 'HY�%LRO�6WDQG��������������������� 0LOOV��.��+���0��5\DQ��(��5\DQ��DQG�%��3��0DKRQ��$ PXULQH�PRGHO�LQ�ZKLFK�SURWHFWLRQFRUUHODWHV�ZLWK�SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQH�HIILFDF\�LQ�FKLOGUHQ�UHYHDOV�FRPSOHPHQWDU\�UROHV�IRUKXPRUDO�DQG�FHOO�PHGLDWHG�LPPXQLW\�LQ�SURWHFWLRQ�DJDLQVW�%RUGHWHOOD�SHUWXVVLV�,QIHFW�,PPXQ����������������������� 0RRL��)��5���+��YDQ�2LUVFKRW��.��+HXYHOPDQ��+��*��YDQ�GHU�+HLGH��:��*DDVWUD��DQG�5��-�:LOOHPV��3RO\PRUSKLVP�LQ�WKH�%RUGHWHOOD�SHUWXVVLV�YLUXOHQFH�IDFWRUV�3����SHUWDFWLQ�DQGSHUWXVVLV�WR[LQ�LQ�7KH�1HWKHUODQGV��WHPSRUDO�WUHQGV�DQG�HYLGHQFH�IRU�YDFFLQH�GULYHQHYROXWLRQ� ,QIHFW�,PPXQ������������������������ 0RUWLPHU��(��$��DQG�0��:KDUWRQ��'LSKWHULD�7R[RLG� LQ���9DFFLQHV���6��$��3ORWNLQ�HW�DO���HGV��:��%��6DXQGHUV�&RPSDQ\��3KLODGHOSKLD������������ 1HSSHOHQEURHN��6��1���+��(��GH�0HONHU��-��)��3��6FKHOOHNHQV��+��&��5�PNH��$��:��0�6XLMNHUEXLMN��DQG�0��$��(��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��6HYHULW\�RI�SHUWXVVLV��3HGLDWULFVXUYHLOODQFH�DQG�1RWLILFDWLRQ�VWXG\�LQ�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV�LQ�������5,90�5DSSRUW���������� ����������� 1HSSHOHQEURHN��6��1���+��(��GH�0HONHU��-��)��6FKHOOHNHQV��DQG�0��$��(��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN�3HUWXVVLV��GHVFULSWLRQ�DQG�HYDOXDWLRQ�EDVHG�RQ�VXUYHLOODQFH�GDWD�RI������DQG������5,90�5DSSRUW����������� ���������� 2OLQ��3���)��5DVPXVVHQ��/��*XVWDIVVRQ��+��2��+DOODQGHU��DQG�+��+HLMEHO��5DQGRPLVHG�FRQWUROOHGWULDO�RI�WZR�FRPSRQHQW��WKUHH�FRPSRQHQW��DQG�ILYH��FRPSRQHQW�DFHOOXODU�SHUWXVVLVYDFFLQHV�FRPSDUHG�ZLWK�ZKROH�FHOO�SHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQH��$G�+RF�*URXS�IRU�WKH�6WXG\�RI3HUWXVVLV�9DFFLQHV� /DQFHW�������������������������� 2QRUDWR�,���0RGOLQ�-���0F%HDQ�$���DQG�HW�DO� 0XFRVDO�LPPXQLW\�LQGXFHG�E\�HQKDQFHG�SRWHQF\LQDFWLYDWHG�DQG�RUDO�SROLR�YDFFLQHV� -�,QIHFW�'LV��������������������� 2RVWYRJHO��3��0���-��.��YDQ�:LMQJDDUGHQ��+��*��9DQ�'HU�$YRRUW��0��1��0XOGHUV��0��$��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��+��&��5�PNH��*��YDQ�6WHHQLV��DQG�$��0��9DQ�/RRQ��3ROLRP\HOLWLVRXWEUHDN�LQ�DQ�XQYDFFLQDWHG�FRPPXQLW\�LQ�7KH�1HWKHUODQGV���������� /DQFHW��������������������

Page 70: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

���� 3HOWROD��+���3��$DYLWVODQG��.��*��+DQVHQ��.��(��-RQVGRWWLU��+��1RNOHE\��DQG�9��5RPDQXV�3HUVSHFWLYH��D�ILYH�FRXQWU\�DQDO\VLV�RI�WKH�LPSDFW�RI�IRXU�GLIIHUHQW�+DHPRSKLOXVLQIOXHQ]DH�W\SH�E�FRQMXJDWHV�DQG�YDFFLQDWLRQ�VWUDWHJLHV�LQ�6FDQGLQDYLD� -�,QIHFW�'LV������������������������ 3ORWNLQ��6��$���5XEHOOD�9DFFLQHV� LQ���9DFFLQHV���6��$��3ORWNLQ�HW�DO���HGV���:��%��6DXQGHUV&RPSDQ\��3KLODGHOSKLD������������� 3ORWNLQ��6��$���$��0XUGLQ��DQG�(��9LGRU��,QDFWLYDWHG�3ROLR�9DFFLQH� LQ���9DFFLQHV���6��$�3ORWNLQ�HW�DO���HGV���:��%��6DXQGHUV�&RPSDQ\��3KLODGHOSKLD������������� 3ORWNLQ��6��$��DQG�:��$��2UHQVWHLQ��9DFFLQHV��:��%��6DXQGHUV�&RPSDQ\��3KLODGHOSKLD������������� 3ORWNLQ��6��$��DQG�0��:KDUWRQ��0XPSV�9DFFLQHV� LQ���9DFFLQHV���6��$��3ORWNLQ�HW�DO���HGV���:�%��6DXQGHUV�&RPSDQ\��3KLODGHOSKLD������������� 5HGG��6��&���/��(��0DUNRZLW]��DQG�6��/��.DW]��0HDVOHV�9DFFLQH� LQ���9DFFLQHV���6��$��3ORWNLQ�HWDO���HGV���:��%��6DXQGHUV�&RPSDQ\��3KLODGHOSKLD������������� 5�PNH��+��&���0��$��(��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��DQG�$��'��3ODQWLQJD��3ODQ�YRRU�HYDOXDWLH�YDQKHW�5LMNVYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD��(HQ�GLVFXVVLHQRWD��5,90�5DSSRUW����������� ����������� 5�PNH��+��&���3��0��2RVWYRJHO��*��YDQ�6WHHQLV��DQG�$��0��9DQ�/RRQ��3ROLRP\HOLWLV�LQ�7KH1HWKHUODQGV��D�UHYLHZ�RI�SRSXODWLRQ�LPPXQLW\�DQG�H[SRVXUH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�HSLGHPLFV�LQ�����DQG������ (SLGHPLRO�,QIHFW������������������������� 6DNDWD��+���0��+LVKL\DPD��DQG�$��6XJLXUD��(Q]\PH�OLQNHG�LPPXQRVRUEHQW�DVVD\�FRPSDUHG�ZLWKQHXWUDOL]DWLRQ�WHVWV�IRU�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�OLYH�PXPSV�YDFFLQHV� -�&OLQ�0LFURELRO��������������������� 6DOPDVR��6���3��0DVWUDQWRQLR��6��*��:DVVLODN��0��*LXOLDQR��$��$QHPRQD��$��*LDPPDQFR��$��(�7R]]L��0��/��&LRIL�GHJOL�$WWL��DQG�'��*UHFR��3HUVLVWHQFH�RI�SURWHFWLRQ�WKURXJK���PRQWKV�RI�DJH�SURYLGHG�E\�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�LQ�LQIDQF\�ZLWK�WZR�WKUHH�FRPSRQHQW�DFHOOXODUSHUWXVVLV�YDFFLQHV��6WDJH�,,�:RUNLQJ�*URXS� 9DFFLQH������������������������� 6FKQHHUVRQ��5���-��%��5REELQV��-��7DUDQJHU��7��/DJHUJDUG��DQG�%��7UROOIRUV��$ WR[RLG�YDFFLQH�IRUSHUWXVVLV�DV�ZHOO�DV�GLSKWKHULD"�/HVVRQV�WR�EH�UHOHDUQHG� /DQFHW�������������������������� 6KHOGRQ��7� 1HWKHUODQGV�IDFHV�PHDVOHV�HSLGHPLF� %�0�-������������������� 6NHQG]HO��/��3� 5XEHOOD�LPPXQLW\��'HILQLQJ�WKH�OHYHO�RI�SURWHFWLYH�DQWLERG\� $P�-�&OLQ�3DWKRO������������������������ 6ODFN��0��3���+��-��$]]RSDUGL��5��0��+DUJUHDYHV��DQG�0��(��5DPVD\��(QKDQFHG�VXUYHLOODQFH�RILQYDVLYH�+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�GLVHDVH�LQ�(QJODQG�������WR�������LPSDFW�RIFRQMXJDWH�YDFFLQHV� 3HGLDWU�,QIHFW�'LV�-�����6����6�������������� 6PHHWV�'ULHVVHQ�0'+���&��:��YDQ�GHU�=ZDQ��$��'��3ODQWLQJD��+��&��5�PNH��DQG�&��YDQ�W6SLMNHU��7ZHH�YDFFLQDWLHV�PHW�ERI�PD]HOHQ�UXEHOOD�YDFFLQ�YROJHQV�YHUNRUW�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD��5,90�5DSSRUW����������� ����������� 6WRUVDHWHU��-���+��2��+DOODQGHU��/��*XVWDIVVRQ��DQG�3��2OLQ��/HYHOV�RI�DQWL�SHUWXVVLV�DQWLERGLHVUHODWHG�WR�SURWHFWLRQ�DIWHU�KRXVHKROG�H[SRVXUH�WR�%RUGHWHOOD�SHUWXVVLV� 9DFFLQH��������������������

Page 71: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

���� 6XQGHUPDQQ�/&���,��/��-��.RUWLQJ�YDQ�'RUHQ��*��$��0��%HUEHUV��DQG�+��&��5�PNH��3URVSHFWLHI9DFFLQDWLH�2QGHU]RHN��$QWLVWRIUHVSRQV�ELM�NLQGHUHQ�LQ�KHW�5LMNVYDFFLQDWLHSURJUDPPD�5,90�UDSSRUW����������� ����������� 6XWWHU��5��:���6��/��&RFKL��DQG�0HOQLFN�-�/���/LYH�$WWHQXDWHG�3ROLRYLUXV�9DFFLQHV� LQ��9DFFLQHV���6��$��3ORWNLQ�HW�DO���HGV���:��%��6DXQGHUV�&RPSDQ\��3KLODGHOSKLD������������� 7DNDOD��$��.���-��(VNROD��0��/HLQRQHQ��+��.D\KW\��$��1LVVLQHQ��(��3HNNDQHQ��DQG�3��+��0DNHOD�5HGXFWLRQ�RI�RURSKDU\QJHDO�FDUULDJH�RI�+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�W\SH�E��+LE��LQFKLOGUHQ�LPPXQL]HG�ZLWK�DQ�+LE�FRQMXJDWH�YDFFLQH� -�,QIHFW�'LV������������������������� 7UROOIRUV��%���-��7DUDQJHU��7��/DJHUJDUG��/��/LQG��9��6XQGK��*��=DFNULVVRQ��&��8��/RZH��:�%ODFNZHOGHU��DQG�-��%��5REELQV��$ SODFHER�FRQWUROOHG�WULDO�RI�D�SHUWXVVLV�WR[RLGYDFFLQH� 1�(QJO�-�0HG��������������������������� 9HHU��YDQ�GHU�0���/��0��YDQ�1RRUOH�-DQVHQ��-��1DJHO��*��YDQ�6WHHQLV��$��'��3ODQWLQJD��DQG�+��&�5�PNH��$QWLVWRISDWURQHQ�LQ�HHQ�GRRUVQHGH�YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�EHYRONLQJ��2QGHU]RHNSHLOVWDWLRQV�LQ������HQ�������5,90�5DSSRUW������������ ���������� 9HOGKXLM]HQ��,��.���0��$��(��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��$��:��0��6XLMNHUEXLMN��/��YDQ�$OSKHQ�DQG�-��'DQNHUW��7KUHH�\HDUV�RI�VXUYHLOODQFH�RI�LQYDVLYH�LQIHFWLRQV�E\�+DHPRSKLOXVLQIOXHQ]DH�DIWHU�WKH�LQWURGXFWLRQ�RI�LPPXQLVDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�1DWLRQDO�,PPXQLVDWLRQ3URJUDPPH��5,90�UHSRUW����������� ����������� 9LVVHU��/��*��DQG�+��&��5�PNH��>7KH�GLSKWKHULD�HSLGHPLF�LQ�WKH�5XVVLDQ�)HGHUDWLRQ�DQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV�FRQFHUQLQJ�GLSKWKHULD�YDFFLQDWLRQ�LQ�7KH�1HWKHUODQGV@�1HG�7LMGVFKU�*HQHHVNG������������������������� :DOOLQJD��-��DQG�+RI�6��YDQ�GHQ��0D]HOHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG��HHQ�YHUNHQQHQGH�DQDO\VH�YDQ�DDQJLIWH��1HG�7LMGVFKU�*HQHHVNG������������������������ :HQJHU��-��'���5��%RR\��3��7��+HDWK�DQG�5��0R[RQ��(SLGHPLRORJLFDO�LPSDFW�RI�FRQMXJDWHYDFFLQHV�RQ�LQYDVLYH�GLVHDVH�FDXVHG�E\�+DHPRSKLOXV�LQIOXHQ]DH�W\SH�%� LQ���1HZJHQHUDWLRQ�YDFFLQHV����QG�HGLWLRQ��0��0��/HYLQH��*��&��:RRGURZ��-��%��.DSHU��*��6�&RERQ��HGV���0DUFHO�'HNNHU�,QF���1HZ�<RUN��SS�������������������� :+2��/DERUDWRU\�FRQWDLQPHQW�RI�ZLOG�SROLRYLUXVHV��&KDQJHV�WR�WKH�JOREDO�SODQ�RI�DFWLRQ�*OREDO�3ROLR�/DERUDWRU\�1HWZRUN�PHHWLQJ����6HSWHPEHU���2FWREHU������ �������

Page 72: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

Page 73: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

RIVM rapport 000001 001 pag. 73 van 147

Bijlage 4

Bijlage 4: Beschikbare vaccins en vaccins die voor 2010beschikbaar zijnIn deze bijlage worden de vaccins besproken die nu beschikbaar zijn of dat naar verwachting voor2010 zullen zijn en die in aanmerking lijken te komen voor het RVP2010. Het betreft de vaccinstegen bacteriële infecties met meningokokken en pneumokokken, en tegen virale infectiesveroorzaakt door rotavirus, hepatitis A en B, waterpokken, influenza virus, respiratoir syncytieelvirus (RSV), herpes simplex virus type 2, en humaan papillomavirus.

Page 74: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

���%DFWHULsOH�YDFFLQV����� 0HQLQJRNRNNHQ

=LHNWH�0HQLQJLWLV�HQ�VHSVLV�$JHQV�1HLVVHULD�PHQLQJLWLGLV��'H�EDFWHULH�ZRUGW�LQ�JURHSHQ�RQGHUYHUGHHOG�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�DQWLJHQHYDULDWLH�YDQ�GH�NDSVHOSRO\VDFFKDULGHQ��JURHS�$���%��&��:�����;��<��=�]LMQ�SDWKRJHHQ���,Q1HGHUODQG�NRPHQ�YULMZHO�XLWVOXLWHQG�JURHS�%�������HQ�&�������YRRU�����������9HUGHUHRQGHUYHUGHOLQJ�LV�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�EXLWHQPHPEUDDQHLZLWWHQ��NODVVH�� �3RU$� �VXEW\SH��NODVVH���� �3RU%� �VHURW\SH��HQ�OLSRSRO\VDFFKDULGH������%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�0HQLQJLWLV��QHNVWLMIKHLG��KRRIGSLMQ��KRJH�NRRUWV��VKRFN��PLVVHOLMNKHLG��EUDNHQ�5HVWYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�YDQ�PHQLQJLWLV��QHXURORJLVFKH�YHUVFKLMQVHOHQ��HSLOHSVLH��GRRIKHLG�ZDWHUKRRIG��6HSVLV��KRJH�NRRUWV��SXQWYRUPLJH�KXLGEORHGLQJHQ��PLVVHOLMNKHLG��EUDNHQ��VKRFN�������%LM�KHWMRQJH�NLQG�LV�HU�YDDN�DOOHHQ�HHQ�DOJHPHHQ�HUQVWLJ�]LHN�]LMQ�]RQGHU�DQGHUH�YHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�5HVWYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�YDQ�VHSVLV��DPSXWDWLHV��RUJDDQEHVFKDGLJLQJ�2YHUGUDFKW�0HQLQJRNRNNHQ�NRPHQ�YRRU�LQ�GH�NHHO�YDQ���±�����YDQ�VFKRRONLQGHUHQ�HQ�YROZDVVHQHQ��'HEHVPHWWHOLMNKHLG�LV�ODDJ��9DQ�JURHS�$�HQ�JURHS�&�]LMQ�HSLGHPLVFKH�YRUPHQ�EHNHQG��ZDDUELMGUDJHUVFKDS�KRRJ�LV��'H�RYHUGUDFKW�YHUORRSW�YLD�DHURVROHQ��PDDU��LQ�GLUHFW�RUDDO�FRQWDFW�LVRRN�PRJHOLMN�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�0HQLQJRNRNNHQ]LHNWH�KHHIW�GH�KRRJVWH�LQFLGHQWLH�ELM�NLQGHUHQ�RQGHU���MDDU�PHW�HHQPD[LPXP�URQG�KHW�HHUVWH�OHYHQVMDDU��(HQ�WZHHGH�SLHN�ZRUGW�JHYRQGHQ�ELM����±����MDULJHQ�+HW�DDQWDO�JHYDOOHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�LV�RQJHYHHU�����SHU�MDDU��ZDDUYDQ�RQJHYHHU�����HUQVWLJHVHSWLVFKH�VKRFN�]RQGHU�PHQLQJLWLV��'H�OHHIWLMGVSHFLILHNH�LQFLGHQWLH�YRRU����WRW�HQ�PHW���MDULJHQ�LV������������MDDU�HQ�YRRU����±����MDULJHQ�RQJHYHHU�����������MDDU������=LHNHQKXLVRSQDPH�LV�QRRG]DNHOLMN��'H�PRUWDOLWHLW�LV�����LQ�GH�JURHS�YDQ�����MDDU����PHQLQJLWLV������VHSVLV��HQ�GH�PRUELGLWHLW�LV���±���������7DEHO�%�����(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�PHQLQJRNRNNHQLQIHFWLHV�

,QFLGHQWLH3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHUMDDU

=LHNHQKXLVRSQDPHV3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

0RUWDOLWHLW3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHUMDDU96 ��� � ���

1LHXZ�=HHODQG �����HSLGHPLH����� � ��9.���:DOHV ��� ���� ���1HGHUODQG �����DOOH�OHHIWLMGHQ���������MDDU�

�� �������MDDU���������� ���WRW�����DOOHOHHIWLMGHQ�

Page 75: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

MDDU)LJXXU��� $DQWDO�SDWLsQWHQ�PHW�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�$��%�RI�&�LQ�GH�SHULRGH���������������'RHOJURHS�� W�P���MDULJHQ��YDQZHJH�GH�KRRJVWH�LQFLGHQWLH�LQ�GH]H�JURHS�=LHNWHODVW�=LHNWHODVW�ZRUGW�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ�'$/<¶V�GLH�ZRUGHQ�EHUHNHQG�DOV�GH�VRP�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDOYHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ��9/��HQ�KHW�DDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ��=-(���'H�9/�]LMQ�EHUHNHQGDOV KHW�DDQWDO�VWHUIJHYDOOHQ��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW��SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��GH�YRRU�GLH�OHHIWLMGJHOGHQGH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��'H�=-(�]LMQ�LQ�SULQFLSH�EHUHNHQG�DOV�KHW�WRWDDO�DDQWDOMDUHQ�PHW�GH�]LHNWH��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YRRU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH�]RDOV EHSDDOG�GRRU�HHQ�SDQHO�YDQ�H[SHUWV��+HW�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGW�EHQDGHUG�DOVLQFLGHQWLH�PDDO�GXXU��YRRU�NRUWGXUHQGH�]LHNWH��RI�DOV�SXQWSUHYDOHQWLH��VRPV�ELM�HHQFKURQLVFKH ]LHNWHWRHVWDQG���+LHU�NDQ�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�WRHVWDQG�YRRU�WRHNRPVWLJH�MDUHQ�PHW]LHNWH�ZRUGHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG��=LH�YRRU�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�WRHOLFKWLQJ�ELMODJH����%DVLVJHJHYHQV]LMQ�DINRPVWLJ�XLW�HHQ�VWXGLH�GRRU�%RV�HW�DO�������(LVHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQ�(HQ�RSWLPDDO�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�YDFFLQ�PRHW�ODQJGXULJH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�ELHGHQ�WHJHQ�DOOH�LQ1HGHUODQG�YRRUNRPHQGH�1HLVVHULD�JURHSHQ�ELM�DOOH�SHUVRQHQ�XLW�GH�GRHOJURHS��PDDU�YRRUDOMRQJH�NLQGHUHQ������MDDU��%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQV�9RRU�JURHS�$��&��:����HQ�<�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�]LMQ�SRO\VDFFKDULGH�YDFFLQV�JHUHJLVWUHHUG�DOVDI]RQGHUOLMNH�FRPSRQHQWHQ��$��&��RI�LQ�FRPELQDWLHV��$�&��$�&�<�:������+HW�SRO\VDFFKDULGHYDFFLQ�JHHIW�NRUWGXUHQGH�EHVFKHUPLQJ��JHHQ�JHKHXJHQLPPXQLWHLW���+HW�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�&YDFFLQ�EHVFKHUPW�QLHW�LQ�GH�JURRWVWH�ULVLFRJURHS��NLQGHUHQ���±���MDDU���+HW�SRO\VDFFKDULGHYDFFLQ�ZRUGW�WRHJHSDVW�ELM�UHL]LJHUV�HQ�VSRUDGLVFK�ELM�DQGHUH�ULVLFRJURHSHQ�FRPSOHPHQWGHILFLsQWLHV��HQ�WLMGHQV�ORNDOH�XLWEUDNHQ��(HQ�&�FRQMXJDDWYDFFLQ�LV�LQPLGGHOVLQJHYRHUG�LQ�KHW�9HUHQLJG�.RQLQNULMN�HQ�ZRUGW�PHW�VXFFHV�WRHJHSDVW������0RPHQWHHO�ZRUGHQ�WHJHQ�JURHS�%�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�YHVLFOH�YDFFLQV�RQWZLNNHOG��.OLQLVFKHVWXGLHV�KHEEHQ�DDQJHWRRQG�GDW�YDFFLQDWLH�PHW�KHW�PRQRYDOHQWH�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�%�YDFFLQ

100

200

300

400

500

600

1959 1963 19751967 1971 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1998

Aantal patiënten

McA McB McC

0

Page 76: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

7DEHO�%�����%HUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�PHQLQJRNRNNHQLQIHFWLHV�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLHGRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�%HUHNHQLQJ 7RWDOH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�

9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�9/�DFXWH�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ]LHNWH��OHHIWLMG������PDDQGHQ�%HUHNHQG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH������[�JHVFKDWWH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ]RQGHU�GLVFRQWHULQJ������[�FDVH�IDWDOLW\��������JHPLGGHOG�YRRU�VHSWLVFKHVKRFN�HQ�PHQLQJLWLV�OLFKWH�VHSVLV�������)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� =-(�[�IUDFWLH�UHOHYDQWH�LQFLGHQWLH�������� ������[ HIIHFWLHYH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YDFFLQ��������RPYDW�YDFF��JUDDG��GHNNLQJVHUR�VXEW\SHQ�HQ�JHVFKDWWH�VSHFLILHNH�ZHUN]DDPKHLG�������

��� ���

9/�DFXWH�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ]LHNWH��OHHIWLMG���W�P���MDDU�%HUHNHQG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH�������[�JHVFKDWWH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ]RQGHU�GLVFRQWHULQJ������[�FDVH�IDWDOLW\��������JHPLGGHOG�YRRU�VHSWLVFKHVKRFN�HQ�PHQLQJLWLV�OLFKWH�VHSVLV�������)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� =-(�[�HIIHFWLHYH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YDFFLQ�������RPYDW�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG��GHNNLQJ�VHUR�VXEW\SHQ�HQ�JHVFKDWWH�VSHFLILHNHZHUN]DDPKHLG�������

����� �����

=-(�DFXWH�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ]LHNWH��OHHIWLMG������PDDQGHQ�=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH������[�GXXU����MDDU�RPGDW�GH�HUQVW�DOV�MDDUSURILHOLV�EHRRUGHHOG��:HJLQJVIDFWRU� PD[�������JHZDDUGHHUG�DOV�MDDUSURILHO��JHEDVHHUG�RSHHQ�]HHU�HUQVWLJ�]LHNWHSURFHV�JHGXUHQGH�����MDDU��]LH�ELMODJH����)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� =-(�[�IUDFWLH�UHOHYDQWH�LQFLGHQWLH�������� ������[ HIIHFWLHYH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YDFFLQ��������RPYDW�YDFFLQDWLHJUDDG��GHNNLQJVHUR�VXEW\SHQ�HQ�JHVFKDWWH�VSHFLILHNH�ZHUN]DDPKHLG�������

�� �

=-(�DFXWH�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ]LHNWH��OHHIWLMG���W�P���MDDU�=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH�������[�GXXU����MDDU�RPGDW�GH�HUQVW�DOVMDDUSURILHO�LV�EHRRUGHHOG��:HJLQJVIDFWRU� PD[LPDDO������JHZDDUGHHUG�DOV�MDDUSURILHO��JHEDVHHUGRS HHQ�]HHU�HUQVWLJ�]LHNWHSURFHV�JHGXUHQGH�����MDDU��]LH�ELMODJH����)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� =-(�[�HIIHFWLHYH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YDFFLQ�������������

�� ��

=-(�UHVWYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH�������[�IUDFWLH�UHVWYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ��������[�GXXU�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�]RQGHU�GLVFRQWHULQJ�JHVFKDW�RS�FD������:HJLQJVIDFWRU� FLUFD������979�����������)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� =-(�[�IUDFWLH�UHOHYDQWH�LQFLGHQWLH���������� ������[�HIIHFWLHYH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YDFFLQ��JHZRJHQ�JHPLGGHOGH�������

��� ���

7RWDDO��]RQGHU�GLVFRQWHULQJ� ����� ������HHQ�1RRUVH�HQ�HHQ�&XEDDQVH�YDULDQW��WLMGHQV�HSLGHPLHsQ�GRRU�JURHS�%�PHQLQJRNRNNHQQDXZHOLMNV�WRW�PDWLJ�HIIHFWLHI�LV����������$QGHUH�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQWHQ�]LMQ�QRJ�QLHW�LQ�PHQVHQJHWHVW��+HW�5,90�KHHIW�HHQ�KH[DYDOHQW�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�%�YDFFLQ�RQWZLNNHOG��GDW�����YDQDOOH�VXEW\SHQ�YDQ�JURHS�%�HQ�&�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�DIGHNW�����������'LW�YDFFLQZHNW HHQ�EDFWHULFLGH�DQWLVWRIUHVSRQV�RS�ELM�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�RXGHUH�NLQGHUHQ����������:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQV�0HQLQJRNRNNHQYDFFLQV�LQGXFHUHQ�GH�YRUPLQJ�YDQ�DQWLVWRIIHQ��GLH�VDPHQ�PHW�FRPSOHPHQW�LQVWDDW�]LMQ�GH�PHQLQJRNRN�WH�GRGHQ��'H�DQWLVWRIUHVSRQV�WHJHQ�SRO\VDFFKDULGHQ�LV�7�FHORQDIKDQNHOLMN��'RRU�FRQMXJDWLH�YDQ�KHW�SRO\VDFFKDULGH�DDQ�HHQ�GUDJHUHLZLW��77�RI�'7�ZRUGHQ RRN�VSHFLILHNH�7�KHOSHU�FHOOHQ�DDQJHPDDNW��*URHS�$�77�FRQMXJDDWYDFFLQV�]LMQPLQGHU HIIHFWLHI�GDQ�'7�FRQMXJDWHQ�GRRU�LQWHUIHUHQWLH��$QWLVWRIIHQ�WHJHQ�3RU$�HQYHUVFKLOOHQGH�DQGHUH�EXLWHQPHPEUDDQ�HLZLWWHQ��/ES$��)US%��1PS$��NODVVH���HLZLWWHQ��]LMQ

Page 77: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

EDFWHULFLGH�HYHQDOV�DQWLVWRIIHQ�RSJHZHNW�WHJHQ�PHPEUDDQYHVLFOHV�YDQ�JURHS�%PHQLQJRNRNNHQ��+HW�EHODQJULMNVWH�HLZLW�LQ�GH�YHVLFOHV�GDW�EDFWHULFLGH�DQWLVWRIIHQ�RSZHNW�LV3RU$��'H]H�DQWLVWRIIHQ�KHEEHQ�HHQ�UHGHOLMNH�YRRUVSHOOHQGH�ZDDUGH�YRRU�EHVFKHUPLQJ�1D�YDFFLQDWLH�:HLQLJ�GDWD�EHVFKLNEDDU��1DDU�DOOH�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMNKHLG�]LMQ�JHFRQMXJHHUGH�0HQ$�HQ�RI�&YDFFLQV�PLQVWHQV�]R�JRHG�EHVFKHUPHQG�DOV�RQJHFRQMXJHHUGH�YDFFLQV�HQ�ERYHQGLHQEHVFKHUPHQ�]LM�RS�MRQJHUH�OHHIWLMG��'H�HHUVWH�HUYDULQJHQ�PHWPHQLQJRNRNNHQFRQMXJDDWYDFFLQV�LQ�KHW�9.�]LMQ�]HHU�JXQVWLJ�������'H�RS�HLZLW�JHEDVHHUGHYDFFLQV�WHJHQ�0HQ%��RQWZLNNHOG�LQ�1RRUZHJHQ�HQ�&XED��OLMNHQ�FLUFD��������HIIHFWLHI��ELMRXGHUH�NLQGHUHQ���������+XLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�*HHQ�YDFFLQDWLH��9DFFLQ�LV�QRJ�QLHW�EHVFKLNEDDU�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�(U�LV�ppQ�VWXGLH�XLWJHYRHUG�QDDU�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�1HGHUODQGVH�]XLJHOLQJHQ�WHJHQPHQLQJRNRNNHQ�%�������ZDV�JHNR]HQ�DOV�UHIHUHQWLHMDDU�YRRU�GH�EHUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�KXLGLJHNRVWHQ��$OOH�WRHNRPVWLJH�NRVWHQ�HQ�4$/<¶V�]LMQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHU�MDDU��9RRU�GHEHUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�NRVWHQ�LV������JHNR]HQ�DOV�UHIHUHQWLHMDDU��'H�HSLGHPLRORJLVFKH�JHJHYHQVRYHU�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ]LHNWH�]LMQ�GH��JHPLGGHOGH�LQFLGHQWLHJHJHYHQV�RYHU�GH�MDUHQ��������������������'H�.(5�LV��������(85�4$/<��]RZHO�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�DOOHHQ�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��DOV�RSEDVLV�YDQ�GLUHFWH�HQ�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ������9ROJHQV�KHW�,20�UDSSRUW�LV�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�LQ�GH�96�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV�WHJHQPHQLQJRNRNNHQ�%�±�YHUJHOHNHQ�PHW�DQGHUH�YDFFLQV�±�PLQGHU�JXQVWLJ��FDWHJRULH�,9���'HVWXGLH�EHWUHIW�DOOHHQ�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�������'LW�ZRUGW�YHURRU]DDNW�GRRU�HHQ�ODJHUH�GHNNLQJVJUDDGYDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ��9HUUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�OHLGW�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�WRW�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU.(5��PDDU�QLHW�QRRG]DNHOLMNHUZLMV�WRW�LQGHOLQJ�LQ�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU�FDWHJRULH�2SQDPH�LQ�KHW�593�����"+HW�JHEUXLN�YDQ�PRQRYDOHQW�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�&�LV�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593YDQZHJH�GH�JHULQJH�GHNNLQJ��+HW�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�%�YDFFLQ��GDW�GRRU�KHW�5,90�ZRUGWRQWZLNNHOG��LV�YHHOEHORYHQG�YDQZHJH�GH�JURWH�GHNNLQJ��+HW�PHHVW�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�OLMNWLQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�HHQ�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQ�GDW�EHVWDDW�XLW�HHQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�%�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�KH[D��RI�QRQDYDOHQW�YHVLFOH�YDFFLQ��HQ�HHQ��SQHXPRNRNNHQ�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�SQHXPRNRNNHQFRQMXJDDW�YDFFLQ�PHW���RI����FRPSRQHQWHQ���9HUGHU�]RX�RYHUZRJHQ�NXQQHQZRUGHQ GDDU�HHQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQ�&�YDFFLQFRPSRQHQW�DDQ�WRH�WH�YRHJHQ�RP�ppQ�YDFFLQ�YRRUKHHO�(XURSD�WH�KHEEHQ��'LW�FRPELQDWLHYDFFLQ�LV�PRJHOLMN�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�593�����=LH�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�HQ�GH�.($¶V�KRRIGVWXN���

����� 3QHXPRNRNNHQ=LHNWH�=LHNWHQ�GRRU�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�]LMQ�LQ�WZHH�KRRIGJURHSHQ�WH�YHUGHOHQ�D� LQYDVLHYH��PHW�EDFWHULHPLH�JHDVVRFLHHUGH�]LHNWHQ�]RDOV�PHQLQJLWLV��VHSVLV�HQ�SQHXPRQLHE��]LHNWHQ�GLH�]LFK�DDQ�GH�VOLMPYOLH]HQ�DIVSHOHQ��PXFRVDOH�LQIHFWLHV�]RDOV�EURQFKRSQHXPRQLH�PLGGHQRRURQWVWHNLQJ�HQ�YRRUKRRIGVKROWHRQWVWHNLQJ��$JHQV�6WUHSWRFRFFXV�SQHXPRQLDH

Page 78: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

2YHUGUDFKW�'H�WUDQVPLVVLH�YDQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�LV�DHURJHHQ�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�'H�HSLGHPLRORJLH�YDQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQ]LHNWHQ�LV�LQJHZLNNHOG�JH]LHQ�GH�YHOHSUHVHQWDWLHYRUPHQ��GH�KHWHURJHQLWHLW�YDQ�GH�EDFWHULH�HQ�GH��YRRUNHXU�YRRU�VRPPLJH�VHURW\SHQRP�HHQ�EHSDDOGH�NOLQLVFKH�SUHVHQWDWLH�WH�JHYHQ�,QIRUPDWLH�RYHU�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�PHQLQJLWLV�LV�DINRPVWLJ�YDQ�KHW�5HIHUHQWLHODERUDWRULXP%DFWHULsOH�0HQLQJLWLV��5%0��������'H�YRRUORSLJH�UDSSRUWDJH�JHHIW�GH�YROJHQGH�DDQWDOOHQ��,Q�����UDSSRUWHHUW�KHW�5%0�HHQ�DDQWDO�YDQ�����3QN�LVRODWHQ�XLW�&6)��DOOH�VHURW\SHQ���+LHUYDQNRPHQ�HU����YRRU�LQ�KHW�HHUVWH�OHYHQVMDDU�HQ����ELM�����MDULJHQ��WRWDDO�������YDQ�KHW�DDQWDOLVRODWHQ���(U�ZDUHQ�LQ����������SRVLWLHYH�EORHGNZHNHQ��ZDDUYDQ�VOHFKWV������ELM�����MDULJHQHQ KHW�PHUHQGHHO�ELM�YROZDVVHQHQ��]LH�ILJXXU�����+HW�5%0�KHHIW�GH�DIJHORSHQ�MDUHQ�GRRU�HHQDFWLHYHUH�YHUZHUYLQJ�PHHU�EORHGLVRODWHQ�RQWYDQJHQ�GDQ�YURHJHU��LQ�����������LVRODWHQ��5RQG�����YDQ�DOOH�EDFWHULsOH�PHQLQJLWLV�ZRUGW�GRRU�3QN�YHURRU]DDNW��2YHU�GH�DIJHORSHQ���MDUHQ�LV�GH�SUHYDOHQWLH�YDQ�3QN�PHQLQJLWLV�VWDELHO�URQG�����JHYDOOHQ�2YHU�DQGHUH�XLWLQJVYRUPHQ�YDQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQLQIHFWLHV��]RDOV�SQHXPRQLH�HQ�RWLWLV�PHGLD�]LMQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�HQ�LQ�DQGHUH�ODQGHQ�JHHQ�EHWURXZEDUH�FLMIHUV�EHVFKLNEDDU��0HQ�QHHPW�DDQGDW�RQJHYHHU�����YDQ�DOOH�RWLWLV�PHGLD�JHYDOOHQ�GRRU�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�ZRUGW�YHURRU]DDNW��(ONNLQG�PDDNW�PLQVWHQV�ppQ�HSLVRGH�YDQ�RWLWLV�PHGLD�GRRU�YRRU�KHW��H�OHYHQVMDDU��'H�PRUELGLWHLWGRRU�RWLWLV�LV�QLHW�]HHU�HUQVWLJ��PDDU�ZHO�YDQ�JURWH�RPYDQJ��%LM�RXGHUHQ�YHURRU]DNHQSQHXPRNRNNHQ�RYHUZHJHQG�ORQJRQWVWHNLQJ��GLH�YDDN�PHW�EDFWHULHPLH�LV�JHDVVRFLHHUG��([DFWHJHJHYHQV�KLHURYHU�]LMQ�QLHW�YRRUKDQGHQ��'H�UHJLVWUDWLH�YDQ�KHW�5%0�OHYHUW�HHQ�DEVROXWHRQGHUJUHQV�YDQ�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�ELM�RXGHUHQ�,Q�1HGHUODQG�ZRUGW�3QN�PHQLQJLWLV�YRRUDO�GRRU�GH�VHURW\SHQ��������%���)��������&����)����)EHSDDOG��3QN�KHEEHQ�SHU�VHURW\SH�HHQ�]HNHUH�YRRUNHXU�YRRU�OHHIWLMG��6HURW\SH���HQ���NRPHQYRRUDO�ELM�RXGHUHQ�YRRU�HQ�YDQ�GH�VHURW\SHQ��%���)��������&�NRPW�����YDQ�GH�JHYDOOHQ�ELMNLQGHUHQ�YRRU��%LM�NLQGHUHQ�ZRUGHQ�LQYDVLHYH�3QN�LQIHFWLHV�YRRUDO�EHSDDOG�GRRU�GH�VHURW\SHQ�����������������������HQ�����HQ�ELM�YROZDVVHQHQ�YRRUDO�GRRU��������������������������7DEHO�%�����(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�SQHXPRNRNNHQPHQLQJLWLV��

,QFLGHQWLH�DOOHHQPHQLQJLWLV3HU���������LQZRQHUVSHU�MDDU

=LHNHQKXLV�RSQDPHV3HU���������LQZRQHUVSHU�MDDU

+XLVDUWV�EH]RHN 0RUWDOLWHLW

:HUHOG � � � �96 � � � �

1HGHUODQG ��� ��� ���� &LUFD�����'H�JHJHYHQV�]LMQ�DINRPVWLJ�XLW�KHW�5HIHUHQWLHODERUDWRULXP�%DFWHULsOH�0HQLQJLWLV��$0&�5,90��$PVWHUGDP������

Page 79: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

)LJXXU��� ,Q�1HGHUODQG�JHwVROHHUGH�SQHXPRNRNNHQVWDPPHQ��������'RHOJURHS�2XGHUHQ�YDQZHJH�GH�DVVRFLDWLH�PHW�LQYDVLHYH�LQIHFWLHV������MDULJHQ�YDQZHJH�KHW�YRRUNRPHQYDQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQPHQLQJLWLV��DQGHUH�LQYDVLHYH�]LHNWHQ��HQ�RWLWLV�PHGLD��,Q�GH]H�JURHS�]LMQYRRUDO�����MDULJHQ�EHODQJULMN�=LHNWHODVW�=LHNWHODVW�ZRUGW�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ�'$/<¶V�GLH�ZRUGHQ�EHUHNHQG�DOV�GH�VRP�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDOYHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ��9/��HQ�KHW�DDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ��=-(���'H�9/�]LMQ�EHUHNHQGDOV KHW�DDQWDO�VWHUIJHYDOOHQ��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW��SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��GH�YRRU�GLH�OHHIWLMGJHOGHQGH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��'H�=-(�]LMQ�LQ�SULQFLSH�EHUHNHQG�DOV�KHW�WRWDDO�DDQWDOMDUHQ�PHW�GH�]LHNWH��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YRRU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH�]RDOV EHSDDOG�GRRU�HHQ�SDQHO�YDQ�H[SHUWV��+HW�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGW�EHQDGHUG�DOVLQFLGHQWLH�PDDO�GXXU��YRRU�NRUWGXUHQGH�]LHNWH��RI�DOV�SXQWSUHYDOHQWLH��VRPV�ELM�HHQFKURQLVFKH ]LHNWHWRHVWDQG���2RN�KLHU�NDQ�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�WRHVWDQG�YRRU�WRHNRPVWLJH�MDUHQPHW ]LHNWH�ZRUGHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG��=LH�YRRU�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�WRHOLFKWLQJ�ELMODJH���

���������������������

� ��� ����� ����� ����� ���OLTXRU������

EORHG �����

OHHIWLMG �MU�

DDQWDO

3QHXPRNRNNHQ�LVRODWHQ�1HGHUODQG������EURQ 5%0

Page 80: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

7DEHO�%�����%HUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW��PHW�HQ�]RQGHU�RWLWLV�PHGLD��GRRUSQHXPRNRNNHQLQIHFWLHV�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW��PHW�HQ�]RQGHU�RWLWLV�PHGLD��GLH�GRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�%HUHNHQLQJ�YDFFLQDWLH�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ 7RWDOH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�

9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�9/�PHQLQJLWLV���W�P���MDDU�%HUHNHQG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH��������[�FDVH�IDWDOLW\��������[�JHVFKDWWH�UHVWHUHQGHOHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�����MDDU��)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� =-(�[�IUDFWLH�UHOHYDQWH�LQFLGHQWLH���H�PDDQG�W�P��MDDU������������ �������[�HIIHFWLHYH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YDFFLQ�������

��� ���

9/�SQHXPRQLH���W�P���MDDU�%HUHNHQG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH�������[�FDVH�IDWDOLW\��������[�JHVFKDWWH�UHVWHUHQGHOHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�����MDDU��)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� =-(�[�IUDFWLH�UHOHYDQWH�LQFLGHQWLH���H�PDDQG�W�P��MDDU���������� ������[�HIIHFWLHYH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YDFFLQ�������

��� ���

=-(�DFXWH�PHQLQJLWLV����W�P���MDDU�=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH��������[�GXXU����MDDU�RPGDW�GH�HUQVW�DOV�MDDUSURILHO�LVEHRRUGHHOG��:HJLQJVIDFWRU� PD[LPDDO������JHZDDUGHHUG�DOV�MDDUSURILHO��JHEDVHHUG�RSHHQ�]HHU�HUQVWLJ�]LHNWHSURFHV�JHGXUHQGH�����MDDU��]LH�ELMODJH���)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� =-(�[�IUDFWLH�UHOHYDQWH�LQFLGHQWLH���H�PDDQG�W�P��MDDU������������ �������[�HIIHFWLHYH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YDFFLQ�������

� �

=-(�PHQLQJLWLV�UHVWYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH��������[��IUDFWLH�UHVWYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ��������[�GXXU�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�]RQGHU�GLVFRQWHULQJ�JHVFKDW�RS�FD�����MDDU��:HJLQJVIDFWRU� FLUFD������979�����������)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� =-(�[�IUDFWLH�UHOHYDQWH�LQFLGHQWLH������������ ������[ HIIHFWLHYH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YDFFLQ��������

�� ��

=-(�DFXWH�SQHXPRQLH���W�P���MDDU�=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH�������[�GXXU����MDDU�RPGDW�GH�HUQVW�DOV�MDDUSURILHO�LVEHRRUGHHOG��:HJLQJVIDFWRU� PD[LPDDO������JHZDDUGHHUG�DOV�MDDUSURILHO��JHEDVHHUG�RSHHQ�]HHU�HUQVWLJ�]LHNWHSURFHV�JHGXUHQGH�����MDDU��]LH�ELMODJH���)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� =-(�[�IUDFWLH�UHOHYDQWH�LQFLGHQWLH���H�PDDQG�W�P��MDDU���������� ������[�HIIHFWLHYH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�YDFFLQ�������

�� �

7RWDDO�]RQGHU�GLVFRQWHULQJ��H[FOXVLHI�RWLWLV�PHGLD� ����� ���([WUD�=-(�RWLWLV�PHGLD�DFXWD���W�P���MDDU=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH���������� �����YDQ���W�P���MDDU�SRSXODWLH��[�GXXU���MDDU�RPGDW�GH�HUQVW�DOV�MDDUSURILHO�LV�EHRRUGHHOG��[�JHVFKDW�DDQGHHOSQHXPRNRNNHQ�������:HJLQJVIDFWRU� �����JHQRPHQ��JHZDDUGHHUG�DOV�MDDUSURILHO��GH�ZDDUGH�LVJHNR]HQ�DOV�YHUJHOLMNEDDU�PHW�GLH�YRRU�ELMKROWHRQWVWHNLQJ��979�����������)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� =-(�[�ZHUN]DDPKHLG�YDFFLQ��JHVWHOG�DOV�������=-(�EOLMYHQGH�GRRIKHLG�QD�RWLWLV�PHGLD=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH��PLQLPDDO���YRRUNRPEDDU��[�GXXU��DDQJHQRPHQUHVWHUHQGH�/9����MDDU�]RQGHU�GLVFRQWHULQJ��:HJLQJVIDFWRU� ������PDWLJH�JHKRRUVWRRUQLV��979�����������

�����

&LUFD����

���

��

7RWDDO�]RQGHU�GLVFRQWHULQJ��LQFOXVLHI�RWLWLV�PHGLD� &LUFD����� ���

Page 81: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

7DEHO�%�����%HUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�SQHXPRNRNNHQLQIHFWLHV�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLHGRRU YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�RXGHUHQ�������YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�%HUHNHQLQJ�YDFFLQDWLH�����SQHXPRNRNNHQ 7RWDOH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�

9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�9/�6WHUIWH� LQFLGHQWLH�LQYDVLHYH�SQHXPRNRNNHQ��������������[�SRSXODWLH�������PLOMRHQ��[�FDVH�IDWDOLW\������� ����*HPLGGHOGH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�ELM�RYHUOLMGHQ� FLUFD���MDDU��GLW�NDQ�PDNNHOLMN�HHQ�IDFWRU���]LMQ�RYHUVFKDW�������)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� ZHUN]DDPKHLG�YDFFLQ�LV�JHVWHOG�RS�����

����� �����

=-(�=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH���������������[�SRSXODWLH��������PLOMRHQ�� ������GH�LQFLGHQWLH�LV�HHQ�RQGHUJUHQV��JHEDVHHUG�RS�SRVLWLHYHW\SHULQJ��.DQ�PLVVFKLHQ�ZHO���[�KRJHU�OLJJHQ��:HJLQJVIDFWRU� MDDUSURILHO������979������YRRU�ORQJRQWVWHNLQJ������)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� ZHUN]DDPKHLG�YDFFLQ�LV�JHVWHOG�RS�����

���

�������

���

�������

7RWDDO�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH�IDFWRU���KRJHU� ������������ ������������(LVHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQ�9DFFLQV�PRHWHQ�ODQJGXULJH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�ELHGHQ�DDQ�SHUVRQHQ�XLW�GH�GRHOJURHSHQ��RRN�ELM]HHU MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ��%RYHQGLHQ�LV�GHNNLQJ�WHJHQ�PHHUGHUH�VHURW\SHQ�EHODQJULMN�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQV�7HJHQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�EHVWDDQ�WZHH�JURHSHQ�RS�NDSVHOSRO\VDFFKDULGHQ�JHEDVHHUGH�YDFFLQV�7HQ�HHUVWH�GH�µNODVVLHNH¶�RQJHFRQMXJHHUGH�YDFFLQV��GLH�DO�EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ��HQ�WHQ�WZHHGH�GHPRGHUQHUH�JHFRQMXJHHUGH�YDFFLQV��GLH�RQWZLNNHOG�ZRUGHQ���6LQGV�NRUW�ZRUGHQ�RRN�RSHLZLWWHQ�JHEDVHHUGH�YDFFLQV�RQWZLNNHOG�2QJHFRQMXJHHUGH�SRO\VDFFKDULGH�YDFFLQV�,Q�1HGHUODQG�HQ�YHOH�DQGHUH�ODQGHQ�]LMQ����YDOHQWH�SQHXPRNRNNHQYDFFLQV�JHUHJLVWUHHUG�0HUFN�6KDUSH��'RKPH��:\HWK�/HGHUOH���'H]H�PXOWLYDOHQWH�YDFFLQV�µGHNNHQ¶�LQ�1HGHUODQG!����YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�PHQLQJLWLV�LVRODWHQ��2QJHFRQMXJHHUGH�3QN�YDFFLQV�]LMQ�HFKWHU�SDVYDQDI�GH�OHHIWLMG�YDQ���MDDU�ZHUN]DDP��=H�ZRUGHQ�GDDURP�RYHUZHJHQG�ELM�YROZDVVHQHQ�RXGHUHQ��JHEUXLNW�HQ�VSHOHQ�JHHQ�URO�ELM�GH�SUHYHQWLH�YDQ�3QN�PHQLQJLWLV��RPGDW�GLHRYHUZHJHQG�RS�GH�]XLJHOLQJHQOHHIWLMG�YRRUNRPW�*HFRQMXJHHUGH�SQHXPRNRNNHQYDFFLQV�0HHUGHUH�LQVWHOOLQJHQ�HQ�LQGXVWULHsQ�RQWZLNNHOHQ�PRPHQWHHO�JHFRQMXJHHUGH�YDFFLQV�WHJHQ3QN�DOV�YHUYROJ�RS�GH�UHHGV�EHVWDDQGH�RQJHFRQMXJHHUGH����YDOHQWH�YDFFLQV��'H]H�YDFFLQV]XOOHQ�RYHUZHJHQG�ELM�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�ZRUGHQ�JHEUXLNW��PDDU�RRN�RXGHUH�NLQGHUHQ�YROZDVVHQHQ�HQ�RXGHUHQ�KHEEHQ�HHQ�HIIHFWLHYHUH�LPPXXQUHVSRQV�RS�GLW�W\SH�YDFFLQ�WHQRS]LFKWH�YDQ�RQJHFRQMXJHHUGH�YDFFLQV��'H�YROJHQGH�YDFFLQV�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�JHQRHPG�� :\HWK�/HGHUOH���YDOHQW������%���9��������&����)����)��� :\HWK�/HGHUOH���YDOHQW������������%���9��������&����)����)��� 06'���YDOHQW������%���9��������&����)����)��� 3DVWHXU�0pULHX[����YDOHQW���������������%���)���9��������&����)����)��� 5,90�'XWFK�1RUGLF����YDOHQW�YDFFLQ���%��������)����)��$OV�HHUVWH�LV�KHW���YDOHQWH�YDFFLQ�YDQ�:\HWK�/HGHUOH�LQ�QRYHPEHU������LQ�GH�9HUHQLJGH6WDWHQ�JHUHJLVWUHHUG��(XURSHVH�UHJLVWUDWLH�ZRUGW�EHJLQ������YHUZDFKW�

Page 82: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

0RJHOLMN�]LMQ�GHUJHOLMNH�YDFFLQV�RS�WHUPLMQ�WH�FRPELQHUHQ�PHW�JHFRQMXJHHUGH0HQLQJRNRNNHQ�JURHS�$�HQ�RI�&�YDFFLQV�3QHXPRNRNNHQ�HLZLW�YDFFLQV7RW�VORW�ZRUGW�JHZHUNW�DDQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�YDFFLQV�GLH�QLHW�RS�NDSVHOSRO\VDFFKDULGHQ�PDDURS�HLZLWWHQ�JHEDVHHUG�]LMQ��3QHXPRO\VLQH�LV�HHQ�ELM]RQGHU�DDQWUHNNHOLMN�HLZLW�DOV�EDVLV�YRRUHHQ QLHXZH�JHQHUDWLH�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�YDFFLQV�������+HW�WRHNRPVWLJH�YDFFLQ�LV�JHEDVHHUG�RSHHQ PHW�UHFRPELQDQW�'1$�WHFKQRORJLH�YHUNUHJHQ�PXWDQW�SQHXPRO\VLQH��KHW�]RJHKHWHQSQHXPRO\VRwG��3G������������9DQZHJH�GH�F\WRWR[LVFKH�DFWLYLWHLW�LV�SQHXPRO\VLQH�DOV�]RGDQLJQLHW�JHVFKLNW�DOV�YDFFLQ��(FKWHU��KHW�LV�PRJHOLMN�HHQ�DDQYXOOLQJ�RS�GH�FRQMXJDDWUHHNV�RI�KHW]RX LQ�HHQ�JHFRQMXJHHUG�YDFFLQ�RRN�DOV�GUDJHUHLZLW�NXQQHQ�IXQJHUHQ�������������:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQV�%LM�GH�SQHXPRNRN�]LMQ�NDSVHOSRO\VDFFKDULGHQ�GH�EHODQJULMNVWH�DQWLJHQHQ�GLH�PHW�YLUXOHQWLHHQ PHW�EHVFKHUPHQGH�LPPXQLWHLW�]LMQ�JHDVVRFLHHUG��$QWLVWRIIHQ�WHJHQ�KHW�EDFWHULHNDSVHOPDNHQ�GH�EDFWHULH�PLQGHU�PRELHO�HQ�]RUJHQ�GDW�]H�ZRUGHQ�RSJHUXLPG�GRRU�KHW�IDJRF\WDLUHV\VWHHP��RSVRQRIDJRF\WRVH���3RO\VDFFKDULGHQ�ZHNNHQ�HHQ�EHSHUNWH�LPPXXQUHVSRQV�RS�RPGDW�DOOHHQ�%�O\PIRF\WHQ�ZRUGHQ�JHDFWLYHHUG��'LW�OHLGW�WRW�LPPXQLWHLW�GLH�RYHUZHJHQG�GRRU,J0�DQWLVWRIIHQ�HQ�LQ�YHHO�PLQGHUH�PDWH�GRRU�,J*�DQWLVWRIIHQ�ZRUGW�JHPHGLHHUG��'H]HLPPXQLWHLW�GRRIW�QD�HQLJH�MDUHQ�XLW��RPGDW�JHHQ�LPPXQRORJLVFK�JHKHXJHQ�ZRUGW�DDQJHOHJG�%RYHQGLHQ�]LMQ�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�����MDDU��QRJ�QLHW�LQ�VWDDW�RP�RS�GH]H�SRO\VDFFKDULGHDQWLJHQHQ�WH�UHDJHUHQ�.RSSHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�SRO\VDFFKDULGHQ�DDQ�GUDJHUHLZLWWHQ��FRQMXJDWLH��OHLGW�ZHO�WRW�HHQ�VWHUNH�SHUVLVWHUHQGH�,J*�JHPHGLHHUGH�LPPXQLWHLW�PHW�LPPXQRORJLVFKH�JHKHXJHQYRUPLQJ��2RN�]LMQ]HHU MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�QX�ZHO�LQ�VWDDW�RP�DGHTXDDW�RS�GH�JHFRQMXJHHUGH�YDFFLQV�WH�UHDJHUHQ�*H]LHQ�GH�KHWHURJHQLWHLW�YDQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�PRHWHQ�3QN�YDFFLQV�PXOWLYDOHQW�]LMQ�1D�YDFFLQDWLH�2QJHFRQMXJHHUGH�SRO\VDFFKDULGH�YDFFLQV�'H�EHVFKHUPHQGH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�RQJHFRQMXJHHUGH�3QN�YDFFLQV�ELM�RXGHUH�NLQGHUHQ�LV�QLHWRQGHU]RFKW��%LM�YROZDVVHQHQ��RXGHUHQ��EHVWDDW�FD������EHVFKHUPLQJ�WHJHQ�LQYDVLHYH��PHWEDFWHULHPLH�JHDVVRFLHHUGH��LQIHFWLHV��WHUZLMO�GH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�WHJHQ�GH�YDNHU�YRRUNRPHQGHPXFRVDOH LQIHFWLHV��EURQFKRSQHXPRQLH��PLQGHU�JRHG�OLMNW�WH�]LMQ�����*HFRQMXJHHUGH�SQHXPRNRNNHQYDFFLQV�,Q�HHQ�JURRWVFKDOLJH�HIILFDF\�VWXGLH�LQ�&DOLIRUQLs�EOHHN�YDFFLQDWLH�PHW�HHQ���YDOHQW�3QNFRQMXJDDW�YDFFLQ��:\HWK�/HGHUOH��LQ�KRJH�PDWH�HIIHFWLHI�LQ�KHW�YRRUNRPHQ�YDQ�LQYDVLHYH3QN�LQIHFWLHV����JHYDO�LQ�GH�JHYDFFLQHHUGH�JURHS�YHUVXV����JHYDOOHQ�LQ�GH�FRQWUROH�JURHS�EHLGH�JURHSHQ�EHVWRQGHQ�XLW�FLUFD��������NLQGHUHQ���2RN�EOHHN�HU�EHVFKHUPLQJ�WHJHQPXFRVDOH�LQIHFWLHV��RRURQWVWHNLQJ��EURQFKRSQHXPRQLH��+XLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�3QHXPRNRNNHQ����YDOHQW�YDFFLQDWLH�ZRUGW�YHUJRHG�YROJHQV�GH�UHJHOLQJ�IDUPDFHXWLVFKH�KXOS�����YRRU�GH�YROJHQGH�YHU]HNHUGHQ�� LQ GH�OHHIWLMG�YDQ���MDDU�HQ�RXGHU�PHW�HHQ�RQYROZDDUGLJH�PLOWIXQFWLH�RIZHO�QDPLOWYHUZLMGHULQJ� OLMGHQGH�DDQ�GH�]LHNWH�YDQ�+RGJNLQ�GLH�DOV�RQGHUGHHO�YDQ�GH�EHKDQGHOLQJ�HHQPLOWYHUZLMGHULQJ�]XOOHQ�RQGHUJDDQ� PHW GH�]LHNWH�YDQ�+RGJNLQ�GLH�HHQ�EHKDQGHOLQJ�PHW�F\WRVWDWLFD�]XOOHQ�RQGHUJDDQ��RRN�DOVJHHQ�PLOWYHUZLMGHULQJ�SODDWVYLQGW

Page 83: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

� PHW HHQ�PDUJLQDOH�ORQJIXQFWLH��PD[LPDDO�DGHP�PLQXXWYROXPH�PLQGHU�GDQ����O��GRRUZHONH RRU]DDN�GDQ�RRN� PHW OHYHUFLUURVH� PHW UHFLGLYHUHQGH�KHUVHQYOLHVRQWVWHNLQJ�GRRU�SQHXPRNRNNHQLQIHFWLH�QD�VFKHGHOOHWVHO��DOGDQ QLHW�PHW�OHNNDJH�YDQ�KHUVHQYRFKW� GLH +,9�JHwQIHFWHHUG�]LMQ��&'&�NODVVLILFDWLH�+,9�LQIHFWLH�JURHSHQ�,,��,,,�HQ�,9�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�2QJHFRQMXJHHUG�YDFFLQ�5HVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�HHQ�1HGHUODQGVH�VWXGLH�WRQHQ�DDQ�GDW�GH�.(5�YDQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�YDFFLQDWLHLQ�KRJH�PDWH�OHHIWLMGVDIKDQNHOLMN�LV��]LH�WDEHO�%������,Q�GH�VWXGLH�LV�DOOHHQ�UHNHQLQJ�JHKRXGHQPHW GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ����������9HUZHUNLQJ�YDQ�GH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�]RX�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�OHLGHQ�WRWHHQ EHWHUH�.(5�YRRU�RXGHUH�SHUVRQHQ�GLH�GHHO�XLWPDNHQ�YDQ�GH�DUEHLGVPDUNW��������MDDU��9RRU�GH�RYHULJH�SHUVRQHQ�]RX�GH�.(5�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�QLHW�YHHO�YHUDQGHUHQ��2YHULJHQV�JDDW�GHVWXGLH�����HU�WHQ�RQUHFKWH�YDQ�XLW�GDW�KHW�YDFFLQ�RRN�ZHUN]DDP�LV�WHJHQ�QLHW�LQYDVLHYHSQHXPRQLHsQ��8LW�HHQ�WH�YHUVFKLMQHQ�VWXGLH�YDQ�3RVWPD������EOLMNW�GDW�GH�.(5�YRRUSQHXPRNRNNHQYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�RXGHUHQ�����MDULJHQ���������(85�SHU�JHZRQQHQ�OHYHQVMDDUNRVW��.RVWHQ��RRUVSURQNHOLMN�LQ������+IO��]LMQ�JHwQIODWHHUG�QDDU������PHW�JHEUXLNPDNLQJ�YDQ2(&'�*'3�SULMVLQGH[HQ�HQ�YHUYROJHQV�RPJHUHNHQG�QDDU�(85��7RHNRPVWLJH�NRVWHQ�]LMQJHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHU�MDDU�7DEHO�%�����.RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�SQHXPRNRNNHQYDFFLQDWLH�LQ�1HGHUODQG�����

/HHIWLMGVFDWHJRULH��MDUHQ��YDQ�SHUVRQHQGLH�LQ�DDQPHUNLQJ�NRPHQ .RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVUDWLR��(85� JHZRQQHQ�OHYHQVMDDU������� ����������� ����������� ���������� ���������� ���������� ������ �������� ���

�.RVWHQ��RRUVSURQNHOLMN�LQ������+IO��]LMQ�JHwQIODWHHUG�QDDU������PHW�JHEUXLNPDNLQJ�YDQ�2(&'�*'3�SULMVLQGH[HQ�HQ�YHUYROJHQV�RPJHUHNHQG�QDDU�(85��7RHNRPVWLJH�NRVWHQ�HQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ�]LMQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW���SHU�MDDU��1HJDWLHYH�NRVWHQ�]LMQ�HHQ�PDDW�YRRU�EHVSDULQJHQ�9HUVFKHLGHQH�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH�VWXGLHV�WRQHQ�DDQ�GDW�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�SHUVRQHQ�YDQ����MDDU�RIRXGHU�LQ�GH�96�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�NDQ�EHVSDUHQ��FDWHJRULH������������������$DQJH]LHQ�GH�PHHVWHPHQVHQ�ERYHQ�GH����MDDU�JHSHQVLRQHHUG�]LMQ�]XOOHQ�HU�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�ZHLQLJ�RI�JHHQLQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�EHVSDDUG�ZRUGHQ�*HFRQMXJHHUG�YDFFLQ�(HQ�UHFHQW�5,90�RQGHU]RHN�ZLMVW�XLW�GDW�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�PHWJHFRQMXJHHUG���YDOHQW�YDFFLQ�HHQ�.(5�YDQ��������(852�4$/<�KHHIW��ZDQQHHU�DOOHHQUHNHQLQJ�ZRUGW�JHKRXGHQ�PHW�GH�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��:DQQHHU�RRN�GH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�YHUUHNHQGZRUGHQ GDQ�LV�GH�.(5��������(852�4$/<�������%LM�GH�EHUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�.(5�LV�RYHULJHQVUHNHQLQJ�JHKRXGHQ�PHW�KHW�HIIHFW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�RS�KHW�YRRUNRPHQ�YDQ�RWLWLV�PHGLD�������LVJHNR]HQ�DOV�UHIHUHQWLHMDDU�YRRU�GH�EHUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�KXLGLJH�NRVWHQ��$OOH�WRHNRPVWLJH�NRVWHQHQ 4$/<¶V�]LMQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHU�MDDU��9RRU�]RYHU�EHNHQG�]LMQ�HU�HOGHUV�JHHQHFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLHV�XLWJHYRHUG�YRRU�KHW���YDOHQW�YDFFLQ�

Page 84: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

2SQDPH�LQ�593����"=LH�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�HQ�GH�.($¶V�KRRIGVWXN����9DFFLQDWLHYDQ�RXGHUHQ��������LHGHUH���MDDU��PHW�RQJHFRQMXJHHUG�PXOWLYDOHQW�YDFFLQ�LV�]HHU�JHVFKLNWYRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593������9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV�PHW�HHQ�JHFRQMXJHHUGYDFFLQ��ELM�YRRUNHXU�LQ�FRPELQDWLH�PHW�HHQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQYDFFLQ��LV�PRJHOLMN�JHVFKLNW�YRRURSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593��'H�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�SQHXPRO\VRwG�ORRSW�DFKWHU�RS�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQFRQMXJDDWYDFFLQV�

Page 85: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

���9LUDOH�YDFFLQV$OJHPHQH�JHJHYHQV�LQ�RQGHUVWDDQG�RYHU]LFKW�]LMQ�DINRPVWLJ�XLW�)LHOGV�9LURORJ\���G�HG������������9DFFLQHV��G�HG�������������HQ�KHW�-RUGDQ�5HSRUW������������$QGHUH�EURQQHQ�]LMQ�GH�&'&�ZZZ�FGF�JRY���1,+��ZZZ�1,+�JRY��HQ�:+2��ZZZ�:+2�LQW��

����� 5RWDYLUXV=LHNWH�*DVWUR�HQWHULWLV$JHQV�5RWDYLUXV%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�/LFKWH�YRUP��GLDUUHH��NRRUWV�HQ�RYHUJHYHQ��HUQVWLJH�YRUP��XLWGURJLQJ�2YHUGUDFKW�+HW�YLUXV�YHUVSUHLGW�]LFK�SULPDLU�YLD�GH�IHFDDO�RUDOH�URXWH��PHW�QDPH�GLUHFWH�RYHUGUDFKW�YDQSHUVRRQ�QDDU�SHUVRRQ�YLQGW�SODDWV��+HW�LV�RQGXLGHOLMN�RI�LQIHFWLH�RRN�YLD�GH�OXFKWZHJHQPRJHOLMN�LV�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�5RWDYLUXV�YHUWRRQW�HHQ�VHL]RHQVJHERQGHQ�LQFLGHQWLH��ZDDUYDQ�GH�SLHN�LQ�1HGHUODQGJHPLGGHOG�LQ�IHEUXDUL�PDDUW�RSWUHHGW������+HW�DDQWDO�]LHNHQKXLVRSQDPHQ�YDQ�NLQGHUHQ����MDDU�WHQ�JHYROJH�YDQ�URWDYLUXV�LV��������SHU���������:DQQHHU�URWDLQIHFWLHV�GLH�RQWVWDDQ�LQ�KHW�]LHNHQKXLV�ZRUGHQ�PHHJHWHOG�GDQ�LV�GLHLQFLGHQWLH���������SHU���������7DEHO�%�����(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�URWDYLUXVLQIHFWLHV�

,QFLGHQWLH3HU���������LQZRQHUVSHU�MDDU

=LHNHQKXLVRSQDPHV3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

+XLVDUWV�EH]RHN 0RUWDOLWHLW3HU���������LQZRQHUVSHU�MDDU:HUHOG ���� � � ��

96����� ���� �����������������MU���������� �����������

1HGHUODQG����� a������������MU� ����������MU� �������MU� �����8. �������� ���

��� ���MU������ �����������������MU� ��:DQQHHU�HU�HHQ�OHHIWLMGVFDWHJRULH�LV�JHVSHFLILFHHUG�GDQ�]LMQ�GH�DDQWDOOHQ�XLWJHGUXNW�SHU���������LQGLYLGXHQ�XLWGH]H�OHHIWLMGVFDWHJRULH�'RHOJURHS�.LQGHUHQ�YDQ�����MDDU��RPGDW�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�HQ�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�LQ�GH]HJURHS�KHW�KRRJVW�LV�=LHNWHODVW�=LHNWHODVW�ZRUGW�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ�'$/<¶V�GLH�ZRUGHQ�EHUHNHQG�DOV�GH�VRP�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDOYHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ��9/��HQ�KHW�DDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ��=-(���'H�9/�]LMQ�EHUHNHQGDOV KHW�DDQWDO�VWHUIJHYDOOHQ��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW��SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��GH�YRRU�GLH�OHHIWLMGJHOGHQGH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��HQ�LQ�VRPPLJH�JHYDOOHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHUMDDU��'H�=-(�]LMQ�LQ�SULQFLSH�EHUHNHQG�DOV�KHW�WRWDDO�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�GH�]LHNWH�

Page 86: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YRRU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH��]RDOV�EHSDDOG�GRRU�HHQSDQHO�YDQ�H[SHUWV��+HW�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGW�EHQDGHUG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH�PDDO�GXXU��YRRUNRUWGXUHQGH�]LHNWH��RI�DOV�SXQWSUHYDOHQWLH��VRPV�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�]LHNWHWRHVWDQG���2RN�KLHUNDQ�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�WRHVWDQG�YRRU�WRHNRPVWLJH�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG��=LHYRRU�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�WRHOLFKWLQJ�ELMODJH���7DEHO�%�����%HUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�URWDYLUXVLQIHFWLHV�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLH�GRRUYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�

%HUHNHQLQJ9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ�NLQGHUHQ 7RWDOH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�

9/� � �=-(�=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH�����MDDU�����������������������[�RPYDQJOHHIWLMGVJURHS����PLOMRHQ��[�GXXU����MDDU�RPGDW�GH�HUQVW�DOV�MDDUSURILHO�LVJHZDDUGHHUG�� ���������������:HJLQJVIDFWRU� �������979������YRRU�PDDJ�GDUPLQIHFWLHV�DOJHPHHQ�JHZDDUGHHUG�DOV�MDDUSURILHO������)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV�JHVWHOG�RS��������

��������� �������

7RWDDO ��������� �������(LVHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQ�(HQ�RSWLPDDO�URWDYLUXV�YDFFLQ�PRHW�EHVFKHUPHQ�WHJHQ�LQIHFWLH�YDQ�GH�YLOOHX]H�HSLWKHHOFHOOHQYDQ�GH�GXQQH�GDUP�ELM�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ��+HW�YDFFLQ�PRHW�PXFRVDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�RSZHNNHQRPGDW�PXFRVDOH�DQWLOLFKDPHQ�HHQ�URO�VSHOHQ�ELM�GH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�WHJHQ�QDWXXUOLMNH�LQIHFWLH�2PGDW�PXFRVDOH�DQWLOLFKDPHQ�LQ�UHVSRQV�RS�QDWXXUOLMNH�LQIHFWLH�NRUWOHYHQG�]LMQ������MDDU�PRHWHQ URWDYLUXV�YDFFLQV�HHQ�,J$�UHVSRQV�RSOHYHUHQ�GLH�ODQJHU�GXXUW��'DDUQDDVW�PRHW�KHWYDFFLQ�EHVFKHUPLQJ�ELHGHQ�WHJHQ�HHQ�]R�JURRW�PRJHOLMN�DDQWDO�VHURW\SHQ�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ������+HW�PHHVW�YHHOEHORYHQGH�YDFFLQ�LV�HHQ�TXDGUL�WHWUD��YDOHQW�OHYHQG�YLUXV�DIJHOHLG�YDQ�HHQURWDYLUXV�VHURW\SH���YDQ�UHVXVDSHQ��+HW�URWDYLUXV�JHQRRP�EHVWDDW�XLW����JHQRRPVHJPHQWHQ�ppQ GDDUYDQ�FRGHHUW�YRRU�KHW�93��HLZLW��GDW�GH�GHWHUPLQDQW�LV�YRRU�HOI�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�KXPDQHVHURW\SHQ��GH�RYHULJH�DFKW�VHURW\SHQ�ZRUGHQ�JHNHQPHUNW�GRRU�93����+HW�YDFFLQ�EHVWDDW�XLWHHQ PHQJVHO�YDQ�YLUXVVHQ�GDW�HON�YDQ�GH����VHJPHQWHQ�YDQ�KHW�DSHQYLUXV�SOXV�HHQ�YDQ�YLHUYHUVFKLOOHQGH�93��VHJPHQWHQ�EHYDW��GDW�YDQ�KHW�DSHQYLUXV��W\SH����RI�GLH�YDQ�W\SH������HQ��YDQ�GH�KXPDQH�YLUXVVHQ��6DPHQ�PDNHQ�GH]H�VHURW\SHQ�����YDQ�DOOH�GRRU�93��EHSDDOGHVHURW\SHQ�XLW��+HW�YDFFLQ�ZRUGW�JHSURGXFHHUG�GRRU�:\HWK�/HGHUOH�9DFFLQHV�DQG�3HGLDWULFVHQ ZRUGW�RUDDO�WRHJHGLHQG�LQ���GRVHV��RS������HQ���PDDQGHQ�+HW�YDFFLQ�LV�JRHGJHNHXUG�GRRU�GH�)'$�LQ�DXJXVWXV�������PDDU�GH�$&,3�KHHIW�SHU���RNWREHU������EHVORWHQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�YRRUORSLJ�QLHW�ODQJHU�DDQ�WH�EHYHOHQ�ZHJHQV�HHQ�PRJHOLMNHDVVRFLDWLH�PHW�LQWXVVXVFHSWLH��HHQ�YRUP�YDQ�GDUPLQYDJLQDWLH��0RPHQWHHO�ZRUGW�GH]HELMZHUNLQJ�QDGHU�RQGHU]RFKW�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�+HW�YDFFLQ�LQGXFHHUW�QHXWUDOLVHUHQGH��EHVFKHUPHQGH��DQWLOLFKDDPWLWHUV�WHJHQ�HHQ�YDQ�GH��93��VHURW\SHQ�LQ�����YDQ�GH�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ��LQ�PLQGHU�GDQ�����YDQ�GH�JHYDOOHQ�WHJHQ�DOOHYLHU��%LM�����YDQ�GH�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�ZRUGHQ�YHUKRRJGH�V,J$�WLWHUV�RSJHZHNW�GLH�PLQVWHQVHHQ MDDU�SHUVLVWHUHQ�1%��KHW�YDFFLQ�YHURRU]DDNW�LQ�����YDQ�GH�JHYDOOHQ�OLFKWH�NRRUWV�QD�����GDJHQ�

Page 87: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

1D�YDFFLQDWLH������'H�YDFFLQ�HIILFDF\�LQ�GH�JHwQGXVWULDOLVHHUGH�ODQGHQ�LV�PHW�FLUFD�����QLHW�HUJ�KRRJ��'DDU�VWDDWWHJHQRYHU�GDW�ZHO�JRHGH�EHVFKHUPLQJ����������WHJHQ�JHFRPSOLFHHUGH�LQIHFWLHV��GHK\GUDWDWLH�YHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�OHLGHQGH�WRW�]LHNHQKXLVRSQDPH�HWF���ZRUGW�JHYRQGHQ�+XLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�*HHQ�YDFFLQDWLH��+HW�YDFFLQ�LV�QLHW�JHUHJLVWUHHUG�LQ�1HGHUODQG�HQ�LQ�GH�96��ZDDU�KHW�ZHOJHUHJLVWUHHUG�ZDV��LV�KHW�WLMGHOLMN�YDQ�GH�PDUNW�JHKDDOG�YDQZHJH�PRJHOLMNH��ELMZHUNLQJHQ�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�'H�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�PHW�URWDYLUXV�LV�QRRLW�JHDQDO\VHHUG�YRRU�GH1HGHUODQGVH�VLWXDWLH��2S�GLW�PRPHQW�ZRUGW�HHQ�VWXGLH�XLWJHYRHUG�GRRU�KHW�5,90�8LW�VWXGLHV�LQ�GH�96�HQ�)LQODQG�EOLMNW�GDW��DIKDQNHOLMN�YDQ�GH�YDFFLQDWLHNRVWHQ��URXWLQHPDWLJHXQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�]HHU�JXQVWLJ��FDWHJRULH����WRW�NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG�FDWHJRULH����LV��'H�EHUHNHQLQJHQ�ZDUHQ�JHEDVHHUG�RS�]RZHO�GLUHFWH�DOV�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��,QGDW�JHYDO�EOLMNW�GDW�YDFFLQDWLH�YRRU�86����LQ�GH�96�NRVWHQQHXWUDDO�LV��,Q�)LQODQG�LV�YDFFLQDWLHYRRU�86����NRVWHQQHXWUDDO��'H�GDDGZHUNHOLMNH�YDFFLQDWLHNRVWHQ�YDULsUHQ�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJWXVVHQ�GH�86����HQ�86������������������:DQQHHU�GH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�EXLWHQ�EHVFKRXZLQJZRUGHQ JHODWHQ�GDQ�LV�HHQ�YDFFLQDWLH�YRRU�86���LQ�GH�96�NRVWHQQHXWUDDO������HQ�LV�GHNRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�JXQVWLJ��FDWHJRULH�,,,�������2SQDPH�LQ�KHW�593����"9DFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�URWDYLUXV�OLMNW�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593������PDDU�GHJHJHYHQV��]RZHO�RYHU�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�DOV�RYHU�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW��YHUWRQHQ�HHQGHUPDWH�JURWH�VSUHLGLQJ��GDW�YRRU�HHQ�FRQFOXVLH�QDGHU�RQGHU]RHN�YHUHLVW�LV��=LH�YRRU�GHEHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�HQ�GH�.($¶V�RRN�KRRIGVWXN���9HUGHUH�DFWLHV�� 1DGHUH�EHSDOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�HQ�XLWYRHULQJ�YDQNRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVWXGLHV�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�YRRU�1HGHUODQG�� :DQQHHU�URWDYLUXV�YDFFLQDWLH�JHVFKLNW�EOLMNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593�����GDQ�GLHQW�GHURXWH YDQ�WRHGLHQLQJ�JHRSWLPDOLVHHUG�WH�ZRUGHQ��'DDUQDDVW�PRHW�GDQ�RRN�XLWJH]RFKWZRUGHQ�LQ�KRHYHUUH�FRPELQDWLH�YDQ�URWDYLUXV�YDFFLQ�PHW�EHVWDDQGH�YDFFLQV�OHLGW�WRWLQWHUIHUHQWLH�

����� +HSDWLWLV�$�YLUXV=LHNWH�+HSDWLWLV�$$JHQV�+HSDWLWLV�$�YLUXV%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�$OJHKHOH�PDODLVH��JHHO]XFKW��LQ�KHW�DOJHPHHQ�PLOGH�YHUVFKLMQVHOHQ��LQFLGHQWHHO�ELMYROZDVVHQHQ�HUQVWLJHU�V\PSWRPHQ��DOJHKHHO�IDOHQ�YDQ�GH�OHYHU��OHYHUWUDQVSODQWDWLHQRRG]DNHOLMN��2YHUGUDFKW�+HW�YLUXV�YHUVSUHLGW�YLD�IHFHV��,QIHFWLH�GRRU�RUDDO�FRQWDFW�PHW�PDWHULDDO�GDW�EHVPHWWH�IHFHVEHYDW�

Page 88: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�1HGHUODQG�LV�HHQ�ODDJ�HQGHPLVFK�ODQG�YRRU�KHSDWLWLV�$��3HU�MDDU�ZRUGHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQGRQJHYHHU�����V\PSWRPDWLVFKH�JHYDOOHQ�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�$�JHPHOG�ELM�GH�LQVSHFWLH�YRRU�GHJH]RQGKHLGV]RUJ��,*=���'LW�]RX�QHHUNRPHQ�RS�HHQ�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�SOP����SHU���������SHUMDDU��*HFRUULJHHUG�YRRU�RQGHUUDSSRUWDJH�LV�GLW�JHWDO�HFKWHU�����PDDO�]R�KRRJ��%RYHQGLHQYHUORRSW�HHQ�NZDUW�YDQ�DOOH�KHSDWLWLV�$�LQIHFWLHV�ELM�YROZDVVHQHQ�DV\PSWRPDWLVFK��ELM��MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�LV�GH]H�IUDFWLH�QRJ�JURWHU��,QFLGHQWLH�NDQ�KLHUGRRU�ZRUGHQ�JHVFKDW�RS�������SHU��������SHU�MDDU��� �������±�� ��������8LW�VHURSUHYDOHQWLH�RQGHU]RHN�EOLMNW�GDW�HU�WHQ�JHYROJH�YDQ�ODJHUH�EORRWVWHOOLQJ�DDQ�KHSDWLWLV$ YLUXV�GH�VHURSUHYDOHQWLH�DDQ]LHQOLMN�ODJHU�LV�YRRU�SHUVRQHQ�JHERUHQ�VLQGV�GH�WZHHGHZHUHOGRRUORJ��'DDURP�]DO�KHW�DDQWDO�SHUVRQHQ�GDW�YDWEDDU�LV�YRRU�+$9�WRHQHPHQ�LQ�GHNRPHQGH�GHFHQQLD�LQ�1HGHUODQG��'LW�KHHIW�PRJHOLMN�LPSOLFDWLHV�YRRU�KHW�YDFFLQDWLHEHOHLGPHGH�RPGDW�RXGHUH�OHHIWLMG�JHDVVRFLHHUG�LV�PHW�JURWHUH�NDQV�RS�V\PSWRPDWLVFKH�+$9LQIHFWLH������7DEHO�%�����(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�KHSDWLWLV�$�YLUXVLQIHFWLHV�

,QFLGHQWLH3HU���������LQZRQHUVSHU�MDDU

3UHYDOHQWLH =LHNHQKXLVRSQDPHV3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

0RUWDOLWHLW3HU���������LQZRQHUVSHU�MDDU:HUHOG ��� � � ����������MU���������!��MU�

96� ����� ������ � ����1HGHUODQG ������

������� ��� ���������

��'H]H�JHJHYHQV�]LMQ�DINRPVWLJ�YDQ�KHW�&'&���'H]H�JHJHYHQV�]LMQ�DINRPVWLJ�YDQ�GH�,QVSHFWLH�YRRU�GH�*H]RQGKHLGV]RUJ�HQ�JHFRUULJHHUG�YRRURQGHUUDSSRUWDJH��$V\PSWRPDWLVFKH�SDWLsQWHQ�]LMQ�QLHW�PHHJHUHNHQG�� ,QFOXVLHI�DV\PSWRPDWLVFKH�SDWLsQWHQ����������

)LJXXU����$DQWDO�DDQJLIWHQ�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�$�LQ�KHW�HHUVWH�NZDUWDDO�YDQ�KHW�MDDU��1HGHUODQG�����������%URQ��,*=�������'RHOJURHS�+HOH�SRSXODWLH�

Page 89: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

=LHNWHODVW�=LHNWHODVW�ZRUGW�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ�'$/<¶V�GLH�ZRUGHQ�EHUHNHQG�DOV�GH�VRP�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDOYHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ��9/��HQ�KHW�DDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ��=-(���'H�9/�]LMQ�EHUHNHQGDOV KHW�DDQWDO�VWHUIJHYDOOHQ��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW��SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��GH�YRRU�GLH�OHHIWLMGJHOGHQGH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��HQ�LQ�VRPPLJH�JHYDOOHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHUMDDU��'H�=-(�]LMQ�LQ�SULQFLSH�EHUHNHQG�DOV�KHW�WRWDDO�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�GH�]LHNWH�YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YRRU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH��]RDOV�EHSDDOG�GRRU�HHQSDQHO�YDQ�H[SHUWV��+HW�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGW�EHQDGHUG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH�PDDO�GXXU��YRRUNRUWGXUHQGH�]LHNWH��RI�DOV�SXQWSUHYDOHQWLH��VRPV�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�]LHNWHWRHVWDQG���2RN�KLHUNDQ�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�WRHVWDQG�YRRU�WRHNRPVWLJH�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG��=LHYRRU�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�WRHOLFKWLQJ�ELMODJH���7DEHO�%������%HUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�KHSDWLWLV�$�LQIHFWLHV�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLH�GRRUYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�NOHXWHUV�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�

%HUHNHQLQJ9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ���MDULJHQ 7RWDOH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�

9/��YLUDOH�KHSDWLWLV6WHUIWH� ������EHUHNHQG�DOV����������YDQ�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�������������5HVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�ELM�RYHUOLMGHQ� UXZ�JHVFKDW�JHPLGGHOGH�RS�EDVLVYDQ�OHHIWLMGVYHUGHOLQJ�GRRGVRRU]DNHQVWDWLVWLHN����)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV�����

��������� ���������

=-(�=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH�V\PSWRPDWLVFK�������������[�GXXU�������MDDU�� �������:HJLQJVIDFWRU� ������YRRU�KHSDWLWLV�%��979�����������)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� 'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV�����

����� �����

7RWDDO ��������� ���������

(LVHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQ�+HW�YDFFLQ�PRHW�HHQ�JRHGH�HQ�ODQJGXULJH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�ELHGHQ�HQ��LQGLHQ�YRRU�GH�GRHOJURHS����MDDU�ZRUGW�JHNR]HQ��WRHJHGLHQG�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�LQ�FRPELQDWLH�PHW�EHVWDDQGH�YDFFLQV��ELMYRRUNHXU�LQ�GH�%05�JURHS�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ������+HW�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQ��WZHH�YHUVLHV��+DYUL[�6PLWK.OLQH�%HHFKDP�3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV�HQ�9DTWD�0HUFN��&R���EHVWDDW�XLW�IRUPDOLQH�JHwQDFWLYHHUG�YLUXV��GDW�LQ�WZHH�GRVHV�ZRUGW�JHJHYHQ�LQWUDPXVFXODLU��ZDDUELM�ZRUGW�JHERRVW�QD������PDDQGHQ��(U�NDQ�HHQ�PLOGH�UHDFWLH�RSWUHGHQRS�GH�SODDWV�YDQ�LPPXQLVDWLH�QD����XXU�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�+HW�YDFFLQ�LQGXFHHUW�HHQ�VWHUNH�QHXWUDOLVHUHQGH�DQWLOLFKDDPUHVSRQV��,J0���(HQ�PDDQG�QD�GHHHUVWH�GRVLV�WUHHGW�ELM�����YDQ�GH�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�VHURFRQYHUVLH�RS��'H�EHVFKHUPLQJVGXXUZRUGW JHVFKDW�RS������MDDU�1D�YDFFLQDWLH��'H�EHVFKHUPLQJ�LV�����+XLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�3HU���DSULO������ZRUGW��DFWLHYH��YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�KHSDWLWLV�$�GRRU�GH�]LHNWHNRVWHQYHU]HNHUDDUYHUJRHG�YRRU�GUDJHUV�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�&�GLH�HHQ�YHUKRRJG�ULVLFR�RS�KHSDWLWLV�$�KHEEHQ��9HUGHU�LV

Page 90: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

9:6�YDQ�PHQLQJ�GDW�PHQVHQ�GLH�RS�YDNDQWLH�JDDQ�]LFK�EHZXVW�EORRWVWHOOHQ�DDQ�KHSDWLWLV�$HQ GXV�RRN�]HOI�PRHWHQ�EHWDOHQ�YRRU�GH]H�YDFFLQDWLH��6RPPLJH�**'�HQ�SUREHUHQ�GRRUPLGGHO YDQ�JUDWLV�RI�WHJHQ�JHUHGXFHHUG�WDULHI�YHUVWUHNNHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQV�PHHU�PHQVHQ�XLW�GH]HGRHOJURHS��PHW�QDPH�DOORFKWRQHQ��WH�EHUHLNHQ��0RPHQWHHO�RQWZLNNHOW�9:6�HHQ�VWDQGSXQWRYHU�GH�URO�YDQ�GH�FHQWUDOH�RYHUKHLG�ELM�GH�EHVWULMGLQJ�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�$��'LW�]RX�LQ�KHW�YRRUMDDU�����NODDU�PRHWHQ�]LMQ�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�,Q�1HGHUODQG�LV�DOOHHQ�HHQ�RQGHU]RHN�RQGHU�1HGHUODQGVH�PDULQLHUV�XLWJHYRHUG��'LW�RQGHU]RHNWRRQW�DDQ�GDW�DFWLHYH�LPPXQLVDWLH�DOOHHQ�NRVWHQHIIHFWLHYHU�LV�GDQ�SDVVLHYH�LPPXQLVDWLH�DOVPHQ PLQLPDDO�WZHH�PDDO�YRRU�HHQ�SHULRGH�YDQ���PDDQGHQ�QDDU�HHQ�KRRJ�HQGHPLVFK�JHELHGJDDW�ELQQHQ�HHQ�SHULRGH�YDQ����MDDU�������(U�LV�DOOHHQ�UHNHQLQJ�JHKRXGHQ�PHW�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�8LW�VWXGLHV�LQ�DQGHUH�(XURSHVH�ODDJ�HQGHPLVFKH�ODQGHQ��%HOJLs��6SDQMH��9.��EOLMNW�GDWYDFFLQDWLH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLHYHU�LV�GDQ�SDVVLHYH�LPPXQLVDWLH�ZDQQHHU�SHUVRQHQ�GH�NRPHQGH���MDDU�PHHUGHUH�NHUHQ��PHHU�GDQ������RI�YRRU�HHQ�SHULRGH�ODQJHU�GDQ���PDDQGHQ�QDDU�HHQ�KRRJ�HQGHPLVFK ODQG�JDDQ�������������������:HGHURP�LV�DOOHHQ�UHNHQLQJ�JHKRXGHQ�PHW�GLUHFWHNRVWHQ��:DDUVFKLMQOLMN�YHUDQGHUHQ�GH]H�UHVXOWDWHQ�QLHW�ZH]HQOLMN�DOV�RRN�GH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQPHHJHQRPHQ�ZRUGHQ�2P�GLH�UHGHQ�LV�KHW�DOOHHQ�WH�RYHUZHJHQ�SHUVRQHQ�GLH�KHUKDDOGHOLMN�QDDU�KHW�EXLWHQODQG�UHL]HQHQ NLQGHUHQ�YDQ�PLJUDQWHQ�LQ�KHW�HHUVWH�OHYHQVMDDU�WH�YDFFLQHUHQ��+HW�YDFFLQ�LV�PRPHQWHHOJHUHJLVWUHHUG�YRRU�JHEUXLN�GRRU�SHUVRQHQ�ERYHQ�GH�WZHH�MDDU�2SQDPH�LQ�KHW�593����"=LH�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�HQ�GH�.($¶V�KRRIGVWXN����9DFFLQDWLHYDQ���MDULJHQ�LV�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�593������+DQGKDYLQJ�YDQ�KHW�KXLGLJHGRHOJURHSHQEHOHLG�YHUGLHQW�GH�YRRUNHXU�

����� +HSDWLWLV�%�YLUXV=LHNWH�+HSDWLWLV$JHQV�+HSDWLWLV�%�YLUXV��+%9�%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�/HYHUDDQGRHQLQJHQ�HQ�JHHO]XFKW��*HwQIHFWHHUGH�SHUVRQHQ�NXQQHQ�V\PSWRRPORRV�FKURQLVFKJHwQIHFWHHUG�EOLMYHQ��'LW�JHEHXUW�ELM�����YDQ�GH�JHwQIHFWHHUGH�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�PLQGHU�GDQ����YDQ�GH�YROZDVVHQHQ��&KURQLVFK�GUDJHUVFKDS�UHVXOWHHUW�LQ���RS�GH���JHYDOOHQ�ODWHU�LQOHYHUDDQGRHQLQJHQ��ZDDURQGHU�NDQNHU�2YHUGUDFKW�+HW�YLUXV�YHUVSUHLGW�]LFK�YLD�EORHG��VSHUPD�HQ�YDJLQDOH�DIVFKHLGLQJ��+HSDWLWLV�%�ZRUGW�LQ1HGHUODQG�LQ�FLUFD�����YDQ�GH�JHYDOOHQ�RYHUJHGUDJHQ�YLD�VHNVXHHO�FRQWDFW��LQ�FLUFD�����YDQGH�JHYDOOHQ�YLD�DQGHUH�URXWHV��ZDDURQGHU�KHW�RQWYDQJHQ�YDQ�PHGLVFKH�KXOS�HQ�KHW�YHUOHQHQYDQ�KXOS�ELM�EORHGLJH�RQJHYDOOHQ��HQ�LQ�GH�RYHULJH�JHYDOOHQ�LV�GH�WUDQVPLVVLHURXWH�RQEHNHQG�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�1HGHUODQG�LV�HHQ�ODDJHQGHPLVFK�ODQG��7RW�HQ�PHW�������WRHQ�GH�PHOGLQJVSOLFKW�YRRU�KHSDWLWLV% LQ�1HGHUODQG�]LFK�QRJ�EHSHUNWH�WRW�DFXWH��V\PSWRPDWLVFKH�JHYDOOHQ��ODJ�KHW�DDQWDO�DDQJLIWHQYDQ�KHSDWLWLV�%�URQG�����SHU�MDDU��%URQ��,*=���'LW�]RX�QHHUNRPHQ�RS�HHQ�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQRQJHYHHU�����SHU���������SHU�MDDU��6OHFKWV�����YDQ�GH�KHSDWLWLV�%�LQIHFWLHV��RS�YROZDVVHQ

Page 91: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

OHHIWLMG��LV�V\PSWRPDWLVFK��GXV�GH�JHFRUULJHHUGH�LQFLGHQWLH�LV�RQJHYHHU�����SHU���������SHUMDDU��XLWJDDQGH�YDQ����RQGHUUDSSRUWDJH��,Q�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�EHYRONLQJ�ZHUG�LQ�YHUJHOLMNLQJ�WRW�DQGHUH�ODQGHQ��PHW�XLW]RQGHULQJ�YDQ6FDQGLQDYLVFKH�ODQGHQ�HQ�KHW�9HUHQLJG�.RQLQNULMN�HHQ�ODJHUH�SUHYDOHQWLH�YDQ�DQWL�+%F�������LQGLFDWLH�YRRU�KXLGLJH�RI�GRRUJHPDDNWH�LQIHFWLH��HQ�+%V$J��������PDDW�YRRULQIHFWLRVLWHLW��JHYRQGHQ������7DEHO�%������(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�KHSDWLWLV�%�YLUXVLQIHFWLHV�

,QFLGHQWLH3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

3UHYDOHQWLH =LHNHQKXLVRSQDPHV3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

0RUWDOLWHLW3HU���������LQZRQHUVSHU�MDDU:HUHOG � ���� � ��

96����� ������ ������� ������� �����1HGHUODQG ���� �������� ��� �����

�*HEDVHHUG�RS�,*=�JHJHYHQV��*HEDVHHUG�RS�GH�&%6�GRRGVRRU]DNHQVWDWLVWLHNHQ��������������2PYDW�DOOHHQ�VWHUIWH�GRRU�YLUDOH�KHSDWLWLV�6WHUIWH�GRRU�FKURQLVFKH�KHSDWLWLV�LV�QLHW�PHHJQRPHQ�'RHOJURHS�9DQZHJH�KHW�IHLW�GDW�KHSDWLWLV�%�LQ�IHLWH�HHQ�62$�LV�NDQ�GH�GRHOJURHS�ZRUGHQ�JHGHILQLHHUGDOV ���MDULJHQ�=LHNWHODVW�=LHNWHODVW�ZRUGW�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ�'$/<¶V�GLH�ZRUGHQ�EHUHNHQG�DOV�GH�VRP�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDOYHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ��9/��HQ�KHW�DDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ��=-(���'H�9/�]LMQ�EHUHNHQGDOV KHW�DDQWDO�VWHUIJHYDOOHQ��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW��SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��GH�YRRU�GLH�OHHIWLMGJHOGHQGH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��HQ�LQ�VRPPLJH�JHYDOOHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHUMDDU��'H�=-(�]LMQ�LQ�SULQFLSH�EHUHNHQG�DOV�KHW�WRWDDO�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�GH�]LHNWH�YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YRRU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH��]RDOV�EHSDDOG�GRRU�HHQSDQHO�YDQ�H[SHUWV��+HW�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGW�EHQDGHUG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH�PDDO�GXXU��YRRUNRUWGXUHQGH�]LHNWH��RI�DOV�SXQWSUHYDOHQWLH��VRPV�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�]LHNWHWRHVWDQG���2RN�KLHUNDQ�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�WRHVWDQG�YRRU�WRHNRPVWLJH�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG��=LHYRRU�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�WRHOLFKWLQJ�ELMODJH���(LVHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQ�(HQ�+%9�YDFFLQ�PRHW�EOLMYHQGH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�ELHGHQ�]RQGHU�ELMYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�HQJHFRPELQHHUG�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�PHW�DQGHUH�62$�YDFFLQV�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ������+HW�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQ�EHVWDDW�XLW�KHW�6�DQWLJHHQ��+%V$J���JHSURGXFHHUG�LQ�6DFFKDURP\FHVFHUHYLVLDH�YLD�UHFRPELQDQW�'1$�PHWKRGLHNHQ��5HFRPELYD[��0HUFN�HQ�(QJHUL[�%�6PLWK.OLQH���$OV�DOWHUQDWLHI�ZRUGW�GLW�DQWLJHHQ�RRN�ZHO�JH]XLYHUG�XLW�JHWUDQVIRUPHHUGH�&+2FHOOHQ� 7RHYRHJLQJ�YDQ�KHW�SUH�6�JHQ�DDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�SURGXFHUHQGH�V\VWHHP�YHUKRRJW�LQ�YHHOJHYDOOHQ�GH�DQWLJHQLFLWHLW��,Q�VRPPLJH�ODQGHQ�ZRUGW�KHW�YDFFLQ�JH]XLYHUG�XLW�SODVPD�HQJHwQDFWLYHHUG�P�E�Y��IRUPDOLQH�HQ�HHQ�KLWWH�EHKDQGHOLQJ��JHYROJG�GRRU�H[WHQVLHYH�]XLYHULQJ�9DFFLQDWLH�JHEHXUW�LQWUDPXVFXODLU�LQ�GULH�GRVHV��GH�ERRVWHUV�ZRUGHQ�QD���HQ���PDDQGHQJHJHYHQ�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�+HW�YDFFLQ�ZHNW�HHQ�EHVFKHUPHQGH�+%9��VXEW\SH�RQDIKDQNHOLMNH��DQWLOLFKDDPUHVSRQV�RSWHJHQ�KHW�+%V$J�

Page 92: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

7DEHO�%������%HUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�KHSDWLWLV�%�LQIHFWLHV�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLH�GRRUYDFFLQDWLH YDQ����MDULJHQ�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�%HUHNHQLQJ9DFFLQDWLH�URQG����MDDU 7RWDOH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�

9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�9/�YLUDOH�KHSDWLWLV6WHUIWH� ���RS�EDVLV�YDQ�&%6�GRRGVRRU]DNHQVWDWLVWLHN����µYLUDOH�KHSDWLWLV�%� GH�KHOIW��DDQQDPH��YDQ���µYLUDOH�KHSDWLWLV�RQJHVSHFLILFHHUG¶�5HVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�ELM�RYHUOLMGHQ� UXZ�JHVFKDW�JHPLGGHOGH�RSEDVLV�YDQ�OHHIWLMGVYHUGHOLQJ�GRRGVRRU]DNHQVWDWLVWLHN����)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV�JHVWHOG�RS�����

��� ���

9/�VWHUIWH�GRRU�FKURQLVFKH�KHSDWLWLV��FLUURVH�RI�OHYHUFDUFLQRRP6WHUIWH� VFKDWWLQJ���FLUFD�����YDQ��D�V\PSWRPDWLVFKH�LQFLGHQWLH������ZRUGW�GUDJHU��������������KLHUYDQ�NULMJW�FLUURVH�RI�NDQNHU������5HVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�ELM�RYHUOLMGHQ� UXZ�JHVFKDW�JHPLGGHOGH�RSEDVLV�YDQ�OHHIWLMGVYHUGHOLQJ�GRRGVRRU]DNHQVWDWLVWLHN�����)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�RS�����JHVWHOG

������� �������

=-(� DFXXW��V\PSWRPDWLVFK=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH�V\PSWRPDWLVFK�������[�GXXU������MDDU�� ����:HJLQJVIDFWRU� ������979������������ �

=-(� FKURQLVFK=LHNWHMDUHQ� SUHYDOHQWLH����:HJLQJVIDFWRU� ������JHZRJHQ�JHPLGGHOGH�PHW�HQ�]RQGHU�YLUXVUHSOLFDWLH�979�����������

�� ��

=-(� ]LHNHQKXLVRSQDPH�L�Y�P��FKURQLVFK=LHNWHMDUHQ� RSQDPH�������[�GXXU���MDDU��DDQJHQRPHQ�LV�QLHW�HHQODQJGXULJH�RSQDPH��ZHO�HHQ�FKURQLVFK�]LHNWHEHORRS�:HJLQJVIDFWRU� ������YRRU�JHFRPSHQVHHUGH�OHYHUFLUURVH��979�����������

�� ��

7RWDDO��GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV����� ��������� &LUFD�����������'H�FDWHJRULHsQ�YRRU�GH�=-(�RYHUODSSHQ��'LW�LV�QLHW�YHUUHNHQG�WHQ�JHYROJH�YDQ�GH�NOHLQH�DDQWDOOHQ�1D�YDFFLQDWLH������SUHYHQWLH+XLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�+HSDWLWLV�%�YDFFLQDWLH�ZRUGW�DOOHHQ�YHUJRHG�YRRU�HHQ�YHU]HNHUGH�GLH�EHKRRUW�WRWppQ RI�PHHU�YDQ�GH�YROJHQGH�JURHSHQ�� SHUVRQHQ�GLH�]LMQ�DDQJHZH]HQ�RI�RS�DI]LHQEDUH�WHUPLMQ��SUH�GLDO\VH��NXQQHQ�]LMQDDQJHZH]HQ�RS�KHW�UHJHOPDWLJ�JHEUXLN�YDQ�EORHG��RI�EORHGSURGXFWHQ�� SHUVRQHQ�PHW�KHW�V\QGURRP�YDQ�'RZQ�RI�SHUVRQHQ�PHW�HHQ�GDDUPHH�YHUJHOLMNEDUHHUQVWLJH�FKURPRVRPDOH�DIZLMNLQJ�HQ�YRRU�]RYHU�GLW�JHSDDUG�JDDW�PHW�HHQ�YHUVWRRUGHDIZHHU�� SHUVRQHQ�GLH�HHQ�SDUWQHU��JH]LQVOLG�RI�KXLVJHQRRW�]LMQ�YDQ�LHPDQG�GLH�+%V$J�SRVLWLHI�LV�� SHUVRQHQ�GLH�DQGHUV�GDQ�LQ�GH�EHURHSVXLWRHIHQLQJ�LQ�HHQ�GDJYHUEOLMI��LQ�HHQ�WHKXLV��RS�HHQVFKRRO�YRRU�YHUVWDQGHOLMN�JHKDQGLFDSWHQ�GDQ�ZHO�HHQ�VRFLDOH�ZHUNSODDWV�RS�JURQG�YDQ�HHQULVLFRDQDO\VH�YDQ�GH�JHPHHQWHOLMNH�JH]RQGKHLGVGLHQVW�HHQ�YHUKRRJGH�NDQV�RS�EHVPHWWLQJKHEEHQ�9RRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�KRPR��HQ�KHWHURVHNVXHOHQ�PHW�YHHO�ZLVVHOHQGH�SDUWQHUV�HQ�YRRUGUXJJHEUXLNHUV�LV�HHQ�JURRW�SURHISURMHFW�JHVWDUW��'LW�ZRUGW�JHFR|UGLQHHUG�GRRU�/&,��5,90��GH�**'�LQ�$PVWHUGDP�HQ�KHW�7ULPERVLQVWLWXXW�

Page 93: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

2YHU�KHW�EHOHLG�ELM�ZHUNQHPHUV�PHW�HHQ�YHUKRRJG�ULVLFR�SXEOLFHHUW�9:6�ELQQHQNRUW�HHQFLUFXODLUH��6WUHNNLQJ��ZHUNJHYHUV�]LMQ�UHHGV�YHUSOLFKW�GH�YDFFLQDWLH�DDQ�WH�ELHGHQ�DOV�HU�VSUDNHLV�YDQ�ULVLFR��'H�0LQLVWHU�YLQGW�ERYHQGLHQ�GDW�HHQ�DDQWDO�EHURHSVJURHSHQ�DOV�³NZDOLWHLWVHLV´JHYDFFLQHHUG�]RX�PRHWHQ�]LMQ��+LHUYRRU�ZRUGW�DDQYXOOHQG�EHOHLG�RQWZLNNHOG��2S�GLW�PRPHQWZRUGHQ PLOLWDLUHQ��SROLWLHPHQVHQ�HWF��QLHW�JHYDFFLQHHUG��WHQ]LM�GDDU�DDQOHLGLQJ�WRH�LV�RS�EDVLVYDQ�HHQ�ULVLFRDQDO\VH��$UER�ZHW��7HQVORWWH�ZRUGHQ�DOOH�]ZDQJHUH�YURXZHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�JHVFUHHQG��$OV�]H�SRVLWLHI�]LMQZRUGW KXQ�NLQG�GLUHFW�QD�GH�JHERRUWH�SDVVLHI�JHwPPXQLVHHUG�HQ�ODWHU�ZRUGHQ�]HJHYDFFLQHHUG��9RRU�DOORFKWRQHQ�EHVWDDW�HU�PRPHQWHHO�JHHQ�DSDUW�EHOHLG��:HO�LV�GRRU�9:6�ELM-XVWLWLH�DDQJHGURQJHQ�RS�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�DVLHO]RHNHUV��'LW�JHEHXUW��QRJ��QLHW�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�5HFHQW�RQGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�XQLYHUVHOH�KHSDWLWLV�%�YDFFLQDWLH�LQ1HGHUODQG�ZLMVW�XLW�GDW�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVUDWLR�YDULHHUW�WXVVHQ�GH��������HQ��������(85SHU�JHZRQQHQ�OHYHQVMDDU�����GLVFRQWHULQJ�YDQ�NRVWHQ�HQ�JH]RQGKHLGVHIIHFWHQ�������ZDV�KHWUHIHUHQWLHMDDU��������'H�YDULDWLH�ZRUGW�YRRUQDPHOLMN�YHURRU]DDNW�GRRU�GH�JURWH�YHUVFKLOOHQ�LQGH�KRRJVW�HQ�ODDJVW�PRJHOLMNH�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�%�LQ�1HGHUODQG��(U�LV�JHHQ�UHNHQLQJJHKRXGHQ�PHW�GH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��:DQQHHU�GH]H�ZHO�PHHJHUHNHQG�]RXGHQ�ZRUGHQ�GDQ�]RXGH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVUDWLR�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�JXQVWLJHU�]LMQ��,Q�YHHO�ODDJHQGHPLVFKH�ODQGHQ�]LMQHYDOXDWLHV YDQ�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�XQLYHUVHOH�KHSDWLWLV�%�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQXLWJHYRHUG��(FKWHU��YHUVFKLOOHQGH�DDQQDPHV�HQ�JHEUXLN�YDQ�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�DQDO\VHPHWKRGHQKHEEHQ�HUWRH�JHOHLG�GDW�RRN�GH�XLWNRPVWHQ�YDQ�GH�VWXGLHV�HUJ�YHUVFKLOOHQ��'H�.(5�YDQXQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�YDULHHUW�YDQ�]HHU�JXQVWLJ�WRW�PLQGHU�JXQVWLJ��FDWHJRULH������ZDQQHHU�DOOHHQ�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�ZRUGHQ�PHHJHUHNHQG��0HW�LQDFKWQHPLQJ�YDQ�LQGLUHFWHNRVWHQ�YDULHHUW�GH�.(5�YDQ�]HHU�JXQVWLJ�WRW�JXQVWLJ��FDWHJRULH�����������(LQG������YHUYDOOHQ�GH�SDWHQWHQ�RS�KHSDWLWLV�%�YDFFLQ�HQ�]DO�GH�SULMV�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�HQRUPGDOHQ�2SQDPH�LQ�KHW�593����"=LH�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�HQ�GH�.($¶V�KRRIGVWXN����$OV�HLQG�����GH�SULM]HQ�LQ�(XURSD�GDOHQ�GDQ�]RX�KHSDWLWLV�%�YDFFLQDWLH�HHUGHU�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW593�����LQ�DDQPHUNLQJ�NRPHQ��DOKRHZHO�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�QLHW�ELM]RQGHU�KRRJ�LV�+HW�]RX�GDQ�WRHJHGLHQG�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�RS����MDULJH�OHHIWLMG��9yyU�GLH�WLMG�LV�KHW�ULVLFR�YDQHHQ KHSDWLWLV�%�EHVPHWWLQJ�]HHU�ODDJ��+HSDWLWLV�%�]RX��RP�ORJLVWLHNH�HQ�RP�NRVWHQWHFKQLVFKHUHGHQHQ� RRN�JRHG�LQ�HHQ�FRPELQDWLH�'.73�+LE�+HS%�RSJHQRPHQ�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�

����� :DWHUSRNNHQ��9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU�=LHNWH�:DWHUSRNNHQ$JHQV�9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU�YLUXV��9=9�%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�:DWHUSRNNHQ��EHJLQQHQG�DOV�ODHVLHV�YDQ�GH�RSSHUKXLG�GLH�]LFK�RQWZLNNHOHQ�WRW�PHW�YORHLVWRIJHYXOGH�EODDVMHV�GLH�ODWHU�XLWGURJHQ��&RPSOLFDWLHV�WUHGHQ�YRRUDO�RS�GRRU�VHFXQGDLUH�LQIHFWLHYDQ�GH�EODDVMHV��PHW�QDPH�GRRU�6��DXUHXV�HQ�6��S\RJHQHV��5HDFWLYDWLH�YDQ�SHUVLVWHUHQG�YLUXVNDQ�OHLGHQ�WRW�JRUGHOURRV��KHUSHV�]RVWHU���%LM�YROZDVVHQHQ�ZRUGHQ�LQFLGHQWHHO�HQFHIDOLWLV�HQSQHXPRQLH�DOV�FRPSOLFDWLHV�ZDDUJHQRPHQ��&RPSOLFDWLHV�]LMQ�LQ�KHW�DOJHPHHQ�JHYDDUOLMNHU�ELMYROZDVVHQHQ�GDQ�ELM�NLQGHUHQ������5LVLFRJURHSHQ�]LMQ�NLQGHUHQ�PHW�LPPXXQGHILFLsQWLH�ZDDUSQHXPRQLWLV�GDQ�ZHO�KHSDWLWLV�NDQ�RSWUHGHQ��]ZDQJHUH�YURXZHQ�ZDDUELM�KHW�DOJHPHQH

Page 94: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

YDULFHOOD�]LHNWHEHHOG�KHYLJHU�LV�HQ�QHRQDWHQ�GLH�DWURILH�RI�QHXUDOH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ�NXQQHQRSORSHQ�2YHUGUDFKW�+HW�YLUXV�YHUVSUHLGW�]LFK�LQ�OXFKWZHJ�VHFUHWLHV�HQ�PRJHOLMN�RRN�YLD�ZRQGYRFKW�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�=LHNHQKXLVRSQDPHV�HQ�PRUWDOLWHLW�EHWUHIIHQ�FRPSOLFDWLHV�GRRU�9=9�LQIHFWLH��(U�]LMQ�JHHQ1HGHUODQGVH�JHJHYHQV�YRRUKDQGHQ��0HW�LQJDQJ�YDQ�GLW�MDDU�VWDDW�YDULFHOOD�YRRU�KHW�HHUVW�RSGH�ZHHNVWDWHQ�YDQ�GH�1,9(/�KXLVDUWVHQSHLOVWDWLRQV��(LQG������NXQQHQ�HU�GXV�SDV�XLWVSUDNHQJHGDDQ�ZRUGHQ�RYHU�GH�HSLGHPLRORJLH�YDQ�YDULFHOOD��*HVFKDW�PDJ�ZRUGHQ�GDW�����YDQ�GHSRSXODWLH�YRRU�KHW���H�MDDU�LQ�DDQUDNLQJ�PHW�KHW�YLUXV�LV�JHNRPHQ��GH�KHOIW�LQ�KHW�HHUVWHOHYHQVMDDU�����7DEHO�%������(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�LQIRUPDWLH�RYHU�ZDWHUSRNNHQLQIHFWLHV�

,QFLGHQWLH3HU���������LQZRQHUV

SHU�MDDU

=LHNHQKXLVRSQDPH3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

0RUWDOLWHLW3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

96����� ���� ����� ����1HGHUODQG � � �

'RHOJURHS�����MDULJHQ��RPGDW�GDW�GH�JURHS�LV�PHW�KRRJVWH�LQFLGHQWLH�=LHNWHODVW�=LHNWHODVW�ZRUGW�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ�'$/<¶V�GLH�ZRUGHQ�EHUHNHQG�DOV�GH�VRP�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDOYHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ��9/��HQ�KHW�DDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ��=-(���'H�9/�]LMQ�EHUHNHQGDOV KHW�DDQWDO�VWHUIJHYDOOHQ��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW��SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��GH�YRRU�GLH�OHHIWLMGJHOGHQGH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��HQ�LQ�VRPPLJH�JHYDOOHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHUMDDU��'H�=-(�]LMQ�LQ�SULQFLSH�EHUHNHQG�DOV�KHW�WRWDDO�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�GH�]LHNWH�YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YRRU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH��]RDOV�EHSDDOG�GRRU�HHQSDQHO�YDQ�H[SHUWV��+HW�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGW�EHQDGHUG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH�PDDO�GXXU��YRRUNRUWGXUHQGH�]LHNWH��RI�DOV�SXQWSUHYDOHQWLH��VRPV�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�]LHNWHWRHVWDQG���2RN�KLHUNDQ�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�WRHVWDQG�YRRU�WRHNRPVWLJH�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG��=LHYRRU�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�WRHOLFKWLQJ�ELMODJH���(LVHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQ�(HQ�YDULFHOOD�YDFFLQ�PRHW�EOLMYHQGH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�ELHGHQ�WHJHQ�GH�DFXWH�]LHNWH�HQ�WHJHQJRUGHOURRV�RS�ODWHUH�OHHIWLMG�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ������+HW�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQ��9DULYD[��0HUFN��&R���LV�HHQ�OHYHQG�YLUXV��2.$�VWDP��GDW�JHDWWHQXHHUGLV�GRRU����SDVVDJHV�RYHU�KXPDQH�HQ�JXLQHHVH�ELJJHWMHV�FHOOHQ��+HW�YRRUGHHO�LQ�YHUJHOLMN�PHWHHUGHUH�YDFFLQV�LV�GH�KRJHUH�VWDELOLWHLW�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�+HW�YDFFLQ�ZHNW�]RZHO�HHQ�KXPRUDOH���,J*��DOV�HHQ�&7/�UHVSRQV�RS��+RJH�DQWLOLFKDDPWLWHUVEOLMYHQ�PHHWEDDU�QD�������MDDU��ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�VSHOHQ�QDWXXUOLMNH�LQIHFWLHV�GLH�DOV�ERRVWHURSWUHGHQ�KLHUELM�HHQ�URO�����

Page 95: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

7DEHO�%������%HUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�ZDWHUSRNNHQ�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLH�GRRUYDFFLQDWLH YDQ���MDULJHQ�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�%HUHNHQLQJ9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ���MDULJHQ 7RWDOH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�

9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�9/ � �=-(�DFXWH�IDVH=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH���������� �����YDQ�DOOH�NLQGHUHQ�RS�MDDUEDVLV��[GXXU����MDDU�RPGDW�GH�HUQVW�DOV�MDDUSURILHO�LV�JHZDDUGHHUG��:HJLQJVIDFWRU� UXZ�JHVFKDW�RS�������JHZDDUGHHUG�DOV�MDDUSURILHO��GDW�ZLO]HJJHQ�KDOI�]R�HUJ�DOV�JULHS�)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� 'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV�JHVWHOG�RS��������

��� �������

=-(�JRUGHOURRV�RS�ODWHUH�OHHIWLMG=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH���������RS�EDVLV�YDQ�HHQ�9�6��VFKDWWLQJ��[�GXXU���MDDU�RPGDW�GH�HUQVW�DOV�MDDUSURILHO�LV�JHZDDUGHHUG��:HJLQJVIDFWRU� WHQWDWLHI�JHVFKDW�RS�������DOV�MDDUSURILHO��GDW�ZLO�]HJJHQJHVFKDW�DOV�GH�KHOIW�PLQGHU�HUJ��RI�GH�KHOIW�NRUWHU��GDQ�PDDJ]ZHHU�)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� 'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV�JHVWHOG�RS�����

&LUFD���� &LUFD����

7RWDDO &LUFD����� &LUFD����������1D�YDFFLQDWLH����������VHURFRQYHUVLH��EHVFKHUPLQJ�WHJHQ�����YDQ�GH�HUQVWLJH�]LHNWHYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ��0LOGHYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�QD�WHQ�PLQVWH���MDDU�ELM�������YDQ�GH�JHYDFFLQHHUGHQ�+XLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�*HHQ�YDFFLQDWLH��9DFFLQDWLH�LV�RRN�QLHW�PRJHOLMN�LQ�1/��RPGDW�KHW�YDFFLQ�KLHU�QLHWJHUHJLVWUHHUG�LV�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�9RRU�]RYHU�EHNHQG�]LMQ�HU�JHHQ�HFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLHV�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�9DULFHOOD�]RVWHUXLWJHYRHUG�LQ�1HGHUODQG��PDDU�ZHO�LQ�YHUVFKHLGHQH�DQGHUH�ODQGHQ��,Q�'XLWVODQG��6SDQMH�HQ�GH96�]RX�YDFFLQDWLH�OHLGHQ�WRW�NRVWHQEHVSDULQJHQ��FDWHJRULH����ZDQQHHU�]RZHO�GLUHFWH�DOVLQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�PHHJHUHNHQG�ZRUGHQ������������������:DQQHHU�DOOHHQ�GH�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQPHHJHQRPHQ�ZRUGHQ�GDQ�LV�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVUDWLR�]HHU�JXQVWLJ��FDWHJRULH����LQ'XLWVODQG�HQ�LQ�GH�96��HQ�]HOIV�QRJ�VWHHGV�NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG�LQ�)UDQNULMN��FDWHJRULH�������������������2SQDPH�LQ�KHW�593����"=LH�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�HQ�GH�.($¶V�KRRIGVWXN���:DWHUSRNNHQYDFFLQDWLH�LV�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593�����RQGDQNV�KHW�IHLW�GDWGH�.($¶V�UHODWLHI�JXQVWLJ�]LMQ�HQ�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�PLGGHOPDWLJ��2SQDPH�YDQYDULFHOOD�]RVWHU�LQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHVFKHPD�LV�WHFKQLVFK�JHHQ�SUREOHHP��'H�UHGHOLMNHRPYDQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLH�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�HQ�GH�UHODWLHI�JXQVWLJH�.($�PDNHQ�GLWYDFFLQ�RS�KHW�HHUVWH�JH]LFKW�DDQWUHNNHOLMN��0RPHQWHHO�PDDNW�LHGHUHHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�HHQZDWHUSRNNHQLQIHFWLH�GRRU�RS�MRQJH�OHHIWLMG��'H�KHHUVHQGH�RSYDWWLQJ�LV�GDW�GLW�QLHW�JHYDDUOLMN�LVHQ GH�NDQV�RS�EOLMYHQG�OHWVHO�YHUZDDUORRVEDDU�NOHLQ��'H]H�DDQQDPH�LV�HFKWHU�YRRUDO�JHEDVHHUGRS�KHW�RQWEUHNHQ�YDQ�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�FRPSOLFDWLHV�HQ�PRUWDOLWHLW��:DQQHHU�HLQG������GH�HHUVWH1,9(/�JHJHYHQV�EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ�RYHU�ZDWHUSRNNHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�GDQ�NXQQHQ�HU�XLWVSUDNHQJHGDDQ�ZRUGHQ�RYHU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�YDULFHOOD��'LW�]DO�RRN�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�ZHQVHOLMNKHLG�YDQYDFFLQDWLH�PRJHOLMN�PDNHQ�

Page 96: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

$QGHUH�DFWLHV�� $QDO\VH�YDQ�GH�1,9(/�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�ZDWHUSRNNHQ�� %HRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�HQ�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�YDULFHOOD�YDFFLQDWLH������ ,QIOXHQ]D�YLUXV

=LHNWH�*ULHS$JHQV�,QIOXHQ]D�$��LQ�PLQGHUH�PDWH�LQIOXHQ]D�%�YLUXV�%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�$OOH�YHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�YDOOHQGH�RQGHU�GH�WHUP�JULHS��R�D��DOJHPHQH�PDODLVH��KRHVW��NHHOSLMQ�KRRIGSLMQ��NRRUWV��PLVVHOLMNKHLG��EXLNSLMQ��RRUSLMQ���*H]RQGKHLGVSUREOHPHQ�GRHQ�]LFK�YRRUDOYRRU�GRRU�VHFXQGDLUH�EDFWHULsOH�LQIHFWLHV��P�Q��ZDQQHHU�OHLGHQGH�WRW�SQHXPRQLH��2XGHUHQ�HQSHUVRQHQ�PHW�RQGHUOLJJHQGH�ORQJ��HQ�KDUWDDQGRHQLQJHQ�HQ�GLDEHWLFL�]LMQ�GH�YRRUQDDPVWHULVLFRJURHSHQ�2YHUGUDFKW�,QIOXHQ]DYLUXV�ZRUGW�HIILFLsQW�RYHUJHGUDJHQ�YLD�DHURVROHQ��JHSURGXFHHUG�GRRU�KRHVWHQ�RIQLH]HQ�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�'RRU�DQWLJHQH�GULIW�LV�HU�MDDUOLMNV�HHQ�LQIOXHQ]DYLUXVHSLGHPLH�GLH�HHQ�GXLGHOLMNHVHL]RHQVJHERQGHQKHLG�YHUWRRQW��]LH�JUDILHN��HQ�HU�]LMQ�YDQ�WLMG�WRW�WLMG�SDQGHPLHsQ�GRRUDQWLJHQH�VKLIW�

)LJXXU����$DQWDO�SRVLWLHYH�EHYLQGLQJHQ�YDQ�LQIOXHQ]D�$�HQ�%�YLUXV�SHU���ZHNHQ�LQ1HGHUODQG��MDQXDUL������DSULO������������*HJHYHQV�]LMQ�JHEDVHHUG�RS�PHOGLQJHQ�YDQ���YLURORJLVFKH�ODERUDWRULD�DDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�:HUNJURHS�.OLQLVFKH�9LURORJLH��YLURORJLVFKHZHHNVWDWHQ���+HW�LV�RQEHNHQG�ZHON�GHHO�YDQ�GH�LQIOXHQ]DGLDJQRVWLHN�LQ�1HGHUODQG�GH]H���ODERUDWRULD�XLWYRHUHQ�

Page 97: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

7DEHO�%������(SLGHPLRORJLH�YDQ�LQIOXHQ]D�YLUXVLQIHFWLHV�,QFLGHQWLH3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

=LHNHQKXLVRSQDPHV3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

0RUWDOLWHLW3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU96 ������������� ������ ���

1HGHUODQG ���������� ������ �����

�'H�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ��������������LQZRQHUV�SHU�LQIOXHQ]DVHL]RHQ�LV�HHQ�VFKDWWLQJ�JHEDVHHUG�RS�UHJLVWUDWLH�YDQJULHSDFKWLJH�]LHNWHEHHOGHQ�GRRU�KXLVDUWVHQ�YDQ�KHW�1,9(/�SHLOVWDWLRQQHWZHUN��'H�LQFLGHQWLH�SHULQIOXHQ]DVHL]RHQ�LV�JHGHILQLHHUG�DOV�ZHHN����YDQ�MDDU�Q�WRW�HQ�PHW�ZHHN����YDQ�MDDU��Q����+HW�EHWUHIW�HHQJHPLGGHOGH�RYHU�VHL]RHQ���������WRW�HQ�PHW�VHL]RHQ���������'RHOJURHS�9RRUQDDPVWH�GRHOJURHS�LV�RXGHUHQ��LQ�GH�96�ZRUGHQ����SOXVVHUV�HQ�PHQVHQ�PHW�HHQPHGLVFKH�LQGLFDWLH�DOV�GRHOJURHS�JH]LHQ�=LHNWHODVW�=LHNWHODVW�ZRUGW�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ�'$/<¶V�GLH�ZRUGHQ�EHUHNHQG�DOV�GH�VRP�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDOYHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ��9/��HQ�KHW�DDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ��=-(���'H�9/�]LMQ�EHUHNHQGDOV KHW�DDQWDO�VWHUIJHYDOOHQ��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW��SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��GH�YRRU�GLH�OHHIWLMGJHOGHQGH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��HQ�LQ�VRPPLJH�JHYDOOHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHUMDDU��'H�=-(�]LMQ�LQ�SULQFLSH�EHUHNHQG�DOV�KHW�WRWDDO�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�GH�]LHNWH�YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YRRU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH��]RDOV�EHSDDOG�GRRU�HHQSDQHO�YDQ�H[SHUWV��+HW�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGW�EHQDGHUG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH�PDDO�GXXU��YRRUNRUWGXUHQGH�]LHNWH��RI�DOV�SXQWSUHYDOHQWLH��VRPV�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�]LHNWHWRHVWDQG���2RN�KLHUNDQ�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�WRHVWDQG�YRRU�WRHNRPVWLJH�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG��=LHYRRU�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�WRHOLFKWLQJ�ELMODJH���7DEHO�%������%HUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�LQIOXHQ]D�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLH�GRRU�YDFFLQDWLHYDQ�RXGHUHQ�������YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�%HUHNHQLQJ9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ�RXGHUHQ������ 7RWDOH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�

9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�9/�LQIOXHQ]D�SULPDLU6WHUIWH� �����979����RS�EDVLV�YDQ�&%6�GRRGVRRU]DNHQVWDWLVWLHN����������9HUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ� EHUHNHQG�XLW�GH�IHLWHOLMNH�JHJHYHQV�979�����������RYHU�DOOH�OHHIWLMGHQ��PDDU�IHLWHOLMN�LQ�KRRIG]DDN���������'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ� JHVWHOG�RS�����

��� ���

9/�LQIOXHQ]D�VHFXQGDLU9ROJHQV�6SUHQJHU�LQ�����������LV�GH�µLQIOXHQ]D�JHUHODWHHUGH�VWHUIWH¶FLUFD�����PDDO�GH�SULPDLUH�LQIOXHQ]DVWHUIWH�'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ� JHVWHOG�RS�����

����� �����

=-(����=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH��FLUFD����������[�GXXU����MDDU�RPGDW�GH�HUQVWDOV�MDDUSURILHO�LV�JHZDDUGHHUG�:HJLQJVIDFWRU� �����DOV�MDDUSURILHO�979�����������)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� 'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV�JHVWHOG�RS����

����� �����

7RWDDO ����� �����(LVHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQ�(HQ�RSWLPDDO�LQIOXHQ]DYLUXV�YDFFLQ�PRHW�EHVFKHUPLQJ�ELHGHQ�WHJHQ�GH�FLUFXOHUHQGH�VWDPPHQJHGXUHQGH�HHQ�ODQJHUH�SHULRGH��GXV�RQDIKDQNHOLMN�YDQ�GH�DQWLJHQH�GULIW��'DDUQDDVW�PRHW�KHW

Page 98: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ�����YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

YDFFLQ�VQHO�JHSURGXFHHUG�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�LQ�KHW�JHYDO�YDQ�HHQ�SDQGHPLH�GRRU�DQWLJHQH�VKLIW�(HQ�LQWUDQDVDOH�WRHGLHQLQJVURXWH�LV�WH�SUHIHUHUHQ�ERYHQ�SDUHQWHUDOH�WRHGLHQLQJ�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ����������,QIOXHQ]D�$�HQ�%,QIOXHQ]D�LPPXQLWHLW�ZRUGW�EHSDDOG�GRRU�GH�WZHH�RSSHUYODNWH�HLZLWWHQ��+$�KDHPDJJOXWLQLQH��HQ�1$��QHXUDPLQLGDVH���9DQ�EHLGH�HLZLWWHQ�NRPHQ�ELM�LQIOXHQ]DYLUXV�W\SH$ YHOH�VXEW\SHQ�YRRU�����+$����1$���GLH�EHSDOHQG�]LMQ�YRRU�GH�LQIOXHQ]DYLUXVVWDPDDQGXLGLQJ��E�Y��+�1���+�1���+�1����9DQ�W\SH�%�EHVWDDQ�JHHQ�VXEW\SHV��,QIOXHQ]D�$HQ %�VWDPPHQ�NXQQHQ�YDQ�MDDU�WRW�MDDU�YHUVFKLOOHQ��ELQQHQ�HHQ�EHSDDOG�VXEW\SH��GRRUDQWLJHQH�GULIW�HQ�GH�LPPXQLWHLW�YHUNUHJHQ�JHGXUHQGH�GH�YRULJH�XLWEUDDN��RI�GRRU�KHW�LQ�KHWYRULJH�MDDU�WRHJHGLHQGH�YDFFLQ��]DO�JHHQ�RI�VOHFKWV�JHGHHOWHOLMN�EHVFKHUPLQJ�ELHGHQ��'LW�LVYRRUQDPHOLMN�HHQ�SUREOHHP�ELM�]HHU�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�GLH�QRJ�JHHQ�LPPXQLWHLW�KHEEHQRSJHERXZG��ELM�FKURQLVFK�]LHNHQ�HQ�ELM�RXGHUHQ��ELM�ZLH�GH�LPPXQLWHLW�NRUWHU�GXXUW�GDQ�ELM�GHRYHULJH�SRSXODWLH��0HW�QDPH�YRRU�GH]H�GRHOJURHSHQ�LV�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�GH�YHUZDFKWHVXEW\SHV�HON�MDDU�QRRG]DNHOLMN�'H�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQV�ZRUGHQ�RS�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�PDQLHUHQ�JHSURGXFHHUG��,Q�DOOH�JHYDOOHQ�ZRUGWJHEUXLN�JHPDDNW�YDQ�VWDPPHQ�GLH�JRHG�RS�HLHUHQ�WH�JURHLHQ�]LMQ��$IKDQNHOLMN�YDQ�GHYHUZDFKWH�FLUFXOHUHQGH�VWDPPHQ��JHEDVHHUG�RS�ZHUHOGZLMGH�VXUYHLOODQFH�YDQ�FLUFXOHUHQGHLQIOXHQ]DYLUXVVWDPPHQ��ZRUGHQ�RIZHO�GH]H�VWDPPHQ�GLUHFW�JHEUXLNW�RI��LQ�KHW�JHYDO�YDQLQIOXHQ]D�$��HU�ZRUGHQ�UHDVVRUWDQWHQ�JHPDDNW�PHW�GH�EDVLVVWDP�+�1���9HUYROJHQV�ZRUGHQGH�YLUXVVHQ�JHwQDFWLYHHUG�PHW�IRUPDOLQH�RI�ZRUGW�XLW�KHW�YLUXV�VXEXQLWYDFFLQ�EHUHLG�0RPHQWHHO�ZRUGHQ�IDVH�,,,�WULDOV�XLWJHYRHUG�PHW�NRXGHJHDGDSWHHUG�LQIOXHQ]D�$�YLUXV�DOVYDFFLQ��+HW�YRRUGHHO�KLHUYDQ�LV�GDW�KHW�YLUXV�QLHW�JURHLW�ELM�OLFKDDPVWHPSHUDWXXU��:DQQHHU�KHWJHEUXLNW�ZRUGW�DOV�LQWUDQDVDDO�YDFFLQ�NDQ�KHW�ZHO�GH�KRJHUH�OXFKWZHJHQ�LQIHFWHUHQ�HQ�GDDUEHVFKHUPHQGH�LPPXQLWHLW��YRRUDO�PXFRVDDO��RSZHNNHQ��PDDU�KHW�NDQ�QLHW�GH�ODJHUHOXFKWZHJHQ�LQIHFWHUHQ��ZDDUGRRU�GH�HUQVWLJHU�]LHNWHYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�QLHW�PHHU�RSWUHGHQ��'LWYLUXV�NDQ�LQ�SULQFLSH�JHEUXLNW�ZRUGHQ�DOV�EDVLV�YRRU�HHQ�MDDUOLMNVH�YDFFLQFRFNWDLO�,QIOXHQ]D�$�%�UHFRPELQDQW�'1$(HQ�EHODQJULMNH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�LV�KHW�JHEUXLN�YDQ�UHFRPELQDQW�'1$�WHFKQLHNHQ�RP�DWWHQXDWLHWH�LQGXFHUHQ��GDQ�ZHO�DDQ�WH�SDVVHQ�GRRU�LQWURGXFWLH�YDQ�JHGHILQLHHUGH�YLUDOH�JHQVHJPHQWHQ�2RN�YDQ�UHFKWVWUHHNVH�LQMHFWLH�YDQ�'1$�FRGHUHQG�YRRU�YLUDOH�JHQHQ�ZRUGW�YHHO�YHUZDFKWRPGDW�KHW�LQ�SRWHQWLH�NDQ�OHLGHQ�WRW�HHQ�FHOOXODLUH�LPPXQLWHLW�GLH�RQDIKDQNHOLMN�LV�YDQDQWLJHQH�GULIW��'HUJHOLMNH�YDFFLQV�ZRUGHQ�JHWHVW��=HHU�UHFHQW�LV�KHW�PRJHOLMN�JHZRUGHQLQIHFWLHXV�YLUXV�JHKHHO�YDQ�JHNORQHHUGH�VHJPHQWHQ�WH�SURGXFHUHQ�LQ�FHOFXOWXUHV�������'H]HWHFKQLHN�NDQ�GH�YDFFLQSURGXFWLH��ELMYRRUEHHOG�YDQ�NRXGHJHDGDSWHHUGH�YLUXVVHQ��DDQ]LHQOLMNYHUHHQYRXGLJHQ�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�'H�EHVFKLNEDUH�YDFFLQV�LQGXFHUHQ�HHQ�KXPRUDOH�LPPXXQUHVSRQV�WZHH�ZHNHQ�QD�WRHGLHQLQJ�&\WRWR[LVFKH�7�O\PIRF\WHQ�ZRUGHQ�JHwQGXFHHUG��PDDU�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�PLQGHU�JRHG�GDQ�GRRULQIHFWLH��%LM�RXGHUHQ�LV�GH�UHVSRQV�NRUWGXUHQG�1D�YDFFLQDWLH��������SUHYHQWLH�YDQ�LQIHFWLH�PHW�KRPRORRJ�YLUXV�+XLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�-DDUOLMNV�EUHQJW�GH�*H]RQGKHLGVUDDG�HHQ�DGYLHV�XLW�PHW�DDQEHYHOLQJHQ�RYHU�WH�YDFFLQHUHQULVLFRJURHSHQ��+HW�&ROOHJH�YRRU�=RUJYHU]HNHULQJHQ�]RUJW�YRRU�ILQDQFLHULQJ�YDQ�,QIOXHQ]D�$

Page 99: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ�����YDQ����

%LMODJH��

HQ�%�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�GH]H�ULVLFRJURHSHQ�HQ����SOXVVHUV�XLW�GH�$:%=��$OOH�PHQVHQ��ELMQD��PLOMRHQ�SHU�MDDU��XLW�JHQRHPGH�JURHSHQ�RQWYDQJHQ�HHQ�RSURHS�YDQ�KXQ�KXLVDUWV�YRRUNRVWHQOR]H�YDFFLQDWLH�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�9DFFLQ��,QIOXHQ]D�$�HQ�%��EHVFKLNEDDU�8LW�1HGHUODQGV�RQGHU]RHN�EOLMNW�GDW�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�RXGHUHQ�������HHQ�.(5�KHHIW�YDQ������(85�JHZRQQHQ�OHYHQVMDDU�������.RVWHQ��RRUVSURQNHOLMN�LQ������+IO��]LMQ�JHwQIODWHHUG�QDDU�����PHW�JHEUXLNPDNLQJ�YDQ�2(&'�*'3�SULMVLQGH[HQ�HQ�YHUYROJHQV�RPJHUHNHQG�QDDU(85��7RHNRPVWLJH�OHYHQVMDUHQ�]LMQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHU�MDDU��'H�VWXGLH�JDDW�DOOHHQ�XLWYDQ�GH�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��$DQJH]LHQ�GH�SHUVRQHQ�GLH�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�LQ�DDQPHUNLQJ�NRPHQ�DOJHSHQVLRQHHUG�]LMQ�]DO�GH�YHUZHUNLQJ�YDQ�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�QDXZHOLMNV�HIIHFWKHEEHQ�RS�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�5HFHQWH�VWXGLHV�ZLM]HQ�XLW�GDW�LQ�GH�96��RS�EDVLV�YDQ�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�SHUVRQHQYDQ����MDDU�RI�RXGHU�NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG�LV��FDWHJRULH������������������'DDUQDDVW�EOLMNW�GDWXQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�VFKRROJDDQGH�NLQGHUHQ�LQ�GH�96�QLHW�DOOHHQ�OHLGW�WRW�HHQ�UHGXFWLHYDQ�GH�PRUELGLWHLW�HQ�PRUWDOLWHLW�PDDU�RRN�WRW�NRVWHQEHVSDULQJHQ�ZDQQHHU�UHNHQLQJ�ZRUGWJHKRXGHQ�PHW�]RZHO�LQGLUHFWH�DOV�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ������9DFFLQ��,QIOXHQ]D�$�%�'1$�YDFFLQ��LQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�$OOHHQ�KHW�,20�KHHIW�GH�JH]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�YDQ�HHQ�SRWHQWLHHO�UHFRPELQDQW'1$�,QIOXHQ]D�$�%�YDFFLQ�JHDQDO\VHHUG�������9RRU�GH�96�]RX�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�GHJHKHOH�EHYRONLQJ�LHGHUH���MDDU��RI�YDQ�����YDQ�GH�EHYRONLQJ�LHGHU�MDDU��NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG�]LMQ�FDWHJRULH�,��ZDQQHHU�DOOHHQ�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�ZRUGHQ�YHUUHNHQG��9HUUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�LQGLUHFWHNRVWHQ�YHUKRRJW�PRJHOLMN�QRJ�GH�QHWWR�NRVWHQEHVSDULQJHQ��(U�]LMQ�JHHQ�JHJHYHQV�EHVFKLNEDDURYHU�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�LQ�1HGHUODQG�2SQDPH�LQ�KHW�593����"=LH�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�HQ�GH�.($¶V�KRRIGVWXN����+HWLQIOXHQ]D�$�%�YDFFLQ�GDW�PRPHQWHHO�EHVFKLNEDDU�LV��LV�ELM]RQGHU�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQRXGHUHQ��������]RZHO�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�.($¶V�DOV�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW��+HWNRXGHJHDGDSWHHUGH�LQIOXHQ]D�$�%�YDFFLQ��GDW�QRJ�LQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�LV��NDQ�QDVDDO�ZRUGHQWRHJHGLHQG��'LW�GLHQW�MDDUOLMNV�WH�JHEHXUHQ��'H�YHUZDFKWLQJ�LV�GDW�GLW�YDFFLQ�JHEUXLNW�]DOZRUGHQ YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�RXGHUHQ�LQ�593������(U�]LMQ�QRJ�RQYROGRHQGH�JHJHYHQV�RP�LHWVWH�]HJJHQ�RYHU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�GH�JHKHOH�EHYRONLQJ�PHW�HHQ�QLHXZH�JHQHUDWLH�LQIOXHQ]D�$�%YDFFLQ�+HW�LQIOXHQ]D�$�%�UHFRPELQDQW�'1$�YDFFLQ�GDW�PRPHQWHHO�RQWZLNNHOG�ZRUGW��]DOZDDUVFKLMQOLMN��RS�EDVLV�YDQ�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�HQ�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW��JHVFKLNW�]LMQ�YRRUYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�GH�JHKHOH�EHYRONLQJ��ZDQQHHU�KHW�PDDU�HHQV�LQ�GH�YLMI�MDDU�WRHJHGLHQG�KRHIW�WHZRUGHQ �]RDOV�YHURQGHUVWHOG�ZRUGW�GRRU�KHW�,QVWLWXWH�RI�0HGLFLQH��������:DQQHHU�HUDDQZLM]LQJHQ�]LMQ�GDW�HHQ�GHUJHOLMN�YDFFLQ�EHVFKLNEDDU�NRPW��GDQ�]RX�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWYDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�GH�JHKHOH�EHYRONLQJ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�EHVWXGHHUG�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ��+HW�LVWHQVORWWH�QLHW�GXLGHOLMN�RI�KHW�ELQQHQ�WLHQ�MDDU�LV�WRHJHVWDDQ�RP�'1$�YDFFLQV�WH�JHEUXLNHQ�

����� 5HVSLUDWRLU�V\QF\WLHHO�YLUXV=LHNWH�9HUNRXGKHLG��ORQJRQWVWHNLQJ��EURQFKLROLWLV�$JHQV�5HVSLUDWRLU�V\QF\WLHHO�YLUXV��569�

Page 100: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�,QIHFWLH�YDQ�GH�KRJHUH�OXFKWZHJHQ��YHUNRXGKHLG���YDDN�JHYROJG�GRRU�LQIHFWLH�YDQ�GH�ODJHUHOXFKWZHJHQ��ORQJRQWVWHNLQJ��EURQFKLROLWLV���569�LV�YRRUDO�JHYDDUOLMN�ELM�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�2YHUGUDFKW�569�YHUVSUHLGW�]LFK�YLD�OXFKWZHJVHFUHWLHV��,QIHFWLH�YLQGW�SODDWV�GRRU�GLUHFW�FRQWDFW�RI�GRRURYHUEUHQJLQJ�PHW�GH�KDQG�QDDU�GH�QHXV�RI�GH�RJHQ��PDDU�QLHW�GH�PRQG��QD�DDQUDNLQJ�YDQJHFRQWDPLQHHUGH�RSSHUYODNWHQ��:DDUVFKLMQOLMN�JHHQ�RYHUGUDFKW�GRRU�DHURVROHQ�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�569�LQIHFWLHV�]LMQ�VHL]RHQJHERQGHQ�HQ�NRPHQ�YRRU�YDQ�QRYHPEHU�WRW�DSULO��9RRU�KXQ��GHMDDU�KHEEHQ�QDJHQRHJ�DOOH�NLQGHUHQ�HHQ�RI�PHHUGHUH�569�LQIHFWLHV�GRRUJHPDDNW�7DEHO�%������(SLGHPLRORJLH�YDQ�569�LQIHFWLHV�

,QFLGHQWLH3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

=LHNHQKXLVRSQDPHV3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

0RUWDOLWHLW3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU:HUHOG ����� � ���

96 ����� �� �������������������MU����������1HGHUODQG����� =LH�RRN�ILJXXU�� ���

�������MU����������MU���������������MU����������MU��

� *HVFKDW�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�]LHNHQKXLVRQWVODJGLDJQRVHQ�µDFXWH�EURQFKLROLWLV¶�HQ�µSQHXPRQLH�GRRU�569¶��KRRIG�HQ�QHYHQGLDJQRVHQ���JHPLGGHOG�RYHU�GH�SHULRGH������������6,*�/05��*HVFKDW�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�,6,6�����������HQ�RS�EDVLV�YDQ�]LHNHQKXLVRQWVODJGLDJQRVHV�YDQ�������6,*�/05���3ULPDLUH�VWHUIWH

)LJXXU����:HNHOLMNVH�SRVLWLHYH�569�EHYLQGLQJHQ������$DQWDO�SRVLWLHYH�EHYLQGLQJHQ�YDQ�UHVSLUDWRLU�V\QF\WLHHO�YLUXV��569��SHU�ZHHN��JHPLGGHOGRYHU���������WRW�HQ�PHW�������������PDDO�GH�VWDQGDDUG�GHYLDWLH��*HEDVHHUG�RS�PHOGLQJHQYDQ����YLURORJLVFKH�ODERUDWRULD�DDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�:HUNJURHS�.OLQLVFKH�9LURORJLH�YLURORJLVFKH�ZHHNVWDWHQ���+HW�LV�RQEHNHQG�ZHON�GHHO�YDQ�GH�569�GLDJQRVWLHN�LQ�1HGHUODQGGH]H����ODERUDWRULD�XLWYRHUHQ�

���

���

���

���

���

�� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��

:HHN

$DQWD

O

*HPLGGHOGH������������*HPLGGHOGH����6'

Page 101: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

'RHOJURHSHQ�.LQGHUHQ�YDQ�����MDDU��YRRUDO�MRQJHU�GDQ���PDDQGHQ��ZDDUELM�GH�HUQVWLJVWH]LHNWHYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�NXQQHQ�RSWUHGHQ�HQ�RXGHUHQ�ZDDU�GH�LPPXQLWHLW�DIQHHPW�=LHNWHODVW�=LHNWHODVW�ZRUGW�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ�'$/<¶V�GLH�ZRUGHQ�EHUHNHQG�DOV�GH�VRP�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDOYHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ��9/��HQ�KHW�DDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ��=-(���'H�9/�]LMQ�EHUHNHQGDOV KHW�DDQWDO�VWHUIJHYDOOHQ��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW��SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��GH�YRRU�GLH�OHHIWLMGJHOGHQGH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��HQ�LQ�VRPPLJH�JHYDOOHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHUMDDU��'H�=-(�]LMQ�LQ�SULQFLSH�EHUHNHQG�DOV�KHW�WRWDDO�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�GH�]LHNWH�YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YRRU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH��]RDOV�EHSDDOG�GRRU�HHQSDQHO�YDQ�H[SHUWV��+HW�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGW�EHQDGHUG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH�PDDO�GXXU��YRRUNRUWGXUHQGH�]LHNWH��RI�DOV�SXQWSUHYDOHQWLH��VRPV�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�]LHNWHWRHVWDQG���2RN�KLHUNDQ�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�WRHVWDQG�YRRU�WRHNRPVWLJH�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG��=LHYRRU�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�WRHOLFKWLQJ�ELMODJH���7DEHO�%������%HUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�569�HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLH�GRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�%HUHNHQLQJ9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV 7RWDOH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�

9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�9/�DFXWH�EURFKLROLWLV�HQ�SQHXPRQLH9/� VWHUIWH��PD[LPDDO����[�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��FLUFD����)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� 'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV�JHVWHOG�RS�����

��� ���

=-(=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH��UXZH�VFKDWWLQJ����������[�GXXU����MDDU�RPGDWGH HUQVW�DOV�MDDUSURILHO�LV�JHZDDUGHHUG��:HJLQJVIDFWRU� JHVFKDW�DOV�������JHZDDUGHHUG�DOV�MDDUSURILHO��JHOLMNJHVWHOG�DDQ�LQIOXHQ]D�)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� 'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV�JHVWHOG�RS�����

����� �����

7RWDDO ����� �����(LVHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQ�569�LPPXQLWHLW�LV�FRPSOH[��YROOHGLJH�LPPXQLWHLW�ZRUGW�QLHW�EHUHLNW��'LW�KDQJW�VDPHQ�PHW�GHIHLWHQ�GDW�,J$�PXFRVDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�NRUWGXUHQG�LV��7�FHO�LPPXQLWHLW�QLHW�EHVFKHUPHQG�LV�HQVHUXP DQWLOLFKDDPWLWHUV�DDQYDQNHOLMN�ODDJ�]LMQ��(HQ�EHVFKHUPHQGH�DQWLOLFKDDPUHVSRQV�WHJHQODJHUH�OXFKWZHJ]LHNWH�NDQ�QD�KHUKDDOGH�EORRWVWHOOLQJ�DDQ�KHW�YLUXV�ZRUGHQ�YHUNUHJHQ�GRRUGDWHHQ VWHHGV�KRJHUH�DQWLOLFKDDPWLWHU�ZRUGW�RSJHERXZG��0DWHUQDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�YHUPLQGHUW�DDQGH�HQH�NDQW�ELM�]XLJHOLQJHQ�GH�HUQVWLJH�ODJHUH�OXFKWZHJLQIHFWLHV��PDDU�QLHW�GHYHUNRXGKHLGVYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ���PDDU�UHPW�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�RRN�GH�RSERXZ�YDQ�DGHTXDWH�VHUXPLPPXQLWHLW��(HQ�569�YDFFLQ�LV�KDDOEDDU�ZDQQHHU�DOV�GRHOVWHOOLQJ�ODQJGXULJH�EHVFKHUPLQJWHJHQ�LQIHFWLH�YDQ�GH�ODJHUH�OXFKWZHJHQ�ZRUGW�JHQRPHQ��'H�DOJHPHQH�JHGDFKWH�LV�GDW�GLW�KHWEHVWH�EHZHUNVWHOOLJG�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�GRRU�HHQ�YDFFLQ�RI�FRPELQDWLH�YDQ�YDFFLQV�GLH�]RZHOPXFRVDOH LPPXQLWHLW�JHHIW�LQ�GH�KRJHUH�OXFKWZHJHQ�DOV�VHUXP�LPPXQLWHLW�LQ�GH�ODJHUHOXFKWZHJHQ��JHNRSSHOG�DDQ�HHQ�DGHTXDWH�FHOOXODLUH�LPPXQLWHLW��GDW�ZLO�]HJJHQ�HHQ�7�KHOSHU��UHVSRQV� (HQ�GHUJHOLMNH�FRPSOH[H�YDFFLQIRUPXOHULQJ�NDQ�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�DOOHHQ�YHUNUHJHQZRUGHQ PHW�EHKXOS�YDQ�UHFRPELQDQW�'1$�WHFKQLHNHQ�ZDDUPHH�RS�V\QWKHWLVFKH�ZLM]HQDXZNHXULJ�JHGHILQLHHUGH�OHYHQGH�YDFFLQYLUXVVHQ�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�JHSURGXFHHUG��2PGDW�]HHUMRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�GH�YRRUQDDPVWH�GRHOJURHS�YRUPHQ�LV�EHJULS�YDQ�HQ�WRHVSLWVLQJ�RS�GHQHRQDWDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�HHQ�YHUHLVWH�

Page 102: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ�(U�LV�JHHQ�569�YDFFLQ�EHVFKLNEDDU��(QNHOH�NDQGLGDDW�YDFFLQV�EHYLQGHQ�]LFK�LQ�IDVH�,�,,NOLQLVFKH�WULDOV��'H]H�]LMQ�JHSURGXFHHUG�PHW�HHQ�WZHHWDO�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�WHFKQLHNHQ��'H�HQHJURHS�EHVWDDW�XLW�OHYHQGH�YLUXVVHQ�GLH�RUDDO�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�WRHJHGLHQG��HHQWHPSHUDWXXUJHYRHOLJH�YDULDQW��WV���YHUNUHJHQ�GRRU�EHKDQGHOLQJ�YDQ�569�JHwQIHFWHHUGH�FHOOHQPHW FKHPLFDOLsQ��HQ�HHQ�NRXGH�JHDGDSWHHUGH��FD��YDULDQW��YHUNUHJHQ�GRRU�KHUKDDOGH�SDVVDJHYDQ�569�ELM�VWHHGV�ODJHUH�WHPSHUDWXXU��%HLGH�NDQGLGDDW�YDFFLQV�EOLMNHQ�LQ�YRRUORSLJH�WHVWVRQYROGRHQGH�LPPXQRJHHQ��ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�RPGDW�GH�YDFFLQYLUXVVHQ�RYHUJHDWWHQXHHUG�]LMQ�+HW�DQGHUH�YDFFLQ�EHVWDDW�XLW�JH]XLYHUG�)��IXVLH��HLZLW��ppQ�YDQ�GH�WZHH�RSSHUYODNWH�HLZLWWHQYDQ�569��'LW�ODDWVWH�NDQGLGDDW�YDFFLQ�ZRUGW�RRN�JHWHVW�LQ�]ZDQJHUH�YURXZHQ��PHW�DOV�GRHOPDWHUQDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�WH�YHUEHWHUHQ�������1DGHHO�YDQ�GLW�YDFFLQ�LV�GDW�GH�DQWLJHQH�VWUXFWXXUYDQ�KHW�HLZLW�GRRU�GH�]XLYHULQJ�NDQ�]LMQ�YHUDQGHUG��ZDDUGRRU�DQWLOLFKDDPUHVSRQVHQ�NXQQHQZRUGHQ RSJHURHSHQ�GLH�QLHW�QHXWUDOLVHUHQG�]LMQ��]RDOV�ZHUG�JH]LHQ�ELM�KHW�IRUPDOLQH�JHwQDFWLYHHUGH�YDFFLQ��]LH�RQGHU��9HHOEHORYHQG�LV�GH�DDQSDN�RP�YLD�UHFRPELQDQW�'1$�WHFKQLHNHQ�HHQ�LQIHFWXHX]H�NORRQ�YDQKHW�569�YLUXV�WH�SURGXFHUHQ�HQ�GH]H�YHUYROJHQV�WH�PRGLILFHUHQ�WRW�HHQ�YHLOLJ�YDFFLQYLUXV�GDWLQWUDQDVDDO�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�WRHJHGLHQG��(HQ�GHUJHOLMN�YDFFLQ�LV�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�ELQQHQ����MDDUEHVFKLNEDDU�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�(HUGHUH�SRJLQJHQ�NLQGHUHQ�WH�EHVFKHUPHQ�PHW�HHQ�RS�NODVVLHNH�ZLM]H�EHUHLG�YDFFLQ�IRUPDOLQH�LQDFWLYDWLH��OHLGGHQ�WRW�DYHUHFKWVH�UHVXOWDWHQ��KHW�YDFFLQ�LQGXFHHUGH�HHQ�NUDFKWLJHKXPRUDOH�LPPXXQUHVSRQV��GLH�HFKWHU�QLHW�EHVFKHUPHQG�ZDV��(UQVWLJHU�ZDV�GDW�HHQ�YHUVWHUNWHSDWKRORJLH�LQ�GH�ODJHUH�OXFKWZHJHQ�QD�YDFFLQDWLH�RSWUDG�ELM�LQIHFWLH�PHW�569��'H�YHUVWHUNWHUHDFWLH�RS�LQIHFWLH�PHW�569�QD�YDFFLQDWLH�ZRUGW�YHURRU]DDNW�GRRU�KHW�IHLW�GDW�KHW�YDFFLQYRRUQDPHOLMN�HHQ�7�KHOSHU���LQ�SODDWV�YDQ�7�KHOSHU���UHDFWLH�RSURHSW��GH�UHGHQ�KLHUYRRU�LVRQEHNHQG��'H�KXLGLJH�YDFFLQNDQGLGDWHQ�LQGXFHUHQ�HHQ�KXPRUDOH�UHVSRQV�ZDDUYDQ�GHFRUUHODWLH�PHW�EHVFKHUPLQJ�PRHW�ZRUGHQ�YDVWJHVWHOG�HQ�JHHQ�7�KHOSHU���UHVSRQV�1D�YDFFLQDWLH�*HHQ�YDFFLQ�EHVFKLNEDDU�+XLGLJ�YDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�*HHQ�YDFFLQDWLH��YDFFLQ�QLHW�EHVFKLNEDDU��6LQGV���MDQXDUL�ZRUGW�SDVVLHYH�LPPXQLVDWLH�WHJHQ569�PHW�3DOLYL]XPDE��6\QDJLV��$EERWW��YHUJRHG�YRRU�]XLJHOLQJHQ�MRQJHU�GDQ���PDDQGHQ�ELMGH�VWDUW�YDQ�KHW�569�VHL]RHQ�GLH�PLQLPDDO�WZHH�PDDQGHQ�WH�YURHJ�]LMQ�JHERUHQ�HQ�ELMNLQGHUHQ�GLH�LQ�GH���PDDQGHQ�YRRUDIJDDQG�DDQ�GH�VWDUW�YDQ�KHW�569�VHL]RHQ�]LMQ�EHKDQGHOGYRRU�EURQFKRSXOPRQDOH�G\VSODVLH�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�9RRU�]RYHU�EHNHQG�]LMQ�HU�JHHQ�HFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLHV�YDQ�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�569XLWJHYRHUG�LQ�1HGHUODQG��9HUGHU�OLMNW�DOOHHQ�KHW�,20�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�XQLYHUVHOHYDFFLQDWLH�EHVWXGHHUG�WH�KHEEHQ��9ROJHQV�KHW�,20�LV�GH�.(5�YRRU�XQLYHUVHOH�569�YDFFLQDWLHYDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ��SHXWHUV�HQ�PHLVMHV�YDQ����MDDU�LQ�GH�96�³]HHU�JXQVWLJ´��FDWHJRULH�,,�������+LHUELM�LV�DOOHHQ�UHNHQLQJ�JHKRXGHQ�PHW�GH�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��9HUUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�LQGLUHFWHNRVWHQ�OHLGW�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�WRW�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU�.(5�PDDU�QLHW�QRRG]DNHOLMNHUZLMV�WRW�LQGHOLQJ�LQHHQ JXQVWLJHU�FDWHJRULH�1�%��'H�SDVVLHYH�LPPXQLVDWLH�WHJHQ�569�PHW�SDOLYL]XPDE�GLH�SHU���MDQXDUL������YHUJRHGZRUGW NRVW�QDDU�VFKDWWLQJ�+IO���PLOMRHQ�SHU�MDDU��FLUFD�+IO������SHU�NLQG�SHU�MDDU���9ROJHQVGH�IDEULNDQW�NRPW�GH�KHOIW�YDQ�GLW�EHGUDJ�WHUXJ�GRRU�EHVSDULQJHQ�RS�OLJGDJHQ��EHKDQGHOLQJYDQ�UHVWV\PSWRPHQ�HQ�SURGXFWLYLWHLWVYHUOLHV�YDQ�GH�RXGHUV������

Page 103: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

2SQDPH�LQ�KHW�593����"=LH�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�HQ�GH�.($¶V�KRRIGVWXN����569YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�]XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV�LV�PRJHOLMN�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593�����'H�YHUZDFKWLQJ�LV�GDW�HHQ�YDFFLQ�JHSURGXFHHUG�PHW�EHKXOS�YDQ�UHFRPELQDQW�'1$�WHFKQLHNHQ�LQIHFWLHX]H�NORRQ��ELQQHQ����MDDU�EHVFKLNEDDU�LV�HQ�QDVDDO�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�WRHJHGLHQG�$QGHUH�DFWLHV�� 2QGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�LQFLGHQWLH�HQ�]LHNWHODVW�YDQ�569�LQIHFWLHV�ELM�RXGHUHQ�� $DQYXOOHQG�RQGHU]RHN�QDDU�GH�]LHNWHODVW�YDQ�569�LQIHFWLHV�ELM�NLQGHUHQ�� .RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VHV�XLWYRHUHQ�YRRU�569�YDFFLQDWLH��RXGHUHQ�HQ�NLQGHUHQ��� 3ODQ�YDQ�DDQSDN�RQWZLNNHOHQ�YRRU�YDFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ�

����� +HUSHV�VLPSOH[�YLUXV��=LHNWH�0HHVW�EHODQJULMN��JHQLWDOH�KHUSHV$JHQV�+HUSHV�VLPSOH[�YLUXV��%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�+HUSHVYLUXVVHQ�LQIHFWHUHQ�PXFRVDOH�RSSHUYODNWHQ��YDQZDDU�YLD�QHXURQHQ�PLJUDWLH�QDDU�GHGRUVDOH�ZRUWHOJDQJOLD�SODDWV�YLQGW��'DDU�EOLMYHQ�GH�YLUXVGHHOWMHV�ODWHQW�DDQZH]LJ��SHUVLVWHQWLH�WRW�UHDFWLYDWLH�RSWUHHGW��PHHVWDO�GRRU�VWUHVVIDFWRUHQ��+69���LQIHFWLH�EOLMIW�PHHVWDO�EHSHUNW�WRWGH�JHELHGHQ�URQG�PRQG��QHXV�HQ�NHHO��+69���LQIHFWLH�YLQGW�YRRUDO�SODDWV�LQ�KHW�JHQLWDOHVWHOVHO��(FKWHU��EHLGH�YLUXVVHQ�NXQQHQ�EHLGH�YRUPHQ�YDQ�LQIHFWLH�YHURRU]DNHQ�HQ�+69��ZRUGW UHFHQW�VWHHGV�YDNHU�LQ�KHW�JHQLWDOH�VWHOVHO�JHYRQGHQ��+HW�]LHNWHEHHOG�EHVWDDW�XLWEODDVYRUPLQJ�HQ�YHU]ZHULQJ��LQ�KHW�JHQLWDOH�VWHOVHO�JHSDDUG�JDDQG�PHW�SLMQ�HQ�G\VXULH��+69LQIHFWLHV�]LMQ�YRRUDO�JHYDDUOLMN�ELM�LPPXXQJHVXSSUHVVHHUGHQ�HQ�QHRQDWHQ��,Q�GH]H�ODDWVWHJURHS�NDQ�DDQWDVWLQJ�YDQ�KHUVHQHQ�HQ�RUJDQHQ�RSWUHGHQ��PHW�DOV�JHYROJ�QHXURORJLVFKHDDQGRHQLQJHQ�HQ�KRJH�PRUWDOLWHLW��+HW�ULVLFR�KLHURS�LV�KHW�JURRWVW�ZDQQHHU�]ZDQJHUH�YURXZHQSULPDLU�ZRUGHQ�JHwQIHFWHHUG�PHW�+69�2YHUGUDFKW�+69���ZRUGW�YQO��YLD�GH�PRQG�HQ�GH�OXFKWZHJHQ�RYHUJHGUDJHQ�GRRU�FRQWDFW�PHWYLUXVEHYDWWHQGH�YORHLVWRIIHQ��+69���YRRUDO�GRRU�VHNVXHHO�FRQWDFW��1%��+69�LQIHFWLH�NDQRYHUGUDFKW�YDQ�+,9�DDQ]LHQOLMN�YHUJHPDNNHOLMNHQ�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�7DEHO�%������(SLGHPLRORJLH�YDQ�+69���

,QFLGHQWLH3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

3UHYDOHQWLH 0RUWDOLWHLW3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

96����� ���������UHDFWLYDWLH� ������������������ �����QHRQDWHQ�8. �� � �1HGHUODQG � � �(U�]LMQ�JHHQ�EHWURXZEDUH�JHJHYHQV�YRRU�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�SRSXODWLH��DOOHHQ�GDWD�EHWUHIIHQGHKHUSHV�JHQLWDOLV�YDQ�62$�NOLQLHNHQ��9DQ�GH�EH]RHNHUV�YDQ�GHUJHOLMNH�NOLQLHNHQ�KDG�LQ�����a�����KHUSHV�JHQLWDOLV��JHVFKDW�ZHUG�GDW�a����SULPDLUH�+69�LQIHFWLH�EHWURI��6HURSUHYDOHQWLH����������LQ�GH]HOIGH�JURHS�ZDV�ELM�YURXZHQ�a����HQ�ELM�PDQQHQ�a�����DDQ]LHQOLMN�KRJHU

Page 104: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

GDQ�KHW�SHUFHQWDJH�GDW�DFWLHYH�KHUSHV�JHQLWDOLV�HSLVRGHV�GRRUPDDNWH�GDQ�ZHO�KDGGRRUJHPDDNW��'LW�JHHIW�DDQ�GDW�HHQ�JURWH�JURHS�DV\PSWRPDWLVFK�JHwQIHFWHHUGHQ�EHVWDDW��'HVHURSUHYDOHQWLH�YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�EHYRONLQJ��HQ�LQ�HHQ�DDQWDO�DQGHUH�(XURSHVH�ODQGHQ��]DOQDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�HLQG������EHVFKLNEDDU�]LMQ�'RHOJURHS�9DQZHJH�GH�WH�YRRUNRPHQ�ULVLFR¶V�WLMGHQV�]ZDQJHUVFKDS�LV�GH�GRHOJURHS����MDULJHQ�=LHNWHODVW�=LHNWHODVW�ZRUGW�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ�'$/<¶V�GLH�ZRUGHQ�EHUHNHQG�DOV�GH�VRP�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDOYHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ��9/��HQ�KHW�DDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ��=-(���'H�9/�]LMQ�EHUHNHQGDOV KHW�DDQWDO�VWHUIJHYDOOHQ��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW��SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��GH�YRRU�GLH�OHHIWLMGJHOGHQGH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��HQ�LQ�VRPPLJH�JHYDOOHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHUMDDU��'H�=-(�]LMQ�LQ�SULQFLSH�EHUHNHQG�DOV�KHW�WRWDDO�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�GH�]LHNWH�YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YRRU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH��]RDOV�EHSDDOG�GRRU�HHQSDQHO�YDQ�H[SHUWV��+HW�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGW�EHQDGHUG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH�PDDO�GXXU��YRRUNRUWGXUHQGH�]LHNWH��RI�DOV�SXQWSUHYDOHQWLH��VRPV�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�]LHNWHWRHVWDQG���2RN�KLHUNDQ�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�WRHVWDQG�YRRU�WRHNRPVWLJH�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG��=LHYRRU�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�WRHOLFKWLQJ�ELMODJH���7DEHO�%������%HUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�KHUSHV�VLPSOH[�W\SH���HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLHGRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ����MDULJHQ�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�

%HUHNHQLQJ9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ����MDULJHQ 7RWDOH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�

9/ � �=-(=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH�FLUFD���������62$�VWLFKWLQJ��ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�HHQRQGHUVFKDWWLQJ��[�GXXU���MDDU�RPGDW�GH�HUQVW�DOV�MDDUSURILHO�LV�JHZDDUGHHUG�:HJLQJVIDFWRU� DDQJHQRPHQ�DOV�������NRPW�RYHUHHQ�PHW�KHW�MDDUSURILHOYRRU�LQIOXHQ]D��ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�HHQ�PD[LPDOH�VFKDWWLQJ��)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� 'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV�JHVWHOG�RS�����

��� ��

7RWDDO ��� ��(LVHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQ�'RHO�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�LV�YRRUDO�RP�FRQJHQLWDOH�LQIHFWLHV�WH�YRRUNRPHQ��+69�YDFFLQV�]XOOHQ�LQWZHH�FDWHJRULHsQ�YDOOHQ��SUHYHQWLHI�HQ�WKHUDSHXWLVFK��3UHYHQWLH�]DO�YRRUDO�YLD�PXFRVDOHLPPXQLWHLW�GLHQHQ�SODDWV�WH�YLQGHQ��'LHUVWXGLHV�KHEEHQ�HFKWHU�DDQJHWRRQG�GDW�QDWXXUOLMNHLQIHFWLH�JHHQ�YROOHGLJH�EHVFKHUPLQJ�RSOHYHUW��HU�]DO�GXV�YHHO�RQGHU]RHN�QRGLJ�]LMQ�QDDUJHVFKLNWH�YLUDOH�DQWLJHQHQ��0HHU�UHDOLVWLVFK�LV�WH�VWUHYHQ�QDDU�SUHYHQWLH�YDQ�NOLQLVFKHYHUVFKLMQVHOHQ��(HQ�WKHUDSHXWLVFK�YDFFLQ�]DO�YRRUDO�YLUDOH�UHSOLFDWLH�PRHWHQ�UHPPHQ�GDQ�ZHOGH�FHOOHQ�ZDDU�KHW�YLUXV�SHUVLVWHHUW�PRHWHQ�RSUXLPHQ��'LW�]DO�DOOHHQ�PRJHOLMN�]LMQ�PLGGHOV�HHQJRHGH�FHOOXODLUH�LPPXXQUHVSRQV�GLH�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�YLD�DQGHUH�YLUDOH�DQWLJHQHQ�GDQ�JHVFKLNWYRRU�PXFRVDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�]DO�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�EHUHLNW�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQ��]LH������+69�YDFFLQV�ZRUGHQ�DO�VLQGV GH�MDUHQ����YDQ�GH�YRULJH�HHXZ�RQGHU]RFKW��,Q�HHUVWH�LQVWDQWLHZHUG YLUXV�JHJURHLG�RS�HLHUHQ�HQ�JHwQDFWLYHHUG�GRRU�IRUPDOLQH�EHKDQGHOLQJ��/DWHU�ZHUG�YLUXVRS�FHOFXOWXUHV�JHNZHHNW�HQ�JHwQDFWLYHHUG�GRRU�XOWUDYLROHW�EHVWUDOLQJ�HQ�DQGHUH�PHWKRGHQ�*HHQ�YDQ�GH]H�SUHSDUDWHQ�EOHHN�LQ�WULDOV�EHVFKHUPLQJ�WHJHQ�LQIHFWLH�WH�ELHGHQ��5HFHQW�ZRUGHQVXE�XQLW YDFFLQV�RQWZLNNHOG��PHHVWDO�EHVWDDQGH�XLW�GH�JO\FRSURWHwQHQ�%�RI�'�RI��EHLGH�JH]XLYHUG�XLW�JHwQIHFWHHUGH�FHOOHQ�RI�DINRPVWLJ�YDQ�GLYHUVH�H[SUHVVLHV\VWHPHQ��'H]H�HLZLWWHQ

Page 105: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

ZHNNHQ�ELM�QDWXXUOLMNH�LQIHFWLH�HHQ�KXPRUDOH�HQ�FHOOXODLUH�LPPXXQUHVSRQV�RS��7HVWV�YDQ�GH]HNDQGLGDDW�YDFFLQV�LQ�JXLQHHVH�ELJJHWMHV�JHYHQ�DDQ�GDW�NOLQLVFKH�YHUVFKLMQVHOHQ�NXQQHQZRUGHQ YRRUNRPHQ��PDDU�QLHW�LQIHFWLH��+XPDQH�WULDOV�PHW�NDQGLGDDW�YDFFLQV�ORSHQ�RS�GLWPRPHQW�$QGHUH�EHQDGHULQJHQ�EHWUHIIHQ�KHW�JHULFKW�DWWHQXHUHQ�YDQ�KHW�YLUXV�P�E�Y��UHFRPELQDQW�'1$WHFKQLHNHQ��7RW�RS�KHGHQ�KHHIW�GLW�DOOHHQ�RYHUJHDWWHQXHHUGH�VWDPPHQ�RSJHOHYHUG�GLH�ZHLQLJRI�QLHW�LPPXQRJHHQ�]LMQ��0HHU�YHHOEHORYHQG�]LMQ�UHSOLFDWLHGHIHFWLHYH�GHOHWLHPXWDQWHQ�GLH�LQFRPSHQVHUHQGH�FHOOLMQHQ�ZRUGHQ�JHNZHHNW��7HQVORWWH�ZRUGW�RRN�JHZHUNW�DDQ�OHYHQGHYHFWRUHQ�GLH�+69�HLZLWWHQ�H[SUHVVHUHQ�HQ�DDQ�'1$�YDFFLQV��*HHQ�YDQ�GH]H�EHQDGHULQJHQ�LVLQ�HHQ�WULDOIDVH��:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ�'H�NDQGLGDDW�YDFFLQV�ZHNNHQ�KXPRUDOH�HQ�FHOOXODLUH�LPPXXQUHVSRQVHQ�RS�1D�YDFFLQDWLH�*HHQ�YDFFLQ�EHVFKLNEDDU�+XLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�*HHQ�YDFFLQDWLH��9DFFLQ�QLHW�EHVFKLNEDDU�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�9RRU�]RYHU�EHNHQG�KHHIW�DOOHHQ�KHW�,20�HHQ�HFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLH�YDQ�+69�YDFFLQDWLHXLWJHYRHUG�������+HW�,20�VFKDW��RS�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��GDW�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ���MDULJHQ�LQ�GH�96�PLQGHU�GDQ�86��������SHU�4$/<�NRVW��FDWHJRULH�,,���9HUUHNHQLQJ�YDQGH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�]DO�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�OHLGHQ�WRW�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU�.(5�PDDU�QLHWQRRG]DNHOLMNHUZLMV�WRW�LQGHOLQJ�LQ�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU�FDWHJRULH�2SQDPH�LQ�KHW�593����"=LH�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�HQ�GH�.($¶V�KRRIGVWXN����9DFFLQDWLHYDQ����MDULJHQ�WHJHQ�KHUSHV�VLPSOH[�W\SH���LV�PLQGHU�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593�����

����� +XPDDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV=LHNWH�$IKDQNHOLMN�YDQ�KHW�+39�W\SH�NXQQHQ�HYHQWXHHO�EHQLJQH�DIZLMNLQJHQ��ZUDWWHQ��RISUHPDOLJQH�ODHVLHV�RQWVWDDQ��2QGHU�EHSDDOGH�RPVWDQGLJKHGHQ�NDQ�SUHPDOLJQH�ODHVLHRQWDDUGHQ�LQ�FDUFLQRRP��FHUYL[��DQXV�HQ�SHQLV���PHW�YHUUHZHJ�DOV�PHHVW�YRRUNRPHQGHH[SRQHQW�KHW�FHUYL[�FDUFLQRRP������$JHQV�+XPDDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV��+39���(U�]LMQ����W\SHQ�JHwGHQWLILFHHUG�GLH�RQGHU�WH�YHUGHOHQ�]LMQ�LQFXWDQH �LQIHFWHUHQ�HSLWKHHO�YDQ�YRRUQDPHOLMN�GH�KXLG��RI�PXFRVRWURSH��LQIHFWHUHQ�PXFRVD�YDQGH�WUDFWXV�JHQLWDOLV��+39�W\SHQ��+HW�JDDW�YRRUDO�RP�GH�KRRJ��ULVLFR��RQFRJHQH��+39�W\SHQ�������������������������������������������������������������� HQ������GLH�JHQLWDOH��SUHPDOLJQH��G\VSODVLH�HQ�JHQLWDOH�FDUFLQRPHQ��FHUYL[��DQXV��SHQLV�NXQQHQ�YHURRU]DNHQ������=LHNWHEHHOG�'H�+39¶V�ZDDUWHJHQ�YDFFLQV�ZRUGHQ�RQWZLNNHOG�]LMQ�JHDVVRFLHHUG�PHW�KHW�RQWVWDDQ�YDQLQYDVLHYH�FDUFLQRPHQ��PHW�QDPH�PHW�FHUYL[�FDUFLQRRP�HQ�ZRUGHQ�DOV�KRRJ�ULVLFR�RIZHORQFRJHHQ�DDQJHPHUNW��,Q�ELMQD�DOOH���������FHUYL[�FDUFLQRPHQ�ZHUHOGZLMG�ZRUGW�KRRJ��ULVLFR+39�'1$�JHYRQGHQ�����������&HUYL[�FDUFLQRRP�LV�HHQ�SURJUHVVLHYH�]LHNWH�ZHONH�EHJLQW�PHW

Page 106: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

QLHW�LQYDVLHYH�FHUYLFDOH�ODHVLHV��FHUYLFDOH�LQWUDHSLWKHOLDOH�QHRSODVLH��&,1���$IKDQNHOLMN�YDQ�GHSURSRUWLH��GLNWH��YDQ�KHW�FHUYL[�HSLWKHHO�GDW�G\VSODVWLVFKH�YHUDQGHULQJHQ�YHUWRRQW��ZRUGHQQLHW�LQYDVLHYH�ODHVLHV�RQGHUYHUGHHOG�LQ�OLFKWH��PDWLJH�HQ�HUQVWLJH�G\VSODVLH�HQ�FDUFLQRPD�LQVLWX� ,QYDVLHI�FDUFLQRRP�ZRUGW�KLVWRORJLVFK�JHGLIIHUHQWLHHUG�LQ�VTXDPHXV�FHOFDUFLQRRP�PHHVW�YRRUNRPHQGH�H[SRQHQW���DGHQRVTXDPHXV�FDUFLQRRP�HQ�DGHQRFDUFLQRRP�1%��KHW�3DS�XLWVWULMNMH��JHEDVHHUG�RS�F\WRPRUIRORJLVFK�RQGHU]RHN�YDQ�ORVJHODWHQ�HSLWKHHOFHOOHQ YDQ�GH�FHUYL[��ZRUGW�LQ�1HGHUODQG�DOV�PHWKRGH�JHEUXLNW�LQ�KHW�EHYRONLQJVRQGHU]RHNQDDU�EDDUPRHGHUKDOVNDQNHU��'H�3DS�NODVVH�NHQW�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�JUDGDWLHV�YDULsUHQG�YDQ�3DS���QRUPDOH FHUYL[�F\WRORJLH���3DS����RQWVWHNLQJHQ���3DS��D���OLFKWH�G\VNDU\RVH���3DS��D��PDWLJH�G\VNDU\RVH���3DS��E��HUQVWLJH�G\VNDU\RVH���3DS����FDUFLQRPD�LQ�VLWX���WRW�3DS���FDUFLQRRP��2YHUGUDFKW�'H�EHODQJULMNVWH�ZLM]H�YDQ�WUDQVPLVVLH�YRRU�JHQLWDOH�+39¶V�EOLMNW�YLD�JHQLWDDO�JHQLWDDOFRQWDFW��'H]H�RYHUGUDFKW�GRRU�VHNVXHHO�FRQWDFW�LV�HIILFLsQW��+39�LQIHFWLH�FRUUHOHHUW�PHW�KRJHVHNVXHOH�DFWLYLWHLW��DDQWDO�SDUWQHUV�HQ�OHHIWLMG�HHUVWH�FRwWXV�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�,QFLGHQWLH�HQ�PRUWDOLWHLW�PHW�EHWUHNNLQJ�WRW�FHUYL[�FDUFLQRRP�,Q�1HGHUODQG�ZRUGHQ�MDDUOLMNV�RQJHYHHU�����QLHXZH�JHYDOOHQ�PHW�EDDUPRHGHUKDOVNDQNHUJHGLDJQRVWLFHHUG��PHW�HHQ�OHHIWLMGVJHVWDQGDDUGLVHHUGH�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ������QLHXZH�JHYDOOHQSHU���������LQZRQHUV��'H�OHHIWLMGVJHVWDQGDDUGLVHHUGH�PRUWDOLWHLW�ZRUGW�JHVFKDW�RS�����VWHUIJHYDOOHQ�SHU���������LQZRQHUV�PHW�HHQ�WRWDDO�YDQ�����VWHUIJHYDOOHQ�LQ�������7DEHO%�������'H]H�FLMIHUV�]LMQ�VLJQLILFDQW�ODJHU�GDQ�GH�LQFLGHQWLH��HQ�PRUWDOLWHLWVFLMIHUV�YDQ�JHKHHO(XURSD�7DEHO�%������(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�JHJHYHQV�XLW������EHWUHIIHQGH�LQFLGHQWLH�HQ�PRUWDOLWHLW�YDQFDUFLQRPHQ�YDQ�GH�FHUYL[�XWHUL��%URQ��(8&$0��GH�(XURSHVH�GDWDEDQN�YDQ�GH�:+2�,$5&��

$DQWDOJHUHJLVWUHHUGHJHYDOOHQ�LQ����

,QFLGHQWLH3HU��������YURXZHQ�SHUMDDU

$65�(�� $DQWDORYHUOHGHQHQLQ�����0RUWDOLWHLW3HU��������YURXZHQ�SHUMDDU

$65��(�3HU��������YURXZHQ�SHUMDDU

(XURSD ����� ����� ����� ����� ���� ����8. ���� ����� ����� ���� ���� ����1/ ��� ���� ���� ��� ���� ����

�$65�(��OHHIWLMG�JHVWDQGDDUGLVHHUGH�FLMIHUV�JHEDVHHUG�RS�GH�(XURSHVH�SRSXODWLH�:HUHOGZLMG�LV�QD�ERUVWNDQNHU��EDDUPRHGHUKDOVNDQNHU�GH�PHHVW�YRRUNRPHQGHNDQNHUJHUHODWHHUGH�GRRGVRRU]DDN�ELM�YURXZHQ��0HW�QDPH�LQ�GH�PLQGHU�RQWZLNNHOGH�ODQGHQ�LVGH�LQFLGHQWLH�HQ�PRUWDOLWHLW�YDQ�GH]H�NDQNHU�KHW�KRRJVW��)LJXXU����

Page 107: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

)LJXXU����/HHIWLMGV�JHVWDQGDDUGLVHHUGH�LQFLGHQWLH�HQ�PRUWDOLWHLW�YDQ�EDDUPRHGHUKDOVNDQNHU�LQ������(8&20�:+2�'DWDEDQN��ZZZ�GHS�LDUF�IU�GDWDDYD�LQIRGDWD�KWPO��+39�SUHYDOHQWLH�PHW�EHWUHNNLQJ�WRW�FHUYL[�FDUFLQRRP�(U�LV�DOOHHQ�UHJLRQDDO�RQGHU]RHN��JHHQ�ODQGHOLMN��JHGDDQ�QDDU�GH�HSLGHPLRORJLH�YDQ�JHQLWDOH+39�LQIHFWLHV�LQ�1HGHUODQG��'H�+39�SUHYDOHQWLH�ELM�YURXZHQ�PHW�QRUPDOH�FHUYL[�F\WRORJLH�3DS��XLWVWULMNMH��XLW�GH�QRUPDOH�SRSXODWLH�EOLMNW�OHHIWLMGVDIKDQNHOLMN�WH�]LMQ��]LH�)LJXXU�����'HWRWDOH�+39�SUHYDOHQWLH��DOOH�W\SHQ��QHHPW�WRH�WRW�HHQ�SLHN�YDQ�RQJHYHHU�����LQ�YURXZHQ�YDQFLUFD ���MDDU�HQ�QHHPW�GDDUQD�DI�WRW�RQJHYHHU����LQ�YURXZHQ�RXGHU�GDQ����MDDU��'HSUHYDOHQWLH�YDQ�JHQLWDOH�KRRJ�ULVLFR��RQFRJHQH��+39¶V�QHHPW�DI�YDQ�RQJHYHHU�����ELMYURXZHQ�������MDDU�WRW�RQJHYHHU����ELM�YURXZHQ�RXGHU�GDQ����MDDU�����������9URXZHQ�PHWF\WRPRUIRORJLVFK�QRUPDOH�XLWVWULMN�HQ�KRRJ�ULVLFR�+39�LQIHFWLH�EOLMNHQ�HHQ�����NHHU�KRJHUULVLFR�WH�KHEEHQ�YRRU�KHW�RQWZLNNHOHQ�YDQ�KHW�HUQVWLJVWH�YRRUVWDGLXP�YRRU�FHUYL[�FDUFLQRRP�&,1�����GDQ�YURXZHQ�PHW�QRUPDOH�F\WRORJLH�HQ�HHQ�+39�QHJDWLHYH�XLWVWULMN������

)LJXXU ���+39�SUHYDOHQWLH�LQ�YURXZHQ�PHW�QRUPDOH�F\WRORJLH�������+5�+39�VWDDW�YRRUKRRJ�ULVLFR�+39�HQ�/5�+39�VWDDW�YRRU�ODDJ�ULVLFR�+39�

��

��

��

��

������Q ��

������Q ���

������Q ���

������Q ����

������Q ����

������Q ����

������Q ����

������Q ����

������Q ����

������Q ����

������Q ���

OHHIWLMG��MDDU�

+39�WRWDO

+5�+39

/5�+39

Page 108: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

'H]H�GDWD�ODWHQ�]LHQ�GDW��+39�LQIHFWLHV�QD�YHUORRS�YDQ�WLMG�ZHHU�YHUGZLMQHQ�LQ�MRQJH�HQDV\PSWRPDWLVFKH�YURXZHQ��9DQ�GH�QLHXZH�LQIHFWLHV�EOLMNW�����VSRQWDDQ�QD���MDDU�WH�]LMQJHQH]HQ��$QDO\VHV�YDQ�+39�SUHYDOHQWLH�LQ�UHODWLH�WRW�F\WRORJLH�ODWHQ�]LHQ�GDW�GH�WRWDOH�+39SUHYDOHQWLH�GUDVWLVFK�WRHQHHPW�YDQ�3DS������������QDDU�3DS��D��E�����������HQ�3DS�����������XLWVWULMNMHV�������0HW�QDPH�GH�SUHYDOHQWLH�YDQ�KRRJ�ULVLFR�+39�W\SHQ�QHHPW�WRHWHUZLMO�GH�SUHYDOHQWLH�YDQ�ODDJ�ULVLFR�W\SHQ�FRQVWDQW�EOLMIW�������2RN�LQ�ELRSWHQ�YDQG\VSODVWLVFKH�ODHVLHV�QHHPW�GH�WRWDOH�+39�SUHYDOHQWLH�WRH�PHW�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�ODHVLH��'H�+39SUHYDOHQWLH�YDULHHUW�YDQ�RQJHYHHU�����LQ�&,1���ODHVLHV�WRW������LQ�&,1���ODHVLHV�������'HSUHYDOHQWLH�YDQ�+39�'1$�LQ�FHUYL[�FDUFLQRPHQ�LV�QDJHQRHJ����������������(HQSHUVLVWHUHQGH�KRRJ�ULVLFR�+39�LQIHFWLH�LV�]HHU�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�HHQ�YRRUZDDUGH�YRRU�NOLQLVFKHSURJUHVVLH�HQ�KHW�RQWVWDDQ�YDQ�&,1������������:HUHOGZLMG ZRUGW�+39����DDQJHWRRQG�LQ�����YDQ�GH�FHUYL[�FDUFLQRPHQ��+39����WH]DPHQPHW +39��������������������HQ����������]LMQ�YHUDQWZRRUGHOLMN�YRRU�RQJHYHHU�����YDQ�GHVTXDPHXV FHO�FDUFLQRPHQ��+39����LV�SUHGRPLQDQW�DDQZH]LJ�LQ�GH�DGHQR��VTXDPHXV�FDUFLQRPHQ��'H�DQGHUH�KRRJ�ULVLFR�W\SHQ��+39������������������ ������������������������HQ������ZRUGHQ�LQ�ODJHUH�SHUFHQWDJHV�LQ�FHUYL[�FDUFLQRPHQJHYRQGHQ������'RHOJURHS�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�JHJHYHQV�ZLM]HQ�HURS�GDW�SHUVRQHQ�WXVVHQ�GH����HQ����MDDU�KHW�PHHVWHULVLFR�ORSHQ�HQ�GDW�VHNVXHOH�DFWLYLWHLW�FRUUHOHHUW�PHW�+39�LQIHFWLHV��9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ�NLQGHUHQYRRUGDW�]H�VHNVXHHO�DFWLHI�ZRUGHQ�����MDULJHQ��RRN�YRRUJHVWHOG�GRRU�KHW�,20��OLMNW�GDDURPZHQVHOLMN�=LHNWHODVW�=LHNWHODVW�ZRUGW�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ�'$/<¶V�GLH�ZRUGHQ�EHUHNHQG�DOV�GH�VRP�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDOYHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ��9/��HQ�KHW�DDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ��=-(���'H�9/�]LMQ�EHUHNHQGDOV KHW�DDQWDO�VWHUIJHYDOOHQ��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW��SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��GH�YRRU�GLH�OHHIWLMGJHOGHQGH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��HQ�LQ�VRPPLJH�JHYDOOHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHUMDDU��'H�=-(�]LMQ�LQ�SULQFLSH�EHUHNHQG�DOV�KHW�WRWDDO�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�GH�]LHNWH�YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YRRU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH��]RDOV�EHSDDOG�GRRU�HHQSDQHO�YDQ�H[SHUWV��+HW�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGW�EHQDGHUG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH�PDDO�GXXU��YRRUNRUWGXUHQGH�]LHNWH��RI�DOV�SXQWSUHYDOHQWLH��VRPV�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�]LHNWHWRHVWDQG���2RN�KLHUNDQ�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�WRHVWDQG�YRRU�WRHNRPVWLJH�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG��=LHYRRU�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�WRHOLFKWLQJ�ELMODJH���(LVHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQV�$OV�RRN�DQGHUH�YDFFLQDWLHV�WHJHQ�62$�EHVFKLNEDDU�]RXGHQ�NRPHQ��GDQ�YHUGLHQW�KHW�GHYRRUNHXU�GH]H�YDFFLQV�LQ�ppQ�NHHU�WRH�WH�GLHQHQ��3UREOHHP�KLHUELM�LV�GDW�RSWLPDDO�WHJHQ�DOOHEHODQJULMNH�RQFRJHQH�+39�W\SHQ����������������HQ�±����]RX�PRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ�JHYDFFLQHHUG�HHQ XQLYHUVHHO�PRQRYDOHQW�YDFFLQ�LV�YRRUDOVQRJ�QLHW�PRJHOLMN��

Page 109: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

7DEHO�%������%HUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�+39��FHUYL[�NDQNHU��HQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GLHGRRU YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ����MDULJHQ�YRRUNRPHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�%HUHNHQLQJ9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ����MDULJHQ 7RWDOH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�

9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�9/�FHUYL[NDQNHU9/� $EVROXWH�VWHUIWH�LQ������LQ�GH�OHHIWLMGVFDWHJRULH����HQ�RXGHU�������[DDQWDO�YHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ�SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��LQGLYLGXHHO�EHUHNHQG�� �������)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� 'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV�JHVWHOG�RS�����

����� �����

=-(�FHUYL[NDQNHU=LHNWHMDUHQ� LQFLGHQWLH�LQ�������FLUFD������[�GXXU��JHVWHOG�RS���MDDU��:HJLQJVIDFWRU� LV�QLHW�DIJHOHLG�YRRU�FHUYL[NDQNHU��'H�YHUKRXGLQJVWHUIWH�LQFLGHQWLH�LV�FLUFD������HYHQDOV�YRRU�ERUVWNDQNHU��+HW�LV�SODXVLEHORP�GH�=-(�EHUHNHQLQJ�YRRU�ERUVWNDQNHU�DOV�OHLGUDDG�WH�QHPHQ��ZDW�QHHUNRPW�RS�����=-(�SHU�LQFLGHQW�JHYDO��=-(�LV�GDQ�����[����� �������)UDFWLH�YRRUNRPEDDU� 'H�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�KHW�YDFFLQ�LV�JHVWHOG�RS�����

����� ���

7RWDDO ����� �����%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQV�0RPHQWHHO�ZRUGHQ�HHQ�DDQWDO�+39�NDQGLGDDW�YDFFLQV�JHWHVW�GLH�HQRUP�YDQ�HONDDUYHUVFKLOOHQ�(pQ�VHULH�YDFFLQV�LV�JHEDVHHUG�RS�WRW�H[SUHVVLH�JHEUDFKWH�YLUDOH�HLZLWWHQ��DO�GDQ�QLHWJHIXVHHUG��9DFFLQNDQGLGDDW�7$�+39��&DQWDE�3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV��EHVWDDW�XLW�GRRU�YDFFLQLDYLUXVWRW�H[SUHVVLH�JHEUDFKW�(��HQ�(��HLZLW�YDQ�+39����HQ�±���������'LW�WKHUDSHXWLVFKH�YDFFLQWHJHQ�FHUYL[�FDUFLQRPHQ�LV�LQ�IDVH�,�HQ�,,�WULDOV�JHWHVW�HQ�YHLOLJ�EHYRQGHQ��PDDU�GH�HIIHFWLYLWHLWNRQ�QRJ�QLHW�ZRUGHQ�EHSDDOG��(HQ�WZHHGH��RRN�WKHUDSHXWLVFK�YDFFLQ��7$�*:��&DQWDE�6PLWK.OLQH��WHJHQ�JHQLWDOH�ZUDWWHQ�EHVWDDW�XLW�HHQ�IXVLHHLZLW�YDQ�/��HQ�(��YDQ�+39���JHSURGXFHHUG�LQ�(��FROL� 'H]H�YDFFLQV�ZRUGHQ�PHW�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�DGMXYDQWLD�JHWHVW��(HQDQGHUH EHQDGHULQJ�LV�JHEDVHHUG�RS�KHW�YHUPRJHQ�YDQ�KHW�/��HLZLW�YDQ�+39�RP�YLUXV�DFKWLJHGHHOWMHV��9/3��WH�YRUPHQ��9HUZDFKW�ZRUGW�GDW�GH]H�YDFFLQV�YRRUDO�SUHYHQWLHI�]XOOHQ�NXQQHQZHUNHQ ������0HG,PPXQH�WHVW�NDQGLGDDW�YDFFLQ�0(',������JHEDVHHUG�RS�/��9/3¶V�YDQ+39����LQ�IDVH�,�WULDOV�HQ�NRQGLJGH�DDQ�LQ������HHQ�YHUJHOLMNEDDU�DQWL�+39����NDQGLGDDW�YDFFLQ�WH�WHVWHQ��0HUFN�3KDUPDFHXWLFDO�WHVW��HHQ�TXDGULYDOHQW�YDFFLQ�EHVWDDQGH�XLW�/��9/3¶VYDQ�+39�������������HQ�±���,Q�ZHHU�HHQ�DQGHUH�EHQDGHULQJ�ZRUGHQ�+39�RQFRJHQHQ�P�E�Y��YDQ�HHQ�UHFRPELQDQWYDFFLQLDYLUXV�GRHOJHULFKW�QDDU�GH�LQWUDFHOOXODLUH�URXWH�EHWURNNHQ�ELM�WXPRULPPXQLWHLWJHVWXXUG��'RHO�LV�&7/¶V�WHJHQ�+39�WXPRUHQ�WH�JHQHUHUHQ�7HQVORWWH�]LMQ�H[SHULPHQWHQ�DDQJHNRQGLJG�PHW�'1$�YDFFLQV��R�D��GRRU�$SROORQ�,QF��HQ0HUFN�3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV�1%��+39�LV�HHQ�UHODWLHI�HHQYRXGLJ�YLUXV��KHW�EHYDW�³VOHFKWV´���JHQHQ��+69�EHYDW�RQJHYHHU����JHQHQ��+&09�PHHU�GDQ�������'DDURP�LV�KHW�UHSHUWRLUH�YDQ�SRWHQWLsOH�DQWLJHQHQ�WHRYHU]LHQ�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQ������3UHYHQWLHYH�YDFFLQV�PRHWHQ�QHXWUDOLVHUHQGH�DQWLOLFKDPHQ�LQ�GH�JHQLWDOH�PXFRVD�RSZHNNHQ�GLW�JHEHXUW�KHW�PHHVW�HIIHFWLHI�P�E�Y��RS�/��JHEDVHHUGH�9/3¶V��'DDUQDDVW�GLHQHQ�+39YDFFLQV�7�FHO�LPPXQLWHLW��&7/¶V��RS�WH�ZHNNHQ��RPGDW�GDDUPHH�SUROLIHUDWLH�YDQ�YLUXV�GDW�DDQGH�PXFRVDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�RQWVQDSW�NDQ�ZRUGHQ�RQGHUGUXNW��HHQ�LQGLUHFWH�DDQZLM]LQJ�KLHUYRRULV�GDW�RQGHU�FRQGLWLHV�ZDDUELM�7�FHO�IXQFWLHV�ZRUGHQ�RQGHUGUXNW�YHUKRRJGH�ZUDWYRUPLQJRSWUHHGW���9/3¶V�EOLMNHQ�RRN�GH]H�HLJHQVFKDS�WH�NXQQHQ�KHEEHQ�

Page 110: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�9RRU�]RYHU�EHNHQG�KHHIW�DOOHHQ�KHW�,20�HHQ�HFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLH�YDQ�+39�YDFFLQDWLHXLWJHYRHUG�������+HW�,20�VFKDW��RS�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��GDW�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQSHUVRQHQ�YDQ����MDDU�LQ�GH�96�PLQGHU�GDQ��������(852�SHU�4$/<�NRVW��FDWHJRULH�,,��9HUUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�]DO�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�OHLGHQ�WRW�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU�.(5�PDDUQLHW�QRRG]DNHOLMNHUZLMV�WRW�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU�FDWHJRULH2SQDPH�LQ�KHW�593�����=LH�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�YRRUNRPEDUH�]LHNWHODVW�HQ�GH�.($¶V�KRRIGVWXN����9DFFLQDWLHYDQ����MDULJHQ�WHJHQ�+39�LV�]HHU�JHVFKLNW�YRRU�RSQDPH�LQ�KHW�593��(U�]LMQ�HHQ�DDQWDODVSHFWHQ� QDDVW�HSLGHPLRORJLVFKH�HQ�JH]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH��GLH�YDQ�EHODQJ�]LMQ�YRRUEHVOXLWYRUPLQJ�RYHU�HYHQWXHOH�LQYRHULQJ�YDQ�GHUJHOLMNH�YDFFLQDWLHV��7HQ�HHUVWH�YHUHLVWYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�EHWURNNHQ�SDUWLMHQ�LQ�GH�PDDWVFKDSSLM��RXGHUV��DDQELHGHUV�YDQ�]RUJ�HWF���GDW�]LMKHW�IHLW�DFFHSWHUHQ�GDW�MRQJHUHQ�YDQDI�KHW�EHJLQ�YDQ�GH�SXEHUWLMG�SRWHQWLHHO�VHNVXHHO�DFWLHI]LMQ��7HQ�WZHHGH�]RX�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ��62$�WHQ�RQUHFKWH�GH�LQGUXN�NXQQHQ�ZHNNHQ�GDW�YHLOLJYULMHQ�RYHUERGLJ�LV�JHZRUGHQ��+HW�YHUGLHQW�GDQ�RRN�DDQEHYHOLQJ�GH]H�HQ�PRJHOLMN�QRJ�DQGHUHHWKLVFKH�PDDWVFKDSSHOLMNH�DVSHFWHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�62$�WLMGLJ�WH�EHVWXGHUHQ�

Page 111: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH����� $QGHUVRQ��/��-���5��$��3DUNHU��DQG�5��/��6WULNDV��$VVRFLDWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�UHVSLUDWRU\�V\QF\WLDO�YLUXVRXWEUHDNV�DQG�ORZHU�UHVSLUDWRU\�WUDFW�GHDWKV�RI�LQIDQWV�DQG�\RXQJ�FKLOGUHQ�-�,QIHFW�'LV������������������������ $QRQ\PRXV��3UHYHQWLRQ�RI�SQHXPRFRFFDO�GLVHDVH��UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV�RI�WKH�$GYLVRU\&RPPLWWHH�RQ�,PPXQL]DWLRQ�3UDFWLFHV��$&,3�� 0RUE�0RUWDO�:NO\�5HS������������������� $UQDO��-��0���)ULVDV��2���*DUX]��5���DQG�$QWRQDQ]DV�)��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI�KHSDWLWLV�$LPPXQLVDWLRQ�LQ�6SDLQ��3KDUPDFRHFRQRPLFV���� ������������������� $UYLQ�$�0��9DULFHOOD�]RVWHU�YLUXV� LQ���9LURORJ\����UG�HGLWLRQ��%��1��)LHOGV��'��0��.QLSH��3��0�+RZOH\��HGV���/LSSLQFRWW�5DYHQ�3XE���3KLODGHOSKLD��SS���������������������� %DOWXVVHQ��5��0��3��0���$��-��+��$��$PHQW��5��0��/HLGO��DQG�YDQ�5��)XUWK��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RIYDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�SQHXPRFRFFDO�SQHXPRQLD�LQ�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV�� (�-�3�+��������������������� %DOWXVVHQ��5��0��3��0���5HLQGHUV��$���6SUHQJHU��0��-��:���3RVWPD��0��-���-DJHU��-��&���$PHQW��$�-��+��$���DQG�/HLGO��5��0��(VWLPDWLQJ�LQIOXHQ]D�UHODWHG�KRVSLWDOL]DWLRQ�LQ�WKH1HWKHUODQGV� ���������� %HUQVWHLQ��'��,��DQG�/��5��6WDQEHUU\��+HUSHV�VLPSOH[�YLUXV�YDFFLQHV� 9DFFLQH����������������������� %HXWHOV��3���5��&ODUD��*��7RUPDQV��(��YDQ�'RRUVODHU��DQG�3��9DQ�'DPPH��&RVWV�DQG�EHQHILWV�RIURXWLQH�YDULFHOOD�YDFFLQDWLRQ�LQ�*HUPDQ�FKLOGUHQ� -�,QIHFW�'LV������6XSSO���6����6������������� %MXQH��*���(��(��+RLE\��DQG�-��.��*URQQHVE\���(IIHFW�RI�RXWHU�PHPEUDQH�YHVLFOH�YDFFLQH�DJDLQVWJURXS�%�PHQLQJRFRFFDO�GLVHDVH�LQ�1RUZD\� /DQFHW�������������������������� %ODLQH�+ROOLQJHU��)��%��+HSDWLWLV�%�YLUXV��LQ���9LURORJ\����UG�HGLWLRQ��%��1��)LHOGV��'��0��.QLSH�3��0��+RZOH\��HGV���/LSSLQFRWW�5DYHQ�3XE���3KLODGHOSKLD��SS���������������������� %RU\VLHZLF]��/��.���$��)LDQGHU��0��1LPDNR��6��0DQ��*��:��:LONLQVRQ��'��:HVWPRUHODQG��$��6�(YDQV��0��$GDPV��6��1��6WDFH\��0��(��%RXUVQHOO��(��5XWKHUIRUG��-��.��+LFNOLQJ��DQG�6�&��,QJOLV��$ UHFRPELQDQW�YDFFLQLD�YLUXV�HQFRGLQJ�KXPDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV�W\SHV����DQG����(��DQG�(��SURWHLQV�DV�LPPXQRWKHUDS\�IRU�FHUYLFDO�FDQFHU� /DQFHW������������������������� %RV��-��0���+��&��5�PNH��5��:HOWH��0��-��3RVWPD��(��=ZDQHSRO��DQG��-��&��-DJHU�.RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�LQYDVLHYH�SQHXPRNRNNHQ�HQ�PHQLQJRNRNNHQLQIHFWLHV�ELM�NLQGHUHQ��5,90�UDSSRUW����������� ��������%LOWKRYHQ����� %RVFK��)��;���0��0��0DQRV��1��0XQR]��0��6KHUPDQ��$��0��-DQVHQ��-��3HWR��0��+��6FKLIIPDQ�9��0RUHQR��5��.XUPDQ��DQG�.��9��6KDK��3UHYDOHQFH�RI�KXPDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV�LQFHUYLFDO�FDQFHU��D�ZRUOGZLGH�SHUVSHFWLYH��,QWHUQDWLRQDO�ELRORJLFDO�VWXG\�RQ�FHUYLFDOFDQFHU��,%6&&��6WXG\�*URXS�>VHH�FRPPHQWV@� -�1DWO�&DQFHU�,QVW������������������������ %UXOH��YDQ�GHQ�$��-���3��-��6QLMGHUV��5��/��*RUGLMQ��2��3��%OHNHU��&��-��0HLMHU��DQG�-��0�:DOERRPHUV��*HQHUDO�SULPHU�PHGLDWHG�SRO\PHUDVH�FKDLQ�UHDFWLRQ�SHUPLWV�WKH

Page 112: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

GHWHFWLRQ�RI�VHTXHQFHG�DQG�VWLOO�XQVHTXHQFHG�KXPDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV�JHQRW\SHV�LQFHUYLFDO�VFUDSHV�DQG�FDUFLQRPDV� ,QW�-�&DQFHU����������������������� %XPD��$��+���3��%HXWHOV��3��9DQ�'DPPH��*��7RUPDQV��(��YDQ�'RRUVODHU��DQG�$��/HHQWYDDU�.XLMSHUV��$Q�HFRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�KHSDWLWLV�$�YDFFLQDWLRQ�LQ�'XWFK�PLOLWDU\SHUVRQQHO� 0LO�0HG������������������������� &DUWZULJKW��.���5��0RUULV��+��5�PNH��$��)R[��5��%RUURZ��1��%HJJ��3��5LFKPRQG��DQG�-�3RROPDQ��,PPXQRJHQLFLW\�DQG�UHDFWRJHQLFLW\�LQ�8.�LQIDQWV�RI�D�QRYHO�PHQLQJRFRFFDOYHVLFOH�YDFFLQH�FRQWDLQLQJ�PXOWLSOH�FODVV����3RU$��RXWHU�PHPEUDQH�SURWHLQV� 9DFFLQH������������������������ &ODDVVHQ��,���-��0H\OLV��/H\�3��YDQ�GHU��&��3HHWHUV��+��%URQV��-��5REHUW��'��%RUVERRP��$UN�$�YDQ�GHU��6WUDDWHQ�YDQ��,��3��5RKROO��%��.XLSHUV��DQG�-��3RROPDQ��3URGXFWLRQ�FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ�DQG�FRQWURO�RI�D�1HLVVHULD�PHQLQJLWLGLV�KH[DYDOHQW�FODVV���RXWHUPHPEUDQH�SURWHLQ�FRQWDLQLQJ�YHVLFOH�YDFFLQH� 9DFFLQH������������������������� &OHPHQWV��0��/���,��6WHSKHQV��1HZ�DQG�LPSURYHG�YDFFLQHV�DJDLQVW�LQIOXHQ]D� LQ���1HZJHQHUDWLRQ�YDFFLQHV����QG�HGLWLRQ��0��0��/HYLQH��*��&��:RRGURZ��-��%��.DSHU��*��6�&RERQ��HGV���0DUFHO�'HNNHU�,QF���1HZ�<RUN��SS��������������������� &RPPXQLFDEOH�'LVHDVH�6XUYHLOODQFH�&HQWUH� 0HQLQJRFRFFDO�GLVHDVH�IDOOV�LQ�YDFFLQH�UHFLSLHQWV�&'5�:HHNO\������������������� &RXGHYLOOH��/���)��3DUHH��7��/HEUXQ��DQG�-��6DLOO\��7KH�YDOXH�RI�YDULFHOOD�YDFFLQDWLRQ�LQ�KHDOWK\FKLOGUHQ��FRVW�EHQHILW�DQDO\VLV�RI�WKH�VLWXDWLRQ�LQ�)UDQFH� 9DFFLQH����������������������� &URZH��-��(���3��/��&ROOLQV��5��0��&KDQRFN��%��5��0XUSK\��9DFFLQHV�DJDLQVW�UHVSLUDWRU\V\QF\WLFDO�YLUXV�DQG�SDUDLQIOXHQ]DYLUXV�W\SH��� LQ���1HZ�JHQHUDWLRQ�YDFFLQHV����QGHGLWLRQ��0��0��/HYLQH��*��&��:RRGURZ��-��%��.DSHU��*��6��&RERQ��HGV���0DUFHO�'HNNHU,QF���1HZ�<RUN��SS�������������������� 'RPLQJR��-��'���5LGDR��0���/DWRXU��-���DQG�%DOOHVWHU��$��$ FRVW�EHQHILW�DQDO\VLV�RI�URXWLQHYDULFHOOD�YDFFLQDWLRQ�LQ�6SDLQ��9DFFLQH������������������������� 'RRUVODHU��9DQ�(���*��7RUPDQV��DQG�3��9DQ�'DPPH��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�DQDO\VLV�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQDJDLQVW�KHSDWLWLV�$�LQ�WUDYHOOHUV� -�0HG�9LURO������������������������ (QJOXQG��-���:��3��*OH]HQ��DQG�3��$��3LHGUD��0DWHUQDO�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�DJDLQVW�YLUDO�GLVHDVH�9DFFLQH������������������������� )HQQ��3���$��0F*XLUH��DQG�$��*UD\��$Q�HFRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�KHSDWLWLV�$IRU�IUHTXHQW�WUDYHOOHUV� -�,QIHFW���������������������� )LHOGV��%��1���'��0��.QLSH��3��0��+RZOH\���HGV���9LURORJ\� �UG�HGLWLRQ��/LSSLQFRWW�5DYHQ�3XE��3KLODGHOSKLD������������� )OHPLQJ��'��7���*��0��0F4XLOODQ��5��(��-RKQVRQ��$��-��1DKPLDV��6��2��$UDO��)��.��/HH��DQG�0�(��6W�/RXLV��+HUSHV�VLPSOH[�YLUXV�W\SH���LQ�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�������WR�������1�(QJO�-�0HG��������������������������� *DEOH��&��%���6��6��+RO]HU��/��(QJHOKDUW��5��%��)ULHGPDQ��)��6PHOW]��'��6FKURHGHU��DQG�.�%DXP��3QHXPRFRFFDO�YDFFLQH��(IILFDF\�DQG�DVVRFLDWHG�FRVW�VDYLQJV� -$0$�������������������������� *DOORZD\��'��$� ,V�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�KXPDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV�D�SRVVLELOLW\"� /DQFHW�����6XSSO���������������

Page 113: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

���� *HOOLQ��%��7KH�-RUGDQ�UHSRUW��$FFHOHUDWHG�'HYHORSPHQW�RI�9DFFLQHV�� ����������� *ODVV��5��,���3��(��.LOJRUH��5��&��+ROPDQ��6��-LQ��-��&��6PLWK��3��$��:RRGV��0��-��&ODUNH��0��6�+R��DQG�-��5��*HQWVFK��7KH�HSLGHPLRORJ\�RI�URWDYLUXV�GLDUUKHD�LQ�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�VXUYHLOODQFH�DQG�HVWLPDWHV�RI�GLVHDVH�EXUGHQ� -�,QIHFW�'LV������6XSSO���6���������������� +DXVHQ��]XU�+� 0ROHFXODU�SDWKRJHQHVLV�RI�FDQFHU�RI�WKH�FHUYL[�DQG�LWV�FDXVDWLRQ�E\�VSHFLILFKXPDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV�W\SHV� &XUU�7RS�0LFURELRO�,PPXQRO������������������������� +HLMQHQ��0��/��$���$��,��0��%DUWHOGV��%��:LOEULQN��&��9HUZHLM��.��%LMOVPD��+��YDQ�GHU�1DW��+�%RVZLMN��$��%��GH�%RHU��0��-��:��6SUHQJHU��DQG�-��:��'RULJR�=HWVPD��6XUYHLOODQFH�RIDFXWH�UHVSLUDWRU\�LQIHFWLRQV�LQ�JHQHUDO�SUDFWLFHV�±�7KH�1HWKHUODQGV��ZLQWHU���������5,90�UDSSRUW����������� ����������� +HLMQHQ��0��/��$� 5HVSLUDWRLUH�LQIHFWLHV�LQ�1HGHUODQG��,QIHFWLH]LHNWHQ�%XOOHWLQ��������������������� +HLMQHQ��0��/��$��2��5RQYHDX[��%��:LOEULQN��-�:��'RULJR�=HWVPD��$�6��GH�%RHU��0RUELGLWHLW�HQPRUWDOLWHLW�WHQ�JHYROJH�YDQ�LQIHFWLHV�PHW�UHVSLUDWRLU�V\QF\WLHHO�YLUXV�LQ�1HGHUODQG�5,90�5DSSRUW�������������LQ�YRRUEHUHLGLQJ�� ����������� +HUPDQ��&��0���&KHQ��*��-���DQG�+LJK��.��3���3QHXPRFRFFDO�SHQLFLOOLQ�UHVLVWDQFH�DQG�WKH�FRVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI�SQHXPRFRFFDO�YDFFLQH��,QI�0HG����� �������������������� +XVH��'��0���+��&��0HLVVQHU��0��-��/DFH\��DQG�*��2VWHU��&KLOGKRRG�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVWFKLFNHQSR[��DQ�DQDO\VLV�RI�EHQHILWV�DQG�FRVWV� -�3HGLDWU������������������������� ,20��9DFFLQHV�IRU�WKH���VW�FHQWXU\��D�WRRO�IRU�GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ��3UHSXEOLFDWLRQ�FRS\��6WUDWWRQ�.��5���'XUFK�-�6���DQG�/DZUHQFH�5�6����������:DVKLQJWRQ�'&��1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\3UHVV����� -DFREV��0��9���-��0��:DOERRPHUV��3��-��6QLMGHUV��)��-��9RRUKRUVW��5��+��9HUKHLMHQ��1��)UDQVHQ�'DDOPHLMHU��&��-��0HLMHU��'LVWULEXWLRQ�RI����0XFRVRWURSLF�+39�7\SHV�LQ�:RPHQ�ZLWK&\WRORJLFDOO\�1RUPDO�&HUYLFDO�6PHDUV��'LIIHUHQW�$JH�UHODWHG�3DWWHUQV�IRU�+LJK�5LVNDQG�/RZ�5LVN�7\SHV��,QW�-�&DQFHU����������������������� .DSLNLDQ��$��=���5��0��&KDPRFN��5RWDYLUXVHV��LQ���9LURORJ\����UG�HGLWLRQ��%��1��)LHOGV��'��0�.QLSH��3��0��+RZOH\��HGV���/LSSLQFRWW�5DYHQ�3XE���3KLODGHOSKLD��SS����������������������� .OHLMQ��'H�(��'���5��GH�*URRW��-��/DEDGLH��$��%��/DIHEHU��*��YDQ�GHQ�'REEHOVWHHQ��/��YDQ$OSKHQ��+��YDQ�'LMNHQ��%��.XLSHUV��*��:��YDQ�2PPH��0��:DOD��5��-XWWPDQ��DQG�+��&�5�PNH��,PPXQRJHQLFLW\�DQG�VDIHW\�RI�D�KH[DYDOHQW�PHQLQJRFRFFDO�RXWHU�PHPEUDQH�YHVLFOH�YDFFLQH�LQ�FKLOGUHQ�RI�����DQG�����\HDUV�RI�DJH�� 9DFFLQH������������������������� .RRSPDQV��0��DQG�'��%URZQ��6HDVRQDOLW\�DQG�GLYHUVLW\�RI�*URXS�$�URWDYLUXVHV�LQ�(XURSH�$FWD�3DHGLDWU�6XSSO��������������������� .XR��-���0��'RXJODV��+��.��5HH��DQG�$��$��/LQGEHUJ��&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ�RI�D�UHFRPELQDQWSQHXPRO\VLQ�DQG�LWV�XVH�DV�D�SURWHLQ�FDUULHU�IRU�SQHXPRFRFFDO�W\SH���&�FRQMXJDWHYDFFLQHV� ,QIHFW�,PPXQ��������������� /HH��&��-���5��$��/RFN��3��:��$QGUHZ��7��-��0LWFKHOO��'��+DQVPDQ��DQG�-��&��3DWRQ��3URWHFWLRQRI�LQIDQW�PLFH�IURP�FKDOOHQJH�ZLWK�6WUHSWRFRFFXV�SQHXPRQLDH�W\SH���)�E\LPPXQL]DWLRQ�ZLWK�D�W\SH���)�SRO\VDFFKDULGH��SQHXPRO\VRLG�FRQMXJDWH� 9DFFLQH����������

Page 114: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

���� /LHX��7��$���6��/��&RFKL��6��%��%ODFN��0��(��+DOORUDQ��+��5��6KLQHILHOG��6��-��+ROPHV��0�:KDUWRQ��DQG�$��(��:DVKLQJWRQ��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI�D�URXWLQH�YDULFHOOD�YDFFLQDWLRQSURJUDP�IRU�86�FKLOGUHQ� -$0$������������������������ 0DDV��YDQ�GHU�3��-��DQG�3��*��1��.UDPHUV��9RONVJH]RQGKHLG�7RHNRPVW�9HUNHQQLQJ�������,,,*H]RQGKHLG�HQ�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�JHZRJHQ� 5,90�5DSSRUW����������� ����������� 0DUUHZLMN��YDQ�&��0���,��.��9HOGKXLM]HQ��0��$��(��&RQ\Q�YDQ�6SDHQGRQFN��+��.RR\��6��YDQGHQ�+RI��DQG��-��:��'RULJR�=HWVPD��3UHYDOHQFH�RI�KHSDWLWLV�%�YLUDO�PDUNHUV�LQ�WKH'XWFK�SRSXODWLRQ��D�SRSXODWLRQ�EDVHG�VHURSUHYDOHQFH�VWXG\��3LHQWHU�SURMHFW�� 5,905DSSRUW����������� ����������� 0HONHUW��3��:���(��+RSPDQ��$��-��YDQ�GHQ�%UXOH��(��.��5LVVH��3��-��YDQ�'LHVW��2��3��%OHNHU��7�+HOPHUKRUVW��0��(��6FKLSSHU��&��-��0HLMHU��DQG�-��0��:DOERRPHUV��3UHYDOHQFH�RI�+39LQ�F\WRPRUSKRORJLFDOO\�QRUPDO�FHUYLFDO�VPHDUV��DV�GHWHUPLQHG�E\�WKH�SRO\PHUDVH�FKDLQUHDFWLRQ��LV�DJH�GHSHQGHQW� ,QW�-�&DQFHU����������������������� 0LODJUHV��/��*���6��5��5DPRV��DQG�&��7��6DFFKL��,PPXQH�UHVSRQVH�RI�%UD]LOLDQ�FKLOGUHQ�WR�D1HLVVHULD�PHQLQJLWLGLV�VHURJURXS�%�RXWHU�PHPEUDQH�SURWHLQ�YDFFLQH��&RPSDULVRQ�ZLWK(IILFDF\�� ,QIHFW�,PPXQ������������������������� 0XOORRO\��-��3���0��'��%HQQHWW��0��&��+RUQEURRN��:��+��%DUNHU��:��:��:LOOLDPV��3��$�3DWULDUFD��DQG�3��+��5KRGHV��,QIOXHQ]D�YDFFLQDWLRQ�SURJUDPV�IRU�HOGHUO\�SHUVRQV��FRVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�LQ�D�KHDOWK�PDLQWHQDQFH�RUJDQL]DWLRQ� $QQ�,QWHUQ�0HG������������������������ 0XUSK\�%�5���2UWKRP\[RYLUXVHV��LQ���9LURORJ\���%�1�)LHOGV���HG���/LSSLQFRWW�5DYHQ�3XE��3KLODGHOSKLD������������� 0\HUV��*��$ FRPSLODWLRQ�DQG�DQDO\VLV�RI�QXFOHLF�DFLG�DQG�DPLQR�DFLG�VHTXHQFHV��+XPDQSDSLOORPDYLUXV�FRPSHQGLXP�� ����������� 1HGHUODQGV�5HIHUHQWLHODERUDWRULXP�YRRU�%DFWHULsOH�0HQLQJLWLV��-DDUYHUVODJHQ�1DWLRQDDO5HIHUHQWLH�/DERUDWRULXP�YRRU�%DFWHULsOH�0HQLQJLWLV�������������� ��������$PVWHUGDP�$0&�5,90����� 1HXPDQQ��*���7��:DWDQDEH��+��,WR��6��:DWDQDEH��+��*RWR��3��*DR��0��+XJKHV��'��5��3HUH]��5�'RQLV��(��+RIIPDQQ��*��+RERP��DQG�<��.DZDRND��*HQHUDWLRQ�RI�LQIOXHQ]D�$�YLUXVHVHQWLUHO\�IURP�FORQHG�F'1$V� 3URF�1DWO�$FDG�6FL�8�6�$������������������������� 1LFKRO��.��/���.��/��0DUJROLV��-��:XRUHQPD��DQG�7��YRQ�6WHUQEHUJ��7KH�HIILFDF\�DQG�FRVWHIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�LQIOXHQ]D�DPRQJ�HOGHUO\�SHUVRQV�OLYLQJ�LQ�WKHFRPPXQLW\� 1�(QJO�-�0HG������������������������� 1LFKRO��.��/���-��:XRUHQPD��DQG�7��YRQ�6WHUQEHUJ��%HQHILWV�RI�LQIOXHQ]D�YDFFLQDWLRQ�IRU�ORZ��LQWHUPHGLDWH���DQG�KLJK��ULVN�VHQLRU�FLWL]HQV� $UFK�,QWHUQ�0HG��������������������������� 1RDK��1��DQG�+HQGHUVRQ��%��6XUYHLOODQFH�RI�EDFWHULDO�PHQLQJLWLV�LQ�(XURSH��������� 3+/6&RPPXQLFDEOH�'LVHDVH�6XUYHLOODQFH�&HQWUH����������/RQGHQ���� 1REEHQKXLV��0��$���-��0��:DOERRPHUV��7��-��+HOPHUKRUVW��/��5R]HQGDDO��$��-��5HPPLQN��(��.�5LVVH��+��&��YDQ�GHU�/LQGHQ��)��-��9RRUKRUVW��3��.HQHPDQV��DQG�&��-��0HLMHU��5HODWLRQ�RIKXPDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV�VWDWXV�WR�FHUYLFDO�OHVLRQV�DQG�FRQVHTXHQFHV�IRU�FHUYLFDO�FDQFHUVFUHHQLQJ��D�SURVSHFWLYH�VWXG\� /DQFHW������������������

Page 115: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

���� 2IILW��3��$���+��)��&ODUN��$��=��.DSLNLDQ��9DFFLQHV�DJDLQVW�URWDYLUXVHV� LQ���1HZ�JHQHUDWLRQYDFFLQHV����QG�HGLWLRQ��0��0��/HYLQH��*��&��:RRGURZ��-��%��.DSHU��*��6��&RERQ��HGV��0DUFHO�'HNNHU�,QF���1HZ�<RUN��SS�������������������� 3DUDVKDU��8��'���5��&��+ROPDQ��0��-��&ODUNH��-��6��%UHVHH��DQG�5��,��*ODVV��+RVSLWDOL]DWLRQVDVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�URWDYLUXV�GLDUUKHD�LQ�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�������WKURXJK������VXUYHLOODQFH�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�QHZ�,&'���&0�URWDYLUXV�VSHFLILF�GLDJQRVWLF�FRGH�-�,QIHFW�'LV����������������������� 3DWRQ��-��&���$��0��%HUU\��5��$��/RFN��'��+DQVPDQ��DQG�3��$��0DQQLQJ��&ORQLQJ�DQG�H[SUHVVLRQLQ�(VFKHULFKLD�FROL�RI�WKH�6WUHSWRFRFFXV�SQHXPRQLDH�JHQH�HQFRGLQJ�SQHXPRO\VLQ�,QIHFW�,PPXQ��������������������� 3DWRQ��-��&���5��$��/RFN��DQG�'��-��+DQVPDQ��(IIHFW�RI�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�ZLWK�SQHXPRO\VLQ�RQVXUYLYDO�WLPH�RI�PLFH�FKDOOHQJHG�ZLWK�6WUHSWRFRFFXV�SQHXPRQLDH� ,QIHFW�,PPXQ��������������� 3DWRQ��-��&���5��$��/RFN��&��-��/HH��-��3��/L��$��0��%HUU\��7��-��0LWFKHOO��3��:��$QGUHZ��'�+DQVPDQ��DQG�*��-��%RXOQRLV��3XULILFDWLRQ�DQG�LPPXQRJHQLFLW\�RI�JHQHWLFDOO\�REWDLQHGSQHXPRO\VLQ�WR[RLGV�DQG�WKHLU�FRQMXJDWLRQ�WR�6WUHSWRFRFFXV�SQHXPRQLDH�W\SH���)SRO\VDFFKDULGH� ,QIHFW�,PPXQ�������������������������� 3ORWNLQ��6��$��DQG�:��$��2UHQVWHLQ��9DFFLQHV��:��%��6DXQGHUV�&RPSDQ\��3KLODGHOSKLD������������ 3RROPDQ��-��7��'HYHORSPHQW�RI�D�JURXS�%�PHQLQJRFRFFDO�YDFFLQH��5,90�UHSRUW�QU����������� ���������� 3RVWPD��0��-� 6WDQGDUGV�IRU�FRVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�DQDO\VLV��D�'XWFK�VWXG\�RQ�LQIOXHQ]DYDFFLQDWLRQ�� +HDOWK�6\V�6FL�������������������� 3RVWPD��0��-���-��0��%RV��0��YDQ�*HQQHS��-��&��-DJHU��5��%DOWXVVHQ��DQG�0��-��:��6SUHQJHU�(FRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�LQIOXHQ]D�YDFFLQDWLRQ��$VVHVVPHQW�IRU�7KH�1HWKHUODQGV�3KDUPDFRHFRQRPLFV��� 6XSSO�������������������� 3RVWPD��0��-���0��/��$��+HLMQHQ��DQG�-��&��-DJHU��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�DQDO\VLV�RI�SQHXPRFRFFDOYDFFLQDWLRQ�IRU�'XWFK�HOGHUO\�� 3KDUPDFRHFRQRPLFV�,Q�SUHVV������������ 5HPPLQN��$��-���-��0��:DOERRPHUV��7��-��+HOPHUKRUVW��)��-��9RRUKRUVW��/��5R]HQGDDO��(��.�5LVVH��&��-��0HLMHU��DQG�3��.HQHPDQV��7KH�SUHVHQFH�RI�SHUVLVWHQW�KLJK�ULVN�+39JHQRW\SHV�LQ�G\VSODVWLF�FHUYLFDO�OHVLRQV�LV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�SURJUHVVLYH�GLVHDVH��QDWXUDOKLVWRU\�XS�WR����PRQWKV� ,QW�-�&DQFHU����������������������� 5RGD�+XVPDQ��$��0���-��0��:DOERRPHUV��&��-��0HLMHU��(��.��5LVVH��0��(��6FKLSSHU��7��0�+HOPHUKRUVW��2��3��%OHNHU��+��'HOLXV��$��-��YDQ�GHQ�%UXOH��DQG�3��-��6QLMGHUV��$QDO\VLVRI�F\WRPRUSKRORJLFDOO\�DEQRUPDO�FHUYLFDO�VFUDSHV�IRU�WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI����PXFRVRWURSLFKXPDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV�JHQRW\SHV��XVLQJ�SRO\PHUDVH�FKDLQ�UHDFWLRQ� ,QW�-�&DQFHU���������������������� 5R]HQGDDO��/���-��0��:DOERRPHUV��-��&��YDQ�GHU�/LQGHQ��)��-��9RRUKRUVW��3��.HQHPDQV��7��-�+HOPHUKRUVW��0��YDQ�%DOOHJRRLMHQ��DQG�&��-��0HLMHU��3&5�EDVHG�KLJK�ULVN�+39�WHVW�LQFHUYLFDO�FDQFHU�VFUHHQLQJ�JLYHV�REMHFWLYH�ULVN�DVVHVVPHQW�RI�ZRPHQ�ZLWKF\WRPRUSKRORJLFDOO\�QRUPDO�FHUYLFDO�VPHDUV� ,QW�-�&DQFHU����������������������� 5\DQ��0��-���0��5DPVD\��'��%URZQ��1��-��*D\��&��3��)DUULQJWRQ��DQG�3��*��:DOO��+RVSLWDODGPLVVLRQV�DWWULEXWDEOH�WR�URWDYLUXV�LQIHFWLRQ�LQ�(QJODQG�DQG�:DOHV� -�,QIHFW�'LV�����6XSSO���6���6���������

Page 116: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

���� 6LVN��-��(���$��-��0RVNRZLW]��:��:KDQJ��-��'��/LQ��'��6��)HGVRQ��$��0��0F%HDQ��-��)��3ORXIIH�0��6��&HWURQ��DQG�-��&��%XWOHU��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�SQHXPRFRFFDOEDFWHUHPLD�DPRQJ�HOGHUO\�SHRSOH� -$0$��������������������������� 6PLWK��-��&���$��&��+DGGL[��6��0��7HXWVFK��DQG�5��,��*ODVV��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�DQDO\VLV�RI�DURWDYLUXV�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�SURJUDP�IRU�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV� 3HGLDWULFV����������������������� 6SDQMDDUG��/��(SLGHPLRORJ\�RI�EDFWHULDO�PHQLQJLWLV�LQ�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV� ��������8QLYHUVLWHLW�YDQ$PVWHUGDP����� 6SUHQJHU��0��-���3��*��+��0XOGHU��:��(��3��%H\HU��5��YDQ�6WULN��DQG�1��0DVXUHO��,PSDFW�RI,QIOXHQ]D�RQ�PRUWDOLW\�LQ�UHODWLRQ�WR�DJH�DQG�XQGHUO\LQJ�GLVHDVH������������,QW�-�(SLGHPLRO������������������������ 6WDSOHWRQ��-��7���6��0��/HPRQ��1HZ�YDFFLQHV�DJDLQVW�KHSDWLWLV�$��LQ���1HZ�JHQHUDWLRQ�YDFFLQHV���QG HGLWLRQ��0��0��/HYLQH��*��&��:RRGURZ��-��%��.DSHU��*��6��&RERQ��HGV���0DUFHO'HNNHU�,QF���1HZ�<RUN��SS��������������������� 7DNDKDVKL��0���$��$��*HUVKRQ��/LYH�DWWHQXDWHG�YDULFHOOD�YDFFLQHV� LQ���1HZ�JHQHUDWLRQYDFFLQHV����QG�HGLWLRQ��0��0��/HYLQH��*��&��:RRGURZ��-��%��.DSHU��*��6��&RERQ��HGV��0DUFHO�'HNNHU�,QF���1HZ�<RUN��SS��������������������� 7DNDOD��$��.���(��.RVNHQQLHPL��-��-RHQVXX��0��0DNHOD��DQG�7��9HVLNDUL��(FRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RIURWDYLUXV�YDFFLQDWLRQV�LQ�)LQODQG��UDQGRPL]HG��GRXEOH�EOLQG��SODFHER�FRQWUROOHG�WULDORI�WHWUDYDOHQW�UKHVXV�URWDYLUXV�YDFFLQH� &OLQ�,QIHFW�'LV������������������������ 7DOVPD��(��'H�ZDDUGH�YDQ�KHW�PHGLVFK�PLFURELRORJLVFK�ODERUDWRULXP�YRRU���DDQJLIWHSOLFKWLJH]LHNWHQ����������� 7HUPRUVKXL]HQ��)��7KH�SUHYDOHQFH�RI�DQWLERGLHV�WR�KHSDWLWLV�$�YLUXV�DQG�LWV�GHWHUPLQDQWV�LQ�WKH1HWKHUODQGV��D�SRSXODWLRQ�EDVHG�VXUYH\���� 7HUPRUVKXL]HQ��)��9HUKHIILQJ�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�$�LQ�KHW�HHUVWH�NZDUWDDO�YDQ������ ����������� 7HUPRUVKXL]HQ��)��DQG�0��-��YDQ�GH�/DDU��>7KH�HSLGHPLRORJ\�RI�KHSDWLWLV�$�LQ�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV����������@� 1HG�7LMGVFKU�*HQHHVNG�������������������������� 7RUPDQV��*���3��9DQ�'DPPH��DQG�(��YDQ�'RRUVODHU��5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV�IRU�3UHYHQWLRQ�RI+HSDWLWLV�$�%DVHG�RQ�D�&RVW��(IIHFWLYHQHVV�$QDO\VLV� -�7UDYHO�0HG����������������������� 7XFNHU��$��:���$��&��+DGGL[��-��6��%UHVHH��5��&��+ROPDQ��8��'��3DUDVKDU��DQG�5��,��*ODVV��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�DQDO\VLV�RI�D�URWDYLUXV�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�SURJUDP�IRU�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�-$0$�������������������������� 9HOGKXLM]HQ��,��.��6HURSUHYDOHQWLH�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�%�HQ�&�LQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�EHYRONLQJ� ����������� 9HQHPD�)��-��3HSHUGXXU�PRQRNORQDDO�DQWLOLFKDDP�SDUGRHV�YHUJRHG��=LH�RRN�FRUUHFWLH�LQ3KDUPDFHXWLVFK�ZHHNEODG��MDDUJDQJ������QU���������S������������3KDUPDFHXWLVFK:HHNEODG���� ���������������������� :DOERRPHUV��-��0���0��9��-DFREV��0��0��0DQRV��)��;��%RVFK��-��$��.XPPHU��.��9��6KDK��3��-�6QLMGHUV��-��3HWR��&��-��0HLMHU��DQG�1��0XQR]��+XPDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV�LV�D�QHFHVVDU\FDXVH�RI�LQYDVLYH�FHUYLFDO�FDQFHU�ZRUOGZLGH� -�3DWKRO����������������������� :DOERRPHUV��-��0��0���'HWHFWLRQ�RI�JHQLWDO�KXPDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV�LQIHFWLRQV�DQG�SRVVLEOHFOLQLFDO�LPSOLFDWLRQV� LQ���+XPDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV�LQIHFWLRQV�LQ�GHUPDWRYHQHUHRORJ\���������

Page 117: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

���� :DONHU��-��$���5��/��$OOHQ��3��)DOPDJQH��0��.��-RKQVRQ��DQG�*��-��%RXOQRLV��0ROHFXODU�FORQLQJ�FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ��DQG�FRPSOHWH�QXFOHRWLGH�VHTXHQFH�RI�WKH�JHQH�IRU�SQHXPRO\VLQ��WKHVXOIK\GU\O�DFWLYDWHG�WR[LQ�RI�6WUHSWRFRFFXV�SQHXPRQLDH� ,QIHFW�,PPXQ������������������������� :KDUWRQ��0� 7KH�HSLGHPLRORJ\�RI�YDULFHOOD�]RVWHU�YLUXV�LQIHFWLRQV� ,QIHFW�'LV�&OLQ�1RUWK�$P����������������������� :KHHOHU��-��*���'��6HWKL��-��0��&RZGHQ��3��*��:DOO��/��&��5RGULJXHV��'��6��7RPSNLQV��0��-�+XGVRQ��DQG�3��-��5RGHULFN��6WXG\�RI�LQIHFWLRXV�LQWHVWLQDO�GLVHDVH�LQ�(QJODQG��UDWHV�LQWKH�FRPPXQLW\��SUHVHQWLQJ�WR�JHQHUDO�SUDFWLFH��DQG�UHSRUWHG�WR�QDWLRQDO�VXUYHLOODQFH�7KH�,QIHFWLRXV�,QWHVWLQDO�'LVHDVH�6WXG\�([HFXWLYH� %�0�-��������������������������� :KLWH��7���6��/DYRLH��DQG�0��'��1HWWOHPDQ��3RWHQWLDO�FRVW�VDYLQJV�DWWULEXWDEOH�WR�LQIOXHQ]DYDFFLQDWLRQ�RI�VFKRRO��DJHG�FKLOGUHQ� 3HGLDWULFV�����H������������� :LW��'H�*��$���0��0��(��.UHW]VFKPDU��/��-��0��6PLWV��-��+��6WUXLMV��0��-��3RVWPD��0��-��YDQ�GH/DDU��DQG�-��&��-DJHU��.RVWHQ�HIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�DOJHPHQH�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�KHSDWLWLV�%�5,90�UHSRUW������������� ����������� :LW��GH�*��$��DQG�5��:HOWH��(FRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�KHSDWLWLV�%�YDFFLQDWLRQ�VWUDWHJLHV��$V\VWHPDWLF�UHYLHZ�RI�OLWHUDWXUH��5,90�5DSSRUW����������� ��������%LOWKRYHQ����� :LW��GH�0��$��6���0��3��*��.RRSPDQV��YDQ�GHU�-��)��%OLM��DQG�YDQ�<��7��+��3��'X\QKRYHQ�+RVSLWDO�DGPLVVLRQV�IRU�URWDYLUXV�LQ�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV�� &OLQ�,QIHFW�'LV��LQ�SUHVV���������

Page 118: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

Page 119: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

RIVM rapport 000001 001 pag. 119 van 147

Bijlage 5

Bijlage 5: Vaccins in een vroeg stadium vanontwikkeling

1. Bacteriële vaccins

1.1. Helicobacter pyloriZiekte:Chronische gastritis. Een deel van de patiënten ontwikkelt vervolgens één of meer van devolgende aandoeningen: peptische ulcera, atrofische gastritis, intestinale metaplasie endysplasie, adenocarcinoom distale maag, B-cel MALT-lymfoom maag, hypertrofischegastritis (ziekte van M. Ménétrier), pernicieuze anemie.

Agens:Helicobacter pylori.Heterogeen species. De belangrijkste onderscheidende markers in relatie tot virulentie zijn deCagA status (cytotoxin associated gene A) en VacA status (vacuolating cytotoxin A).Patiënten die geïnfecteerd zijn met CagA- of VacA(S1/M1)- positieve bacteriën hebben eensignificant hogere kans op het ontstaan van ulcus en carcinoom (1, 3, 19). Bacteriën met deVacA status worden verder onderverdeeld naar subtype S1/2 en M1/2. Besmetting met VacAS1/M1 is gevaarlijker dan besmetting met S1/M2, dat op zijn beurt weer gevaarlijker is danbesmetting met S2/M2.In de praktijk kan de Cag status worden bepaald aan de hand van serologie (i.e.aan/afwezigheid van CagA antilichamen in het serum van de patiënt). 50% van de patiëntenin Nederland is Cag+, 50% is Cag- (19). De Vac status kan worden bepaald met behulp vanPCR/hybridisatie op de bacterie. S1M2 is het meest prevalent in Nederland (9).

Beschrijving ziektebeeld:Na kolonisatie met H. pylori ontstaat altijd een chronische gastritis. De patiënt merkt ditechter niet. De gastritis kan gepaard gaan met dyspepsie. In 15-20% van de geïnfecteerdenontstaan chronisch recidiverende peptische ulcera. 40-50% van alle H. pylori-positievenkrijgt tekenen van atrophische gastritis en metaplasie (20). Eén tot twee procent van degeïnfecteerden ontwikkelt uiteindelijk een adenocarcinoom. De overige genoemdeaandoeningen zijn zeldzaam.Volgens de European Helicobacter Study Group-richtlijnen moeten H. pylori infectiesbehandeld worden. Voor effectieve therapie is een combinatie van een zuurremmer entenminste twee anti-bacteriële middelen noodzakelijk. Groot probleem hierbij is hettoenemend aantal antibioticum-resistente H. pylori stammen.

Overdracht:H. pylori komt voor in de maag van 5 – 20% van de schoolkinderen in Nederland (29). Debesmettelijkheid is laag. De overdrachtsroute is niet bekend, maar waarschijnlijk via directoraal contact van mens op mens.

Epidemiologische aspecten:Kolonisatie met H. pylori vindt waarschijnlijk vooral op de kinderleeftijd plaats en blijftdaarna levenslang bestaan. In Nederland stijgt de prevalentie met de leeftijd, waarbij gesteldwordt dat over het algemeen de kans (in procenten) op een H. pylori infectie identiek is aande leeftijd (29).

Page 120: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

8OFHUD�GXRGHQL�WUHGHQ�PHW�QDPH�YRRU�KHW���H�OHYHQVMDDU�RS��XOFHUD�YHQWULFXOL�RS�RXGHUHOHHIWLMG��'H�SUHFLH]H�LQFLGHQWLH�YDQ�SHSWLVFKH�XOFHUD�LV�RQEHNHQG��PDDU�ZRUGW�JHVFKDW�RS����SHU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU��'LW�EHWHNHQW�GDW�LQ�1HGHUODQG�QDDU�VFKDWWLQJ�MDDUOLMNV�RQJHYHHU�������XOFHUD�RSWUHGHQ���������YDQ�GH�XOFHUD�ZRUGW�JHFRPSOLFHHUG�GRRU�HHQ�EORHGLQJ�RISHUIRUDWLH�ZDDUYRRU�HHQ�DFXWH�LQWHUYHQWLH�QRRG]DNHOLMN�LV��'H�PRUWDOLWHLW�KLHUELM�EHGUDDJWRQJHYHHU����������2RN�DGHQRFDUFLQRPHQ�YDQ�GH�PDDJ�NRPHQ�YRRUQDPHOLMN�YRRU�ERYHQ�KHW���H�OHYHQVMDDU��1DDUVFKDWWLQJ�LV��������YDQ�GH�GLVWDOH�PDDJFDUFLQRPHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG��LQFLGHQWLH������PDDJFDUFLQRPHQ�SHU�MDDU��JHUHODWHHUG�DDQ�HHQ�HHUGHUH�ODQJGXULJH�+��S\ORUL��LQIHFWLH��'HPRUWDOLWHLW�LV�KRRJ�������������MDDU���'LW�EHWHNHQW�����������VWHUIJHYDOOHQ�SHU�MDDU�'RHOJURHS�+HW�YRRUNRPHQ�YDQ�NRORQLVDWLH�LV�YDQ�EHODQJ�ELM�NLQGHUHQ��DDQJH]LHQ�EHVPHWWLQJ�DO�RS�MRQJHOHHIWLMG�SODDWVYLQGW��9DFFLQDWLH�YDQ�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�OLMNW�GDQ�RRN�ZHQVHOLMN��'DDUQDDVW�]RXGHQRXGHUH�DO�EHVPHWWH�PHQVHQ�JHYDFFLQHHUG�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ��$OKRHZHO�GLW�ODDWVWH�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMNQLHW�WRW�RSUXLPLQJ�YDQ�+��S\ORUL�]DO�OHLGHQ��]DO�ZHO�KHW�DDQWDO�+��S\ORUL�EDFWHULsQ�LQ�GH�PDDJDIQHPHQ�HQ�GDDUPHH�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�RRN�GH�NDQV�RS�XOFXV�HQ�PDDJNDQNHU������=LHNWHODVW�=LHNWHODVW�ZRUGW�XLWJHGUXNW�LQ�'$/<¶V�GLH�ZRUGHQ�EHUHNHQG�DOV�GH�VRP�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDOYHUORUHQ�OHYHQVMDUHQ��9/��HQ�KHW�DDQWDO�]LHNWHMDDU�HTXLYDOHQWHQ��=-(���'H�9/�]LMQ�EHUHNHQGDOV KHW�DDQWDO�VWHUIJHYDOOHQ��YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW��SHU�VWHUIJHYDO��GH�YRRU�GLH�OHHIWLMGJHOGHQGH�UHVWHUHQGH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ��HQ�LQ�VRPPLJH�JHYDOOHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHUMDDU��'H�=-(�]LMQ�LQ�SULQFLSH�EHUHNHQG�DOV�KHW�WRWDDO�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�GH�]LHNWH�YHUPHQLJYXOGLJG�PHW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YRRU�GH�HUQVW�YDQ�GH�]LHNWH��]RDOV�EHSDDOG�GRRU�HHQSDQHO�YDQ�H[SHUWV��+HW�DDQWDO�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGW�EHQDGHUG�DOV�LQFLGHQWLH�PDDO�GXXU��YRRUNRUWGXUHQGH�]LHNWH��RI�DOV�SXQWSUHYDOHQWLH��VRPV�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�]LHNWHWRHVWDQG���2RN�KLHUNDQ�ELM�HHQ�FKURQLVFKH�WRHVWDQG�YRRU�WRHNRPVWLJH�MDUHQ�PHW�]LHNWH�ZRUGHQ�JHGLVFRQWHHUG��=LHYRRU�HHQ�XLWJHEUHLGH�WRHOLFKWLQJ�ELMODJH���7DEHO�%���� %HUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHODVW�GRRU�+��S\ORUL�LQIHFWLHV�%HUHNHQLQJ�YDFFLQDWLH�NOHLQH�NLQGHUHQ 7RWDOH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�

9RRUNRPEDUH]LHNWHODVW�'$/<�9/�0DDJNDQNHU������������[��+��S\ORUL�HWLRORJLH��FLUFD�����:DQQHHU�KHW�YDFFLQ�OHYHQVODQJ�ZHUNW�GDQ�NDQ�GH�WRWDOH]LHNWHODVW�YRRUNRPHQ�ZRUGHQ�

������ ������

9/�8OFHUD PDDJ�GXRGHQXP����� :DQQHHU�KHW�YDFFLQ�OHYHQVODQJZHUNW�GDQ�NDQ�GH�WRWDOH�]LHNWHODVW�YRRUNRPHQ�ZRUGHQ������ �����

=-(�0DDJNDQNHU�����������[��+��S\ORUL�HWLRORJLH��FLUFD�����:DQQHHU�KHW�YDFFLQ�OHYHQVODQJ�ZHUNW�GDQ�NDQ�GH�WRWDOH]LHNWHODVW�YRRUNRPHQ�ZRUGHQ�

����� �����

=-(�8OFHUD PDDJ�GXRGHQXP����� :DQQHHU�KHW�YDFFLQ�OHYHQVODQJZHUNW�GDQ�NDQ�GH�WRWDOH�]LHNWHODVW�YRRUNRPHQ�ZRUGHQ���� ���

7RWDDO ������ ������

Page 121: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

(LVHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQV�(LVHQ�DDQ�HHQ�+��S\ORUL�YDFFLQ�]LMQ�GDW�KHW�YDFFLQ�JHEUXLNW�]RX�PRHWHQ�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�ELMNLQGHUHQ��YRRUNRPHQ�YDQ�QLHXZH�LQIHFWLHV��HQ�ELM�RXGHUHQ�GLH�DO�EHVPHW�]LMQ��7HYHQV�PRHWDQWLJHQH�YDULDWLH�]R�YHHO�PRJHOLMN�RP]HLOG�ZRUGHQ��9HUGHU�]DO�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�NOHLQH�NLQGHUHQPLGGHOV HHQ�LQMHFWLH�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�SUREOHPDWLVFK�]LMQ��DDQJH]LHQ�KHW�KXLGLJH�593��]HNHU�DOVGDDU�HHQ�DQWL�PHQLQJLWLV�FRPELQDWLH�DDQ�WRHJHYRHJG�ZRUGW��ZHLQLJ�WRW�JHHQ�UXLPWH�RYHU�ODDWYRRU�DGGLWLRQHOH�LQMHFWLHV��'DDURP�OLMNHQ�DQGHUH�WRHGLHQLQJVYRUPHQ�GDQ�HHQ�LQMHFWLHZHQVHOLMN�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQV�+XLGLJH�H[SHULPHQWHOH�YDFFLQV�]LMQ�KRRIG]DNHOLMN�RS�UHFRPELQDQW�XUHDVH�JHEDVHHUG�HQZRUGHQ PHW�DGMXYDQV�JHJHYHQ��*HEUXLNWH�DGMXYDQWLD�]LMQ�/7��KHDW�ODELOH�HQWHURWR[LQH��RI�&7�FKROHUD�WR[LQH��JHJHYHQ��(HQ�PRQRYDOHQW�YDFFLQ�OLMNW�QLHW�ZHQVHOLMN��GXV�PRHW�HU�JH]RFKWZRUGHQ QDDU�DGGLWLRQHOH�FRPSRQHQWHQ��'DDU�NRPW�ELM�GDW�XUHDVH�PDDU�PDWLJ�JHFRQVHUYHHUG�LVELQQHQ�+��S\ORUL��+LHUGRRU�LV�GH�NDQV�JURRW�GDW�HHQ�YDFFLQ�JHEDVHHUG�RS�XUHDVH�JHYRHOLJ�LVYRRU�DQWLJHQH�YDULDWLH�([SHULPHQWHQ�PHW�³QDVDO�VSUD\´�YDFFLQV��]RZHO�VXEXQLW��DOV�PHW�UHFRPELQDQW�FDUULHU�YDFFLQV�����������HQ�DOXPLQLXP�K\GUR[LGH��V\VWHPLVFKH�WRHGLHQLQJ��DOV�DGMXYDQV�LQGLHUPRGHOOHQ������OLMNHQ�RS�GLW�PRPHQW�YHHOEHORYHQG��8LW�ppQ�YDQ�GH�]HHU�VFKDDUVHSXEOLFDWLHV�RYHU�RQGHU]RHN�LQ�GH�PHQV�EOLMNW�GDW�RUDOH�LPPXQLVDWLH�PHW�UHFRPELQDQW�XUHDVHHQ /7�OHLGGH�WRW�HHQ�GDOLQJ�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDO�+��S\ORUL�EDFWHULsQ�LQ�GH�PDDJ�YDQ�JHwQIHFWHHUGHSHUVRQHQ�������'H]H�GDOLQJ�OHLGW�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�WRW�HHQ�VLJQLILFDQWH�DIQDPH�YDQ�GH�NDQV�RSXOFXV�HQ�PDDJNDQNHU�'H�LQGXVWULH�ZHUNW�KDUG�DDQ�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQ�+��S\ORUL�YDFFLQV��'H��YHUZDFKWLQJ�LV�GDW�LQHHUVWH�LQVWDQWLH�HHQ�WKHUDSHXWLVFK�YDFFLQ�JHUHJLVWUHHUG�]DO�ZRUGHQ��ELQQHQ����MDDU��HQ�GDWELQQHQ����MDDU�HHQ�WZHHGH�JHQHUDWLH�YDFFLQV�EHVFKLNEDDU�NRPW�ZDDUELM�GH�SUHYHQWLHYHFDSDFLWHLW�YHUEHWHUG�LV��'H]H�YDFFLQV�]RXGHQ�RRN�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�NLQGHUHQ�JHEUXLNWNXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQV�2YHU�KHW�ZHUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDQ�YDFFLQV�WHJHQ�+��S\ORUL�LV�QRJ�ZHLQLJ�EHNHQG�'LHUH[SHULPHQWHHO�ZHUN�ZLMVW�HURS�GDW�QDWXXUOLMNH�LQIHFWLH�PHW�+��S\ORUL��YRRUQDPHOLMN�OHLGWWRW�HHQ�7K��UHVSRQV�GLH�JDVWULWLV�YHUVWHUNHQG�LV������9DFFLQV�GLH�YLD�DGMXYDQV�GH�7K��UHVSRQVVWLPXOHUHQ�OHLGHQ�WRW�YHUODJLQJ�YDQ�KHW�DDQWDO�+��S\ORUL�EDFWHULsQ�LQ�GH�PDDJ�HQ�EHVFKHUPHQGXV������1D�YDFFLQDWLH���2QYROGRHQGH�EHNHQG�+XLGLJH�YDFFLQDWLHEHOHLG�*HHQ�YDFFLQDWLH��9DFFLQ�LV�QRJ�QLHW�EHVFKLNEDDU�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�(U�]LMQ�JppQ�1HGHUODQGVH�VWXGLHV�XLWJHYRHUG�QDDU�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�+��S\ORUL��9RRU]RYHU EHNHQG�KHHIW�DOOHHQ�KHW�,20�HHQ�HFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLH�YDQ�+��S\ORUL�YDFFLQDWLHXLWJHYRHUG�������+HW�,20�VFKDW��RS�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��GDW�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQNLQGHUHQ�YDQ���PDDQGHQ�LQ�GH�96�PLQGHU�GDQ�86��������SHU�4$/<�NRVW��FDWHJRULH�,,��9HUUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�]DO�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�OHLGHQ�WRW�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU�.(5��PDDUQLHW�QRRG]DNHOLMNHUZLMV�WRW�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU�FDWHJRULH�

Page 122: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

����� &KODP\GLD�WUDFKRPDWLV=LHNWH�&KODP\GLD�LQIHFWLH$JHQV�&KODP\GLD�WUDFKRPDWLV�LV HHQ�JUDP�QHJDWLHYH�LQWUDFHOOXODLUH�EDFWHULH��6HURW\SHQ�'�W�P�.�]LMQVHNVXHHO�RYHUGUDDJEDDU�ELM�YROZDVVHQHQ�HQ�NXQQHQ�FRQMXQFWLYLWLV��ELQGYOLHVRQWVWHNLQJ��HQSQHXPRQLH�YHURRU]DNHQ�ELM�SDVJHERUHQHQ��6HURW\SHQ�/�����HQ���NRPHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�DOOHHQDOV LPSRUW]LHNWH�YRRU��=LM�YHURRU]DNHQ�HHQ�DQGHU�]LHNWHEHHOG��QDPHOLMN�O\PSKRJUDQXORPDYHQHUHXP��RQWVWRNHQ�O\PIHNOLHUHQ�LQ�GH�OLHV��=LHNWHEHHOG�%LM�YURXZHQ�YHURRU]DDNW�&��WUDFKRPDWLV�FHUYLFLWLV�HQ�RI�XUHWKULWLV��LQIHFWLH�YDQ�UHVSHFWLHYHOLMNGH�FHUYL[�HQ�GH�XUHWKUD���+HW�]LHNWHEHHOG�OLMNW�RS�GDW�YDQ�JRQRUURH��]LH��������6\PSWRPHQ�]LMQSLMQ�RI�EUDQGHULJKHLG�ELM�XULQHUHQ��YHUKRRJGH�DIVFKHLGLQJ��WXVVHQWLMGV�EORHGYHUOLHV�HQFRQWDFWEORHGLQJ��7ZHHGHUGH�WRW�GULHNZDUW�YDQ�GH�LQIHFWLHV�YHUORRSW�DV\PSWRPDWLVFK��%LM��������YDQ�GH�JHYDOOHQ�OHLGW�&��WUDFKRPDWLV�LQIHFWLH�WRW�µSHOYLF�LQIODPPDWRU\�GLVHDVH¶��3,'��'LW�]LMQ�RQWVWHNLQJHQ�LQ�KHW�NOHLQH�EHNNHQ�]RDOV�HQGRPHWULWLV���RQWVWHNLQJ�YDQ�GH�EDDUPRHGHUHQ VDOSLQJLWLV��RQWVWHNLQJ�YDQ�GH�HLOHLGHUV���%LM��������YDQ�GH�3,'�SDWLsQWHQ�UHVXOWHHUW�GLW�LQRQYUXFKWEDDUKHLG��ELM�����LQ�FKURQLVFKH�EXLNSLMQ�HQ�ELM����LQ�HHQ�EXLWHQEDDUPRHGHUOLMNH]ZDQJHUVFKDS������7HQVORWWH�OHLGW�HHQ�&��WUDFKRPDWLV�LQIHFWLH�WRW�YHUKRRJGH�JHYRHOLJKHLGYRRU�HHQ�+,9�LQIHFWLH�%LM�PDQQHQ�YHURRU]DDNW�&��WUDFKRPDWLV�XUHWKULWLV��RQWVWHNLQJHQ�YDQ�XULQHEXLV��HQ�VRPVSURFWLWLV��RQWVWHNLQJHQ�YDQ�KHW�UHFWXP��6\PSWRPHQ�]LMQ�SLMQ�WLMGHQV�KHW�XULQHUHQ�HQDIVFKHLGLQJ��%LM���±����EOLMIW�HHQ�LQIHFWLH�DV\PSWRPDWLVFK�����&RPSOLFDWLHV�]LMQ�HSLGLG\PLWLV��ELM�����HQ�YHUPLQGHUGH�VSHUPDNZDOLWHLW�%LM�SDVJHERUHQHQ�NDQ�&��WUDFKRPDWLV�LQIHFWLH�SODDWVYLQGHQ�WLMGHQV�SDVVDJH�GRRU�KHWJHERRUWHNDQDDO��'DQ�YHURRU]DDNW�GH�LQIHFWLH�FRQMXQFWLYLWLV�HQ�SQHXPRQLH��,Q�KHW�DOJHPHHQYHUORRSW�GH�FRQMXQFWLYLWLV�ELM�FKODP\GLD�PLOGHU�GDQ�ELM�JRQRUURH������2YHUGUDFKW�(U�]LMQ�WZHH�LQIHFWLHURXWHV��DOV�JHYROJ�YDQ�VHNVXHHO�FRQWDFW��GH�EDFWHULH�NDQ�GDDUELM�HSLWKHHOLQ�KHW�XURJHQLWDOH�JHELHG��UHFWXP�RI�GH�NHHO�LQIHFWHUHQ��RI�GRRU�SHULQDWDOH�EHVPHWWLQJ�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�&KODP\GLD�LV�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�GH�PHHVW�YRRUNRPHQGH�EDFWHULsOH�VHNVXHHO�RYHUGUDDJEDUHDDQGRHQLQJ�LQ�1HGHUODQG��1DXZNHXULJH�JHJHYHQV�]LMQ�QLHW�EHVFKLNEDDU��RPGDW�&KODP\GLDJHHQ�DDQJLIWHSOLFKWLJH�62$�LV�HQ�KHW�YDDN�DV\PSWRPDWLVFKH�YHUORRS�UHVXOWHHUW�LQ�HHQRQGHUVFKDWWLQJ�YDQ�GH�LQFLGHQWLH��&KODP\GLD�NRPW�YHUPRHGHOLMN�PLQVWHQV�WZHH�NHHU�]R�YDDNYRRU�DOV�JRQRUURH�������1DDU�VFKDWWLQJ�ZRUGHQ�MDDUOLMNV��������SHUVRQHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�PHW�&�WUDFKRPDWLV�EHVPHW��+HW�EHWUHIW�PHW�QDPH�PDQQHQ�HQ�YURXZHQ�WXVVHQ�GH����HQ����MDDU��&�WUDFKRPDWLV�NRPW�UHODWLHI�YDNHU�YRRU�ELM�MRQJH�YURXZHQ�HQ�YURXZHQ�YDQ�6XULQDDPV�&UHRROVH�HQ $QWLOOLDDQVH�DINRPVW��'H�JHVFKDWWH�SUHYDOHQWLH�LQ�$PVWHUGDP�ELM�KXLVDUWVHQSUDNWLMNHQ�LV�����ELM�PDQQHQ�HQ������ELM�YURXZHQ��(HQ�DQGHU�RQGHU]RHN�LQ�$PVWHUGDP�RQGHU�EH]RHNHUVYDQ�KXLVDUWVHQ�ZLMVW�XLW�GDW�GH�SUHYDOHQWLH������LV�ELM�PDQQHQ�HQ������ELM�YURXZHQ������,Q(XURSD�LV�������YDQ�GH�]ZDQJHUH�YURXZHQ�EHVPHW�������9DQ�GH�NLQGHUHQ�GLH�KLHUXLW�JHERUHQZRUGHQ RQWZLNNHOW��������HHQ�FRQMXQFWLYLWLV��,Q�GH�96�ZRUGW�PLQVWHQV�����YDQ�GHSQHXPRQLsHQ�ELM�]XLJHOLQJHQ�WRW���PDDQGHQ�GRRU�&��WUDFKRPDWLV�YHURRU]DDNW�

Page 123: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

(HQ�&��WUDFKRPDWLV�LQIHFWLH�LV�WH�EHKDQGHOHQ�PHW�DQWLELRWLFD��,Q�YLWUR�LV�DDQJHWRRQG�GDW�&�WUDFKRPDWLV�WLMGHOLMN��QXWULsQWOLPLWHULQJ��DDQZH]LJKHLG�YDQ�LQWHUIHURQ�g� RQJHYRHOLJ�NDQZRUGHQ YRRU�DQWLELRWLFD�HQ�SHUVLVWHHUW��3HUPDQHQWH�UHVLVWHQWLH�ZRUGW�WRW�QX�WRH�VOHFKWVVSRUDGLVFK ZDDUJHQRPHQ����������'RHOJURHS8QLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ����MDULJHQ�KHHIW�GH�YRRUNHXU��RPGDW�FKODP\GLD�HHQ�VHNVXHHORYHUGUDDJEDUH�DDQGRHQLQJ�LV�HQ�RRN�LQIHFWLH�YDQ�GH�PRHGHU�YRRU�KDDU�HHUVWH�]ZDQJHUVFKDSYRRUNRPHQ�GLHQW�WH�ZRUGHQ�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQV�9DFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ�ULFKW�]LFK�RS�KHW�³0DMRU�2XWHU�0HPEUDQH�3URWHLQ´��0203���KRHZHOPHW HHQ�DQWL�LGLRW\SLVFK�µH[RJO\FROLSLG�DQWLJHQ¶�EHVFKHUPLQJ�WHJHQ�RRJLQIHFWLHV�LQ�PXL]HQ�LVJHPHOG�������*H]LHQ�GH�YDDN�YRRUNRPHQGH�FR�LQIHFWLH�PHW�1��JRQRUUKRHDH�HQ KHWGDDURSYROJHQGH�JHOLMNHQGH�]LHNWHEHHOG��OLJW�KHW�YRRU�GH�KDQG�GDW�XLWHLQGHOLMN�FKODP\GLD��HQJRQRUURHYDFFLQDWLH��JHNRSSHOG�JDDQ�ZRUGHQ��'H�NDQVHQ�RS�HHQ�VXFFHVYROOHYDFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ�OLMNHQ�YRRU�FKODP\GLD�JURWHU�GDQ�YRRU�JRQRUURH������:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQV�(U�]LMQ�DDQZLM]LJHQ�GDW�YRRU�EHVFKHUPLQJ�HHQ�7K��JHPHGLHHUGH�FHOOXODLUH�LPPXXQUHVSRQV�HQPXFRVDOH LPPXQLWHLW�YDQ�EHODQJ�]LMQ��&��WUDFKRPDWLV�NDQ µQRQ�VWHULOL]LQJ�LPPXQLW\¶YHURRU]DNHQ��RQGDQNV�HHQ�NUDFKWLJH�LPPXXQUHVSRQV�SHUVLVWHHUW�GH�EDFWHULH��ZHOOLFKW�GRRU�GHLQGXFWLH�YDQ�LQWHUIHURQ�g�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�9RRU�]RYHU�EHNHQG�KHHIW�DOOHHQ�KHW�,20�HHQ�HFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLH�YDQ�&��WUDFKRPDWLVYDFFLQDWLH�XLWJHYRHUG�������+HW�,20�VFKDW��RS�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��GDW�XQLYHUVHOHYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�SHUVRQHQ�YDQ����MDDU�LQ�GH�96�PLQGHU�GDQ��������(852�SHU�4$/<�NRVW�FDWHJRULH�,,���9HUUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�]DO�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�OHLGHQ�WRW�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU.(5�PDDU�QLHW�QRRG]DNHOLMNHUZLMV�WRW�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU�FDWHJRULH�$FWLHV�2S�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�EHVFKLNEDUH�HSLGHPLRORJLVFKH�HQ�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVJHJHYHQV�LV�KHW�LQ�GLW�VWDGLXPQLHW�PRJHOLMN�DDQ�WH�JHYHQ�RI�LQ�GH�WRHNRPVW�RSQDPH�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�&��WUDFKRPDWLV�LQ�KHW593�JHZHQVW�LV��+HW�OLMNW�ZHO�ZHQVHOLMN�GH�YRRU��HQ�QDGHOHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WH�EHVWXGHUHQ�HQRQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�RS�KHW�WHUUHLQ�YDQ�YDFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ�WH�EOLMYHQ�YROJHQ��0HW�QDPH�RPGDW�GHKXLGLJH�EHKDQGHONRVWHQ�KRRJ�]LMQ�HQ�PRJHOLMN�FRPSOLFHUHQGH�IDFWRUHQ�DOV�DQWLELRWLFDUHVLVWHQWLHEHODQJULMNHU�ZRUGHQ�1%��+HW�LV�PRJHOLMN�GDW�LQ�GH�WRHNRPVW�GH�.(5�YHUDQGHUW�GRRU�LQWHQVLYHULQJ�YDQ�VFUHHQLQJV�HQ EHKDQGHOLQJVSURJUDPPD¶V��9ROJHQV�KHW�&'&��]RXGHQ�GH�PHGLVFKH�NRVWHQ�WHQ�JHYROJH�YDQ&��WUDFKRPDWLV�LQIHFWLHV�LQ�GH�96��86���PLOMDUG�SHU�MDDU��PHW�HHQ�IDFWRU����NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQYHUODDJG�GRRU�PLGGHO�YDQ�VFUHHQLQJ�HQ�EHKDQGHOLQJ�����

����� 1HLVVHULD�JRQRUUKRHDH=LHNWH�*RQRUURH��ZRUGW�RRN�ZHO�GUXLSHU�JHQRHPG�$JHQV�1HLVVHULD�JRQRUUKRHDH�LV HHQ�JUDP�QHJDWLHYH�EDFWHULH��(U�EHVWDDQ�WZHH�VHURW\SHQ��$�HQ�%��JHEDVHHUG�RS�W\SHULQJ�YDQ�SRULH�HLZLW����'H]H�ZRUGHQ�ZHHU�RQGHUYHUGHHOG�RS�JURQG�YDQ

Page 124: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

VHURORJLH�=LHNWHEHHOG�*RQRUURH�YHUORRSW�DV\PSWRPDWLVFK�ELM��������YDQ�GH�YURXZHQ�HQ�ELM�FLUFD����YDQ�GHPDQQHQ������%LM�YURXZHQ�YHURRU]DDNW�JRQRUURH�FHUYLFLWLV��RQWVWHNLQJ�YDQ�GH�EDDUPRHGHUKDOV��HQ�XUHWKULWLV�RQWVWHNLQJ�YDQ�GH�XUHWKUD���6\PSWRPHQ�]LMQ�SLMQ�RI�EUDQGHULJKHLG�ELM�XULQHUHQ��WXVVHQWLMGVEORHGYHUOLHV�HQ�YHUKRRJGH�DIVFKHLGLQJ��&RPSOLFDWLHV�]LMQ�RQYUXFKWEDDUKHLG��FKURQLVFKHEXLNSLMQ��HQ�EXLWHQEDDUPRHGHUOLMNH�]ZDQJHUVFKDS�DOV�JHYROJ�YDQ�³SHOYLF�LQIODPPDWRU\GLVHDVH´��]LH�RRN������RYHU�&��WUDFKRPDWLV��%LM�PDQQHQ�YHURRU]DDNW�JRQRUURH�XUHWKULWLV��SURFWLWLV��HSLGLG\PLWLV��RQWVWHNLQJHQ�YDQXULQHEXLV��UHFWXP�HQ�ELMEDO���6\PSWRPHQ�]LMQ�G\VXULH��SLMQ�WLMGHQV�XULQHUHQ���HQ�XUHWKUDOHDIVFKHLGLQJ��&RPSOLFDWLHV�]LMQ�HSLGLG\PLWLV��SURVWDWLWLV��SURVWDDWRQWVWHNLQJ��HQ�DFXWH�DUWKULWLV�GHUPDWLWLV��$$'��JHZULFKWV���SHHVVFKHGH��HQ�KXLGRQWVWHNLQJHQ��]HOG]DDP�LQ�1HGHUODQG��%LM�SDVJHERUHQHQ�YHURRU]DDNW�JRQRUURH�FRQMXQFWLYLWLV��RQWVWHNLQJ�YDQ�KHW�ELQGYOLHV��&RPSOLFDWLHV�ELM�SDVJHERUHQHQ�]LMQ�VOHFKW]LHQGKHLG�HQ�EOLQGKHLG�2YHUGUDFKW�(U�]LMQ�WZHH�LQIHFWLHURXWHV��DOV�JHYROJ�YDQ�VHNVXHHO�FRQWDFW��GH�EDFWHULH�NDQ�GDDUELM�HSLWKHHOLQ�KHW�XURJHQLWDOH�JHELHG��UHFWXP�RI�GH�NHHO�LQIHFWHUHQ��RI�GRRU�SHULQDWDOH�EHVPHWWLQJ(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�+HW�DDQWDO�DDQJLIWHQ��PDQQHQ�HQ�YURXZHQ��GDDOGH�VLQGV������YDQ�FLUFD�����SHU���������QDDURQJHYHHU����SHU���������LQ������PHW�HHQ�OLFKWH�VWLMJLQJ�LQ������������9DQDI������LV�KHWDDQWDO�DDQJLIWHQ�YULMZHO�FRQVWDQW��(U�LV�VSUDNH�YDQ�HHQ�VWHUNH�RQGHUVFKDWWLQJ�YDQ�KHWYRRUNRPHQ�YDQ�JRQRUURH�LQ�1HGHUODQG��,Q������ZHUG�GH�RQGHUUDSSRUWDJH�JHVFKDW�RS����GRRU�RQGHUDDQJLIWH�HQ�RQGHUGLDJQRVWLHN��YHHO�DUWVHQ�]LHQ�DI�YDQ�ODERUDWRULXPEHYHVWLJLQJ�YDQKHW�]LHNWHEHHOG�������$DQJLIWHQ�LQ�6FDQGLQDYLs��%HOJLs��HQ�'XLWVODQG�]LMQ�YHUJHOLMNEDDU�PHW�1HGHUODQG��$DQJLIWHQYDQ�JRQRUURH�]LMQ�DDQ]LHQOLMN�KRJHU�LQ�KHW�9HUHQLJG�.RQLQNULMN�HQ�GH�96��UHVSHFWLHYHOLMNFLUFD ���HQ�FLUFD�����SHU���������LQ�������������+HW�DDQWDO�JHYDOOHQ�YDQ�JRQRUURH�VWHHJ�VWHUNLQ�GH�%DOWLVFKH�VWDWHQ�HQ�5XVODQG�EHJLQ�MDUHQ������PDDU�LV�LQPLGGHOV�JHVWDELOLVHHUG�RI�OLFKWJHGDDOG�VLQGV�����������*RQRUURH�LV�JRHG�WH�EHKDQGHOHQ�PHW�DQWLELRWLFD��GHUGH�JHQHUDWLH�FHIDORVSRULQHQ�HQIOXRUTXLQRORQHQ���'H�UHVLVWHQWLH�WHJHQ�SHQLFLOOLQH�HQ�WHWUDF\FOLQH�QHHPW�HFKWHU�WRH��,Q1HGHUODQG�LV�WXVVHQ������HQ������HHQ�VWLMJLQJ�YDQ�����QDDU������ZDDUJHQRPHQ�YDQSHQLFLOOLQDVH�SRVLWLHYH�VWDPPHQ�HQ�VLQGVGLHQ�IOXFWXHHUW�GLW�SHUFHQWDJH�WXVVHQ�GH�����HQ��������� 'H�WHWUDF\FOLQH�UHVLVWHQWLH�VWLMJW�PRPHQWHHO�VWHUN�LQ�1HGHUODQG�������5HVLVWHQWLH�WHJHQGH�KXLGLJ�DDQEHYROHQ�PLGGHOHQ�ZRUGW�VSRUDGLVFK�JH]LHQ�YRRU�FLSURIOR[DFLQH��HHQIOXRUTXLQRORQ���PDDU�QRJ�QLHW�YRRU�GH�FHIDORVSRULQHQ�'RHOJURHS�8QLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ����MDULJHQ�KHHIW�GH�YRRUNHXU��RPGDW�JRQRUURH�HHQ�VHNVXHHORYHUGUDDJEDUH�DDQGRHQLQJ�LV�HQ�RRN�LQIHFWLH�YDQ�GH�PRHGHU�YRRU�KDDU�HHUVWH�]ZDQJHUVFKDSYRRUNRPHQ�GLHQW�WH�ZRUGHQ�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQV�2QGHU]RHN�ULFKW�]LFK�YRRUDO�RS�KHW�SRULH�HLZLW��KRHZHO�RRN�SLOL��µRSDFLW\�SURWHLQV¶��2SD��HQ

Page 125: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

OLSR�ROLFKRVDFFKDULGH��/26��RQGHU]RFKW�ZRUGHQ�������9DFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ�ZRUGW�EHPRHLOLMNWGRRU�KHW�RQWEUHNHQ�YDQ�HHQ�GLHUPRGHO�*H]LHQ�GH�YDDN�YRRUNRPHQGH�FR�LQIHFWLH�PHW�1��JRQRUUKRHDH�HQ KHW�GDDURSYROJHQGHJHOLMNHQGH�]LHNWHEHHOG��OLJW�KHW�YRRU�GH�KDQG�GDW�FKODP\GLD��HQ�JRQRUURHYDFFLQDWLHJHNRSSHOG�JDDQ�ZRUGHQ��]LH�RRN������RYHU�&KODP\GLD��:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQV�,Q�NOLQLVFKH�VWXGLHV�PHW�YDFFLQV�JHEDVHHUG�RS�SLOL�HQ�SRULH�HLZLW�ZHUG�JHHQ�EHVFKHUPLQJZDDUJHQRPHQ��'LW�ZRUGW�RQGHU�PHHU�YHURRU]DDNW�GRRU�DQWLJHQH�YDULDWLH�YDQ�GH�SLOL�HQ�GHYRUPLQJ�YDQ�DQWLVWRIIHQ�GLH�GH�ELQGLQJ�YDQ�EDFWHULFLGH�DQWLVWRIIHQ�YHUKLQGHUHQ��]RJHQDDPGHµEORFNLQJ�DQWLERGLHV¶��SRULH�HLZLW������1RUPDOH�JRQRNRNNHQLQIHFWLHV�]RQGHU�FRPSOLFDWLHV�UHVXOWHUHQ�QLHW�LQ��LPPXQLWHLW�WHJHQKHULQIHFWLHV��(U�ZRUGHQ�JHHQ�KRJH�DQWLVWRIQLYHDXV�JHYRQGHQ��QRFK�ORNDDO�PXFRVDDO��QRFKV\VWHPLVFK��HQ�HU�ZRUGW�JHHQ�LPPXQRORJLVFK�JHKHXJHQ�RSJHERXZG��%OLMNEDDU�LV�GH�EDFWHULHLQ�VWDDW�RP�HHQ�EHVFKHUPHQGH�PXFRVDOH�LPPXXQUHVSRQV�WH�RQGHUGUXNNHQ�������7RHGLHQLQJYDQ�DQWLJHQHQ�RS�HHQ�DQGHUH�ZLM]H�UHVXOWHHUW�ZHO�LQ�JRHGH�LPPXXQUHVSRQVHQ��PDDU�GHPRHLOLMNKHLG�]DO�]LMQ�GH]H�RRN�WH�ODWHQ�UHVXOWHUHQ�LQ�PXFRVDOH�LPPXQLWHLW�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�9RRU�]RYHU�EHNHQG�KHHIW�DOOHHQ�KHW�,20�HHQ�HFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLH�YDQ�JRQRUURH�YDFFLQDWLHXLWJHYRHUG�������+HW�,20�VFKDW��RS�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��GDW�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQSHUVRQHQ�YDQ����MDDU�LQ�GH�96�PLQGHU�GDQ��������(852�SHU�4$/<�NRVW��FDWHJRULH�,,��9HUUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�]DO�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�OHLGHQ�WRW�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU�.(5�PDDUQLHW�QRRG]DNHOLMNHUZLMV�WRW�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU�FDWHJRULH�$FWLHV�2S�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�EHVFKLNEDUH�HSLGHPLRORJLVFKH�HQ�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVJHJHYHQV�LV�KHW�LQ�GLW�VWDGLXPQLHW�PRJHOLMN�DDQ�WH�JHYHQ�RI�LQ�GH�WRHNRPVW�RSQDPH�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WHJHQ�JRQRUURH�LQ�KHW�593JHZHQVW�LV��+HW�OLMNW�ZHO�ZHQVHOLMN�GH�YRRU��HQ�QDGHOHQ�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLH�WH�EHVWXGHUHQ�HQRQWZLNNHOLQJHQ�RS�KHW�WHUUHLQ�YDQ�YDFFLQRQWZLNNHOLQJ�WH�EOLMYHQ�YROJHQ��0HW�QDPH�RPGDW�GHKXLGLJH�EHKDQGHONRVWHQ�KRRJ�]LMQ�HQ�PRJHOLMN�FRPSOLFHUHQGH�IDFWRUHQ�DOV�DQWLELRWLFDUHVLVWHQWLHEHODQJULMNHU�ZRUGHQ�

Page 126: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

���9LUDOH�YDFFLQV����� &\WRPHJDORYLUXV

=LHNWH�%HODQJULMNVWH�SDWKRORJLVFK�HIIHFW��HUQVWLJH�QHXURORJLVFKH�DDQGRHQLQJHQ�ELM�QHRQDWHQ�QD�SULPRLQIHFWLH�YDQ�GH�PRHGHU�WLMGHQV�]ZDQJHUVFKDS�$JHQV�+XPDDQ�F\WRPHJDORYLUXV��+&09�%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�+&09�LQIHFWHHUW�LQ�HHUVWH�LQVWDQWLH�HSLWKHHOFHOOHQ��YDQZDDU�KHW�]LFK�RYHU�KHW�KHOH�OLFKDDPNDQ�YHUVSUHLGHQ��+HW�YLUXV�SHUVLVWHHUW�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�LQ�PRQRF\WHQ��3ULPDLUH�LQIHFWLH�ELMYROZDVVHQHQ�OHLGW�WRW�NRRUWV��PRQRQXFOHRVLV�HQ�H[XGDWLHYH�SKDU\QJLWLV��(FKWHU��ZDQQHHU�HHQSULPR�LQIHFWLH�ZRUGW�GRRUJHPDDNW�GRRU�HHQ�]ZDQJHUH�YURXZ��ORRSW�LQ�RQJHYHHU�GH�KHOIW�YDQGH�JHYDOOHQ�GH�QHRQDDW�HUQVWLJH�QHXURORJLVFKH�VFKDGH��RS��GLH�OHLGW�WRW�UHWDUGDWLH��GRRIKHLG��HQVOHFKW]LHQGKHLG��,Q�GH�HHUVWH�OHYHQVGDJHQ�NDQ�GXVGDQLJH�YHU]ZDNNLQJ�RSWUHGHQ�GDW�KHW�NLQGQLHW�RYHUOHHIW��������YDQ�GH]H�JHYDOOHQ���'H�NDQV�RS�EOLMYHQGH�VFKDGH�LV��������ZDQQHHU�GHLQIHFWLH�V\PSWRPDWLVFK�YHUORRSW�HQ�����ZDQQHHU�GH]H�DV\PSWRPDWLVFK�YHUORRSW��%LM�KHWGRRUORSHQ�YDQ�HHQ�YROJHQGH�LQIHFWLH�ORRSW�PD[LPDDO����YDQ�GH�QHRQDWHQ�HUQVWLJHQHXURORJLVFKH�VFKDGH�RS������2YHUGUDFKW�+HW�YLUXV�ZRUGW�XLWJHVFKHLGHQ�LQ�OLFKDDPVYORHLVWRIIHQ�HQ�ZRUGW�DOOHHQ�RYHUJHGUDJHQ�PLGGHOVQDXZ�FRQWDFW��NXVVHQ��VHNVXHHO�FRQWDFW��RUJDDQWUDQVSODQWDWLH�HQ�EORHGWUDQVIXVLH��PHW�GH]HYORHLVWRIIHQ��0HHVW�YRRUNRPHQGH�WUDQVPLVVLHURXWH�LV�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�ERUVWYRHGLQJ�HQYHUYROJHQV�RUDDO�FRQWDFW��YRRUDO�YDQ�NLQG�RS�NLQG�HQ�YDQ�NLQG�QDDU�RXGHU�PLGGHOV�NXVVHQ��'H�WUDQVPLVVLH�LQ�NLQGHUGDJYHUEOLMYHQ�ZRUGW�JHVFKDW�RS�����(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�7DEHO�%�����(SLGHPLRORJLH�YDQ�F\WRPHJDORYLUXVLQIHFWLHV�

,QFLGHQWLH3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU 3UHYDOHQWLH 0RUWDOLWHLW3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU:HUHOG ���������������QHRQDWHQ ������������� �96����� ��������������QHRQDWHQ� ������������� �1%��'H�LQFLGHQWLH�SUHYDOHQWLH�LV�YRRU�1HGHUODQG�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�YHUJHOLMNEDDU�PHW�GLH�LQ�GH�96��'H�NDQV�RS�HHQSULPDLUH�LQIHFWLH�GRRU�+&09�YDQ�]ZDQJHUH�YURXZHQ�ZRUGW�JHVFKDW�RS������'RHOJURHS�8QLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ����MDULJHQ KHHIW�GH�YRRUNHXU�DDQJH]LHQ�YURXZHQ�YRRU�KXQ�HHUVWH]ZDQJHUVFKDS�EHVFKHUPG�PRHWHQ�]LMQ�RP�FRQJHQLWDOH�LQIHFWLH�WH�YRRUNRPHQ�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQV�*HDWWHQXHHUG�OHYHQG�YLUXV��YHUNUHJHQ�QD�����SDVVDJHV�RYHU�KXPDQH�HPEU\RILEUREODVWHQ��LVLQPLGGHOV�JHWHVW��7ULDOV�RQGHU�DQGHUH�LQ�WUDQVSODQWDWLH�SDWLsQWHQ�JDYHQ�DDQ�GDW�VHURFRQYHUVLHRSWUDG�HQ�GDW�HHQ�EHSHUNWH�PDWH�YDQ�EHVFKHUPLQJ�NRQ�ZRUGHQ�YHUNUHJHQ��(FKWHU��GHGRHOJURHS�]ZDQJHUH�YURXZHQ��LQ�FRQWDFW�PHW�NLQGHUHQ��ZHUG�QLHW�EHVFKHUPG�

Page 127: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

6LQGV�NRUW�ZRUGHQ�NDQGLGDDW�YDFFLQV�JHWHVW��GLH�JHEDVHHUG�]LMQ�RS�YHUVFKLOOHQGHH[SUHVVLHYRUPHQ�YDQ�KHW�+&09�HLZLW�JO\FRSURWHLQ�%��9DFFLQDWLH�PHW�GH]H�YDFFLQV�OHLGW�WRWUHODWLHI KRJH�DQWLOLFKDDPWLWHUV��'H�PDWH�ZDDULQ�GH]H�EHVFKHUPHQG�]LMQ�LV�QRJ�QLHW�EHNHQG�1DDU�DOWHUQDWLHYH�YLUDOH�HLZLWWHQ��GLH�EHWHUH�FHOOXODLUH�LPPXQLWHLW�NXQQHQ�RSZHNNHQ��ZRUGWJH]RFKW��7HYHQV�ZRUGHQ�GH�PRJHOLMNKHGHQ�YRRU�'1$�YDFFLQDWLH�RQGHU]RFKW�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDFFLQV�1RJ�JHHQ�JHJHYHQV�EHVFKLNEDDU�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�(pQ�$PHULNDDQVH�VWXGLH�ZLMVW�XLW�GDW�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�YURXZHQ�WXVVHQ�GH����HQ���MDDU�PHW�HHQ�JHDWWHQXHHUG�OHYHQG�YLUXV�]RX�OHLGHQ�WRW�HHQ�QHWWR�NRVWHQEHVSDULQJ�LQ�GH�96����� +HW�,20�FRQFOXGHHUW�GDW�XQLYHUVHOH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ����MDULJHQ�OHLGW�WRW�HHQ�EHVSDULQJYDQ�NRVWHQ�HQ�4$/<¶V��FDWHJRULH�,��������'H�NRVWHQEHVSDULQJHQ�]XOOHQ�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�QRJKRJHU�XLWYDOOHQ�DOV�RRN�GH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�YHUUHNHQG�ZRUGHQ�

����� +HSDWLWLV�&�YLUXV=LHNWH�+HSDWLWLV�&$JHQV�+HSDWLWLV�&�YLUXV��+&9�%HVFKULMYLQJ�]LHNWHEHHOG�/HYHUDDQGRHQLQJHQ��JHHO]XFKW�HQ�QD�SHUVLVWHQWLH�PRJHOLMN�FLUURVH��FXPXOHUHQG�LQ�IDOHQ�YDQ�GHOHYHU�RI�OHYHUNDQNHU�2YHUGUDFKW�+HW�YLUXV�YHUVSUHLGW�]LFK�YLD�EORHG��,QIHFWLH�WUHHGW�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�XLWVOXLWHQG�RS�QDEORHGFRQWDFW��HU�]LMQ�JHHQ�IHLWHOLMNH�DDQZLM]LQJHQ�YRRU�VHNVXHHO�RYHUGUDDJEDDUKHLG��7RW�YRRU������WRHQ�+&9�WHVWV�EHVFKLNEDDU�NZDPHQ��ZDV�EORHGWUDQVIXVLH�HHQ�EHODQJULMNHWUDQVPLVVLHURXWH��QDDVW�KHUJHEUXLN�YDQ�QDDOGHQ�LQ�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�PHGLVFKH�WRHSDVVLQJHQ�7HJHQZRRUGLJ�ZRUGW�KHW�YLUXV�YRRUDO�GRRU�LQWUDYHQHXV�GUXJVJHEUXLN�RYHUJHEUDFKW��&KURQLVFKJHwQIHFWHHUGH�PRHGHUV�NXQQHQ�LQ����YDQ�GH�JHYDOOHQ�+&9�RYHUGUDJHQ�RS�KHW�RQJHERUHQNLQG������(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�9DQ�DOOH�DFXWH�KHSDWLWLV�JHYDOOHQ�ZRUGW���������YHURRU]DDNW�GRRU�+&9��96���'H�LQFLGHQWLHYDQ�+&9�LV�JHGXUHQGH�GH�ODDWVWH����MDDU�VWHUN�JHGDDOG�DOV�UHVXOWDDW�YDQ�GH�RQWZLNNHOLQJ�YDQEORHGVFUHHQLQJ�YRRU�+&9��'H�KRJH�SUHYDOHQWLHFLMIHUV�EHWUHIIHQ�GDQ�RRN�FKURQLVFKH�GUDJHUVGLH�KHW�YLUXV�YRRU������KHEEHQ�RSJHORSHQ��9DQ�DOOH�JHwQIHFWHHUGHQ�RQWZLNNHOW��������HHQFKURQLVFKH LQIHFWLH��GH�UHVW�ZHHW�KHW�YLUXV�RS�WH�UXLPHQ��9DQ�GH�FKURQLVFK�JHwQIHFWHHUGHQRQWZLNNHOW��������FLUURVH�������NULMJW�KHSDWRFHOOXODLU�FDUFLQRRP��%LM�GH]H�ODDWVWH�WZHHJURHSHQ�LV�OHYHUWUDQVSODQWDWLH�QRRG]DNHOLMN�����7DEHO�%�����(SLGHPLRORJLH�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�&�YLUXVLQIHFWLHV�

,QFLGHQWLH3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

3UHYDOHQWLH 0RUWDOLWHLW3HU���������LQZRQHUV�SHU�MDDU

:HUHOG � ��������������� �96����� ��������� ����� �����1HGHUODQG � ������������������� �

Page 128: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

(U�LV�JHHQ�LQFLGHQWLHFLMIHU�EHNHQG�YRRU�KHSDWLWLV�&�LQ�1HGHUODQG��2S�EDVLV�YDQ�JHJHYHQV�XLWGH�VHUXPEDQN�YDQ�KHW�3,(17(5�RQGHU]RHN�ZRUGW�GH�SUHYDOHQWLH�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�&�LQ�GHDOJHPHQH�EHYRONLQJ�JHVFKDW�RS�������'RHOJURHS�5LVLFRJURHSHQ�]LMQ�WHJHQZRRUGLJ�LQWUDYHQHX]H�GUXJVJHEUXLNHUV�HQ�SHUVRQHQ�GLH�EHURHSVPDWLJUHFKWVWUHHNV�PHW�EORHG�LQ�FRQWDFW�NRPHQ��%LM�HHQ�EHVFKLNEDDU�YDFFLQ�]RX�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�GHKHOH�SRSXODWLH�GRHOJURHS�]LMQ��YDFFLQDWLH�RS�GH�NLQGHUOHHIWLMG�(LVHQ�DDQ�YDFFLQV�(HQ�RSWLPDDO�+&9�YDFFLQ�PRHW�LQIHFWLH�YRRUNRPHQ��*H]LHQ�GH�WUDQVPLVVLHURXWH�NDQ�GLWEHUHLNW�ZRUGHQ�PLGGHOV�EHVFKHUPHQGH�DQWLOLFKDPHQ��(FKWHU��GH�+&9�HLZLWWHQ�]LMQ�]HHUYDULDEHO�HQ�KHW�YLUXV�RQWVQDSW�YRRUWGXUHQG�DDQ�EHVWDDQGH�LPPXQLWHLW��GXV�HU�PRHW�JH]RFKWZRUGHQ QDDU�QLHW�YDULDEHOH�GRPHLQHQ�RS�GH�RSSHUYODNWHHLZLWWHQ��GH]H�]LMQ�WRW�RS�KHGHQ�QRJQLHW�JHYRQGHQ��5HDOLVWLVFKHU�LV�GDQ�RRN�HHQ�YDFFLQ�WH�RQWZLNNHOHQ�GDW�HHQ�&7/�UHVSRQV�WHJHQHHQ JHFRQVHUYHHUG�YLUDDO�HLZLW�RSOHYHUW�GLH�JHwQIHFWHHUGH�FHOOHQ�NDQ�RSUXLPHQ�%HVFKULMYLQJ�YDFFLQV�(HQ�DDQWDO�IDFWRUHQ�EHOHPPHUW�YDFFLQ�RQWZLNNHOLQJ��7HQ�HHUVWH�LV�HU�JHHQ�NZHHNV\VWHHP�YRRU+&9��KHW�YLUXV�JURHLW�QLHW�LQ�FHOFXOWXUHV��7HQ�WZHHGH�LV�KHW�YLUXV�]HHU�YDULDEHO��HVFDSHPXWDQWHQ OHLGHQ�VWHHGV�ZHHU�WRW�RQWVQDSSLQJ�DDQ�GH�LPPXQLWHLW�RSJHZHNW�PHWH[SUHVVLHSURGXFWHQ�YDQ�JHNORQHHUGH�YLUDOH�JHQHQ��7HQ�GHUGH�YRRUNRPW�GH�SDWHQWVLWXDWLHEUHHG�RQGHU]RHN�QDDU�YDFFLQV��&KLURQ�EH]LW�HHQ�JURRW�DDQWDO�+&9�JHUHODWHHUGH�SDWHQWHQ�HQ�LVLQ�IHLWH�GH�HQLJH�VSHOHU�RS�GH�YDFFLQPDUNW�&KLURQ�KHHIW�HQLJH�WHVWV�JHGDDQ�PHW�RS�RSSHUYODNWH�HLZLWWHQ�JHEDVHHUGH�YDFFLQV��]RQGHUVXFFHV �YDQZHJH�JHQRHPGH�YDULDELOLWHLW��'H�KXLGLJH�DDQSDN�RS�ZHJ�QDDU�YDFFLQV�EHWUHIW�KHW�WRW�H[SUHVVLH�EUHQJHQ�YDQ�YLUDOH�HLZLWWHQ�RYHU KHW�DOJHPHHQ�DOOHHQ�(��HQ�(���LQ�FHOOHQ�RP�GDDUPHH�HHQ�DGHTXDWH�7K��UHVSRQV�WHYHUNULMJHQ��'DDUWRH�ZRUGHQ�'1$�YDFFLQV�JHEUXLNW�HQ�RRN�YLUDOH�YHFWRUHQ��]RDOVYDFFLQLDYLUXV�GHULYDWHQ�HQ�DGHQRYLUXVVHQ���'LW�YDFFLQYHOG�LV�EOLMNEDDU�QLHW�YROOHGLJ�DIJHGHNWGRRU�GH�&KLURQ�SDWHQWHQ��ZDQW�HQNHOH�RQGHU]RHNVJURHSHQ�HQ�EHGULMYHQ�KRXGHQ�]LFK�KLHU�PHHEH]LJ�*HHQ�YDQ�GH]H�VWUDWHJLHsQ�LV�LQ�HHQ�WULDOIDVH�:HUNLQJVPHFKDQLVPH�YDQ�YDFFLQV�'H�'1$�YDFFLQV�EHYDWWHQ�GH�JHQHQ�FRGHUHQGH�YRRU�R�D��+&9�(��HQ�(��RSSHUYODNWHHLZLWWHQHQ KHW�&�FRUH�HLZLW��:DQQHHU�GH]H�YDFFLQV�ZRUGHQ�LQJHVSRWHQ�NRPHQ�GH�+&9�JHQHQ�WRWH[SUHVVLH�LQ�GH�OLFKDDPVFHOOHQ�HQ�NDQ�YLD�0+&�H[SUHVVLH�HHQ�7K��UHVSRQV�ZRUGHQ�RSJHZHNWGLH�XLWHLQGHOLMN�OHLGW�WRW��HHQ�FHOOXODLUH�LPPXQLWHLW�LQ�VWDDW�WRW�KHW�RSUXLPHQ�YDQ�+&9�JHwQIHFWHHUGH�FHOOHQ�0HW�EHKXOS�YDQ�YLUDOH�YHFWRUHQ��ZDDULQ�GH]HOIGH�+&9�JHQHQ�]LMQ�JHNORQHHUG��NDQ�HHQ�]HOIGHHIIHFW�EHUHLNW�ZRUGHQ�*H]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�9RRU�]RYHU�EHNHQG�KHHIW�DOOHHQ�KHW�,20�HHQ�HFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLH�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�&YDFFLQDWLH�XLWJHYRHUG�������+HW�,20�VFKDW��RS�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��GDW�XQLYHUVHOHYDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�NLQGHUHQ�YDQ���PDDQGHQ�LQ�GH�96�PLQGHU�GDQ��������(852�SHU�4$/<�NRVW�FDWHJRULH�,,���9HUUHNHQLQJ�YDQ�GH�LQGLUHFWH�NRVWHQ�]DO�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�OHLGHQ�WRW�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU.(5�PDDU�QLHW�QRRG]DNHOLMNHUZLMV�WRW�LQGHOLQJ�LQ�HHQ�JXQVWLJHU�FDWHJRULH�

Page 129: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH����� $WKHUWRQ��-��&���5��0��3HHN��-U���.��7��7KDP��7��/��&RYHU��DQG�0��-��%ODVHU��&OLQLFDO�DQGSDWKRORJLFDO�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�KHWHURJHQHLW\�LQ�YDF$��WKH�YDFXRODWLQJ�F\WRWR[LQ�JHQH�RI+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL� *DVWURHQWHURORJ\��������������������� %ODQFKDUG��7��*���6��-��&]LQQ��DQG�-��*��1HGUXG��+RVW�UHVSRQVH�DQG�YDFFLQH�GHYHORSPHQW�WR+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL�LQIHFWLRQ� &XUU�7RS�0LFURELRO�,PPXQRO������������������������ %ODVHU��0��-���*��,��3HUH]�3HUH]��+��.OHDQWKRXV��7��/��&RYHU��5��0��3HHN��3��+��&K\RX��*��1�6WHPPHUPDQQ��DQG�$��1RPXUD��,QIHFWLRQ�ZLWK�+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL�VWUDLQV�SRVVHVVLQJFDJ$�LV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�DQ�LQFUHDVHG�ULVN�RI�GHYHORSLQJ�DGHQRFDUFLQRPD�RI�WKHVWRPDFK� &DQFHU�5HV������������������������� %OHNHU��2��3��DQG�-��:��7UXP��,QIHFWLH�PHW�&KODP\GLD�WUDFKRPDWLV� 62$�EXOOHWLQ������������������� &'&��KWWS���ZZZ�FGF�JRY�QFKVWS�GVWG�FKODP\GLDBIDFWV�KWPO� ���������� &RKHQ��-� 7KH�VFLHQWLILF�FKDOOHQJH�RI�KHSDWLWLV�&� 6FLHQFH���������������������� &RKHQ��0��6��DQG�-��*��&DQQRQ��+XPDQ�H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ�ZLWK�1HLVVHULD�JRQRUUKRHDH��SURJUHVVDQG�JRDOV� -�,QIHFW�'LV�����6XSSO���6����6������������� &RUWKHV\�7KHXOD]��,��(���6��+RSNLQV��'��%DFKPDQQ��3��)��6DOGLQJHU��1��3RUWD��5��+DDV��<�=KHQJ�;LQ��7��0H\HU��+��%RX]RXUHQH��$��/��%OXP��DQG�-��3��.UDHKHQEXKO��0LFH�DUHSURWHFWHG�IURP�+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL�LQIHFWLRQ�E\�QDVDO�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�ZLWK�DWWHQXDWHG6DOPRQHOOD�W\SKLPXULXP�SKR3F�H[SUHVVLQJ�XUHDVH�$�DQG�%�VXEXQLWV� ,QIHFW�,PPXQ���������������������� 'RRUQ��YDQ�/��-���&��)LJXHLUHGR��)��0HJUDXG��6��3HQD��3��0LGROR��'��0��4XHLUR]��)��&DUQHLUR��%�9DQGHUERUJKW��0��'��3HJDGR��5��6DQQD��:��'H�%RHU��3��0��6FKQHHEHUJHU��3��&RUUHD��(�.��1J��-��$WKHUWRQ��0��-��%ODVHU��DQG�:��*��4XLQW��*HRJUDSKLF�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�YDF$DOOHOLF�W\SHV�RI�+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL� *DVWURHQWHURORJ\������������������������ 'X\QKRYHQ��YDQ�<��7��+��3� 7KH�HSLGHPLRORJ\�RI�1HLVVHULD�JRQRUUKRHDH�LQ�(XURSH�� 0LFUREHVDQG�,QIHFWLRQ���������������������� (UPDN��7��+���3��-��*LDQQDVFD��5��1LFKROV��*��$��0\HUV��-��1HGUXG��5��:HOW]LQ��&��.��/HH��+�.OHDQWKRXV��DQG�7��3��0RQDWK��,PPXQL]DWLRQ�RI�PLFH�ZLWK�XUHDVH�YDFFLQH�DIIRUGVSURWHFWLRQ�DJDLQVW�+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL�LQIHFWLRQ�LQ�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�DQWLERGLHV�DQG�LVPHGLDWHG�E\�0+&�FODVV�,,�UHVWULFWHG�UHVSRQVHV� -�([S�0HG��������������������������� (VFKHU��-��&��&\WRPHJDORYLUXV�HQ�]ZDQJHUVFDS��FRQJHQLWDOH�F\WRPHJDORYLUXV�LQIHFWLH������������� )LHOGV��%��1���9LURORJ\��/LSSLQFRWW�5DYHQ�3XE���3KLODGHOSKLD������������� *HOOLQ��%��7KH�-RUGDQ�UHSRUW��$FFHOHUDWHG�'HYHORSPHQW�RI�9DFFLQHV������������ +HGJHV��6��5���0��6��0D\R��-��0HVWHFN\��(��:��+RRN��DQG�0��:��5XVVHOO��/LPLWHG�ORFDO�DQGV\VWHPLF�DQWLERG\�UHVSRQVHV�WR�1HLVVHULD�JRQRUUKRHDH�GXULQJ�XQFRPSOLFDWHG�JHQLWDOLQIHFWLRQV� ,QIHFW�,PPXQ����������������������

Page 130: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

���� ,20��9DFFLQHV�IRU�WKH���VW�FHQWXU\��D�WRRO�IRU�GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ��3UHSXEOLFDWLRQ�FRS\��6WUDWWRQ�.��5���'XUFK�-�6���DQG�/DZUHQFH�5�6�����������:DVKLQJWRQ�'&��1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\3UHVV����� -RQHV��5��%���3RO�%��9DQ�GHU��'��+��0DUWLQ��DQG�0��.��6KHSDUG��3DUWLDO�FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ�RI&KODP\GLD�WUDFKRPDWLV�LVRODWHV�UHVLVWDQW�WR�PXOWLSOH�DQWLELRWLFV� -�,QIHFW�'LV��������������������������� .OHDQWKRXV��+���*��$��0\HUV��.��0��*HRUJDNRSRXORV��7��-��7LEELWWV��-��:��,QJUDVVLD��+��/��*UD\�5��'LQJ��=��=��=KDQJ��:��/HL��5��1LFKROV��&��.��/HH��7��+��(UPDN��DQG�7��3��0RQDWK�5HFWDO�DQG�LQWUDQDVDO�LPPXQL]DWLRQV�ZLWK�UHFRPELQDQW�XUHDVH�LQGXFH�GLVWLQFW�ORFDO�DQGVHUXP�LPPXQH�UHVSRQVHV�LQ�PLFH�DQG�SURWHFW�DJDLQVW�+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL�LQIHFWLRQ�,QIHFW�,PPXQ�������������������������� .XLSHUV��(��-���*��,��3HUH]�3HUH]��6��*��0HXZLVVHQ��DQG�0��-��%ODVHU��+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL�DQGDWURSKLF�JDVWULWLV��LPSRUWDQFH�RI�WKH�FDJ$�VWDWXV� -�1DWO�&DQFHU�,QVW������������������������� .XLSHUV��(��-���$��0��8\WHUOLQGH��$��6��3HQD��5��5RRVHQGDDO��*��3DOV��*��)��1HOLV��+��3��)HVWHQ�DQG�6��*��0HXZLVVHQ��/RQJ�WHUP�VHTXHODH�RI�+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL�JDVWULWLV� /DQFHW������������������������� /DDU��YDQ�GH�0��-��:��DQG�-��0��2VVHZDDUGH���6HNVXHHO�2YHUGUDDJEDUH�$DQGRHQLQJHQ�LQ1HGHUODQG��XSGDWH�������5,90�UDSSRUW������������ ����������� /HIqYUH��-��&��DQG�-��3��/HSDUJQHXU��&RPSDUDWLYH�LQ�YLWUR�VXVFHSWLELOLW\�RI�D�WHWUDF\FOLQH�UHVLVWDQW�&KODP\GLD�WUDFKRPDWLV�VWUDLQ�LVRODWHG�LQ�7RXORXVH��)UDQFH�� 6H[�7UDQVP�'LV����������������������� 0DDV��YDQ�GHU�3��-��DQG��3��*��1��.UDPHUV��9RONVJH]RQGKHLG�7RHNRPVW�9HUNHQQLQJ�������,,,*H]RQGKHLG�HQ�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�JHZRJHQ� 5,90�5DSSRUW����������� ����������� 0LFKHWWL��3���&��.UHLVV��.��/��.RWORII��1��3RUWD��-��/��%ODQFR��'��%DFKPDQQ��0��+HUUDQ]��3��)�6DOGLQJHU��,��&RUWKHV\�7KHXOD]��*��/RVRQVN\��5��1LFKROV��-��6LPRQ��0��6WROWH��6�$FNHUPDQ��7��3��0RQDWK��DQG�$��/��%OXP��2UDO�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�ZLWK�XUHDVH�DQG(VFKHULFKLD�FROL�KHDW�ODELOH�HQWHURWR[LQ�LV�VDIH�DQG�LPPXQRJHQLF�LQ�+HOLFREDFWHUS\ORUL�LQIHFWHG�DGXOWV� *DVWURHQWHURORJ\������������������������ 0LOWHQEXUJ��+��0��7K��0���0��(��0��3DDOPDQ��DQG��-��7K��1��0��5HXV��*RQRQRUURH�LQ1HGHUODQG��HQ�HQNHOH�EHVFKRXZLQJHQ�RYHU�DQGHUH�62$���62$�VWLFKWLQJ��8WUHFKW����������� 0RKDPPDGL��0���-��1HGUXG��5��5HGOLQH��1��/\FNH��DQG�6��-��&]LQQ��0XULQH�&'��7�FHOOUHVSRQVH�WR�+HOLFREDFWHU�LQIHFWLRQ��7+��FHOOV�HQKDQFH�JDVWULWLV�DQG�7+��FHOOV�UHGXFHEDFWHULDO�ORDG� *DVWURHQWHURORJ\�������������������������� 3RHO��YDQ�GHU�&��/���+HSDWLWLV�&�YLUXV��(SLGHPLRORJ\��WUDQVPLVVLRQ�DQG�SUHYHQWLRQ�� LQ��+HSDWLWLV�&�YLUXV������������� 3RUDWK��$���5��$��0F1XWW��/��0��6PLOH\��DQG�.��$��:HLJOH��(IIHFWLYHQHVV�DQG�FRVW�EHQHILW�RI�DSURSRVHG�OLYH�F\WRPHJDORYLUXV�YDFFLQH�LQ�WKH�SUHYHQWLRQ�RI�FRQJHQLWDO�GLVHDVH�5HY�,QIHFW�'LV���������������������� 5RRVHQGDDO��5���(��-��.XLSHUV��-��%XLWHQZHUI��&��YDQ�8IIHOHQ��6��*��0HXZLVVHQ��*��-��YDQ�.DPS�DQG�&��0��9DQGHQEURXFNH�*UDXOV��+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL�DQG�WKH�ELUWK�FRKRUW�HIIHFW�HYLGHQFH�RI�D�FRQWLQXRXV�GHFUHDVH�RI�LQIHFWLRQ�UDWHV�LQ�FKLOGKRRG� $P�-�*DVWURHQWHURO���������������������

Page 131: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

���� 6SDUOLQJ��3��)���&��(ONLQV��3��%��:\ULFN��DQG�0��6��&RKHQ��9DFFLQHV�IRU�EDFWHULDO�VH[XDOO\WUDQVPLWWHG�LQIHFWLRQV��D�UHDOLVWLF�JRDO"� 3URF�1DWO�$FDG�6FL�8�6�$������������������������ 6WRO]��(���,QIHFWLHV�PHW�&KODP\GLD�WUDFKRPDWLV�� LQ���,QIHFWLH]LHNWHQ�LQ�GH�]ZDQJHUVFKDS�HQ�ELMGH�SDVJHERUHQH����$��0��'XPDV�HW�DO�� HGV���%RKQ�6WDIOHX�YDQ�/RJKXP������������� 9HOGKXLM]HQ��,��.��6HURSUHYDOHQWLH�YDQ�KHSDWLWLV�%�HQ�&�LQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�EHYRONLQJ�,QIHFWLH]LHNWHQ�EXOOHWLQ����������������������� 9UHHEXUJ��(��0���3��6QHO��-��:��GH�%UXLMQH��-��)��%DUWHOVPDQ��(��$��5DXZV��DQG�*��1��7\WJDW�$FXWH�XSSHU�JDVWURLQWHVWLQDO�EOHHGLQJ�LQ�WKH�$PVWHUGDP�DUHD��LQFLGHQFH��GLDJQRVLV��DQGFOLQLFDO�RXWFRPH� $P�-�*DVWURHQWHURO������������������������� :KLWWXP�+XGVRQ��-��$���/��/��$Q��:��0��6DOW]PDQ��5��$��3UHQGHUJDVW��DQG�$��%��0DF'RQDOG�2UDO�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�ZLWK�DQ�DQWL�LGLRW\SLF�DQWLERG\�WR�WKH�H[RJO\FROLSLG�DQWLJHQ�SURWHFWVDJDLQVW�H[SHULPHQWDO�&KODP\GLD�WUDFKRPDWLV�LQIHFWLRQ� 1DW�0HG���������������������

Page 132: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

Page 133: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

RIVM rapport 000001 001 pag. 133 van 147

Bijlage 6

Bijlage 6: Informatie over de berekening van deziektelastIn dit rapport is de DALY-benadering als uitgangspunt gebruikt. DALY’s (hier correcter:DALY’s verloren door een ziekte) worden berekend als de som van het aantal verlorenlevensjaren (VL) en het aantal ziektejaar-equivalenten (ZJE) (1).

De verloren levensjaren (VL) zijn berekend als het aantal sterfgevallen, vermenigvuldigdmet (per sterfgeval) de voor die leeftijd geldende resterende levensverwachting, in sommigegevallen gedisconteerd met 4% per jaar. Hier zitten belangrijke keuzes, aannames ofonzekerheden in:(1) Het aantal sterfgevallen is lang niet altijd zeker, bijvoorbeeld: hoeveel longontsteking bij

ouderen is aan pneumokokken toe te schrijven?(2) De berekeningswijze van ‘verloren levensjaren’ impliceert dat een sterfgeval zwaarder

weegt naarmate de leeftijd bij overlijden jonger is. Dit kan als een leeftijdsgerelateerdeweging van een sterfgeval worden gezien. Of dit reëel is voor sterfte onder heel jongekinderen, vergelijkbaar met bijv. de leeftijdsgroep 20-40 jaar, is een punt van discussie.

(3) De discontering wordt met name in de KEA toegepast en houdt in dat toekomstigeverloren jaren progressief met 4% per jaar (soms wordt ook met 3% gerekend) minderzwaar worden meegerekend. Hierdoor wordt in feite gezondheidsverlies in de (verre)toekomst minder ernstig beoordeeld. Wanneer we ook bij de bepaling van de ziektelastdeze discontering zouden toepassen, zouden we het grote verschil in beoordeling tusseneen ‘jong’ en een ‘oud’ sterfgeval enigszins verkleinen: het aantal berekende DALYswordt bij discontering maximaal (bij effecten bij jonge kinderen) 3 maal minder. In hetrapport wordt voor de beoordeling van de ziektelast alleen met de niet-gedisconteerdegegevens gewerkt.

Tabel B6.1: De totale ziektelast veroorzaakt door aandoeningen en de ziektelast dievoorkomen kan worden middels vaccinatie van groepen in de bevolking.

Categorievoor DALY’s

0 – 300 300 – 1.000 1.000 – 3.000 3.000 –10.000

10.000–30.000

Ziektelast inbetreffendedoelgroep

RotavirusHepatitis AHerpes genitalis

Hepatitis BVaricella

MeningokokPneumokok 5-Pneumokok 65+RSV

HPV Influenza65+

Voorkombareziektelast doorvaccinatie

RotavirusHepatitis A 5-Herpes genitalis 12

Pneumokok 5-Hepatitis B 12Varicella zoster 5-

Meningokok 5-Pneumokok 65+RSV 5-

Influenza65+HPV 12

Achter de vaccins staat de leeftijd van de groep die gevaccineerd wordt (jonger of gelijk aan 5 jaar (5-); 12 jaar(12); 65 en ouder (65+)).

De ziektejaarequivalenten (ZJE) zijn in principe berekend als het totaal aantal jaren met deziekte, vermenigvuldigd met een wegingsfactor voor de ernst van de ziekte, zoals bepaalddoor een panel van experts. Het aantal jaren met ziekte wordt benaderd als incidentie maalduur (voor kortdurende ziekte) of als puntprevalentie (soms bij een chronischeziektetoestand). Ook hier kan bij een chronische toestand voor toekomstige jaren met ziekteworden gedisconteerd. Evenals bij de verloren levensjaren spelen hier vele onzekerheden:(1) De incidentie is in veel gevallen niet nauwkeurig bekend. In principe willen we de

ziektelast op bevolkingsniveau weten. Voor gewone en meestal weinig ernstigeziektebeelden (maag-darminfecties, otitis media, influenza, RSV) gevenhuisartsregistraties een stevige onderschatting. Tevens wordt bij de meerderheid van deze

Page 134: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

LQFLGHQWLHV�JHHQ�W\SHULQJ�JHGDDQ�HQ�]LMQ�HU�GXV�DOOHHQ�PDDU�UXZH�VFKDWWLQJHQ�RYHU�KHWDDQGHHO�YDQ�HHQ�YHUZHNNHU�ELM�KHW�]LHNWHEHHOG��ELMY��SQHXPRNRNNHQSQHXPRQLH����� 'H�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�OLJW�ELM�GH�KXLGLJH�EHUHNHQLQJVZLM]H�LQ�SULQFLSH�WXVVHQ���HQ���UHVSHFWLHYHOLMN�HTXLYDOHQW�DDQ�JH]RQG�HQ�GRRG���'H�ZDDUGHULQJ�LV�JHGDDQ�YRRUµ]LHNWHWRHVWDQG�[�JHGXUHQGH�HHQ�MDDU¶��9RRU�NRUWGXUHQGH�]LHNWHQ�OHYHUW�GLW�KHW�SUREOHHPRS�GDW�HHQ�VWHYLJH�JULHS�YHUOLFKW�ZRUGW�GRRU�GH�YHUZDFKWLQJ�GDW�KHW�QD�HHQ�SDDU�GDJHQRYHU�LV��'H�LQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�ZHHJIDFWRUHQVWXGLH�����JHNR]HQ�RSORVVLQJ�LV�RP�µHHQ�MDDUPHW GDDULQ�HHQ�HSLVRGH�YDQ�JULHS¶�WH�EHRRUGHOHQ��'H�KLHUYRRU�DIJHOHLGH�ZHHJIDFWRU�LV������2IZHO������JULHSSDWLsQWHQ�LQ�ppQ�MDDU�OHYHUHQ�ppQ�=-(�RS��'H�WKHRUHWLVFKHLPSOLFDWLH�LV�GDW�ELM�HHQ�]LHNWHGXXU�YDQ������GDJ�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�]LHNWHWRHVWDQGWLMGHQV�GH�]LHNWH���LV��RIZHO�HTXLYDOHQW�DDQ�GRRG��,Q�VRPPLJH�VFKDWWLQJHQ�LV�GLW�DDQJHGXLGDOV µWKHRUHWLVFK�PD[LPXP¶�����9RRU�VRPPLJH�YDQ�GH�KLHU�EHVSURNHQ�]LHNWHEHHOGHQ�]LMQ�LQ�KHW�NDGHU�YDQ�979���������ZHHJIDFWRUHQ�DIJHOHLG��PHQLQJLWLV��FKURQLVFKH�JHYROJHQ���KHSDWLWLV�%��PDDJ�GDUPLQIHFWLHV�HQ�LQIHFWLHV�YDQ�GH�OXFKWZHJHQ��,Q�GH�PHHVWH�JHYDOOHQ�]LMQ�GH]H�QLHWJHUHODWHHUG�DDQ�HHQ�EHSDDOGH�]LHNWHYHUZHNNHU��:DDU�PRJHOLMN�]LMQ�GH]H�ZHJLQJVIDFWRUHQJHEUXLNW��,Q�DQGHUH�JHYDOOHQ�]LMQ�]H�RIZHO�µWKHRUHWLVFK�JHPD[LPDOLVHHUG¶��ELMY��DFXWHPHQLQJLWLV��KHUSHV�JHQLWDOLV���RIZHO�QDDU�DQDORJLH�JHNR]HQ��RWLWLV�PHGLD�JHOLMN�JHVWHOG�PHWELMKROWH�RQWVWHNLQJ��YDULFHOOD�KDOI�]R�HUJ�DOV�JULHS��EHORRS�FHUYL[NDQNHU�JHOLMNYHURQGHUVWHOG�PHW�GDW�YDQ�ERUVWNDQNHU������+HW�LV�QLHW�GXLGHOLMN�ZDW�HHQ�ZHJLQJVIDFWRU�YRRU�]LHNWH�ELM�]HHU�MRQJH�NLQGHUHQ�EHWHNHQW�=LM�NXQQHQ�ELMYRRUEHHOG�QRJ�QLHW�ORSHQ��,Q�EHG�OLJJHQ�YRRU�HHQ�VFKRROJDDQG�NLQG�LV�GDQRRN�LHWV�KHHO�DQGHUV�GDQ�YRRU�HHQ�EDE\��%LM�JHEUHN�DDQ�DGHTXDDW�LQVWUXPHQWDULXP�LV�LQGH]H�IDVH�YDQ�UXZH�VFKDWWLQJHQ�JHHQ�SRJLQJ�JHGDDQ�GLW�SUREOHHP�DSDUW�WH�EHQDGHUHQ���� (U�LV�DOOHHQ�JHZHUNW�PHW�VFKDWWLQJHQ�YDQ�GH�PRPHQWDQH�]LHNWHODVW��ZDDUELM�GXV�JHHQUHNHQLQJ�LV�JHKRXGHQ�PHW�GH�PRJHOLMNKHLG�YDQ�XLWEUDNHQ�

Page 135: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH����� 0DDV��YDQ�GHU�3��-��DQG�3��*��1��.UDPHU��9RONVJH]RQGKHLG�7RHNRPVW�9HUNHQQLQJ�������,,,*H]RQGKHLG�HQ�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�JHZRJHQ� 5,90�5DSSRUW����������� �������

Page 136: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

Page 137: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

RIVM rapport 000001 001 pag. 137 van 147

Bijlage 7

Bijlage 7: Selectie van gezondheidseconomische studiesDe resultaten van kosteneffectiviteitsanalyses die gebruikt zijn in de notitie zijn geselecteerdop basis van de volgende selectiecriteria:• De bestudeerde doelgroep is geen kleine selecte groep• De studie is gepubliceerd in het Nederlands, Engels of Duits.• De studie is beschikbaar in Nederland.• Het bestudeerde land vertoont geen grote verschillen met Nederland voor wat betreft de

epidemiologie van de te bestuderen ziekte en het algemene ontwikkelingsniveau. Dit methet oog op de toepasbaarheid van de resultaten (zie hieronder §1).

• De studie is uitgevoerd conform recentelijk gepubliceerde richtlijnen voorgezondheidseconomische evaluaties door Drummond (3), Gold (5), CanadianCoordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment (1) en het College voorZorgverzekeringen (2). Dit met het oog op de kwaliteit van de studies (zie hieronder §2).Conform de farmaco-economische Richtlijnen van de Ziekenfondsraad zouden deindirecte kosten wel meegenomen moeten worden

Er is geen literatuuronderzoek uitgevoerd voor hepatitis B, aangezien zeer recente resultatenvan een Nederlandse studie beschikbaar waren (11).

De volgende databases zijn gebruikt voor het literatuuronderzoek:• DARE (Database of Reviews of Effectiveness).

Periode: januari 1990 tot juni 1999 Zoektermen: Vaccine OR Vaccination OR Immunisation OR Immunization OREradication.

• Health Star Periode: januari 1990 tot juni 1999 Zoektermen: Vaccine OR Vaccination OR Immunisation OR Immunization OREradication WITH Cost or Economic (all as Title Word).

• HTA (Health Technology Assessment Database) Periode: januari 1990 tot juni 1999 Zoektermen: Vaccine OR Vaccination OR Immunisation OR Immunization OREradication

• HEED (Health Economic Evaluation Database) Periode: januari 1990 tot augustus 1999 Zoektermen: Vaccine OR Vaccination OR Immunisation OR Immunization OREradication WITH Cost or Economic (all as Title Word). Year range: januari 1990 to august 1999

• MEDLINE Periode: januari 1990 tot juni 1999 Zoektermen: Vaccine OR Vaccination OR Immunisation OR Immunization OREradication WITH Cost or Economic (all as Title Word).

• NEED (NHS ECONOMIC EVALUATION DATABASE). Periode: januari 1990 tot juni 1999Zoektermen: Vaccine OR Vaccination OR Immunisation OR Immunization orEradication

Page 138: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

���7RHSDVEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ2S�GLW�PRPHQW�]LMQ�HU�YRRU�HHQ�]HHU�EHSHUNW�DDQWDO�YDFFLQDWLHV�LQ�1HGHUODQGNRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VHV�XLWJHYRHUG��2P�WRFK�HHQ�LGHH�WH�NULMJHQ�YDQ�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWYDQ�YDFFLQDWLHV��GLH�PRJHOLMN�ELQQHQ����MDDU�LQJHYRHUG�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG��LVGDDURP�JHEUXLN�JHPDDNW�YDQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH�VWXGLHV�9RRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�EUXLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH�VWXGLHUHVXOWDWHQ�LVJHGHWDLOOHHUGH�LQIRUPDWLH�QRGLJ�RYHU�]RZHO�KHW�ODQG�GDW�EHVWXGHHUG�LV�DOV�RYHU�1HGHUODQG��+HWEHWUHIW�LQIRUPDWLH�RYHU�RQGHU�PHHU�KHW�SHUVSHFWLHI�YDQ�GH�VWXGLH��UHODWLHYH�NRVWHQ��LQGLUHFWHNRVWHQ��GLVFRQWHULQJ��VFKDDOHIIHFWHQ�HQ�KHW�JHEUXLN�YDQ�FDSDFLWHLW��LQFLGHQWLH�HQ�SUHYDOHQWLHYDQ�HHQ�DDQGRHQLQJ��OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�HQ�NDUDNWHULVWLHNHQ�YDQ�GH�]RUJ������������.RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VHV�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLHV�]LMQ�ELM]RQGHU�JHFRPSOLFHHUG�RPGDW�QLHW�DOOHHQGH�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�GH�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�EHODQJ�]LMQ��PDDU�RRN�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�GH�EHKDQGHOLQJ�YDQQHJDWLHYH�JH]RQGKHLGVHIIHFWHQ�GLH�YRRUNRPHQ�ZRUGHQ�GRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�'H�PHHVWH�JHJHYHQV�RYHU�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLHV�LQ�GLW�UDSSRUW�]LMQ�DINRPVWLJ�XLW$PHULNDDQVH�VWXGLHV��$DQJH]LHQ�GH�96�HQ�1HGHUODQG�YHUVFKLOOHQ�RS�HHQ�DDQWDO�SXQWHQ�GLHYDQ�JURRW�EHODQJ�]LMQ�YRRU�JH]RQGKHLGVHFRQRPLVFKH�DQDO\VHV��ELMYRRUEHHOG�LQ������NRVWWHHHQ KXLVDUWVHQEH]RHN�LQ�GH�96�RQJHYHHU����(85�WHJHQ����(85�LQ�1HGHUODQG����������PRHWHQGH]H�$PHULNDDQVH�JHJHYHQV��YRRUQDPHOLMN�DINRPVWLJ�XLW�HHQ�UDSSRUW�YDQ�KHW�,20��PHWYRRU]LFKWLJKHLG�JHwQWHUSUHWHHUG�ZRUGHQ��,Q�%LMODJH���LV�VSHFLILHNH�LQIRUPDWLH�RSJHQRPHQRYHU�GH�EUXLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�,20�JHJHYHQV�

Page 139: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

���.ZDOLWHLW�YDQ�GH�DQDO\VHV1DDVW�SUREOHPHQ�URQG�GH�WRHSDVEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�LV�KHW�RRN�YDQ�EHODQJ�NULWLVFK�QDDUGH�NZDOLWHLW�YDQ�GH�JHEUXLNWH�VWXGLHV�WH�NLMNHQ��9RRU�KHW�XLWJHYRHUGH�OLWHUDWXXURQGHU]RHN�YRRUGH]H�QRWLWLH�]LMQ�DOOHHQ�UHVXOWDWHQ�JHEUXLNW�YDQ�VWXGLHV�GLH�XLWJHYRHUG�]LMQ�FRQIRUP�UHFHQWHOLMNJHSXEOLFHHUGH�ULFKWOLMQHQ�GRRU�'UXPPRQG������*ROG������&DQDGLDQ�&RRUGLQDWLQJ�2IILFH�IRU+HDOWK�7HFKQRORJ\�$VVHVVPHQW�����HQ�KHW�&ROOHJH�YRRU�=RUJYHU]HNHULQJHQ������2QGDQNV�GH]HVHOHFWLH�LV�KHW�]DDN�YRRU]LFKWLJ�WH�]LMQ�ELM�GH�YHUJHOLMNLQJ�YDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ��RPGDW�HU�QRJVWHHGV�VSUDNH�LV�YDQ�PHWKRGRORJLVFKH�YHUVFKLOOHQ�'H�HFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLH�YDQ�SUHYHQWLHYH�PDDWUHJHOHQ�WHJHQ�LQIHFWLH]LHNWHQ�LV�LQJHZLNNHOG�RPGDW�GH]H�DDQGRHQLQJHQ�G\QDPLVFK�JHGUDJ�YHUWRQHQ�HQ�HIIHFWHQ�DOV�³KHUG�LPPXQLW\´�HHQEHODQJULMN�HIIHFW�NXQQHQ�KHEEHQ�RS�KHW�YRRUNRPHQ�YDQ�EHSDDOGH�]LHNWHQ������'H�PHHVWHVWXGLHV�PDNHQ�JHEUXLN�YDQ�VWDWLVFKH�PRGHOOHQ��ZDDUELM�JHHQ�UHNHQLQJ�ZRUGW�JHKRXGHQ�PHWKHW�G\QDPLVFKH�NDUDNWHU�YDQ�GH�LQIHFWLH]LHNWHQ��2S�GLW�PRPHQW�ZRUGW�EHVWXGHHUG�YRRU�ZHONHLQIHFWLH]LHNWHQ��SUHYHQWLHYH�PDDWUHJHOHQ�HQ�GRHOJURHSHQ�G\QDPLVFKH�PRGHOOHQ�WH�YHUNLH]HQ]LMQ�ERYHQ�VWDWLVFKH�PRGHOOHQ��7RHSDVVLQJ�YDQ�G\QDPLVFKH�PRGHOOHQ�NDQ�KHW�LQ]LFKW�LQ�GHNRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLHV�RS�WHUPLMQ�YHUEHWHUHQ�

Page 140: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH����� &&2+7$��&DQDGLDQ�&RRUGLQDWLQJ�2IILFH�IRU�+HDOWK�7HFKQRORJ\�$VVHVVPHQW���*XLGHOLQHV�IRUHFRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�SKDUPDFHXWLFDOV��&&2+7$��2WWDZD����������� &ROOHJH�YRRU�]RUJYHU]HNHULQJHQ��5LFKWOLMQHQ�YRRU�IDUPDFR�HFRQRPLVFK�RQGHU]RHN�� �������$PVWHOYHHQ���� 'UXPPRQG��0��)���%��-��2%ULHQ��*��/��6WRGGDUW��DQG�*��:��7RUUDQFH��0HWKRGV�IRU�WKHHFRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURJUDPV���2[IRUG�8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV��2[IRUG����������� )LQH��3��(��+HUG�LPPXQLW\��KLVWRU\��WKHRU\��SUDFWLFH� (SLGHPLRO�5HY����������������������� *ROG��0��5���-��(��6LHJHO��/��%��5XVVHO��DQG�0��&��:HLQVWHLQ��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�DQDO\VLV�LQKHDOWK�DQG�PHGLFLQH���2[IRUG�8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV��1HZ�<RUN����������� ,20��9DFFLQHV�IRU�WKH���VW�FHQWXU\��D�WRRO�IRU�GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ��3UHSXEOLFDWLRQ�FRS\��6WUDWWRQ�.��5���'XUFK�-�6���DQG�/DZUHQFH�5�6����������:DVKLQJWRQ�'&��1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\3UHVV���� 2%ULHQ��%��-���$ WDOH�RI�WZR��RU�PRUH��FLWLHV��JHRJUDSKLF�WUDQVIHUDELOLW\�RI�SKDUPDFRHFRQRPLFGDWD� $P�-�0DQDJ�&DUH�� 6XSSO�6���6������������ 5XWWHQ��)��)��+���%��0��YDQ�,QHYHOG��5��YDQ�2PPHQ��%��$��YDQ�+RHW��DQG�5��YDQ�+XLMVPDQ�.RVWHQEHUHNHQLQJ�ELM�*H]RQGKHLGV]RUJRQGHU]RHN��ULFKWOLMQHQ�YRRU�GH�SUDNWLMN��-DQ�YDQ$UNHO��8WUHFKW������������ 6SlWK��+��0���0��2��&DUUqUH��%��)HUYHUV��DQG�7��3KLOLS��$QDO\VLV�RI�WKH�HOLJLELOLW\�RI�SXEOLVKHGHFRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQV�IRU�WUDQVIHU�WR�D�JLYHQ�KHDOWK�FDUH�V\VWHP� +HDOWK�3ROLF\����������������������� :HOWH��5��DQG�5��/HLGO��hEHUWUDJXQJ�GHU�(UJHEQLVVH�|NRQRPLVFKHU�(YDOXDWLRQVVWXGLHQ�DXV�GHP$XVODQG�DXI�'HXWVFKODQG��3UREOHPH�XQG�/|VXQJVDQVlW]H�� LQ���$QVlW]H�XQG�0HWKRGHQGHU�|NRQRPLVFKHQ�(YDOXDWLRQ�±�HLQH�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH�3HUVSHNWLYH����5��/HLGO�HW�DO���HGV��1RPRV�9HUODJVJHVHOOVFKDIW��%DGHQ�%DGHQ��SS��������������������� :LW��'H�*��$��DQG�:HOWH��5��(FRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�KHSDWLWLV�%�YDFFLQDWLRQ�VWUDWHJLHV��$V\VWHPDWLF�UHYLHZ�RI�OLWHUDWXUH���5,90�5DSSRUW����������� ��������%LOWKRYHQ�

Page 141: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

RIVM rapport 000001 001 pag. 141 van 147

Bijlage 8

Bijlage 8: De bruikbaarheid van het IOM rapportBinnenkort zal het Institute of Medicine (IOM) het rapport “Vaccines for the 21st Century: ATool for Decisionmaking” (3) publiceren. Op dit moment is alleen een voorlopige versie,zonder bijlagen, voorhanden. Aangezien de informatie in dit rapport een belangrijke rol speeltin deze notitie worden hieronder de meest relevante resultaten van het rapport besproken.Ook worden er enkele kanttekeningen geplaatst bij de gebruikte methode en de bruikbaarheidvan de gegevens voor de Nederlandse besluitvorming.

Page 142: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

���5HVXOWDWHQ+HW�,20�KHHIW�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQV��SUHYHQWLHI�HQ�WKHUDSHXWLVFK��EHVWXGHHUG�GLHUHOHYDQW ]LMQ�YRRU�GH�96�HQ�GLH�QDDU�YHUZDFKWLQJ�ELQQHQ����MDDU�EHVFKLNEDDU�]XOOHQ�]LMQ��'LWUDSSRUW�LV�XQLHN��RPGDW�GH�,20�GH�YDFFLQV�KHHIW�JHsYDOXHHUG�GRRU�PLGGHO�YDQ�LGHQWLHNHLQIRUPDWLHEURQQHQ�YRRU�NRVWHQ�HQ�HIIHFWHQ��4$/<V���'DDURP�]LMQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�GH�,20VWXGLH�EHWHU�YHUJHOLMNEDDU�GDQ�GH�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�DQGHUH�.($¶V��,Q�KHW�UDSSRUW�]LMQ�YRRU�HONYDFFLQ�GH�NRVWHQ�SHU�JHZRQQHQ�4$/<�EHUHNHQG�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YDQ�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�JURHSHQ�+HW�,20�KHHIW�YHUYROJHQV�GH�YDFFLQDWLHV�LQJHGHHOG�LQ�GH�FDWHJRULHsQ�,�WRW�,9�&DWHJRULH�,�� NRVWHQEHVSDUHQG�&DWHJRULH�,,�� NRVW�PLQGHU�GDQ��������86��SHU�4$/<&DWHJRULH�,,, NRVW�������������������86��SHU�4$/<�&DWHJRULH�,9 NRVW�PHHU�GDQ���������86��SHU�4$/<'H�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQ�GH�NRVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VHV�GLH�YRRU�1HGHUODQG�YDQ�EHODQJ�]LMQ��]LMQZHHUJHJHYHQ�LQ�WDEHO�%����7DEHO�%�����.RVWHQHIIHFWLYLWHLW�YDQ�YDFFLQDWLHV�LQ�GH�96�����2UJDQLVPH 'RHOJURHS�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLH &DWHJRULH&\WRPHJDORYLUXV 3HUVRQHQ�YDQ����MDDU ,,QIOXHQ]D�$�%��QLHXZH�JHQHUDWLH *HKHOH�EHYRONLQJ�LHGHUH���MDDU�RI��� YDQ�GH�EHYRONLQJ�LHGHU�MDDU ,6WUHSWRFRFFXV�SQHXPRQLDH =XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV�HQ���� ,&KODP\GLD�WUDFKRPDWLV 3HUVRQHQ�YDQ����MDDU ,,+HOLFREDFWHU�S\ORUL =XLJHOLQJHQ ,,+HSDWLWLV�&�YLUXV =XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV ,,+HUSHV�VLPSOH[�YLUXV�W\SH���HQ�� 3HUVRQHQ�YDQ����MDDU ,,+XPDDQ�SDSLOORPDYLUXV 3HUVRQHQ�YDQ����MDDU ,,5HVSLUDWRLU�V\QF\WLHHO�YLUXV =XLJHOLQJHQ��SHXWHUV�HQ�PHLVMHV�YDQ�� ,,1��PHQLQJLWLGLV�% =XLJHOLQJHQ�HQ�SHXWHUV ,,,(QNHOH�NDQWWHNHQLQJHQ�ELM�GH�JHEUXLNWH�PHWKRGH+HW�GRRU�KHW�,20�JHKDQWHHUGH�PRGHO�KHHIW�HHQ�DDQWDO�QDGHOHQ�� +HW�LV�HHQ�VWDWLVFK�PRGHO��PHW�DQGHUH�ZRRUGHQ�G\QDPLVFKH�DVSHFWHQ�DOV��KHUG�LPPXQLW\�ZRUGHQ�QLHW�PHHJHQRPHQ�� (U�LV�VOHFKWV�ppQ�]HHU�EHSHUNWH�VHQVLWLYLWHLWVDQDO\VH�XLWJHYRHUG�PHW�HHQ�K\SRWKHWLVFKYDFFLQ [�� (U�]LMQ�JHHQ�EHWURXZEDDUKHLGVLQWHUYDOOHQ�EHUHNHQG�� (U�LV�VOHFKWV�HHQ�UXZH�VFKDWWLQJ�YDQ�GH�NRVWHQ�JHPDDNW�HQ�SURGXFWLYLWHLWVNRVWHQ�]LMQ�QLHWPHHJHUHNHQG�� 9RRU�DOOH�YDFFLQV�LV�JHUHNHQG�PHW�HHQ�³HIILFDF\´�YDQ������'LW�LV�LQ�YHOH�JHYDOOHQ�QLHWUHDOLVWLVFK�� 'H�JHEUXLNWH�ZHJLQJ�YDQ�GH�JH]RQGKHLGVHIIHFWHQ�LV�DINRPVWLJ�XLW�&DQDGHVH�VWXGLHV�HQ�LVPRJHOLMN�QLHW�UHSUHVHQWDWLHI�YRRU�GH�$PHULNDDQVH�VLWXDWLH�

Page 143: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

���%UXLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�JHJHYHQV�YRRU�GH�1HGHUODQGVHEHVOXLWYRUPLQJ+LHURQGHU�ZRUGW�GH�EUXLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�,20�JHJHYHQV�YRRU�RQGHUVWHXQLQJ�YDQ�GH1HGHUODQGVH�EHVOXLWYRUPLQJ�JHsYDOXHHUG�.RVWHQ�HQ�HIIHFWHQ� 3HUVSHFWLHI+HW�,20�UHSRUW�JDDW�XLW�YDQ�HHQ�PDDWVFKDSSHOLMN�SHUVSHFWLHI��'LW�SHUVSHFWLHI�ZRUGW�RRNDDQEHYROHQ�LQ�GH�IDUPDFR�HFRQRPLVFKH�5LFKWOLMQHQ�YDQ�GH�=LHNHQIRQGVUDDG������,Q�GLWRS]LFKW�]LMQ�GH�JHJHYHQV�GDQ�RRN�JRHG�EUXLNEDDU�� 5HODWLHYH�NRVWHQ0RJHOLMN�]LMQ�HU�VXEVWDQWLsOH�YHUVFKLOOHQ�WHQ�DDQ]LHQ�YDQ�GH�UHODWLHYH�NRVWHQ�YRRU�GHYHUVFKLOOHQGH�YDFFLQDWLHV��,Q�YHUJHOLMNLQJ�PHW�IDUPDFHXWLVFKH�SURGXFWHQ�LV�GH�PHGLVFKH�]RUJLQ�1HGHUODQG�JRHGNRSHU�GDQ�LQ�GH�96��'LW�LV�WH�]LHQ�LQ�GH�2(&'�3XUFKDVLQJ�3RZHU�3DULWLHV�ZDDUGHQ��*XOGHQ�SHU�86���YRRU�������'H]H�ZDDUGHQ�ZDUHQ������YRRU�PHGLVFKH�]RUJ�HQ�����YRRU�GH�IDUPDFHXWLVFKH�SURGXFWHQ������'LW�KHHIW�WRW�JHYROJ�GDW�LQ�YHUJHOLMNLQJ�PHW�GH�96��GHYHUKRXGLQJ�LQYHVWHULQJHQ�HQ�YHUPHGHQ�NRVWHQ�YRRU�YDFFLQDWLHV�LQ�1HGHUODQG�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMNPLQGHU JXQVWLJ�LV��+HW�DVSHFW��UHODWLHYH�NRVWHQ��]RX�GDDURP�NXQQHQ�OHLGHQ�WRW�HHQRQGHUZDDUGHULQJ�YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�.(5�WHQ�RS]LFKWH�YDQ�GH�$PHULNDDQVH�.(5�� 'LVWULEXWLH�YDQ�NRVWHQ'H�EHWURXZEDDUKHLGVLQWHUYDOOHQ�YDQ�GH�.(5�ZRUGHQ�VWHUN�EHwQYORHG�GRRU�GH�GLVWULEXWLH�YDQNRVWHQ��$DQJH]LHQ�KHW�,20�UDSSRUW�JHHQ�EHWURXZEDDUKHLGVLQWHUYDOOHQ�JHHIW��OHYHUW�GHYHUWDDOEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�,20�GDWD�KLHU�JHHQ�SUREOHPHQ�RS�� 3URGXFWLYLWHLWVNRVWHQ&RQIRUP�GH�ULFKWOLMQHQ�YDQ�KHW�$PHULNDDQVH��3DQHO�RQ�&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV������]LMQ�GHSURGXFWLYLWHLWVNRVWHQ�QLHW�PHHJQRPHQ�LQ�KHW�,20�UDSSRUW��'LW�OHYHUW�JHHQ�SUREOHPHQ�RS�DDQJH]LHQ�LQ�GH�QRWLWLH�RRN�JHNHNHQ�ZRUGW�QDDU�VWXGLHV�ZDDULQ�DOOHHQ�UHNHQLQJ�ZRUGWJHKRXGHQ�PHW�GLUHFWH�NRVWHQ��&RQIRUP�GH�IDUPDFR�HFRQRPLVFKH�5LFKWOLMQHQ�YDQ�GH=LHNHQIRQGVUDDG�]RXGHQ�GH�SURGXFWLYLWHLWVNRVWHQ�HFKWHU�ZHO�PHHJHQRPHQ�PRHWHQ�ZRUGHQ����� 'LVFRQWHULQJ,Q�KHW�,20�UDSSRUW�ZRUGW�JHGLVFRQWHHUG�PHW����SHU�MDDU��FRQIRUP�GH�DDQEHYHOLQJHQ�YDQ�KHW$PHULNDDQVH�³3DQHO�RQ�&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV´������,Q�1HGHUODQG�ZRUGW�PHHVWDO�JHGLVFRQWHHUGPHW ���SHU�MDDU��LQ�RYHUHHQVWHPPLQJ�PHW�GH�IDUPDFR�HFRQRPLVFKH�5LFKWOLMQHQ�YDQ�GH=LHNHQIRQGVUDDG������(HQ�KRJHU�GLVFRQWHULQJVSHUFHQWDJH�OHLGW�WRW�YHUODJLQJ�YDQ�GH�NRVWHQ�GLHGRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YHUPHGHQ�NXQQHQ�ZRUGHQ�HQ�GDDUGRRU�WRW�HHQ�RQGHUZDDUGHULQJ�YDQ�GH1HGHUODQGVH�.(5�WHQ�RS]LFKWH�YDQ�GH�$PHULNDDQVH�.(5�7HFKQRORJLVFKH�FRQWH[W� 6FKDDOHIIHFWHQ�HQ�FDSDFLWHLWVEHQXWWLQJ+HW�LV�]HHU�ZDDUVFKLMQOLMN�GDW�GH�VFKDDOHIIHFWHQ�HQ�FDSDFLWHLWVEHQXWWLQJ�YHUVFKLOOHQ��'HRPYDQJ�YDQ�GH]H�YHUVFKLOOHQ�LV�HFKWHU�QLHW�EHNHQG�

Page 144: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

� .DUDNWHULVWLHNHQ�YDQ�ZHUNQHPHUV�LQ�GH�]RUJ.DUDNWHULVWLHNHQ�YDQ�ZHUNQHPHUV�LQ�GH�]RUJ��]RDOV�JHPLGGHOG�VDODULV��QLYHDX�YDQ�RQGHUZLMVHWF� YHUVFKLOOHQ�WXVVHQ�1HGHUODQG�HQ�GH�96��'H�RPYDQJ�YDQ�GH]H�YHUVFKLOOHQ�LV�HYHQHHQV�QLHWEHNHQG�'H�VFKDDOHIIHFWHQ��FDSDFLWHLWVEHQXWWLQJ�DOVRRN�GH�NDUDNWHULVWLHNHQ�YDQ�GH�ZHUNQHPHUV�NXQQHQOHLGHQ�WRW�]RZHO�HHQ�RYHU��DOV�HHQ�RQGHUVFKDWWLQJ�YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�.(5�WHQ�RS]LFKWH�YDQGH�$PHULNDDQVH�.(5�(SLGHPLRORJLVFKH�FRQWH[W� ,QFLGHQWLH�HQ�SUHYDOHQWLH9HUVFKLOOHQ�LQ�LQFLGHQWLH�HQ�SUHYDOHQWLH�YDQ�HHQ�JHJHYHQ�YLUXV�RI�EDFWHULH�KHEEHQ�HHQ�JURWHLQYORHG�RS�GH�YHUWDDOEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�RQGHU]RHNVUHVXOWDWHQ��9RRU�DOOH�LQ�GLW�UDSSRUWEHVFKUHYHQ�]LHNWHQ�]LMQ�GH�YHUVFKLOOHQ�LQ�LQFLGHQWLH�HQ�SUHYDOHQWLH�LQ�GH�96�WHQ�RS]LFKWH�YDQ1HGHUODQG�]RGDQLJ�GDW�GH�HFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLHV�YDQ�KHW�,20�UDSSRUW�EUXLNEDDU�]LMQ�YRRUGH�1HGHUODQGVH�VLWXDWLH��'H�YHUVFKLOOHQ�LQ�LQFLGHQWLH�HQ�SUHYDOHQWLH�NXQQHQ�]RZHO�HHQ�RYHU�DOV HHQ�RQGHUVFKDWWLQJ�YDQ�GH�.(5�WRW�JHYROJ�KHEEHQ�� &DVH�PL['H�FDVH�PL[��]RDOV�OHHIWLMG��JHVODFKW�HQ�FR�PRUELGLWHLW��YDQ�GH�GRHOJURHS�YRRU�KHW�YDFFLQYHUVFKLOW�PRJHOLMN�LQ�GH�96�LQ�YHUJHOLMNLQJ�PHW�1HGHUODQG��(U�]LMQ�RQYROGRHQGH�JHJHYHQV�RPGH�RPYDQJ�YDQ�GH]H�YHUVFKLOOHQ�LQ�WH�NXQQHQ�VFKDWWHQ��+HW�DVSHFW��FDVH�PL[��NDQ�]RZHO�HHQRYHU��DOV�RQGHUVFKDWWLQJ�YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�.(5V�WHQ�RS]LFKWH�YDQ�GH�$PHULNDDQVH�.(5VWRW�JHYROJ�KHEEHQ�'HPRJUDILVFKH�FRQWH[W� /HYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ'H�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�YDQ�]RZHO�PDQQHQ�DOV�YURXZHQ�LV�YULMZHO�JHOLMN�LQ�GH�96�HQ�LQ1HGHUODQG��,Q������ZDV�GH�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�LQ�1HGHUODQG������YRRU�GH�YURXZ�HQ������YRRUGH�PDQ��,Q�GH�96�ZDV�GLW�UHVSHFWLHYHOLMN������HQ�����������'H�OHYHQVYHUZDFKWLQJ�OLMNW�GDDURPJHHQ�EHODQJULMNH�URO�WH�VSHOHQ�LQ�GH�WRHSDVEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�RQGHU]RHNVUHVXOWDWHQ�� 9RRUWSODQWLQJ'H�OHHIWLMG�YDQ�GH�PRHGHU�WHQ�WLMGH�YDQ�GH�JHERRUWH�NDQ�HHQ�HIIHFW�KHEEHQ�RS�KHW�ULVLFR�YDQSHULQDWDOH�WUDQVPLVVLH�YDQ�SDWKRJHQHQ��PHW�QDPH�LQ�KHW�JHYDO�YDQ�62$��%RYHQGLHQ�NDQ�KHWVHNVXHOH�JHGUDJ��ELMY��JHEUXLN�YDQ�FRQGRRPV��YDQ�1HGHUODQGHUV�YHUVFKLOOHQ�YDQ�GDW�YDQ$PHULNDQHQ��'LW�LV�YDQ�EHODQJ�YRRU�GH�HFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLH�YDQ�PDDWUHJHOHQ�WHJHQ�62$�]RDOV +39��FKODP\GLD�HWF��'H�YHUVFKLOOHQ�LQ�KHW�DVSHFW��YRRUWSODQWLQJ��NXQQHQ�]RZHO�HHQRYHU��DOV�HHQ�RQGHUVFKDWWLQJ�YDQ�GH�.(5�YHURRU]DNHQ�*H]RQGKHLGV]RUJV\VWHHP� *H]RQGKHLGV]RUJ�YRRU HQ�QD�YDFFLQDWLH*H]RQGKHLGV]RUJ�QD�YDFFLQDWLH�LV�PHHVWDO�QLHW�QRGLJ��9DQ�JURRW�EHODQJ�LV�HFKWHU�GH�]RUJ�GLHGRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YHUPHGHQ�NDQ�ZRUGHQ��,Q�GH�96�]LMQ�RSQDPHV�RYHU�KHW�DOJHPHHQ�YDQ�NRUWHUHGXXU�GDQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG��PDDU�]LM�]LMQ�GDDUHQWHJHQ�SHU�WLMGVHHQKHLG�YDDN�LQWHQVLHYHU��,Q������ZDV GH�JHPLGGHOGH�RSQDPHGXXU�LQ�GH�96�����GDJHQ�HQ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�����GDJHQ��9RRULQIHFWLH]LHNWHQ�YHUEOHYHQ�1HGHUODQGHUV�RYHU�KHW�DOJHPHHQ�]HOIV�WZHH�NHHU�]R�ODQJ�LQ�KHW]LHNHQKXLV�GDQ$PHULNDQHQ������$DQJH]LHQ�HU�QLHW�YROGRHQGH�LQIRUPDWLH�EHVFKLNEDDU�LV�RYHUGH�LQWHQVLYLWHLW�YDQ�GH�]RUJ�LQ�1HGHUODQG�HQ�LQ�GH�96��LV�KHW�QLHW�PRJHOLMN�WH�EHSDOHQ�RI�KHWJHEUXLN�YDQ�GH�96�.(5�OHLGW�WRW�HHQ�RQGHU��RI�RYHUVFKDWWLQJ�YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�.(5�

Page 145: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

5,90�UDSSRUW������������ SDJ������YDQ����

%LMODJH��

� 3ODDWV�YDQ�GH�]RUJYHUOHQLQJ:HGHURP�LV�GLW�DVSHFW�PHHU�YDQ�EHODQJ�YRRU�GH�]RUJ�GLH�GRRU�YDFFLQDWLH�YHUPHGHQ�ZRUGW�GDQ�YRRU�GH�]RUJ�GLH�PHW�YDFFLQDWLH�JHSDDUG�JDDW��'H�NRVWHQ�YDQ�GH]HOIGH�WHFKQRORJLH�NXQQHQVWHUN�XLWHHQORSHQ�QDDU�JHODQJ�GH]H�WHFKQRORJLH�WRHJHSDVW�ZRUGW�GRRU�HHQ�VSHFLDOLVW�RI�HHQKXLVDUWV��LQ�HHQ�DFDGHPLVFK�]LHNHQKXLV�RI�LQ�HHQ�DOJHPHHQ�]LHNHQKXLV��RI�SROLNOLQLVFK�RI�QLHW�SROLNOLQLVFK�(U�]LMQ�]HNHU�YHUVFKLOOHQ�WXVVHQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�HQ�GH�$PHULNDDQVH�JH]RQGKHLGV]RUJ�ZDWEHWUHIW�GH�SODDWV�ZDDU�EHSDDOGH�WHFKQRORJLHsQ�ZRUGHQ�WRHJHSDVW��$DQJH]LHQ�UHOHYDQWH�GDWDRQWEUHNHQ��LV�KHW�QLHW�PRJHOLMN�GH]H�YHUVFKLOOHQ�YROGRHQGH�WH�EHSDOHQ�+HW�DVSHFW��SODDWV�YDQ�WHFKQRORJLH�LQ�KHW�JH]RQGKHLGV]RUJV\VWHHP��NDQ�OHLGHQ�WRW�]RZHO�HHQRYHU��DOV�RQGHUVFKDWWLQJ�YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�.(5V�WHQ�RS]LFKWH�YDQ�GH�$PHULNDDQVH�.(5V�� ,QFHQWLYHV�LQ�GH�]RUJ'H�LQFHQWLYHV��YRRU�SDWLsQWHQ��KXLVDUWVHQ��VSHFLDOLVWHQ��]LHNHQKXL]HQ��LQ�GH�]RUJVHFWRU�LQ1HGHUODQG�HQ�LQ�GH�96�NXQQHQ�YHUVFKLOOHQ��2RN�YRRU�GH�LQFHQWLYHV�]LMQ�JHHQ�GDWD�EHVFKLNEDDURP�GH�LPSDFW�RS�GH�YHUWDDOEDDUKHLG�WH�NXQQHQ�VFKDWWHQ��2RN�GH]H�LQFHQWLYHV�NXQQHQ�]RZHOHHQ RYHU��DOV�RQGHUVFKDWWLQJ�YDQ�GH�1HGHUODQGVH�.(5V�WRW�JHYROJ�KHEEHQ�1%��$UWLNHOHQ�YDQ�2¶%ULHQ�����6SlWK������HQ�:HOWH�����ELHGHQ�HHQ�JHGHWDLOOHHUG�RYHU]LFKW�YDQDVSHFWHQ GLH�YDQ�EHODQJ�]LMQ�YRRU�GH�EHRRUGHOLQJ�YDQ�GH�EUXLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�UHVXOWDWHQ�YDQHFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLHV�&RQFOXVLH'H]H�NRUWH�VWXGLH�QDDU�GH�EUXLNEDDUKHLG�YDQ�GH�,20�JHJHYHQV��WRRQW�DDQ�GDW�GH]H�JHJHYHQVJHHQ�GXLGHOLMN�EHHOG�NXQQHQ�JHYHQ�YDQ�GH�.(5V�YDQ�GH�YHUVFKLOOHQGH�YDFFLQV�LQ�1HGHUODQG�2S�EDVLV�YDQ�GH�,20�JHJHYHQV�NDQ�VOHFKWV�EHSDDOG�ZRUGHQ�ZHONH�YDFFLQV�HQ�LQ�ZHONHYROJRUGH�LQ�DDQPHUNLQJ�NRPHQ�YRRU�HHQ�HFRQRPLVFKH�HYDOXDWLH�LQ�1HGHUODQG�

Page 146: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

SDJ������YDQ���� 5,90�UDSSRUW�����������

%LMODJH��

/LWHUDWXXU�ELM�ELMODJH����� &ROOHJH�YRRU�]RUJYHU]HNHULQJHQ��5LFKWOLMQHQ�YRRU�IDUPDFR�HFRQRPLVFK�RQGHU]RHN�� �������$PVWHOYHHQ��� *ROG��0��5���-��(��6LHJHO��/��%��5XVVHO��DQG�0��&��:HLQVWHLQ��&RVW�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�DQDO\VLV�LQKHDOWK�DQG�PHGLFLQH���2[IRUG�8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV��1HZ�<RUN������������ ,20��9DFFLQHV�IRU�WKH���VW�FHQWXU\��D�WRRO�IRU�GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ��3UHSXEOLFDWLRQ�FRS\��6WUDWWRQ�.��5���'XUFK�-�6���DQG�/DZUHQFH�5�6�����������:DVKLQJWRQ�'&��1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\3UHVV���� 2%ULHQ��%��-���$ WDOH�RI�WZR��RU�PRUH��FLWLHV��JHRJUDSKLF�WUDQVIHUDELOLW\�RI�SKDUPDFRHFRQRPLFGDWD� $P�-�0DQDJ�&DUH�� 6XSSO�6���6������������ 2(&'��2(&'�+HDOWK�'DWD�� ��������3DULV��� 6SlWK��+��0���0��2��&DUUqUH��%��)HUYHUV��DQG�7��3KLOLS��$QDO\VLV�RI�WKH�HOLJLELOLW\�RI�SXEOLVKHGHFRQRPLF�HYDOXDWLRQV�IRU�WUDQVIHU�WR�D�JLYHQ�KHDOWK�FDUH�V\VWHP�� +HDOWK�3ROLF\���������������������� :HOWH��5��DQG�5��/HLGO��hEHUWUDJXQJ�GHU�(UJHEQLVVH�|NRQRPLVFKHU�(YDOXDWLRQVVWXGLHQ�DXV�GHP$XVODQG�DXI�'HXWVFKODQG��3UREOHPH�XQG�/|VXQJVDQVlW]H�� LQ���$QVlW]H�XQG�0HWKRGHQGHU�|NRQRPLVFKHQ�(YDOXDWLRQ�±�HLQH�LQWHUQDWLRQDOH�3HUVSHNWLYH����5��/HLGO�HW�DO���HGV��1RPRV�9HUODJVJHVHOOVFKDIW��%DGHQ�%DGHQ��SS�����������������

Page 147: RIVM rapport xxxxxx xxx · 5,90udssruw sdj ˘ydq ˆ .lqnkrhvw ˘˘ +dhprskloxvlqioxhq]dh ˘˙ 9ludohydfflqv ˇ 3rolr ˇ %ri ˇ 0d]hohq ˇ 5xehood ˇ

RIVM rapport 000001 001 pag. 147 van 147

Bijlage 9

Bijlage 9: Verzendlijst

1 Waarnemend Directeur-Generaal RIVM, Dr. G. Elzinga2 De Minister van VWS, mw. Dr. E. Borst-Eilers3 Plaatsvervangend Directeur-Generaal van de Volksgezondheid, Drs. N. C.

Oudendijk4 Directeur Gezondheidsbeleid, Drs. A. A. W. Kalis5 Mw. Ir. G. van ’t Bos, Directie Gezondheidsbeleid6 Mw. Drs. M. I. Esveld, Directie Gezondheidsbeleid7 Inspectie voor de Gezondheidszorg, Inspecteur Generaal, Prof. Dr. J. H.

Kingma8 Wnd. Hoofdinspecteur voor de Gezondheidszorg, Drs. P.H. Vree9 Inspecteur Infectieziekten van de Inspectie Gezondheidszorg, Drs. J.K. van

Wijngaarden10 Inspecteur mw. A. Ambler-Huiskes, Inspectie voor de Gezondheidszorg11 Hoofdinspecteur voor de Preventieve en Curatieve Gezondheidszorg, Mr. Drs.

H. Plokker12 Voorzitter van de Gezondheidsraad, Prof. Dr. J.J. Sixma13 Secretaris Werkgroep RVP, Gezondheidsraad, Drs. J. Sekhuis14 Hoofd Landelijke Coördinatiestructuur Infectieziektenbestrijding, J. E. van

Steenbergen15 Landelijke Vereniging voor GGDen16 Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek van de Gezondheidszorg17-41 Provinciale Entadministraties42 Nederlandse Vereniging voor Infectieziekten, Prof. Dr. J. W. M. van der Meer43 Nederlandse Vereniging voor Kindergeneeskunde44 Nederlandse Vereniging voor Medische Microbiologie, Prof. Dr. H. Verbrugh45 Prof. Dr. J. Huisman46 Prof. Dr. J. van der Noorda47 Depot Nederlandse Publikaties en Nederlandse Bibliografie48 Directeur sector 2, Prof. Dr. Ir. D. Kromhout49-54 Laboratoriumhoofden Sector 155-62 Laboratoriumhoofden Sector 263-80 Auteurs en co-auteurs81 SBD/Voorlichting & Public Relations82 Bureau Rapportenregistratie83 Bibliotheek RIVM84-109 Bureau Rapportenbeheer110-209 Reserve