Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock...

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Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static Loaded KS22a HE Dr. Helmut Muthig ( * ) Dr. Werner Arnold TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungs- technische Wirksysteme mbH Schrobenhausen, GERMANY 2004 Insensitive Munitions & Energetic Materials Technology Symposium Hilton - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA November 15 - 17, 2004 "Material & Techniques for Reducing Sensitivity"

Transcript of Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock...

Page 1: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

Sensitivity and Structural Investigations onShock Loaded and Quasi-Static Loaded

KS22a HEDr. Helmut Muthig (*)

Dr. Werner ArnoldTDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungs-

technische Wirksysteme mbHSchrobenhausen, GERMANY

2004 Insensitive Munitions & Energetic MaterialsTechnology Symposium

Hilton - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USANovember 15 - 17, 2004

"Material & Techniques for Reducing Sensitivity"

Page 2: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

Page 2 2004 IM & EM Technology Symposium Nov 15 - 17, 2004 San Francisco, CA

TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH

TDW ... when the payload counts ®

TDW - Gesellschaft für verteidigungs-technische Wirksysteme mbH

is the acknowledged „Center of Excellence“for Lethal Packages / Warheads within EADS

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Sensitivity and Structural Investigations onShock Loaded and Quasi-Static Loaded KS22a

Outline: 1. MotivationShock Loading of KS22a

2. TDW Gap TestSensitivity Test

3. Shock Loading MechanismsStatic / Dynamic Loading of KS22a

4. Experimental ResultsProperties of Shock Loaded KS22a

5. ConclusionSummary

Page 4: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

1. Motivation: Shock Loading of KS22a

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Why Shock Loading of KS22a?

KS22a is a cost-effective, powerful but insensitiveHigh Explosive for penetrator applications

– It is RDX-based (67 % RDX)– It is of the PBX-Type (15 % Plastic Binder)– It is blast enhanced for improved performance in confined

spaces (18 % Al)

– It withstands high shock loads without degradation ofperformance

– Question: Will it withstand high shock loads withoutdegradation of insensitivity as well?

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German S/O Missile Taurus KEPD 350MEPHISTO Penetrator w/ KS22a

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Future Application with higher Shock LoadsPeak Pressure in Explosive Filler (Nose)

Simulation of ConcretePerforation (2 m, 35 MPa)

Question:

Will shock loads of several kbars influence the sensitivityof KS22a?

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Balance between Performance vs. SensitivityShock Loading of HE: Change in Sensitivity?

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2. TDW Gap Test: Sensitivity Test

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Streak Record

Time

TDW Gap Test: Comparison betweenRun Distance to Detonation and Plate Dent Depth

PlateDentTest

Acceptor Charge

Dent Plate

Donor Charge

Plexiglass Gap

Gap Test

Light Source

Donor Charge

Plexiglass Gap

AcceptorCharge

Run Distance

Evaluation of Streak Record

Run Distance

Run Distance Results:„The longer the run distance,the less sensitive the HE.“

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3. Shock Loading Mechanisms

• Quasi-Static Loading: 200 ton Press

• Dynamic Loading: Cannon Firing (IMEMTS 2003)

• Dynamic Loading: Novel Shock Wave Apparatus

Page 12: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

3. Shock Loading Mechanisms

• Quasi-Static Loading: 200 ton Press

• Dynamic Loading: Cannon Firing (IMEMTS 2003)

• Dynamic Loading: Novel Shock Wave Apparatus

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Quasi-Static LoadingTDW‘s 200 ton Press

PressingConfinement

58 mm

DownstrokeRam

LowerRam

200 ton Static Press

Static shock loading with1 kbar and 4 kbar (axial loads)

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3. Shock Loading Mechanisms

• Quasi-Static Loading: 200 ton Press

• Dynamic Loading: Cannon Firing (IMEMTS 2003)

• Dynamic Loading: Novel Shock Wave Apparatus

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Dynamic LoadingCannon Firing: Lateral Impact on Concrete Target

Shot Line

Deviation

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Pre-Shocked KS22a IHE Recovered after TestDynamic shock loads atHE Nose Tip: ~ 1 kbar

Page 17: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

3. Shock Loading Mechanisms

• Quasi-Static Loading: 200 ton Press

• Dynamic Loading: Cannon Firing (IMEMTS 2003)

• Dynamic Loading: Novel Shock Wave Apparatus

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Novel Shock Wave Apparatus: Three Sizes

High-tensile steel30CrNiMo8 1500 N/mm²

Ordinary tool steel

Top viewConfinement thickness d

Detonator No. 8

HWC Booster∅ 21 x 13 mm

KS32 Donor charge∅ 80 x 50 mm

Gap steel plates∅ 100/150 x 10 mm

Steel tubewall thickness d

Steel support∅ 200 x 20 mm

Steel support∅ 200 x 100 mm

d

Small Size: d = 40 mmMedium Size: d = 50 mmLarge Size : d = 60 mm

HE Specimen (DUT)∅ 58 x 50 mm

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Calibration: Peak Pressure vs Gap Thickness

--- HULL Simulation

X Test Specimen

Steel Gap Thickness x [mm]

Peak

Pre

ssur

e [k

bar]

shock loads from5.8 kbar to12 kbar

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Shock Wave Apparatus: Test with IHE KS22aMedium Size Variant

HWC Booster

KS32 Donor Charge

Steel Gap:Thickness x = 100 mm

Casing of Specimen

Steel Support

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Shock Wave Apparatus: Parts after TestMedium Size Variant

Shock Wave Apparatus after Test KS22a Specimen

Page 22: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

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Mechanical Limit of Shock Wave LoadingKS22a Specimen after 7.5 kbar shock wave loading

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Pre-Shocked KS22a SpecimensMechanical Limit: ~ 7 kbar; Detonation: 12 kbar; (Bare: ~ 48 kbar)

D-64788

100 mm5.8 kbarintact

possible

D-64790

80 mm7.5 kbarcracks

not possible

D-64791

90 mm6.3 kbarintact

possible

D-64789

50 mm12 kbar

detonated !/

Test No.

Gap thickness Shock load Sample propertyGap Test suitab.

Page 24: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

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Gap Test with Pre-Shocked KS22a SpecimenExperimental Set up

Front View Side View

PMMA Gap

Donor Charge

Pre-ShockedKS22a Specimen

Dent Plate

Ar-balloon forbackground illumination

Page 25: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

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Test Result: KS22a Residual Parts after Gap TestMechanical Destruction due to Shock Damage

D-647706.3 kbar

D-647715.8 kbar

Page 26: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

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Reasons for Mechanical Destruction(No Detonation)

• Cracks, De-Bonding ... (reduced integrity) ofspecimen

• Starting of local reactions blew specimen apart

• No radial support in Bare Gap Test ...

• ... but Detonation within a penetrator casing to beexpected

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4. Experimental Results

Page 28: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

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TDW Gap Test: Run Distance to DetonationReference: KS33: HMX/PB 90/10 Density: 1.71 g/cc

KS22a: RDX/Al/PB 67/18/15 Density: 1.64 g/cc

Page 29: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

Page 29 2004 IM & EM Technology Symposium Nov 15 - 17, 2004 San Francisco, CA

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TDW Gap Test: Run Distance to DetonationReference: KS33: HMX/PB 90/10 Density: 1.71 g/cc

KS22a: RDX/Al/PB 67/18/15 Density: 1.64 g/cc

Page 30: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

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TDW Gap Test: Run Distance to DetonationReference: KS33: HMX/PB 90/10 Density: 1.71 g/cc

KS22a: RDX/Al/PB 67/18/15 Density: 1.64 g/cc

No experimental results of Shock Wave Apparatusloaded Specimen!

Page 31: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

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TDW Gap Test: Run Distance to DetonationReference: KS33: HMX/PB 90/10 Density: 1.71 g/cc

KS22a: RDX/Al/PB 67/18/15 Density: 1.64 g/cc

RESULT: Slight Increase in Sensitivity afterdynamic and quasi-static shock loading

Page 32: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

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Relevance of these Test Results forReal World Penetrator Applications

Shock loads of more than 1 kbarcorrespond to supersonic impactswith more than Mach 1.1 kbar

4 kbar

Mach 1

Page 33: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

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Investigations on the Structure of KS22a

Structural Investigations by

• X-Ray Refraction

• X-Ray Diffraction

• Thermal Conductivity

• Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

have been carried out by

Page 34: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

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Results: Possible Reasons for Changes ofSensitivity due to Static / Dynamic Loading

• Cracking of Grains• Mechanical De-Bonding of Matrix / Grain Interfaces• Local Reactions of RDX - Grains

Comparable Investigations by

A. Lefrancois et al. CEG (F): De-Bonding, Local Melting & Reaction Dynamic Loading: RDX based HE, ~ 4 kbar, Scaled Penetrator

P. Peterson et al. LANL (USA): Cracking of HMX Crystals Quasi-Static Loading: HMX based HE, 0.5 - 2 kbar, Press

have shown comparable results.

Page 35: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

5. Conclusion

Page 36: Sensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock …proceedings.ndia.org/5550/monday_briefings/muthig.pdfSensitivity and Structural Investigations on Shock Loaded and Quasi-Static

Page 36 2004 IM & EM Technology Symposium Nov 15 - 17, 2004 San Francisco, CA

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Observations and Conclusions

• Shock loading of HE in Supersonic Penetrators is an issue !

• Significant reduction of initiation thresholds due to radial confinement (48 → 12 kbar) observed

• Changes in sensitivity by quasi-static & dynamic shock loadings (Run Distance Tests) occured

• This does not mean that KS22a is not suited for Supersonic Penetrators to be an IM !

• Indications for defects like de-bonding and grain fracture are likely the reasons for sensitivity changes

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A MEMBER OF

EADS / TDW

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Thank you for yourpatience!

Any Questions?

Thank you for yourpatience!

Any Questions?