SOLID LIQUID GAS ْبْلْصَ ْزْاغٰ ْلِْئاسٰ...The acronym for these five main...

Chemistry: Molecules & Atoms English Qur’an With Tajweed

Correlated to State Standards

Hands on activities and crafts

Fun chemistry projects

Word for Word meanings of the Qur’an

Writing practice

Ages 6 & up!

LIQUID SOLID

سائل صلبGAS

غاز

2

Chemistry Standard 4.0 - Structure of Matter Grade 7 1. Provide evidence to support the fact that matter has observable and measure properties. a. Identify examples of matter.

English Standard 2.0 - Comprehension of Informational Text Grade 2 1. Develop comprehension skills by reading a variety of self-selected and assigned informational texts Standard 4.0 - Writing Grade 2 4.b Acquire and use new vocabulary

Islamic Studies Islamic History 1. Abu Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān

حفظ

Hef-dth (Memorization of the Qur’an) 1. Surat Al-'Ikhlāş 2. Surah Al Fatihah

Chemistry

English

Quran

3

1 Introduction to Atoms

What are atoms? Atoms are the building blocks of all life. They

make up everything we see around us, and everything we do not see.

They make up the soft downy feathers of the golden eagle, and the

frigid ice burgs that the polar bears love in the arctic.

Have you ever looked up into the sky on the darkest of nights,

and stared at the stars in the sky above? These beautiful twinkling stars

are comprised of miniscule hydrogen (H) and helium (He) atoms. In

fact the whole universe is made out of mostly hydrogen, and the stars

are so massive, that they can shine for billions of years.

What are atoms?

What are the stars made out of?

12

25

38

49

62

75

86

99

110

1 minute timed reading ~ Score the number of words read aloud correctly in one minute.

_______ / 110 _______% accuracy ________ WCPM

نجم

star

كوكبplanet

قمرصناعي

satellite

اء فضspace

4

Month:

6

Every single atom in the universe, has three subatomic particles: protons,

neutrons, and electrons. Most of the mass is located in center of atom in

a wondrous place called the nucleus, a small dense area that is home to

proton and neutron, these are collectively called the nucleons.

The nucleons consist of both the protons and neutrons. The protons (p+)

are the only subatomic particle that has a positive (p+) charge. In contrast

to the neutron (n) that has no charge whatsoever.

Whizzing around the outside of the nucleus

in an electron cloud are small subatomic

particles called electrons (e-). Every

electron is arranged in what are

called “shells” or “energy

levels”. In a neutral atom, the

number of electrons in an

atom is equal to the

number of protons.

Think of this as stuffing a

turkey. We have to put stuff into

an atom to make an atom.

Without these smaller subatomic

particles there would be nothing inside

an atom. There would be no turkey, and no

dinner.

WHAT ARE ATOMS?

electron (e-)

proton (p+)

nucleons

subatomic particles

ة ذر

نواةnucleus

بروتون

نيوترون

neutron (n)

إلكترون+ -

7

5 MAIN TYPES OF ATOMS OUR BODIES! Even our own body is made out of five

main elements. Elements is another

word for atom.

The acronym for these five main

elements is:

+

+

+

+

+

+

nucleon

CHONP This stands for:

1. Carbon

2. Hydrogen

3. Oxygen

4. Nitrogen

5. Phosphorus

Every carbon based life form needs

these five main elements.

Do not worry, by the end of this book,

this will all be as easy as apple pie to

remember.

8

WHAT TYPE OF ATOM WILL YOU CREATE?

+ -

protons neutrons electrons

subatomic particles

9

+ -


HYDROGEN ATOM

+ -


+ -

HELIUM ATOM

Choose one of the atoms you would like to create. Once you have chosen, cut out

the necessary protons, neutrons and electrons, then glue them onto the atom

template on the opposite page. Be sure to put them into their proper positions.

CHOOSE YOUR SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

10

Have you ever built a house from Legos? Every piece is interlocked

with one another, slowly, until you built the Lego up, into a model building.

You had to build up the floors, and walls before you could put the roof on.

Atoms are the same way. Without this

mass of tiny little atoms, we would not have

soft white bunnies with pink little noses, or

even small grains of colorful brown and white

sand to make sandcastles with.

Just like Legos, there are a limited

number of the type of atoms in this world, but

they are combined in various ways to make

different things.

ATOMS ARE LIKE LEGOS

This is an example of a carbon atom that exists in a rabbit or any other carbon based life form.

+

+

+

+

+

+

nucleon

carbon atom

أرنبrabbit

ذيل

tail

11

Instructions

___ Trace the words below

___ Read aloud

___ Draw an example of the

paragraph below

Title:

By:

Roughly 70% of the

universe is made out of dark energy, dark matter

makes up 25%, and only 5% of the universe is

made from atoms.

Atoms

األرضEarth

12

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

The center of the atom is

called the nucleus. The nucleus in the atom is

where you find the protons and neutrons.

Nucleus

13

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

The electrons are always

found whizzing around the nucleus in areas called

shells or orbitals.

Electrons

14

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

A proton has a positive (+)

charge, and the electron has a negative (-) charge.

The neutron is the only one without any charge.

Positive and Negative

15

Select one of the vocabulary words, and try putting it into a sentence based on what you have learned so far.

15 minute Writing Prompt Date: ___________________ Name: _______________________________________________

(noun) (adjective) PREDICATE: (verb)

Create a sentences using all of the words above.

(when or where)

hydrogen helium proton electron

+

proton electron

-

16

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

15 billion years ago, the

first and smallest kind of molecules—two hydrogen

atoms joined together. Hydrogen is the simplest

kind of atom.

Hydrogen

17

Hydrogen Atom

+

proton

The simplest atom has ONE negatively charged electron, and ONE positively charged proton.

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

Hydrogen Atoms

electron

-

18

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

A molecule is a group of

two or more atoms that stick together. For example

a water molecule is one oxygen and two hydrogen

atoms.

Molecules

ماء

water

19

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

O: OXYGEN

H: HYDROGEN

H: HYDROGEN

Cut out each of the atoms and paste

them together to create your own water

molecule. You need two hydrogen and

one oxygen atom to make water (H2O).

+

20

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

Two Atoms Or More

atom

You need a minimum of two atoms to build a molecule. To help you remember that you need a minimum of two, we are going to use the following format. You can either color in each atom, or cover it with a small sticker. Place one sticker in each side of the box. If you have two "atoms" you can create a "molecule". You can represent this by placing a larger sticker to the right of the equal sign. Cross out any of the boxes that do not have enough atoms to create a molecule. Color in the boxes that have enough atoms to create a molecule.

=

atom =

atom

atom +

atom

atom =

atom =

atom +

atom

atom =

atom

21

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

Create A Molecule

H2O

atom +

atom

atom =

2 hydrogen atoms 1 oxygen atom

H2O

Water

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

atom +

atom =

1 carbon atom 2 oxygen atoms

CO2

atom

CH4 methane

If you don’t see a number next to the symbol of the atom, this means there is only one atom. In this example, there is only one carbon atom. How many hydrogen atoms are there? _________ Use the method above to draw the amount of atoms needed to create this molecule below.

22

The first molecules formed about 300,000

years after the Big Bang, or just under 15

billion years ago. They were the smallest

kind of molecule - two hydrogen atoms

joined together. As time went on, and

supernovas from exploding stars shot out

different kinds of atoms, then different kinds

of molecules began to form and floated

around in space.

1. Put a box around the key words.

2. Underline the details that describe the key information.

3. Circle words you do not understand.

4. Write any questions below.

Active Reading Practice

WHAT WAS THE FIRST ATOM?

23

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

Some scientists believe

that when the universe was created only two elements

existed—Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He).

The Universe

24

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

The nucleus of a helium

atom has two protons and two neutrons. Around the

nucleus are two electrons whizzing around so fast it

would make your head spin.

Helium

25

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

Helium even exists inside

the massive twinkling lights in the sky we call stars.

Helium is developed by four hydrogen atoms fusing

together.

Being Squashed

26

Helium Atom

+

proton

The second most second most simple atom is the helium atom. It has TWO protons and TWO neutrons. Around the nucleus, there are two electrons. The only atom even more simple than the helium atom is the hydrogen atom.

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

Helium

electron

- +

proton

neutron

neutron

electron

-

27

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

Because helium atoms are

so tiny, they are very light. One way to see this is to

blow up two balloons. One with helium and the other

with air from your lungs.

Lighter Than Air

28

Find the following:

___ read aloud

___ underline capital letters

___ teacher: read each word and

ask the student to spell each word.

Title:

By:

Helium is very stable. It is

Helium Is Stable

so stable that scientists

use it to keep other things

from exploding! In fact, the reason it is so stable, is

29

because it is difficult for it

to combine with other

atoms into molecules.

30




(when or where)



+

proton electron

-

31




(when or where)



+

proton electron

-

32




(when or where)



+

proton electron

-

33

Vocabulary Look at each of the pictures. Say each word aloud.


+

proton electron

-

What is the Main Idea? Write the main idea for each list of words. Use the Main Idea Word Bank to help you find the main idea for each list of words.

Date: ___________________ Name: _______________________________________________

1. is lighter than air 2. can be put into balloons to make them float in the air 3. is a very stable element

1. is located at the nucleus (center) of an atom 2. has a positive charge

1. has only one proton 2. has on neutron 3. exists in stars

1. is found whizzing around the area called shells or orbital's 2. has a negative charge

34

Hydrogen Greek: “hydro - gen” (water-maker) H

He

1. Has no neutrons.

2. Most abundant element of the Universe.

3. Used in rocket fuel and fuel cells.

Helium

1 1.0

Greek: “helios” (sun) 2

4.0

1. Used in balloons, blimps and scuba diving tanks.

2. Is lighter than air.

3. Discovered in the sun in 1895 using a spectrometer.

35

2 Supernovas and Carbon

There are many amazing and wondrous things happening in the

cosmos above and the world around us. One of them is the explosive

and violent deaths of stars, which unleash a burst of mass and light

throughout the universe. These violent deaths of stars are called

“supernovas”. Nova is the Latin word for “star”.

These violent deaths occur once a century in spiral galaxies just

like our Milky Way. Every 200-300 years scientists discover a

supernova that is close and strong enough to see with the naked eye.

The last supernova seen in our galaxy was discovered in 1604.

Supernovas blaze so brightly that they can be seen at a distance

of 10 billion light years.

Nova is the Latin word for star

Frequency of supernovas

10

23

36

46

54

65

75

88

99

111

116

1 minute timed reading ~ Score the number of words read aloud correctly in one minute.

_______ / 111 _______% accuracy ________ WCPM

36

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

These massive stars are

stuffed full of mainly hydrogen and helium atoms.

But that is not all, my dear friend. When it starts to

run out of hydrogen, it

Carbon Atoms

37

begins to convert helium

atoms into carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. All of

the carbon in the universe came from these huge

blasts of rapidly expanding

outer layers of exploding

stars called supernovas.

38

TIME READING PASSAGES

Words correct per minute (WCPM). Choose a passage. Time the student when s/he reads the passage.

Example A student read a story with 148 words in 2 minutes, 55 seconds. She made 8 errors. To

determine WCPM:

1. Count the total number of words.

Example: 148

2. Count the number of mistakes.

Example: 18

3. Take the number of words minus the number of mistakes = number of words read correctly.

Example: 148-18 = 130

4. Calculate percent accuracy: number of words read correctly divided by total number of words.

Example: 130/148 = 87%

5. Convert the time it took to read the passage to seconds.

Example: 2 minutes, 55 seconds = 175 seconds

6. Convert the number of seconds to a decimal by dividing the number of seconds by 60. This is

the total reading time.

Example: 175 / 60 = 2.91

7. Divide the number of words read correctly by the total reading time in decimal form.

Example: 130 / 2.91 = 45 WCPM

39

H Hydrogen Greek: “Hydro-gen” (water-maker)

1 1.0

Has no neutrons.

Most abundant element in the universe.

Used in rocket fuel and fuel cells.

He Helium Greek: “helios” (sun)

2 4.0

Used in balloons, blimps and scuba diving tanks.

Is lighter than air.

Discovered in the sun in 1895 using a spectrometer.

Li Lithium Greek: “lithos” (stone)

3 6.9

Used in small batteries, and medicines.

Is never found by itself in nature (it is always found in a compound).

Be Beryllium from the mineral “beryl”

4 9.0

Found in emeralds.

Can be mixed with copper to make “beryllium bronze,” and alloy that will not create sparks.

B Boron from the compound “borax”

5 10.8

Used in making heat-resistant glass.

Used to make boric acid, which is used as antiseptic eye wash.

C Carbon Latin: “carbo” (charcol)

6 12.0

Diamonds, graphite, and coal are all made from carbon.

Carbon makes polymers (long chains) that are the basis of fossil fuels and plastics.

Carbon is necessary for organic molecules found in living organisms.

N Nitrogen Greek: “nitron” (the mineral saltpetre)

7 14.0

Most of the air we breathe is nitrogen.

Doctors use liquid nitrogen to treat skin conditions.

Proteins and DNA contain nitrogen.

O Oxygen Greek: “oxy-gen” (acid-maker)

8 15.9

Found in air, water, and sand.

Necessary for respiration and combustion.

The Ozone is made of pure oxygen.

F Flourine Latin: “fluere” (to flow)

9 18.9

Found in the mineral flourite.

Is put into toothpaste to fight cavities.

Used as a coolant.

41

3 Periodic Table Often you will hear the term atom or element. The term element

is often used to describe atoms with specific characteristics. There are

120 different elements. Your body is made up of billions and billions of

atoms, but you will not find more than 40 elements (types of atoms) in

your body.

When reading the periodic table, each element is arranged from

left to right and are arranged in order of their atomic number. This is

the number of protons an atom of this element contains. The number of

protons distinguishes one element from another.

Each element is located in a different period, or row. Each

element in the same row is considered to have the same atomic

orbitals. In the first row (the first period), every element has one

orbital for its electrons. All the elements in the second period have two

orbitals for their electrons. The maximum number of orbitals an

element can have is seven, which is shown in the last period.

Periodic Table Periods

Orbitals are also known as shells where electrons are located.

SOLID LIQUID GAS

On page 39, each of the elements are color coded according to their state of matter.

42

Find the following:

___ read aloud

___ underline capital letters

___ teacher: read each word and

ask the student to spell each word.

Title:

By:

The first way a supernova

Supernova

can occur is when it runs

out of fresh nuclear fuel,

there is no more pressure

43

to sustain them against

their own weight. The

central part of the star

collapses. The out layers of

the star fall in on the core,

44

then rebound outwards with

a tremendous explosion.

45

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

The second method is when matter piles up on the compressed core of an

already-dead star, known as a white dwarf, can

reach sufficient density to

Carbon Atoms

46

reach trigger a

thermonuclear explosion.

47

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

Hydrogen, oxygen, and

carbon make up 99% of the average human.

Carbons and Humans

48

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

Carbon is only created

when a star dies.

Carbon

49

Carbon Atom The second most second most simple atom is the helium atom. It has TWO protons and TWO neutrons. Around the nucleus, there are two electrons. The only atom even more simple than the helium atom is the hydrogen atom.

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

Carbon Atom

+ proton

neutron

electron

-

electron -

electron

-

electron -

electron

-

electron -

neutron

+ proton

+ proton

neutron

neutron

+ proton

neutron

neutron

+ proton

+ proton neutron

+ proton

neutron +

proton

neutron +

proton

neutron +

proton

neutron +

proton

neutron +

proton

Let us count!:

50

4 Three States of Matter There are three basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. A

solid is anything that holds a particular shape or size. A white birch

tree, the Himalayas, and the dark green grass under your feet are

examples of solids. Each of them can change their shape by force, such

as by burning a tree, erosion of the mountains, and cutting the blades of

grass.

The atoms in solids are tightly packed and do not make a lot of

movement. There is not much free space in between the particles so

there is little room for these atoms to move.

A liquid is anything that has size or volume but does not have

a shape. Liquids can be confined to cups or span great oceans. When

you pour milk into a glass, it takes the shape of the glass. If you spill it

onto the floor, it quickly takes the shape of the floor. Atoms in liquids

are not as tightly packed so they are able to travel around each other

more freely. They have no regular shape or arrangement.

Gases are harder to identify because they have no color or

shape. When you breathe in, you are filling your air with oxygen (O),

and when you breathe out, you are expelling carbon dioxide (CO2).

These atoms are moving so freely, and move at high speeds. There is a

lot of free space in between the particles so they take the shape of any

container.

There are three basic states of matter.

GAS

LIQUID

SOLIDS

صلب

سائل

غاز

51

LIQUID SOLID

سائل صلبGAS

غاز

52

5 History of Chemistry

"The first essential in chemistry is that you should perform practical

work and conduct experiments, for he who performs not practical work

nor makes experiments will never attain to the least degrees of mastery.

But you, O my son, do experiment so that you may acquire knowledge.

Scientists delight not in abundance of material; they rejoice only in the

excellence of their experimental methods." ~ Jabir Ibn Haiyan

Many years ago, in Kufa (الكوفة) Iraq (,العراق) there was a

Arabian-Muslim man by the name of Abu Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān,

often known simply as Geber. Although the precise date of his birth is

unknown, it is well known that he practiced medicine and alchemy

around 776 C.E.

As the pioneer and father of modern chemistry, he introduced

the first methods for investigating through a series of experiments. He

also perfected many scientific techniques and developed several

instruments that contributed to the field of chemistry.

The early development of chemistry was a distinct branch of

science by the Arabs, and the very name of chemistry is derived from

the Arabic word Al-kimya. Chemistry was a branch of science that was

also extensively studied and perfected among Muslim scientists.

chemistry

The name chemistry was derived from the Arabic word Al-kimya.

53

Instructions


___ Read aloud


paragraph below

Title:

By:

We are going to perform

an experiment with water. During our experiment we

will write down our observations.

The Ice Cube Experiment

54

A - solid form

HEAT ADDED

B - solid/liquid form

+ energy (melt)

- energy (freeze) C - liquid

D - liquid gas

+ energy (vaporization)

- energy (condensation) E - gas

As more heat is added, the atoms and molecules begin to move more quickly and spread apart.

Tem

pera

ture

(˚C

) PHASE DIAGRAM

+ energy (melt) + energy (vaporization)

- energy (freeze) - energy (condensation)

As the temperature drops, atoms and molecules slow down and move more slowly. They become more tightly compact to form a solid shape.

55

LETS EXPERIMENT! CAN YOU MAKE ICE?

Gather your materials:

bowl water (1 cup)

freezer

دة ماء وعاء مجم

Instructions: 1. The water molecules are currently in a liquid form. Notice how the water forms the shape of the cup. Start by pouring 1 cup of water into a bowl. Try moving the bowl or tipping it. Watch how the water maintains the shape of bowl.

2. Place the bowl filled with water, into the freezer. (Optional: If you have a thermometer, take a reading of the temperature before placing it into the freezer.)

3. Have an parental laboratory assistant assist you with placing the items into the freezer and ensure a proper readings of the thermometer.

4. Periodically check the water every 1-2 hours. What is happening to the water?

- energy (freeze)

56

A - solid form


- energy (freeze) C - liquid

Tem

pera

ture

(˚C

) PHASE DIAGRAM

What is happening? When water begins to freeze, the molecules are locked

into place in a crystal structure, and it turns into a hard solid,

or ice. The ice is hardened because unlike in liquid form, where

the individual H2O molecules are free to move about and are not

fixed in position, the molecules in ice are connected to the

molecules next to it, making it hard.

Secondly freezing is a change of state of a material or

substance, and is a physical (not a chemical) change. We also

need to mention that water expands when it freezes because of

the formation of hydrogen bonds!

HEAT DECREASED

57

part 2 CHANGE A SOLID TO LIQUID


bowl water (1 cup)

ماء وعاء

Instructions: 1. Take the bowl out of the freezer and place it atop a table or

counter.

2. What time is it? Mark the time.

3. How long does it take for the ice to melt?

clock

ساعة

Start time:

:

End time

:

58

A - solid form

B - solid/liquid form C - liquid

Tem

pera

ture

(˚C

)

PHASE DIAGRAM

HEAT ADDED

+ energy (melt)

What is happening? When heat is added during a phase change, this energy is

used to break the bonds between molecules of the substance.

Immediately after the molecular bonds in the ice are broken the

molecules begin moving more freely.

59

of frozen water

of water

molecular structure

molecular structure

molecular structure of water vapor

Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, however

this is not always the case. Scientists have found

liquid water as cold as –40 degrees F in clouds.

Most liquid contracts (or gets smaller) as they

decrease in temperature, but not water. Water

stops getting smaller at 39 degrees Fahrenheit,

then will reverse and start to expand as it gets even

colder.

Between the freezing point (32 degrees Fahrenheit)

and the boiling point (212 degrees Fahrenheit), it

water is in its liquid state.

Water evaporates and becomes a gas at its boiling

point (212 degrees Fahrenheit).

Three states of water:

60

part 3 CHANGE WATER TO VAPOR

A - solid form

HEAT ADDED


+ energy (melt)

C - liquid

D - liquid gas


E - gas

Tem

pera

ture

(˚C

)

PHASE DIAGRAM


frying pan water (1 cup)

ماء مقالةadult

(An adult laboratory assistant is needed

for this experiment.)

بالغ

61

1. Use the water from the previous experiment and direct your

adult laboratory assistant to pour the water carefully into

the frying pan. An optional step is to use a timer and mark

how much time it takes for the water molecules to vaporize.

2. Direct your assistant to place the frying pan onto the stove and

bring the water to a boil. Mark down any observations.

3. Ask them to continue to boil the water until you see steam

rising into the air.

4. What do you think is happening? Write down your thoughts

below.

Instructions:


62

6 intervals 6 intervals 4-5 intervals 2,4,6 intervals 2

With nose (ghu’nnah)

2 Silent Roll the “R” Unrest letters (Echoing Sound)

63

6 intervals 6 intervals 4-5 intervals 2,4,6 intervals 2

With nose (ghu’nnah)

2 Silent Roll the “R” Unrest letters (Echoing Sound)

64

Date: ___________________ Name: _______________________________________________

Chapter (112) sūrat l-ikhlāṣ (Sincerity)

Say,

He

(is) Allah,

the One.

(112:1)

Allah,

the Eternal, the Absolute.

(112:2)

Not (He)

begets

and not (He)

is begotten

(112:3)

(112:3) He begetteth not, nor was begotten. (112:1) Say, He is Allah, the One!

(112:2) Allah, the Eternal, the Absolute.

And not

is

for Him

equivalent

and [one]

(112:4) And there is none equivalent unto Him.

(112:4)

65

Certificate of Achievement

āş

GR07 بسم اهلل الرمحن الرحيـم

شكر و تقدير

66

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