Springer Handbook of Materials Measurement Methods

Springer Handbook of Materials Measurement Methods

vonHorst Czichos, Tetsuya Saito, Leslie E. Smith

1. Auflage

Springer 2006

Verlag C.H. Beck im Internet:www.beck.de

ISBN 978 3 540 20785 6

schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei beck-shop.de DIE FACHBUCHHANDLUNG

About the Authors 1163

Willie E. May Chapter B.4

National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST)Chemical Science and TechnologyLaboratory (CSTL)Gaithersburg, MD, USAwillie.may@nist.gov

Willie E. May obtained his B.S. from Knoxville College in 1968 and hisPh.D. from the University of Maryland in 1977. Dr. May is currentlyDirector of the Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory (CSTL).CSTL is one of the seven technical Operational Units within theNational Institute of Standards and Technology and has ≈ 325 technicalstaff members. CSTL is entrusted with the responsibility of developing,maintaining, advancing, and enabling the chemical measurement systemfor the United States of America. CSTL is organized into five Divisionsalong disciplinary lines: Biotechnology, Process Measurements, Surfaceand Microanalysis Science, Physical and Chemical Properties andAnalytical Chemistry. He has a long list of awards among which are theArthur Flemming Award for Outstanding Federal Service, 1986;NOBCChE Percy Julian Award for Outstanding Research in OrganicAnalytical Chemistry and Presidential Rank Award of MeritoriousFederal Executive, 1992, the Department of Commerce Gold Medal,1992; the American Chemical Society Distinguished Service in theAdvancement of Analytical Chemistry Award, 2001, the NOBCChEHenry Hill Award for exemplary work and leadership in the field ofchemistry, and the Science Spectrum Magazine Emerald Award, 2005.

Takashi Miyata Chapter C.7, Sect. 7.5

Nagoya UniversityDepartment of Materials Science andEngineeringNagoya, Japanmiyata@numse.nagoya-u.ac.jp

In 1972 Takashi Miyata earned his Dr.Eng. from Tokyo University. From 1972-1974he was Lecturer in the Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering and from1974-1990 Associate Professor at Nagoya University. He spent 1974–1976 as GuestResearcher at the Materialprüfungsanstalt (MPA), University of Stuttgart, Germany.From 1990 to present he is Professor in Department of Materials Science andEngineering, Nagoya University, Japan.

Hiroshi Mizubayashi Chapter B.5

University of TsukubaInstitute of Materials ScienceTsukuba, Ibaraki, Japanmizuh@ims.tsukuba.ac.jp

Hiroshi Mizubayashi is a scientist in metal physics and Professor at the College ofEngineering Sciences, University of Tskuba, Japan. He has found new phenomena inamorphous alloys associated with a collective motion of many atoms andcharacteristic mechanical properties of nanostructured metals.

Kiyofumi Muro Chapter C.11, Sect. 11.5

Chiba UniversityFaculty of Science, Department ofPhysicsChiba, Japanmuro@physics.s.chiba-u.ac.jp

Professor Kiyofumi Muro’s current research activities arespectroscopies based on fibre photonics, high sensitivity and highresolution spectroscopy based on microcavity, and terahertzspectroscopy of condensed matter with a femtosecond fibre laser. Hehas 15 years of industrial experience and more than 10 US patents in thedevelopment of diode-pumped solid-state lasers and high-power pumplasers.

Rolf-Joachim Müller Chapter D.14, Sect. 14.3

Gesellschaft für BiotechnologischeForschung mbHTU-BCEBraunschweig, Germanyrmu@gbf.de

Dr. Rolf-Joachim Müller studied chemistry at the Technical UniversityBraunschweig, Germany and made his dissertation on molecularcharacterization of high molecular synthetic polymers at the Institute ofTechnical Chemistry in Braunschweig. Since 1986, he is at the GBF,working on the characterization of biopolymers and the developmentand testing of biodegradable synthetic polymers.

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1164 About the Authors

Yoshihiko Nonomura Chapter E.22

National Institute for Materials ScienceComputational Materials Science CenterIbaraki, Japannonomura.yoshihiko@nims.go.jp

Yoshihiko Nonomura received his Ph.D. at the Graduate School of Physics, Universityof Tokyo in 1994. Then he worked on classical and quantum random spin systemsnumerically at the Tokyo Institute of Technology and RIKEN. Currently he is studyingsuperconducting vortex systems (especially effects of impurities and layeredstructures) using Monte Carlo and other numerical methods at the National Institutefor Materials Science (NIMS) since 1998.

Jürgen Nuffer Chapter D.16, Sect. 16.7

Fraunhofer Institute for StructuralDurability and System Reliability (LBF)Darmstadt, Germanyjuergen.nuffer@lbf.fraunhofer.de

Jürgen Nuffer studied Physics in Frankfurt/Main, Germany and obtained his Diplomadegree in Physics in 1997. In 2000 he received his Ph.D. in Materials Science from theUniversity of Technology Darmstadt. Since 2003 Dr. Nuffer is with the FraunhoferInstitute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) performing andcoordinating research on the reliability assessment of complex adaptronic andmechatronic systems.

Jan Obrzut Chapter C.9, Sect. 9.5

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyPolymers DivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAjan.obrzut@nist.gov

Jan Obrzut received a Ph.D. degree from Cracow Polytechnic, Poland in1981. After a postdoctoral appointment at the Polymer ScienceDepartment and Radio Astronomy Observatory, University ofMassachusetts, he joined IBM in 1988, where he conducted exploratorywork on applications of dielectric and electrooptic materials for highspeed electronics. He has been with the NIST Polymers Division since1997, where he pursues research in metrology of dielectric andnanostructured hybrid materials.

Hiroshi Ohtani Chapter E.20

Kyushu Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Materials Science andEngineeringKitakyushu, Japanohtani@matsc.kyutech.ac.jp

Professor, Hiroshi Ohtani received doctor degree from TohokuUniversity (Japan) in 1985. His research activities have beenconcentrating on the thermodynamic analysis of alloys, ceramics andother materials using the CALPHAD method and first-principlescalculations.

Kurt Osterloh Chapter D.16, Sect. 16.2

Federal Institute for Materials Researchand Testing (BAM)Division VIII.3Berlin, Germanykurt.osterloh@bam.de

After studies in chemistry and biology from 1969–1975 Dr. Osterloh received his Ph.D. in 1979. He did post-doctoral research in Munich (Germany) from 1980–1984, inHarrow/London (UK) from 1984–1986, in Mobile AL (USA) from 1986–1987, inNew York NY (USA) 1987–1989, again in Munich (Germany) from 1989–1990, hespent the years from 1990–1994 in pharmaceutical industry in Berlin (Germany).After 5 years research at the Free University of Berlin (1995–2000) and developmentof ESR spectrometry at Magnettech in Berlin (1995–2000) he joined the FederalInstitute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) in 2000 working on radiology insafety and security applications.

Michael Pantke Chapter D.14, Sect. 14.1

Federal Institute for Materials Researchand Testing (BAM)Division IV.1, Materials and EnvironmentBerlin, Germanymichael.pantke@bam.de

Michael Pantke has a Diploma in Microbiology from the Free University of Berlin. Hehas experience in recognizing causes of damage by microbial attack on organicmaterials. He does pre-normative research for developing test methods for determiningthe behaviour of plastics to microbial attack. He works in co-operation with national(DIN) and international (CEN, IEC, ISO) standardization bodies. He is coordinator ofinternational standardization activities in the field of biologically degradable plastics.

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About the Authors 1165

Karen W. Phinney Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyAnalytical Chemistry DivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAkaren.phinney@nist.gov

Karen Phinney received her Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from theUniversity of Hawaii-Manoa. She is currently a Research Chemist in theAnalytical Chemistry Division at NIST. Her research interests includechiral separations, dietary supplements, forensic analysis, and variousseparation techniques, including capillary electrophoresis andsupercritical fluid chromatography.

Rüdiger (Rudy) Plarre Chapter D.14, Sect. 14.2

Federal Institute for Materials Researchand Testing (BAM)Environmental Compatibility of MaterialsBerlin, Germanyruediger.plarre@bam.de

Rudy Plarre is head of the working group Materials Protection againstFungi and Insects. This group conducts research in the field of appliedpest control in urban environments including efficacy testing ofintegrated pest control strategies. Rudy is an entomologist by trainingand received his degree at the Free University of Berlin.

Kenneth W. Pratt Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyAnalytical Chemistry DivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAkenneth.pratt@nist.gov

Kenneth Pratt holds a Ph.D. from Iowa State University, Ames, USA. At NIST he isresponsible for research and SRM certification in electrochemical analysis(coulometry, pH, conductimetry). He is active in international metrologicalorganiztions including CCQM and IUPAC working groups. Particular researchinterests are constant-current coulometry, classical analysis, absolute measurement ofelectrolytic conductivity and primary pH metrology.

Michael H. Ramsey Chapter A.2

University of SussexDepartment of Biology andEnvironmental Science, Centre forEnvironmental ResearchBrighton, UKm.h.ramsey@sussex.ac.uk

Professor Michael H. Ramsey has published over 100 scientific papers, mainly onaspects of uncertainty in sampling and in measurement, as well as the effects of thisuncertainty on decision making. Current research projects include investigation ofuncertainty from sampling of contaminated land (DTI/CLAIRE funded) andcontaminated food (FSA funded). He is currently Chair of both the Eurachem/Eurolab/Citac/Nordtest Working Group on Uncertainty from Sampling.

Gunnar Ross Chapter C.10, Sect. 10.2

Magnet-Physik Dr. Steingroever GmbHKöln, Germanyross@magnet-physik.de

Dr.Ing. Gunnar Ross is Development and Production Manager formeasuring equipment for magnetic quantities and magnetic materialproperties. He is Head of a Calibration Laboratory for magneticquantities that is accredited in the Deutscher Kalibrierdienst (DKD).

Steffen Rudtsch Chapter C.8

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt(PTB)Dept. 7.4Berlin, Germanysteffen.rudtsch@ptb.de

Dr. Steffen Rudtsch has 12 years of experience in thermophysicalproperties measurements at the Brandenburg Technical University atCottbus. Between 1999 and 2002 he was working at thePhysikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany and at theNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA onadiabatic and differential scanning calorimetry. His current field of workis the development of a new generation of metallic, fixed points of theInternational Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) at the temperaturedepartment of PTB.

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1166 About the Authors

Lane Sander Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyChemical Science and TechnologyLaboratory, Analytical Chemistry DivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAlane.sander@nist.gov

Lane Sander attended the University of Washington and received a Ph.D. in analyticalchemistry in 1982. He is currently Leader of the Organic Chemical Metrology Group,in the Analytical Chemistry Division. Research interests include synthesis andcharacterization of novel stationary phases for liquid chromatography; elucidation ofsolute retention mechanisms; molecular modeling; and chromatographic metrology inenvironmental, clinical and food science disciplines.

Erich Santner Chapter D.13

Federal Institute for Materials Researchand Testing (BAM)Berlin, Germanyerich.santner@bam.de

Erich Santner studied physics in Berlin (Freie Universität) where he received his D.Sc.for investigations in solid state physics. In the following years he concentrated onradiation protection and nuclear fuel analysis at the Federal Institute for MaterialsResearch and Testing (BAM), intermittently working for one year as a technicalofficer in the Ministry of Economy in Bonn, Germany. He is now head of the Divisionof Tribology and Wear Protection at BAM. His current research and developmentactivities are focused on the tribology of thin hard coatings, failure analysis, and onmicro- and nanotribology.

Michele Schantz Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyAnalytical Chemistry DivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAmichele.schantz@nist.gov

Dr. Michele Schantz is a research chemist in the Analytical ChemistryDivision at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).She is currently the team leader for the gas chromatography team andhas been involved in the certification of numerous environmentalStandard Reference Materials and coordinating and participating ininterlaboratory studies for organics in marine tissue and sediment,marine mammal blubber, and PM.2.5 air particulate.

Guenter Schmitt Chapter D.14

Iserlohn University of Applied SciencesLaboratory for Corrosion ProtectionIserlohn, Germanyschmitt.g@fh-swf.de

Professor Guenter Schmitt received his Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1971from RWTH Aachen, Germany. He had professorships at Universitiesof Aachen, Bochum and Iserlohn, Germany. He is a member of majornational and international scientific societies, the past president ofGfKORR, the German Society for Corrosion Protection and Chairmanof the EFC working Group Corrosion and Scale Inhibition. He is aNACE Fellow and was awarded the Rahmel-Schwenk-Medal ofGfKORR.

Bernd Schumacher Chapter C.9, Sect. 9.2

Physikalisch-Technische BundesanstaltDepartment 2.1 DC and Low FrequencyBraunschweig, Germanybernd.schumacher@ptb.de

Dr. Bernd Schumacher received the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering in 1991from the University of Technology, Aachen, Germany. He joined thePhysikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) Braunschweig, Germany, in 1991. Heis working on measurement techniques for resistance standards. His research topicsare the quantum Hall resistance standard and resistance measurement bridges based onthe cryogenic current comparator.

Karin Schwibbert Chapter D.14, Sect. 14.6

Federal Institute for Materials Researchand Testing (BAM)Division IV.1 Materials and EnvironmentBerlin, Germanykarin.schwibbert@bam.de

Dr. Karin Schwibbert is currently a research associate for microbiology at the FederalInstitute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). She obtained her Ph.D. from theUniversity of Bonn in 1999 and continued her research at the University of Münster inthe Department of Biochemistry. Her scientific interests are in the areas of: soilmicrobiology, biodeterioration and biodegradation, and the development ofmethodologies for identification and classification of microorganisms.

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About the Authors 1167

Michael Schütze Chapter D.12

Karl-Winnacker-InstitutDECHEMA e.V.Frankfurt am Main, Germanyschuetze@dechema.de

Professor Michael Schütze earned his Dipl.Ing. in Materials Sciencefrom the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany in 1978 and hisDr.Ing. from RWTH Aachen in 1983, followed by his State Doctorate in1991. Since 1996 he is Director of DECHEMA’sKarl-Winnacker-Institut in Frankfurt/Main, Germany and has a fullprofessorship at RWTH Aachen since 1998. He was awarded theFriedrich-Wilhelm-Award (RWTH Aachen, 1991), theRahmel-Schwenk-Medal (1999). Dr. Schütze was the past chairman ofthe Gordon Research Conference on Corrosion, is Chairman of EFCWorking party and Convenor of ISO work group on high temperaturecorrosion. He has more than 200 publications, owns 18 patents and haswritten 6 books.

John Henry Scott Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.2

National Institute of Standards andTechnologySurface and Microanalysis ScienceDivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAjohnhenry.scott@nist.gov

John Henry currently works as a physicist in the MicroanalysisResearch Group at NIST in Gaithersburg, MD. His research involveschemical characterization techniques in electron beam instruments,primarily analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM), as wellas Monte Carlo simulation, correction procedures for quantitativemicroanalysis, and multivariate statistical methods.

Martin Seah Chapter B.6

National Physical LaboratoryQuality of Life DivisionTeddington, UKmartin.seah@npl.co.uk

Dr. Martin Seah is head of a research group at NPL leading work in standards formeasurements and quantification in the surface analysis techniques of Auger electronspectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, static secondary ion massspectrometry and atomic force microscopy. He is Chair of a subcommittee for ISO TC201 on Surface Chemical Analysis and set up relevant activities in the ConsultativeCommittee for Amount of Substance and in VAMAS. He is a Fellow of the Institute ofPhysics, the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining and the American VacuumSociety. He has won awards from the American Society for Metals, American VacuumSociety, Institute of Physics and International Union for Vacuum Science, Techniqueand Applications.

Masato Shimono Chapter E.17

National Institute for Materials ScienceComputational Materials Science CenterTsukuba, Japanshimono.masato@nims.go.jp

Dr. Masato Shimono is research scientist at the National Institute for MaterialsScience (NIMS), Particle Simulation and Thermodynamics Group. He is currentlyworking on projects in materials science and computational physics.

John R. Sieber Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyChemical Science and TechnologyLaboratoryGaithersburg, MD, USAjohn.sieber@nist.gov

Dr. John R. Sieber is a research chemist in the Inorganic ChemicalMetrology Group of the Analytical Chemistry Division, NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology. He specializes in X-rayfluorescence spectrometry. Dr. Sieber spent nine years in the petroleumindustry and is a member of ASTM International.

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1168 About the Authors

Franz-Georg Simon Chapter D.15, Sect. 15.1

Federal Institute for Materials Researchand Testing (BAM)Waste Treatment and RemedialEngineeringBerlin, Germanyfranz-georg.simon@bam.de

Dr. Simon studied chemistry in Frankfurt/Main (Diploma 1985) andMainz (Ph.D. 1989), Germany and gained a master’s degree in businessengineering (AKAD Zurich, Switzerland 1997). He joined the FederalInstitute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) as Head of Divisionin 1998 after working for eight year in an industrial research centre inSwitzerland. His Scientific activities encompass research on thermalwaste treatment, groundwater remediation and ecomaterials.

John Small Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.2

National Institute of Standards andTechnologySurface and Microanalysis ScienceDivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAjohn.small@nist.gov

John A. Small is the Group Leader of the Microanalysis Research Group and a SeniorResearch Chemist in the Surface and Microanalysis Science Division at the NationalInstitute for Standards and Technology (NIST). His research has focused on thequantitative chemical analysis of individual particles using X-ray microanalyticaltechniques. Recent research interests include X-ray microanalysis of nanoscaleparticles. He currently is a member of (NEHI) under the NNI, and works with the ESHworking group under the NNI-Chi CBAN.

Melody V. Smith Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyPhysical Science Technician (WEG),Biospectroscopy Group, BiochemicalScience DivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAmelody.smith@nist.gov

Melody Smith is a physical science technician who has been with the AnalyticalChemistry Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology since 1981.Before that, she was with the NBS Office of Standard Reference Materials. Her dutiesin the Biospectroscopy Group include the production and certification ofspectrophotometric Standard Reference Materials.

Petra Spitzer Chapter C.9, Sect. 9.3

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt(PTB)Dept. 3.13 Metrology in ChemistryBraunschweig, Germanypetra.spitzer@ptb.de

The emphasis of Ms. Spitzer’s work is the development and applicationof primary electrochemical methods. She is head of the working group“Metrology in Electrochemistry”at the Physikalisch-TechnischeBundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany. By education Ms.Spitzer is a physical chemist and received her diploma as chemist fromthe Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany. Before 1991 she workedon electrochemistry and adsorption at the Central Institute of PhysicalChemistry, former Academy of Science.

Ina Stephan Chapter D.14, Sect. 14.2

Federal Institute for Materials Researchand Testing (BAM)Division IV.1 Biology in MaterialsProtection and Environmental IssuesBerlin, Germanyina.stephan@bam.de

Dr. Ina Stephan has a Ph.D. in Wood Science and Technology from theUniversity of Hamburg, Germany and is head of the working group onthe resistance of materials to microorganisms at the Federal Institute forMaterials Research and Testing (BAM). Her main interests are in thetesting of materials against fungi, algae and bacteria in a meaningfulmanner and the international harmonization of test standards forbiodeterioration.

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About the Authors 1169

Stephan J. Stranick Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.2

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyDepartment of Commerce, Surface andMicroanalysis Science DivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAstranick@nist.gov

Stephan Stranick received a Ph.D. in Chemistry from The Pennsylvania StateUniversity in 1995. Stephan is currently a Research Chemist in the Chemical Scienceand Technology Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technologywhere his present research focuses on the development of novel super-resolutionprobes of surface physiochemical properties. He has published over fifty papers on thesubject and has been awarded fourteen patents associated with scanning probemicroscopies for chemical and electrical characterization. Stephan’s awards includethe American Chemical Society’s Nobel Laureate Signature Award and Arthur F.Findeis Award.

Hans-Henning Strehblow Chapter D.12

Heinrich-Heine-UniversitätInstitute of Physical ChemistryDüsseldorf, Germanyhenning@uni-duesseldorf.de

Dr. Hans-Henning Strehblow is Professor of Physical Chemistry at theHeinrich-Heine-Universität, Düssseldorf, Germany since July 1982. He studiedChemistry at Freie Universität, Berlin (1959–1964) where he also earned his Ph.D. inPhysical Chemistry (1971) as well as his State Doctorate in Physical Chemistry(1977). He is Fellow of the Electrochemical Society since 2005. His professionalInterestsare electrochemistry, corrosion, surface analysis and physical chemistry ofsurfaces.

Tetsuya Tagawa Chapter C.7, Sect. 7.5

Nagoya UniversityDepartment of Materials Science andEngineeringNagoya, Japantagawa@numse.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Tetsuya Tagawa is Associate Professor at Nagoya University since2000, where he also received his Ph.D. in 1994.

Akira Tezuka Chapter E.19

National Institute of Advanced IndustrialScience and TechnologyAdvanced Manufacturing ResearchInstituteTsukuba, Japantezuka.akira@aist.go.jp

Dr. Akira Tezuka received his Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo in1994 and started his career as a researcher at Hitachi Ltd. in 1994. Hiscurrent interests are on combined multi-scale/multi-physicscomputational mechanics with advanced modeling schemes includingadaptivity and extended-FEM with the help of parallel computing. He ismember of the Executive Council of the Japan Society forComputational Engineering and Science and member of the GeneralCouncil of the International Association of Computational Mechanics.

Yo Tomota Chapter C.7, Sect. 7.4

Ibaraki UniversityDepartment of Materials Science, Facultyof EngineeringHitachi, Japantomota@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp

Professor Yo Tomota’s current research topics include neutron diffraction studies ofphase transformation, microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior ofecomaterials. The development of environmentally compatible materials, so called“ecomaterials”are his concern for realizing a sustainable human society. ThereforeProfessor Tomota is studying material flow and recycling, ecomaterials design etc.Nanostructure analysis using neutron diffraction is a powerful tool to developnanocrystalline ecomaterials and to study the deformation and fracture of materials.

John Travis Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyAnalytical Chemistry Division (Retired)Gaithersburg, MD, USAjohn.travis@nist.gov

John Travis joined NBS/NIST after earning his Ph.D. in physics from the Universityof Texas in 1967. His research generated over 85 papers in Mössbauer spectroscopy,applications of tunable lasers to chemical analysis, Fourier transform spectroscopy,atomic emission and molecular absorption spectrometry. He retired in October of2004, becoming an Emeritus Scientist pursuing intrinsic standards for molecularabsorption spectrometry.

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1170 About the Authors

Gregory C. Turk Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyAnalytical Chemistry DivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAturk@nist.gov

Dr. Gregory C. Turk is leader of the Inorganic Chemical MetrologyGroup at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, where hehas worked in the area of spectrochemistry since 1976. His researchbackground includes the use of laser spectroscopy for trace metalanalysis, including the development of Laser Enhanced IonizationSpectrometry. Present research includes the development of improvedstrategies for instrument calibration in spectrochemical analysis. Hereceived his Ph.D. degree from the University of Maryland.

Thomas Vetter Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST)Analytical Chemistry DivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAthomas.vetter@nist.gov

Thomas Vetter is an inorganic analytical chemist at NIST. Over the past20 years at NIST he has assayed major constituents in numerousStandard Reference Materials by gravimetry coupled with instrumentaltechniques and by gravimetric titrimetry. In addition, over the past 10years, he has promoted a step-wise quantification of measurementuncertainty to improve measurement quality.

Andrew Wallard Chapter A.1

Pavillon de BreteuilBureau International des Poids Et MesuresSèvres, Franceawallard@bipm.org

Professor Wallard has been Director of the BIOPM since January 2004. The BIPM’stask is to ensure uniformity of measurements world-wide and has interests in physics,engineering, chemistry, laboratory medicine and other areas in which traceablemeasurement is important.

Joachim Wecker Chapter C.10

Siemens AGCorporate TechnologyErlangen, Germanyjoachim.wecker@siemens.com

Dr. Joachim Wecker is Senior Principal Research Scientist and Project Manager atSiemens, Erlangen, Germany. He earned his Ph.D. in Physics from the University ofGöttingen. Previous and current field of work are hard and soft magnetic materials,superconductors, thin film magnetic and organic electronic devices. Dr. Wecker ismember of the advisory board of the German Materials Society, DGM and theMagnetism section of the German Physical Society.

Wolfhard Wegscheider Chapter A.2

Montanuniversität LeobenGeneral and Analytical ChemistryLeoben, Austriawegschei@unileoben.ac.at

Wolfhard Wegscheider is Professor of General and AnalyticalChemistry at the University of Leoben, Austria. He received hiseducation from the Graz University of Technology majoring inTechnical Chemistry with a specialisation in Biochemistry and FoodChemistry. As Fulbright Scholar he worked in Denver, CO, mainly onenergy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Much of hisresearch centers on the development of chemometric procedures foranalytical chemical problems. Professor Wegscheider is member ofseveral learned societies, past chairman of CITAC and EURACHEM,has cooperation on International Traceability in Analytical Chemistry,Austrian Delegate to EURACHEM where he is member of theExecutive Committee, of the Working Group on Education andTraining, of the Working Group on Measurement Uncertainty andTraceability, and of the Working Group Analytical Quality Assurance atUniversities. Currently he serves as Vice-President of the AustrianSociety of Analytical Chemistry – ASAC. He is a consultant to theAustrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment andWater Management and a lead auditor in the Austrian Accreditation ofLaboratories.

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About the Authors 1171

Alois Wehrstedt Chapter C.7, Sect. 7.3, Appendix

DIN Deutsches Institut für NormungNormenausschuss Materialprüfung (NMP)Berlin, Germanyalois.wehrstedt@din.de

Alois Wehrstedt studied materials science at the Technical UniversityDresden, Germany. He is manager of the department for materialstesting at the Central Institute for Solid State Physics and MaterialScience in Dresden. Since 1989 he worked in the StandardizationCommittee for Materials Testing (NMP) of the German Institute forStandardization in Berlin for which he is the manager since 2005. Since1994 he is the secretary of the international standardization committeeISO/TC 164/SC 3 Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials.

Michael Welch Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyGaithersburg, MD, USAmichael.welch@nist.gov

Dr. Welch received a Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from Arizona State University in1976 and has been at the National Institute of Standards and Technology since 1978.His research interests focus on development of mass spectrometry based referencemethods and standard reference materials for organic analytes in blood, drugs of abusein urine, hair, and other matrices, and nutrients in foods.

Ulf Wickström Chapter D.15, Sect. 15.3

SP Swedish National Testing and ResearchInstituteDepartment of Fire TechnologyBorås, Swedenulf.wickstrom@sp.se

Professor Ulf Wickström is heading the department of fire technology at the SwedishNational Testing and Research Institute (SP). The department has a staff of about 50involved in fire testing and research and is one of the leading laboratories of its kind inthe world. Professor Wickström has a Ph.D. from the Lund University of Technology(1979) in fire technology, a Master of Science from University of California (1977),Berkeley. Professor Wickström’s special scientific interest is heat transfer analysis ofstructures exposed to fire where he has published several scientific papers. Amongother things he has developed the computer code TASEF for calculating temperaturein fire exposed concrete and steel structures.

Sheldon M. Wiederhorn Chapter C.7, Sect. 7.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyMaterials Science and EngineeringLaboratoryGaithersburg, MD, USAsheldon.wiederhorn@nist.gov

Sheldon M. Wiederhorn received his B.S. degree in 1956 fromColumbia University and his Ph.D. degree in 1960 from the Universityof Illinois. He joined the National Institute of Standards and Technologyin 1963, where he developed methods for quantifying subcritical crackgrowth in glasses and ceramics. He was elected a member of theNational Academy of Engineering in 1991.

Scott Wight Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.2

National Insitute of Standards andTechnologySurface and Microanalysis ScienceDivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAscott.wight@nist.gov

Scott Wight is a Research Chemist in the Surface and MicroanalysisScience Division at NIST. Scott received his B.S. in Chemistry fromState University of New York, Plattsburgh in 1986 and a MS inanalytical-nuclear-environmental chemistry from the University ofMaryland in 1989. His current research is in Auger electronspectroscopy and he is active in ASTM E42 and ISO TC 201committees for surface analysis.

Michael Winchester Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyAnalytical Chemistry DivisionGaithersburg, MD, USAmrw@nist.gov

Dr. Michael Winchester has been a Research Chemist at NIST for over fifteen years(first two years as a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow). His researchfocuses mainly on plasma source atomic spectroscopy. He is also involved in theproduction and certification of Standard Reference Materials. Dr. Winchester earnedthe Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from Clemson University in 1990.

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1172 About the Authors

Noboru Yamada Chapter C.11, Sect. 11.6

Matsushita Electric Industrial Company,Ltd.Optical Media Group, Storage MediaSysytems Development CenterMoriguchi, Japanyamada.noboru@jp.panasonic.com

Dr. Noboru Yamada graduated from Kyoto University and entered the CentralResearch Laboratory of Matsushita Electric in 1974. He first found an epoch-makingphase-change in GeTe−Sb2Te3in 1987 and developed DVD-RAM media in 1998. Heobtained his Ph.D. in engineering from Kyoto University in 2001 and received theMatsushita science prize in 2001 and 24th JJAP Paper Award from the Japan AppliedPhysics Society in 2002.

Rolf Zeisler Chapter B.4, Sect. 4.1

National Institute of Standards andTechnologyAnalytical Chemistry DivisionGaithersburg, MD, USArolf.zeisler@nist.gov

Dr. Rolf Zeisler joined NIST in 1978 with his degree from the TechnicalUniversity, Munich, Germany (1974) on instrumental neutron activationanalyses of tissues and their application to investigations of metallosis.Activation analysis formed the core of his research, expanding thetechnique’s applications in the life sciences and in chemical metrology.Post doctoral studies at Texas A&M University, assignment to the IAEALaboratories, Austria, and many collaborations allowed him to explorethe various forms of nuclear based analysis.

Uwe Zscherpel Chapter D.16, Sect. 16.2

Federal Institute for Materials Researchand Testing (BAM)Division “NDT – Radiological Methods”Berlin, Germanyuwez@bam.de

Dr. Uwe Zscherpel received his Ph.D. from the University of Leipzig,Germany, on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of zeolites. In1992 he changed to non-destructive testing and since 1996 he is head ofthe working group “Digital Radiology and Image Analysis”at theFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin,Germany. His area of expertise is digital image processing in industrialradiology, including NDT film digitization, digital image analysis,pattern recognition and digital reference catalogues for weldings andcastings. Additional working fields are new radiographic imagedetectors such as imaging plates and digital detector arrays forindustrial applications, standardization and reliability.

Adolf Zschunke Chapter A.2

Leipzig, Germanyzschunke35@aol.com

Adolf Zschunke was head of the department Analytical Chemistry; ReferenceMaterials at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) andProfessor of Analytical Chemistry at the Humboldt-University in Berlin, Germany. Hewas chairman of the international working group on Reference Materials ofEURACHEM, EUROLAB, EUROMET and EA. He retired in 2002. He is stillmember of Executive Committee of EURACHEM.

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