Study on Qualitative Booklet-Revised10June2017 · 2017. 12. 6. · Study on Qualitative and...

Study on Qualitative and Quantitative Survey of Invasive Species in Dehradun District

H.B. Naithani Rakesh ShahS.S. Rasaily

UTTARAKHAND BIODIVERSITY BOARD108, Phase-II, Vasant Vihar,

Dehradun-248006

mRrjk[k.M tSofofo/krk cksMZUTTARAKHAND BIODIVERSITY BOARD

Study on Qualitative and Quantitative Survey of Invasive Species in Dehradun District© 2017, Uttarakhand Biodiversity Board

Photo CourtesyRakesh Shah and H.B. Naithani

Published and Printed byUttarakhand Biodiversity Board, 108, Phase-II, Vasant Vihar, Dehradun-248006Telefax: 0135-2769886Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.sbb.uk.gov.in

F O R E W O R D

An invasive species is a fl oral or faunal species that is not native to a specifi c location and has a tendency to spread to an extent that to cause damages not only to the ecology and environment but also to human health and economy. In nature all species compete for survival and try to establish its tribes but the invasive species has specifi c traits that makes them to out compete with other species. The common traits include fast growth, rapid reproduction, and high seed dispersal ability, ability to adjust with changing conditions, tolerance to wide range of environmental and ecological conditions, long seed viability and high germination percent.

The non-native or invasive species are added to the existing community either through natural range extension or as a result of human activity. Most of the time invasive species are threat to our environment because they can change habitats and alter ecosystem function and ecosystem services, crowd out or replace native species, and damage human activities and costing the economy huge amount of fi nancial losses.

In Uttarakhand also the problem due to invasive species is very high and are spreading at an alarming rate. Government is trying hard to counter the spread and establishment of the invasive species but till to date the results are not very encouraging. Considering the importance of the subject, Uttarakhand Biodiversity Board mounted a study to know the status, spread and number of invasive species in Dehradun district.

The “Study on Qualitative and Quantitative Survey of Invasive Species in Dehradun District” is a timely one and an important contribution in the fi eld of environment and ecology. Uttarakhand Biodiversity Board extends a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. H.B. Naithani, Dr. Rakesh Shah and Shri S.S. Rasaily for this endeavour. I am sure this study will be of great use to all those who are dealing with the fl oral diversity and facing the problems posed by invasive plant species.

Rakesh Shah

mRrjk[k.M tSofofo/krk cksMZUTTARAKHAND BIODIVERSITY BOARD

108@AA] olUr fogkj] nsgjknwu] mÙkjk[k.MnwjHkk"k@QSDl% 0135&2769886108/II, Vasant Vihar, DehradunTelefax: 0135-2769886Email: [email protected]: www.sbb.uk.gov.in

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vè;{k]mÙkjk[k.M tSo fofo/krk cksMZDr. Rakesh Shah, IFSChairmanUttarakhand Biodiversity [email protected]

C O N T E N T S

Foreword .............. iii

Lists of photographs .............. vii

Introduction .............. 1

What are the attributes of a successful weed ? .............. 1

Classifi cation of weeds based on their place origin .............. 2

Classifi cation based on life forms .............. 5

Based on their habitat preference, weed are classifi ed as .............. 5

Impact of Invasive weeds .............. 6

Positive Role Weeds Play in Ecosystem .............. 8

Common Methods of Weed Control .............. 8

Control Measures Undertaken for Major Invasive Species in India .............. 9

Lantana camara .............. 10

Parthenium hysterophorus .............. 11

Eichornia crassipes .............. 13

Ipomoea carnea .............. 14

Alternanthera philoxeroides .............. 14

Hyptis suaveolens .............. 14

Cuscutta spp. .............. 14

Methodology .............. 15

Ageratum conyzoides .............. 15

Dehra Dun .............. 16

Site No. 1. Khattapani Dourwala Near Dudhli, Dehra Dun .............. 17

Site No. 2. Nauka Bridge, Clement Town, River Side, Dehra Dun .............. 21

Site No. 3. Between Suakholi and Buranskhanda, Mussoorie Hills .............. 24

Site No. 4. Tons River site, Rt. Bank, Near Thadiyar, Chakrata, Dehra Dun .............. 26

Site No. 5. Left Bank, Tons River Thadiyar, Chakrata, Dehra Dun .............. 29

Site No. 6. Above Power House, Khodri, Dakpathar, Dehra Dun .............. 31

Site No. 7. Left Bank, Tons River, Echari Dam site between Koti & Kawanu, Dehra Dun .............. 34

Site No. 8. Kunao Chour, Rishikesh, Dehra Dun .............. 37

Site No. 9. Kunao Chour, Rishikesh, Dehra Dun .............. 40

Site No. 10. Kalamati Forest Raipur, Dehra Dun .............. 42

Site No. 11. Asarori Block, Compartment No. 11(A), Dehra Dun .............. 45

Site No. 12. Balindawala Sal Forest, Ramghar, Dehra Dun .............. 47

Site No. 13. Asan Barrage, Dehra Dun .............. 50

Table : 14. List of Invasive Alien Plants Species in India .............. 52

Table:15. List of Invasive Species by ICFRE .............. 58

Table: 16. Invasive Species of Uttarakhand .............. 60

Systematic Enumeration of Invasive Species in Dehradun district .............. 69

References .............. 101

L I S T S O F P H O T O G R A P H S

Acacia farnesiana ..............................................69

Achyrahthes aspera ..........................................70

Ageratum conyzoides ......................................70

Alternanthera philoxeroides ...........................71

Alternanthera sessilis ........................................71

Alternanthera tenella .......................................72

Antigonum leptopus .........................................72

Argemone mexicana ........................................73

Argemone ochroleuca ......................................74

Bidens pilosa ......................................................74

Cannabis sativa ................................................75

Cassia occidentalis ...........................................75

Cassia pumila ....................................................76

Cassia tora ..........................................................77

Chenopodium album .......................................77

Chenopodium ambrosioides ..........................78

Cleome viscosa ..................................................78

Corchorus aestuans .........................................79

Cuscuta reflexa ................................................. 79

Echinochloa colona .........................................80

Eichhornia crassipes .........................................80

Emilia sonchifolia ..............................................81

Eupatorium adenophorum ............................81

Euphorbia heterophylla ...................................82

Euphorbia hirta .................................................83

Evolvulus nummularius ...................................83

Galinsoga parviflora ....................................... 84

Gomphrena celosioides ...................................84

Gnaphalium pensylvanicum ..........................85

Hyptis suaveolens .............................................85

Impatiens balsamina .......................................86

Imperata cylindrica ..........................................86

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. ssp. fistulosa ........... 87

Lantana camara ...............................................87

Malvastrum coromandelianum ...................88

Mimosa pudica .................................................88

Nicotiana plumbaginifolia .............................89

Oxalis corniculata .............................................89

Parthenium hysterophorus ............................90

Peperomia pellucida .........................................90

Peristrophe paniculata ....................................91

Physalis minima .................................................91

Pilea microphylla ...............................................92

Pistia stratiotes ...................................................92

Sida acuta ...........................................................93

Solanum nigrum ................................................93

Solanum hispidum ............................................94

Solanum torvum ................................................94

Solanum viarum ................................................95

Spermacoce pusilla ..........................................96

Stevia ovata .......................................................96

Tridex procumbens ...........................................97

Triumfetta rhomboidea ..................................97

Typha angustata ...............................................98

Urena lobata ......................................................98

Xanthium indicum ...........................................99

I N T R O D U C T I O N

India occupies only 2.4% of the world’s land area and contributes about 8% to the world,s species diversity. The described number of species on earth is estimated to be 1.75 million, of which more than have been described in India (Mandal, 2011). Nearly 60% of India’s bio-wealth is contributed by the fungi and insects (Khoshoo, 1996). As mega diversity country, India harbors 45,000 wild plant species and about 90,000 animal species in less than 50% geographical region surveyed so far (MoEF, 2008). In India, 18000 plant species, 30 mammal species, 4 bird species, and over 300 fi sh species are alien (Pimentel et al., 2001). About 40% of the Indian fl ora is alien, of which 25% are Invasive Alien Species (IAS) (Raghubanshi et al., 2005).

Weed is the generic word for green plants growing in a spot where it is not wanted or desired. Some weeds are also achlorophyllous and parasitic viz. Cuscuta. Weeds complete with the benefi cial and desired vegetation in crop lands, forests, aquatic systems etc. and poses great problem in non-cropped areas like industrial sites, road/rall lines, air fi elds, landscape plantings, water tanks and water ways etc.

What are the attributes of a successful weed?a. Most weeds are non-palatable and are largely avoided by herbivours.

b. Germinates and survives in a wide range of environmental and edaphic conditions.

c. Most produce seeds with long viability that is internally controlled for discontinuous germination which helps in survival of the species in adverse conditions.

d. Rapid growth through vegetative phase to fl owering.

e. Self-compatibility but not complete autogamy or apomixy.

f. Cross-pollination, when it occurs, by unspecialized visitors or wind.

g. Very high seed output even during unavourable environmental conditions; tolerance and plasticity.

h. Adaptations for both short-distance and long-distance dispersal.

i. If perennial, vigorous vegetative reproduction or regeneration from fragments.

j. If perennial, brittleness, so as not to be drawn from the ground easily.

2 Study on Qualitative and Quantitative Survey of Invasive Species in Dehradun District

k. Ability to compete interspecifi cally by special means (rosettes, choking growth, allelochemicals etc.).

l. Higher tolerance to fi re, drought, grazing or adverse environmental or edaphic conditions.

Classi� cation of Weeds based on their place of origini) Native Weeds: The native weeds in any particular area of interest are those,

which arrive, establish, and survive there with or without human induced causes. Native weeds have generally adapted and evolved with the competing species, herbivours, insects and diseases of an area over many thousands of years. They are therefore generally in reasonable ecological balance with their associates and competitors, and have pests, predators, or diseases that limit their abundance and have adapted to the geography, hydrology and climate of the region and to other species of plants and animals inhabiting the region. Despite being obnoxious and undesirable to humans, weeds do have some role to play in the native ecosystem as it is the case for most living organism that have evolved and survived together.

ii) Non-native Weeds: Non-native weeds are plants that have been introduced into an ecosystem in which they did not evolve in. Pest, predators and diseases that provide checks and balances to the population of any plant or animal species evolve and exist in the same ecosystem. However, when a non-native weed species arrives at an alien site, they tend to proliferate and suppress the native fl ora and fauna due to the absence of any pest, predators and diseases that normally provide checks and balances

Some of the non-native weeds are introduced deliberately as ornamental plants while others are introduced accidentally through food grains, seeds or carried by animals and birds during migration or while being transported from one country to the other.

a) Aliens: As mega diversity country, India harbors 45,000 wild plant species. About 40% of the India's fl ora are alien, of which 25% are invasive alien species (Raghubanshi et al., 2005). An invasive alien is defi ned under the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity.

(The Rio Convention) as a species, subspecies or lower taxon, that move from one geographical region to another, where they establish, proliferate, and persist. Several terms such as introduced, nonnative, nonindigenous, exotic, alien, or invative alien have been applied to species. The threat to biodiversity due to invasive alien species is considered second only to that of habitat destruction. These species cause loss of

Study on Qualitative and Quantitative Survey of Invasive Species in Dehradun District 3

biodiversity including species extinctions, and changes in hydrology and ecosystem function, which may cause changes in soil structure, its profi le, decomposition, nutrient content and moisture etc. These are either deliberate or accidentally introduced from one country into another.

Mikania micrantha, Prosopis julifl ora, Cabomba caroliniana and Salvania molesta are worth mentioning aliens. Invasive alien weeds are Lantana camara, Eupatorium odoratum, Eichhornia crassipes, Opuntia dillenii, Mimosa pudica, Lippia geminata, and Jatropha gossypifolia, (Viraktamath, 2002). Parthenium hysterophorus, Phlaris minor, (Diwakar, 2003), Eupatorium glandulosum, Ulex europalus, Acacia mearnsii, Cytisus scorparius, Opuntia vulgaris, Prosopis chilensis, Euphorbia royleana (Srivastava and Singh, 2009) are also invasive. Two prominent invasive alien plants in India are Eupatorium odoratum and Lantana camara among the World’s worst invasive.

Other invasive Neotropical establishments in India are Mikania micrantha and Parthenium hysterophorus. Recent past, Mimosa invasia has rapidly expanded its range in the Western Ghats and Assam.

Bruhl (1908) probably was the fi rst who reported the introduction foreign weeds in India. Later Biswas (1934) stated that Eichhornia crassipes of these, Croton sparcifl orus, Eupatorium odoratum and Lantana camara within a fairly short period has become such a menace to cultivation that question were raised in a local Legislative Councils to fi nd out means for their control and eradication. Chatterjee (1947) stated that 38% of foreign plants have naturalized in India. Maheshwar (1962) stated that about 40% of the fl owering plants are foreign and naturalized in various part of country.

As regards the number of invasive aliens in India, Reddy (2008) reported 173 species in 117 genera and under 44 families, representing 1% of the Indian fl ora (Table-13). Tropical American region (with 128 species) contribute the greatest number (74%) followed by tropical, African (11%). The other regions, which contribute minority, are Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil, East India, Europe, Medagascar, Mascarene Islands, Mediterranean, Mexico, Peru, Temperate South America, Trop. West Asia, West Indies and Western Europe. Habit wise, herbs with 151 species (87.3%) predominate followed by shrubs (14), climbers (5) and trees (3). Of the 44 families, Asteraceae is the most dominate family with 33 species. Among the 173 species, majority are generalists found in all kind of systems viz. forests, crop land, waste land, plantation, gardens and roadsides. The 33 species are wetland invaders.

Some of the species like Echinochloa crus-galli, Lagascea mollis, Lantana camara and Parthenium hysterophorus have allelopathic eff ect and harmful to natural plant population Singh et al., (2010).


In a study conducted by Singh et al., (2010), in Uttar Pradesh, 152 species distributed in 109 genera about 43 families were recorded as invasive aliens in which Tropical American accounts 62.5% ; tropical Africa and South America 10.5% each and Europe 3.3%.

Negi and Hajra (2007) recorded 674 woody species from Doon Valley, Uttarakhand of these, 308 woody taxa have been mentioned as exotic and 128 herbaceous species as alien.

Sekar (2012) reported that 190 species of invasive aliens are distributed in 112 genera under 47 families from Indian Himalayan region. Later Sekar et al., (2012) in a study reported 163 invasive aliens under 105 genera, belonging to 46 families from Uttarakhand Himalayan. This study has reported family Fabaceae to be one among the largest family of alien fl ora of Uttarakhand; perhaps the potential of nitrogen fi xing capacity has helped them to colonize vacant niches. 96% species are found below 1000 m altitude. Only three species i.e. Cuscuta refl exa, Eupatorium adenophorum and Solanum nigrum are found more or less above 1000 m.

Sekar et al., (2012) while publishing invasive alien plants of Uttarakhand probably overlooked a publication i.e. Naithani and Shah (2009) in which Stevia ovata, an American plant has been reported as invasive in Mussoorie hills of Uttarakhand.

Very recently Singh et al., (2013), after three years of extensive exploration and study of invasive species, recorded 120 important alien species from Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh. The contribution of tropical American including South America was 74.17%. The cause of presence of Tropical American plant is that the South Pacifi c Ocean is dotted with thousands of islands all the way from tropical America to South Asia. These islands act as stepping stones and facilitate dispersal. It is well known that most of the exotic weeds and other colonists that have found a foothold in India are from South America and in comparison similar plants from Africa, Australia and elsewhere are far less. This may be explained by the fact that the number of islands in the Indian Ocean is poor as compared to the large number of islands in the Pacifi c (Sahni and Naithani, 1974).

Last fi ve years author (HBN) has observed that Chenopodium album is playing a role of an invasive species in Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. It is very common on roadsides attaining a height 1-1.5m on in rainy season replacing Parthenium in many places. Regarding the height of the plant, Maheshwari (1963) stated that in Chenopodium album (some abnormal specimens) can attain a height of 3 m or more.

b) Exotics: These are non-native species introduces from one country into another and maintained by human interventions. For example, Bougainvillea.


Classi� cation based on life forms

Based on their cycle weeds can be broadly classifi ed as:

iii) Annuals: Those weeds, which complete their life cycle within a season/year and propagate by seeds. These annuals are sub-divided according to the season of prevalence. For example, Cassia tora is a monsoon annual weed.

iv) Biennials: Those weeds, which complete their life-cycle within two years. They may propagate either by seeds or vegetative parts or by both. Biennials generally do not come up in annual crop fi elds but they infest perennial crop fi elds, pastures, lawns and orchards. For example, Parthenium is a biennial weed.

v) Perennials: Those weeds live for three or more years and produce seeds more than once in their life cycle. They may propagate by seeds, vegetative parts or both. Lantata and Eupatorium (Chromolaena) are perennial weeds.

Based on their habitat preference, weeds are classi� ed as:i) Agrestals: Weeds of agricultural systems, e.g. weeds of cereal/root crops,

orchards, gardens, plantations

ii) Ruderals: Weeds of waste/human disturbed sites (ruderal sites). e.g. weeds of roadsides, railway lines, ditches

iii) Grassland Weeds: Weeds of pasture, meadows, lawns

iv) Aquatic Weeds: Weeds that occur in water systems

v) Forestry Weeds: Those that are found in tree nurseries, aff orestation sites

vi) Environmental Weeds: Environmental weeds are plants that grow in environments where they are not wanted and in natural landscapes they can out-compete indigenous species. This aff ects the balance of the entire ecosystem by reducing biodiversity, taking away vital food sources and habitat for native insects, birdlife and fauna.

vii) Dryland Weeds: Those weeds that are hardly with deep tap root system and thrive with a little moisture.

Noxious weeds: The term noxious weed is now used for those weeds that are diffi cult to manage. These typically are invasive species that may be diffi cult to control, or may be health hazard to humans or stock animals or wildlife, or may be otherwise detrimental to an environmental. Typically these plant species have been defi ned as noxious by legislation or government regulation. Regulations make it an off ence to cultivate, transplant, or disseminate the seeds of declared noxious weeds.


Although the Giant Hogweed (Heraculeum mantegazzianum) has been categorised as a noxious weed not only because it is diffi cult to manage in places where it has been introduced but also because it exudes a watery sap that renders the skin sensitive to ultraviolet rays resulting in burns.

Parthenium locally called Congress grass or Carrot-weed was fi rst reported from Maharashtra, India in 1951. It is one such species in India that cause skin allergy in humans. It is one among the top seven weeds which causes contact dermatitis and eczema, even deaths were reported due to the exhaustion by itching from a prolonged disease (Bennet et al., 1978).

Impact of Invasive weeds a. Damage to wildlife habitats, grasslands, agricultural lands, aquatic ecosystems:

Weeds cause irrecoverable damage to wildlife habitats, grasslands, agricultural lands, aquatic ecosystems etc. Weeds such as Lantana, Parthenium, Ipomoea, Mikania micrantha, Casia tora etc. suppress natural growth of all palatable and useful species of local vegetation thereby drastically reducing the ability of the habitat to support local faunal assemblage.

b. Negatively impacts the ability of an ecosystem to provide ecosystem services: By suppressing the local vegetation, weeds disrupt the natural energy fl ow by breaking some important links in the food chain in an eco-system thereby negatively aff ecting the ability of an ecosystem to provide ecosystem services.

c. May cause displacement of threatened, endangered and rare species from their preferred habitat leading to their local extinction: Drastic and unfamiliar changes brought about by weeds in the edaphic conditions and microclimate of a particular habitat most often results in displacement of threatened, endangered and rare species from their preferred habitat leading to their local extinction.

d. Most weeds are known to have detrimental impact on the soil quality and moisture regime of an area: Most weeds have evolved to take advantage of adverse conditions to proliferate and in the process; they are known to adversely aff ect the nutritional quality and moisture regime of the soil.

e. Some weeds are known to promote or intensify soil erosion: Some weeds like Lantana, Eupatorium etc. promote or intensify soil erosion.

f. Disrupt waterfowl and neo-tropical migratory bird fl ight patterns and nesting habitats:

g. Causes highly detrimental impact on the life cycle of ground dwelling birds, animals and amphibians: Some weeds like Parthenium severely aff ect the breeding, nesting and foraging ability of ground dwelling birds by forming a thick blanket of lifeless and unsupportive ground cover on the forest fl oor. Likewise,


the life cycle and survival of other ground dwelling mamals, amphibians and reptiles are also severely aff ected. Even arboreal birds are not spared as they are often forced to fl y longer distances over vast landscape covered with weeds to forage, severely limiting the survival of their broods.

h. Economic impacts: Economic costs due to invasive species can be separated into direct due to production loss in agriculture and forestry, and management costs of invasive species. Estimated damage and control cost of invasive species in the US alone amount to more than $ 138 billion annually. (Anon. 2006).

i. Impact on agriculture: The losses caused by weeds exceed the losses caused by any other category of agricultural pests. Of the total annual loss in agriculture produce, weeds account for 45%, insect 30%, disease 20% and other pests 5%. Globally, weeds are considered to be the most important biotic restriction to crop production.

j. Impact on forestry: The unintentional introduction of forest pest species and plant pathogens can change forest ecology and negatively impact ecology. The Asian long-horned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) was fi rst introduced into the US in 1996 and is expected to infect and damage millions of acres of hardwood tree. $30 million have already been spent in attempts to eradicate this pest and protect millions of trees in the aff ected regions. The chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) and Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma ulmi) are two plant pathogens with serious impacts on forest health. Lantana, Mikania and Eupatorium (Chromolaena) are major invasive species in forests of India and other tropical countries these species have degraded forest ecosystems across the country.

k. Impact on tourism and recreation: Invasive species can have impacts on recreational activities as fi shing, hiking, wildlife viewing, and water-based recreation. They negatively aff ect a wide array of environmental attributes that are important to support recreation, including but not limited to water quality and quantity, plant and animal diversity, and species abundance. Aquatic invasive species such as hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), Salvinia and water hyacinth aff ect water-based recreation by impeding human access, interfering with the operation of boats and fi shing lines, lowering water quality, and negatively altering aquatic ecosystems, including the abundance and diversity of fi shes.

Many alien species support our farming and forestry systems in a big way. However, some of the alien species become invasive when they are introduced deliberately or unintentionally outside their natural habitats into new areas where they express the capability to establish, invade and outcompete native species. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) defi nes Alien Invasive species as an alien species which becomes established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems or habitat, an agent of change, and threatens native biological diversity. These invasives


are widely distributed in all kinds of ecosystems throughout the world, and include all categories of living organisms.

Positive Role Weeds Play in Ecosystem

The major role the weeds play in ecosystem is the sustenance of pollinators like bees, moths, butterfl ies etc. Pollination is a free Ecological service off ered by nature, which needs to be conserved and sustainably managed. 90% pollination is mediated by biotic means while only 10% is mediated by abiotic means. Globally over 2,00,000 angiosperm species are depended on nearly 1,00,000 other species for pollination. These pollinators plays a signifi cant role in shaping and sustaining both wild and domesticated diversity on Earth and contribute to the integrity of ecosystem. Presence of pollinators determines the productivity, fruit and crop availability and their quality. Scientifi cally it has been established that weeds provide fl owers, pollens and food to insect pollinators from March to December thereby sustains the population of insect pollinators, which intern does the critical ecological service of pollination. Therefore, while deciding the fate of weeds, their ecological importance also needs to be kept in mind.

Common Methods of Weed Control

Mechanical: Mechanical control involves hoes, cultivators, harrows, rotary weeders, discs, ploughs, scythes, mowers and so on. With these tools, the weeds are physically lifted from the soil, cut off or buried. This method also involves physically uprooting the whole plant and then left to dry before being burnt, buried etc.

Chemical: This is one of the most common methods employed for control of FIS. Most chemical are species specifi c though their use is not always desirable due to environmental degradation and Pollution that they often cause.

Tillage: Tillage helps in the burial of most small annual weeds. If all growing points are buried, most annual weeds get killed. Tillage also disturbs the rooting system of most of the perennial weeds. The root system is cut enough so that the plant dies from desiccation before it can re-establish its roots. In moist soils if it rains soon after tillage, the roots may quickly re-establish themselves. In eff ect one may transplant the weed with little or no injury. Mowing is eff ective on tall growing plants. Tall annual weeds are mowed or scythed to reduce competition with crop plants and to prevent seed production.

Crop Competition: Crop competition is one of the cheapest and most useful methods farmers can use. Often it means using the best crop production methods so favorable to the crop that weeds are crowded out. Actually competition makes full use of one of the oldest laws of nature “Survival of the fi ttest”. Weeds compete with crop plants for light, soil moisture, soil nutrients and Carbon dioxide. One mustard plant (weed) requires twice as much Nitrogen and Phosphorus, four times as much Potassium, and


four times as much water as a well developed oat plant. Early weed competition usually reduces crop yields far more than late season weedy growth. Therefore early weed control is extremely important. Late weed growth may not seriously reduce yields, but it makes harvesting diffi cult, reduces crop quality, and reinfests the land with seeds and harbours insects and diseases.

In planning a control programme, it is important to know the weed’s life cycle. Possibly the cycle can be interrupted with an easy but very eff ective control. In crop production, this may be a shift in planting date or a well-timed chemical spray; thus the crop gets the upper hand or competitive advantage.

Smothering with plastics, tar, paper, straw, saw dust or any other similar material is largely a matter of competition for light. Most weed seedlings cannot penetrate the thick coverings and are killed due to lack of light.

Crop Rotation: Certain weeds are more common in some crops than in others. Besides the annual weeds, for the parasitic weeds such as Striga in sorghum and Orabanche in tobacco, the hosts should be the crop grown. Rotation of crops is an effi cient way to reduce weed growth. A good rotation for weed control usually includes strong competitive crops grown in each part of the rotation. In growing mixed crops as in the tropics, the weed problem is eliminated to a greater extent in most of the irrigated crops.

Biological Control: In biological weed control, a ‘natural enemy’ of the plant is used which is harmless to desired plants. Insects or disease organisms are usual natural enemies. Also parasitic plants, selective grazing by livestock and highly competitive replacement plants are other forms of biological control. The outstanding example of biological weed control is the one on Cactus (Opuntia spp.) with a Moth Borer Cactoblastic cactorum and or Lantana camara with several kinds of caterpillars and a fl y, which damages the berries. Researches have located and tested numerous biological agents against Parthenium weed. These have included a gall forming moth, leaf minor, weevil, beetles and a trust fungus.

For eff ective management of invasive species, knowledge about their ecology, morphology, phenology, reproductive biology, physiology and phytochemistry is essential.

A study conducted in Himachal Pradesh, in Northwest Himalaya revealed the exotic invasive species viz. Ageratum conyzoides, Parthenium hysterophorus and Lantana camara have caused havoc on native species, particularly in the lower and middle regions including Shiwaliks (Kohli et al., 2004 & 2009).

Control Measures Undertaken for Major Invasive Species in India

Weeds are no strangers to man. They have been there ever since human started to cultivate crops about 10,000 B.C. and recognized as a problem. Similarly the concept of weed control is also as old as agriculture.


Lantana camara

Lantana camara: One of the ten worst weeds of the world, native of Tropical America. It was introduced in India as an ornamental during AD 1809-1810 (Raghubanshi et al., 2005).

Biological control: A survey of the natural enemies of Lantana camara yielded 148 species of insects but only Lantanophaga (Platyptilia) pusillidactyla (pterophorid) was of some importance. However, L. pusillidactyla has a number of natural enemies, which impaired its eff ectiveness. A polyphagus scale insect viz. Orthezia insignis (Brown) has been recorded suppressing the Lantana population in many parts, but it cannot be used as it attacks a number of economically important forest trees.

Another insect Teleonemia scrupulosa was imported from Australia in 1941 by Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. After host specifi city tests, the insect was declared unsafe owing to its feeding on Teak (Tectona grandis), a valuable timber tree hence the whole culture was destroyed in 1943. However, in 1951 it was recorded from Dehra Dun and the subsequent surveys showed its presence up to the distance of 40 km from the point of the escape. It was further reported to kill Lantana in Bhimtal, Nainital, UP (now Uttarakhand). In 1976, Teleonemia scrupulosa was reported infesting Lantana at various locations in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu States, although no case of complete death was recorded. Subsequent observations have also known that inspite of defolition by this insect the plants were not killed. According to Sharma (1998) T. scrupulosa, released from Lantana control failed since it could not cope with vigorous re-growth of Lantana at the onset of monsoon rains or the control agent itself reff ered heavy mortality during winter. For biological suppression of Lantana, Diastema tigris Guenee, Saliba (Syngamia) haemorrhoidalis Guenee and Uroplata girardi Pic. (origin: Mexico) have also been introduced. Similarly Epinotia lantanae (Busck) has established in certain pockets of South India. E.lantanae in combination with Octotoma lantanae aff ects 95% of the fruits of Lantana in Banglore.

Chemical Control: Various attempts viz. mechanical, culture, biological and chemical for control and eradication of weed have been tried in the past. All these methods have proved costly and partly successful. To eradicate Lantana a series of experiments with diff erent chemicals were conducted. The experiment was conducted by R.C. Ghosh et al., during 1978 at Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. Twenty fi ve treatments comprising of diff erent concentrations of weedicides namely Tordon 10 K, Torton 22k, Brush Killer 64, Weedone concentrate 48 and 2,4, 5-T 20 percent Amine were tried in split plot design with three replications for eradication. It was found from the results that application of diff erent concentrations i.e. 10 lit/ ha, 5 lit/ ha and 3 lit/ha of Tordon 22 k and 10 kg/ ha of Tordon 10 k completely killed Lantana weed followed by Tondon 155 @ 10 lit/ ha and Brush Killer 64 @ 10 lit/ha. Tondon 22 K @ 3,5,10 lit/ha, Tordon


10 K @ 10 Kg/ ha Tordon 155 @ 10 lit/ ha recommended. The research fi ndings were implemented in the various forest types of India and in plantations.

Manual Control: The Forest Operation Unit of Silviculture Division FRI has developed a series of tools for mechanical eradication of Lantana. The tools were Stalk Puller (Light and Heavy duty). The uprooting of Lantana by these tools was found to be effi cient and economical with involvement of less labour. Various forest offi cials of the country were trained in handling of the tools.

Methodology of ‘Cut-Root Stock Method’ of Lantana Eradication and Removal developed by Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), Delhi University:

Detailed studies on morphology, anatomy and ecology of Lantana camara carried out by CEMDE, lead to the development of a highly successful and easy- to implement of ‘Cut-Root Stock Method’ for eradication of Lantana. In this method the plants are cut below the root-shoot transition zone below which coppicing and regeneration doesn’t happen. A slight modifi cation of the locally available ‘kudal’ to be highly eff ect for cutting. The cut plants and thickets are then upturned and subsequently burned after drying. CEMDE and Corbett Tiger Reserve management have been able to eradicate several hector completely. Lantana infested areas at Jhirna, Laldhang and Dhikala, Uttarakhand. The same method was also eff ectively adopted by Rajaji National Park for Lantana control.

Parthenium hysterophorus

Parthenium (Carrot weed) is another invasive species causing serious problem for the almost all crops. It has spread to alarming proportions in India and is threatening human and cattle life.

Biological control: During the last few years much emphasis has been given to control parthenium through various biological agents like pathogens, insects and plants.

i) By pathogens

In India, some pathogens have been reported to attack Parthenium. A leaf spot disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporiode (Penz.) was recorded in 1976. In 1979, a few plants of Parthenium were found in the stage of advanced wilting in Tamilnadu caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Powdery mildew caused by Oidium parthenii was reported in 1981, in Hyderabad. Selerotium rolfsii Sacc. was observed causing wilting and death of Parthenium plants in Dharwad, in the year 1984.


Fusarium oxporum and Rhizoctonia solani were evaluated. Both the pathogens were found eff ective, causing severe infection and signifi cant damage to the weed. They could obtain 90-95% and 35-40% mortality or Parthenium seedlings in greenhouse and fi eld trial.

In 1997, it was reported that Fusarium pallido-roseum (Cooke) Sacc. caused the reduction in the seed germination, seedling vigour and height of plants, number of branches and number of fl owers. Spray of Trichoderma viride Pers. could also reduce the growth of Parthenium.

ii) By insects

Indigenous Insects

Many insects like, mealy bugs, aphids and grasshoppers have been reported feeding on Parthenium as an alternate host. A stem boring scolytid beetel, Hypothenamus erudistus was reported to cause widespread damage to Parthenium in 1979. Oberea spp. has also been found to kill this weed signifi cantly. Severe attack of a cerambycid Leptrocentrus taurus (F) and a scale insect Orthezia insignis (Brown) were reported from Mysore and Bangalore, respectively.

Exotic Insects

In 1983 a Chrysomelid beetel Zygogramma bicolorata was imported from Mexico. Both the larvae and adults caused severe defoliation of Parthenium and encouraged the growth of vegetation formerly suppressed by this weed. The beetle has spread in Haryana, Punjab, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Himachal Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.

iii) By Plants

In Dharwad and Belgaun district of Karnataka where Parthenium grow gregariously have been gradually and eff ectively invaded by Cassia sericea a native of tropical South America, particularly West Indies and Brahmas (Syamasundar and Mahadevappa, 1986). Abutilon indicum (G.Don) was found to reduce 52% of the population of Parthenium. In Jabalpur, suppression of Parthenium by marigold showed encouraging results in 1999. Cassia unifl ora Mill a native of Tropical America forest reported in 1979 from Bijapur district of Karnataka. Now with this short span of 3 decades, this weed has abundantly spread to many parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra and at places even replacing Parthenium (Rao and Sagar, 2013).

Manual Control: Recently, Silviculture Division, F.R.I. has conducted experiments on preparation of compost from Parthenium weed. The compost was prepared by Barkley


& Indore process and it was proved to be successful in eradicating carrot weed from the area.

Chemical Control: The following chemicals were tried to eradicate Parthenium

i) Gramoxone: Parthenium can be killed by application of 2-3 litres/ha.

ii) 2-4 D Ethyl Easter: The chemical spray @ 0.2% in water proved to be the best treatment for killing of carrot weed. This application proved to be most eff ective.

iii) Ammonium Sulphate

Control by Utilization: Parthenium has been well documented for its insecticidal, nematicidal and herbicidal properties and biogas production. It increases the rate of decomposition of cow dung. Methane production is possible from Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) treated Parthenium. According to Singh and Garg (2014), Some villagers and Tharus medicine men of Deoria, Gorakhpur and Kushinagar districts of Uttar Pradesh collect 2-3 mature leaves of P. hysterophorous L., pound them with one dry fruit of Piper longum L. and prepare one tablespoon juicy extract of this mixture. The extract is taken twice a day before meal for relief from joints pain, especially the knees. The leaves are taken from young vegetative plant and above formulation is taken for about one month. The same practice was also observed in some villages around Valmiki Tiger Reserve, West Champaran and Siwan districts of Bihar by Tharus tribe and other inhabitants of this area.

Parthenium can be potentially used for paper making. Das et al., (1985) stated that the tender stems of Parthenium hysterophorus can be utilized for raising Pleurotus sajor caju mushroom. It contains lactone parthenin, one of the major toxin in Parthenium, which can be utilized for control of several weeds like, pistia, water hyacinth, Salvinia molesta.

Eichornia crassipe

Biological Control: Biological control eff orts were initiated in 1982 when two curculionid weevils Neochentia eichhorniae and N. bruchi and galumnid mite Orthogalumna terebrantis of Argentinean origin, were imported from USA.

The results of the studies conducted in Bangalore indicate that with sustained eff orts biological control of water hyacinth can be achieved throughout the country. With this in view over 1,30,000 weevils have already been supplied to 15 states. The most spectacular results have been achieved within four years by releasing 12,000 adults of N. eichhorniae and 5,500 adults of N. bruchi in the 286 sq.km Loktak lake in Manipur, 75% of which was infested by water hyacinth. During 1999, the Project Director of Biological Control, Bangalore released over 0.3 million weevils and 0.8 million mites in Bhindawas lake (Haryana) for the management of water hyacinth.


In 1987 N. eichhorniae and N. bruchi were release over a period of three years in an 8 ha tank at Nacharam in Hyderabad. Ninty eight percent reduction in the density of water hyacinth was recorded.

Neochentia eichhorniae and N. bruchiwere were released through 28, 545 weevil infested plants at Ramgarh lake near Gorakhpur (U.P) in 1988. In 1989, the weevils has spread throughout the 688 ha Ramgarh lake (44.92 individuals / plant) and complete defoliation was achieved. The ratio of N. eichhorniae and N. bruchiwere 5:1.

Chemical Control: Diquat, 2, 4-D, paraquat, temephos and phentoate are relatively safe to the curculionids N. eichhorniae and N. bruchiwere and could be used in integrated management of water hyacinth.

Ipomoea carnea

Chemical Control: Some recommended packages for the management of I.carnea are foliar spray of 2, 4-D Na salt 0.2%+urea 0.1%+ soap oil ml/l of water on weeds and then removal and burning of dried weeds, manual and mechanical removal of grown up plants in channels during summer and decomposing Ipomoea plants and used as organic manure.

Alternanthera philoxeroides

Biological Control: An indigenous turtle beetel (Cassida sp. Nr. enervis Boh) was found to severely attack this weed at Jabalpur and adjoining areas.

Chemical Control: 2, 4-D, glyphosate and metsulfuron-methyl were found eff ective against alligator weed in aquatic and terrestrial situations.

Hyptis suaveolens

Chemical control: Use an overall spray of amine or ester 2, 4-D spot spraying where applicable. All sprays should be applied before fl owering begins. Other herbicides such as dicamba, clopyralid and picloram based mixtures also are eff ective but more expensive.

Cuscuta SPP.

Chemical Control: Herbicides like, pendimethalian, paraquat, lower doses of glyphosate, pronamide, imazaquim and trifl uralin may provide only partial control of cuscuta. Further research to identify more promising and appropriate selective herbicide formulations to control dodder (Cuscuta spp.) in diff erent fi elds.


Ageratum conyzoides

Ageratum conyzoides introduced from Tropical America, expanded at an alarming rate especially in agricultural fi elds, along foothpaths, roadsides and in gardens of heavy peat content. Its dominance in fi re burn areas make it denizen of India (Negi and Hajra, 2007).

In India, plant protection is the joint responsibility of both the Central and State Governments. India has a multiagency, multidepartmental, multidisciplinary and multiprogramme approach for pest management including invasive alien species. India lacks a regional policy although it needs it at a regional and national level (Mandal, 2011).

M E T H O D O L O G Y

Ecological study of the vegetation includes the investigation of species composition and the sociological interactions of the species in communities (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974). It lays emphasis on study of species association, development, geographic distribution and environmental relationships of plant communities. Their interactions among diff erent plants and between plants and their environment result in the outcome of diff erent vegetation types in diff erent areas. The quantitative relationship between rare and profusely growing species is an important structural property of a community.

The present study was conducted in June-July 2015 in subtropical and temperate forests of Dehradun district for the study of invasive species. Nested quadrates techniques were used for the sampling of the vegetation. The size and number of quadrates needed were determined using the species area curve (Misra, 1968) and the running mean method (Kershaw, 1973). Summarization of previously used methods and recommendations led to the use of more than ten (10×10m) quadrates have been laid out for sampling the tree stratum and 1×1m quadrates for Herbs, grasses and seedlings of tree species. The shrub species and saplings were sampled by using 3 ×3 m sample plots or quadrates. The enumeration of the vegetation in each of the quadrate was done by measuring dbh individually in case of woody vegetation and collar diameter in case of Herbs and grasses, with the help of tree caliper and electronic digital caliper. In case of grasses and sedges, each erect shoot is considered to a plant tiller and the enumeration was done by lying 1×1m quadrates at random, further subdivided into 10×10 cm segments. Four such segments selected at random were analyzed from each quadrate by counting the tillers individually as per method Singh and Yadava (1974).


D E H R A D U N

Geographically Doon Valley is located in Uttarakhand between longitude 77o 30’ to 78o 20’ and latitude 30o 5 ‘ to 30o 35’ . More presisely, this is a longitudinal synclinal valley with the river Ganga on the east and Yamuna in the west. Northern and southern boundaries are formed by high peaks of Mussoorie and Shivalik ranges respectively. Its length is 100 kms and width varies 20-25 kms cover and area of 2250 sq. km. The valley provides one with fertile land for agriculture.

The valley has a monsoon climate. Arrival precipitation (average based on more than 100 years data) is 2170 mm, out of which 1895 mm falls in monsoon month i.e. June to September. Pre-monsoon summer is dry and hot. The average maximum temperature is about 38o C (highest 43o C) In winter through day time temperature rarely reaches 20o C, minimum recorded during night is just around freezing point (lowest minimum recorded is 2o C). Many rivers of the valley carry water only in the rainy season; otherwise they remain dry with their boundary beds.

Being a hilly area, it is well provided with woods and forests of great variety as well as places of scenic beauty of which Mussoorie is the best known as the “Queen of Hills”. The valley abounds with a large numbers of natural springs that are located in diff erent altitudes and are scattered in various parks of the valley.

Invasive species included in this report is based on the publications viz. Reddy (2008), ICFRE (2005) and Sekhar et al. (2012). The detail vegetative analysis and distribution of invasive species (mentioned in bold letters) diff erent sites of Dehra Dun district are given here under:


S I T E N O . 1

Khattapani Dourwala Near Dudhli, Dehra Dun(N 30º 13’ 22.3” E 78º 02’ 24.8” Alt. 542 m)

Floristic attributes of vegetation i.e. Trees, shrubs and herbs of the Khattapani Dourawala near Dudhli, Dehra Dun are presented in the Table 1. Seven tree species making a total density of 100 trees ha-1. The density of tree species varies from 10 trees ha-1 to 20 trees ha-1. Highest density was shown by Syzygium cumini, Litsea monopetala and Mallotus philippensis (each 20 trees ha-1). The minimum density of 10 trees ha-1 was recorded by Trewia nudifl ora, Bischofi a javanica, Ficus hispida and Solanum erianthum.

Seventeen shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest density of Cannabis sativa and Urtica parvifl ora (4667 individuals ha-1 each), followed by Ipomoea carnea (1333 individuals ha-1), Solanum torvum (889 individuals ha-1), Clerodendrum viscosum and Solanum viarum (778 individuals ha-1 each), Pogostemon benghalensis (556 individuals ha-1), Lantana camara (444 ha-1), Ricinus communis (333 individuals ha-1), Ficus hispida, Vallaris solanacea, Adhatoda vasica, Solanum erianthum, Solanum hispidum (222 individuals ha-1 each). Minimum density 111 individuals ha-1 was recorded by Morus australis, Buddleja asiatica and Cordia dichotoma.

Forty two herb species including six grasses and a sedge have been recorded in this site, Cynodon dactylon (44000 individuals ha-1) followed by Parthenium hysterophorus (38000 individuals ha-1). Cannabis sativa (19000 individuals ha-1), Alternanthera tenella and Argemone ochroleuca (16000 individuals ha-1 each), Nasturtium offi cinale, Argemone mexicana, Echinochloa colona (8000 individuals ha-1 each), Solanum nigrum (7000 individuals ha-1), grass Digitaria ciliaris and Ageratum conyzoides (6000 individuals ha-1), another grass Polypogon monspeliensis (4000 individuals ha-1). Other invasives recorded in this site recorded density by Chenopodium album, Alternanthera sessilis and Gomphrena celosoides (3000 individuals ha-1), Chenopodium ambrosioides (2000 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 1000 individuals recorded by Solanum hispidum, Amaranthus spinosus, Cassia occidentalis and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia.

Dominance and ecological of a species is expressed as a single value in term of Importance value Index (IVI). This index utilized parameters viz frequency, density and dominance of basal area. High IVI value of a species indicates its high regeneration capacity and greater ecological amplitude. Among tree species Syzygium cumini showed highest IVI (92.37) followed by Litsea monopetala (56.74), Mallotus philippensis (44.18), Bischofi a javanica (31.87), Trewia nudifl ora (26.25). Minimum IVI (21.48) recorded by Solanum erianthum.


Among shrubs highest IVI (62.04) recorded by Ipomoea carnea, followed by Cannabis sativa (57.05), Urtica parvifl ora (50.26), Solanum torvum (20.69), Solanum viarum (18.98), Lantana camara (13.47), Pogostemon benghalensis (8.06), Ricinus communis (7.78), Adhatoda vasica (6.06). Minimum IVI (4.76) recorded by Buddleja asiatica.

Among herbaceous species highest IVI (59.40) recorded by Parthenium hysterophorus followed by a grass Cynodon dactylon (27.99), Cannabis sativa (23.40), Argemone ochroleuca (20.97), Alternanthera tenella (19.04), Argemone mexicana (16.41), Solanum nigrum (8.57), Ageratum conyzoides (8.02), Eichhornia crassipes (6.26), Mimosa pudica (5.86), Solanum torvum (5.68), Chenopodium album (5.25), Nasturtium offi cinale (5.23), Polygonum barbatum (4.83), grasses Echinochloa colona (4.76), Pogostemon benghalensis (4.59), grasses Digitaria ciliaris (4.32) and Polypogon monopeliensis (4.39), Boerhavia diff usa (4.29), Alternanthera sessilis (4.02), Chenopodium ambrosioides (3.98), Salvia plebeia (3.86), Circium argyracanthum (3.83), Ricinus communis (3.54), Amaranthus spinosus (3.22), Gomphrena celosoides (2.98), sedge Mariscus paniceus (2.60), Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (2.45), Commelina benghalensis (2.40), Adhatoda vasica (2.35), grass Eleusine indica (2.31), Paspalum vaginatum (2.23), Polygonum plebium (2.13), other invasives viz. Cassia occidentalis (1.95), Xanthium indicum (1.83), Galinsoga parvi� ora and Solanum hispidum (1.81 each) and Oxalis corniculata (1.68).

Table 1: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb layers in Last point of submergence of Khattapani Dourwala near Dudhli.

S.No. Tree density (T/ha.)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Syzygium cuminii 20 20 0.43 92.372. Litsea monopetala 20 20 0.12 56.743. Trewia nudifl ora 10 10 0.04 26.254. Bischofi a javanica 10 10 0.09 31.875. Mallotus philippensis 20 10 0.11 44.186. Ficus hispida 10 10 0.05 27.117. Solanum erianthum 10 10 0.00 21.48

100 90 0.86 300.00

S.No. Shrub density (S/ha)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Solanum torvum 889 40 1.93 20.692. Urtica parvifl ora 4667 10 13.23 50.263. Ficus hispida 222 10 0.30 4.934. Clerodendrum viscosum 778 30 0.98 15.585. Cannabis sativa 4667 30 13.63 57.056. Pogostemon benghalensis 556 10 1.07 8.067. Ricinus communis 333 10 1.90 7.78



Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

8. Solanum viarum 778 40 1.18 18.989. Vallaris solanacea 222 10 0.60 5.33

10. Morus australis 111 10 0.78 4.8811. Buddleja asiatica 111 10 0.69 4.7612. Adhatoda vasica 222 10 1.14 6.0613. Cordia dichotoma 111 10 1.43 5.7514. Solanum erianthum 222 10 1.38 6.3815. Lantana camara 444 30 0.97 13.4716. Ipomoea carnea 1333 40 30.65 62.0417. *Solanum hispidum 222 10 2.60 8.02

15889 320 74.49 300.00

*Sekhar (2012)

S.No. Herbs density (H/ha)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Solanum torvum 2000 10 0.14 5.682. Cannabis sativa 19000 50 0.35 23.403. Pogostemon benghalensis 2000 10 0.10 4.594. Parthenium hysterophorus 38000 90 1.24 59.405. Argemone mexicana 8000 40 0.31 16.416. Boerhavia diff usa 3000 20 0.02 4.297. Cynodon dactylon (G) 44000 50 0.12 27.998. Chenopodium album 3000 20 0.06 5.259. Alternanthera tenella 16000 60 0.18 19.04

10. Adhatoda vasica 2000 10 0.01 2.3511. Circium argyracanthum 1000 10 0.08 3.8312. Digitaria ciliaris (G) 6000 10 0.02 4.3213. Alternanthera sessilis 3000 10 0.06 4.0214. Eichhornia crassipes 2000 10 0.16 6.2615. Mariscus paniceus (S) 1000 10 0.04 2.6016. Nasturtium offi cinale 8000 10 0.02 5.2317. Ageratum conyzoides 6000 20 0.11 8.0218. Argemone ochroleuca 16000 50 0.31 20.9719. Solanum nigrum 7000 30 0.07 8.5720. Amaranthes viridis 2000 10 0.05 3.3021. Commelina benghalensis 2000 10 0.01 2.4022. Eleusine indica (G) 2000 10 0.01 2.3123. Oxalis corniculata 1000 10 0.00 1.6824. Polygonum barbatum 4000 20 0.02 4.8325. Echinochloa colona (G) 8000 10 0.00 4.7626. Mimosa pudica 4000 30 0.02 5.86



Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

27. Xanthium indicum 1000 10 0.01 1.8328. Polypogon monopeliensis (G) 4000 20 0.01 4.3929. Polygonum plebium 2000 10 0.00 2.13

30. Solanum hispidum 1000 10 0.01 1.8131. Cassia tora 1000 10 0.01 1.9532. Broussonetia papyrifera 1000 10 0.02 2.0933. Galinsoga parvi� ora 1000 10 0.01 1.8134. Ricinus communis 2000 20 0.01 3.5435. Amaranthus spinosus 1000 10 0.06 3.2236. Gomphrena celosoides 3000 10 0.02 2.9837. Paspalum vaginatum (G) 2000 10 0.01 2.2338. Cassia occidentalis 1000 10 0.01 1.9539. Salvia plebeia 2000 10 0.07 3.8640. Chenopodium ambrosioides 2000 10 0.07 3.9841. Nicotiana plumbaginifolia 1000 10 0.03 2.4542. Cythaocline lyrata 1000 10 0.03 2.39

236000 800 3.9 300.0


S I T E - 2

NAUKA BRIDGE, CLEMENT TOWN, RIVER SIDE, DEHRA DUN(N 30o 14' 22.3" E 78o 02' 30.1" Alt. 563 m)

Floristic attributes of vegetation i.e. Trees, shrubs and herbs of the Nauka Bridge, Clement Town, Dehra Dun are presented in Table-2. No trees were found in area, presented in Table 2. Fourteen shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest dendity of Alocasia indica (3667 individuals ha-1), followed by Ipomoea carnea (1111 individuals ha-1), Lantana camara (889 individuals ha-1), Pogostemon benghalensis (778 individuals ha-1), and Solanum viarum (556 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 111 individuals ha-1 was recorded by Rubus niveus, Buddleja asiatica and Ficus rumphii.

Thirty herb species including three grasses, two sedges and two lower plants have been recorded in this site with Alternanthera philoxeroides (234000 individuals ha-1), followed by a grass Paspalum vaginatum (195000 individuals ha-1), Marselia quadrifolia (103000 individuals ha-1), Commelina paludosa (27000 individuals ha-1), Ageratum conyzoides (21000 individuals ha-1), Parthenium hysterophorus (20000 individuals ha-1), sedge Kyllinga nemoralis (19000 individuals ha-1), Polygonum barbatum (18000 individuals ha-1), Eichhornia crassipes (17000 individuals ha-1), Eupatorium adenophorum and Euphorbia hirta (15000 individuals ha-1 each), Other invasive viz Bidens biternata and Alternanthera sessilis (10000 individuals ha-1 each), Pistia stratiotes (8000 individuals ha-1), Pilea microphylla (7000 individuals ha-1), Xanthium indicum (6000 individuals ha-1), Alternanthera tenella and Mimosa pudica (2000 individuals ha-1 each). Minimum density 1000 individuals ha-1 recorded by Boehmeria macrophylla and Lindenbergia macrostachya each.

Among shrub species Alocasia indica showed highest IVI (144.93) followed by Solanum torvum (27.67), Ipomoea carnea (22.83), Lantana camara (22.77), Pogostemon benghalensis (15.16), Ficus hispida (13.21). Minimum IVI (4.55) recorded by Rubus niveus.

Among herbaceous species highest IVI (71.71) recorded by Alternanthera philoxeroides, followed by Eichhornia crassipes (35.59), grass Paspalum vaginatum (33.45), Marsilia quadrifolia (17.03), Commelina paludosa (13.36), Pistia stratiotes (12.61). Other invasive IVI viz. Parthenium hysterophorus (11.63), Ageratum conyzoides (10.93), Xanthium indicum (8.05), Alternanthera sessilis (6.19), Bidens pilosa (5.78), Euphorbia hirta (3.55), Mimosa pudica (2.27), Alternanthera tenella, (1.74). Minimum IVI was recorded by Lindenbergia macrostachya (1.69).


Table 2: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb layers Nauka Bridge Clement Town River side.

S.No. Shrub density (S / ha.)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Lantana camara 889 30 3.45 22.772. Woodfordia fruticosa 333 20 0.31 10.443. Alocasia indica 3667 50 87.28 144.934. Pogostemon benghalensis 778 20 0.43 15.165. Solanum torvum 1000 50 0.63 27.676. Ipomoea carnea 1111 30 1.29 22.837. Thespesia lampus 222 10 0.19 5.838. Mallotus philippensis 111 10 0.13 4.629. Solanum viarum 556 20 0.52 12.96

10. Buddleja asiatica 111 10 0.14 4.6311. Ficus rumphii 111 10 0.19 4.6812. Boehmeria macrophylla 222 10 0.10 5.7413. Ficus hispida 444 20 1.88 13.2114. Rubus niveus 111 10 0.07 4.55

9667 300 96.62 300.00

S.No. Herbs density(H/ha.)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Eichhornia crassipes 17000 40 1.74 35.59

2. Alternanthera philoxeroides 234000 90 1.84 71.71

3. Bidens pilosa 10000 20 0.11 5.78

4. Ageratum conyzoides 21000 50 0.09 10.93

5. Parthenium hysterophorus 20000 50 0.14 11.63

6. Spilanthes acmella 12000 40 0.25 11.00

7. Lindenbergia macrostachya 1000 10 0.01 1.69

8. Commelina paludosa 27000 50 0.19 13.36

9. Xanthium indicum 6000 30 0.20 8.05

10. Eupatorium adenophorum 15000 30 0.05 6.77

11. Paspalum vaginatum (G) 195000 40 0.20 33.45

12. Kyllinga nemoralis (S) 19000 20 0.02 5.54

13. *Alternanthera sessilis 10000 30 0.05 6.19

14. Enhydra fl uctuans 3000 20 0.02 3.39

15. Digitaria ciliaris (G) 7000 10 0.01 2.44

16. Mimosa pudica 2000 10 0.04 2.27

17. Euphorbia hirta 15000 10 0.02 3.55

18. Maricus paniceus (S) 6000 20 0.18 6.32



Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

19. Cassia occidentalis 2000 10 0.01 1.83

20. Polygonum barbatum 18000 20 0.22 8.64

21. Equsetum arvensis 4000 10 0.01 2.05

22. Pistia stratiotes 8000 30 0.47 12.61

23. Nasturtium offi cinale 10000 10 0.03 3.15

24. Marsilia quadrifolia 103000 20 0.07 17.03

25. *Pilea microphylla 7000 10 0.01 2.44

26. Colocasia esculenta 1000 10 0.18 4.39

27. Arthraxon lancifolius (G) 8000 10 0.03 2.87

28. Alternanthera tenella 2000 10 0.01 1.74

29. Boehmeria macrophylla 1000 10 0.02 1.82

30. Chenopodium ambrosoides 2000 10 0.01 1.78

786000 730 6.2 300.0

*Sekher et al., 2012


S I T E - 3

BETWEEN SUAKHOLI AND BURANSKHANDA. MUSSOORIE HILLS(N30o 26' 53.4" E 78o 10' 42.6" Alt. 2117 m)

Floristic attributes of vegetation i.e. Between Suakholi and Buranskhanda are presented in the Table 3. Three tree species making a total density of 1200 trees ha-1. The density of tree species varies from 100 trees to 700 trees ha-1. Highest density was shown by Quercus fl oribunda (700 trees ha-1), Cupressus arizonica (400 trees ha-1) and Quercus leucotriphora (100 trees ha-1).

Six shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest density of Berberis lycium (1333 individuals ha-1), followed by Berberis chitria (556 ha-1), Rubus ellipticus (444 individuals ha-1), Coraria nepalensis (333 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 111 individuals ha-1 recorded by Cotoneaster macrophylla and Rosa brunonii.

Thirty herb species including a grass, three ground orchids and a pteredophyte have been recorded in this site with the invasive Stevia ovata (419000 indivuals ha-1), Erigeron karvinskianus (34000 individuals ha-1), Eupatorium adenophorum (21000 individuals ha-1), and a pteredophyte Cheilanthes farinosa (18000 individuals ha-1), Oxalis corniculata records density (2000 individuals ha-1). Minimum density (1000 individuals ha-1) recorded by viz. Arisaema tortuosum, Urtica ardens, Smilax glaucophylla, Verbascum thapsus, Scutellaria grossa, Salvia lanata, Flemengia procumbens, Gonatanthus pumilis and orchids Satyrium nepalense, Hermanium lanceum and Habenaria edgeworthii.

Among the tree species Quercus fl oribunda showed highest IVI (152.868), followed by Cupressus arizonica (89.5115) and Quercus leucotrichophora (57.62).

Among shrub species highest IVI (163.23) recorded by Berberis lycium, followed by Berberis chitria (41.30), Rubus ellipticus (36.22). Minimum IVI (12.28) recorded by Rosa brunonii.

Among herbaceous species highest IVI (167.33) recorded by invasive Stevia ovata followed by Eupatorium adenophorum (23.22), Erigeron kirvinskianus (17.77), Leucas lanata (9.08), Origanum vulgare (7.15). Minimum IVI (2.04) recorded by Herminium lanceum and Flemengia procumbens each.

Table 3: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb layers Between Suakholi and Buranskhanda., Mussoorie hills.


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Quercus leucotrichophora 100 10 3.07 57.622. Cupressus arizonica 400 30 0.58 89.51153. Quercus fl oribunda 700 20 5.75 152.868

1200 60 9.40 300


S.No. Shrub density (S/ha.)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Berberis chitria 556 20 0.16 41.302. Berberis lycium 1333 50 2.29 163.233. Cotoneaster macrophyllus 111 10 0.16 17.284. Coraria nepalensis 333 20 0.04 29.685. Rosa burnonii 111 10 0.00 12.286. Rubus ellipticus 444 10 0.38 36.22

2889 120 3.04 300.00

S.No. Herbs density (H/ha.)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Eupatorium adenophorum 21000 20 1.15 23.222. Arisaema tortuosum 1000 10 0.05 2.683. *Stevia ovata 419000 90 5.49 167.334. Artemisia roxburghii 3000 20 0.02 4.545. Cheilanthes farinosa (Pt.) 18000 20 0.00 6.946. Rumex hastatus 2000 10 0.00 2.267. Erigeron karvinskianus 34000 60 0.04 17.778. Urtica ardens 1000 10 0.01 2.179. Leucas lanata 8000 40 0.02 9.08

10. Berberis chitria 3000 10 0.03 2.7711. Origanum vulgare 8000 30 0.01 7.1512. Roscoea purpurea 3000 20 0.12 5.8713. Smilax glaucophylla 1000 10 0.00 2.0514. Thalictrum saniculiforme 2000 10 0.00 2.2515. Micromeria bifl ora 5000 10 0.00 2.7716. Oxalis corniculata 2000 10 0.00 2.2217. Verbascum thapsus 1000 10 0.02 2.2618. Rhamnus procumbens 3000 10 0.05 3.1119. Bergenia ciliata 4000 10 0.13 4.4020. Satyrium nepalense (O) 1000 10 0.01 2.1821. Coraria nepalensis 2000 10 0.04 2.7322. Gerbera gossypina 4000 10 0.03 2.9623. Herminium lanceum (O) 1000 10 0.00 2.0424. Scutellaria grossa 1000 10 0.01 2.1725. Themeda anathera (G) 2000 20 0.01 4.2126. Berberis lycium 2000 20 0.03 4.4727. Salvia lanata 1000 10 0.01 2.1428. Habenaria edgeworthii (O) 1000 10 0.01 2.1229. Flemingia procumbens 1000 10 0.00 2.0430. Gonatanthus pumilus 1000 10 0.00 2.09

556000 540 7.3 300.0

O=Orchid*Naithani and Shah (2009)


S I T E - 4

TONS RIVER SITE, RT. BANK, NEAR THADIYAR, CHAKRATA, DEHRA DUN(N 30o 57' 22.8" E 77o 51' 54.7")

Floristic attributes of vegetation i.e. Trees, shrubs and herbs of the Tons River side, Thadiyar, Chakrata, Dehra Dun are presented in the Table 4. Seven tree species making a total density of 220 trees ha-1. The density of tree species varies from 10 trees ha-1 to 40 trees ha-1. Highest density was shown by Grewia optiva (70 trees ha-1), followed by Dalbergia sissoo and Pistacia integerrima (40 trees ha-1 each), Bombax ceiba (30 trees ha-1). Minimum density of 10 trees ha-1 have been recorded by Pinus roxburghii and Ficus palmata each.

Eleven shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest density of Adhatoda vasica (15778 individuals ha-1) followed by Urtica dioica (1667 individuals ha-1), Ziziphus mauritiana (889 individuals ha-1), Euphorbia royleana (778 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 111 individuals ha-1 was recorded by a Cannabis sativa and Mallotus philippensis each.

Twenty one herb species including fi ve grasses have been recorded in this site with Cannabis sativa (185000 individuals ha-1), grass Cynodon dactylon (133000 individuals ha-1), Parthenium hysterophorus (110000 individuals ha-1), Oxalis corniculata (52000 individuals ha-1), Gnaphalium pensylvanicum (7000 individuals ha-1) and Solanum nigrum (2000 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 1000 individuals each recorded by Cassia tora, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium ambrasoides, Cynoglossum zeylanicum and Adhatoda vasica each.

Among trees species Pistacia integerrima showed highest IVI (86.98), followed by Grewia optiva (61.74), Dalbergia sissoo (59.09), Bombax ceiba (38.43). Minimum IVI (12.43) recorded by Ficus palmata.

Among shrubs highest IVI (159.17) recorded by Adhatoda vasica, followed by Euphorbia royleana (24.41), Mallotus philippensis (18.70), Urtica dioca (17.68). Minimum IVI (4.24) recorded by Cannabis sativa.

Among herbaceous species highest IVI (81.65) recorded by Parthenium hysterophorus, followed by Cannabis sativa (61.98), grass Cynodon dactylon (38.21), Erigeron linifolius (17.82), Oxalis corniculata (15.51). Minimum IVI (2.12) recorded by Cassia tora.


Table 4: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb Tons River Site Rt. Bank, near Thadiyar, Chakrata, Dehra Dun

S.No. Tree density (T/ha)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Grewia optiva 70 30 2.99 61.742. Bombax ceiba 30 20 3.46 38.433. Pinus roxburghii 10 10 1.54 16.314. Pistacia integerrima 40 30 14.72 86.985. Dalbergia sissoo 40 30 6.31 59.096. Mallotus philippensis 20 20 0.78 25.017. Ficus palmata 10 10 0.37 12.43

220 150 30.17 300.00


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Adhatoda vasica 15778 100 50.86 159.172. Ziziphus mauritiana 889 20 0.07 11.623. Cannabis sativa 111 10 0.01 4.244. Celtis tetrandra 444 30 1.88 14.985. Euphorbia royleana 778 30 10.13 24.416. Mallotus philippensis 111 10 15.17 18.707. Berberis lycium 222 10 4.22 8.778. Olea cuspidata 333 20 3.49 12.299. Urtica dioica 1667 10 6.50 17.68

10. Colebrookea oppositifolia 556 20 2.29 12.1911. Rhus parvifl ora 556 10 10.11 15.95

21444 270 104.73 300.00

S.No. Herbs density (T/ha)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Cannabis sativa 185000 80 0.41 61.982. Eragrostis tenella (G) 19000 20 0.00 7.023. Cynodon dactylon (G) 133000 70 0.08 38.214. Cassia tora 1000 10 0.00 2.125. Erigeron linifolius 28000 40 0.14 17.826. Artemisia nilagirica 43000 20 0.08 14.037. Parthenium hysterophorus 110000 70 1.22 81.658. Pennisetum fl accidum (G) 5000 10 0.07 5.769. Solanum viarum 3000 20 0.11 8.85

10. Amaranthus viridis 1000 10 0.03 3.3011. Eleusine indica (G) 19000 30 0.07 11.7612. Polygonum gracile 8000 20 0.12 9.9913. Perilla frutescens 1000 10 0.00 2.16


S.No. Herbs density (T/ha)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

14. Oxalis corniculata 52000 30 0.03 15.5115. Chenopodium ambrasoides 1000 10 0.01 2.3116. Polypogon monopeliensis (G) 5000 10 0.00 2.7817. Mazus pumilus 1000 10 0.00 2.2918. Cynoglossum zeylanicum 1000 10 0.01 2.3219. Adhatoda vasica 1000 10 0.00 2.2620. Gnaphalium pensylvanicum 7000 20 0.00 5.0721. Solanum nigrum 2000 10 0.01 2.80

626000 520 2.4 300.0


S I T E - 5

LEFT BANK, TONS RIVER THADIYAR, CHAKRATA, DEHRA DUN(N 30o 57' 19.2" E 77o 51' 46.9", Alt 950 m)

Floristic attributes of vegetation of Trees, shrubs and herbs of the Left Bank, Thadiyar are presented in the Table 5. Four tree species making a total density of 360 trees ha-1. The density of trees from 20 trees ha-1 to 160 trees ha-1. Highest density was shown by Pinus roxburghii (160 trees ha-1), followed by Mallotus philippensis (130 trees ha-1), Dalbergia sisoo (50 trees ha-1). Minimum density 20 trees ha-1 was recorded by Pistacia integerrima.

Four shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest density Mallotus philippensis (7333 individuals ha-1), followed by Colebrookea oppositifolia (1333 individuals ha-1), Berberis lycium (2222 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 222 individuals ha-1 recorded by Glochidion heyneanum.

Nineteen herb species including three grasses and a ptereodophyte have been recorded in this site grass Imperata cylindrica with highest density (168000 individuals ha-1), followed by another two grasses Chrysopogon fulvus (63000 individuals ha-1) and Themeda anathera (37000 individuals ha-1), Cynoglossum zeylanicum (24000 individuals ha-1), Oxalis corniculata (20000 individual ha-1). Other invasive Parthenium hysterophorus shown 2000 individuals ha-1. Minimum density 1000 individuals recorded by Anaphalis cunifolia, Rhynchosia minima and Solanum viarum.

Among trees Pinus roxburghii showed highest IVI (179.49), followed by Mallotus philippensis (72.33), Dalbergia sissoo (29.42). Minimum density recorded by Pistacia integerrima (18.76).

Among shrub species highest IVI (221.49) recorded by Mallotus philippensis, followed by Berberis lycium (35.28), Colebrookea oppositifolia (31.94). Minimum IVI (11.29) recorded by Glochidion heyneanum.

Among herb species highest IVI (94.74) recorded by grass Imperata cylindrica, followed by another two grasses Themeda anathera (35.32), Chrysopogon fulvus (31.62) and Cynoglossum zeylanicum (31.62). Other invasive occur in this site Oxalis corniculata with IVI (7.91) and Parthenium hysterophorus IVI (4.77). Minimum IVI (2.81) recorded by Rhynchosia minima.


Table 5: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb layers Tons River Left Bank, Thadiyar, Chakrata, Dehra Dun.


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Pistacia integerrima 20 10 3.35 18.762. Mallotus philippensis 130 50 1.48 72.333. Pinus roxburghii 160 70 45.26 179.494. Dalbergia sissoo 50 20 1.13 29.42

360 150 51.22 300.00

S.No. Shrub density(T/ha.)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Mallotus philippensis 7333 70 37.29 221.492. Berberis lycium 2222 10 2.51 35.283. Glochidion heyneanum 222 10 0.08 11.294. Colebrookea oppositifolia 1333 20 0.71 31.94

11111 110 40.59 300.00

S.No. Herbs density(T/ha.)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Viola serpens 13000 20 0.06 12.682. Cynoglossum zeylanicum 24000 80 0.09 31.623. Mallotus philippensis 4000 20 0.01 6.914. Chrysopogon fulvus (G) 63000 20 0.17 33.105. Imperata cylindrica (G) 168000 50 0.57 94.746. Rhynchosia minima 1000 10 0.00 2.817. Geranium ocellatum 7000 20 0.02 7.798. Anaphalis cunifolia 1000 10 0.00 2.899. Glochidion heyneanum 4000 30 0.10 15.57

10. Desmodium gangeticum 6000 10 0.01 4.7311. Oxalis corniculata 20000 10 0.01 7.9112. Adiantum incisum (Pt.) 14000 20 0.00 8.6713. Crotolaria albida 18000 30 0.01 12.2714. Themeda anathera (G) 37000 30 0.26 35.3215. Parthenium hysterophorus 2000 10 0.03 4.7716. Flemengia semialata 6000 10 0.01 4.3817. Galium asperifolium 4000 10 0.00 3.5218. Solanum viarum 1000 10 0.01 3.0819. Reinwardtia indica 10000 10 0.03 7.24

403000 410 1.4 300.0


S I T E - 6

ABOVE POWER HOUSE, KHODRI, DAKPATHAR, DEHRA DUN(N 30o 30' 38" E 77o 48' 12.8" Alt. 530 m)

Floristic attributes of vegetation i.e Trees, shrubs and herbs of Khodri, Dakpathar, Dehra Dun are presented in Table 6. Seven tree species making a total density of 220 trees ha-1. The density of tree species varies from 10 trees ha-1 to 110 trees ha-1. Highest density was shown by Acacia catechu (110 trees ha-1), followed by Shorea robusta (40 trees ha-1), Ficus benghalensis and Adina cordifolia (20 trees ha-1 each). Minimum density 10 trees ha-1 recorded by Mallotus philippensis, Mitragyna parvifolia and Bombax ceiba (10 trees ha-1 each).

Nine shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest density of Lantana camara (11667 individuals ha-1), followed by Hyptis suaveolens (6667 individuals ha-1), Mitragyna parvifolia and Maytenus royleanus (444 individuals ha-1 each). Minimum density 111 individuals ha-1 recorded by Casearia tomentosa and Holarrhena pubescens.

Thirty two herb species including six grasses two sedges and a pteredophyte have been recorded in this site with Ageratum conyzoides (143000 individuals ha-1), followed by Bacopa monnieri (137000 individuals ha-1), Rungia pectinata (84000 individuals ha-1), Evolvulus nummularius (80000 individuals ha-1). Recorded density of other invasive species are Hyptis suaveolens (62000 individuals ha-1), Parthenium hysterophorus (36000 individuals ha-1) Spermacoce pusilla (18000 individuals ha-1), Achyranthes aspera (3000 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 1000 individuals recorded by Lindernia ciliata, Vernonia cinerea, Carissa opaca, grass Eragrostis tenella, sedge Carex cruciata, Cassia tora, Euphorbia heterophylla,Triumfetta rhomboidea.

Among the tree species Acacia catechu showed highest IVI (121.75), followed by Shorea robusta (58.22), Mitragyna parvifolia (26.08), Bombax ceiba (19.40). Minimum IVI (11.30) recorded by Mallotus philippensis.

Among shrub species highest IVI (164.15) recorded by Lantana camara, followed by Hyptis suaveolens (55.75), Maytenus royleanus (16.90), Combretum roxburghii (13.76). Minimum IVI (4.82) recorded by Holarrhena pubescens.

Among herbaceous species highest IVI (76.47) recorded by Parthenium hysterophorus followed by Ageratum conyzoides (43.40), Hyptis suaveolens (30.04), Bacopa monnieri (22.42). Other invasives shown IVI viz Spermacoce pusilla (3.83), Achayranthes aspera (1.79) and Cassia tora (1.65). Minimum IVI (1.56) recorded by a grass Eragrostis tenella.


Table 6: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb layers in Above Power House (KHODRI) Dak Pahar.


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Acacia catechu 110 70 0.52 121.752. Shorea robusta 40 30 0.40 58.223. Mallotus philippensis 10 10 0.01 11.304. Mitragyna parvifolia 10 10 0.29 26.085. Bombax ceiba 10 10 0.16 19.406. Ficus benghalensis 20 20 0.07 25.387. Adina cordifolia 20 10 0.42 37.87

220 160 1.87 300.00


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Lantana camara 11667 90 22.86 164.152. Carissa opaca 333 20 0.85 12.543. Combretum roxburghii 222 20 1.43 13.764. Hyptis suaveolens 6667 40 2.08 55.755. Mitragyna parvifolia 444 10 2.79 14.796. Maytenus royleanus 444 20 2.11 16.907. Murraya koenigii 333 20 0.30 10.878. Casearia tomentosa 111 10 0.56 6.429. Holarrhena pubescens 111 10 0.03 4.82

20333 240 33.01 300.00

S.No. Herbs density(H/ha)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Hyptis suaveolens 62000 50 0.76 30.04

2. Ageratum conyzoides 143000 100 0.60 43.40

3. Arthraxon lancifolius (G) 12000 30 0.00 5.70

4. Eragrostis unioloides (G) 17000 20 0.01 4.97

5. Bacopa monnieri 137000 30 0.10 22.42

6. Rungia pectinata 84000 60 0.04 19.22

7. Paspalum vaginatum (G) 12000 20 0.01 4.49

8. Desmodium trifl orum 74000 40 0.02 14.77

9. Evovulvus nummularius 80000 40 0.01 15.40

10. Lindernia ciliata 1000 10 0.00 1.57

11. Lindernia crustacea 6000 10 0.00 2.22

12. Fimbristylis dichotoma (S) 3000 20 0.00 3.22

13. Cynodon dactylon (G) 70000 20 0.04 11.94



Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

14. Weltheria indica 2000 10 0.00 1.72

15. Cheilanthes farinosa (Pt.) 21000 10 0.01 4.02

16. Lepidagathis incurva 2000 10 0.00 1.67

17. Phyllanthus amarus 8000 10 0.00 2.39

18. Achyranthes aspera 3000 10 0.00 1.79

19. Oplismenus compositus (G) 3000 10 0.00 1.85

20. Parthenium hysterophorus 36000 50 3.19 76.47

21. Aerva sanguinolenta 10000 20 0.01 4.24

22. Eragrostis tenella (G) 1000 10 0.00 1.56

23. Indigofera linifolia 36000 20 0.01 7.32

24. Spermacoce pusilla 18000 10 0.01 3.83

25. Vernonia cinerea 1000 10 0.00 1.64

26. Euphorbia heterophylla 1000 10 0.00 1.60

27. Carex cruciata (S) 1000 10 0.00 1.59

28. Hemigraphis latebrosa 2000 10 0.00 1.68

29. Carissa opaca 1000 10 0.02 1.93

30. Cassia tora 1000 10 0.00 1.65

31. Sida cordata 2000 10 0.02 2.07

32. Triumfetta rhomboidea 1000 10 0.00 1.62

851000 700 4.9 300.0


S I T E - 7

LEFT BANK , TONS RIVER, ECHARI DAM SITE BETWEEN KOTI & KAWANU, DEHRA DUN

(N 30º 37' 27.1" E 077º 47' 33.8" Alt. 664 m)

Floristic attributes of vegetation i.e. Trees, shrubs and herbs of Echari Dam site between Koti and Kawanu Dehra Dun in presented in the Table 7. Thirteen tree species making a total density of 370 trees ha-1. The density of trees varies from 10 trees ha-1 to 110 trees ha-1. Highest density was shown by Ougenia oojeinensis (110 trees ha-1), followed by Pistacia integerrima, Bauhinia semla (40 trees ha-1 each), Grewia asiatica, Lannea coromandelica (30 trees ha-1 each). The minimum density of 10 trees ha-1 were recorded by Bombax ceiba, Terminalia bellirica, Ficus semicordata, Ficus auriculata each.

Sixteen shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest density of Murraya koenigii (2333 individuals ha-1), followed by climber Mellettia extensa, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Woodfordia fruticosa (1333 individuals each). Envasive Lantana camara recorded density (1222 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 111 individuals were recorded by Albizia odoratissima, Casearia tomentosa, Dalbergia sissoo and Ficus semicordata.

Thirty one herb species including two grasses and a pteredophyte have been recorded in this site. Highest density was recorded by Desmodium trifl orum (72000 individuals ha-1) followed by a pteredophyte Adiantum incisum (62000 individuals ha-1), Ageratum conyzoides (29000 individuals ha-1) also grass Chrysopogon fulvus (29000 individuals ha-1), Parthenium hysterophorus (23000 individuals ha-1). Other invasive species shown their density viz. Euphorbia hirta (16000 individuals ha-1), Triumfetta rhomboidea (12000 individuals ha-1), Tridex procumbens (7000 individuals ha-1) Malvastrum coromandelianum (5000 individuals ha-1), Oxalis corniculata (4000 individuals ha-1), Cleome viscosa (2000 individuals ha-1), non invasive Solanum virginianum (2000 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 1000 individuals recorded by Pupalia lappacea, Portulaca pilosa, Vernonia cinerea, Scutellaria scandens and invasives Lantana camara, Peristrophe paniculata, Emilia sonchifolia.

Among tree species Ougenia oojeinensis showed highest IVI (64.55), followed by Pistacia integerrima (57.83), Bauhinia semla (44.62), Lannea coromandelica (21.24). Minimum IVI (8.42) recorded by Bombax ceiba.

Among shrubs highest IVI (58.28) recorded by Murraya koenigii, followed by Jatropha curcus (42.99), Woodfordia fruticosa (29.47), Mellettia extensa (27.74), Lantana camara (25.74). Minimum IVI (3.15) recorded by Dalbergia sissoo.

Among herbaceous species highest IVI (64.02) recorded by Parthenium hysterophorus, followed Desmodium trifl orum (22.06), Adiantum incisum (21.90), Aerva sanguinolenta


(15.48). Other invasive species shown IVI Lantana camara (3.03), Oxalis corniculata (2.15), Solanum virginianum (1.76). Minimum IVI (1.51) recorded by Protulaca pilosa.

Table 7: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb layers in Last point of submergence of Echari Dam site Left bank of Tons River.

S.No. Trees density(T/ha.)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Pistacia integerrima 40 20 0.93 57.832. Flacourtia indica 20 10 0.02 11.223. Bombax ceiba 10 10 0.02 8.424. Wrightia arborea 20 20 0.07 18.375. Lannea coromandelica 30 20 0.08 21.246. Ougenia oojeinensis 110 30 0.50 64.557. Ehretia laevis 20 20 0.01 15.958. Terminalia bellirica 10 10 0.14 13.229. Ficus semicordata 10 10 0.04 9.37

10. Bauhinia semla 40 20 0.60 44.6211. Grewia asiatica 30 10 0.06 15.5512. Mallotus philippensis 20 10 0.01 10.6713. Ficus auriculata 10 10 0.03 9.00

370 200 2.51 300.00

S.No. Shrubs density(S/ha)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Mellettia extensa 1333 40 7.50 27.742. Lantana camara 1222 60 2.05 25.743. Murraya koenigii 2333 70 23.02 58.284. Colebrookea oppositifolia 1333 40 2.47 22.785. Woodfordia fruticosa 1333 60 4.85 29.476. Albizia odoratissima 111 10 4.37 7.457. Ehretia laevis 222 20 6.04 12.248. Mallotus philippensis 667 30 11.39 23.579. Rhus parvifl ora 889 30 2.38 16.64

10. Ziziphus mauritiana 222 10 0.04 4.1611. Jatropha curcus 889 30 29.14 42.9912. Lannea coromandelica 222 20 3.04 9.2913. Casearia tomentosa 111 10 0.32 3.4614. Dalbergia sissoo 111 10 0.00 3.1515. Ficus semicordata 111 10 0.31 3.4516. Ougeinia oojeinensis 333 10 4.57 9.59

11444 460 101.51 300.00



Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Barleria cristata 22000 30 0.03 9.672. Dicliptera roxburghii 9000 30 0.04 6.863. Peristrophe paniculata 1000 10 0.04 2.564. Adiantum incisum (Pt.) 62000 60 0.01 21.905. Sida cordata 7000 40 0.05 7.816. Aerva sanguinolenta 18000 80 0.06 15.487. Pupalia lappacea 1000 10 0.00 1.558. Oxalis corniculata 4000 10 0.00 2.159. Rumex hastatus 7000 20 0.30 12.86

10. Parthenium hysterophorus 23000 50 1.77 64.0211. Boerhavia diff usa 5000 10 0.01 2.5412. Portulaca pilosa 1000 10 0.00 1.5113. Tridex procumbens 7000 30 0.00 5.2414. Triumfetta rhomboidea 12000 30 0.28 14.7315. Euphorbia hirta 16000 40 0.04 9.5316. Solanum virginianum 2000 10 0.00 1.7617. Cleome viscosa 2000 10 0.01 1.8218. Sida cordifolia 12000 30 0.06 8.1019. Crotalaria hirsuta 3000 10 0.00 1.9320. Phyllanthus virgatus 4000 20 0.00 3.2921. Apluda mutica (G) 11000 20 0.00 5.0122. Chrysopohon fulvus (G) 29000 40 0.08 13.8523. Emilia sonchifolia 1000 10 0.00 1.4124. Vernonia cinerea 1000 10 0.00 1.4125. Woodfordia fruticosa 7000 20 0.14 8.2726. Cynotis cristata 2000 10 0.00 1.6527. Scutellaria scandens 1000 10 0.02 2.1228. Artemisia nilagirica 11000 20 0.11 8.1629. Nepeta gracilifl ora 3000 10 0.00 1.9530. Lantana camara 1000 10 0.05 3.0331. Desmodium trifl orum 72000 30 0.05 22.0632. Artemisia japonica 2000 10 0.01 1.9133. Atylosia scarabaeoides 2000 10 0.00 1.6634. Setaria glauca (G) 12000 10 0.00 4.0435. Cymbopogon martini (G) 4000 20 0.01 3.4336. Bothriochloa bladhii (G) 1000 10 0.00 1.4237. Ageratum conyzoides 29000 30 0.06 12.0738. Anisomeles indica 1000 10 0.04 2.6739. Artemisia maritima 6000 10 0.06 4.3440. Sida rhombifolia 1000 10 0.01 1.6241. Malvastrum coromandelianum 5000 10 0.01 2.62

420000 860 3.3 300.0


S I T E - 8

KUNAO CHOUR, RISHIKESH, DEHRA DUN(N 30o 02' 33.8" E 78o 16' 39.2", Alt. 340 m)

Floristic attributes of vegetation i.e. Trees, shrubs and herbs of Kunao Chour, Rishikesh, Dehra Dun is presented in the Table 8. Tree species making a total density of 140 trees ha-1. The density of tree species varies from 10 trees ha-1 to 80 trees ha-1. Highest density was shown Acacia catechu (80 trees ha-1) followed by Trewia nudifl ora (30 trees ha-1). Minimum density 10 trees ha-1 recorded by three species i.e. Dalbergia sissoo, Bombax ceiba, Haplophragma adenophyllum.

Fourteen shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest density of Cannabis sativa (111667 individuals ha-1) followed by Parthenium hysterophorus (24889 individuals ha-1), Murraya koenigii (4111 individuals ha-1) Cassia tora (1111 individuals ha-1), Lantana camara (889 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 111 individuals recorded by Holarrhena pubescens and Aegle marmelos.

Thirty nine herb species including fi ve grasses and a pteredophyte have been recorded in this site. Maximum density shown by grass Oplismenus burmannii (1808000 individuals ha-1), followed by grass Cynodon dactylon (325000 individuals ha-1), Desmodium trifl orum (188000 individuals ha-1), and Sida acuta (126000 individuals ha-1), Peperomia pellucida (106000 individuals ha-1), Justicia simplex (75000 individuals ha-1), Sida cordata (54000 individuals ha-1), Peristrophe paniculata (46000 individuals ha-1), Phyllanthus amarus (24000 individuals ha-1), Corchorus austuans (23000 individuals ha-1), Cassia tora recorded (16000 individuals ha-1), Physalis minima (2000 individuals ha-1). Minimum density (1000 individuals ha-1) recorded by Ipomoea quamoclit, Cassia occidentalis, Boerhavia diff usa, Cucumis sativus, Trichosanthes cucumeriana, Trewia nudifl ora, Dioscorea bulbifera, Vallaris solanacea, Crateva adansonii ssp. odora, pteredophyte Adiantum incisum and invasives Parthenium hysterophorus, Euphorbia hirta and Cassia occidentalis.

Among tree species Acacia catechu showed highest IVI (151.70), followed by Dalbergia sissoo (50.55), Trewia nudifl ora (43.46), Bombax ceiba (36.70). Minimum IVI (17.59) recorded by Haplophragma adenophyllum.

Among shrubs highest IVI (173.20) recorded by invasives Cannabis sativa, followed by Parthenium hysterophorus (49.27), Murraya koenigii (25.16) and Lantana camara (13.02).

Among herbaceous species highest IVI (93.52) recorded by the grass Oplismenus burmannii, followed by Sida acuta (31.36), Cynodon dactylon (25.62), Desmodium trifl orum (22.92). Other invasives Cassia tora (17.15) and Parthenium hysterophorus (1.14). Minimum IVI (1.10) recorded by Euphorbia hirta.


Table-8: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb layers in Kuou Chour Gohri.


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Acacia catechu 80 50 7.40 151.702. Trewia nudifl ora 30 20 0.34 43.463. Haplophragma adenophyllum 10 10 0.07 17.594. Bombax ceiba 10 10 3.25 36.705. Dalbergia sisoo 10 10 5.55 50.55

140 100 16.61 300.00

S.No. Shrub density(S/ha.)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Cannabis sativa 111667 90 46.15 173.202. Lantana camara 889 50 0.31 13.02

3. Murraya koenigii 4111 70 3.50 25.16

4. Holoptelia integrifolia 222 20 0.04 4.995. Holarrhena pubescens 111 10 0.02 2.486. Callicarpa macrophylla 222 10 0.02 2.577. Anisomeles indica 222 10 0.08 2.678. Ziziphus mauritiana 222 20 0.07 5.039. Parthenium hysterophorus 24889 60 11.00 49.27

10. Pogostemon benghalensis 222 10 0.11 2.7111. Triumfetta rhomboidea 222 10 0.02 2.5612. Cassia tora 1111 20 0.22 5.8913. Aegle marmelos 111 10 0.09 2.6014. Haplophragma adenophyllum 333 30 0.30 7.86

144556 420.00 61.93 300.00


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Cynodon dactylon (G) 325000 60 0.18 25.622. Phyllanthus amarus 24000 10 0.02 2.823. Cassia tora 16000 50 0.25 17.154. Sida acuta 126000 80 0.41 31.365. Justicia simplex 75000 50 0.04 9.726. Oplismenus burmannii (G) 1808000 100 0.46 93.527. Lindernia crustacea 5000 10 0.00 1.288. Sida cordata 54000 80 0.03 11.639. Nepeta gracilifl ora 2000 10 0.00 1.29

10. Anisomeles indica 3000 10 0.01 1.5811. Desmodium trifl orum 188000 10 0.33 22.9212. Setaria glauca (G) 3000 10 0.00 1.26



Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

13. Ipomoea quamoclit 1000 10 0.00 1.0914. Murraya koenigii 5000 20 0.01 2.6115. Peperomia pellucida 106000 60 0.03 11.3516. Commelina benghalensis 6000 20 0.01 2.7617. Peristrophe paniculata 46000 60 0.22 17.9518. Icnocarpus frutescens 2000 10 0.01 1.3419. Cissampelos pariera 6000 40 0.00 4.4720. Triumfetta rhomboidea 15000 30 0.03 4.9121. Cassia occidentalis 1000 10 0.00 1.1822. Sida rhombifolia 16000 30 0.01 4.0323. Boerhavia diff usa 1000 10 0.00 1.1624. Corchorus aestuans 23000 30 0.01 4.2725. Brachiaria ramosa (G) 14000 20 0.02 3.2426. Acacia catechu 5000 20 0.00 2.2627. Pouzolzia zeylanica 13000 10 0.02 2.4428. Euphorbia hirta 1000 10 0.00 1.1029. Brachiaria reptans (G) 8000 10 0.00 1.5230. Paspledium fl avidum (G) 6000 10 0.01 1.5131. Cucumis sativus 1000 10 0.00 1.1632. Adiantum incisum (Pt.) 1000 10 0.00 1.0933. Parthenium hysterophorus 1000 10 0.00 1.1434. Trichosanthes cucumeriana 1000 10 0.00 1.0635. Physalis minima 2000 10 0.00 1.2536. Trewia nudifl ora 1000 10 0.01 1.3237. Dioscorea bulbifera 1000 10 0.01 1.3138. Vallaris solanacea 1000 10 0.00 1.1739. Crateva adansonii ssp. odora 1000 10 0.00 1.17

2914000 980 2.1 300.0


S I T E - 9

KUNAO CHOUR, RISHIKESH, DEHRA DUN(N 30º 03' 07.0" E 078º 17' 10.9" Alt. 319)

Floristic attributes of vegetation i.e. Trees, shrubs, herbs of Kunao Chour, Rishikesh, Dehra Dun are presented in the table 9. One tree species is recorded in this site with a density of 120 trees ha-1.

Ten shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest density of Cannabis sativa (27889 individuals ha-1), followed by Lantana camara (12222 individuals ha-1), Murraya koenigii (2111 individuals ha-1), Perilla frutescens (1111 individuals ha-1). Minimum density (111 individuals ha-1) recorded by Holarrhena pubescens and Solanum erianthum.

Twenty three herbs including four grasses have been recorded in this site. Maximum density shown by grass Oplismenus burmannii (304000 individuals ha-1) followed by Peperomia pellucida (189000 individuals ha-1), Oxalis corniculata (22000 individuals ha-1), Evolvulus alsinoides (10000 individuals ha-1). Other invasives viz Imperata cylindrica (8000 individuals ha-1), Lantana camara, Malvastrum coromandelianum, Sida acuta, Solanum viarum, Cassia tora (2000 individuals ha-1 each). Minimum density (1000 individuals ha-1) recorded by Bacopa procumbens, Holoptelia integrifolia, Withania somnifera, Pogostemon benghalensis and invasives Euphorbia hirta, Physalis minima.

Only tree species Dalbergia sissoo in the site showed IVI (300).

Among shrub highest IVI (155.77) recorded by Cannabis sativa, followed by Lantana camara (73.39), Murraya koenigii (22.91), Solanum viarum (14.63). Minimum IVI (2.77) recorded by Holarrhena pubescens.

Among herbaceous species IVI (140.17) recorded by Peperomia pellucida followed by grass Oplismenus burmannii (78.09), other grass Imperata cylindrica. Other invasives are Oxalis corniculata (6.41), Lantana camara (3.21), Pogostemon benghalensis (3.05), Cassia tora (2.97). Minimum IVI ( 2.58) recorded by Euphorbia hirta.

Table-9: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb layers in Kunao Chour, Rishikesh, Dehra Dun


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Dalbergia sissoo 120 60 9.50 300.00120 60 9.50 300.00


S.No. Shrub density (S/ha.)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Cannabis sativa 27889 100 59.65 155.772. Lantana camara 12222 100 18.47 73.393. Sida acuta 333 20 0.21 5.974. Murraya koenigii 2111 60 2.81 22.915. Holarrhena pubescens 111 10 0.03 2.776. Trewia nudifl ora 222 10 2.28 5.647. Solanum viarum 778 50 0.36 14.638. Perilla frutescens 1111 20 1.53 9.229. Withania somnifera 556 20 0.55 6.86

10. Solanum erianthum 111 10 0.07 2.83 45444 400 85.95 300.00


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Oxalis corniculata 22000 10 0.00 6.412. Oplismenus burmannii (G) 304000 90 0.04 78.093. Peperomia pellucida 189000 100 0.84 140.174. Malvastrum

coromandelianum2000 10 0.02 4.91

5. Rungia pectinata 5000 10 0.00 3.496. Cassia tora 2000 10 0.00 2.977. Bacopa procembens 1000 10 0.00 2.638. Sida acuta 2000 10 0.01 3.549. Eragrostis tenella (G) 8000 10 0.00 3.99

10. Dalbergia sissoo 3000 20 0.00 5.3911. Solanum viarum 2000 20 0.00 5.3512. Holoptelia integrifolia 1000 10 0.00 2.9013. Withania somnifera 1000 10 0.00 2.9514. Evolvulus alsinoides 10000 10 0.00 4.2815. Imperata cylindrica (G) 8000 10 0.03 6.6316. Euphorbia hirta 1000 10 0.00 2.5817. Physalis minima 1000 10 0.02 4.9018. Cynodon dactylon (G) 8000 10 0.00 4.0119. Boerhavia diff usa 1000 10 0.00 2.6620. Pogostemon benghalensis 1000 10 0.00 3.0521. Lantana camara 2000 10 0.00 3.2122. Nepeta gracilifl ora 2000 10 0.00 3.0623. Clematis gauriana 1000 10 0.00 2.81

577000 420 1.0 300.0


S I T E - 10

KALAMATI FOREST RAIPUR, DEHRA DUN(N 30º 15.832 E 078º 09.917 alt 600 m)

Floristic attributes of vegetation i.e Trees, shrubs and herbs of the Kalamati Forest, Raipur are presented in Table 10. Seven tree species making a total density of 460 trees ha-1. The density of tree species varies from 10 trees ha-1 to 170 trees ha-1. Highest density was shown by Shorea robusta (200 trees ha-1), followed by Mallotus philippensis (170 trees ha-1) Adina cordifolia (40 trees ha-1), Ziziphus xylopyrus (20 trees ha-1). Minimum density 10 trees ha-1 recorded by Terminalia alata, Miliusa velutina, Lagerstroemia parvifl ora each.

Sixteen shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest density of Clerodendrum viscosum (15667 individuals ha-1), followed by Murraya koenigii (4444 individuals ha-1), Lantana camara (4333 individuals ha-1), Adhatoda vasica (3778 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 111 individuals ha-1 recorded by Casearia graveolens and Solanum torvum each.

Thirty herb species including two grasses and a sedge have been recorded in this site with Cassia tora (293000 individuals ha-1) followed by Rungia pectinata (102000 individuals ha-1), Sida cordata (48000 individuals ha-1), Cuscuta re� exa (40000 individuals ha-1), Achyranthes aspera (34000 individuals ha-1), grass Oplismenus burmannii (21000 individuals ha-1), Sida rhombifolia (18000 individuals ha-1), Impatiens balsamina (13000 individuals ha-1). Other invasive found in the site are Bidens pilosa (7000 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 1000 individuals recorded by invasive Cassia occidentalis, Emilia sonchifolia, Urena lobata and Cassia pumila.

Among tree species Shorea robusta showed highest IVI (161.39), followed by Mallotus philippensis (63.63), Adina cordifolia (41.31), Ziziphus xylopyrus (20), Lagerstroemia parvifl ora (10). Minimum IVI (6.82) recorded by Miliusa velutina.

Among shrubs highest IVI (53.32) recorded by Clerodendrum viscosum, followed by Casearia graveolens (52.70), Lantana camara (23.64), Adhatoda vasica (23.32). Minimum IVI (2.96) recorded by Carissa opaca.

Among herbaceous species highest IVI (55.65) recorded by Cassia tora, followed by Rungia pectinata (28.58), Phyllanthus virgatus (25.49), Oplismenus burmannii (21.62), Clerodendrum viscosum (20.86), Impatiens balsamina (19.25), Cuscuta re� exa (19.19), Sida cordata (17.26), seedlings of Shorea robusta (14.31), Achyranthes aspera (11.92). Other invasives recorded IVI viz. Bidens pilosa (3.55), Euphorbia hirta (3.48), Urena lobata (1.86), Cassia pumila (1.53), Emilia sonchifolia (1.48) and Cassia occidentalis (1.41).


Table-10: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb layers in Kalamati Forest Raipur, Dehra Dun.

S.No. Tree density(T/ha.)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Shorea robusta 200 90 44.26 161.392. Adina cordifolia 40 40 8.29 41.313. Mallotus philippensis 170 50 2.27 63.634. Terminalia alata 10 10 0.56 7.705. Ziziphus xylopyrus 20 10 0.15 9.156. Miliusa velutina 10 10 0.06 6.827. Lagerstroemia parvifl ora 10 10 1.88 10.00

460.00 220 57.48 300.00


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Lantana camara 4333 60 0.01 23.642. Cassia fi stula 889 70 0.00 14.203. Murraya koenigii 4444 80 0.00 25.814. Adhatoda vasica 3778 80 0.00 23.325. Shorea robusta 889 40 0.00 8.716. Casearia tomentosa 333 30 0.00 5.677. Catunaregam spinosa 444 40 0.00 7.778. Mallotus philippensis 2778 80 0.00 20.639. Clerodendrum viscosum 15667 50 0.01 53.32

10. Holoptelia integrifolia 333 20 0.00 4.4411. Vallaris solanacea 778 40 0.09 29.4412. Cryptolepis buchananii 222 10 0.02 6.3913. Casearia graveolens 111 10 0.22 52.7014. Solanum torvum 111 10 0.07 16.5615. Schleichera oleosa 222 20 0.00 4.5016. Carissa opaca 222 10 0.00 2.96

35556 650.00 0.44 300.05


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Cassia tora 293000 90.00 0.00 55.652. Rungia pectinata 102000 90.00 0.01 28.583. Sida cordata 48000 80.00 0.00 17.264. Bidens pilosa 7000 20.00 0.00 3.555. Euphorbia hirta 2000 20.00 0.00 3.486. Kyllinga tenuifolia (S) 3000 10.00 0.00 1.787. Cynotis cristata 4000 20.00 0.00 3.108. Shorea robusta (seedlings) 30000 60.00 0.01 14.31



Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

9. Achyranthes aspera 34000 50.00 0.00 11.9210. Mallotus philippensis 3000 20.00 0.00 2.9511. Cissampelos pareira 8000 30.00 0.00 4.9412. Impatiens balsamina 13000 10.00 0.04 19.2513. Cuscuta re� exa 40000 10.00 0.03 19.1914. Sida rhombifolia 18000 50.00 0.00 8.9815. Syzygium cumini 3000 10.00 0.00 1.7016. Cassia occidentalis 1000 10.00 0.00 1.4117. Ichnocarpus frutescens 7000 30.00 0.00 4.8018. Oplismenus compositus (G) 4000 10.00 0.00 2.1619. Schleichera oleosa 1000 10.00 0.01 4.6120. Euphorbia indica 3000 20.00 0.01 5.5321. Phyllanthus virgatus 9000 10.00 0.06 25.4922. Oplismenus burmannii (G) 21000 30.00 0.04 21.6223. Catunaregam spinosa 2000 20.00 0.00 2.9524. Desmodium gangeticum 4000 10.00 0.00 3.2125. Clerodendrum viscosum 5000 20.00 0.04 20.8626. Vernonia cinerea 2000 10.00 0.00 2.2327. Emilia sonchifolia 1000 10.00 0.00 1.4828. Murraya koenigii 2000 20.00 0.00 3.6229. Urena lobata 1000 10.00 0.00 1.8630. Cassia pumila 1000 10.00 0.00 1.53

672000 800.0 0.3 300.0


S I T E - 11

ASARORI BLOCK, COMPARTMENT NO. 11(A), DEHRA DUN(N 30º 13' 24.9" E 077º 59' 51.1", Alt 690 m)

Floristic attributes of vegetation i.e. Trees, shrubs and herbs of Asarori Block, Compartment No. 11(A), Dehra Dun are presented in Table 11. Six tree species making a total density of 520 trees ha-1. The density of tree species varies from 10 trees ha-1 to 140 trees ha-1. Highest density was shown by Shorea robusta 260 trees ha-1 followed by Mallotus philippensis 140 trees ha-1, Cassia fi stula 60 trees ha-1, Terminalia alata 40 trees ha-1. The minimum density of 10 trees ha-1 recorded by Syzygium cumini and Bridelia retusa each.

Eleven shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest density Clerodendrum viscosum (8556 individuals ha-1), followed by Lantana camara (7222 individuals ha-1), Mallotus philippensis (3556 individuals ha-1), climber Mellettia extensa (444 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 111 individuals ha-1 was recorded by Pogostemon benghalensis, Cassia fi stula, Ehretia laevis, Miliusa velutina and Desmodium gangeticum each.

Two herbaceous form seedling have been recorded in this site with highest of 9000 seedlings ha-1 and by Catunaregam spinosa 100 seedlings ha-1.

Among tree species Shorea robusta showed highest IVI (167.19), followed by Mallotus philippensis (60.90), Terminalia alata (33.61), Cassia fi stula (23.30), Syzygium cumini (8.74). Minimum IVI (6.27) recorded by Bridelia retusa.

Among shrub species highest IVI (119.60) recorded by Lantana camara, followed by Clerodendrum viscosum (70.21), Mallotus philippensis (69.39), Mellettia extensa (11.21). Minimum IVI (3.12) recorded by Desmodium gangeticum.

Among seedlings highest IVI (201.35) recorded by Shorea robusta and (98.68) by Catunaregam spinosa.

Table-11: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb layers in Asarori Block, Compartment No. 11(A), Dehra Dun.


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Shorea robusta 260 100 25.46 167.192. Syzygium cumini 10 10 0.99 8.743. Mallotus philippensis 140 80 1.38 60.904. Cassia fi stula 60 30 0.21 23.305. Terminalia alata 40 40 3.53 33.616. Bridelia retusa 10 10 0.20 6.27

520 270 31.77 300.00



Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Lantana camara 7222 100 57.70 119.602. Mallotus philippensis 3556 100 25.96 69.393. Murraya koenigii 222 20. 0.09 6.294. Clerodendrum viscosum 8556 70 10.80 70.215. Pogostemon benghalensis 111 10 0.11 3.216. Cassia fi stula 111 10 0.17 3.277. Ehretia laevis 111 10 0.65 3.768. Colebrookea oppositifolia 222 20 0.39 6.599. Mellettia extensa 444 30 1.34 11.21

10. Meliusa velutina 111 10 0.24 3.3511. Desmodium gangeticum 111 10 0.02 3.12

20778 390.00 97.46 300.00


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Catunaregam spinosa (seedlings)

1000 10 0.02 98.68

2. Shorea robusta (seedlings) 9000 20 0.01 201.353. 10000 30 0.03 300.0


S I T E - 12

BALINDAWALA SAL FOREST, RAMGARH, DEHRA DUN(N 30º 10' 43.9" E 078º 03' 32.1", Alt 443 m)

Floristic attributes of vegetation i.e. Trees, shrubs and herbs of Balindawala Sal Forest, Ramgarh are presented in Table-12. Five tree species making a total density of 440 trees ha-1. The density of tree species varies from 240 tree ha-1 to 10 trees ha-1. Highest density was shown by Mallotus philippensis (240 trees ha-1) followed by Shorea robusta 140 trees ha-1, Ehretia laevis 30 trees ha-1, Litsea monopetala 20 trees ha-1. Minimum density of 10 trees ha-1 was recorded by Syzygium cumini.

Seventeen shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest density of Lantana camara (9667 individuals ha-1), followed by Murraya koenigii (5556 individuals ha-1), Clerodendrum viscosum (5222 individuals ha-1), Mallotus philippensis (3444 individuals ha-1). The minimum density of 111 individuals were recorded by Catunaregam spinosa, Litsea glutinosa, Arisaema tortuosum, Kydia calycina, Holarrhena pubescens, Premna latifolia and Miliusa velutina each.

Fifteen herb species including a sedge have been recorded in this site with highest density of the seedlings of Shorea robusta (74000 individuals ha-1), followed by a sedge Kyllinga nemoralis (6000 individuals ha-1), Clerodendrum viscosum (3000 individuals ha-1). Minimum density 1000 individuals ha-1 was recorded by Garuga pinnata, climbers Cissus repanda, Ichnocarpus frutescens and Dioscorea belophylla, Pogostemon benghalensis and seedlings of Syzygium cumini and Triumfetta rhomboidea.

Among tree species Shorea robusta showed highest IVI (137.66), followed by Mallotus philippensis (114.99), Ehretia laevis (24.07), Litsea monopetala (14.44). Minimum IVI (8.83) recorded by Syzygium cumini.

Among shrub highest IVI (80.40) recorded by Lantana camara, followed by Murraya koenigii (40.71), Clerodendrum viscosum (40.13), Mallotus philippensis (40.07). Minimum IVI (1.97) recorded by Kydia calycina.

Among herb species highest IVI (140.57) recorded by the seedlings of Shorea robusta followed by a sedge Kyllinga nemoralis (18.23), climber Cissus repanda (18.11), Desmodium heterocarpon (15.48). Minimum IVI (4.61) recorded by climber Dioscorea belophylla.


Table-12: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb layers in Balindawala Sal Forest, Ramgarh, Dehra Dun

S.No. Tree density(T/ha.)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Shorea robusta 140 60 24.27 137.662. Mallotus philippensis 240 90 5.53 114.993. Ehretia laevis 30 30 0.93 24.074. Syzygium cumini 10 10 0.56 8.835. Litsea monopetala 20 20 0.12 14.44

440 210 31.41 300.00


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Mallotus philippensis 3444 70 13.71 40.072. Clerodendrum viscosum 5222 70 9.37 40.133. Lantana camara 9667 100 25.53 80.404. Catunaregam spinosa 111 10 0.06 2.005. Litsea monopetala 1444 60 5.29 20.986. Litsea glutinosa 111 10 0.12 2.087. Callicarpa macrophylla 556 30 0.80 7.548. Mellettia extensa 1778 60 2.14 17.949. Murraya koenigii 5556 90 6.60 40.71

10. Arisaema tortuosum 111 10 0.10 2.0511. Kydia calycina 111 10 0.04 1.9712. Colebrookea oppositifolia 778 20 6.35 13.9713. Pogostemon benghalensis 778 30 0.19 7.4514. Holarrhena pubescens 111 10 0.35 2.3815. Ehretia laevis 889 40 5.07 15.7716. Premna latifolia 111 10 0.02 1.9517. Miliusa velutina 111 10 0.52 2.61

30889 640 76.26 300.00


Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

1. Shorea robusta (seedlings) 74000 100 0.03 140.572. Garuga pinnata 1000 10 0.00 8.293. Clerodendrum viscosum 3000 20 0.00 10.874. Cynotis cristata 2000 10 0.00 9.475. Cissus repanda 1000 10 0.01 18.11

6. Mellettia extensa 2000 20 0.00 13.05

7. Triumfetta rhomboidea 1000 10 0.00 7.058. Curculago orchioides 2000 20 0.00 13.539. Ichnocarpus frutescens 1000 10 0.00 5.86



Frequency %

TBA (m2/ha)

IVI

10. Litsea monopetala 2000 20 0.01 15.3411. Kyllinga nemoralis (S) 6000 10 0.01 18.2312. Pogostemon benghalensis 1000 10 0.00 7.0513. Desmodium heterocarpon 2000 10 0.01 15.4814. Syzygium cumini (seedlings) 1000 10 0.01 12.4815. Dioscorea belophylla 1000 10 0.00 4.61

100000 280 0.1 300.0


S I T E - 13

Asan Barrage, Dehradun(N 30º 26' 832 E 77º 39.9' alt. 394m)

Floristic attributes of vegetation i.e. Trees, shrubs and herbs at Asan Berrage are presented at Table-13. Twelve tree species making a total density of 450 trees ha-1. The density of tree species varies from 180 trees ha-1 to 10 trees ha-1. Highest density was shown by Trewia nudifl ora (180 trees ha-1) followed by Dalbergia sissoo (70 trees ha-1), Acacia catechu (50 trees ha-1), Syzygium cumini (30 trees ha-1), Cassia fi stula, Acacia farnesiana, Ficus racemosa and Ficus hispida (20 trees ha-1 respectively). Minimum 10 trees ha-1 was recorded in Holoptelia integrifolia, Salix tetrasperma, Bombax ceiba and Ficus religiosa respectively.

Twelve shrub species have been recorded in this site with highest density of Lantana camara (3000 individuals ha-1), followed by Murraya koenigii (889 idividuals ha-1), Salix tetrasperma (556 individuals ha-1), Trewia nudifl ora and Cassia occidentalis (444 individuals ha-1 respectively). The minimum density of 111 individuals was recorded by Syzygium cumini, Acacia catechu, Ziziphus mauritiana and Bombax ceiba respectively.

Twenty six herb species including a grass have been recorded in this site with highest density of Typha angustata 57000 individuals ha-1, followed by Galium asperifolium (56000 individuals ha-1), Stellaria media 32000 individuals ha-1, Geranium ocellatum 27000 individuals ha-1, Scoparia dulcis 16000 individuals ha-1, Peristrophe paniculata 1000 individuals ha-1, Erigeron linifolius, and grass Phragmites karka 7000 individuals ha-1 respectively, Oxalis corniculata 6000 individuals ha-1, Antigonum leptopus and Mazus pumilus 5000 individuals ha-1, Boehmeria macrophylla, Coronopus didymus and Capsella bursa-pastoris 4000 individuals ha-1 respectively, Eupatorium adenophorum, Sida acuta, Chenopodium album, Passifl ora suberosa and Fumaria parvifl ora 3000 individuals ha-1 respectively, Polygonum barbatum, Achyranthes aspera and Alternanthera tenella 2000 individuals ha-1 respectively. Minimum density 1000 individuals recorded by Syzygium cumini, Aerva sanguinolenta, Sida cordata and Tinospora sinensis respectively.

Among tree species Trewia nudifl ora showed highest IVI (91.46), followed by Dalbergia sissoo (46.77), Acacia catechu (32.45), Bombax ceiba (23.65), Ficus religiosa (24.96). Minimum IVI (6.16) recorded by Salix tetrasperma.

Among shrubs highest IVI (131.77) recorded by Lantana camara, followed by Trewia nudifl ora (37.22), Murraya koenigii (31.45), Salix tetrasperma (29.20), Dalbergia sissoo (14.91), Cassia occidentalis (11.76), Acacia farnesiana (10.43). Minimum IVI (5.77) recorded by Syzygium cumini.

Among herbaceous species highest IVI (88.96) recorded by Typha angustata, followed by a grass Phragmites karka (40.07), Galium asperifolium (29.50), Stellaria media (15.48),


Peristrophe paniculata (14.39), Geranium ocellatum (13.42), Antigonum leptopus (11.63), Scoparia dulcis (8.62), Boehmeria macrophylla (7.52), Sida acuta (6.45), Eupatorium adenophyllum (5.19), Oxalis corniculata (4.81), Mazus pumilus (4.40), Syzygium cumini (4.22), Capsella bursa-pastoris (4.07), Passifl ora suberosa (3.79), Fumaria parvifl ora (3.70), Chenopodium album (3.64), Achyranthes aspera (3.37), Alternanthera tenella (3.29). Minimum IVI (2.97) recorded by Aerva sanguinolenta.

Table-13: Quantitative analysis of trees, shrub and herb layers in ASAN BERRAGE.


Frequency %

TBA (m2/Ha)

IVI

1. Trewia nudifl ora 180 70 4.65 91.462. Acacia catechu 50 40 1.28 32.453. Dalbergia sissoo 70 50 2.38 46.774. Acacia farnesiana 20 10 0.40 10.265. Syzygium cumini 30 30 0.38 19.266. Cassia fi stula 20 10 0.45 10.537. Ficus racemosa 20 20 0.63 15.058. Holoptelia integrifolia 10 10 0.19 6.799. Salix tetrasperma 10 10 0.08 6.16

10. Bombax ceiba 10 10 3.06 23.6511. Ficus hispida 20 20 0.23 12.6712. Ficus religiosa 10 10 3.28 24.96

450 290 17.01 300

S.No. Shrub density(S/ha)

Frequency %

TBA (m2/Ha)

IVI

1. Murraya koenigii 889 30 2.13 31.452. Lantana camara 3000 70 21.58 131.773. Ziziphus mauritiana 111 10 0.13 6.064. Salix tetrasperma 556 30 3.24 29.205. Trewia nudifl ora 444 30 6.91 37.226. Rubus niveus 222 10 0.15 7.847. Acacia farnesiana 222 10 1.12 10.438. Cassia occidentalis 444 10 0.32 11.769. Dalbergia sissoo 222 20 1.30 14.91

10. Syzygium cumini 111 10 0.02 5.7711. Acacia catechu 111 10 0.08 5.9312. Bombax ceiba 111 10 0.73 7.66

6444 250 37.70 300



Frequency %

TBA (m2/Ha)

IVI

1. Typha angustata 57000 60 3.56 88.962. Antigonum leptopus 5000 30 0.15 11.633. Mazus pumilus 5000 10 0.00 4.404. Polygonum barbatum 2000 10 0.08 4.43

5. Eupatorium adenophorum 3000 10 0.11 5.19

6. Boehmeria macrophylla 4000 20 0.07 7.527. Syzygium cumini 1000 10 0.09 4.228. Phragmites karka 7000 20 2.20 40.079. Geranium ocellatum 27000 10 0.05 13.42

10. Stellaria media 32000 10 0.06 15.4811. Galium asperifolium 56000 30 0.06 29.5012. Peristrophe paniculata 10000 30 0.21 14.3913. Sida acuta 3000 20 0.02 6.4514. Aerva sanguinolenta 1000 10 0.01 2.9715. Tinospora sinensis 1000 10 0.06 3.7516. Chenopodium album 3000 10 0.00 3.6417. Achyranthes aspera 2000 10 0.01 3.3718. Passifl ora suberosa 3000 10 0.01 3.7919. Sia cordata 1000 10 0.00 2.9120. Alternanthera tenella 2000 10 0.00 3.2921. Coronopus didymus 4000 10 0.01 4.12

22. Scoparia dulcis 16000 10 0.01 8.62

23. Erigeron linifolius 7000 10 0.01 5.28

24. Fumaria parvifl ora 3000 10 0.00 3.70

25. Oxalis corniculata 6000 10 0.00 4.8126. Capsella bursa-pastoris 4000 10 0.00 4.07

265000 400 6.8 300

Table-14: List of Invasive Alien Plant species in India

S.No Species Family Habit Nativity1. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Trop. South America2. Acacia mearnsii De Willd. Mimosaceae Tree South east Australia3. Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Asteraceae Herb Brazil4. Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex

SchultAmaranthaceae Herb Trop. America

5. Aeschynomene americana L. Papilionaceae Herb Trop. America6. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)

King & RobinsonAsteraceae Herb Trop. America

7. Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae Herb Trop. America


S.No Species Family Habit Nativity8. Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Asteraceae Herb Trop. America9. Alternanthera paronychioides A.

St. HilAmaranthaceae Herb Trop. America

10. Alternanthera philoxeroideds (Mart.) Griseb.

Amaranthaceae Herb Trop. America

11. Alternanthera pungens Kunth Amaranthaceae Herb Trop. America12. Alternanthera tenella Colla Amaranthaceae Herb Trop. America13. Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Polygonaceae Climber Trop. America14. Argemone Mexicana L. Papaveraceae Herb Trop. Central &

South America15. Asclepias curassavica L. Asclepiadaceae Herb Trop. America16. Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Liliaceae Herb Trop. America17. Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Herb Trop. America18. Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson Asteraceae Herb Trop. America19. Blumea eriantha DC. Asteraceae Herb Trop. America20. Blumea lacera (Burm. f. ) DC. Asteraceae Tree Trop. America21. Blumea obliqua (L.) Druce Asteraceae Herb Trop. America22. Borassus fl abellifer L. Arecaceae Tree Trop. Africa23. Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Shrub Trop. Africa24. Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Shrub Trop. Africa25. Cardamine hirsuta L. Brassicaceae Herb Trop. America26. Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst.

ex A. Rich.Brassicaceae Herb Trop. America

27. Cassia absus L. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Trop. America28. Cassia alata L. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub West Indies29. Cassia hirsuta L. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Trop. America30. Cassia obtusifolia L. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Trop. America31. Cassia occidentalis L. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Trop. South America32. Cassia pumila Lam. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Trop. America33. Cassia rotundifolia Pers. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Trop. South America34. Cassia tora L. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Trop. South America35. Cassia unifl ora Mill. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Trop. South America36. Catharanthus pusillus (Murray)

DonApocynaceae Herb Trop. America

37. Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Herb Trop. Africa38. Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. Euphorbiaceae Herb Trop. America39. Chamaesyce indica (Lam.) Croizat Euphorbiaceae Herb Trop. South America40. Chloris barbata Sw. Poaceae Herb Trop. America


S.No Species Family Habit Nativity41. Chromolaena odorata (L.) King &

RobinsonAsteraceae Herb Trop. America

42. Chrozophora rottleri (Geis.) Spreng.

Euphorbiaceae Herb Trop. Africa

43. Cleome gynandra L. Cleomaceae Herb Trop. America44. Cleome monophylla L. Cleomaceae Herb Trop. Africa45. Cleome rutidosperma DC. Cleomaceae Herb Trop. America46. Cleome viscosa L. Cleomaceae Herb Trop. America47. Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don Melastomataceae Herb Trop. America48. Conyza bipinnatifi da Wall. Asteraceae Herb Trop. America49. Corchorus aestuans L. Tiliaceae Herb Trop. America50. Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Tiliaceae Herb Trop. America51. Corchorus tridens L. Tiliaceae Herb Trop. Africa52. Corchrus trilocularis L. Tiliaceae Herb Trop. Africa53. Crassocephalum crepidioides

(Benth.) MooreAsteraceae Herb Trop. America

54. Crotalaria pallida Dryand Papilionaceae Herb Trop. America55. Crotalaria retusa L. Croton Papilionaceae Herb Trop. America56. Croton bonplandianum Boil. Euphorbiaceae Herb Temperate South

America57. Cryptostegia grandifl ora R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Herb Madagascar58. Cuscata chinensis Lam. Cuscutaceae Herb Mediterranean59. Cuscata refl exa Roxb. Cuscutaceae Herb Mediterranean60. Cyperus diff ormis L. Cyperaceae Herb Trop. America61. Cyperus iria L. Cyperaceae Herb Trop. America62. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link Papilionaceae Herb Europe63. Datura innoxia Mill. Solanaceae Shrub Trop. America64. Datura metel L. Solanaceae Shrub Trop. America65. Dicoma tomentosa Cass. Asteraceae Herb Trop. Africa66. Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Amaranthaceae Herb S.W Asia67. Dinebra retrofl exa (Vahl.) Panz. Poaceae Herb Trop. America68. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Poaceae Herb Trop. South America69. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Poaceae Herb Trop. South America70. Echinops echinatus Roxb. Asteraceae Herb Afghanistan71. Eclipta prostrata (L.) Mant. Asteraceae Herb Trop. America72. Eichhornia crassipes (C.Martius)

Solms-Loub.Pontederiaceae Herb Trop. America

73. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Asteraceae Herb Trop. America74. Euphorbia cyathophora Murray Euphorbiaceae Herb Trop. America


S.No Species Family Habit Nativity75. Euphorbia heterophylla L. Convolvulaceae Herb Trop. America76. Evolvulus nummularis (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Herb Trop. America77. Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) C.

Mohr.Asteraceae Herb Trop. Central

America78. Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. Cyperaceae Herb Trop. America79. Galinosoga parvifl ora Cav. Asteraceae Herb Trop. America80. Glossocardia bosvallea (L.f.) DC. Asteraceae Herb East Indies81. Gnaphalium coarctatum Willd. Asteraceae Herb Trop. America82. Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd. Asteraceae Herb Trop. America83. Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers. Asteraceae Herb Trop. America84. Gomphrena serrata L. Amaranthaceae Herb Trop. America85. Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. Asteraceae Herb Trop. South America86. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae Herb Trop. America87. Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae Herb Trop. America88. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raensch. Poaceae Herb Trop. America89. Indigofera astragalina DC. Papilionaceae Herb Trop. America90. Indigofera glandulosa Roxb. ex

Willd.Papilionaceae Herb Trop. America

91. Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. Papilionaceae Herb Trop. South America92. Indigofera linnaei Ali. Papilionaceae Herb Trop. Africa93. Indigofera trita L.f. Papilionaceae Shrub Trop. Africa94. Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Convolvulaceae Shrub Trop. America95. Ipomoea eriocarpa R.Br. Convolvulaceae Herb Trop. Africa96. Ipomoea hederifolia L. Convolvulaceae Herb Trop. America97. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker.-Gawl. Convolvulaceae Herb Trop. Africa98. Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Convolvulaceae Herb Trop. East Africa99. Ipomoea quamoclit L. Convolvulaceae Herb Trop. America

100. Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.

Convolvulaceae Herb Trop. Africa

101. Lagascea mollis Cav. Asteraceae Herb Trop. Central America

102. Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Herb Trop. America103. Leonotis nepetiifolia (L.) R.Br. Lamiaceae Herb Trop. Africa104. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.)

de WitMimosaceae Herb Trop. America

105. Ludwiga adscendens (L.) Hara Onargraceae Herb Trop. America106. Ludwigia octovalis (Jacq.) Raven Onagraceae Herb Trop. Africa107. Ludwigia perennis L. Onargraceae Herb Trop. Africa108. Macroptilium atropupureum (DC.)

UrbanPaplionaceae Climber Trop. America


S.No Species Family Habit Nativity109. Macroptilium lathyroides (L.)

UrbanPapilionaceae Climber Trop. Central

America110. Malachra capitata (L.) L. Malvaceae Herb Trop. America111. Malvastrum coromandelianum

(L.) GarckeMalvaceae Herb Trop. America

112. Martynia annua (Houstoun in Martyn) L.

Pedaliaceae Herb Trop. America

113. Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small

Scrophulariaceae Herb Trop. North America

114. Melilotus alba Desv. Papilionaceae Herb Europe115. Melochia corchorifolia L. Sterculiaceae Herb Trop. America116. Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urban. Convolvulaceae Herb Trop. America117. Mikania micrantha Kunth Asteraceae Climber Trop. America118. Mimosa pigra L. Mimosaceae Shrub Trop. North America119. Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae Herb Brazil120. Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Peru121. Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.)

C. Presl.Pontederiaceae Herb Trop. America

122. Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Solanaceae Herb Trop. America123. Ocimum americanum L. Lamiaceae Herb Trop. America124. Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Cactaceae Herb Trop. America125. Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Herb Europe126. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae Herb Trop. North America127. Passifl ora foetida L. Passifl oraceae Herb Trop. South America128. Pedalium murex L. Pedaliaceae Herb Trop. America129. Pennisetum purpureum Schum. Poaceae Herb Trop. America130. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Piperaceae Herb Trop. South America131. Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.)

BrummittAcanthaceae Herb Trop. America

132. Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. Euphorbiaceae Herb Mascarene Islands133. Physalis angulata L. Solanaceae Herb Trop. America134. Physalis pruinosa L. Solanaceae Herb Trop. America135. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Urticaceae Herb Trop. South America136. Pistia stratiotes L. Araceae Herb Trop. America137. Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Herb Trop. South America138. Portulaca quadrifi da L. Portulacaceae Herb Trop. America139. Prosopis julifl ora (Sw.) DC. Mimosacaceae Shrub Mexico140. Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E.

Hubb.Poaceae Herb Trop. America

141. Rorripa dubia (Pers.) Hara Brassicaceae Herb Trop. America


S.No Species Family Habit Nativity142. Ruellia tuberosa L. Acanthaceae Herb Trop. America143. Saccharum spontaneum L. Poaceae Herb Trop. West Asia144. Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitch Salviniaceae Herb Brazil145. Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae Herb Trop. America146. Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) Wight Paplilionaceae Shrub Trop. America147. Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Herb Trop. America148. Solanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae Herb Trop. America149. Solanum seaforthianum Andrews Solanaceae Climber Brazil150. Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Shrub West Indies151. Solanum viarum Dunal Solanaceae Herb Trop. America152. Sonchus asper Hill Asteraceae Herb Mediterranean153. Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae Herb Mediterranean154. Spermacoce hispida L. Rubiaceae Herb Trop. America155. Spilanthes radicans Jacq. Asteraceae Herb Trop. South America156. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.)

VahlVerbenaceae Herb Trop. America

157. Stachytarpheta urticaefolia (Salisb.) Sims

Verbenaceae Herb Trop. America

158. Stylosanthes hamata(L.) Taub. Papilionaceae Herb Trop. America159. Synadenium grantii Hook.f. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Trop. America160. Synedrella nodifl ora (L.) Gaertn. Asteraceae Herb West Indies161. Torenia fournieri Linden ex E.

FournierScrophulariaceae Herb Australia

162. Tribulus lanuginosus L. Zygophyllaceae Herb Trop. America163. Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Herb Trop. America164. Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Herb Trop. Central

America165. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Tiliaceae Herb Trop. America166. Turnea subulata J.E. Smith Turneraceae Herb Trop. America167. Turnea ulmifolia L. Turneraceae Herb Trop. America168. Typha angustata Bory. & Choub. Typhaceae Herb Trop. America169. Ulex europaeus L. Papilionaceae Shrub Western Europe170. Urena lobata L. Malvaceae Shrub Trop. Africa171. Waltheria indica L. Sterculiaceae Herb Trop. America172. Xanthium strumarium L. Asteraceae Herb Trop. America173. Youngia japonica (L.) DC. Asteraceae Herb Trop. South America

Source: Reddy (2008)

58 Study on Qualitative and Quantitative Survey of Invasive Species in Dehradun District Ta

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urbe

d ar

eas,

gra

ss la

nds,

wet

land

s,

ripar

ian

and

urba

n ar

eas

Nat

iona

l

12.

Mik

ania

m

icra

ntha

Ast

erac

eae

Neo

trop

ical

or

igin

Silv

er b

ulle

tM

ajor

men

ace

in n

atur

al fo

rest

s,

plan

tatio

ns, a

gric

ultu

ral s

yste

ms

in

nort

heas

t and

sou

thw

est I

ndia

Nat

iona

l

13.

Sacc

haru

m

spon

tane

umPo

acea

e In

dia

Kans

gra

ss, w

ild c

ane,

ko

hua

Thro

ugho

ut th

e ar

ea. N

ot u

ncom

mon

Nat

iona

l

14.

Sola

num

via

rum

Sola

nace

aeSo

uth

Am

eric

a-

It is

an

aggr

essi

ve p

eren

nial

of m

ost o

f the

ar

eas

Nat

iona

l

15.

Triu

mfe

tta

rhom

boid

eaTi

liace

aeIn

dia

Cham

pada

ng s

piny

co

ckle

bur B

onog

ora

Thro

ugho

ut th

e ar

ea c

omm

onN

atio

nal

16.

Ure

na lo

bata

Mal

vace

aeIn

dia

Ara

min

a Ca

dilla

, bor

so

nobr

ial

Thro

ugho

ut th

e ar

ea c

omm

onN

atio

nal

17.

Xant

hium

in

dicu

m

Ast

erac

eae

Cosm

polit

an.

Nat

ural

ized

th

roug

hout

In

dia

Clot

bur

, coc

kle

bur,

bur w

eed,

Ogo

raTh

roug

hout

the

area

com

mon

Nat

iona

l

60 Study on Qualitative and Quantitative Survey of Invasive Species in Dehradun District Ta

ble-

16:

Inva

sive

Spe

cies

of U

ttar

akha

nd

S.N

o.N

ame

of th

e sp

ecie

sFa

mily

Nat

ivity

Life

Form

Hab

itA

ltitu

de(in

m a

sl)

Use

sH

abit

Mod

e of

in

trod

uctio

n1.

Ac

acia

dea

lbat

a Li

nkM

imos

acea

eA

ustr

alia

TP

450–

1,40

0N

kA

RU

i2.

Ac

acia

farn

esia

na (L

.) W

illd.

Mim

osac

eae

Trop

. Sou

th

Am

eric

aT

PU

p to

1,0

00M

AR

Ui

3.

Acan

thos

perm

um h

ispi

dum

DC.

Ast

erac

eae

Braz

ilH

AU

p to

1,5

00M

WU

i4.

Ag

erat

um c

onyz

oide

s L.

Ast

erac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

A35

0–1,

500

MW

O5.

Ag

erat

um h

oust

onia

num

Mill

.A

ster

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,350

ChW

Ui

6.

Alte

rnan

ther

a pa

rony

chio

ides

St.

Hill

.A

mar

anth

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HP

Up

to 2

,300

MRB

Ui

7.

Alte

rnan

ther

a ph

iloxe

roid

es (M

art.)

G

riseb

.A

mar

anth

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HP

500–

2,00

0N

kRB

Ui

8.

Alte

rnan

ther

a pu

ngen

s Hum

b.,

Bonp

l. &

Kun

thA

mar

anth

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HP

Up

to 6

00M

, Ch

WU

i

9.

Alte

rnan

ther

a se

ssili

s (L.

) DC.

Am

aran

thac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

P35

0–1,

800

M, C

hRB

Ui

10.

Amar

anth

us sp

inos

us L

.A

mar

anth

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,200

M, V

, Fo

CFU

i

11.

Anag

allis

arv

ensi

s L.

Prim

ulac

eae

Euro

peH

AU

p to

1,8

00M

CFU

i12

. An

tigon

on le

ptop

us H

ook.

& A

rn.

Poly

gona

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aC

P60

0–1,

200

MA

RU

i13

. Ar

gem

one

mex

ican

a L.

Papa

vera

ceae

Sout

h A

mer

ica

HA

350–

1,20

0M

WU

i14

. Ar

gem

one

ochr

oleu

ca S

wee

tPa

pave

race

aeSo

uth

Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,2

00M

AR,

WU

i15

. As

clep

ias c

uras

savi

ca L

.A

scle

piad

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HP

Up

to 1

,200

MA

RU

i16

. As

phod

elus

tenu

ifoliu

s Cav

.Li

liace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,000

MCF

Ui

17.

Bide

ns p

ilosa

L.

Ast

erac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

A30

0–1,

500

M, V

, Fo

CFU

i

18.

Blai

nvill

ea a

cmel

la (L

. f.)

Phili

pson

Ast

erac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

900

ChW

Ui

19.

Blum

ea e

riant

ha D

C.A

ster

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HP

Up

to 1

,600

ChW

Ui

20.

Blum

ea la

cera

(Bur

m. f

.) D

C.A

ster

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

400–

1,40

0M

WU

i


No.

Nam

e of

the

spec

ies

Fam

ilyN

ativ

ityLi

feFo

rmH

abit

Alti

tude

(in m

asl

)U

ses

Hab

itM

ode

of

intr

oduc

tion

21.

Blum

ea o

bliq

ua (L

.) D

ruce

Ast

erac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

A50

0–1,

800

ChW

Ui

22.

Bora

ssus

fl ab

ellif

er L

.A

reca

ceae

Trop

. Afr

ica

TP

Up

to 8

00H

u,

Hf

WU

i

23.

Brom

us c

atha

rtic

us V

ahl

Poac

eae

S. A

mer

ica

GA

800–

2,00

0Fo

CF, W

Ui

24.

Calo

trop

is g

igan

tea

(L.)

R. B

r.A

scle

piad

acea

eTr

op. A

fric

aS

PU

p to

600

M, S

aW

Ui

25.

Calo

trop

is p

roce

ra (A

it.) R

. Br.

Asc

lepi

adac

eae

Trop

. Afr

ica

SP

Up

to 6

00N

e,

St, M

WU

i

26.

Cann

abis

sativ

a L.

Cann

abac

eae

Cent

ral A

sia

H, U

SA

/P60

0–2,

300

R, C

, Sc

, M,

Cn, F

i

AR,

WU

i

27.

Card

amin

e hi

rsut

a L.

Bras

sica

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

P65

0–2,

000

Nk

RBU

i28

. Ca

ssia

abs

us L

.Ca

esal

pini

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,000

MW

Ui

29.

Cass

ia o

btus

ifolia

L.

Caes

alpi

niac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

PU

p to

1,2

00M

WU

i30

. Ca

ssia

occ

iden

talis

L.

Caes

alpi

niac

eae

Trop

. Sou

th

Am

eric

aH

PU

p to

1,4

00M

WU

i

31.

Cass

ia p

umila

Lam

.Ca

esal

pini

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,800

ChW

Ui

32.

Cass

ia to

ra L

.Ca

esal

pini

acea

eTr

op. S

outh

A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,000

MW

Ui

33.

Cath

aran

thus

pus

illus

(Mur

r.) G

. D

onA

pocy

nace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,200

PoCF

O

34.

Celo

sia

arge

ntea

L.

Am

aran

thac

eae

Trop

. Afr

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,000

M,V

CFFd

35.

Cera

toph

yllu

m d

emer

sum

L.

Cera

toph

ylla

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

A55

0–2,

200

MA

Ui

36.

Chen

opod

ium

alb

um L

.Ch

enop

odia

ceae

Euro

peH

AU

p to

1,4

00V

CFFd

37.

Chen

opod

ium

am

bros

ioid

es L

.Ch

enop

odia

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,2

00N

kW

Ui

38.

Chen

opod

ium

mur

ale

L.Ch

enop

odia

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,0

00V

CF, W

Ui

39.

Chlo

ris b

arba

ta (L

.) Sw

.Po

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HP

500–

2,40

0Fo

WU

i40

. Cl

eom

e gy

nand

ra L

.Ca

ppar

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,500

M, V

WU

i

62 Study on Qualitative and Quantitative Survey of Invasive Species in Dehradun District S.

No.

Nam

e of

the

spec

ies

Fam

ilyN

ativ

ityLi

feFo

rmH

abit

Alti

tude

(in m

asl

)U

ses

Hab

itM

ode

of

intr

oduc

tion

41.

Cleo

me

visc

osa

L.Ca

ppar

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,800

M, C

nW

Ui

42.

Cony

za c

anad

ensi

s (L.

) Cro

nqui

stA

ster

acea

eSo

uth

Am

eric

aH

A45

0–2,

000

ChF

Ui

43.

Conv

olvu

lus a

rven

sis L

.Co

nvol

vula

ceae

Euro

peH

AU

p to

1,5

00M

F, W

Ui

44.

Corc

horu

s aes

tuan

s L.

Tilia

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,0

00M

WU

i45

. Co

rcho

rus o

litor

ius L

.Ti

liace

aeTr

op. A

fric

aH

AU

p to

1,0

00M

CFU

i46

. Co

rcho

rus t

riden

s L.

Tilia

ceae

Trop

. Afr

ica

HA

Up

to 9

00V

WU

i47

. Co

rcho

rus t

riloc

ular

is L

.Ti

liace

aeTr

op. A

fric

aH

AU

p to

1,2

00Ch

WU

i48

. Cr

asso

ceph

alum

cre

pidi

oide

s (B

enth

.) S.

Moo

reA

ster

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,100

ChF

Ui

49.

Crot

alar

ia p

allid

a A

it.Fa

bace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,500

ChCF

Ui

50.

Crot

alar

ia re

tusa

L.

Faba

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,4

00Ch

CFU

i51

. Cr

oton

bon

plan

dian

um B

aill.

Euph

orbi

acea

eTe

mpe

rate

So

uth

Am

eric

aH

PU

p to

700

ChW

Ui

52.

Cusc

uta

chin

ensi

s Lam

.Cu

suta

ceae

Med

iterr

anea

nH

PU

p to

800

MP

Ui

53.

Cusc

uta

refl e

xa R

oxb.

Cusu

tace

aeM

edite

rran

ean

HA

1,20

0–2,

500

MP

Ui

54.

Cype

rus d

iff or

mis

L.

Cype

race

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,600

ChCF

Ui

55.

Cype

rus i

ria L

.Cy

pera

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,5

00Ch

CFU

i56

. Cy

tisus

scop

ariu

s (L.

) Lin

kPa

pilio

nace

aeEu

rope

HA

Up

to 1

,600

MC

Ui

57.

Dat

ura

inno

xia

Mill

.So

lana

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aS

PU

p to

1,2

00M

WU

i58

. D

atur

a fa

stuo

sa L

.So

lana

ceae

Sout

h A

mer

ica,

M

exic

oS

PU

p to

1,2

00M

AR,

WU

i

59.

Dat

ura

met

el L

.So

lana

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aS

PU

p to

1,2

00M

WU

i60

. D

atur

a st

ram

oniu

m L

.So

lana

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aS

PU

p to

1,5

00M

AR,

WU

i61

. D

iger

a m

uric

ata

(L.)

Mar

t.A

mar

anth

acea

eSW

Asi

aH

AU

p to

1,0

00M

CFU

i62

. Ec

hino

chlo

a co

lona

(L.)

Link

Poac

eae

Trop

. Sou

th

Am

eric

aH

A70

0–2,

000

Ft, F

oRB

Ui


No.

Nam

e of

the

spec

ies

Fam

ilyN

ativ

ityLi

feFo

rmH

abit

Alti

tude

(in m

asl

)U

ses

Hab

itM

ode

of

intr

oduc

tion

63.

Echi

noch

loa

crus

-gal

li (L

.) P.

Be

auv.

aPo

acea

eTr

op. S

outh

A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,100

Ad

RBU

i

64.

Echi

nops

ech

inat

us R

oxb.

Ast

erac

eae

Afg

hani

stan

HA

Up

to 1

,500

Nk

WU

i65

. Ec

lipta

cyl

indr

ica

(L.)

L.A

ster

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,500

MCF

Ui

66.

Eich

horn

ia c

rass

ipes

(C. M

artiu

s)

Solm

s.Po

nted

eria

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

PU

p to

1,2

00Co

, St

AO

67.

Emili

a so

nchi

folia

(L.)

DC.

Ast

erac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

A70

0–2,

000

M, V

RBU

i

68.

Eupa

toriu

m a

deno

phor

um S

pren

g.A

ster

acea

eM

exic

oU

S, S

P40

0–2,

800

Nk

FE, W

Ui

69.

Euph

orbi

a ch

amae

syce

L.

Euph

orbi

acea

eW

est A

fric

a an

d M

aurit

ius

HA

Up

to 1

,200

MW

Ui

70.

Euph

orbi

a he

tero

phyl

la L

.Eu

phor

biac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

800

OCF

Ui

71.

Euph

orbi

a hi

rta

L.Eu

phor

biac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,2

00M

CFU

i72

. Eu

phor

bia

pepl

us L

.Eu

phor

biac

eae

Euro

peH

A/P

1,80

0–2,

000

MA

R,

FEU

i

73.

Evol

vulu

s num

mul

ariu

s (L.

) L.

Conv

olvu

lace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HP

Up

to 1

,500

ChW

Ui

74.

Fuire

na c

iliar

is (L

.) Ro

xb.

Cype

race

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

650–

1,80

0N

kW

Ui

75.

Gal

inso

ga p

arvi

fl ora

Cav

.A

ster

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

400–

2,00

0M

, Fo

RBU

i76

. G

alin

soga

qua

drira

diat

a Ru

iz &

Pa

von

Ast

erac

eae

Mex

ico

HA

Up

to 1

,600

Nk

WU

i

77.

Gna

phal

ium

pen

sylv

anic

um W

illd.

Ast

erac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

A65

0–2,

000

Nk

RBU

i78

. G

naph

aliu

m p

olyc

aulo

n Pe

rs.

Ast

erac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

A60

0–2,

000

Nk

WU

i79

. G

omph

rena

cel

osio

ides

Mar

tius

Am

aran

thac

eae

Sout

h A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,600

Nk

CFU

i80

. G

omph

rena

serr

ata

L.A

mar

anth

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,200

VCF

Ui

81.

Gra

ngea

mad

eras

pata

na (L

.) Po

ir.A

ster

acea

eTr

op. S

outh

A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 8

00M

RBU

i

82.

Hyp

tis su

aveo

lens

(L.)

Poit.

Lam

iace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

600–

2,00

0M

AR

Ui


No.

Nam

e of

the

spec

ies

Fam

ilyN

ativ

ityLi

feFo

rmH

abit

Alti

tude

(in m

asl

)U

ses

Hab

itM

ode

of

intr

oduc

tion

83.

Impa

tiens

bal

sam

ina

L.Ba

lsam

inac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,1

00Cn

RBO

84.

Impe

rata

cyl

indr

ica

(L.)

Raeu

sch.

Poac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

PU

p to

1,4

00R

WU

i85

. In

digo

fera

ast

raga

lina

DC.

Faba

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

800

ChF

Ui

86.

Indi

gofe

ra g

land

ulos

a Ro

xb. e

x W

illd.

Faba

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

800

MCF

Ui

87.

Indi

gofe

ra li

nifo

lia (L

.f.) R

etz.

Faba

ceae

Trop

. Sou

th

Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,5

00M

AR

Ui

88.

Indi

gofe

ra li

nnae

i Ali

Faba

ceae

Trop

. Afr

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,000

M, M

aF

Ui

89.

Indi

gofe

ra tr

ita L

.f.Fa

bace

aeTr

op. A

fric

aS

PU

p to

1,4

00Ch

FU

i90

. Ip

omoe

a ca

rnea

Jacq

. sub

sp.

fi stu

losa

(Mar

t. ex

Cho

isy)

Aus

tinCo

nvol

vula

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aS

PU

p to

900

MW

Ui

91.

Ipom

oea

erio

carp

a R.

Br.

Conv

olvu

lace

aeTr

op. A

fric

aH

AU

p to

1,5

00M

WO

92.

Ipom

oea

hede

rifol

ia L

.Co

nvol

vula

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,5

00Ch

FU

i93

. Ip

omoe

a m

uric

ata

(L.)

Jacq

.Co

nvol

vula

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,4

00M

CF, W

Ui

94.

Ipom

oea

nil (

L.) R

oth

Conv

olvu

lace

aeN

orth

Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,8

00M

FE, W

Ui

95.

Ipom

oea

obsc

ura

(L.)

Ker.-

Gaw

al.

Conv

olvu

lace

aeTr

op. A

fric

aH

PU

p to

1,0

00M

WU

i96

. Ip

omoe

a pu

rpur

ea (L

.) Ro

thCo

nvol

vula

ceae

Sout

h A

mer

ica

HA

c. 8

00M

, Fo

CF, W

Ui

97.

Ipom

oea

pes-

tigrid

is L

.Co

nvol

vula

ceae

Trop

. Eas

t A

fric

aH

AU

p to

1,5

00M

WU

i

98.

Ipom

oea

quam

oclit

L.

Conv

olvu

lace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HP

Up

to 1

,200

MW

O99

. La

gasc

ea m

ollis

Cav

.aA

ster

acea

eTr

op. C

entr

al

Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,2

00N

kCF

Ui

100.

La

ntan

a ca

mar

a L.

aVe

rben

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HP

Up

to 2

,000

Bf, S

bF

O10

1.

Leon

otis

nep

etiif

olia

(L.)R

. Br.

Lam

iace

aeTr

op. A

fric

aH

AU

p to

1,8

00M

WU

i10

2.

Leuc

aena

latis

iliqu

a (L

.) G

illi.

Mim

osac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aT

PU

p to

1,8

00M

WFo


No.

Nam

e of

the

spec

ies

Fam

ilyN

ativ

ityLi

feFo

rmH

abit

Alti

tude

(in m

asl

)U

ses

Hab

itM

ode

of

intr

oduc

tion

103.

Le

ucae

na le

ucoc

epha

la (L

am.)

De

Wit

Mim

osac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aT

PU

p to

2,0

00Sf

CF,

WP,

A

R

Af

104.

Lu

dwig

ia a

dsce

nden

s (L.

) Har

aO

nagr

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,200

SbA

Ui

105.

Lu

dwig

ia o

ctov

alvi

s (Ja

cq.)

Rave

nO

nagr

acea

eTr

op. A

fric

aH

AU

p to

1,4

00M

RBU

i10

6.

Ludw

igia

per

enni

s L.

Ona

grac

eae

Trop

. Afr

ica

HA

Up

to 9

00M

RBU

i10

7.

Mal

achr

a ca

pita

ta (L

.) L.

Mal

vace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

/PU

p to

1,6

00M

WU

i10

8.

Mal

vast

rum

cor

oman

delia

num

(L.)

Gar

cke

Mal

vace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,200

M, F

iW

Ui

109.

M

arty

nia

annu

a L.

Peda

liace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HP

600–

2,00

0M

WU

i11

0.

Mec

ardo

nia

proc

umbe

ns (M

ill.)

Smal

lSc

roph

ular

iace

aeTr

op. N

orth

A

mer

ica

HA

1,00

0–2,

200

ChW

Ui

111.

M

elilo

tus a

lba

Med

ik. e

x D

esr.

Faba

ceae

Euro

peH

AU

p to

800

Fo, B

rCF

Fd11

2.

Mel

ochi

a co

rcho

rifol

ia L

.St

ercu

liace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HP

Up

to 1

,000

Fi, V

FU

i11

3.

Mim

osa

pudi

ca L

.M

imos

acea

eBr

azil

HP

Up

to 1

,400

MF

Ui

114.

M

irabi

lis ja

lapa

L.

Nyc

tagi

nace

aePe

ruH

Ac.

1,5

00O

WO

115.

M

onoc

horia

vag

inal

is (B

urm

. f.)

C.

Pres

l.Po

nted

eria

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

PU

p to

1,0

00M

, VRB

Ui

116.

N

icot

iana

plu

mba

gini

folia

Viv

.So

lana

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,3

00Sm

WU

i11

7.

Oci

mum

am

eric

anum

L.

Lam

iace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,200

In, C

uW

Ui

118.

O

punt

ia st

ricta

Haw

. var

. dill

enii

(Ker

Gaw

l.) B

enso

nCa

ctac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aS

PU

p to

900

Nk

WU

i

119.

O

punt

ia e

latio

r Mill

erCa

ctac

eae

Sout

h A

mer

ica

SP

Up

to 1

,600

FtA

R, W

Ui

120.

O

punt

ia v

ulga

ris M

iller

Cact

acea

eSo

uth

Am

eric

aS

PU

p to

1,8

00Ft

AR,

WU

i12

1.

Oxa

lis c

orni

cula

ta L

.O

xalid

acea

eEu

rope

HP

Up

to 1

,800

VCF

Ui

122.

Pa

rthe

nium

hys

tero

phor

us L

.A

ster

acea

eTr

op. N

orth

A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,500

Nk

WU

i


No.

Nam

e of

the

spec

ies

Fam

ilyN

ativ

ityLi

feFo

rmH

abit

Alti

tude

(in m

asl

)U

ses

Hab

itM

ode

of

intr

oduc

tion

123.

Pa

ssifl

ora

foet

ida

L.Pa

ssifl

orac

eae

Trop

. Sou

th

Am

eric

aH

PU

p to

1,0

00M

WO

124.

Pe

nnis

etum

pur

pure

um S

chum

.Po

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

GA

Up

to 1

,800

CoF

Fo12

5.

Pepe

rom

ia p

ellu

cida

(L.)

Kunt

hPi

pera

ceae

Trop

. Sou

th

Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,5

00N

kA

RU

i

126.

Pe

ristr

ophe

pan

icul

ata

(For

ssk.

) Br

umm

itA

cant

hace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,400

MW

Ui

127.

Ph

ysal

is a

ngul

ata

L.So

lana

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,0

00N

kW

Ui

128.

Ph

ysal

is h

eter

ophy

lla N

ees

Sola

nace

aePe

ruH

AU

p to

1,5

00N

kA

RU

i12

9.

Phys

alis

min

ima

L.So

lana

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,5

00M

, Ft

WU

i13

0.

Phys

alis

per

uvia

na L

.So

lana

ceae

Peru

HA

Up

to 1

,800

MW

, CF

Ui

131.

Pi

lea

mic

roph

ylla

(L.)

Lieb

m.

Urt

icac

eae

Trop

. Sou

th

Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,2

00N

kRB

Ui

132.

Pi

stia

stra

tiote

s L.

Ara

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

PU

p to

1,4

00M

AU

i13

3.

Port

ulac

a ol

erac

ea L

.Po

rtul

acac

eae

Trop

. Sou

th

Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,5

00M

, VW

Fd

134.

Po

rtul

aca

quad

rifi d

a L.

Port

ulac

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 9

00V

WU

i13

5.

Pros

opis

julifl

ora

(Sw

.) D

C.a

Mim

osac

eae

Mex

ico

SP

Up

to 7

00Sb

WA

f13

6.

Rhyn

chel

ytru

m re

pens

(Will

d.) C

. E.

Hub

b.Po

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,200

Nk

WU

i

137.

Ro

rippa

dub

ia (P

ers.

) Har

aBr

assi

cace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,000

Nk

CFU

i13

8.

Ruel

lia tu

bero

sa L

.A

cant

hace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,400

ChRB

Ui

139.

Sa

ccha

rum

spon

tane

um L

.Po

acea

eTr

op. W

est

Asi

aH

PU

p to

1,5

00M

RBU

i

140.

Sc

opar

ia d

ulci

s L.

Scro

phul

aria

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

A/P

Up

to 1

,000

MW

Ui

141.

Se

sban

ia b

ispi

nosa

(Jac

q.) W

. F.

Wig

htFa

bace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

SA

/BU

p to

1,5

00Fi

, Ma

RBU

i


No.

Nam

e of

the

spec

ies

Fam

ilyN

ativ

ityLi

feFo

rmH

abit

Alti

tude

(in m

asl

)U

ses

Hab

itM

ode

of

intr

oduc

tion

142.

Se

taria

gen

icul

ata

(Lam

.) P.

Bea

uv.

Poac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aG

Pc.

1,3

50Fo

AR,

W

PU

i

143.

Se

taria

pan

icul

ifera

(Ste

udel

) Fo

urm

. ex

Hem

sley

Poac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aG

P1,

500–

2,00

0Fo

AR,

W

PU

i

144.

Si

da a

cuta

Bur

m. f

.M

alva

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

1,0

00M

, Fi,

FoW

Ui

145.

So

lanu

m h

ispi

dum

Per

soon

Sola

nace

aePe

ruS

PU

p to

1,5

00N

kA

R,

WP

Ui

146.

So

lanu

m n

igru

m L

.So

lana

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

AU

p to

2,8

00M

, Ft

CFU

i14

7.

Sola

num

pse

udo-

caps

icum

L.

Sola

nace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

US

PU

p to

1,5

00O

FEU

i14

8.

Sola

num

seaf

orth

ianu

m A

ndre

ws

Sola

nace

aeBr

azil

CP

Up

to 1

,200

Nk

WU

i14

9.

Sola

num

torv

um S

w.

Sola

nace

aeW

est I

ndie

sS

PU

p to

1,0

00M

FU

i15

0.

Sola

num

via

rum

Dun

alSo

lana

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

PU

p to

1,5

00N

kF

Ui

151.

So

nchu

s asp

er (L

.) H

illA

ster

acea

eM

edite

rran

ean

HA

Up

to 3

,000

MA

RU

i15

2.

Sonc

hus o

lera

ceus

L.

Ast

erac

eae

Med

iterr

anea

nH

AU

p to

2,2

00M

, VRB

Ui

153.

Sp

erm

acoc

e hi

spid

a L.

Rubi

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

/PU

p to

1,0

00M

CFU

i15

4.

Stac

hyta

rphe

ta u

rtic

ifolia

Sim

sVe

rben

acea

eTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,300

Nk

WU

i15

5.

Tore

nia

four

nier

i Lin

den

ex E

. Fo

urn.

Scro

phul

aria

ceae

Aus

tral

iaH

PU

p to

1,2

00N

kW

Ui

156.

Tr

ibul

us te

rres

tris

L.

Zygo

phyl

lace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HP

Up

to 8

00M

WU

i15

7.

Trid

ax p

rocu

mbe

ns L

.A

ster

acea

eTr

op. C

entr

al

Am

eric

aH

PU

p to

1,3

00M

, VCF

Ui

158.

Tr

ium

fett

a rh

ombo

idea

Jacq

.Ti

liace

aeTr

op. A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,000

MW

Ui

159.

Ty

pha

angu

stifo

lia L

.Ty

phac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

PU

p to

1,0

00T,

Wc,

N

e,

Hu

RBU

i


No.

Nam

e of

the

spec

ies

Fam

ilyN

ativ

ityLi

feFo

rmH

abit

Alti

tude

(in m

asl

)U

ses

Hab

itM

ode

of

intr

oduc

tion

160.

U

rena

loba

ta L

.M

alva

ceae

Trop

. Afr

ica

SA

/PU

p to

1,5

00Fi

WU

i16

1.

Wal

ther

ia in

dica

L.

Ster

culia

ceae

Trop

. Am

eric

aH

PU

p to

1,5

00M

FU

i16

2.

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hium

indi

cum

Koe

nig

Ast

erac

eae

Trop

. Am

eric

aS

AU

p to

1,8

00M

, Bf

AR

Ui

163.

Yo

ungi

a ja

poni

ca (L

.) D

C.A

ster

acea

eTr

op. S

outh

A

mer

ica

HA

Up

to 1

,300

Nk

AR

Ui

(Sek

har e

t. al

. 201

2)Pl

ants

hav

ing

high

alle

lopa

thic

pot

entia

lLi

fe fo

rm:

H h

erb,

C c

limbe

r, U

S un

ders

hrub

, S s

hrub

, T tr

ee, G

gra

ssH

abit:

A

ann

ual,

B bi

enni

al, P

per

enni

al, A

/B a

nnua

l or b

ienn

ial,

A/P

ann

ual o

r per

enni

alU

ses:

A

d ad

ulte

ratio

n, B

f bio

mas

s fue

l in

rura

l are

a, B

r bio

fert

ilize

r, C

clot

hes m

akin

g, C

h pr

esen

ce o

f bio

activ

e ch

emic

als,

Cn

cond

imen

t, Co

com

post

, Cu

culin

ery,

Fi fi

bre

, Fo

fodd

er, F

t fru

its e

dibl

e, H

u hu

t, H

f han

d-he

ld fa

n, In

inse

ctis

ide,

M m

edic

inal

, Ma

man

ure,

Ne

net m

akin

g, N

k no

t kno

wn,

O o

rnam

enta

l, P

pois

onou

s pla

nt, R

rope

m

akin

g, S

a sa

cred

pla

nt, S

b so

il bi

nder

, Sc

sac

mak

ing,

Sf s

ocia

l for

estr

y, S

m sm

okin

g, S

t sec

onda

ry w

aste

wat

er tr

eatm

ent,

T th

atch

ing,

V v

eget

able

, W w

ood

wor

k,

Wc

wic

ker w

ork

Hab

itat:

W

was

tela

nds,

CF

culti

vate

d fi e

lds,

F fo

rest

s, A

R al

ong

road

side

, A a

quat

ic, P

par

asite

s, W

P w

aste

pla

ces,

FE

fore

st e

dges

, CF

crop

fi el

ds M

ode

of in

trod

uctio

n: A

f ag

rofo

rest

ry, F

d fo

od, F

o fo

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, O o

rnam

enta

l, U

i uni

nten

tiona

l

S Y S T E M A T I C E N U M E R A T I O N O F I N V A S I V E S P E C I E S I N D E H R A D U N D I S T R I C T

Acacia farnesianaAcacia farnesiana (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4:1083. 1806. (Mimosaceae).Local Name: Vilayati kikar.

Hindi Name: Vilayati babul/ Durgandhakhair/ Gandhbabul/ Gukikar/ Guhbabul/ Pissibabul/ Vilayati kikar.

Sanskrit Name: Arimeda/ Arimedaka/ Asimeda/ Girimeda/ Godhaskanda/ Irimeda/ Kalaskandha/ Krimishatrava/ Marudruma/ Rimeda/ Vita/ Vitkhadira.

English Name: Cassie fl ower/ Sponge tree/ Thorny acacia/ Needle bush/ Stincting acacia/ Farnese wattle/ Dead fi nish/ Mimosa wattle/ Mimosa bush/ Prickly mimosa bush/ Prickly moses/ Northwest curare/ Sheep's briar/ Sweet acacia/ Sponge wattle/ Thorny feather wattle.

Evergreen, shrubs or small trees, to 6 m high; branches slender, zig-zag, grey dots. Stipular spines in pairs or 3, straight, to 2 cm long. Petiole gland near the middle, pinnae 3-8 pairs, 0.6-3 cm long; leafl ets 10-20 pairs, linear, sessile, 2-4 x 0.5-1 mm, glabrous, overlapping. Flowers dark-yellow, in globose, 1-1.5 cm heads. Pods sub-cylindric, 5-7 x 0.6-1 cm, dark-brown, obtuse or hooked at apex, dehiscent, 4-6 seeded in double rows.

Phenology: Fl. Feb.-Apr.; Fr. Apr.-Jul.

Distribution: Indigenous to tropical America.

Propagation: By seeds

Remarks: Along river beds, margins of dry forests.


Achyrahthes asperaAchyranthes aspera L., Sp. Pl. 204. 1753 (Amaranthaceae).

Local Name: Latjira/ Apamarg/ Chirchita/ Bang/ Ultukura.

Hindi Name: Apang/ Chichra/ Chirchira/ Chirchita/ Latjira.

Sanskrit Name: Apamarga/ Adhoghanta/ Kini/ Adhvashalya/ Aghamargava/ Apangaka/ Chamtakara/ Kanti/ Durabhigraha/

Durgraha/ Aghata/Kantarika/ Karkatapippali/ Vasira/ Mayuraka/ Parakpushpi/ Dhamargava/ Katumanjirika/ Kharamanjiri/ Kini/ Kishaparni/ Ksharamadhaya/ Kshuraka/ Shkhari/ Kubja/ Malakanta/ Markati/ Padukantaka/ Pratyakparni/ Pratyakpushpi/ Shaikharika/ Sthalmanjari/ Talakata.

English Name: Prickly Chaff Flower/Davil’s Horsewhip.

Annual-perennial, simple or branched subdeciduous herbs or undershrubs; stem woody at base, often tinged purple, occasionally viscid-pubescent, 30-90 cm high. Leaves opposite, ovate-acuminalte, usually thick; petioles 1-2.5 cm long. Spikes slender, 30-60 cm lonh, appressed hairy; bracts and bracteoles ovate, spinscent. Flowers defl exed. Fruits oblong, urticles 1-seeded.

Phenology: Fls. & Fr.: Mar.-Dec.

Distribution: Throughout the India.

Propagation: Seeds

Remarks: Fairly common; waste places, road sides, terraces of crop fi elds.

Ageratum conyzoides Ageratum conyzoides L., Sp. Pl. 938. 1753 (Asteraceae)

English Name: Goat weed/ White weed.

Annual, erect, foetid herbs up to 1 m tall. Leaves ovate to triangular, 3-8 x 1-3.5 cm, base rounded or truncate, margin serrate, apex acute or acuminate. Heads in terminal cormbs. Florets blue or white. Achenes black, 5-angled. Pappus scales 5, serrate, awn-tipped.


Phenology: Fls. & Fr.: July-January.

Distribution: Trop. America, Throughout the India.

Propagation: Seeds

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Troublesome weed in gardens, cultivated fi elds and forests.

Alternanthera philoxeroidesAlternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. in Abt. Ges. Wiss. Goett. 24:36.187. Bucholzia philoxeroides Mart. Beitr. Amar. 107.1825. (Amaranthaceae)

English Name: Alligator weed

Aquatic or marshy prostrate herbs, with many erect branches, lower noded rootimg, stem fi stular. Leaves opposite, elliptic-lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, upto 7 x 1 cm, base narrowed down to an indistinct petiole, glabrous. Infl orescence axillary, in globose peduncled heads; rarely fl owers but with no seed set.

Phenology: Fls. & Fr.: Aug.- Nov.


Propagation: Vegetative.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Troublesome weed in stagnant water bodies, drainage channels and marshy lands.

Alternanthera sessilisAlternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. Cat. Pl. Hort. Monsp. 4:77. 1813. Gomphrena sessilis L., Sp. Pl. 225. 1753. Alternanthera triandra Lam. Encycl. 1:95. 1783 (Amaranthaceae). Sans. Giojihra.

Hindi Name: Gudrisag.

Sanskrit Name: Matsyaksi/ Patturah/Giojihra.

Annual or perennial prostrate or ascending herb. Leaves sessile or subsessile, variable, linear, elliptic-oblong,


oblanceolate, obovate-oblong, narrowly elliptic, 1.5(7.5) x0.3-1.2 cm, sometimes denticulate. Cluster of fl owers or spikes axillary, solitary or few in a cluster. Tepals elliptic, 1.5-2.5 mm, acuminate or acute, mucronate, glabrous or nearly so. Urticle compressed, obcordate 2.5-3 mm diam., with thickened margin. Seeds discoid.

Phenology: Fls. & Fr.: July-Jan.

Distribution: Throughout India. Widespread in tropics and subtropics of the world.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Common along river banks, waste places, weed of crop fi elds.

Alternanthera tenellaAlternanthera tenella Colla, Mam. R. Acad. Sc. Tornic 33:131, t. 9, 1828 (Amaranthaceae).

English Name: Hairy joyweed.

Perennial branched herb, erect, semi-erect or decumbent; densely branching at base. Stem striate. Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate or rhomboid-ovate, 1.2-7.5 cm long, 0.5-4 cm broad, hairy, acute to obtuse. Flowers white or

stramineous, about 3.5 mm long, in axillary clusters of 2-5. Seed minute, brown.

Phenology: Fls. Nov.; Fr.: Apr.

Distribution: Native of South America. Naturalised in India.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Weed of waste places, road sides.

Antigonum leptopusAntigonum leptopus Hook. & Arn., Bot. Deechey Voy. 308. t. 69. 1841. (Polygonaceae)

English Name: The Coral Creeper, Sandwich Island Creeper.

Climber. Stem woody below, angular, slightly thickened on the nodes. Leaves with amplexicaule petioles and small stipules often reduced, ovate, acute, margin


undulate. Flowers pink or white, in small fascicled modifying to more or less zig zag racemes and panicles, showy. Perianth lobes petaloid, the 3 outer ones larger. Nut triangular.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year.

Distribution: Indigenous to South America. Widely grown in the gardens. Naturalized in India.

Propagation: By seeds and suckers.

Remarks: Frequently cultivated in gardens and naturalized in waste places near habitations.

Argemone mexicanaArgemone mexicana L., Sp. Pl. 508. 1753 (Papaveraceae).

Local Name: Satyanashi.

Hindi Name: Satyanashi/ Bharbhand/ Biladhutura/ Brahmadundi/ Shailakanta/ Ujarkanta.

Sanskrit Name: Svamaksiri/ Brahmadanti/ Hemadughda/ Hemashikha/ Hemavati/ Kanchani/ Karhini/ Katuparni/ Patuparni/ Pitapushpa/ Rukmini/ Suvarna/ Tiktadughda/ Yavachincha.

English Name: Mexican Poppy/Yellow Mexican Poppy/Prickly Poppy.

Glabrous herb, 30-80 cm. Leaves very variable in shape, oblong or obovate, sinuate- pinnatifi d, 10-15(22) x 3-8 cm, chartaceous, glaucous, margin spinulose-dentate, lower leaves crowded, more or less in a rosette, petioled, higher ones sessile or amplexicaul. Flowers yellow, sessile or on short pedicel, 3-4 cm across. Petals 6, two series, obovate, 2-3 cm, cuneate, entire, obtuse. Seeds black-brown, to 2 mm, fi ne trabecular-reticulate.

Phenology: Fls. Feb.-June.

Distribution: Throughout India. Native of West Indies, Mexico etc., now widely naturalized in the tropics.

Propagation: By seeds.

Remarks: Common on road sides, waste places, dry river beds.


Argemone ochroleucaArgemone ochroleuca Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 3:t. 242. 1828. A. mexicana L. var. ochroleuca (Sweet) Lindley, Bot. Reg. 1343. 1830 (Papaveraceae). Local Name: Pili-kanteli/ Kandialu.

Hindi Name: Vilayti-Bhatkatiya/ Shailakanta.

Sanskrit Name: Srigala-Kantala.

Annual, prickly herbs, 20-100 cm tall, with yellow latex; lower

leaves in rosettes, petioled, upper ones sessile, elliptic-obovate, 3-15x2-6 cm, base semiamplexicaule, acute apex, sinuate to pinnatifi d, prickly on nerves. Flowers 2.5-3.5 cm across, sessile. Petals obovate, whitish or light yellow. Capsule ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate; covered with erecto-patent spines; seeds many, black.

Phenology: Fls. Apr.-Jun.; Fr.: Jul.-Nov.

Distribution: Naturalised in warmer parts of India; native of S. America.

Propagation: By seeds.

Remarks: Common roadside, waste places, dry river beds.

Bidens pilosaBidens pilosa L., Sp. Pl. 832. 1753 (Asteraceae).

Local Name: Samasa/ Arahajhad.

English Name: Spanish Needle.

Annual erect herbs, 0.3-1 m. Leaves opposite, biternate, or trifoliate, rarely simple, 3-7 x 1-2 cm, lateral segments ovate to lanceolate, attenuate or obtuse, crenate or serrate, acuminate. Heads 1.2-1.5 cm across, in terminal corymbose panicles. Ray fl orets yellow. Dis fl orets yellow. Achenes 7-8 mm long, lanceolate to linear, ribbed, black.

Phenology: Fls. & Fr.: July-Dec.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Occasional weed of cultivated fi elds, scrub and forests.


Cannabis sativa Cannabis sativa L., Sp. Pl. 1027. 1753. (Cannabisaceae).Local Name: Bhang/ Bhanga/ Bhangalu.

Hindi Name: Bhang/ Charas/ Ganja/ Gur/ Kinnab/ Sabzi/ Sidhi.

Sanskrit Name: Bhangra/ Vijaya/Ganjika/ Ajaya/ Ananda/ Bhanga/ Bhringi/ Dhurtapatni/ Harshini/ Kamagni/ Maya/ Mohini/ Vijaya.

English Name: Indian Hemp/ True Hemp/ Soft Hemp/ Marijuana/ Marihuana.

Annual herb, 0.6-1.5 m; female plants generally taller than the males. Leaves 7.5-20 cm diam., upper 3-1-foliolate, passing into bracts, lower 3-8-foliolate with long petioles; leafl ets linear-lanceolate, 4.5-8 x 0.8-1.5 cm, serrate, acuminate. Convolute bracts 2 mm long with oblique mouth much longer than the ovary and its investing hyaline perianth, accrescent and 5 mm in fruit.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: Nov.-Jan.

Distribution: Throughout the greater part of India. Native of Central Asia; cultivated in many other countries.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Common on roadsides, waste places, also cultivated.

Cassia occidentalis Cassia occidentalis L., Sp. Pl. 377. 1753. (Caesalpiniaceae) Local Name: Banar/ Kasondi/ Bamaseer.

Hindi Name: Barikasondi/ Chakunda/ Kasonda/ Kasondi/ Kasunda.

Sanskrit Name: Arimarda/ Dipana/ Kala/ Kalakanta/ Kanaka/ Karkasha/ Kasamarda/ Kasamardaka/ Kasari/

Kashamarda/ Jarana/ Vimarda.

English Name: Foetid Cassia/ Negro Coff ee/ Rubbish Cassia/ Stinking Weed.


Erect glabrous herb or undershrub, 0.3-1.5 m. Leaves 15-20 cm long; petiole glandular; leafl ets 4-6 pairs elliptic-ovate, acuminate, rounded or cuneate at base, 6 x 2 cm. Raceme 2-6 fl owered. Flowers yellow, 1.2-1.8 cm across. Pod falcate, linear, turgid but compressed, brown with yellow margins, 11 x 0.5 cm.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: July-December.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Occasional weed of cultivated fi elds and near by villages.

Cassia pumila Cassia pumila Lam., Encycl. 1:651. 1785. (Caesalpinaceae).

Annual, prostrate - decumbent or erect herbs; branches crisped pubescent. Leaves 3-5 cm long; petiole with shortly stipitate dark purple gland; leafl ets 5-20 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 x 1.4-1.8 mm, acute, mucronate, pubescent; stipules subulate, persistent. Flowers yellow usually solitary, axillary. Pods

2-3 cm long, fl at, pubescent, 6-10 seeded.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: Aug.-Oct.

Distribution: Throughout warmer parts of India, Sri Lanka Indo-malaysia.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Common; grassy localities, crop fi elds, road sides.

Cassia tora Cassia tora L., Sp. Pl. 376.1753. (Caesalpiniaceae)

Local Name: Chakvar/ Chakunda/ Banar/ Panwar.

Hindi Name: Chakavat/ Chakunda/ Pamad/ Panevar.

Sanskrit Name: Ayudham/ Chakramarda/ Chakramardaka/ Dadamandan/ Dadamari/ Dadrughna/ Prabhunatha/ Praputrata/ Praputatri/ Prishanparni/ Taga.

English Name: Foetid Cassia/ Stinking Cassia.

Herbs or sometimes shrub, 0.3-1m. Leaves 6-9 cm long, with subulate glands between the leafl ets; leafl ets 3-5 pairs, obovate-oblong, obtuse, apiculate at apex, 5 x 2.5 cm;


gland between leafl ets of each of two lower pairs. Flowers in axillary pairs, yellow, 1.2 cm across. Pod apiculate, subtetragonal, 12 x 0.5 cm.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: August-December.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Abundant along tracks, road sides and degraded forests lands.

Chenopodium albumChenopodium album L., Sp. Pl. 219. 1753 (Chenopodiaceae).

Hindi Name: Bathua sag/ Chilli/ Chandanbedu/ Bethu.

Sanskrit Name: Vastukah/ Agaralohita/ Chakravarti/ Chilli/ Chilika/ Gaudavastuka/ Kankella/ Ksharapatra/ Panshupatra/ Tuni/ Vastu/ Vastuka/ Vasuka.

English Name: Wild Spinach/ All Good/ Bacon Weed/ Dirt Weed/

Drought Weed/ Dirty Dick/ Fat Hen/ Frost Bite/ Mild Goose Foot/ Lamb’s Quarters.

Erect or ascending herb, 20-90 cm, usually covered with powdery white or pink vesicles. Leaves very variable, more or less oblong-lanceolate or rhomboid-lanceolate, 1-4 x 0.5 cm or in cultivated forms upto 10-15 cm long and rhomboic-deltoid or lanceolate, entire or usually more or less toothed or lobulate, often irregularly obtuse, acute or subacute. Flowers 1-12 mm across, in short axillary spikes and often forming also a terminal thyrse. Perianth with powdery white or pink vesicles. Seed black, depressed with an obscure horizontal keel.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: Nov.-Apr.

Distribution: Throughout India, upto 3600 m. Europe, continental Asia, Africa, Australia and America.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Common open waste places, crop fi elds, roadsides.


Chenopodium ambrosioidesChenopodium ambrosioides L., Sp. Pl. 219. 1753 (Chenopodiaceae).

Hindi Name: Banbathu/ Khatua/ Kirmari/ Bajrabhang.

Sanskrit Name: Banbathu/ Khatua/ Kirmari/ Bajrabhang.

English Name: Worm Seed/ Mexican Tea/ Sweet Pigweed.

Erect, strongly aromatic herb, 0.6-1.2 m; stem sulcate, glandular-pubescent. Leaves oblong or

lanceolate, 1.5-8 x 0.5-2.5 cm, lobed and irregularly toothed or entire, sinuate-toothed or upper almost entire, obtuse. Flowers minute, innumerable, green, subsessile, clustered, forming slender, axillary and terminal, simple or paniculate, leafy spikes. Seed depressed globose, brown.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: Apr.-Aug.

Distribution: Throughout India- Native of tropical America; widely introduced: Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Common on roadsides, waste places, terraces of crop fi elds.

Cleome viscosa Cleome viscosa L., Sp. Pl. 612. 1753 (Papaveraceae).Local Name: Jakhya.

Hindi Name: Hulhul/ Hurhur/ Jangliharar.

Sanskrit Name: Pasugandha/ Adityabhakta/ Arkabhakta.

English Name: Wild Mustard/ Dog Mustard/ Sticky Cleom/ Tickweed/ Asian Spider fl ower/ Yellow Spider fl oer.

Erect, annual, branched, glandular-pubescent, viscid herb, 15-100 cm. Leaves 3-5-foliolate; leafl ets subsessile or shortly petiolulate, obovate or elliptic, 1.5-6 x 1-3 cm, the middle one larger than the lateral ones. Racemes corymbose. Flowers yellow, 0.8-1.5 cm across, long pedicelled. Capsule terete, 4-9 cm including 5 mm long beak,


ribs oblique, glandular hairy. Seeds many, to 1.25 mm across, clefts narrow, glabrous, transverse ridges strong concentric ones faint.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: May.-Oct.

Distribution: Throughout the warmer parts of India. Native in the Old World, from tropical Africa and S. Arabia to tropical Australia; Malaysia, adventives in the New World.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Waste places, fi elds crops, roadsides.

Corchorus aestuans Corchorus aestuans L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10.2:1079. 1759 (Malvaceae).

Local Name: Titpati.

Annual erect or suberect herbs; stem often red tinged. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, lowest 3-8 x 1.2-4 cm, rounded at base, acute, serrate, lowest serrations fi liform. Flowers yellow, 1-3, on short, axillary leaf opposed cymes; bracts 4-5 mm long; pedicels short. Petals oblanceolate, spathulate; claws ciliate. Fruit a capsule, 1.5-4 cm long, 6-angled prominently winged, terminating into 3- bifi d beaks; seeds numerous, dark-brown.

Phenology: Fl. May.-Sept.; Fr. Jul.-Nov.

Distribution: Throughout warmer parts of India; pantropical.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Common in open exposed places, roadsides, scrub jungles, margin of fi elds.

Cuscuta re�exa Cuscuta refl exa Roxb., Pl. Corom. 2:3.t. 104. 1798 (Convolvulaceae).

Local Name: Amarbel/ Akasbel.

Hindi Name: Akasbel, Amarvela.

Sanskrit Name: Amarvela/ Akasavalli/ Asparsa/ Akashabhavana/ Akashapavana/ Amaravallari/ Dusparsha/ Khavalli/ Nilatar/ Vyomavallika.

English Name: Dodder.


Annual-perennial, parasitic, leafl ess, twining or climbing herbs; stem slender, pale-brown or greenish-brown, glabrous with adhesive disc at the point of attachment on host plant. Flowers waxy-white, in small, globose, short, axillary racems. Capsules globose, 3-5 mm across, somewhat fl eshy. Seeds large, 2-4, black.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: Jun.-Dec.

Distribution: Throughout India.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Twiners on several shrubs and small trees.

Echinochloa colona Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Hort. Berol 2:209.1833. (Poaceae)

Hindi Name: Sawank.

English Name: Jungle Rica/ Awnless Barnyard Grass.

Annual tufted grass up to 60cm. Leaves linear, 7.5- 30 x 0.43-0.75 cm, tapering to a slender acute point, fl at, fl accid, glabrous or scaberulous; sheaths somewhat loose,

smooth. Panicle 5-12.5 cm long, very narrow; spikes not crowded but mostly longer than the internodes of the panicle axis. Spikelets crowded, 3-4-seriate, ovate to ovate-elliptic, acute or cuspidate, 2.5-3 mm long. Caryopsis broadly elliptic, 1.9 mm long.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: Most part of the year.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer.

Eichhornia crassipesEichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-laubach in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 4:527. 1883 (Pontedriaceae). Local Name: Jalkumbhi.

Hindi Name: Jalkumbhi.

English Name: Water-Hyacinth.

Perennial free fl oating, aquatic herb, profusely rooting at nodes. Leaves several in rosettes, spathulate or ovate, 5.15 cm long; petiole swollen into infl ated


bladders, 3-6 cm long. Flowers blue-violet, in dense, to 15 cm long spike; bracts leaf like. Perianth tube 1.3-1.6 cm, bent at apex.

Phenology: Throughout the year.

Distribution: Native of Brazil. Naturalised throughout India.

Propagation: Roots suckers.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer.

Emilia sonchifoliaEmilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. in Wight, Contrib. Bot. India 24. 1834 (Asteraceae).

Hindi Name: Hirankhuri.

Sanskrit Name: Sasasrutih.

English Name: Cupid’s Shaving Brush/ Lilac tassel fl ower.

Annual, diff used or erect-ascending, weak Herbs, to 30 cm high; stem pale-brown, much branched glabrous. Leaves variable, shortly petioled, lyrate-pinnatifi d or lobed, 3-7.5 x 3-3.5 cm, coarsely toothed, base cuneate, membranous, cauline leaves few, usually auricled at base. Heads purple, discoid, 4-5 mm across, ebracteolate. Achenes brown, cylindrical, 5-ribbed. Pappus of white, soft hairs.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr. Feb.-Jun.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Open and moist places, road sides, grassy places, crop fi elds.

Eupatorium adenophorum Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng., Syst. 3: 420. 1826. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & Robinson, Phytologia 19:211.1970. E. glandulosum Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 4:1820, non Mixhaux, 1803 (Asteraceae).

Local Name: Kharma/ Bakura

Hindi Name: Kalabansa.


English Name: Eupatory/ Crofton weed.

Perennial, glandular hairy, erect herbs to 1 m tall. Leaves opposite, deltoid-ovate, margin serrate, purple below; leaf blade 3-8 cm. Infl orescence clustered, in corymbose cymes; phyllaries glandular-puberulent; heads homogamous. Flowers 10-60 per head, cylindric, corolla white, pink tinged. Achene 5 angled, 5-ribbed. Pappus white, feathery.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: August-February.

Distribution: Native of Trop. America, Kerela, Tamil Nadu.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Occasional weed in forest clearings and along road sides at higher elevations in Western Ghats

Euphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia heterophylla L., Sp. Pl. 453. 1753 (Euphorbiaceae).

Annual, erect or ascending herbs, to 1 m high, with bluish latex; stem fi stular ribbed. Leaves alternate or opposite in the upper part, variable in shape, elliptic-oblong to elliptic or ovate, 3-12x2-6 cm, acute, serrate or subentire, base acute or narrowed, glabrous above, hairy beneath. Involucre

of 5-ovate lobes, greenish-white or yellowish, in terminal clusters; one conspicuous lateral gland. Capsules smooth, 3-celled, 4-5 mm across. Seeds tuberculate.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: Feb.-Aug.

Distribution: Native of C. America, widely distributed.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Weed crop fi elds, waste places.

Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia hirta L., Sp. Pl. 454.1753. Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millspaugh in Feld Mus. Nat.Hist.Bot.2:303.1909 (Euphorbiaceae).

Local Name: Dudhi/ Dudhibari/ Dudhigha.

Hindi Name: Dudhi.

Sanskrit Name: Pusitoa.

English Name: Asthma Plant/ Snake weed/ Pill bearing spurge.


Erect or ascending or prostrate herbs to 50 cm tall. Leaves 0.5 x 0.6 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, obliquely acute-rounded at base, margin serrulate-serrate, apex subacute-acute, chartaceous, lower surface pale and hispidly. Flowers greenish, in axillary, cymose cyathia. Capsule 1.8 mm, pubescent or hairy. Seeds 1 mm, angled, shallowly furrowed, reddish.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: August-December.

Distribution: Native of Trop. America, Throughout the India.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Abundant along railway tracks, road sides, in cultivated fi elds and forests

Evolvulus nummulariusEvolvulus nummularius (L.) L.,Sp. Pl. (ed..2) 391. 1762. Convolvulus nummularius L., Sp. Pl. 157. 1753. Volvulopsis nummularius (L.) Roberty, Candollea 14:28. 1952 (Convolvulaceae).

Prostrate or procumbent herb with trailing, puberulous branches, often rooting. Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, 0.5-1.5 cm diam., rounded at apex,

glabrous, gland - punctate beneath, base cordate. Flowers white, solitary, axillary, terminating the 2.5 mm long peduncle. Corolla funnel-shaped, very thinly pubescent outside; tube very narrow, about as long as the sepals. Capsule subglobose, 3 mm diam, 1-celled, 2-seeded.

Phenology: Fls. & Fr.: Chiefl y July-Nov.

Distribution: Widely naturalized in India. New World tropics, tropical Africa, Madgascar.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Edge of crop fi elds, waste places and miscellaneous forests.


Galinsoga parvi�ora Galinsoga parvifl ora Cav., Icon. 3:41, t. 281.1796. (Asteraceae).

Local Name: Khusari-gha/ Banmara/ Khursani/ Kusyadi-jhad.

English Name: Gallant Soldier/ Potato Weed.

Weak erect, hispid or glabrous herb, 15-40 cm. Leaves petioled, ovate, 1.8-5 x 0.7-2.5 cm, subserrate, acute to obtusely acuminate, membranous,

pubescent on both sides, glabrescent afterwards, base rounded or cuneate. Heads 6.2 mm diam., white. Achenes fusiform, black, 1.5-2 mm long, puberulous. Pappus scales ca. 10, elliptic-oblong, 1.5 mm long.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: October-March.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Weed in gardens and also in wasteland under partial shade.

Gomphrena celosioidesGomphrena celosioides Mart. Beitr. Amarantac. 93. 1825 (Amaranthaceae).

Annual or perennial much branched prostrate or ascending herb. Leaves sessile or subsessile, narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, 1.5-4.5 x 0.5-1.3 cm, obtuse or subacute, mucronate, villous. Spikes whitish, sessile, subtended by a pair of sessile leaves, at fi rst globose and ca. 1.2 cm across, fi nally elongate and cylindrical, 4-6 cm long. Tepals narrowly lancolate, 4-5 mm, mucronate, 1-nerved, the outer 3 more or less fl at, lanate only at the base, inner 2 tepals densely lanate almost to the tip. Urticle compressed-pyriform. Seeds brown, shining.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: Most part of the year.

Distribution: Introduced but naturalized in many parts of India. A native of S. America becoming a widely distributed weed in the warmer regions of the world.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Weed of crop fi elds, roadsides, waste places.


Gnaphalium pensylvanicumGnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd., Enum. Pl. Bort. Berol 867. 1809. G. peregrinum Fernald in Rhodora 45.479. t. 795. 1943. G. purpureum auct. non L. (Asteraceae).

Tomentose herb with ascending stems, 15-30 cm. Leaves narrowly spathulate, or obovate-spathulate, 2.5-6.5(10) cm, apex broadly rounded or sometimes apiculate sparsely lenate on the upper surface, grayish tomentose beneath. Heads 3.5 mm long, in axillary clusters forming more or less interrupted and leafy spikes. Florets greenish-white. Corolla of bisexual fl orets 0.18 mm long, tip puberulous. Achenes smooth or minutely papillose. Pappus hairs distinctly united at the base.

Phenology: Fls. & Fr.: Dec.-Mar.

Distribution: Throughout India. Australia; native of N. America.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Weed of moist river beds, waste places, edges of crop fi elds.

Hyptis suaveolens Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 7: 472 t. 29 f.2. 1806 (Lamiaceae).

Hindi Name: Vilayati tulsi/ Bhantala.

English Name: Wild Spikenard/ H. Wilayati tulsi.

Tall aromatic, erect, undershrubs to 3 m tall. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, 2-7 x 1-6 cm, chartaceous, strigose, base obliquely truncate to acute,

base of the lower leaves cordate or subcordate, irregularly serrulate, apex acute. Flowers blue in verticilis or in short, stalked cymes, about 6-fl owered, axillary; Nutlets 2, ovoid or oblong, 2 aborted and seen as rudimentary white structures at base, erect, basilar.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: August- March.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Common weed of forests, cultivated fi elds and along railway tracks and road sides.


Impatiens balsamina Impatiens balsamina L., Sp. Pl. 938. 1753 (Balsaminaceae). Local Name: Gulmehendi.

Hindi Name: Gulmehendi.Sanskrit Name: Dushpatrijati.

English Name: Garden balsam/Balsam weed/Jewel weed.

Annual, erect Herbs, 30-80 cm, with stilt roots from the lower nodes. Leaves alternate, 6-15 x 1-3 cm,

elliptic-lanceolate, margin serrate, apex acuminate; petioles with 2 sessile glands, decurrent into a glandular petiole. Flowers white, pink or purple, 2 cm across, with long curved spur, 1-3 in the axils. Capsules 1-1.5 x 0.7-1 cm, ellipsoid, acute, tomentose.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: July-January.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Common along streams of moist forests and occasionally along railway tracks; also runs wild in gardens.

Imperata cylindrica Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 165 (1812) (Poaceae). Local Name: Siru/ Sauraun/ Sirau.

Hindi Name: Dabh/ Siru/ Ulu.Sanskrit Name: Darbha.

English Name: Lalang grass/ Alang-alang/ Bedding grass.

A tufted perennial grass, 5-120 cm tall with hairy nodes. Rhizomes white, stout, creeping. Leaves variable very short to 105 cm long, mostly basal, leaf-blades linear to linear-lanceolate. Infl orescence a narrow, spiciform or thyrsiform silvery, silky upto 20 cm long panicle. Spikelets paired, both pedicelled, enveloped in long, silky hairs, 2-fl owered. Grain small, oblong, free.

Phenology: July-August.

Distribution: Warm and temperate part of Asia extending to Australia, East and S. Africa.

Propagation: Roots Saccer.

Remarks: The tander leaves provide fodder. Generally found in the burnt area, invading cultivated fi elds.


Ipomoea carnea Jacq. ssp. �stulosa Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Enum., Pl. Carib. 13. 1760 ssp. fi stulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) Austin in Taxon 26:237.f.2. 1977. I.fi stula Mart. & Choisy in DC., Prodr. 9.349.1845 I.crassicaulis (Benth.) Robinson in Proc. Amer. Acad. 51:530. 1916 (Concolvulaceae).

Hindi Name: Basharambar/ Behaya.

Erect or suberect shrub, with thick, terete, fi stular stem. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, 6-20 x 4-10 cm, base cordate or hastate, acuminate; petiole with a pair of gland at the base of leaf. Flowers purple, 6-10 cm, in many fl owered, axillary or terminal, pedunculate cymes. Capsules ovoid-globose, 1.5-2 cm long. Seeds 4, brown-villous.

Phenology: Throughout the year.


Propagation: Roots suckers

Remarks: Cultivated as hedge plant. Aggressive colonizer in Wetlands.

Lantana camara Lantana camara L., Sp. Pl. 627. 1753. L. aculeata L., Sp. Pl. 627. 1753 (Verbenaceae).Local Name: Kurri/ Kurri ghass.

Hindi Name: Kurri/ Chaturang/ Ghaneri.Sanskrit Name: Chaturangi/ Vanachhedi.

English Name: Lantana Weed/ Wild Sage/ Red Sage/ Yellow Sage/ White Sage.

Straggling, aromatic, armed shrubs, up to 2.5 m tall. Leaves 2-6 x 1.5-2.5 cm, base cordate, margin crenate-serrate, rugose and hispid above, sparsely hispid beneath; petiole upto 2.5 cm long, prickly. Flowers in various colours, pink, white, crimson, orange or rose, in axillary, capitate spikes. Drupes ripe black, 3-4 mm in diam., globose.

Phenology: Throughout the year


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Common weed of forests, plantations, habitation, waste lands and scrub lands.


Malvastrum coromandelianum Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke in Bomplandia 5: 295. 1857; Malvastrum tricuspidatum (R.Br.) Gray, Pl. Wright. 1:16. 1852 (Malvaceae). Local Name: Suchi.

Hindi Name: Kharenti.

English Name: False Mallow/ Broom Weed/ Clock Plant/ Prickly Malvastrum.

Annual, erect herbs or undershrubs, to 1 m high, sparsely appressed with

simple or 4 rayed stellate hairs. Leaves ovate-lancceolate to oblong, 1.8-6 x1-4 cm, corarsely serrate, 3-5 nerved at base, pubescent on both surfaces; petioles to 3 cm; stipules fi liform. Epicalyx segments linear to lanceolate, acute. Flowers yellow. Fruit of 10-12 mericarps, strongly curved, with two dorsal spines and a persistent rigid style. Seeds brown-black.

Phenology: Throughout the year


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Along waysides, waste places, forest edges.

Mimosa pudica Mimosa pudica L., Sp. Pl. 518. 1753 (Mimosaceae).

Hindi Name: Chhui-mui/ Lajvanti.Sanskrit Name: Lajja.

English Name: Touch-me-Not, Sleeping Grass, Sensitive plant.

Small prostrate or ascending herbs; branches prostrate, spreading. Leaves spreading, long petioled; pinnae 4, digitate 2-5-5.7 cm long; leafl ets 15-20 pairs, linear, elliptic-oblong, overlapping, base truncate, margin ciliate, acute at apex, hispid. Flowers pale pink. Pods fl at, 2-5 joined, oblong, 2-4 cm; margins distinctly bristly.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: July-February.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Common weed of cultivated fi elds, scrub lands and degraded forests.


Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv., Elench. Pl. Hort. Dinegro 26.t.5. 1802 (Solanaceae).

Hindi Name: Jandali Tambaku.

Herb 40-60 cm, somewhat scabridly hairy. Leaves radical and cauline, entire; basal ones few, spreading, obovate-spathulate or elliptic-ovate, large, subobtuse, glabrescent, base cuneate or decurrent; cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile or semi-amplexicaul, acute, hairy. Flowers very slender, white or greenish-white, in terminal, subpaniculate racemes. Capsule ovate, 6.2 mm long, minutely rugose.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: Apr.-Oct.

Distribution: Naturalized in many parts of India. Tropical America; widely naturalized.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Common on roadsides, waste places.

Oxalis corniculata Oxalis corniculata L., Sp. Pl. 435. 1753 (Oxalidaceae).Local Name: Chalmori/ Khattimithi.

Hindi Name: Amrul/ Amboti/Chalmori/ Amrulsak/ Chukatripati/ Khati-methi.Sanskrit Name: Ambashta/Amlalonika/ Amlika/ Amlotaja/ Chukrita/ Changeri/Shuklika.

English Name: Wood Sorrel/ Yellow Sorrel/ Indian Sorrel.

Perennial or annual, prostrate, decumbent or suberect herbs, rooting at nodes. Leaves 3-foliate, long petiolate; leafl ets subsessile, 5-16 mm wide, roundly obovate-cuneate, emarginated. Flowers yellow, axillary, solitary or 2-3 in subumbels. Capsules linear to oblong, 12-23 mm long, tomentose, shortly beaked.

Phenology: Almost throughout the year.

Distribution: Throughout India; Indonesia, Bhutan.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Way sides, crop fi elds, waste places.


Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenium hysterophorus L., Sp. Pl. 988. 1753 (Asteraceae).

Hindi Name: Gajar ghas.

English Name: Congress grass/ Bitter broom.

Herb upto 1 m high. Leaves usually lanceolate above to pinnately dissected downwards, 5.15 x 0.5-5 cm. Infl orescence a lax panicle of numerous small heads. Heads radiate, 4-8 mm across. Ray fl orets 5:

corolla white or light-yellow. Disc fl orets many corolla light-yellow. Achenes fl attened, 2 mm long. Pappus of 2 broad, strong refl exed awans, 0.3-0.5 mm long.

Phenology: Rainy season.

Distribution: Native of Trop. America. Naturalised Throughout the India.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Weed of waste and damp places, cropfi elds.

Peperomia pellucidaPeperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth in Humb., Bompl. & Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1:64. 1816 (Piperaceae).

Sanskrit Name: Toyakandha/ Varshabhoo.

English Name: Slate pencil plant/ Pepper elder/ Rat's ear/ Shiny bush/ Silver bush.

Annual, erect or decumbent-ascending, fl eshy herbs, 10-50 cm high, with glabrous, hollow stem. Leaves alternate, ovate-cordate, 0.5-4x0.4-3.5 cm, base rounded or cordate, apex obtuse or acuminate, glabrous, fl eshy, punctuate, shining above, pale beneath. Flowers minute, in 1-8 cm long spikes; bracts ovate-rounded. Perianth absent. Seeds warty.

Phenology: Fl. Jul.-Sept.: Fr. Sept.-Nov.

Distribution: Native of Trop. America. Naturalised many parts of India.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: On old walls, road sides, roofs, tree trunks.


Peristrophe paniculata Peristrophe paniculata (Forsk.) Brumit, Kew Bull. 38:451. 1983. P.bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees in Wall, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3:113. 1832 (Acanthaceae).Local Name: Banpatrang/ Patrang/ Chirchiri/ Kaknadi.

Hindi Name: Atrilal/ Itrelal/ Masi.

Annual-perennial, erect herbs; stems slender, branched, 30-70 cm high. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, 2-8.5 x1-3 cm, rounded at base, acute or acuminate; petioles 0.5-2 cm long. Flowers purple, in much branched, lax-panicles. Calyx segments 5, linear-lanceolate, ciliated. Corolla pink or purple, 2-lipped. Capsules oblong, beaked, hairy.

Phenology: Fl. Jul.-Sept.; Fr. Sept.-Nov.

Distribution: Almost throughout India; tropical Africa.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Weed of waste places, road sides, terraces of crop fi elds.

Physalis minimaPhysalis minima L., Sp.Pl. 183. 1753. P. divaricata D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nep. 97. 1825 (Solanaceae).Local Name: Damphu/ Damriya.

Hindi Name: Bandhapariya/ Chirpoti/ Tulatipati.Sanskrit Name: Mrdukuncika/ Chirapotha/ Lakshmipriya/ Tankari.

English Name: Country Gooseberry.

Erect herb, 8-60 cm; stems pubescent, puberulous or glabrous. Leaves ovate, 2-12 x 1.5-5 cm, coarsely toothed, sinuate or lobulate, acuminate or acute, membranous, pubescent, puberulous or glabrous. Flowers small, 5-7 mm long and broad. Calyx pubescent or hairy, the teeth not much enlarged in fruit. Corolla yellow, often with small purplish brown spots at the

base within. Berry 7 mm diam.; fruiting calyx sunglobose, 1.2-2.8 cm long.

Phenology: Fl.& Fr.: Aug.-Jan.

Distribution: Throughout India. Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Waste places, roadsides, crop fi elds.


Pilea microphyllaPilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvi-densk.Math.Afh.(ser.2) 5:296. 1851. Pilea muscosa Lindl. var. microphylla (Sw.) Wedd.Monog.Urtic.174. 1856 (Urticaceae).

English Name: Artillery plant, Gunpowder plant.

Prostrate or diff use (sometimes suberect) small, rather succulent herb.

Leaves distichous, very small, unequal in each pair, elliptic-oblong, obovate, orbicular or spathulate, 1-5(15) mm long, entire, obtuse, glabrous, penninerved but nervation very obscure; petiole very short. Cymes very small from nearly every axil, usually sessile, androgynous or unisexual. Male tepals mucronate. Median tepal of the fruiting fl ower hooded.

Phenology: Fl.& Fr.: Most part of the year.

Distribution: Naturalised in many parts of India. Native of S. America.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Weed of damp places.

Pistia stratiotesPistia stratiotes L., Sp.Pl. 963. 1753 (Araceae).

Hindi Name: Jalkumbhi.

English Name: Water Lettuce, Tropical Duckweed.

Gregarious fl oating cabbage-like herb. Leaves obovate-cuneate, 2.5-10 cm long, very variable in breadth, rounded, retuse or shallowly lobulate and undulate at apex, densely closely pubescent on both sides, nerves fl abellate, raised beneath. Spathe pale yellow or white, 1.2 cm long, obliquely campanulate, contracted near the middle.

Phenology: Fl. May.-June.; Fr.: Nov.-Dec.

Distribution: Throughout India. Tropics and subtropics.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Weed of ponds and stagnant waters.


Sida acuta Sida acuta Burm.f., Fl. Indica 147.1768 (Malvaceae).

Local Name: Bala/ Karenti.

Hindi Name: Bariara/ Kareta/Kharenti/ Pahari Bariara.

Sanskrit Name: Bala/ Brihannagabala/ Pata/ Pila/ Pitberela/ Rajbala.

Erect herbs or undershrub. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, 1-8 x 0.4-2 cm, basally 3-5 nerved, serrate, apex acute. Flower yellow, solitary or 2-5 in clusters. Mericarp 6-10, tetrahedral, 4 mm long, at apex usually with 2-awns, reticulately striate. Seeds triangularly ovoid, dark brown.



Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Abundant along railway tracks, road sides and in degraded forests.

Solanum nigrumSolanum nigrum L., Sp.Pl. 186.1753 (Solanaceae).

Local Name: Makoi/ Giwai/ Nan gewain/ Ninoni/ Mako.

Hindi Name: Makoi/ Gurkamai/ Kabaiya/ Kali-makoi/ Khajima.

Sanskrit Name: Kakini/ Bahuphala/ Bahutikta/ Dhvankshamachi/ Kakamachi/ Ghanaghana/ Guchhaphala/ Kaka/ Jaghenephala/ Kakamata/ Katuphala/ Kushthaghni/ Rasayani/ Saravatika/ Sundri/ Svadupaka/ Tiktika/ Vyasi/ Vayasavha.

English Name: Black Nightshade/ Common Nightshade/ Morelle/ Garden Nightshade/ Pettty Morel/ Hound’s Berry.


Erect branched herb. Leaves ovate, lanceolate-ovate or oblong, 1.2-10 x 0.5-5 cm, entire, sinuate, sometimes toothed or lobed, acute. Flowers small, white, 5-7.5 mm across, few subumbelled on extra axillary peduncles. Berry black or sometimes yellow or red, globose, 6-8 mm diam.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.:Most of the year.

Distribution: Throughout India. Cosmopolitan.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Weed of waste places, roadsides, gardens and crop fi elds.

Solanum hispidumSolanum hispidum Pers., Syn. Pl. 1:228. 1805 (Solanaceae).

Perennial, aculeate, ferruginous-tomentose shrubs to 2.5 m high; prickles hooked. Leaves broadly ovate or elliptic, sinuate or pinnately lobed or fi d, base oblique, rounded or cuneate, acute or acuminate, with few prickles on the midrib beneath, tomentose. Flowers white, in rusty-pubescent, extra-axillary cymes.

Berries green, globose, to 1.5 cm across. Seeds small, compressed, granulate.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: Almost throughout the year.

Distribution: Native of Peru, naturalized in hilly tracts of N.W. India.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Waste places and roadsides.

Solanum torvumSolanum torvum Sw., Nov. Gen. Sp. 47.1788 (Solanaceae).

Hindi Name: Kant Kari.

Tomentose shrub to 2.5 m tall; stem stellate-pubescent, prickles short with stout base; Leaves variable in shape, often ovate, shallowly lobed, 8-15 x 6-12 cm, base unequally cordate, without prickles or with only one prickle beneath near the base


of midrib. Flowers white, many in dense cymes, 1.8-2.5 cm across. Berry 1 cm across, yellowish when ripe, glabrous, seated in persistent calyx. Seeds sub-reniform, brown.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: October-March.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Frequently found in outsticks of forests and moist waste places in long road sides.

Solanum viarumSolanum viarum Dunal in de Condolle, Prodr. 13(1): 240.1852 (Solanaceae). Local Name: Kacharia.

Hindi Name: Ban bhindi/ Kandiari.

English Name: Steroid bearing Solanum.

Erect prickly perennial undershrub, upto 1 m tall. Leaves ovate or elliptic, upto 15 cm long, and equally broad, margin sinuate or subpinnatifi d, base cordate, sparsely prickly on bothsides. Flowers white, in cymes. Fruit a berry, yellow, blotched with green, globose, 2.5-3 cm in diameter. Seeds compressed, suborbicular, 2-3 mm across, smooth.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: August-February.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Occasional weed along road sides and outsticks of forests.


Spermacoce pusilla Spermacoce pusilla Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1:379. 1820. Borreria stricta (L.f.) K. Schum. in Engler Plfl ansenfam 4.4: 143. 1891, non Meyer, 1818 (Rubiaceae).

Erect or diff use herb to 60 cm. Stems obscurely four angled, covered with long spreading pilose hairs all around. Leaves opposite or subverticillate, subsessile, ovate-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 2-6 x 0.5-1 cm, acute, scabrous, margins often recurced.

Flowers white in dense axillary and terminal, globose clusters. Capsules obovoid, 3 x 1 mm, pubescent. Seeds 2, brown.

Phenology: Fl. Jul.-Sept. & Fr.: Aug.-Oct.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Common; waste places, road sides, crop fi elds and undergrowth of Pine forest.

Stevia ovata Stevia ovata Willd., Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 855. 1809 (Asteraceae).

Sparingly branched, rhizomatous, perennial herb. Leaves ovate to oblong-elliptical, 3-9 cm long and 1.5-5.0 cm wide, the base cuneate and decurrent into petiole , the margins entire to serrate, the apex obtusely to sharply acute, the surfaces glandular punctuate. Infl orescence usually fl at-topped and densely corymbose. Heads 6-8 mm high. Corolla white or rarely slightly pink, glandular punctuate. Achenes ca. 3 mm long, sparsely shot-hispid. Pappus with a crown of separate to united, basally winged awns.

Phenology: Fl.& Fr.: Aug.-Sept.

Distribution: Northern Mexico southward through Central America to the Andes in Venezuela and Ecuador. Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh (India).

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: In the forest slopes in moist places.


Tridex procumbens Tridex procumbens L., Sp. Pl. 900. 1753 (Asteraceae).

English Name: Mexican Daisy, Coat Button.

Annual or perennial, decumbent-ascending or erect, straggling, pubescent herbs, 10-70 cm high. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 1.5-6 x 1-3.5 cm, coarsely serrate-dentate or lobed, cuneate at base, pubescent on both surfaces. Heads solitary, radiate, 0.6-1.5 cm across. Outer involucres bracts green, ovate-lanceolate, hirsute-hairy; inner ones greenish-white, ovate, apiculate. Ray fl orets pale-yellow or whitish, 2-3 lobed. Disc fl orets yellow, tubular.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: Jan.-Dec.

Distribution: Warmer parts of India.

Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Along road sides, waste places, crop-fi elds.

Triumfetta rhomboidea Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 22.1760 (Tiliaceae).

Hindi Name: Chikti.

English Name: Bur weed, Burbush.

Herb or undershrubs; branches pubescent. Lower leaves palmately 3-lobed, 7 x 7 cm; upper ones rhomboid to lanceolate, 2.5 x 0.6 cm, chartaceous, basally 5 nerved, stellate, pubescent, cuneate, biserrate, acuminate or acute. Flowers yellow, fascicled, axillary or leaf opposed, often running into interrupted racemes or spikes by reduction of leaves. Capsule 5.6 mm across, including bristles, stellate tomentose; glabrous. Seeds 1 per cell.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: June-December.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Common weed of forest openings, scrub and waste lands.


Typha angustataTypha angustata Bor & Chaubard, Exped. Sci. Moree Bot. 2:38. 1832. (Typhaceae)

Hindi Name: Patera

English Name: Elephant-Grass, Indian Reed-Mace

Erect, marshy, undershrubs to 2.5 m tall, with rhizomatous base. Leaves semi-cylindrical, blade above sheath, 100-150 x 2-2.5cm, usually longer

than fl owering stem. Spikes cylindrical, the male and female fl owers separated by long interval. Stamen usually 1. Female fl owers with 1 carpel; ovary minute, on a long capillary stipe. Fruits minute, 1-seeded.

Phenology: Fl. & Fr.: Apr.-Dec.

Distribution: Northern and Central-South India; N. Asia, Africa and S. Europe.

Propagation: By roots and suckers.

Remarks: Found in Swamps, along the marshy places, river beds.

Urena lobata Urena lobata L., Sp. Pl. 692. 1753 (Malvaceae).Local Name: Chatkura/ Unga.

Hindi Name: Bachata/ Bachit/ Bachita/ Brachta/ Lapetua/ Pithia/ Unga.

Sanskrit Name: Vanabhenda.

Annual or perennial erect undershrub, 0.5-1.5 m. Leaves deeply lobed, 3-6 x 3-7 cm, cordate-cuneate, crenate-dentate. 2-serrate, obtuse-acute. Flowers pink with purple centre, 2-3 cm across, axillary, 2 or 3 in a cluster or solitary; Schizocarp globose; mericarps 5, trigonous.



Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: Aggressive colonizer. Common along railway tracks, road sides and in degraded forests.


Xanthium indicum Xanthium indicum Koenig in Roxb. Fl. Indica 2.3:601. 1832. X. strumarium L., Sp. Pl. 987. 1753 p.p. (Asteraceae).Local Name: Chirchita/ Bonakra.

Hindi Name: Chhota Dhatura/ Chhota Gokhru/ Banokra/ Shankhahuli.

Sanskrit Name: Arishta/ Bhulagna/ Chanda/ Itara/ Kambumalini/ Kiriti Kambupushpa/ Malavinashini/ Mangalayakusuma/ Medhya/ Pitapushpi/ Raktapushpi/ Sarpakshi/ Shankhavha Shankhagalini/ Shankhakusuma/ Shankhapushpi/ Supushi/ Shwetakusuma/ Sukshamapatra/ Vanamalini.

English Name: Ditch bur/ Louse bur/ Broad cocklebur/ Burweed.

Herb 1-1.5 m tall. Leaves broadly ovate to cordate, 3-5 lobed, acute or acuminate, rounded or cordate at the base, irregularly serate on margins, 3-12 x 2-10 cm. Florets numerous, crowded corolla whitish-green, tubular, 5-toothed. In female head inner involucral bracts covered with hooked bristles and terminating into 2 strong, hooked divergent beaks. Achenes grayish-black, narrowly ovoid or elliptic, 1-1.5 x 2-3.5 mm, smooth, tapering to a fi ne point at apex.

Phenology: Fls. July-Oct.


Propagation: Seeds.

Remarks: A common weed of waste places, agriculture fi elds, roadsides etc.

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