Syrien-Memorandum - Minderheiten in Angst€¦ · Memorandum der Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker...

29
Memorandum der Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker September 2013 Syrien: Minderheiten in Angst

Transcript of Syrien-Memorandum - Minderheiten in Angst€¦ · Memorandum der Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker...

Memorandum der Gesellschaft für bedrohte VölkerSeptember 2013

Syrien:Minderheiten in Angst

!"#$%&&'"(

)*$(+%,&-.%,$%-./%0(1%2/3%4/0(

!"#"$$#%&'()*(+,*-".,/&)"*01$2",*3!(-04*

5/#)('%&*67689*:;<=7>7*!1))?@A"@*

B"$CD*E8F*GG>*8FF7H;7*

I'JD*E8F*GG>*GK76K*

L;M'?$D*?@(/NA(-OC."*

P@)",@")D*QQQCA(-OC."*

R5LS:LSTUSBUD*

T/@)/?@&'-",D*!"#"$$#%&'()*(+,*-".,/&)"*01$2",*

T/@)/@VWW",D*=7*K7*F7*

XYZD*6G>67G>7[*X'@2*(+,*R/\?'$Q?,)#%&'()*

PX]SD*:LHK*6G>6*7G>7*7777*=7K7*F7*

XP^D*XIR*_:L*<<`]S*

:?"* !(-0* ?#)* "?@"* M"@#%&"@,"%&)/,A'@?#')?/@* (+,* O",(/$A)"*

")&@?#%&"*V@.*,"$?A?1#"*M?@.",&"?)"@[*S!U*W?)*-",')"@."W*R)')V#*

-"?* ."@* 0","?@)"@* S')?/@"@* V@.* W?)* W?)Q?,2"@."W* R)')V#* -"?W*

LV,/a',')C*R"2)?/@"@*X+,/#* ?@*],-?$9*X",@9*X/\"@9*!1))?@A"@bX",$?@9*

Y/@./@9*YVJ"W-V,A9*S"Q*c/,29*5,?#)?@'9*R','d"O/bR,"-,"@?%'9*_?"@C*

5%6/7((

Die in der Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker „bedrohte

01$2",* ;*pogrom“, Nr. 272, 2012 von den Autoren Ferhad Ibrahim,

M'J* R%&W?.)9* T'W'$* R?./9* B&/W'#* R%&W?.?@A",9* 5'V$'* Z?aa@",9*

M',)?@* B'W%2"9* e'?(* B/W'9* _",@",* ],@/$.9* Y"@@',.* R%&$1(("$9*

M"#A?@* f/#"(* V@.* `'@g'* e?"."$* O",1(("@)$?%&)"@* X"?),hA"* $?"A"@*

.?"#"W*M"W/,'@.VW*\VA,V@."[*S?2$'#*I,"V@.*

54/%289/97*eVa",)*S"V."%2[*Rg,?#%&;)+,2?#%&",*!,"@\+-",A'@A*T?$?#b]\'\*

:%;<=/49,7(T'W'$*R?./9*S?2$'#*I,"V@.(

><?9'/7(B'@d'*_?"%\/,"2(

@%$<'&A%A%B%,( C9,( ;%$( D%&%22&-.<8/( 8*$( B%;$9./%( EF2=%$( 4"( G%#/%"B%$( HIJK

!,.<2/&C%$L%4-.,4&7(

G?$4%,7(+4,;%$.%4/%,(4,(M,A&/(

>C*L?@$"?)V@A*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*G*

6C*e'.?2'$?#?",V@A*.",*#g,?#%&"@*Uaa/#?)?/@*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*K*

<C*e"$?A?1#"*M?@.",&"?)"@*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*>6*

<C>*]$'Q?)"@*V@.*P#W'?$?)"@*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*>6*

<C6*^&,?#)"@*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*>8*

<C<*c"\?."@*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*>K*

<C8*:,V#"@*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*>F*

8C*L)&@?#%&"*M?@.",&"?)"@*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*67*

8C>*TV,."@*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*67*

8C6*],W"@?",*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*6G*

8C<*B#%&",2"##"@*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*6H*

8C8*BV,2W"@"@*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*6H*

GC*I'\?)*V@.*I/,.",V@A"@*CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC*6=*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

G*

*

J0(N4,2%4/',A(

Y'V)*R%&h)\V@A"@*.",*0","?@)"@*S')?/@"@*#?@.*?@*.",*],'-?#%&"@*e"aV-$?2*Rg,?"@*-"?*."@*

#"?)*W"&,*'$#*\Q"?*f'&,"@*'@.'V",@."@*]V#"?@'@.",#")\V@A"@*\Q?#%&"@*e"A?W"A"A@",@*

V@.* ."@* #g,?#%&"@* R?%&",&"?)#2,h()"@* W?@."#)"@#* >77C777* M"@#%&"@* VW#* Y"-"@*

A"2/WW"@C*:?"#*A'-*iS;!"@",'$#"2,")h,*X'@*T?;M//@*'W*6GC*fV$?*67><*-"2'@@)C*

PW*Mh,\*67>>*-"A'@@"@*.?"*5,/)"#)"*A"A"@*.?"*i@,"%&)#&",,#%&'()*.",*X'')&;5',)"?*V@.*

."#* ]##'.;^$'@#* W?)* (,?".$?%&"@* :"W/@#),')?/@"@9* .?"* O/W* e"A?W"* d"./%&* -$V)?A*

@?".",A"#%&$'A"@*QV,."@C* P@* ."@* O",A'@A"@"@* \Q"?* f'&,"@* ?#)* 'V#* ."W*0/$2#'V(#)'@.*

V@.* ."W* R),"-"@* @'%&* I,"?&"?)* "?@* -$V)?A",* X+,A",2,?"A* A"Q/,."@9* .",* ?WW",* W"&,*

M"@#%&"@* -".,/&)* V@.* #?%&* $'@A#'W* 'V(* .?"* A"#'W)"* e"A?/@* 'V#Q?,2)C* ]V#* ."W*

„arabischen Frühling“ ist in Syrien ein „Winter“ geworden, der noch lange anzuhalten

.,/&)C*

i@)",#)+)\V@A*",&'$)"@*.?"*d"Q"?$?A"@*T/@($?2)a',)"?"@*.'-"?*'V#*."W*]V#$'@.C**

:",* #g,?#%&"* 5,h#?."@)* X'#&',* '$;]##'.* ",&h$)* X"?#)'@.* O/@* ."@* S'%&-',#)'')"@* P,'@9*

P,'29*.?"*-"?."*W"&,&"?)$?%&*#%&??)?#%&*#[email protected]*#/Q?"*O/@*.",*`?#-/$$'&;M?$?\*?W*Y?-'@/@9*.?"*

."W* P,'@* @'&"#)"&)C* :?a$/W')?#%&"* e+%2"@."%2V@A* O/,* '$$"W* ?W* R?%&",&"?)#,')* .",*

0","?@)"@*S')?/@"@*",&h$)*]##'.*\V."W*.V,%&*eV##$'@.*V@.*^&?@'C*eV##$'@.*$?"(",)*."W*

#g,?#%&"@*e"A?W"*.',+-",*&?@'V#*'V%&*_'(("@C*

:?"*i@)",#)+)\",*.",*#g,?#%&"@*Uaa/#?)?/@9*.?"*O/,*'$$"W*'V#*.",*#V@@?)?#%&"@*M"&,&"?)*

.",*X"O1$2",V@A*-"#)"&)*V@.*O/@*."@*?#$'W?#)?#%&"@*MV#$?W-,+.",@*./W?@?",)*Q?,.9*#?@.*

."WA"A"@+-",* .?"* B+,2"?* #/Q?"* .?"* ','-?#%&"@* !/$(#)'')"@* R'V.?* ],'-?"@* V@.* T')',C*

_?%&)?A"* W".?'$"* i@)",#)+)\V@A* 2/WW)* O/W* ','-?#%&"@* I",@#"&#"@.",* ]$;f'\"",'9*

?."/$/A?#%&"@*X"?#)'@.*$"?#)")*.?"*P@)",@')?/@'$*i@?/@*/(*MV#$?W*R%&/$',#*3PiMR49*.?"*O/@*

c/V#"(*]$;j','.'Q?*A"$"?)")*Q?,.C*]$;j','.'Q?*#"$-#)*A?$)*'$#*?@/((?\?"$$",*^&"(?."/$/A"*.",*

Q"$)Q"?)"@* X"Q"AV@A* .",* MV#$?W-,V.",#%&'()C* ]Vk",."W* 2hWa("@* 'V(* R"?)"@* .",*

I,"?"@* #g,?#%&"@*],W""9*."W*W?$?)h,?#%&"@*],W*.",* #g,?#%&"@*Uaa/#?)?/@9* 'V#$h@.?#%&"*

]$;T'?.';ThWa(",*V@.*'@.","*?#$'W?#)?#%&"*!,Vaa"@C*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

H*

*

:/%&*'V%&*"?@?A"*e"A?",V@A"@*?W**_"#)"@*A"$)"@*'$#*i@)",#)+)\",*.",*e"A?W"A"A@",C*_/*

eV##$'@.*.'#*e"A?W"*]##'.#*O/,*.",*_"$)1(("@)$?%&2"?)*O",),?))9*",&h$)*.?"*Uaa/#?)?/@*.?"*

e+%2"@."%2V@A* Q"#)$?%&",* e"A?",V@A"@C* ZV* @"@@"@* #?@.* .'-"?* O/,* '$$"W* .?"* iR]9*

I,'@2,"?%&9* !,/k-,?)'@@?"@* V@.* 'V%&* :"V)#%&$'@.C* R"?)."W* \VW* X"?#a?"$* .'#*

_'(("@"W-',A/* .",* LV,/ah?#%&"@* i@?/@* L@."* M'?* 'V#A"$'V("@* ?#)9* Q",."@*

_'(("@$?"(",V@A"@* (+,* .?"* Uaa/#?)?/@* .?#2V)?",)C* 0/,* '$$"W* I,'@2,"?%&* V@.*

!,/k-,?)'@@?"@* V@)",#)+)\"@* .'&?@A"&"@."* 5$h@"C* ]V%&* @'%&* ."W* L?@#')\* O/@*

^&"W?"Q'(("@*@'&"*:'W'#2V#* ?W*]VAV#)*67><*Q',"@*#?%&*O?"$"*Q"#)$?%&"*e"A?",V@A"@*

#%&@"$$*"?@?A9*.'##*.'#*]##'.;e"A?W"*.'(+,*O",'@)Q/,)$?%&*?#)*

:?"* !(-0* '$#* "?@"* M"@#%&"@,"%&)#/,A'@?#')?/@9* .?"* (+,* .?"* e"%&)"* O",(/$A)",* /.",*

-".,/&)",* ")&@?#%&",9* #a,'%&$?%&",* V@.* ,"$?A?1#",* M?@.",&"?)"@* "?@),?))9* ?#)* ?@* A,/k",*

R/,A"* O/,* '$$"W* +-",* .'#* R%&?%2#'$* .",* @?%&);','-?#%&"@* V@.* @?%&);#V@@?)?#%&;

WV#$?W?#%&"@* X"O1$2",V@A* Rg,?"@#C* M?@."#)"@#* 8G* 5,/\"@)* .",* #g,?#%&"@* X"O1$2",V@A*

-"#)"&)*'V#*]@A"&1,?A"@*.",*")&@?#%&"@*V@.*,"$?A?1#"@*M?@.",&"?)"@C*R%&/@*V@)",*."@*

]##'.#9* .?"* "?@"* &',)"* ],'-?#?",V@A#a/$?)?2* O",(/$A)"@9* Q',"@* M?@.",&"?)"@* ?@* Rg,?"@*

i@)",.,+%2V@A9*]@A,?(("@*V@.*0",),"?-V@A"@*'V#A"#")\)C*:'&",*Q',"@*.?"*]@(h@A"*.",*

5,/)"#)"* (+,* .?"* M?@.",&"?)"@* 'V%&* W?)* `/((@V@A"@* O",-V@."@C* SV@* &'-"@* .?"*

")&@?#%&"@* V@.* ,"$?A?1#"@* M?@.",&"?)"@* Rg,?"@#* d"./%&* ]@$'##* \V* -"(+,%&)"@9* .'##* "#*

?&@"@*?@*"?@"W*@"V"@*Rg,?"@*2'VW*-"##",*",A"&"@*Q?,.C*:"@@*&"V)"*#?@.*.?"*#g,?#%&"@*

M?@.",&"?)"@* W?)* "?@",* @"V"@* X".,/&V@A* 2/@(,/@)?",)9* @hW$?%&* .",* )/)'$?)h,"@*

?#$'W?#)?#%&"@*P."/$/A?"9*.?"*:#%&?&'.?#)"@*'V#*.",*A'@\"@*_"$)*W?)*!"Q'$)*.V,%&#")\"@*

Q/$$"@*V@.*.?"*?@@",&'$-*.",*#g,?#%&"@*Uaa/#?)?/@*)"?$Q"?#"*'V(*(,V%&)-',"@*X/."@*(h$$)C*

:?"*M"&,&"?)*.",*")Q'*67*M?$$?/@"@*Rg,",*?#)*','-?#%&*V@.*-"2"@@)*#?%&*\VW*P#$'WC*:'-"?*

?#)*.?"*X"O1$2",V@A*\VW"?#)*.",*#V@@?)?#%&"@*!$'V-"@#,?%&)V@A*."#*P#$'W*\V\V,"%&@"@C*

ZV,* #%&??)?#%&"@* M?@.",&"?)* \h&$"@* .?"* :,V#"@9* .?"* P#W'?$?)"@* #/Q?"* .?"* ]$'Q?)"@9* \V*

."@"@* 'V%&* 5,h#?."@)* X'#&',* '$;]##'.* A"&1,)C* :?"* @?%&);WV#$?W?#%&"* X"O1$2",V@A*

-"#)"&)* O/,* '$$"W* 'V#* ^&,?#)"@9* .?"* 2$"?@#)"* ,"$?A?1#"* M?@.",&"?)* ?@* Rg,?"@* -?$."@* .?"*

c"\?."@*W?)*@V,*"?@?A"@*)'V#"@.*]@A"&1,?A"@C*:?"#"*,"$?A?1#"@*M?@.",&"?)"@*$"-"@*@V@9*

\Q"?* f'&,"* @'%&* X"A?@@* ."#* ]V(#)'@."#9* .",* \V@h%&#)* 'V%&*W?)* O?"$"@* `/((@V@A"@* 'V(*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

=*

*

0",-"##",V@A*?&,",*Y"-"@##?)V')?/@"@*O",-V@."@*Q',9*?@*]@A#)*V@.*i@A"Q?##&"?)C*S?%&)*

\V$")\)*.?"*#%&$"?%&"@."*e'.?2'$?#?",V@A*.",*Uaa/#?)?/@*?#)*"?@"*A,/k"*!"('&,*(+,*,"$?A?1#"*

M?@.",&"?)"@9* .'* .?"* ,'.?2'$"@* P#$'W?#)"@* ]@A"&1,?A"* #/$%&",* X"O1$2",V@A#A,Vaa"@*

meistens als „Ungläubige“ ansehen. Es wurde bereits von Massa2",@* .",* P#$'W?#)"@*

-",?%&)")9*-"?*."@"@*.?"*Ua(",*@?%&)*\V$")\)*]@.",#A$hV-?A"*#[email protected]*^&,?#)"@*($?"&"@*-","?)#*

\V* \"&@)'V#"@."@* O/,* ."W* X+,A",2,?"A* 'V#* ]@A#)9* Q"?)",* \Q?#%&"@* .?"* I,/@)"@* \V*

A",')"@C* ]-",* 'V%&* .?"*WV#$?W?#%&"@*]$'Q?)"@*W+##"@* VW* ?&,* Y"-"@* (+,%&)"@9* A",'."*

Q"?$* #?"* .",* A$"?%&"@* T/@("##?/@* '@A"&1,"@* Q?"* .",* O/@* RV@@?)"@* O",&'##)"* #g,?#%&"*

5,h#?."@)C*

Rg,?"@* ?#)*'-",*'V%&*"?@*WV$)?")&@?#%&"#*Y'@.9*/-Q/&$*.?"*A,/k"*M"&,&"?)*','-?#%&* ?#)C*

:?"*A,1k)"*")&@?#%&"*M?@.",&"?)*#)"$$"@*.?"*TV,."@*.',C*:?"*#g,?#%&"@*TV,."@*#?@.*@V@*

'V%&*\V*"?@",*"?A"@#)h@.?A"@*T/@($?2)a',)"?*A"Q/,."@9*'V%&*Q"?$* O?"$"*O/@* ?&@"@*'$$"?@*

2V,.?#%&"* P@)","##"@* ?W* X$?%2* &'-"@* V@.* "?@"* 'V)/@/W"* R"$-#)O",Q'$)V@A* ?&,",*

R?".$V@A#A"-?")"*@'%&*0/,-?$.*.",*'V)/@/W"@*e"A?/@*TV,.?#)'@* ?W* P,'2*'@#),"-"@C*:?"*

#g,?#%&"@* TV,."@* #?@.* ?@* Q"?)"@* B"?$"@* W?$?)h,?#%&* /,A'@?#?",)9* 2hWa("@* '-",* ?W*

X+,A",2,?"A*W"&,&"?)$?%&*'V(*2"?@",*R"?)"C*R?"*QV,."@* ?@*."@*O",A'@A"@"@* f'&,\"&@)"@*

O/W* e"A?W"* V@)",.,+%2)* V@.* #?@.* .'&",* 2"?@"* 0",-+@.")"@* O/@* 5,h#?."@)* ]##'.C*

]$$",.?@A#*2/WW)*"#*'V%&*@?%&)*\V*"?@",*]$$?'@\*W?)*.",*,"#)$?%&"@*#g,?#%&"@*Uaa/#?)?/@9*

'V%&*Q"?$*.?"#"*O/@*.",*B+,2"?*V@)",#)+)\)*Q?,.*V@.*.'#*0",&h$)@?#*\Q?#%&"@*TV,."@*V@.*

.",*B+,2"?*O/,-"$'#)")* ?#)*.V,%&*."@*T'Wa(*\Q?#%&"@*.",* )+,2?#%&"@*e"A?",V@A*V@.*.",*

)+,2?#%&"@*,'.?2'$"@*],-"?)",a',)"?*TV,.?#)'@#*35TT4C*

]V%&* .?"* ,"#)$?%&"@* ")&@?#%&"@*M?@.",&"?)"@* -$?%2"@* V@A"Q?##* ?@* .?"* ZV2V@()C* R/* #?@.*

O?"$"* ],W"@?",* V@.*]##g,/;],'Wh",* '$#* ^&,?#)"@* O/@* I$V%&)* /.",* 0",),"?-V@A* -".,/&)9*

/-Q/&$* -"?."* L)&@?"@* 'V(* "?@"* $'@A"* !"#%&?%&)"* ?@* Rg,?"@* \V,+%2-$?%2"@C* :?"* ]##g,/;

],'Wh",* A"$)"@* O?"$"@* #/A',* '$#* i,;X"O1$2",V@AC* ]V%&* ($?"&"@* O?"$"* B#%&",2"##"@* O/,*

."W* X+,A",2,?"A* V@.* #"?@"@* I/$A"@C* :?"* BV,2W"@"@9* O/@* ."@"@* O?"$"* ?@* ."@*

T,?"A#A"-?")"@* ?W* S/,.Q"#)"@* ."#* Y'@."#* $"-"@9* ",$"-"@* T'Wa(&'@.$V@A"@* "-"@('$$#*

)'A)hA$?%&C*R/*#?@.*'$$"*M?@.",&"?)"@*."#*Y'@."#*#%&/@*d")\)*.?,"2)*O/W*T,?"A*-"),/(("@*

/.",*\VW?@."#)*O/@*W1A$?%&"@*I/$A"@*-".,/&)C*S'%&*"?@"W*L@."*."#*X+,A",2,?"A"#9*.'#*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

K*

*

?WW",*Q"?)",*?@*.?"*I",@"*,+%2)*d"*$h@A",*.",*T/@($?2)*'@&h$)9*W+##"@*'$$"@*M?@.",&"?)"@*

.?"*A$"?%&"@*e"%&)"*A','@)?",)*Q",."@9*.'W?)*.'#*Y'@.*\V,*eV&"*2/WW"@*2'@@C*

H0(:<;4=<24&4%$',A(;%$(&?$4&-.%,(O##9&4/49,((

0/,*]V#-,V%&*."#*]V(#)'@."#*A'-*"#*2"?@"*$"A'$*/,A'@?#?",)"*Uaa/#?)?/@*?@*Rg,?"@9*.'*.'#*

e"A?W"* "?@"* #/$%&"* @?%&)* ",$'V-)"* V@.* V@)",.,+%2)"C* S'%&."W* .?"* ",#)"@* (,?".$?%&"@*

5,/)"#)"*-$V)?A*@?".",A"#%&$'A"@*Q/,."@*Q',"@9*(/,W?",)"*#?%&*'-",*"?@"*Uaa/#?)?/@9*.?"*

O/,* '$$"W* .V,%&* ."@*_?$$"@* A""?@)* ?#)9* 5,h#?."@)* X'#%&',* '$;]##'.* V@.* #"?@* e"A?W"* \V*

#)+,\"@C*

f"*$h@A",*.",*T/@($?2)*d"./%&*.'V",)9*."#)/*W"&,*X,+%&"*Q",."@*?@@",&'$-*.",*e"-"$$?/@*

#?%&)-',C* R/* #?@.* #"?)* Mh,\* 67>>* .,"?* A,/k"* a/$?)?#%&;/aa/#?)?/@"$$"* X+@.@?##"*

"@)#)'@."@9*.?"*#?%&*'-",*#"$)"@*"?@?A"@*21@@"@C*:?"*A,1k)"*!,Vaa"*?#)*.'-"?*.",*Rg,?#%&"*

S')?/@'$,')*3RS^49*.",*O/@*O?"$"@*R)'')"@*'V(*.",*_"$)*'V%&*'$#*Q?%&)?A#)"*0",),")V@A*."#*

#g,?#%&"@*0/$2"#* '@A"#"&"@*Q?,.C*:",* RS^*QV,."*]@('@A*U2)/-",* 67>>* ?@* P#)'@-V$* '$#*

LJ?$/aa/#?)?/@* A"A,+@.")C* iW* ."W/2,')?#%&"* R),V2)V,"@* \V* A"Qh&,$"?#)"@9* Q?,.* .",*

5,h#?."@)*."#*e')"#*'$$"*.,"?*M/@')"*@"V*A"Qh&$)C*

]V%&*Q"@@*"?@?A"*]@A"&1,?A"*.",*M?@.",&"?)"@*Q?"*^&,?#)"@9*TV,."@9*]##g,/;],'Wh",9*

]$'Q?)"@*V@.*:,V#"@*?W*RS^*O",),")"@*#[email protected]*#a?"$)*.?"*#g,?#%&"*MV#$?W-,V.",#%&'()*./,)*

.?"* ./W?@'@)"#)"* e/$$"C* L#* 2'@@* ."* ('%)/* /&@"* ZV#)?WWV@A* .",* 0",),")",* .",*

MV#$?W-,+.",* 2'VW*"?@"*Q?%&)?A"* L@)#%&"?.V@A* A"),/(("@*Q",."@C*:?"#"* 2//,.?@?","@*

?&,"* L@)#%&"?.V@A"@* W?)* .",* )+,2?#%&"@* e"A?",V@A* #/Q?"* W?)* ."@* Yh@.",@* T')',* V@.*

R'V.?;],'-?"@C* ]V%&* Q"@@* "#* ?WW",* Q?".",* ."W"@)?",)* Q?,.9* ?#)* .",* RS^* #/Q/&$*

(?@'@\?"$$* '$#* 'V%&* $/A?#)?#%&*Q"?)A"&"@.* O/W*!'#)$'@.* B+,2"?* '-&h@A?AC*i@)",#)+)\V@A*

",&h$)*.",*RS^*\V#h)\$?%&*O/@*Yh@.",@*Q?"*."@*iR]9*I,'@2,"?%&*V@.*:"V)#%&$'@.C*

:?"* Z?"$"* .",* MV#$?W-,V.",#%&'()* -$"?-"@* .'-"?* ?W* :V@2"$@C* _?,.* #?"* ?W* I'$$"* "?@"#*

L,(/$A"#* A"A"@* .'#* e"A?W"* .?"* L?@(+&,V@A* .",* R%&',?'* (/,.",@* /.",* 2'@@* #?"* #?%&*W?)*

."W/2,')?#%&"@*e"(/,W"@*V@.*.",*0/,#)"$$V@A*"?@"#*$'?\?#)?#%&"@*Rg,?"@#*'@(,"V@."@C*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

F*

*

:?"* M?)A$?".",* ."#* Rg,?#%&"@* S')?/@'$,')"#* #?@.* 'V#@'&W#$/#* ?W* LJ?$* V@.* -"(+,%&)"@9*

O",&'()")*\V*Q",."@9*#/-'$.*#?"*"?@"@*IVk*'V(*#g,?#%&"@*X/."@*#")\"@C*:'#*Z?"$*."#*RS^*

?#)9* .'#* #g,?#%&"* e"A?W"* 'V#* "?A"@",* T,'()* \V* #)+,\"@C* ]@A"#?%&)#* .",* Q'%&#"@."@*

X,V)'$?)h)* ."#* ]##'.;e"A?W"#* hVk",)"* ",* '-",* 'V%&* #%&/@* .?"* X?))"* VW* "?@"*

?@)",@')?/@'$"*M?$?)h,?@)",O"@)?/@C*

]Vk",."W*,?%&)")"*.",*RS^*]V(,V("*'@*.?"*\Q"?*0")/;R)'')"@*."#*iS;R?%&",&"?)#,')"#D*L,*

Q+@#%&"* #?%&* i@)",#)+)\V@A* eV##$'@.#* V@.* ^&?@'#* A"A"@* .?"* lT?$$?@A* M'%&?@"l* ."#*

e"A?W"#9*VW*Z?O?$?#)"@*\V*#%&+)\"@*V@.*"?@"*L#2'$')?/@*Q?"*?@*Y?-g"@*\V*O",W"?."@C*:",*

RS^*(/,.",)*'Vk",."W9*.'##*"?@"*I$VAO",-/)#\/@"*+-",*Rg,?"@*O",&h@A)*Q?,.C*`?@#?%&)$?%&*

"?@",* ?@)",@')?/@'$"@* P@)",O"@)?/@* ?#)* .",* Rg,?#%&"* S')?/@'$,')* '$$",.?@A#* A"#a'$)"@D*

L?@?A"*Q/$$"@*@V,*W')",?"$$"*V@.*(?@'@\?"$$"*'V#$h@.?#%&"*i@)",#)+)\V@A9*'@.","*(/,.",@*

"?@*W?$?)h,?#%&"#*L?@A,"?("@*.",*?@)",@')?/@'$"@*!"W"?@#%&'()C*

Der SNC betont immer wieder, dass das „neue“ Syrien demokratisch und pluralistisch

#"?@* Q?,.C* e"$?A?1#"* V@.* ")&@?#%&"* M?@.",&"?)"@* #/$$"@* ."W@'%&* .?"* A$"?%&"@* e"%&)"*

",&'$)"@*Q?"* '$$"* '@.","@C*:?"* ]@A#)* O/,* 0",(/$AV@A* #"?* ."#Q"A"@* V@-"A,+@.")C* ]V%&*

m-",A,?(("*'V(*]$'Q?)"@*Q",."*"#*@?%&)*A"-"@9*.'*Rg,?"@*@'%&*."W*e"A?W"Q"%&#"$*2"?@*

lRg,?"@*.",*e'%&"l*#"?@*Q",."C*

:?"* e"'$?)h)* #?"&)* d"./%&* #"?)* "?@?A",* Z"?)* '@.",#* 'V#C* P@* e"?&"@* .",* I,"?"@* Rg,?#%&"@*

],W""* 3IR]49* .?"* \VW?@."#)* #a/,'.?#%&* W?)* ."W* RS^* \V#'WW"@',-"?)")9* 2hWa("@*

@hW$?%&*?WW",*W"&,*:#%&?&'.?#)"@*'V#*O",#%&?"."@"@*Yh@.",@C*:/%&*'V%&*-"O/,*.?"#",*

B,"@.* "?@#")\)"9* QV,."@* .",* IR]* #%&/@* #%&Q","* M"@#%&"@,"%&)#O",$")\V@A"@*

O/,A"Q/,("@C*SV@9*.'*@"-"@*.",*IR]*'V%&*.?"* ?#$'W?#)?#%&"*]$;SV#,';I,/@)*'$#*#g,?#%&",*

]-$"A",* .",* ]$;T'?.'* V@.* '@.","* ?#$'W?#)?#%&"*!,Vaa?",V@A"@* ."@* -"Q'((@")"@* T'Wa(*

V@)",#)+)\"@9* ?#)* .?"* !"('&,* (+,* .?"* #g,?#%&"@* M?@.",&"?)"@* #"&,* ,"'$* A"Q/,."@C* 0/,*

'$$"W*(+,*^&,?#)"@*V@.*]$'Q?)"@*Q?,.*.?"*Y'A"* ?WW",*-,"@\$?A",9*.'*(+,*O?"$"* P#$'W?#)"@*

!"Q'$)*A"A"@*]@.",#A$hV-?A"*$"A?)?W*?#)C*U((?\?"$$*$"&@"@*#/Q/&$*.",*RS^*'$#*'V%&*.?"*IR]*

"?@"* ZV#'WW"@',-"?)* W?)* ?#$'W?#)?#%&"@* B",,/,A,Vaa"@* \Q',* '-C* :/%&* O?"$",/,)#*

2hWa("@* :#%&?&'.?#)"@* V@.* IR]* R"?)"* '@* R"?)"* V@.* .",* O/@* .",* MV#$?W-,V.",#%&'()*

./W?@?",)"*RS^*a($"A)*-"#)"*T/@)'2)"*\V*."@*P#$'W?#)"@C*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

>7*

*

]V(* .",* '@.","@* R"?)"* 2/WW)* "#* '-",* 'V%&* ?WW",* Q?".",* \V* -"Q'((@")"@*

]V#"?@'@.",#")\V@A"@*\Q?#%&"@*IR];L?@&"?)"@*V@.*."@*P#$'W?#)"@C*`?",*Q?,.*.?"* ?@@","*

Ra'$)V@A*.",*Uaa/#?)?/@*#"&,*."V)$?%&C*ZV#h)\$?%&*A?-)*"#*'V%&* ?@*.",*X"O1$2",V@A*O?"$"9*

.?"*\Q',*."@*RS^*V@)",#)+)\"@9*#?%&*'-",*2$',*A"A"@*."@* ?#$'W?#)?#%&"@*L?@($V##*'V(*.?"*

Uaa/#?)?/@* 'V##a,"%&"@C* R?"* Q"?#"@* .','V(* &?@9* .'##* .",* 5,/)"#)* A"A"@* .'#* e"A?W"*

V,#a,+@A$?%&*W?)*.",*I/,.",V@A*@'%&*I,"?&"?)*V@.*M?)-"#)?WWV@A*O",-V@."@*Q',C*:'#*

Z?"$*.",*P#$'W?#)"@9*'V#*Rg,?"@*"?@"@*!/))"##)'')*\V*W'%&"@9*Q+,."*#/W?)*."@*L,(/$A*.",*

e"O/$V)?/@*A"(h&,."@C*

:?"*\Q"?)A,1k)"*#g,?#%&"*Uaa/#?)?/@#A,Vaa"*?#)*.'#*S')?/@'$"*T//,.?@')?/@#2/W?)""*(+,*

:"W/2,')?#%&"@*_'@."$*3S^^49*"?@"*.",*#h2V$',"@*Uaa/#?)?/@#A,Vaa?",V@A"@*?@@",&'$-*

Rg,?"@#C*

:'#* 'W* >=C* R"a)"W-",* 67>>* A"A,+@.")"* S^^* -"#)"&)* 'V#* ><* O",#%&?"."@"@*

$?@2#a/$?)?#%&"@* 5',)"?"@* V@.* "?@?A"@* 2V,.?#%&"@* 5',)"?"@9* .',V@)",* .?"* W?)* .",*

2V,.?#%&"@* 5TT* "@A* O",-V@."@"* 5',)"?* .",* :"W/2,')?#%&"@*i@?/@* 35c:4C* PW*S^^* #?@.*

'V%&* O?"$"*M',J?#)"@* '$'Q?)?#%&",*`",2V@()* V@.* ','-?#%&"* Y?@2#@')?/@'$?#)"@* O",),")"@C*

0?"$"* M?)A$?".",* #?@.* "&"W'$?A"* a/$?)?#%&"* !"('@A"@"9* .?"* V@)",* ."@* R),V2)V,"@* ."#*

R)'')"#*A"$?))"@*&'-"@*V@.*O/@*.",*e"A?",V@A*("#)A"@/WW"@*V@.*A"."W+)?A)*QV,."@C**

R"?)*X"A?@@*.",*5,/)"#)"*#?@.*.?"*M?)A$?".",*."#*S^^*\VW*A,1k)"@*B"?$*?W*Y'@.*A"-$?"-"@9*

Q'#* #?"* O/@* .",* LJ?$/aa/#?)?/@* ."#* RS^* V@)",#%&"?.")C* :'#* S^^* ),?))* 'V##%&$?"k$?%&* (+,*

"?@"@* (,?".$?%&"@* M'%&)Q"%&#"$* \V,* :"W/2,')?"* ?@@",&'$-* ."#* Y'@."#* "?@C* :"#&'$-*

2/WW)* "#* \Q?#%&"@* ."@* Uaa/#?)?/@#A,Vaa"@* S^^* V@.* RS^* ?WW",* Q?".",* \V*

Ra'@@V@A"@C* :'#* S^^* O",$'@A)* #%&h,(","* Q?,)#%&'()$?%&"* V@.* a/$?)?#%&"* R'@2)?/@"@*

'@#)'))* W?$?)h,?#%&",C* PW* !"A"@#')\* \VW* RS^* #V%&)* .'#* S^^* Q"?)",&?@* @'%&* "?@",*

M1A$?%&2"?)9* W?)* .",* e"A?",V@A* ?@* "?@"@* :?'$/A* \V* ),")"@C* :'#* 2'@@* d"./%&* @V,* V@)",*

(/$A"@."@* X".?@AV@A"@* a'##?","@D* :'#* M?$?)h,* WV##* #?%&* \V,+%2\?"&"@* V@.* .?"*

A"Q'$)#'W"@*m-",A,?(("*'V(*.?"*X"O1$2",V@A*"?@#)"$$"@C*ZV."W*W+##"@*'$$"*a/$?)?#%&"@*

!"('@A"@"@*(,"?A"$'##"@*Q",."@C*

:?"*M?)A$?".",*."#*T/W?)""#* $"&@"@*"?@"*'V#$h@.?#%&"*M?$?)h,?@)",O"@)?/@* #),?2)* '-C* R?"*

-"(+,%&)"@9*.'##*"?@"*P@)",O"@)?/@*$")\)$?%&*\V*h&@$?%&"@*0",&h$)@?##"@*Q?"*?@*Y?-g"@*/.",*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

>>*

*

?W*P,'2*(+&,"@*21@@)"*V@.*."@*X+,A",2,?"A*@/%&*O",#%&h,("@*Q+,."C*:?"#"*`'$)V@A*."#*

S^^*&')*?@*Rg,?"@*-","?)#*\V*0",#%&Q1,V@A#)&"/,?"@*A"(+&,)D*:'#*T/W?)""*#"?*"?@"*O/W*

e"A?W"* A"#%&'(("@"* V@.* (?@'@\?",)"* P@#)?)V)?/@* /.",* "#* Q",."* O/@* ."##"@*

!"&"?W.?"@#)"@* A"$"@2)C* _"?)","* P@.?\?"@* (+,* .?"#"* B&"/,?"* #"&"@* T,?)?2",* ?@* ."W*

R'%&O",&'$)9*.'##*0",),")",*."#*S^^* ?W*!"A"@#')\* \V*M?)A$?".",@*."#*RS^*/()*"?@;*V@.*

'V#,"?#"@* 21@@"@9* /&@"* #/(/,)* O",&'()")* \V* Q",."@C* ]Vk",."W* #"?* .",* S^^* \V*

@'%&#?%&)?A*W?)*."W*e"A?W"C*

]$#*.,?))"*Q?%&)?A"*!,Vaa"* ?#)*.?"*TV,.?#%&"*Uaa/#?)?/@*\V*@"@@"@*U-Q/&$*.",*RS^* ?W*

R/WW",*67>6*O",#V%&)"9*.?"*TV,."@*(+,*#?%&*\V*A"Q?@@"@9* ?@."W*#?"*."@*TV,."@*]-."$*

X'#")* R"?.'* \V* ?&,"W* ^&"(* Qh&$)"9* 2'W* "?@"* ZV#'WW"@',-"?)* -"?.",* Y'A",* @?%&)* \V*

R)'@."C*]V(A,V@.*.",*:/W?@'@\*.",*MV#$?W-,+.",*?W*RS^*2'@@*'V%&*O",WV)")*Q",."@9*

.'##*R"?.'*'$#*M',?/@"))"*&",&'$)"@*#/$$)"C*

R/*Q?$$* .?"*Q?%&)?A#)"*U,A'@?#')?/@*.",* TV,."@9* .",* TV,.?#%&"*S')?/@'$,')* 3TS^R49* ."W*

RS^*@?%&)*-"?),")"@*V@.*'V%&*.?"*@?%&)*Q"@?A",*"?@($V##,"?%&"*2V,.?#%&"*0","?@?AV@A9*.",*

0/$2#,')*O/@*_"#)2V,.?#)'@*30_T49* $"&@)*'V(A,V@.*.",*"@A"@*0",@")\V@A*\Q?#%&"@*.",*

B+,2"?* V@.* ."W* RS^* d"A$?%&"* ZV#'WW"@',-"?)*W?)* ."W*S')?/@'$,')* '-C* :",* RS^*Q?,()*

."W*0_T*?@."#*O/,9*W?)*."W*e"A?W"*?@*:'W'#2V#*\V*2//a",?","@C*:",*0_T*',-"?)")*"@A*

W?)*.",*#g,?#%&;2V,.?#%&"@*5',)"?*5c:9*.?"*(+,*.?"*B+,2"?*d"./%&*'$#*"?@*#g,?#%&",*]-$"A",*

.",* ],-"?)",a',)"?* TV,.?#)'@#* 5TT* A?$)C*M?))"* fV$?* 67>6* -?$.")"* .",* 0_T*W?)* ."W*TS^R*

."@* #/* A"@'@@)"@* TV,.?#%&"@* `/&"@* e')* 3T`e4C* :?"#",* 2/@),/$$?",)* -","?)#* "?@?A"*

e"A?/@"@*."#*TV,."@A"-?")"#*?@*Rg,?"@C*:?"*X?$.V@A*."#*T`e*2'W*V@)",*0",W?))$V@A*."#*

?,'2?#%&;2V,.?#%&"@* 5,h#?."@)"@* M'#V.* X',\'@?* \V#)'@."C* SV@* O",#V%&)* .",* T`e*

2V,.?#%&"* P@)","##"@* A"A"@+-",* .",* ','-?#%&"@* Uaa/#?)?/@* -"##",* .V,%&\V#")\"@C* ]$#*

e"'2)?/@* 'V(* .?"* X?$.V@A* ."#* T`e* O",$"A)"* .?"* B+,2"?* &V@.",)"* 5'@\",9* e'2")"@* V@.*

#%&Q","*],)?$$",?"*'@*.?"*#g,?#%&"*!,"@\"C*:?"*)+,2?#%&"*e"A?",V@A*",2$h,)"9*.'##*#?"*.?"*

R%&'((V@A* "?@",* 2V,.?#%&"@* ]V)/@/W?"* ?W* S/,."@* Rg,?"@#* @/)('$$#* W?)* W?$?)h,?#%&",*

!"Q'$)* -"2hWa("@*Q+,."C* L?@* R%&,"%2A"#a"@#)9* .'#* .?"* /&@"&?@* V@#?%&","* Y'A"* @/%&*

-,?#'@)",*Q",."@*$h##)C*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

>6*

*

]W*>>C*S/O"W-",*67>6*QV,."*?@*T')',*"?@*@"V"#*/aa/#?)?/@"$$"#*X+@.@?#9*.?"*S')?/@'$"*

T/'$?)?/@*.",* #g,?#%&"@*e"O/$V)?/@#;* V@.*Uaa/#?)?/@#2,h()"9* A"A,+@.")C*:",* RS^* ?#)* "?@*

B"?$*.?"#",*0","?@?AV@AC*:?"*!,[email protected]@A*.",*RS^*3W?)*."W*'$)"@*RS^*@?%&)*\V*O",Q"%&#"$@4*

Q',*"?@*@"V",*0",#V%&*O/@*."@*#/*A"@'@@)"@*I,"V@."@*."#*#g,?#%&"@*0/$2"#9*!"A@",*."#*

e"A?W"#9* .?"* \",#),?))"@"* Uaa/#?)?/@* \V* "?@"@C* ]V%&* .?"#",* 0",#V%&* ?#)* Q"?)A"&"@.*

A"#%&"?)",)C* :?"* \Q"?)A,1k)"* #g,?#%&"* Uaa/#?)?/@#A,Vaa"* .'#* S')?/@'$"*

T//,.?@')?/@#2/W?)""* (+,* :"W/2,')?#%&"@* _'@."$* 3S^^49* V@.* .?"* TV,."@* #?@.* .?"#",*

]$$?'@\*@?%&)*-"?A"),")"@C**

:?"*TS^R*V@.*0_T*-\QC*.",*T`e*Q+,."@*."W*@"V"@*#g,?#%&"@*X+@.@?#*RS^*-"?),")"@C*

R?"* (/,.",@* d"./%&9* .'##* .?"* #g,?#%&"* Uaa/#?)?/@* #?%&* -","?)#* d")\)* \V* "?@"W*

."W/2,')?#%&"@9* ")&@?#%&* V@.* ,"$?A?1#* a$V,'$?#)?#%&"@9* a/$?)?#%&* ."\"@),'$"@* Rg,?"@*

-"2"@@)C* :",* RS^* $"&@)* .?"#* d"./%&* '-C* :?"* B+,2"?* O",#V%&)* W?)* '$$"@* M?))"$@* \V*

O",&?@.",@9*.'##*TV,."@*#%&/@* d")\)*"?@"*R"$-#)O",Q'$)V@A*'V(-'V"@*V@.*#/W?)*I'2)"@*

#%&'(("@C*

K0(:%24A4F&%(+4,;%$.%4/%,(

K0J(M2<34/%,(',;(!&"<424/%,(

:?"* ]$'Q?)"@* Q",."@* ."@* O?"$"@* #%&??)?#%&"@* !$'V-"@#,?%&)V@A"@* ."#* S'&"@* U#)"@#*

\VA","%&@")C* P@* Rg,?"@* $"-"@* &"V)"* ")Q'* .,"?* M?$$?/@"@* ]@A"&1,?A"* .?"#",*

!$'V-"@#A"W"?@#%&'()9* .?"* #/Q/&$* .?"* W?$?)h,?#%&"* '$#* 'V%&* .?"* a/$?)?#%&"* L$?)"* ."#*

Y'@."#*-?$."@9*/-Q/&$*#?"*"?@"*,"$?A?1#"*M?@.",&"?)*.',#)"$$"@C*`'Va)A,V@.*.'(+,*?#)*.?"*

@V@W"&,*+-",*87*f'&,"*'@.'V",@."*`",,#%&'()*."#*'$'Q?)?#%&"@*]##'.;^$'@#9*.?"*'W*>HC*

November 1970 durch einen Putsch Hafiz’ al Assads begann und während der die

Q?%&)?A#)"@* 5/#?)?/@"@* ?@* !"#"$$#%&'()* V@.* R)'')* W?)* ]$'Q?)"@* -"#")\)* QV,."@C* R/$%&"*

5,?O?$"A?"@* A'$)"@* '-",* @?%&)* ?WW",C* ZVO/,* QV,."@* .?"* ]$'Q?)"@* +-",* f'&,&V@.",)"*

&?@Q"A9* \V$")\)* Qh&,"@.* .",* /#W'@?#%&"@* `",,#%&'()9* '$#* `h,")?2",* O",(/$A)C* `hV(?A*

A'-"@* #?"* #?%&* ."#Q"A"@* '$#* ^&,?#)"@* 'V#9* .'* .?"#"* @'%&* 0/,#%&,?()* .",* R%&',?'* ?W*

0",A$"?%&*\V*?&@"@*#"$-#)*-"##",*A"#)"$$)*Q',"@C*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

><*

*

:?"*",#)"@*Ua(",*."#*e"A?W"#*Q',"@*d"./%&*"-"@('$$#*]$'Q?)"@C*!$"?%&*\V*X"A?@@*#"?@",*

`",,#%&'()* $?"k*`'(?\*'$;]##'.*."@*'$'Q?)?#%&"@*!"@",'$*R'$'&*:#%&'.?.*O",&'()"@9*.'*",*

-"(+,%&)")"9* .'##* .?"#",* ?&@* 'V(A,V@.* O/@* 0",#hVW@?##"@* Qh&,"@.* #"?@",* Z"?)* '$#*

0",)"?.?AV@A#W?@?#)",*>FHH*-?#*>F=7*O/,*"?@*:?#\?a$?@',A,"W?VW*.",*,"A?","@."@*X'')&;

5',)"?* #)"$$"@*Q+,."C*]V%&*'$'Q?)?#%&"*U((?\?","9*.?"*:#%&'.?.*.?"*B,"V"*&?"$)"@9*2'W"@*

?@#* !"(h@A@?#C* :#%&'.?.* #"$-#)* #)',-* 6<* f'&,"* #ah)",* '$)* V@.* 2,'@2* ?@* `'()C* L?@?A"*

alawitische Intellektuelle erinnerten am 20. Januar 2012 an diese „in Vergessenheit

geratene“ Geschichte. In einer öffentlichen Erklärung bekräftigten sie, dass Baschar al;

]##'.*@?"W'$#*'$$"*]$'Q?)"@*O",),")"@*2'@@C**

ZQ',* &')* #?%&* .?"* R?)V')?/@* .",* '$'Q?)?#%&"@* MV#$?W"* ?@* Rg,?"@* V@)",* .",* 87;dh&,?A"@*

`",,#%&'()*.",*]##'.#*W"&,*'$#*O",-"##",)9*'-",*@?%&)*'$$"*]$'Q?)"@*a,/(?)?",)"@*.'O/@C*

I'W?$?h,"*[email protected]@A"@*Q',"@*."@*]##'.#*W"?#)*Q?%&)?A",*'$#*2/@("##?/@"$$"*ZVA"&1,?A2"?)C*

:?"* ]##'.#* -"@'%&)"?$?A)"@* \V."W* 'V%&* ?WW",* Q?".",* ?&,"* "?A"@"*

e"$?A?/@#A"W"?@#%&'()9*O",WV)$?%&*VW*.?"*A,/k"*#V@@?)?#%&"*M"&,&"?)*\V*-"#h@()?A"@C*

]@A"&1,?A"*'@.",",*X"O1$2",V@A#A,Vaa"@9*Q"$%&"*#/Q/&$*V@)",*`'(?\*'$;]##'.*'$#*'V%&*

V@)",*#"?@"W*R/&@*V@.*S'%&(/$A",*X'#%&',*'$;*]##'.*O",(/$A)*V@.*.?#2,?W?@?",)*QV,."@9*

#"&"@* .?"* i@)",#%&?"."* \Q?#%&"@* .",* ,"$?A?1#"@* M?@.",&"?)* .",* ]$'Q?)"@* V@.* ."W*

e"A?W"*]##'.*@?%&)C*R/*Q",."@*]$'Q?)"@*#"?)*]V#-,V%&*.",*5,/)"#)"*?W*Mh,\*67>>*Ua(",*

O/@*0",A"$)V@A#'@A,?(("@*.",* #V@@?)?#%&"@*M"&,&"?)9* .?"* ."@* 'V(A"#)'V)"@*`'##* A"A"@*

.'#*e"A?W"*V@.?((","@\?",)*'@*?&@"@*'V#$'##"@C*

S?%&);'$'Q?)?#%&"*Rg,",*#"&"@*.?"#"*A"@","$$*'$#*SV)\@?"k",*."#*Rg#)"W#*V@.*.",*5/$?)?2*

]##'.#*V@.*#/*W+##"@*]$'Q?)"@*@'%&*+-",*O?",*f'&,\"&@)"@*'@*.",*M'%&)*Q?".",*VW*?&,*

Y"-"@*(+,%&)"@*V@.*?&,"@*!$'V-"@*O",#)"%2"@C*

0",#)h,2)* Q?,.* .?"* R/,A"* VW* .?"* '$'Q?)?#%&"* M?@.",&"?)* .V,%&* .?"* L@)Q?%2$V@A"@*

?@@",&'$-* .",* #g,?#%&"@* Uaa/#?)?/@C* PWW",* &hV(?A",* #?@.* ./,)* @hW$?%&*

(V@.'W"@)'$?#)?#%&"*B1@"*\V*O",@"&W"@C*]V%&*.?"*I,"?"*Rg,?#%&"*],W""*?#)*W?))$",Q"?$"*

.V,%&#")\)* O/@* ?#$'W?#)?#%&"@* T,h()"@* V@.* 2hWa()* @V@W"&,* '@* .",* R"?)"* .",* ]$;SV#,';

I,/@)* V@.* '@.","@* ?#$'W?#)?#%&"@* B",,/,A,Vaa"@* A"A"@* .'#* e"A?W"C* R/$%&"*

:#%&?&'.?#)"@* #"&"@* !"Q'$)* A"A"@* ]@.",#A$hV-?A"* &hV(?A* '$#* $"A?)?W* '@C* R/* ?#)* \V*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

>8*

*

-"(+,%&)"@9* .'##* ?W* I'$$"* "?@"#* R?"A"#* .",* ]V(#)h@.?#%&"@* .?"* ]$'Q?)"@* '$#*

!$'V-"@#-,+.",* ."#* O",&'##)"@* 5,h#?."@)"@* W?)* 0",),"?-V@A"@* V@.* R%&$?WW","W*

,"%&@"@*W+##"@9*.'*#?"*(+,*.?"*,'.?2'$"@*P#$'W?#)"@*\V#h)\$?%&*'$#*]-),+@@?A"*O/W*P#$'W*

A"$)"@C*

L@A* O",-V@."@* W?)* ."W* R%&?%2#'$* .",* ]$'Q?)"@* ?#)* .'#* .",* P#W'?$?)"@9* "?@",* Q"?)","@*

#%&??)?#%&"@*!$'V-"@#A"W"?@#%&'()C*:?"* P#W'?$?)"@* ),"?-"@*#"&,*h&@$?%&"*n@A#)"*VW*Q?"*

.?"* ]$'Q?)"@9* .'* #?"* -"?* A,/k"@* B"?$"@* .",* #V@@?)?#%&"@* M"&,&"?)* V@.* O/,* '$$"W* ."@*

?#$'W?#)?#%&"@*T,h()"@*'V(* R"?)"@*.",*]V(#)h@.?#%&"@*"-"@('$$#* '$#* '-),+@@?A* O/W* P#$'W*

A"$)"@C*:?"* P#W'?$?)"@*O",#)"&"@*#?%&*#"$-#)*'$#*)/$",'@)"*V@.*/(("@"*MV#$?W"C*R/* $?"k"@*

.?"*5,/)"#)"*A"A"@*.'#*e"A?W"*]##'.*?@*R'$'W?gg'9*."W*Z"@),VW*.",*P#W'?$?)"@*?@*Rg,?"@9*

@'%&* 2V,\",* Z"?)* @'%&9* .'* .?"* P#W'?$?)"@* .",* RV@@?)?#?",V@A* V@.* e'.?2'$?#?",V@A* .",*

#g,?#%&"@*Uaa/#?)?/@*#2"a)?#%&*A"A"@+-",*#)"&"@C*R'$'W?gg'*#"$-#)*?#)*"?@"*R)'.)9*?@*.",*

B/$",'@\* V@.* U(("@&"?)* A"$"-)* Q",."@* V@.* .?"* P#W'?$?)"@* ?&,"W* !$'V-"@* V@A"#)1,)*

@'%&A"&"@* 21@@"@9* @'%&."W* #?"* O?"$"* f'&,&V@.",)"* 0",(/$AV@A* V@.* X".,/&V@A*

'V#A"#")\)*Q',"@C*:?"#"*R?)V')?/@*?#)*.V,%&*.?"*ThWa("*\Q?#%&"@*."@*R?%&",&"?)#2,h()"@*

]##'.#*V@.*."@*e"A?W"A"A@",@*d"./%&*#%&/@*d")\)*0",A'@A"@&"?)C*

K0H(P.$4&/%,(

M?)*\Q"?*-?#*.,"?*M?$$?/@"@*!$hV-?A"@*?#)*Rg,?"@*@'%&*nAga)"@*.'#*Y'@.*W?)*.",*A,1k)"@*

%&,?#)$?%&"@* M?@.",&"?)* ?W* S'&"@* U#)"@C* :?"#"* ^&,?#)"@* #?@.* '-",* &?@#?%&)$?%&* ?&,",*

T/@("##?/@"@*#"&,*V@)",#%&?".$?%&9*.'*"#*"?@"*0?"$('$)*O/@*%&,?#)$?%&"@*T?,%&"@* ?@*Rg,?"@*

A?-)C*

M?)*")Q'*"?@",*M?$$?/@*!$hV-?A"@*W'%&"@*.?"*eVW;U,)&/./J"@*."@*A,1k)"@*]@)"?$*.",*

^&,?#)"@* ?@* Rg,?"@* 'V#C* R?"* #"&"@* #?%&* '$$A"W"?@* A"#'A)* '$#* e"a,h#"@)'@)"@* "?@"#*

','-?#%&"@*^&,?#)"@)VW#9*.'#*.?"*?#$'W?#%&"*TV$)V,*'$#*2/@#)?)V)?O"@*e'&W"@*'2\"a)?",)C*

ZVW*]V#.,V%2*2/WW)*.?"#"#*R"$-#)O",#)h@.@?#*?@*.",*Y?)V,A?"*.",*eVW;U,)&/./J"@9*.?"*

'V##%&$?"k$?%&*'V(*],'-?#%&*A"&'$)"@*Q?,.C*

:?"* Rg,?#%&;U,)&/./J"@* .'A"A"@* $"A"@* ?W* 0",A$"?%&* \V* ."@* eVW;U,)&/./J"@* #"&,*

A,/k"@*_",)*'V(*.?"*R"$-#)h@.?A2"?)*?&,",*T?,%&"9*Q'#*?@*?&,",*Y?)V,A?"*#?%&)-',*Q?,.9*.?"*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

>G*

*

'V(*Rg,?#%&*A"("?",)*Q?,.C*:'(+,*QV,."@*#?"*"?@#)*O/@*."@*eVW;U,)&/./J"@*O",(/$A)C*0?"$"*

Rg,?#%&;U,)&/./J"9*-"#/@.",#* ?W*S/,."@*O/@*Rg,?"@9*#?@.*S'%&('&,"@*O/@*I$+%&)$?@A"@C*

S'%&*.",*0",(/$AV@A*V@.*."W*!"@/\?.*'@*-?#*\V*G77C777*^&,?#)"@*'$$",*T/@("##?/@"@*'V(*

."W*!"-?")*.",*&"V)?A"@*R+./#))+,2"?* ?W*L,#)"@*_"$)2,?"A*&'))"@*O?"$"*m-",$"-"@."*?@*

Rg,?"@*R%&V)\*A"#V%&)C**

L?@"*]-#a'$)V@A*O/@*.",*#g,?#%&;/,)&/./J"@*T?,%&"*#)"$$"@*.?"*H6C777*Rg,?'@",* 3#g,?#%&;

2')&/$?#%&4*.',9*.","@*T?,%&"*V@?",)*?#)*W?)*.",*,1W?#%&;2')&/$?#%&"@*T?,%&"C**

]V%&* .?"* ],W"@?",* #?@.* ?@* A,/k",* M"&,&"?)* ^&,?#)"@* V@.* "-"@('$$#* S'%&('&,"@* O/@*

I$+%&)$?@A"@9* @hW$?%&* .",*m-",$"-"@."@*."#* 01$2",W/,.#* O/@* >F>G* -?#* >F>=9* -"?* ."W*

`V@.",))'V#"@."9* @'%&* ',W"@?#%&"@* ]@A'-"@* #/A',* \Q?#%&"@* >9G* V@.* \Q"?* M?$$?/@"@*

M"@#%&"@9* ?W* U#W'@?#%&"@* e"?%&* ",W/,.")* QV,."@C* R?"* #a,"%&"@* ?&,"* ',W"@?#%&"*

Ra,'%&"9* ?@* .",* #?"* 'V%&* ?&,"* Y?)V,A?"* ("?",@C* ZV* .",* W?)* e/W* V@?",)"@* ',W"@?#%&;

2')&/$?#%&"@*T?,%&"* ?@*Rg,?"@9*.","@*5'),?',%&* ?W*Y?-'@/@* ,"#?.?",)9* A"&1,"@* %'C* 6>CG77*

V@.*\V*.",*',W"@?#%&;'a/#)/$?#%&"@*T?,%&"*")Q'*677C777*!$hV-?A"C*

_"?)","* T/@("##?/@"@9* .","@* ]@A"&1,?A"* O/@* I$+%&)$?@A"@* '-#)'WW"@* V@.* @V@* 'V(*

#g,?#%&"W* R)'')#A"-?")* $"-"@9* #?@.* .?"* ")Q'* >GC777* M?)A$?".",* .",* '##g,?#%&;

'a/#)/$?#%&"@* T?,%&"* ."#* U#)"@#* #/Q?"* .?"* >GC777* ^&'$.h",9* "?@"* ]-#a'$)V@A* O/@* .",*

'a/#)/$?#%&"@* T?,%&"* ."#* U#)"@#C* :?"* ^&'$.h",* (+&$"@* #?%&* .",* ,1W?#%&;2')&/$?#%&"@*

T?,%&"*\VA"&1,?AC*

ZV."W* A?-)* "#* @/%&* .?"* M',/@?)"@9* .","@* Z'&$* W?)* 8FC777* ]@&h@A",@* &"V)"* Q"?)*

A",?@A",* ?#)9* '$#* #?"* "#* @/%&* O/,* M?))"* ."#* >FC* f'&,&V@.",)#* ?@* Rg,?"@* A"Q"#"@* ?#)C*

]V(A,V@.* O/@* Ra'@@V@A"@* \Q?#%&"@*:,V#"@*V@.*M',/@?)"@* #/Q?"*M'##'2",@* >KHH* ?W*

e'VW*:'W'#2V#*($/&"@*O?"$"*M',/@?)"@*?@*."@*Y?-'@/@C*P@*Rg,?"@*#)"&)*.?"*W',/@?)?#%&"*

!$'V-"@#A"W"?@#%&'()* &"V)"* ?W* R%&'))"@* ?&,",* A,/k"@* !"#%&?%&)"* O/@* "?@#)C* :?"*

M',/@?)"@* Q?"* 'V%&* .?"* ^&'$.h",* ",2"@@"@* ."@* ,1W?#%&;2')&/$?#%&"@* 5'a#)* '$#* ?&,*

U-",&'Va)*'@C*i,#a,+@A$?%&*Q',*?&,"*Y?)V,A?"*#g,?#%&#a,'%&?A9*'-",*.'#*],'-?#%&"*&')*.?"*

#g,?#%&"*Ra,'%&"*-?#*'V(*Q"@?A"*]V#@'&W"@*?@*,"$?A?1#"@*Z","W/@?"@*V@.*e?)"@*Q"?)&?@*

O",.,h@A)C*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

>H*

*

`?@\V* 2/WW"@* @/%&* ,V@.* 6GC777* 5,/)"#)'@)"@9* .","@* T?,%&"@* 'V#* "V,/ah?#%&"@*

M?##?/@#-"W+&V@A"@* "@)#)'@."@9* #/Q?"* >GC777* ]@A"&1,?A"* .",* ,1W?#%&;* 2')&/$?#%&"@*

T?,%&"C*

L?@"*],)*R/@.",('$$*#)"$$"@*.?"*]##g,/;],'Wh",*.',C*:?"#"*&'-"@*?&,"*Ra,'%&"*],'Wh?#%&*

3]$)#g,?#%&4* -"Q'&,)* V@.* #"&"@* #?%&* #"$-#)* '$#* i,-"O1$2",V@A* Rg,?"@#* V@.* #/W?)* '$#*

")&@?#%&"*M?@.",&"?)*'@C*]V%&*#?"*Q",."@*'$#*^&,?#)"@*O/W*e"A?W"*)/$",?",)9*#?@.*'-",*

.V,%&*.?"*ZQ'@A#','-?#?",V@A* ?&,",*&?#)/,?#%&"@*'$)#g,?#%&"@*-\QC*'##g,?#%&"@*P."@)?)h)9*

.?"*#a,'%&$?%&*V@.*2V$)V,"$$*."(?@?",)*?#)9*-",'V-)*Q/,."@C*

Als Monotheisten sind Christen in Syrien „Schutzbefohlene“. Ihre Rechte sind aber au%&*

",&"-$?%&*"?@A"#%&,h@2)C*Y'V)*0",('##V@A*2'@@*2"?@*^&,?#)*5,h#?."@)*Q",."@C*i@.*"#*A?-)*

O?"$"* !"#")\"9* .?"* ^&,?#)"@* -"@'%&)"?$?A"@9* ?@#-"#/@.","* ?@* ."@* X","?%&"@* TV$)V,* V@.*

R%&V$Q"#"@C* :?"#"* !"#")\"* #%&,h@2"@* .?"* (,"?"* L@)('$)V@A* .",* 2V$)V,"$$"@*

L?A"@#)h@.?A2"?)*V@.*P."@)?)h)*.",*^&,?#)"@*"?@*-\QC*W'%&"@*#?"*@'&"\V*V@W1A$?%&C*:?"*

^&,?#)"@* 2/@@)"@* ?&,"* e"$?A?/@* -?#&",* ."@@/%&* ,"$')?O* (,"?* 'V#+-"@* V@.* .V,%&* ."@*

#h2V$',"@*^&','2)",*.",*],'-?#%&"@*e"aV-$?2*Rg,?"@*Q',*"?@*Y"-"@*?@*I,?"."@*Q"?)A"&"@.*

W1A$?%&C* :'#* ]##'.;e"A?W"* A"Qh&,)* ^&,?#)"@* \VW?@."#)* .'#* e"%&)* 'V(* (,"?"*

e"$?A?/@#'V#+-V@A*V@.*)/$",?",)*.'#*^&,?#)"@)VW*'$#*!$'V-"@#A"W"?@#%&'()9*'V%&*Q"@@*

\V*"?@",*Q"?),"?%&"@."@*e"$?A?/@#(,"?&"?)*W"&,*A"&1,)C*

:",*-"#%&,?"-"@"@*R?)V')?/@*.",* #g,?#%&"@*^&,?#)"@*.,/&"@*#"?)*X"A?@@*."#*]V(#)'@."#*

A"A"@* .'#* #g,?#%&"* e"A?W"* #%&Q",Q?"A"@."* @"A')?O"* 0",h@.",V@A"@C* P@* ."@*

O",A'@A"@"@* f'&,"@* #?@.* ^&,?#)"@* ?W* A"#'W)"@* S'&"@* U#)"@* ?WW",* Q?".",* Ua(",*

"J\"##?O",*!"Q'$)*A"Q/,."@C*X,"@@aV@2)"*Q',"@*.'-"?*\V@h%&#)*nAga)"@*V@.*P,'29*'-",*

'V%&* ?@* Rg,?"@* 2/WW)* "#* #"?)* X"A?@@* ."#* ]V(#)'@."#* A"A"@* 5,h#?."@)* ]##'.* \V*

A"Q'$)#'W"@*m-",A,?(("@*'V(*^&,?#)"@C**

L?@* 0/,('$$* \"?A)* .?"* !"('&,9* .?"* ^&,?#)"@* V@.* '@.","@* ,"$?A?1#"@*M?@.",&"?)"@* .,/&)9*

"J"Wa$',?#%&C* 0/@* ."@* -"?."@* %&,?#)$?%&"@* X?#%&1("@9* .?"* 'W* 66C* ]a,?$* 67><* O/@* "?@",*

-"Q'((@")"@*?#$'W?#)?#%&"@*!,Vaa"*"@)(+&,)*QV,."@9*("&$)*-?#*&"V)"*d"."*RaV,C* P-,'&?W*

`'@@'9*X?#%&/(*.",*#g,?#%&;/,)&/./J"@*T?,%&"*O/@*]$"aa/9*V@.*X?#%&/(*X/V$/#*c'\?A?*O/@*

.",* A,?"%&?#%&;/,)&/./J"@* T?,%&"* QV,."@* ?@* .",* Sh&"* O/@* ]$"aa/* O",#%&$"aa)C* P&,*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

>=*

*

I'&,",9* "?@*:?'2/@9*QV,."*O/@*."@*L@)(+&,",@*-"?* ."W*m-",('$$* ",#%&/##"@C*]V%&*&?",*

2/WW)* .?"* ?#$'W?#)?#%&"* :V,%&.,?@AV@A* .",* #g,?#%&"@* Uaa/#?)?/@* V@.* O/,* '$$"W* .",*

I,"?"@*Rg,?#%&"@*],W""*\VW*B,'A"@C*I+,*O?"$"*,'.?2'$"* P#$'W?#)"@*#?@.*^&,?#)"@*@hW$?%&*

i@A$hV-?A"C*!"Q'$)*A"A"@*#/$%&"*i@A$hV-?A"*-"),'%&)"@*#?"*&hV(?A*'$#*$"A?)?WC*

:?"*I/$A"@*."#*X+,A",2,?"A"#*V@.*.",*e'.?2'$?#?",V@A*.",*e"-"$$?/@*Q",."@*'W*X"?#a?"$*

.",*%&,?#)$?%&"@*M?@.",&"?)*O?"$",/,)#*#?%&)-',C*ZVW*"?@"@*&hV("@*#?%&*.?"*X",?%&)"*+-",*

A,'V#'W"* `?@,?%&)V@A"@9* A"\?"$)"* L,W/,.V@A"@9* L@)(+&,V@A"@* V@.* 0",A"Q'$)?AV@A"@*

O/@*^&,?#)"@*.V,%&*,'.?2'$"*P#$'W?#)"@9*\VW*'@.","@*O",$'##"@*?WW",*W"&,*!$hV-?A"*'V#*

]@A#)*.'#*Y'@.C*:?"*W"?#)"@*O/@*?&@"@*(?@."@*?W*-"@'%&-',)"@*Y?-'@/@*ZV($V%&)C*:/,)*?#)*

?&,"* ]@\'&$* 'V(* "?@?A"* Z"&@)'V#"@.* '@A"#)?"A"@C* :?"* I$+%&)$?@A"* Q",."@* ?@* ."@*

%&,?#)$?%&"@* $?-'@"#?#%&"@* !"W"?@."@* '@* .",* M?))"$W"",2+#)"* ?W* S/,."@* ."#* Y'@."#*

V@)",A"-,'%&)C* :/,)* #/$$"@* -","?)#* \"&@)'V#"@."* %&,?#)$?%&"* I'W?$?"@* 'V#* Rg,?"@*

'V(A"@/WW"@* Q/,."@* #"?@C* :'* '-",* .?"* $?-'@"#?#%&"* e"A?",V@A* -"(+,%&)")9* ?@* ."@*

blutigen syrischen Bürgerkrieg hineingezogen zu werden, hält sie sich „Flüchtlingspolitik“

\V,+%2C*R?"*Q?$$*\V@h%&#)*'V%&*2"?@"*I$+%&)$?@A#%'Wa#*"?@,?%&)"@9*Q"?$*#?"*'@@?WW)9*.'##*

#?%&*.?"#"*Y'A",*?@*`/%&-V,A"@*O/@*e"-"$$"@*O",Q'@."$@*21@@)"@C*

]V%&* .?"* S"V),'$?)h)* %&,?#)$?%&",* I+&,V@A#a",#1@$?%&2"?)"@* Qh&,"@.* .",* e"-"$$?/@9* .?"*

.'\V* .?"@"@* #/$$)"9* .?"* !$hV-?A"@* @?%&)* \Q?#%&"@* .?"* I,/@)"@* A",')"@* \V* $'##"@9* -?,A)*

!"('&,"@C*R%&/@* d")\)*Q",."@*0",-,"%&"@*'@* ?&@"@*.'W?)*A","%&)(",)?A)9*.'##*#?"*@?%&)*

'V(*R"?)"@*.",*e"O/$V)?/@*V@.*#/W?)*'V(*R"?)"@*."#*e"A?W"#*#)"&"@C*

I'$$#*'W*L@."*."#*X+,A",2,?"A#*.",*]V(-'V*"?@"#*?#$'W?#%&"@*R)'')"#*#)"&"@*#/$$)"9*WV##*

-"(+,%&)")*Q",."@9*.'##*#?%&*?WW",*W"&,*^&,?#)"@*Rg,?"@#*\V,*I$V%&)*A"\QV@A"@*(+&$"@9*

/.",* .'##* #?"* O",),?"-"@*Q",."@C*:'#* Y"-"@*"?@"#* %&,?#)$?%&"@*]$$)'A#* .+,()"* .'@@* ('#)*

V@W1A$?%&*V@.*"?@"*:?#2,?W?@?",V@A*.",",9*.?"*#?%&*@?%&)*'##?W?$?","@*-\QC*2/@O",)?","@*

$'##"@9*@?%&)*\V*O",&?@.",@*#"?@C*i@.*#%&/@*.?"*W/W"@)'@"*R?)V')?/@*\"?A)D*:?"*^&,?#)"@*

?@*Rg,?"@*-"(?@."@*#?%&*$h@A#)*\Q?#%&"@*."@*I,/@)"@*."#*X+,A",2,?"A#C*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

>K*

*

K0K(Q%L4;%,(

P@*Rg,?"@* $"-"@*.?"*c"\?."@* ?@*."@*2V,.?#%&"@*!"-?")"@* ?W*S/,."@*-\QC*S/,./#)"@*."#*

Y'@."#C* :'#* ','-?#%&;@')?/@'$?#)?#%&"* e"A?W"* O/@* X'#%&',* '$;]##'.* * O",#V%&)"9* #?"* \V*

','-?#?","@9*V@.*-"&'@."$)"*c"\?."@*Q?"*WV#$?W?#%&"*TV,."@*'$#*X+,A",*\Q"?)",*T$'##"C*

U()*Q",."@*?&@"@*2"?@"*:/2VW"@)"*W?)*?&,",*R)'')#'@A"&1,?A2"?)*'V#A"#)"$$)9*#/*.'##*#?"*

."*('%)/*#)'')"@$/#*#[email protected]*c"\?."@*.+,("@*@?%&)*?@*&1&","@*X",V("@*',-"?)"@9*?&,"*e"$?A?/@*

Q?,.*?@*Rg,?"@*(+,*"?@"*]-#a'$)V@A*O/W*P#$'W*A"&'$)"@C*

:?"* ")Q'* GC777* c"\?."@* -?$."@* ?@* Rg,?"@* "?@"* .",* \'&$"@Whk?A* 2$"?@#)"@*M?@.",&"?)"@*

."#* Y'@."#C* P&,"* !"#%&?%&)"* ?@* Rg,?"@* ?#)* O/@* (/,)Qh&,"@.",* i@)",.,+%2V@A*

A"2"@@\"?%&@")9*Q"?$*#?"*./,)*./aa"$)",*0",(/$AV@A*'V#A"#")\)*#[email protected]*L,#)"@#*Q"A"@*?&,",*

")&@?#%&"@*]-#)'WWV@A*'$#*TV,."@9* \Q"?)"@#*'V(A,V@.* ?&,",* ,"$?A?1#"@*L?@/,.@V@A*'$#*

S?%&);MV#$?W"C* _"?$* #?"* @"-"@* !/))* 3^&/."4* 'V%&* "?@"@* U-","@A"$* 3M"$"2* B'V#4*

verehren, werden sie als „Teufelsanbeter“ beschimpft und als „Abtrünnige vom „Ein;

!/));Glauben“ gesehen. Dabei ist im yezidischen Glauben der Oberengel Melek Taus

$".?A$?%&*:?"@",*!/))"#*#/Q?"*M?))$",*\V*."@*!$hV-?A"@*V@.*.'#*c"\?."@)VW*#/W?)*"?@"*

W/@/)&"?#)?#%&"* e"$?A?/@C* R"?)* X"A?@@* ."#* X+,A",2,?"A#* &'-"@* -","?)#* \Q"?* :,?))"$* .",*

#g,?#%&"@*c"\?."@*?&,"*:1,(",*O",$'##"@*V@.*#?@.*?@#*]V#$'@.*A"($+%&)")*V@.*-?#&",*#?"&)*

'$$"#* .'@'%&* 'V#9* .'##* #?%&* .?"#"* ]V#Q'@.",V@A* (/,)#")\"@* Q?,.C* ]V%&* &?",* ?#)* .?"*

RV@@?)?#?",V@A*V@.*e'.?2'$?#?",V@A*."#*]V(#)'@."#*"?@*I'2)/,9*.'*.?"*P#$'W?#)"@*/(("@*W?)*

!"Q'$)* A"A"@* ,"$?A?1#"* M?@.",&"?)"@* .,/&"@C* ]V%&* .?"* c"\?."@* '$#* S?%&);MV#$?W"9*

W+##"@* .'@@* VW* ?&,"* R?%&",&"?)* (+,%&)"@C* X","?)#* 'W* 6FC* U2)/-",* 67>6* A,?(("@*

?#$'W?#)?#%&"* !,Vaa"@* .'#* * g"\?.?#%&"* :/,(* j"#)"$* ]$?* ^?@./* ?W* :?#),?2)* O/@* ](,?@* ?W*

hVk",#)"@*S/,.Q"#)"@*."#*Y'@."#*'@C*:?"*]@A,?(("*2/@@)"@*.V,%&*"?@"*2V,.?#%&"*M?$?\*

A"#)/aa)* Q",."@C* ]V%&* .'#* g"\?.?#%&"* :/,(* X'#V('@* @?%&)* Q"?)* O/@* .",* Q"$)Q"?)*

-"kannten „Saint Simon Citadel“ wird immer wieder von Islamisten angegriffen. Ziel der

P#$'W?#)"@*?#)*"#9*.?"*c"\?."@*'V#*.",*e"A?/@*\V*O",),"?-"@C**

0?"$* Q?,.* d"./%&* 'V%&* '-&h@A"@* O/@* ."@* L@)Q?%2$V@A"@* ?@@",&'$-* .",* 2V,.?#%&"@*

Uaa/#?)?/@C* R/$$)"@* #V@@?)?#%&"* TV,."@* .V,%&* ."@* ?#$'W?#)?#%&"@* L?@($V##* ,'.?2'$?#?",)*

Q",."@9* 21@@)"* .?"#* #%&$?WW"* I/$A"@* (+,* .?"* c"\?."@* &'-"@C* :/%&* 'V%&* Q"@@* "?@"*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

>F*

*

e'.?2'$?#?",V@A* .",* TV,."@* -?#&",* @?%&)* #)'))A"(V@."@* &')* V@.* ?W* !"A"@)"?$* B"?$"* .",*

2V,.?#%&"@* M?@.",&"?)* @V@* A"A"@* P#$'W?#)"@9* .?"* 'V(* R"?)"@* .",* #g,?#%&"@* Uaa/#?)?/@*

#)"&"@9*2hWa("@9*?#)*.?"*ZV2V@()*.",*c"\?."@*?@*Rg,?"@*V@A"Q?##C*

K0R(S$'&%,(

eV@.*<77C777*:,V#"@*A?-)*"#*?@*Rg,?"@C*R?"*$"-"@*?W*R+.Q"#)"@*."#*Y'@."#*?@*."W*@'%&*

?&@"@*-"@'@@)"@*!"-?,A#\VA*l:#%&"-"$*'.;:V,V\l*3:,V#"@A"-?,A"4C*P@*.?"#"W*!"-?")*?#)*

"#*?W*0",A$"?%&*\V*'@.","@*e"A?/@"@*#"&,*,V&?A*A"-$?"-"@9*#"?)."W*.?"*]V(#)h@."*A"A"@*

.'#*e"A?W"*-"A'@@"@C*_"@@*"#*+-",&'Va)*\V*:"W/@#),')?/@"@*2/WW)9*.'@@*#?@.*.?"#"*

W"?#)* #"&,* 2$"?@* V@.* -$"?-"@* .V,%&A"&"@.* (,?".$?%&C* R?"* Q",."@* @?%&)* O/@* .",* -,"?)"@*

M'##"*.",*:,V#"@*A"),'A"@9*Q'#*'-",*@?%&)*&"?k)9*.'##*2"?@"*:,V#"@* ?@*.",*Uaa/#?)?/@*

/,A'@?#?",)*#[email protected]*PW*Rg,?#%&"@*S')?/@'$,')*V@.*?W*S')?/@'$"@*T//,.?@?",V@A#2/W?)""9*."@*

\Q"?* A,/k"@* 0","?@?AV@A"@* O/@* e"A?W"A"A@",@9* #?@.* .V,%&'V#* :,V#"@* ?@* Q?%&)?A"@*

IV@2)?/@"@*O",),")"@C**

:?"*!,+@."9*Q',VW*:,V#"@*@?%&)*'2)?O",*A"A"@*.'#*e"A?W"*O/@*]##'.*'V(-"A"&,"@9*#?@.*

O?"$(h$)?AC* :?"* :,V#"@* #?@.* #"?)* .",* L@)#)"&V@A* ?&,",* !$'V-"@#A"W"?@#%&'()* VW* >7>7*

?WW",* Q?".",* Ua(",* O/@* 0",(/$AV@A"@* A"Q"#"@C* P&,"* e"$?A?/@* &')* #?%&* \Q',* 'V#* ."W*

P#$'W* "@)Q?%2"$)9* #?"* Q",."@* d"./%&* O/,* '$$"W* O/@* ."@* RV@@?)"@* @?%&)* '$#* MV#$?W"*

A"#"&"@C*ZVW*X"?#a?"$*A$'V-"@*O?"$"*:,V#"@*.','@9*.'##*.?"*R""$"*"?@"#*M"@#%&"@*@'%&*

."W* B/.* #/(/,)* ?@* "?@*S"VA"-/,"@"#*Q'@.",)9*Q'#* @?%&)*W?)* ."W* P#$'W* O","?@-',* ?#)C*

B,/)\*A"W"?@#'W",*_V,\"$@*A"$)"@*:,V#"@*#/*V@)",*."@*,'.?2'$"@*MV#$?W"@*"-"@('$$#*'$#*

'-),+@@?AC* :'#* :,V#"@)VW* "@)Q?%2"$)"* #?%&* ."#&'$-* \V* "?@",* l!"&"?W,"$?A?/@l9* .","@*

,"$?A?1#"*e?)"@*@V,*M?)A$?".",@*-"2'@@)*#[email protected]*]V(A,V@.*O/@*0",(/$AV@A"@*\/A"@*#?"*#?%&*

?@*#%&Q",*\VAh@A$?%&"*X",A,"A?/@"@*\V,+%2C*R"?)."W*.?"*X'')&;5',)"?*.?"*M'%&)*?W*Y'@.*

+-",@/WW"@* &'))"9* 2/@@)"@* .?"* :,V#"@* ,"$')?O* (,"?* $"-"@C* :",* `",,#%&'()* .",* ]##'.#*

#)'@."@* O?"$"* O/@* ?&@"@*."#Q"A"@* ,"%&)*@"V),'$* A"A"@+-",C*`"V)"* #?@.* d"./%&*Q"A"@*

],WV)*V@.*T/,,Va)?/@*?@*.",*e"A?/@*O?"$"*:,V#"@*V@\V(,?"."@*W?)*."W*e"A?W"C*

L#* A?-)* d"./%&* 'V%&* ,"?@* a,'2)?#%&"* !,+@."* (+,* .?"* ZV,+%2&'$)V@A* .",* :,V#"@* -"?* ."@*

5,/)"#)"@C* P@* '@.","@* R)h.)"@* Q',"@* .?"* ]V#A'@A#aV@2)"* (+,* :"W/@#),')?/@"@* W"?#)*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

67*

*

M/#%&""@9*-"?#a?"$#Q"?#"*@'%&*."W*I,"?)'A#A"-")C*:"@@*A"W"?@#'W"#*X")"@*2'@@*'V#*

,"$?A?1#"@* !,+@."@* ?W* !"A"@#')\* \V* 1(("@)$?%&"@* 0",#'WW$V@A"@* 2"?@",* O",-?")"@C* P@*

."@* R?".$V@A#A"-?")"@* .",* :,V#"@* A?-)* "#* @/,W'$",Q"?#"* 2"?@"* M/#%&""@* V@.* .'W?)*

'V%&*2'VW*U,)"9*'@*."@"@*#?%&*A,/k"*5,/)"#)Wh,#%&"*-?$."@*21@@)"@C*R?%&",&"?)#2,h()"*

2/@@)"@* .?"* 2$"?@","@* 5,/)"#)"* $"?%&)* 'V($1#"@C* :",* 5,/)"#)* ?W* Y'@.* Q?,.* \V."W* O/,*

'$$"W* O/@* dV@A"@* M"@#%&"@* A"),'A"@C* ]V(A,V@.* &/&",* ],-"?)#$/#?A2"?)* \/A"@* d"./%&*

O?"$"*dV@A"*:,V#"@*'V#*?&,"@*R?".$V@A#A"-?")"@*Q"A9*@V,*Q"@?A"*-$?"-"@C*

PW* O",A'@A"@"@* f'&,* &')* #?%&* .?"* R?%&)Q"?#"* O?"$",* :,V#"@* O",h@.",)D* R?"* #a,"%&"@*

/(("@",9* 2,?)?#?","@* .'#* e"A?W"* /.",* V@)",#)+)\"@* .?"* Uaa/#?)?/@* (?@'@\?"$$C* L?@",* .",*

(+&,"@."@* :,V#"@9* .",* Y?-'@"#"* _'$?.* fVW-$'))9* ,?"(* #"?@"* e"$?A?/@#A"W"?@#%&'()* ?@*

Rg,?"@*.'\V*'V(9*#?%&*A"A"@*.'#*e"A?W"*\V*",&"-"@C*]Vk",."W*2,?)?#?",)"*",*eV##$'@.*(+,*

#"?@* 0")/* A"A"@* .?"* Rg,?"@;e"#/$V)?/@* ?W*iS;R?%&",&"?)#,')C* ]V(* "?@",* [email protected]"-V@A* ?W*

I"-,V',*67>6*?@*Xeirut sagte Jumblatt: „Der syrische Volksaufstand wird siegen.“ *

:?"*:,V#"@9*.?"*?@*."@*O/@*P#,'"$*>FH=*'@@"2)?",)"@*#g,?#%&"@*!/$'@&1&"@*$"-"@9*&'-"@*

?&,"* "?A"@"* R?%&)* 'V(* .'#* !"#%&"&"@* ?@* Rg,?"@C* R?"* -"(+,%&)"@9* .'##* .?"* #g,?#%&"*

Uaa/#?)?/@* Q"?)A"&"@.* O/@* ,'.?2'$"@* P#$'W?#)"@* V@)",Q'@.",)* ?#)9* V@.* Q/$$"@* #?%&*

ungern in die „syrische Machtpolitik“ einmischen. Außerdem seien die Drusen aufgrund

?&,",* A",?@A"@*]@\'&$*.'\V*'V%&* \V* #%&Q'%&*V@.* \V*'@A,"?(-',9* A$'V-"@*O?"$"C* L#* 2'@@*

'-",* @?%&)* 'V#A"#%&$/##"@9* .'##* .?"* :,V#"@* ?@* ."@* T,?"A* &?@"?@A"\/A"@* Q",."@C* P@*

.?"#"W* I'$$* &'-"@* .?"* :,V#"@* ?@* P#,'"$* i@)",#)+)\V@A* (+,* ?&,"* !$'V-"@#-,+.",*

'@A"2+@.?A)C*

R0(N/.,4&-.%(+4,;%$.%4/%,(

R0J(T'$;%,(

M?)*")Q'*\Q"?*-?#*.,"?*M?$$?/@"@*M"@#%&"@*-?$."@*.?"*TV,."@*")Q'*(+@(\"&@*5,/\"@)*.",*

!"#'W)-"O1$2",V@A* V@.* .?"* A,1k)"* ")&@?#%&"* M?@.",&"?)* ."#* Y'@."#C* R?"* $"-"@*

&'Va)#h%&$?%&* 'W* X",AW'##?O* o?g'gp* TV,Wp@%* 3TV,."@-",A4* @/,.Q"#)$?%&* O/@* ]$"aa/*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

6>*

*

V@.* .",* e"A?/@* T/-'@?* 3],'-C* ]?@* '$;],'-4* @/,.1#)$?%&* #/Q?"* ?W* S/,."@* .",* 5,/O?@\*

:d'd?,'*3','-C*]$;`'##'2"4*?W*hVk",#)"@*S/,./#)"@*."#*Y'@."#C*

:?"*Y'A"*.",*?@*Rg,?"@*$"-"@."@*TV,."@*O/,*X"A?@@*.",*]V(#)h@."*A"A"@*.'#*e"A?W"*V@.*

."#* X+,A",2,?"A"#* 67>>* ?#)* -"?#a?"$&'()* (+,* .?"* i@)",.,+%2V@A* '$$",* @?%&)','-?#%&"@*

01$2",* V@.* ,"$?A?1#",* M?@.",&"?)"@* ."#* Y'@."#C* :?"* !"#%&?%&)"* ?&,",* i@)",.,+%2V@A*

,"?%&)* Q"?)* \V,+%2C* L?@"#* .",* (,+&"@* Z"VA@?##"* .",* !"Q'$)* A"A"@* .?"* TV,."@* ?#)* "?@*

0/,('$$9*-"?*."W*>FG=*\Q"?&V@.",)V@.(+@(\?A*2V,.?#%&"*T?@.",*?@*"?@"W*T?@/*?@*]WV.'9*

.'#* O/,#h)\$?%&* '@A"\+@.")* Q/,."@* Q',9* #)',-"@C* P@#-"#/@.","* #"?)* .",*

M'%&)+-",@'&W"*.",*X'')&;5',)"?*?W*f'&,"*>FH<*Q",."@*.?"*?@*Rg,?"@*$"-"@."@*TV,."@*

W'##?O*V@)",.,+%2)*V@.*#g#)"W')?#%&* ?@* ?&,"@*M"@#%&"@,"%&)"@*O",$")\)C*0/@*/((?\?"$$",*

R"?)"*QV,."* .?"* LJ?#)"@\* .",* TV,."@* f'&,\"&@)"* $'@A* A"$"VA@")C* :'#* lTV,."@a,/-$"Wl*

O",#V%&)* W'@* .V,%&* 'AA,"##?O"* ]##?W?$')?/@* V@.* "?@"* ,?A/,/#"9* ,'##?#)?#%&* W/)?O?",)"*

],'-?#?",V@A#a/$?)?2* \V* $1#"@C* :?"* TV,."@* O",(+A"@* +-",* 2"?@",$"?* $"A'$"* a/$?)?#%&"*

0",),")V@AC* :'* .?"* #g,?#%&"* 0",('##V@A* ")&@?#%&"* V@.* ,"$?A?1#"* 5',)"?"@* @?%&)* \V$h##)9*

#?@.*2V,.?#%&"*5',)"?"@*."*('%)/*O",-/)"@C*]V%&*.?"*2V,.?#%&"*Ra,'%&"*QV,."*),'.?)?/@"$$*

.V,%&* .'#* e"A?W"* V@)",.,+%2)C* ZV."W* QV,."@* >FH6* #%&/@* >67C777* TV,."@*

'V#A"-+,A",)9*\Q?#%&"@\"?)$?%&*-"$?"(*#?%&*.?"*Z'&$*#)'')"@$/#",*TV,."@*'V(*,V@.*<77C777C*

P@\Q?#%&"@* &')* X'#%&',* '$;]##'.* .?"#"* R)'')"@$/#"@* '$#* ZVA"#)h@.@?#* Q?".",*

"?@A"-+,A",)C*:','@*Q?,.*."V)$?%&9*.'##*.?"*#g,?#%&"@*TV,."@*?W*X+,A",2,?"A*@/%&*W"&,*

\Q?#%&"@* ."@* I,/@)"@* #)"&"@* '$#* '@.","* M?@.",&"?)"@C* !,+@."* .'(+,* #?@.* .?"*

i@"?@?A2"?)* V@.* .?"* M"?@V@A#O?"$('$)* \Q?#%&"@* V@.* ?@@",&'$-* .",* 2V,.?#%&"@* 5',)"?"@*

#/Q?"*.?"*e/$$"*.",*B+,2"?C*

P@*",#)",*Y?@?"*Q',*.",*]V#-,V%&*.",*e"-"$$?/@*67>>* (+,*O?"$"*TV,."@*W?)*.",*`/((@V@A*

O",-V@."@9*?&,"*B,'.?)?/@"@9*?&,"*TV$)V,*V@.*?&,"*Ra,'%&"*Q?".",*a($"A"@*\V*21@@"@C*ZV*

X"A?@@*.",*5,/)"#)"*-$?"-*"#*?@*."@*2V,.?#%&"@*!"-?")"@*?W*S/,."@*Rg,?"@#*d"./%&*"&",*

,V&?AC* :?"* TV,."@* &'))"@* -","?)#* 6778* O/,* '$$"W* ?@* .",* R)'.)* j'W?#&$?* A"A"@* .?"*

i@)",.,+%2V@A*a,/)"#)?",)C*:?"#"*5,/)"#)"*QV,."@*O/W*e"A?W"*-$V)?A*@?".",A"#%&$'A"@9*

Q"#&'$-*O",WV)$?%&*O?"$"*",#)*"?@W'$*'-Q',)"@*Q/$$)"@9*Q?"*#?%&*.?"*5,/)"#)"*"@)Q?%2"$@*

Q+,."@C*S'%&*.",*L,W/,.V@A*."#*-"2'@@)"@*I+&,",#*.",*TV,.?#%&"@*ZV2V@()#-"Q"AV@A*

V@.*I,"V@."#*.",*!(-09*M'#&''$*B'W/9*?W*U2)/-",*67>>9*A'-*"#*O",W"&,)*5,/)"#)"*.",*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

66*

*

TV,."@C* P@* .",* I/$A"* A?@A"@* .?"* O",#%&?"."@"@* #g,?#%&;2V,.?#%&"@* 5',)"?"@*

V@)",#%&?".$?%&"*_"A"C*:?"*M"&,&"?)*A,+@.")"*'@'$/A*\VW*Rg,?#%&"@*S')?/@'$,')* 3RS^4*

."@* 2V,.?#%&"@* S')?/@'$,')* 3TS^R49* .",* d"./%&* Q?"* -"#%&,?"-"@* @?%&)* B"?$* .",*

Uaa/#?)?/@#'$$?'@\* QV,."9* .'* O?"$"* M?)A$?".",* ."#* TS^R* .",* ','-?#%&;#V@@?)?#%&"@*

:/W?@'@\*.",*MV#$?W-,V.",#%&'()*?W*RS^*O/,#?%&)?A*A"A"@+-",#)'@."@*V@.*.?"#",*#?%&*

Q"?A",)"9* "?@"* a/$?)?#%&"* ]V)/@/W?"* Rg,?#%&;TV,.?#)'@#* \V* .?#2V)?","@C* :",* RS^*

A','@)?",)"* $".?A$?%&9* .'##* ?@* ZV2V@()* #g,?#%&"* TV,."@* A$"?%&-","%&)?A)"* X+,A",* #"?@*

Q+,."@C*:?"#"*!','@)?"*Q+,."*d"./%&*@"V",$?%&",*i@)",.,+%2V@A*.",*2V,.?#%&"@*TV$)V,*

2"?@"@*0/,#%&V-*$"?#)"@C*!,V@.#h)\$?%&*Q?$$*.",*TS^R*.'#*e"A?W"*#)+,\"@C*L,*(/,.",)*."@*

I1.",'$?#WV#*(+,*Rg,?"@*V@.*.'W?)*.?"*R"$-#)-"#)?WWV@A*(+,*.?"*2V,.?#%&"*X"O1$2",V@A*

V@.*(+,*A'@\*Rg,?"@C*:?"#*#"?*.?"*"?@\?A"*]$)",@')?O"*\VW*e"A?W"C*:',+-",*&?@'V#*Q?,.*.?"*

O/$$#)h@.?A"* e"$?A?/@#;* V@.* !$'V-"@#(,"?&"?)* A"(/,.",)C* :?"* +-",Q?"A"@.* O/@* TV,."@*

-"Q/&@)"@* !"-?")"* ?W* S/,."@* ."#* Y'@."#* #/$$"@* \V* "?@",* '.W?@?#),')?O"@* L?@&"?)*

VWA"#)'$)")*V@.*O/@* ?&,"@*L?@Q/&@",@*#"$-#)*O",Q'$)")*Q",."@C*:?"*2V,.?#%&"*Ra,'%&"*

#/$$*/((?\?"$$*'$#*\Q"?)"*Y'@."##a,'%&"*'@",2'@@)*Q",."@C*

PW*!"A"@#')\*\VW*TS^R*),')"@*"?@?A"*2$"?@"*2V,.?#%&"*!,Vaa"@*."W*RS^*-"?C*L?@"@*A'@\*

'@.","@*_"A*-"#%&,?))*.?"*5',)"?*.",*:"W/2,')?#%&"@*i@?/@*35c:49*"?@"*R%&Q"#)",a',)"?*

.",*,'.?2'$"@*],-"?)",a',)"?*TV,.?#)'@#*35TT4*?@*.",*B+,2"?9*?@."W*#?"*#?%&*#/Q/&$*A"A"@*

."@*RS^9*'-",*'V%&*A"A"@*.?"*'@.","@*#g,?#%&;2V,.?#%&"@*Uaa/#?)?/@#a',)"?"@*Q'@.)"C*

M'@* 2'@@* d"./%&* @?%&)* #'A"@9* .'##* .?"* 5c:* 'V(* R"?)"@* ."#* e"A?W"#* #)"&)C* ZQ',*

V@)",#)+)\)"*X'#%&',*'$;]##'.#*0')",*`'(?\*'$;]##'.*.?"*)+,2?#%&"*5TT9*d"./%&*$?"k*",*'V%&*

]-.V$$'&* q%'$'@* ?W* f'&,* >FFK* 'V(* )+,2?#%&"@* :,V%2* &?@* 'V#Q"?#"@C* 0/,* X"A?@@* ."#*

]V(#)'@."#* QV,."@* \V."W* 5c:;]2)?O?#)"@* /()* &h,)",* O",(/$A)* '$#* M?)A$?".",* '@.",",*

2V,.?#%&",*5',)"?"@C*R/*2'@@*W'@*#'A"@9*.'##*.?"*5c:*@?%&)*'V(*?,A"@."?@",*R"?)"*2hWa()9*

#/@.",@* VW* ]V)/@/W?"9* M'%&)",&'$)* V@.* .'#* !"Q'$)W/@/a/$* ?@* ."@* 2V,.?#%&"@*

!"-?")"@* ?W* R?@@"* "?@"#* 'V)/@/W"@* _"#)2V,.?#)'@#C* M'@* 2'@@* '@@"&W"@9* .'##* ?@*

"?@"W*#/$%&"@*_"#)2V,.?#)'@*.?"*5c:*.?"*]V)/,?)h)*#)"$$"@*W1%&)"9*VW*V@)",*'@.","W*

.?"*Ra'$)V@A*.",*2V,.?#%&"@*Uaa/#?)?/@*\V*+-",Q?@."@C*

Rg,?#%&"*Uaa/#?)?/@"$$"*-"&'Va)"@9*.?"*5c:*#"?*.",*O",$h@A",)"*],W*."#*e"A?W"#*?@*."@*

TV,."@A"-?")"@*Rg,?"@#C*:?"#"*L?@#%&h)\V@A*A,"?()* #?%&",$?%&* \V*Q"?)C*]$$",.?@A#*&')*.'#*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

6<*

*

e"A?W"*.?"*M"?@V@A#O",#%&?"."@&"?)* \Q?#%&"@*."@*2V,.?#%&"@*!,Vaa?",V@A"@*V@.*.",*

#g,?#%&"@* Uaa/#?)?/@* #/Q?"* ?@@",&'$-* .",* 2V,.?#%&"@* X"O1$2",V@A* ?@#),VW"@)'$?#?",)9*

?@."W* "#* @'%&* ]V#-,V%&* .",* 5,/)"#)"* :"W/@#),')?/@"@* ?@* ."@* TV,."@A"-?")"@*

\VA"$'##"@*&')9*#/.'##*O/,*'$$"W*.?"*5c:*?&,"@*L?@($V##*'V#-'V"@*2/@@)"C*:'*Q/*@hW$?%&*

.?"* 2V,.?#%&"@* 0/$2#O",)"?.?AV@A#2,h()"* 3c5!49* .?"* .",* 5c:* \VW?@."#)* @'&"#)"&"@9*

A"A"@*.?"*#V@@?)?#%&"@*P#$'W?#)"@9*.?"*."@*-"Q'((@")"@*T'Wa(*.",*#g,?#%&"@*Uaa/#?)?/@*

?WW",*W"&,* ./W?@?","@9* 2hWa("@9*WV##* .'#* e"A?W"* @?%&)* "?@A,"?("@* V@.* 2'@@* #"?@"*

W?$?)h,?#%&"@*T'a'\?)h)"@*(+,*.?"*X"2hWa(V@A*."#*]V(#)'@."#*?@*."@*','-?#%&"@*R)h.)"@*

?@*."@*+-,?A"@*T,?"A#A"-?")"@*Rg,?"@#*@V)\"@C*M1A$?%&*QV,."*.?"#"#*0/,A"&"@*'-",*",#)9*

'$#* .?"* B+,2"?* W?)* ."W* e"A?W"* A"-,/%&"@* &'))"* V@.* .",* )+,2?#%&"* M?@?#)",a,h#?."@)*

e"%"a* B'gg?a* L,./A'@* .?"* (,"V@.#%&'()$?%&"* X"\?"&V@A* \V* X'#&',* '$;]##'.* -""@.")"C*

:?"#",* 2/@@)"* @V@* .?"* TV,."@* Q"?)"#)A"&"@.* W'%&"@* $'##"@9* /&@"* .?"* Z?"$"* .",*

e"A?",V@A*?@*]@2','*-"'%&)"@*\V*W+##"@C*

:?"*W'##?O"* i@)",#)+)\V@A* .",* B+,2"?* (+,* .?"* Uaa/#?)?/@* a,/O/\?",)* #/* @"V"* T/@($?2)"*

\Q?#%&"@*TV,."@*V@.*'@.","@*e"A?W"A"A@",@C*:?"*B+,2"?*Q?$$*'V(*2"?@"@*I'$$* \V$'##"@9*

.'##* .?"* TV,."@* 'V(* #g,?#%&"W* X/."@* @'&"* .",* !,"@\"* \V,* B+,2"?* .?"* `",,#%&'()*

+-",@"&W"@9* O/,* '$$"W* .?"* 5c:* @?%&)C* R/* -"$'#)")* .",* 2V,.?#%&;)+,2?#%&"* T/@($?2)* ."@*

]V(#)'@.* A"A"@* .'#* #g,?#%&"* e"A?W"* #"&,* #)',2* V@.* $h##)* ."@* /&@"&?@* #%&/@* -$V)?A"@*

X+,A",2,?"A*Q"?)",*"#2'$?","@C*S'%&*.",*L@)(+&,V@A*"?@",*Q"?-$?%&"@*5'),/V?$$"*.",*c5!*

.V,%&* P#$'W?#)"@* -,'%&"@* ?W* fV$?* 67><* &"()?A"* ThWa("* 'V#* \Q?#%&"@* .",* c5!* V@.* .",*

?#$'W?#)?#%&"@* ]$;SV#,';I,/@)9* '@* .","@* R"?)"* "?@\"$@"* T'Wa(O",-h@."* .",* I,"?"@*

Rg,?#%&"@*],W""* #/Q?"*.",*]$;T'?.';]-$"A",* P#$'W?#%&",* R)'')* ?W* P,'2*V@.*Rg,?"@* 3PRPR4*

2hWa("@C*]@A,?(("*.",*P#$'W?#)"@*&'-"@*V@)",*TV,."@*V@.*'@.","@*M?@.",&"?)"@*-","?)#*

O?"$"*Ua(",*A"(/,.",)C*R/*#)+,W)"@*'W*<>C*fV$?*.",*#g,?#%&"*]$;T'?.';ZQ"?A*'$*SV#,';I,/@)*

V@.*'@.","* ?#$'W?#)?#%&"*X,?A'."@*.",*#/*A"@'@@)"@*(,"?"@*#g,?#%&"@*],W""*.?"*-"?."@*

2V,.?#%&"@*R?".$V@A"@*B?$*`'#?$*V@.*B?$*],'@*")Q'*<7*T?$/W")",*#+.1#)$?%&*O/@*]$"aa/C*X"?*

."W* ]@A,?((* #/$$"@* @'%&* ]@A'-"@* "?@"#* 2V,.?#%&"@* 5/$?)?2",#* 'V#* .",* e"A?/@* .?"*

P#$'W?#)"@* W?@."#)"@#* =7* TV,."@9* O/,* '$$"W* I,'V"@* V@.* T?@.",9* ",#%&/##"@* &'-"@C*

M?@."#)"@#* =77* TV,."@* #/$$"@* O",#%&$"aa)* Q/,."@* #"?@* /.",* A"$)"@* '$#* O",W?##)C*

B'V#"@."*M"@#%&"@* #?@.* A"($/&"@C*`hV#",* .",* TV,."@* #"?"@* A"a$+@.",)* V@.* .'#* 0?"&*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

68*

*

A",'V-)*Q/,."@C*:?"*-"?."@*U,)"*$?"A"@*'Vk",&'$-*."#*O/@*TV,."@*2/@),/$$?",)"@*!"-?")#*

?@*Rg,?"@C*

:?"*W1A$?%&"@*I/$A"@*"?@"#*R?"A"#*.",*P#$'W?#)"@*(+,*.?"*2V,.?#%&"*M?@.",&"?)*2'@@*W'@*

#?%&* .'&",* 'V#W'$"@9* V@.* /-* X'#&',* '$;]##'.* ?W* I'$$"* "?@"#* R?"A"#* ."#* e"A?W"#* ."@*

TV,."@* W"&,* e"%&)"* V@.* W"&,* ]V)/@/W?"* A"Qh&,"@* Q?,.9* ?#)* \VW?@."#)*

V@Q'&,#%&"?@$?%&C*

L#*A?-)*'-",*#"?)*R/WW",*67>6*Q"@?A#)"@#*.?"*X"W+&V@A"@9*"?@"*L?@V@A*.",*2V,.?#%&"@*

a/$?)?#%&"@*5',)"?"@*\V*",,"?%&"@C*]W*>>C*fV@?*67>6*#%&$/##"@*.",*TS^R*V@.*.",*O/@*.",*

5c:* A"A,+@.")"* 0/$2#,')* "?@* ]-2/WW"@* +-",* "?@"* \V2+@()?A"* T//a",')?/@C* :'@'%&*

QV,."* V@)",* .",* 0",W?))$V@A* O/@* M'#V.* X',\'@?9* ."W* 5,h#?."@)"@* O/@* P,'2?#%&;

Kurdistan, ein zehnköpfiges Gremium, der „Hohe Kurdische Rat“, gebildet. *

B,/)\."W*#%&Q"-)*.?"*!"('&,*"?@",*e'.?2'$?#?",V@A*."#*]V(#)'@."#*+-",*.",*2V,.?#%&"@*

M?@.",&"?)9*/-Q/&$*.?"*M"&,&"?)*.",*#g,?#%&"@*TV,."@*Q?"*.?"*P#$'W?#)"@*'V(*R"?)"@*.",*

Uaa/#?)?/@* #V@@?)?#%&* ?#)C* :'W?)* @hW$?%&* TV,."@* ?&,"* TV$)V,9* ?&,"* B,'.?)?/@* V@.* ?&,"*

Ra,'%&"* Q?".",* $"A'$* @V)\"@* 21@@"@9* WV##* ?@* "?@"W* W1A$?%&"@* @"V"@* Rg,?"@* '$$"@*

X"O1$2",V@A#A,Vaa"@* .?"* A$"?%&"@* e"%&)"* A','@)?",)* Q",."@C* ]@#/@#)"@* .,/&)* .",*

2V,.?#%&"@*M?@.",&"?)9*.'##*#?"*",@"V)*V@)",.,+%2)*V@.*O",(/$A)*Q?,.C**

:?"*Z?"$"*.",*O",#%&?"."@"@*2V,.?#%&"@*!,Vaa?",V@A"@9*#?@.*@V,*)"?$Q"?#"*.V,%&#%&'V-',*

V@.*O?"$(h$)?AC*R?"*,"?%&"@*O/W*R),"-"@*@'%&*2/Wa$"))",*R"$-#)O",Q'$)V@A*-?#*&?@*\V*"?@",*

e"A?",V@A#-")"?$?AV@A* ?@* "?@"W* @"V"@* R)'')* Rg,?"@C* :'#* R%&?%2#'$* .",* 2V,.?#%&"@*

M?@.",&"?)*Q?,.*.'O/@*'-&h@A"@9*/-*.?"*)?"("*Ra'$)V@A*.",*2V,.?#%&"@*5/$?)?2$'@.#%&'()*

\VW?@."#)*?W*]@#')\*+-",QV@."@*Q?,.*V@.*?@*T",@(,'A"@*L?@?AV@A*V@)",*."@*"?@\"$@"@*

!,Vaa?",V@A"@*",\?"$)*Q",."@*2'@@C*

0?"$"#* Q?,.* 'V%&* .'O/@* '-&h@A"@9* /-* "?@"* Q"?)","* e'.?2'$?#?",V@A* .",* Uaa/#?)?/@*

#)'))(?@.")C* P@* .?"#"W* I'$$* 21@@)"@* \VW?@."#)* .?"* -"Q'((@")"@* TV,."@* "@.A+$)?A* \V,*

"?A"@#)h@.?A"@* T,?"A#a',)"?* Q",."@C* 0",WV)$?%&* Q",."@* #?%&* .'@@* O?"$"* TV,."@9* 'V%&*

'V#*."W*]V#$'@.9*."W*-"Q'((@")"@*T'Wa(*'@#%&$?"k"@C*L?@*(,?".$?%&"#*L@."*."#*T,?"A"#*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

6G*

*

Q+,."*@/%&*Q"?)",*?@*.?"*I",@"*,+%2"@C*Y"?.",*#?"&)*"#*#/*'V#9*'$#*Q+,."*.?"#"#*R\"@',?/*

-","?)#*e"'$?)h)*Q",."@C*

R0H(M$"%,4%$(

Rg,?"@*?#)*(+,*],W"@?",*-","?)#*#"?)*f'&,&V@.",)"@*"?@"*`"?W')C*:'#*Y'@.*.?"@)"*'V%&*

?WW",*'$#*R%&V)\;*V@.*ZV($V%&)#/,)C*0/,*'$$"W*Qh&,"@.*."#*!"@/\?.#*'@*."@*],W"@?",@*

\Q?#%&"@*>F>G*V@.*>F>=9*-"?*."W*-?#*\V*>9G*M?$$?/@"@*',W"@?#%&"*V@.*G77C777*

'##g,?#%&;','Wh?#%&"*^&,?#)"@*A")1)")*QV,."@9*($+%&)")"@*O?"$"*],W"@?",*O/,*.",*

)+,2?#%&"@*],W""*@'%&*Rg,?"@C*>F>K*\h&$)"*.?"*',W"@?#%&"*!"W"?@."*&?",*

#%&h)\V@A#Q"?#"*>86C777*M"@#%&"@C*`"V)"*$"-"@*")Q'*<77C777*],W"@?",*?@*Rg,?"@9*O/@*

."@"@*W?)*<7C777*-?#*87C777*5",#/@"@*.?"*A,1k)"*!"W"?@#%&'()*?@*.",*W?))$",Q"?$"*

VW2hWa()"@*R)'.)*]$"aa/*Q/&@)C*T$"?@","*',W"@?#%&"*!"W"?@."@*A?-)*"#*?@*:'W'#2V#9*

j'W?#%&$?*V@.*?@*j'#''-C*:?"*],W"@?",*?@*]$"aa/*#?@.*?W*#g,?#%&"@*M/#'?2*.",*

e"$?A?/@"@*V@.*L)&@?"@*"?@"*2$"?@"*!,Vaa"9*&"-"@*#?%&*'-",*.V,%&*?&,"*'2)?O"*X")"?$?AV@A*

'W*Q?,)#%&'()$?%&"@*V@.*2V$)V,"$$"@*Y"-"@*."#*Y'@."#*&",O/,C*],W"@?",*A"$)"@*

-"?#a?"$#Q"?#"*'$#*.?"*-"#)"@*`'@.Q",2",*Rg,?"@#C*PW*0",A$"?%&*\V*'@.","@*0/$2#A,Vaa"@*

#?@.*.?"*],W"@?",*#"&,*AV)*?@)"A,?",)9*."@@*.'#*e"A?W"*A"Qh&,)"*?&@"@*R%&V)\*@'%&*.",*

I$V%&)*'V#*.",*B+,2"?C*i@)",*P@)"A,')?/@*?#)*d"./%&*@?%&)*]##?W?$')?/@*\V*O",#)"&"@C*:?"*

],W"@?",*$"-"@*?@*"?@",*a",("2)"@*5','$$"$A"#"$$#%&'()D*R?"*-?$."@*?@@",&'$-*?&,",*!,Vaa"*

"?A"@#)h@.?A"*!"W"?@."@C*]V#*a/$?)?#%&"@*V@.*Q?,)#%&'()$?%&"@*!,+@."@*O",$?"k"@*O?"$"*

],W"@?",*L@."*.",*>FH7",*f'&,"*]$"aa/*V@.*j'W?#%&$?C*:?"*"&"W'$?A"*R/Qd"),"aV-$?2*

],W"@?"@*@'&W*.'W'$#*\Q',*O?"$"*#g,?#%&"*],W"@?",*'V(C*:/%&*.?"*W"?#)"@*Q'@.",)"@*

@'%&*]W",?2'9*LV,/a'*V@.*]V#),'$?"@*'V#C*_"A"@*."#*-$V)?A"@*X+,A",2,?"A"#*?@*Rg,?"@*

&')*#?%&*.?"#"*]V#Q'@.",V@A*?@\Q?#%&"@*?@)"@#?O?",)C*R?"*21@@)"*.'#*L@."*"?@",*

!"W"?@#%&'()*-"."V)"@9*.?"*-","?)#*#"?)*W"&,","@*f'&,&V@.",)"@*?@*Rg,?"@*"?@"*`"?W')*

A"(V@."@*&')C*:?"*&"V)?A"*e"aV-$?2*],W"@?"@*Q?,.*"#*&1%&#)Q'&,#%&"?@$?%&*#"&,*-'$.*

W?)*"?@",*L?@Q'@.",V@A#Q"$$"*A,/k"@*]V#W'k"#*\V*)V@*&'-"@C*:?"*e"A?",V@A*?@*.",*

`'Va)#)'.)*L,?Q'@*WV##*#?%&*.','V(*O/,-","?)"@*V@.*-"?#a?"$#Q"?#"*T'a'\?)h)"@*(+,*.?"*

]V(@'&W"*O/@*I$+%&)$?@A"@*'V#*Rg,?"@*#%&'(("@C*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

6H*

*

R0K(5&-.%$=%&&%,(

]@A"#?%&)#* ."#* X+,A",2,?"A#* ?@* Rg,?"@* W'%&"@* #?%&* @V@* O?"$"* B#%&",2"##"@9* .?"* * ?@*

:"V)#%&$'@.9* .",* B+,2"?9* ."@*iR]* V@.* ?@* eV##$'@.* $"-"@9* R/,A"@* VW* .?"* ]@A"&1,?A"@*

?&,",* 0/$2#A,Vaa"C* B#%&",2"##?#%&"@* jV"$$"@* \V(/$A"* &'-"@* &V@.",)"* #g,?#%&"*

B#%&",2"##"@* -","?)#* ]@),hA"* -"?* ,V##?#%&"@* X"&1,."@* 'V(* e+%2#?".$V@A* ?@* ?&,"*

'@A"#)'WW)"@*!"-?")"*?W*S/,.2'V2'#V#*A"#)"$$)9*'V#*."@"@*?&,"*0/,('&,"@*?@*I/$A"*."#*

,V##?#%&;2'V2'#?#%&"@* T,?"A"#* 3>K>=;>KH84* A"($/&"@*Q',"@C* R%&h)\V@A"@* \V(/$A"* $"-"@*

&"V)"*,V@.*K7C777*B#%&",2"##"@*?@*Rg,?"@C*G77*O/@*?&@"@*#"?"@*-?#*M?))"*U2)/-",*67>6*

?@(/$A"* ."#* '2)V"$$"@* T/@($?2)"#* ?@* Rg,?"@* ?@* ."@* S/,.2'V2'#V#* A"($+%&)")9* #'A"@*

)#%&",2"##?#%&"* U,A'@?#')?/@"@C* :?"* "?@&"?W?#%&"* X"O1$2",V@A* #)"&)* ."@* I$+%&)$?@A"@*

W/W"@)'@* a/#?)?O* A"A"@+-",D* L#* Q?,.* !"$.* A"#'WW"$)* O/@* 5,?O')a",#/@"@* V@.*

i@)",@"&W"@* 'V#*M/#2'V9*S'$)#%&?2* V@.* '@.","@*U,)"@9* VW*.?"*S"V'@21WW$?@A"* \V*

V@)",#)+)\"@C*R/*&')*-"?#a?"$#Q"?#"*"?@*i@)",@"&W",*>G7*)#%&",2"##?#%&"@*I$+%&)$?@A"@*

V@"@)A"$)$?%&"* i@)",2+@()"* ?@* #"?@"W* `/)"$* \V,* 0",(+AV@A* A"#)"$$)C* :?"*

Nichtregierungsorganisation „Pеrit“ koordiniert die Zusammenarbeit zwischen

Tscherkessen in Syrien und im Kaukasus. Der Vorstand von „Perit“ ist besorgt:*X'$.*#?@.*

.?"*e"##/V,%"@*O/,*U,)*'V#A"#%&1a()9*.'@@*2'@@*@V,*@/%&*M/#2'V*&"$("@C*L?@"*!"('&,*

#"?"@*d"./%&*,'.?2'$"*P#$'W?#)"@9*.?"*#?%&*V@)",*."@*A"($+%&)")"@*B#%&",2"##"@*-"(?@."@9*

-",?%&)")*PQ'@*RV%&/Q9*T'V2'#V#"Ja",)"*V@.*X$/AA",*?@*M/#2'VC*:?"#"*#V%&"@*,'#%&*."@*

Kontakt zu Gleichgesinnten vor Ort. Angeblich habe es schon „Vorfälle“ gegeben, sagt

RV%&/Q9*/&@"* d"./%&*:")'?$#* \V*@"@@"@C*M/W"@)'@* ?#)* @/%&*@?%&)* '-\V#"&"@9* /-*V@.*

Q?"* '$$"* #g,?#%&"@* B#%&",2"##"@9* .?"* ."@* _V@#%&* &'-"@9* ?@* ."@* S/,.2'V2'#V#*

\V,+%2\V2"&,"@9* &?",* '@A"#?"."$)* Q",."@* 21@@"@C* :?"* X"&1,."@* ?@* ."@* 'V)/@/W"@*

e"aV-$?2"@* #)"&"@*."@*e+%22"&,",@* ,"%&)* /(("@* A"A"@+-",9* .?"* ,V##?#%&"*e"A?",V@A* ?@*

M/#2'V* &')* d"./%&* ")$?%&"* -+,/2,')?#%&"* `+,."@* 'V(A"-'V)9* VW* .?"* e+%22"&,* \V*

",#%&Q","@C*

R0R(5'$="%,%,(

:?"*BV,2W"@"@*&'$)"@*#?%&*(+,*-"##",*A"#)"$$)*'$#*.?"*B#%&",2"##"@9*Q"?$*#?"*.?"*B+,2"?*'$#*

?&,"* R%&V)\W'%&)* '@#"&"@C* R/* -"\"?%&@")* #?%&* .?"*M"&,\'&$* .",* BV,2W"@"@* 'V(A,V@.*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

6=*

*

?&,",*Ra,'%&"*V@.*!"#%&?%&)"*'V%&*'$#*B+,2"@C*:?"#"*Sh&"*\VW*S'%&-',#)'')*21@@)"*."@*

BV,2W"@"@* '$$",.?@A#* ?@* A,1k","* R%&Q?",?A2"?)"@* -,?@A"@9* #/$$)"* ?&@"@* #"?)"@#* .",*

','-?#%&"@*S')?/@'$?#)"@*/.",*TV,."@*T/$$'-/,')?/@*W?)*.",*B+,2"?*O/,A"Q/,("@*Q",."@C*

:?"* #g,?#%&"@* BV,2W"@"@9* .?"* +-",Q?"A"@.* #V@@?)?#%&"* MV#$?W"* #[email protected]* #?"."$@*

&'Va)#h%&$?%&*?@*."@*5,/O?@\"@*]$"aa/9*Y')'2?'9*?@*.",*LVa&,');L-"@"*V@.*?@*:'W'#2V#C*

R?"* #?@.* @?%&)* \V* O",Q"%&#"$@* W?)* ."@* BV,2W"@"@* ?@* Z"@),'$'#?"@9* ."@@* #?"* #a,"%&"@*

"?@"@* )+,2?#%&"@* :?'$"2)9* .",* #"&,* #)',2* O/W* ],'-?#%&"@9* TV,.?#%&"@* V@.* O/W*

/#W'@?#%&"@*B+,2?#%&*-""?@($V##)*?#)C*

:'* Rg,?"@* .?"* L?A"@#)h@.?A2"?)* .",* BV,2W"@"@* ?A@/,?",)"* V@.* A,/k"* B"?$"* ."#* 0/$2"#*

'##?W?$?",)*QV,."@9* #?@.* 2'VW*/((?\?"$$"*:')"@*+-",* #?"* O",(+A-',C* R%&h)\V@A"@* \V(/$A"*

A?-)*"#*")Q'*>87C777*BV,2W"@"@*?@*Rg,?"@C*_"?$*#?"*O/@*.",*e"A?",V@A*@?%&)*'$#*")&@?#%&"*

!,Vaa"*'@",2'@@)*Q",."@9*&'-"@*#?"*2"?@"*2V$)V,"$$"@*e"%&)"*V@.*Q".",*M".?"@*@/%&*

R%&V$V@)",,?%&)*?@*?&,",*MV))",#a,'%&"C*:?"*!,[email protected]@A*O/@*0","?@"@9*.?"*?&,"*P@)","##"@*

O",),")"@*21@@)"@9*QV,."*?&@"@*-?#&",*O",Q"?A",)C*

U0()<L4/(',;()/$;%$',A%,(

f'&,\"&@)"$'@A*QV,."@*'$$"*@?%&);','-?#%&"@*01$2",*V@.*.?"*,"$?A?1#"@*M?@.",&"?)"@*."#*

Y'@."#*O/W*e"A?W"*."#*]##'.;^$'@#*V@)",.,+%2)C*f"A$?%&"*Uaa/#?)?/@*QV,."*O",(/$A)C*]$#*

M?))"*Mh,\*67>>*.",*','-?#%&"*I,+&$?@A*'V%&*Rg,?"@*",,"?%&)"9*Q',"@*.?"*RgWa')&?"@*.",*

_"$)1(("@)$?%&2"?)* 'V(* R"?)"@* .",* W"&,&"?)$?%&* #V@@?)?#%&"@* Uaa/#?)?/@C* :?"* W"?#)"@*

,"$?A?1#"@*V@.*")&@?#%&"@*M?@.",&"?)"@*&?"$)"@*#?%&*'@('@A#*"&",*\V,+%2*V@.*Q',)")"@*?@*

A,/k"@* B"?$"@* '-9* Q?"* #?%&* .?"* 5,/)"#)"* "@)Q?%2"$@* Q+,."@C* `"V)"* ?#)* .",* Rg,?"@2,?"A*

"?@",* .",* -$V)?A#)"@* V@.* ?@)"@#?O#)"@* T/@($?2)"* .",*_"$)C* ]V(* -"?."@* R"?)"@* 2/WW)* "#*

@V@* \V* M"@#%&"@,"%&)#O",$")\V@A"@* V@.* T,?"A#O",-,"%&"@C* 0/,* '$$"W* .?"* ,'.?2'$"@*

T,h()"* ?@* .",* Uaa/#?)?/@* V@.* .?"* T'Wa(O",-h@."* .",* W?))$",Q"?$"* \'&$,"?%&"@*

?#$'W?#)?#%&"@*B",,/,A,Vaa"@9*Q?"* \VW*X"?#a?"$* .",* #g,?#%&"*]$;T'?.'*]-$"A",*]$;SV#,';

I,/@)9* 2hWa("@* @?%&)* W"&,* @V,* A"A"@* .?"* R?%&",&"?)#2,h()"* ."#* e"A?W"#9* #/@.",@*

\V@"&W"@.*'V%&*A"A"@*-"Q'((@")"*V@.*V@-"Q'((@")"*]@A"&1,?A"*.",*@?%&);','-?#%&"@*

V@.*@?%&);#V@@?)?#%&"@*M?@.",&"?)"@* #/Q?"* ?WW",*Q?".",* 'V%&* A"A"@* B"?$"* .",* I,"?"@*

Rg,?#%&"@* ],W""9* .?"* '@.","@/,)#* d"./%&* W?)* ?&@"@* R"?)"* '@* R"?)"* 2hWa()C* P@* Rg,?"@*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

6K*

*

"@)Q?%2"$)*#?%&*.",*T,?"A*\V."W*O/@*"?@"W*X+,A",2,?"A9*?@*."W*#?%&*.?"*Uaa/#?)?/@*V@.*

.?"* e"A?",V@A* A"A"@+-",#)"&"@* \V* "?@"W* R)"$$O",),")",2,?"A* VW* .?"* 0/,&",,#%&'()* ?W*

S'&"@*U#)"@C*]V#$h@.?#%&"*T,h()"*V@)",#)+)\"@*-"?."*R"?)"@*(?@'@\?"$$*Q?"*'V%&*W')",?"$$*

V@.*&'$)"@*."@*T/@($?2)*.'W?)*'W*Y"-"@C*R/$'@A"*P#$'W?#)"@*?@*Rg,?"@*V@)",#)+)\)*Q",."@*

V@.*#/$'@A"*#g,?#%&"*RV@@?)"@*#?%&*,'.?2'$?#?","@*/.",*#?%&*'V#*Q?,)#%&'()$?%&"@*!,+@."@*

."@* P#$'W?#)"@* '@#%&$?"k"@9* Q?,.* .",* T,?"A* '@.'V",@C* i@.* #/$'@A"* "#* "?@"* "?@#"?)?A"*

:/W?@'@\* .",* MV#$?W-,V.",#%&'()* ?W* Rg,?#%&"@* S')?/@'$,')* 3RS^4* A?-)9* Q?,.* "#* 2"?@"*

A""?@)"* Uaa/#?)?/@* A"-"@9* .?"* "#* #%&'(()9* .'#* e"A?W"* \V* #)+,\"@C* 0?"$"* Q"#)$?%&"*

e"A?",V@A"@* ),'A"@* .'\V* -"?9* ?@."W* #?"* 'V##%&$?"k$?%&* ."@* RS^* V@)",#)+)\"@C* L#* Q?,.*

@?%&)* W?)* ."W* S')?/@'$"@* T//,.?@')?/@#2/W?)""* (+,* :"W/2,')?#%&"@* _'@."$* 3S^^4*

\V#'WW"@A"',-"?)")9*.",*"?@"@*A"Q'$)(,"?"@*B,'@#(/,W')?/@#a,/\"##*(/,.",)C*]V%&*"?@"*

T//a",')?/@* W?)* .",* 2V,.?#%&"@* M?@.",&"?)9* .?"* #?%&* \V@"&W"@.",* !"Q'$)* V@.*

X".,/&V@A* .V,%&* .?"* P#$'W?#)"@* 'V#A"#")\)* #?"&)* V@.* ?WW",* )?"(",* ?@* ."@* X+,A",2,?"A*

&?@"?@A"\/A"@*Q?,.9* (?@.")*@?%&)* #)'))C*L,#)*Q"@@*"?@"*A""?@)"*Uaa/#?)?/@*"@)#)"&)9*.?"*

O",-?@.$?%&* \V#'A"@* 2'@@9* .'##* ?@* "?@"W* a/#),"O/$V)?/@h,"@* Rg,?"@* '$$"* ,"$?A?1#"@* V@.*

")&@?#%&"@*M?@.",&"?)"@*A$"?%&-","%&)?A)*V@.*(,?".$?%&*?@*T/"J?#)"@\*$"-"@*Q",."@9*A?-)*

"#*Q?".",*`/((@V@A*'V(*"?@"*X""@.?AV@A*."#*-$V)?A"@*T/@($?2)#C*

:'&",*(/,.",)*.?"*!"#"$$#%&'()*(+,*-".,/&)"*01$2",D*

•* :?"* !"Q'$)* .V,%&* .'#* e"A?W"* Q?"* 'V%&* .V,%&* ?#$'W?#)?#%&"* T'Wa(O",-h@."* .",*

Uaa/#?)?/@* A"A"@* .?"* Z?O?$-"O1$2",V@A* WV##* W?)* #/(/,)?A",* _?,2V@A* "?@A"#)"$$)*

Q",."@C*

•* ]$$"* /aa/#?)?/@"$$"@* !,Vaa"@* W+##"@* .?"* L?@&'$)V@A* .",* * M"@#%&"@,"%&)"*

A','@)?","@C* Uaa/#?)?/@"$$"* !,Vaa"@* "?@#%&$?"k$?%&* .?"* 2V,.?#%&"* 5c:* W+##"@* ?@*

."@*O/@* ?&@"@*2/@),/$$?",)"@*!"-?")"@*.?"*M"?@V@A#;*V@.*:"W/@#),')?/@#(,"?&"?)*

V@.* '$$"* M"@#%&"@,"%&)"* (+,* '$$"* A"Qh&,$"?#)"@C* R?"* W+##"@* (,"?"@* ZVA'@A* (+,*

?@)",@')?/@'$"* V@.* $/2'$"* T/WW?##?/@"@* ",$'V-"@9* .?"* .?"* !"(h@A@?##"9* .?"* #?"*

V@)",&h$)9*V@)",#V%&"@*Q/$$"@C*

•* ]$$"*5$h@"*Q"#)$?%&",*e"A?",V@A"@9*?@*Rg,?"@*W?$?)h,?#%&*\V*?@)",O"@?","@9*.+,("@*@V,*

.'@@* ?@*X"),'%&)*A"\/A"@*Q",."@9*Q"@@*"?@*O/$$#)h@.?A"#*T/@\"a)* (+,*.?"*Y1#V@A*

Rg,?"@D*M?@.",&"?)"@*?@*]@A#)*

6F*

*

der bestehenden innersyrischen Konflikte „auf dem Tisch liegt“. Die Minderheiten

V@.*.?"*A"#'W)"*Z?O?$-"O1$2",V@A*W+##"@*@?%&)*@V,*O/,*]##'.#*YV()Q'(("9*#/@.",@*

'V%&*O/,*W',/.?","@."@*-"Q'((@")"@*!,Vaa"@*d"A$?%&",*^/V$"V,*O/,*U,)*A"#%&+)\)*

Q",."@C*:?"*X"O1$2",V@A* ?@*Rg,?"@*.',(*@'%&*"?@"W*W?$?)h,?#%&"@*L?@A,"?("@*@?%&)*

?&,"W*R%&?%2#'$*+-",$'##"@*Q",."@*Q?"*")Q'*?@*R/W'$?'C*

•* :?"*i@)",#)+)\V@A*(+,*d"A$?%&"*/aa/#?)?/@"$$"@*!,Vaa"@*V@.*e"A?",V@A"@*?@*Rg,?"@*

#/$$* .','@* A"2@+a()* Q",."@9* .'##* ?@* "?@",* @"V"@* 0",('##V@A* .?"* #a,'%&$?%&"@9*

2V$)V,"$$"@*V@.*'.W?@?#),')?O"@*e"%&)"*.",*TV,."@9*#/Q?"*.",*]##g,/;],'Wh",*V@.*

'@.",",* M?@.",&"?)"@* #?%&",A"#)"$$)* Q",."@C* ^&,?#)"@9* c"\?."@9* ]$"Q?)"@* V@.*

:,V#"@*W+##"@*O/$$#)h@.?A"*!$'V-"@#(,"?&"?)*A"@?"k"@C*

•* R),'((,"?&"?)* .',(* "#* ?@* "?@"W* \V2+@()?A"@* R)'')* Rg,?"@* @?%&)* A"-"@C* ]$$"*

0",'@)Q/,)$?%&"@* (+,* T,?"A#O",-,"%&"@* V@.*M"@#%&"@,"%&)#O",$")\V@A"@*W+##"@*

\V*e"%&"@#%&'()*A"\/A"@*Q",."@C*

•* L?@"* ?@)",@')?/@'$"* Rg,?"@2/@(","@\* WV##* #/* #%&@"$$* Q?"* W1A$?%&* "?@-",V("@*

Q",."@C* ]V(* .?"#",* T/@(","@\*WV##* "?@* I,?"."@#a,/\"##* '@A"#)/k"@* Q",."@9* '@*

."W* '$$"* Rg,",9* @"-"@* .",* Uaa/#?)?/@* V@.* ."W* e"A?W"* 'V%&* '$$"*M?@.",&"?)"@9*

-")"?$?A)*#[email protected]*]Vk",."W*W+##"@*'$$"*'V#$h@.?#%&"@*]2)"V,"*'@*"?@",*2/@#),V2)?O"@*

Y1#V@A*."#*T/@($?2)#*W?)',-"?)"@C*