The Church and Its Mission in the New Testament and Early Christianity … · 2019. 6. 21. · The...

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungenzum Neuen Testament

Herausgeber/EditorJörg Frey (Zürich)

Mitherausgeber/Associate EditorsMarkus Bockmuehl (Oxford) · James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala)Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) · J. Ross Wagner (Durham, NC)

404

The Church and Its Missionin the New Testamentand Early Christianity

Essays in Memory of Hans Kvalbein

Edited byDavid E. Aune and Reidar Hvalvik

Mohr Siebeck

David E. Aune, born 1939; 1970 PhD; taught at several universities, including Saint XavierUniversity and Loyola University; Professor of New Testament and Christian Origins Emer-itus at the University of Notre Dame.

Reidar Hvalvik, born 1951; 1994 Dr. theol.; 1994–2005 Associate Professor, since 2005 Pro-fessor in New Testament studies at MF Norwegian School of Theology; 2006–07 ResearchProfessor at the Norwegian Institute in Rome.

ISBN 978-3-16-155909-9eISBN 978-3-16-155910-5ISSN 0512-1604 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament)

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche National-bibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http:// dnb.dnb.de.

© 2018 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen. www.mohr.de

This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permittedby copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly toreproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems.

The book is typset by satz&sonders in Dülmen, printed on non-aging paper by Gulde-Druck in Tübingen and bound by Großbuchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier.

Printed in Germany.

Table of Contents

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

David E. AuneIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Reidar HvalvikTheology for the Church, Its Mission and the Christian Life: TheScholarly Profile of Professor Hans Kvalbein (1942–2013) . . . . . . . . . 19

Jostein ÅdnaThe Mission to Israel and the Nations: The Understanding ofMission in the Gospel of Matthew Reconsidered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Ernst BaaslandMission and Love of Enemy: Matthew 5:43–44 andLuke 6:27–28, 35 (2 Clem. 13.3; Diogn. 5) in Its Graeco-RomanContext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Johannes Beutler SJPeter on the Way to His Universal Mission in the Gospel of John . . . . 85

Reinhard FeldmeierEcclesia peregrinans: Luke’s Concept of a Missionary Church . . . . . . . 99

Volker GäckleThe Proclamation of the Kingdom of God in Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Klaus B. HaackerFrustrated Plans and Unexpected Outcome: Acts 16:6–8Re-considered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Rainer RiesnerThe Gentile Mission of the Hellenists (Acts 11:19–21) and theJesus Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Christoph StenschkeMigration and Mission in the Book of Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

VII

VI Table of Contents

Peder BorgenPerspectives for Mission: Galatians 3:1–14 in Context . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Halvor MoxnesWho are the Children of Abraham in Romans 4? Retelling theMemory of Abraham “Our Ancestor” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

David E. AuneJohn’s Prophetic Commission and the People of the World(Rev 10:8–11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Torrey Seland“Like Newborn Infants”: The Readers of 1 Peter as NewlyConverted Christians? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Reidar HvalvikMass Conversions, Persecutions and Church Growth: CriticalReflections on the Rapid Expansion of the Church During theFirst Three Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Karl Olav SandnesHouseholds and the Exodus: A Note on Infant Baptism in theEarly Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Oskar SkarsauneMapping ‘πάντα τὰ ἔθνη’: The Geographical Horizon of EarlyChristian Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Reidar HvalvikBibliography of Hans Kvalbein’s Scholarly Publications . . . . . . . . . . . 299

List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Index of Ancient Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Index of Modern Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Index of Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Abbreviations

Abbreviations, of the names of biblical books and other ancient sources as wellas modern periodicals, reference works and serials, follow the rules recom-mended by the Society of Biblical Literature, as found in Patrick H. Alexanderet al., eds., The SBL Handbook of Style for Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, andEarly Christian Studies (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1999). This is the stylefollowed with regard to all formalities.

Hans Kvalbein in 2007

Introduction

David E. Aune

Hans Kvalbein’s academic career centered in the Norwegian School of Theology(Det teologiske Menighetsfakultet) in Oslo, beginning as a student who gradu-ated in 1966 and then as a member of the faculty, first as an assistant professor(1976) and then as a professor of New Testament from 1985 until his retire-ment in 2011. While Hans had many academic and theological interests overthe years, one of his central concerns was the mission of the church both inthe New Testament and in the modern world. When Reidar Hvalvik and I be-gan discussing the possibility of assembling a collection of essays in memoryof Hans about two years ago (in 2015), it seemed eminently appropriate to fo-cus on the subject which became the title of this volume: “The Church and ItsMission in the New Testament and Early Christianity.”

The present volume consists of fifteen essays by colleagues and friends ofHans Kvalbein focusing on various aspects of the theme of the church and mis-sion in the New Testament and early Christianity as well as a survey of HansKvalbein’s academic career and scholarship and a bibliography of his booksand articles. The organization of the volume follows the main theme throughthe Gospels, Acts, Paul, Later New Testament Writings and Early Christian-ity. Many of the contributors interact with Kvalbein’s views on aspects of themission of the early church. In the remainder of this introductory essay, I willprovide succinct summaries of the various contributions organized under eachof the five main headings of the volume.

The Gospels

Jostein Ådna has contributed an essay on “The Mission to Israel and the Na-tions: The Understanding of Mission in the Gospel of Matthew Reconsidered.”This essay is based on issues discussed in a volume edited by Ådna and Kvalbeinthat was published in 2000: The Mission of the Early Church to Jews and Gentiles.The author argues that despite the apparent tension in the Gospel of Matthewbetween the mission to Israel (Matt 10:6; 15:24) and mission to the Gentiles(Matt 28:18–20), the author has not abandoned the mission to Israel, but ratherjuxtaposes the two missions. For Ådna, the most radical solution to the tensionbetween Matt 10:5–6 and 28:18–20 is to read Matthew as a narrative in whichIsrael rejects the message of Jesus, leading to their rejection and abandonment,while the universal mission to the Gentiles replaces the failed mission to Israel.The author then turns to an article by Hans Kvalbein entitled “Has Matthew

4 David E. Aune

Abandoned the Jews?” which focuses on the significance of Matt 27:24–25 inwhich Pilate is presented as washing his hands and declaring himself innocentof the death of Jesus: “[T]hen the people as a whole answered, ‘His blood beon us and on our children!’” Kvalbein rejected the widespread interpretationthat this passage constituted a self-imposed curse, implying the rejection of Je-sus by the Jews. He goes on to argue that Pilate’s handwashing in no way affectsPilate’s responsibility for the death of Jesus. The Jewish people in Pilate’s court-yard are no more or less guilty for the death of Jesus than are the Romans. Ådnathen refers to an article by Ulrich Luz entitled “Has Matthew Abandoned theJews? A Response to Hans Kvalbein and Peter Stuhlmacher concerning Matt28:16–20,”1 in which Luz expresses his discomfort at being portrayed as repre-senting an anti-Jewish interpretation of Matthew. Luz now supports an inclusiveinterpretation of Matt 28:19, where the expression “all the nations” should beinterpreted as including both Jews and Gentiles.

The author then turns to the recent monograph of Matthias Konradt (Israel,Church, and the Gentiles in the Gospel of Matthew, 2014), who emphasizes thetension between Matt 10:16 and 28:19, asking how the initial focus of Jesus onIsrael can be reconciled with the eventual emphasis on the universal missionof the church. Konradt sees a correlation between the missions to Israel andthe nations and the Christology of Matthew. Jesus’ messianic mission to Israelis reflected in the Christological title Son of David. While the people generallyreact positively to Jesus, the religious leaders are presented as hostile to Jesus.However, the crowds in Jerusalem react negatively to Jesus. Parallel to Jesus’ ex-clusive ministry to Israel is a universal emphasis reflected in the titles “son ofAbraham” and “Son of God.” Ådna maintains that Konradt does not fully ap-preciate the function of the episode narrating the encounter of the risen Christwith the eleven disciples in Galilee (Matt 28:16–20). This episode functions asthe central symbolic event in Matthew involving the eschatological reconstitu-tion of Israel, the renewal of fellowship between Jesus and the disciples who hadforsaken him and a renewed commission to the disciples with the expanded goalof the mission to the Gentiles.

Ernst Baasland asks whether the important early Christian theme of love ofenemy plays any role in the early Christian mission in “Mission and Love ofEnemy: Matthew 5:43–44 and Luke 6:27–28, 35 (2 Clem. 13.3; Diogn. 5) in ItsGraeco-Roman Context.” Baasland asks how a message that made fixed bound-aries chaotic could be considered a strategy, since the Christian emphasis onlove of enemy both challenged and threatened the basic concepts of empire andnation widely held in the ancient world. In recent studies on identity-making

1 In The Mission of the Early Church to Jews and Gentiles (WUNT 127; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck,2000), 63–68.

Introduction 5

and identity-markers there is always an awareness of the fact that all religionsand all cultures confront influences or events that threaten their identity. Af-ter the Jewish revolt in 66–70 CE, much of Israel was forced to live outside oftheir homeland, emphasized “the holy land” and were aware of being an electpeople, cherishing the promise of taking possession of the land promised byGod. The Christian emphasis on love of enemy challenged the Jewish concep-tion of identity, just as it challenged the concepts of empire and nation, both ofwhich presupposed a contrast between aliens and enemies. Does the universalmission reflected in Matt 28:19–20 extend or invalidate the role and identityof Israel? The emphasis on love of enemy in early Christianity broke throughfixed boundaries and disrupted otherwise stable social relationships. Baaslanddiscusses the key role that the theme of love of enemy plays in Jesus’ inauguralspeech inMatthew and Luke (i. e., the Sermon on theMount and the Sermon onthe Plain), focusing on Matt 5:43–44 and Luke 6:27–28, 35 in which Jesus com-mands his disciples to love their enemies. The author explores how this themeis treated within Matthew and Luke and how it is developed in various waysin the rest of the New Testament and in early Christian literature, such as inthe Didache and Justin Martyr. Baasland explores the variety of ways in whichthe theme of love of enemy is expressed, including some of the more importantsynonyms and antonyms of “love” found in Christian contexts. One importantsynonym of “love” is “pray,” found in Luke 6:27–28 (“Love your enemies . . . prayfor those who abuse you”), often expressed in exhortations to pray for rulers andfor enemies (e. g., Justin 1 Apol. 14–15). Another important synonym for “love”is “bless,” as in Luke 6:28: “Bless those who curse you.” The author then surveysa number of Greco-Roman texts which encourage the replacement of hatredwith love. Though Matt 5:44 and Luke 6:27 (“Love your enemies and pray forthose who persecute you”) are not quoted in the rest of the New Testament, thebasic pattern of thought is found in such passages and Rom 12: 9–21, interpret-ing the command in creative ways that do not restrict its meaning. The emphasison living at peace with all people is probably the most sophisticated interpreta-tion of “love of enemy” (cf. Rom 12:18). Another parallel emphasis is treatingyour enemy like a brother. Apart from the New Testament, many Greco-Romantexts emphasize the replacement of hatred with love, as much as possible. Theemphasis on love of enemy reflected a world view which implied a new notionof territory and nation and provided an indispensable framework for Chris-tian mission. In response to persecution, the Christian response was not one ofhostility, but rather love of enemy, or in the case of Jews, love of neighbour orbrotherly love. Love of enemies was thus a factor in early mission.

In “Peter on the Way to His Universal Mission in the Gospel of John,” Jo-hannes Beutler, SJ, argues that the mission of the disciples in the Gospel ofJohn is rooted in the mission of Jesus, who has been sent by the Father (John20:21). Among the disciples given a mission by Jesus, Peter plays a prominent

6 David E. Aune

role, particularly in the last chapter (John 21:1–14, 15–19). Peter as a mission-ary is a developing character in John and it is only in John 21, a late first centuryaddition to John that Peter’s calling by Jesus and the significance of his newname “stone” or “rock,” i. e., the foundation of the early church (John 1:40–42)is fully justified. Apart from the confession of Peter in John 6:68–69 (a lateraddition along with John 21), Peter does not appear until the account of the Pas-sion, Death and Resurrection. After Jesus washes the disciples’ feet (13:6–11), asymbolic act by Jesus that Peter does not understand, Peter appears beside theBeloved Disciple, who lies on the breast of Jesus (13:23) and (representing therest of the disciples) asks the Beloved Disciple who it is that will betray Jesus(13:24). In several additional scenes, Jesus predicts, despite Peter’s protestationsthat he will deny him three times (13:36–38) and at the arrest of Jesus Peter cutsoff the ear of the servant of the high priest, betraying his lack of understanding(18:10–11). During the trial of Jesus before the Jewish high priest (18:11–27),Peter is presented as explicitly opposed to Jesus and denies him three times, af-ter which he goes off stage until John 20. There, Peter and the Beloved Disciplerun to the tomb of Jesus to verify the story of the empty tomb told them byMaryMagdalene, Peter representing the disciples and the Beloved Disciple exhibitingdeep insight into the person of Jesus. To this point in John, there is little reasonto see Peter as a coming missionary. It is only in John 21 (which Beutler regardsas the product of a “rereading” of John) where the mission of Peter is empha-sized. Here the most important section is John 21:15–17, where Jesus asks Peterthree times if he loves him (an allusion to Peter’s threefold denial of Jesus), towhich Jesus replies either “feed my lambs” or “tend my sheep.” This threefoldaffirmation of Peter’s love for Jesus constitutes the restoration of Peter puttinghimself alongside the Good Shepherd (John 10) who preceded him. Finally Je-sus foretells Peter’s violent death (21:18–19), making Peter a witness to Jesus byhis death rather than by his words.

Reinhold Feldmeier’s essay “Ecclesia peregrinans: Luke’s Concept of a Mis-sionary Church,” focuses on how the motif of “the Way” and the notion of trav-eling is centrally important for Luke’s portrait of Jesus as an itinerant preacheras well as for the conception of a missionary church. The tradition of the travel-ing master accompanied by his disciples goes back to Jesus and is reflected in allthree Synoptic Gospels. One of the distinctive features of the Gospel of Luke isthe travel narrative, which occupies half of the narrative based on the memoryof Jesus’ life as itinerant preacher and healer. Luke both adapts and amplifiesJesus’ life of homelessness and wandering, connected with the motif of being anoutsider, beginning with Jesus’ birth in a stable (Luke 2:7). John the Baptist alsoexemplified life as an outsider and Luke emphasizes the parallel features of thelifestyle of Jesus and John. The historical Jesus did not restrict his message of thedawning Kingdom of God to a few disciples, but rather traveled to where peo-ple lived inviting them to change their minds in view of the imminent arrival

Introduction 7

of the Kingdom. A parallel phenomenon is the wandering of Cynic sages, whomodeled a life of abstinence and self-denial. Jesus’ command to “follow me”invited people to accompany him in his wandering ministry. Luke’s Travel Nar-rative (9:51–19:44) is a literary device created by the evangelist to amplify themotifs homelessness and wandering. The goal of Jesus’ wandering is Jerusalem,where the final events of his life play out. Historically, the presentation of con-tinuous travel to Jerusalem is not very convincing, a fact that indicates that theTravel Narrative is a literary motif developed by the evangelist. One of Luke’s fa-vorite words is “the Way” in both the Gospel and Acts, which characterizes thelifestyle of the followers of Jesus. Potential followers of Jesus are urged to leavetheir families and friends and to follow the new lifestyle of homeless wandering.The final goal of Jesus’ travels is not only Jerusalem, but his being “taken up” andenthroned at the right hand of God. The motif of traveling is not restricted inLuke to the lifetime of Jesus, but is also continued after his resurrection whenhe meets with two disciples on the way to Emmaus (Luke 24:13–35). The As-cension of Jesus, a motif unique to Luke-Acts, is followed by the formation ofthe church and its empowerment by the Holy Spirit (Acts 1:8). The resultantmission of the church is always understood as an itinerant act. The exaltationof Jesus is the prerequisite for his new constant presence among his itinerantapostles. In Acts, Paul is given the same profile as Jesus and is portrayed as anitinerant preacher who is victorious by enduring resistance and persecution un-til death. The centrality of the motif of traveling in Luke-Acts is emphasized bycalling the church “theWay.” Therefore, “the ecclesia peregrinans corresponds toits wandering master who sends out his disciples at the beginning of the TravelNarrative to testify the propinquity of God’s Kingdom in every town and place(Luke 10:1–12).”

The Acts of the Apostles

Volker Gäckle discusses “The Proclamation of the Kingdom of God in Acts.”The author reminds us that the Kingdom of God, the primary theme of theteaching of Jesus, was a subject of central emphasis in Hans Kvalbein’s research.Against the more widespread understanding of βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ as “reign ofGod,” first proposed by Gustaf Dalman, Kvalbein (following his teacher SverreAalen) understood the phrase to mean “place, time or gift of salvation.” WhileKvalbein discussed the occurrence of the phrase the Kingdom of God in Paul,John and the Gospel of Thomas, he did not treat its meaning in Acts, and itis that task which Gäckle undertakes in this essay. While the phrase βασιλείατοῦ θεοῦ occurs 131 times in the Synoptic Gospels and 35 times in Luke, it oc-curs just 8 times in Acts, but at very important points in the narrative. Since thephrase occurs twice in the opening (Acts 1:1–14 [vv. 3, 6]) and twice in the clos-

8 David E. Aune

ing sections of Acts (28:17–31 [vv. 23, 31]), it functions as an inclusio framingthe Book of Acts. In three further passages, Acts 8:12, 19:8 and 20:5, the phraseβασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ is used in an important milestone in Acts.

Each of the six remaining uses of the phrase βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ in Acts (1:3;8:12; 19:8; 20:25; 28:23, 31) occur in the context of an extended act of com-munication. In Acts 1:3 Luke refers to the repeated appearances of Jesus tohis disciples during the forty days between his resurrection and ascension,when he speaks to them “the things pertaining to the Kingdom of God,” em-phasizing the continuity between the pre-Easter of Jesus and the post-Eastermessage of his apostles. The forty-day period indicates a time of preparationfor the apostles. Therefore τὰ περὶ τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ represents the wholecontent of the truth revealed in Christ. The Christological dimension of βασι-λεία-communication is particularly evident in Acts 8:12 and 28:23–31, wherethe proclamation of the Kingdom is further defined by “the name of JesusChrist” (8:12) and “the things about the Lord Jesus Christ” (28:23, 31), explic-itly emphasizing continuity with the preaching of Jesus. The history of salvationdimension is also emphasized in Acts 20:25 (cf. vv. 24, 27) and 28:23, i. e., Christas the fulfilment of the Old Testament promises. In Acts, the hidden connectionbetween Jesus’ proclamation of the Kingdom and his own identity and ministryis made explicit. In the Gospel of Luke, the proclamation of the Kingdom isnever related to the messianic claim of Jesus, while in Acts the proclamation ofthe Kingdom of God is a general formulation for the whole salvific plan of God.In Acts, Luke brings together what remains separated in the Gospel of Luke,the βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ and Christology are combined in the concept “salvationin Christ.” The βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ in Acts is a general term for the Christianmessage of salvation in Jesus Christ, including the present sense of the gift ofeternal life and the future sense of the coming Kingdom as the place and timeof salvation.

In “Frustrated Plans and Unexpected Outcome: Acts 16:6–8 Re-considered,”Klaus Haacker reconsiders the issues in the debate on Paul’s route through AsiaMinor and whether Paul’s letter to the Galatians was addressed to congregationsfounded by Paul and Barnabas in the southern part of the Roman province ofGalatia (Acts 13–14) or to churches founded during the journey recorded inActs 16, the northern part of Galatia. Paul’s second missionary journey is oftenregarded as the decisive event in the spread of the gospel from the Middle Eastto Europe. One major issue is whether the term “Galatia” in Gal 1:2 (cf. 3:1)has an ethnic or political meaning. As a young man, Paul exhibited a fanati-cal zeal in persecuting members of the Jesus movement, which he regarded asa threat to traditional Judaism. After his transformation through a revelatoryexperience of the living Jesus, Paul channeled his zeal and energy in the prop-agation of his newfound faith. According to the commission Paul received inActs 22:17–21, he began a lifelong mission to proclaim the gospel to other na-

Introduction 9

tionalities, eventually focusing on gentiles who were sympathetic to Judaism.He began to travel throughout Asia Minor proclaiming the gospel to Jews aswell as to gentile sympathizers with Judaism. After having founded churches inthe southern part of Galatia during his first missionary journey, Paul intendedto continue his campaign into the Roman province of Asia, but was forbiddenby the Holy Spirit to do so (Acts 16:6). He then decided to visit the provinceof Bithynia on the northern coast of Asia Minor but was again divinely forbid-den to continue (Acts 16:7). Paul and his companions then received a visioninviting them to visit Macedonia (Acts 16:9–10), where he founded the con-gregation at Philippi. It is likely that when Paul crossed the sea to Macedoniahe began to entertain the notion of visiting Rome, an intention that apparentlywas frequent frustrated (Rom 1:9–10, 13). This was a decisive step in spread-ing the gospel from the more oriental regions of Asia Minor to Europe. Paulsomehow conceived of the idea to proclaim the gospel in Rome, but was oftenfrustrated by his inability to travel there (Rom 1:13). After Philippi, Paul fol-lowed the Via Egnatia to Thessalonica where he founded a congregation, butended up in conflict with both the people and authorities there, which probablyfrustrated his plans to continue west to Rome. Paul’s success at Ephesus (Acts19:8–10) provided another reason to delay going to Rome, though that projectremained in his mind (Acts 19:21). Though the story of Paul as told by Lukeends in Rome, it was Paul’s intention to push as far as the Iberian Peninsula(Rom 15:24). While we know that Paul did reach Rome, it is also likely that hereached Spain as well (1 Clem. 5:1–7). Paul’s concern to proclaim the gospel innew areas did not diminish his desire to care to the needs of the congregationshe had already founded, though visiting them often proved problematic (e. g.,1 Thess 2:18). Paul’s intention for his second missionary journey was primarilybased on his desire to strengthen existing congregations (Acts 15:41; 16:4–5).The author concludes with a reconsideration of Acts 16:6–8 and argues that theNorth Galatian theory should be dismissed and the biblical maps that includeMysia and Bithynia should be redrawn.

Rainer Riesner has contributed an essay on “The Gentile Mission of the Hel-lenists (Acts 11:19–21) and the Jesus Tradition.” Riesner refers to the traditionthat Greek-speaking Jewish believers (Acts 6:1) were driven from Jerusalem justone or two years after the death and resurrection of Jesus and made their wayto Antioch where they proclaimed the gospel to Greek-speaking Gentiles (Acts11:19–21). Unfortunately, Luke does not tell us what motivated some Greek-speaking Jewish believers to take the extraordinary step of expanding the Mes-sianic mission to Gentiles as well as Jews. In this essay, Riesner proposes somepossible reasons why this extraordinary step was taken. Even though Acts 11:20might suggest that Gentiles became part of the Messianic mission for the firsttime in Antioch, the conversion and baptism of two god-fearers, the Ethiopianeunuch and Cornelius (Acts 8 and 10) suggest that the inclusion of the Gentiles

10 David E. Aune

was a graduate process, though the mission to the Gentiles was carried out on alarger scale in Antioch. The preaching of the Hellenists in Antioch that appealedto Jewish proselytes and god-fearers, was so effective that the authorities desig-nated the new religious group of Jews and Gentiles asΧριστιανοί. Assuming thatthe martyrdom and speech of Stephen was widely known among the Hellenists,Stephen’s vision of Jesus as the exalted Son of Man had profound consequencesfor the Gentiles (Dan 7:13–14). The Old Testament expectation of the inclusionof the Gentiles in the people of God in the eschaton is a key presupposition ofthe Gentile mission, though this expectation could be construed as a pilgrim-age of Gentiles to Jerusalem only at the end of time. Riesner asks whether thereare any sayings of Jesus which could have been cherished by the AntiocheneHellenists and which would have justified an active mission to the Gentiles.The Jerusalem Hellenists may have been responsible for translated many of thesayings of Jesus into Greek and the Q document, which contains many posi-tive statements about Gentiles, may have originated as a book of instructionfor Gentile converts; the same may be said about Jesus tradition common toMark and Matthew. Some Jesus traditions in Q might have been used to le-gitimate a mission to the Gentiles such as the woes pronounced by Jesus onChorazin and Bethsaida (Matt 11:21–23 // Luke 10:13–15; cf. Matt 8:11–12 //Luke 13:28–29; Matt 12:41–42 // Luke 11:31–32). Yet another important textis the story of the healing of the servant of the pagan centurion (Matt 8:5–13// Luke 7:1–10). When the proclamation of Jesus the Messiah spread beyondGalilee, it would have touched Gentiles areas such as Tyre and Sidon and sev-eral cities of the Decapolis. Among pre-Matthean traditions, a prime exampleof a focus on Gentiles is the healing of the daughter of a Gentile woman in theborder region between Galilee and the Hellenistic city of Tyre (Matt 15:21–28 //Mark 7:24–30). Matthew 28:16–20, which focuses on a mission to the Gentilesprobably contains pre-Matthean features. While the interpretation of the inclu-sion of Gentiles into the people of Israel was found in Old Testament prophecyand played an important role in defending the Gentile mission, the Jesus tradi-tion also play a similar role.

In “Migration and Mission in the Book of Acts,” Christoph Stenschke ar-gues that the theme of migration and dislocation were of central importanceto the early Christian mission. Acts contains many examples of both voluntaryand forced migration and the author focuses on the opportunities that bothplayed in the early Christian mission. Many examples of migration occur inActs 1–6, including the miracle of Pentecost, a text which lists Jews who cameto Jerusalem from fifteen ethnic groups (Acts 2:9–11). The conflicts narratedin Acts 4–5 are not only a response to the miracles and proclamation of thegospel but also because these Galilean apostles challenged the Jewish leadershipon their own turf. Acts 6 mentions a group of Hellenistic Diaspora Jews whowere present in Jerusalem for religious reasons. Thus Acts 1–6 indicates that

Index

Index of Ancient Sources

1. Hebrew Bible /Old TestamentGenesis5 28110 18, 280–281, 285,

287–288, 290–291,293–297

10–11 18, 280, 29210:2 28310:2–4 29010:2–5 19, 28110:5 28310:6–20 28310:8–12 28410:10–12 28410:15–19 29110:20 28410:21 28510:21–31 28510:22 29010:24–25 28510:31 28410:32 29310:33 26011 18, 29211:1–8 29211:1–9 29311:9 29311:10–26 28512:1 189–19012:1–2 28512:1–3 18, 28012:1–9 21512:2–3 66, 8212:3 53, 82, 186, 28012:7 63, 6513:15 6615 202, 20515:5 20215:6 13, 186, 189–190, 20215:12 18915:16–21 6515:18–21 6516 20717 203–204

17–18 20717:5 20517:11 20417:18 6517:10–16 20317:17 20817:23–27 20318 2–522:18 18623:5–6 18923:6 18948:15 265

Exodus1–2 2743:1–21 2153:1–4:17 493:2–6 593:11 593:12 604:10 604:14–16 6012:3 264, 27212:11 26912:21 264, 27214 27114:28 26814:29–30 26813:19 26814 27615:1 17, 268, 270, 272, 27816:16 26423 7523:4 7523:31 6524:18 120

Leviticus18:5 184–18619 70, 7619:17 7419:17–18 7619:18 67–68, 75–7619:33–34 7624:10–16 48

316 Index

Numbers15:30–31 4832:33 5832:39–42 5834:1–15 66

Deuteronomy1:39 2652:7 1675:14 2646:4–5 946:20 2656:20–25 2646:21 26416:11 26416:14 26419:8 6521:22–23 18421:23 184, 18622:1 7522:4 7527:14–26 4827:26 184, 18632:8–9 6532:35 75

Joshua3:12 2733:17 2724:1 2735:2 2745:9 273–2747:14 27313–21 27313:28 27313:29–31 5813:31 27315:12 27316–18 5816:5 27317:6 27318:20 27319:6 27319:16 27319:23 27319:31 27319:39 273

Judges6:11–24 496:12 596:14 596:15 606:16 6020:1 66

1 Samuel3:1–14 215

3:20 6526:18 130

2 Samuel3:10 657:14 5117:11 6524:2 6524:15 65

1 Kings4:25 6510 28410:1–10 283–28410:15 28410:22 283–28410:23–24 28419:8 12020:23–28 17822:49 283

2 Kings4 2755:17 17815:29 5817:4–6 58

4 Kingdoms (LXX)2:9 1052:10 1052:11 105

1 Chronicles1:5–23 286

2 Chronicles20:36–37 283

Ezra3:1 2738:21 273

Job1:6–12 1373:16 27014:4–5 263

Psalms2:7 517 787:4–5 788:3 268, 27022:12 6922:28 6933 23937:21 7348:8 28362:4 7272 28472:8–11 284

Index of Ancient Sources 317

72:10 28378:18 [LXX] 5880:1–2 5880:1–3 5880:2–3 5880:17 5880:18 58110:1–2 58135:12 272

Proverbs7:13 7220:22 7524:29 7525:21 75

Isaiah2:2–4 146, 2932:3 293–2942:16 2836:1–6 21523:1 28323:10 28340:6–8 23140:9 23140:11 17, 26942:6–7 16042:10 27242:18–19 16043:3–4 15943:16 26949:6 82, 16051:9 26952 79–8052:5 7952:6–7 7952:7 8053:11–12 15956:1–8 14956:3 14956:6–7 14956:7 14960:6 28460:9 28361:1–2 2866:5 (LXX) 7666:18–19 29366:18–21 149, 160, 29366:19 283, 29366:20 293

Jeremiah1:4–5 591:4–10 491:4–19 2151:5 2151:6 60

1:8 606:20 2849:20 27010:9 28351:27 291

Lamentations4:4 270

Ezekiel1:1–27 2152–3 218–219, 2252:1–3:2 2182:8-3:4 211, 2162:1–3:9 214, 2162:1–3:11 215–2162:8-3:4 2152:9–10 2192:10 218–2193:1–3 2143:3 216–2183:4 2183:4–6 2183:10 2187:2 21611:20 21627:22–29 28427:25 28327:32 21629:2–4 27431:8 21637:15–28 5837:25 28338:1 28338:2 28139:1 28147:13–20 66

Daniel2:44 [LXX] 1183:4 2213:7 2213:29 2214:1 2215:19 2216:25 2217 2197–12 2127:1–28 2227:10 2197:13 1587:13–14 10, 50, 1487:14 158, 221–2227:18 1587:27 [LXX] 118

Hosea1–3 215

318 Index

Joel2:16 2702:27 1183:1–5 118, 149

Amos9:11 118

Jonah1:3 2834:3 283

Micah2:13 694:1–4 1464:2–3 293

Habakkuk2:4 184–186

Zephaniah3:9 292

Zechariah13:7 5613:7–8 5713:7–9 5713:9 57, 59

2. Deuterocanonical WorksWisdom10:15-11:4 26810:17–18 26810:20 26810:21 17

Sirach10:6 7227:22–28:26 7228:1–6 7231:24 7248:9 105

1 Maccabees2:58 105

2 Maccabees4:47 82

3 Maccabees7:5 827:16 133

3. Old Testament PseudepigraphaAscension of Isaiah3:17–18 82

Assumption of Moses10:1–10 118

2 Baruch76 120

1 Enoch1–36 21214:8–16:3 21537–71 21272–82 21283–90 21292–105 212

Ezekiel the Tragedian193–203 270207–210 270

4 Ezra9:30–31 12614:23–49 120

Joseph and Aseneth8:10 20623:9 7228:5 7228:10 7228:14 7229:3 72

Jubilees8–9 18, 280, 286, 295–2978–10 2928:10–9:15 18, 286–2878:11 2878:12–21 2878:19 2898:22–24 2878:25–30 2879:1 2879:2–6 2879:7–13 2879:10 291–2929:14–15 2879:15 29210:27–34 29110:35 29011:1–6 287, 29116:19 20622:20–22 157

Liber antiquitatum biblicarum53:2 120

3 Maccabees7:5 827:16 133

4 Maccabees10:7 82


Pseudo – Phocylides32–34 7263–64 7274–75 7277 72142–143 72151 72

Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

Testament of Benjamin4:2–3 746:5 72

Testament of Dan5:10–13 118

Testament of Gad6.7 75

Testament of Joseph10.1-2 7318.2 69

Testament of Judah21–22 11824 118

Testament of Levi16.6 126

Testament of Zebulon5.1 758:4–6 73

4. Dead Sea ScrollsCD (Damascus Document)9.2-3 75

1QapGen (Genesis Apocryphon)20.28-29 69

1QH (Hodayot)6.21 76

1QM (War Scroll)9.21 71

1QS (Rule of the Community)1.9-10 769.16 769.21 7610.17-18 7110.17-20 75

11QTem (Temple Scroll)61.12-14 71

5. PhiloDe Abrahamo111 208

De agricultura9 238

De cherubim1.91-92 234–235

De congressu19 23881 269

De vita contemplative40–41 234

In Flaccum1.21 744 234136 234

Quis rerum divinarum heres sit258 189258–268 190293–97 269

Legum allegoriae1 1861.49 12667 186312 234

De migratione Abrahami1 18643 18629 238217 264

De vita Mosis1.179 17, 2691.330 2701.330-331 2702.165 233

De plantatione100 234

Quod omnis probus liber sit158–160 238

Quaestiones et solutiones in Genesin3.42 2063.55 208

Quaestiones et solutiones in Exodum1.8 (Ex 12:5) 269

De sacrificiis6–11 26563 269

320 Index

De somniis1.199 126

De specialibus legibus1.15 1891.20 1891.51-52 2362.145-147 2692.145-149 2692.146 2702.193 2343.96 2344.91 233

De virtutibus102 236102–104 236103 237106–160 74120 75178–179 236212–213 189212–219 188–189212–222 189214–217 190217 190218 190218–219 190219 189, 191

6. JosephusContra Apionem2.269 82

Jewish Antiquities11.107 24813.171 24318.116-119 26620.199 243

Jewish War7.43 1477.45 147

Vita10 24310–12 26612 243191 243

7. New TestamentMatthew1:1 511:1–17 531:2 55

1:5 1571:16 511:18 511:20 511:21 591:23 51, 541:24–25 512:1–12 53, 1572:2 482:6 56–572:15 513:9 533:16 1533:17 514:3 514:5 554:6 514:15–16 534:17 514:18–22 864:48 835 705:3 29, 1175:4 295:5 77, 815:6 295:10–12 1175:11–12 805:11 715:13–14 535:14 1605:20 70, 1175:21–22 675:21–48 70, 765:39 715:39ff. 675:41–48 675:43 67, 765:43–44 4–5, 63, 75, 795:43ff. 66, 685:44 5, 63, 67–68, 71, 75–775:44–45 665:44ff. 765:45 715:46 675:46–47 74, 775:47 1545:48 696:1 ff. 696:1–18 706:19ff. 706:19–34 1006:32 49, 1547 797:1 ff. 707:12 83


7:21 79, 1177:22 408:5–13 10, 51, 53, 1568:10 1568:11 53, 1468:11–12 10, 1558:19–22 1008:22 1178:28–34 51, 538:29 51, 609:1 117, 1519:14 2619:23 2579:27 519:36 51, 55–5710 52, 60, 12610:1 51, 10110:1–4 51, 55, 5910:5 49, 51–5210:5–6 3, 47, 5410:5 ff. 5510:5–15 10110:5–42 5110:6 3, 45, 47, 51–52, 5510:7–8 5110:8 5510:15 15410:16 410:16–25 5210:18 49, 52–5310:22 52, 8010:23 45, 52, 6011:2–6 12311:12 11711:20–24 4711:21 15811:21–23 10, 15411:23–24 15411:25 26912:17–21 5312:18 4912:23 5112:28 12312:39–40 15512:41–42 10, 53, 154–15513:1–9 12613:11 12613:16 12313:16–17 12313:18–23 12613:19 117, 125–12613:20–21 25613:22 15713:31–32 12613:33 12613:37–43 158

13:52 4014:15–30 10314:22-15:39 15114:33 51, 5415:13 15315:19 27415:21–28 10, 51, 53, 15715:22 5115:24 3, 45, 47, 51, 56–57,

15715:28 15816:16 51, 5416:18 60, 8716:21 5717:5 51, 5417:22–23 5718:3 117, 12418:9 12419:23–24 11719:28 55, 155, 16119:29 124, 17520:18–19 5720:20–28 4020:21 11720:28 123, 15920:30–31 5121:9 5121:10–11 5321:15 5121:16 26921:31 11721:37 5421:42–44 5421:43 47–48, 5022:1–4 10322:1–14 12622:2 5422:7–8 4722:8–10 5022:9 6022:41–46 5422:42–45 5123:8–12 4023:34 4023:34–38 5023:34–39 47–4823:35–36 4723:37–39 10324 25624:3 25624:9 49–50, 5224:9–14 5224:10 25624:13 5224:14 49–50, 53, 60, 11724:42–51 103

322 Index

25:14–20 10325:32 49–50, 53, 5625:34 12425:46 12426:14–16 5926:21–25 5926:28 5926:29 12326:31 5726:31–32 56–5726:33–35 5926:41 3326:47 5226:47–50 5926:55 5226:56 5926:61 14826:63–64 51, 5426:65 4826:69–75 5927:3–10 5927:11 4827:11–26 5327:20 5227:23 5227:24–25 4, 47, 5227:25 47–48, 50, 5327:29 4827:37 4827:43 5127:54 51, 53–5428 58, 6028:7 56–5728:10 56–5728:11–15 47–4828:16 56–5928:16–20 4, 10, 45–46, 49–50, 54,

60, 15828:16–22 5928:17 6028:18 4, 50, 15828:18–20 3, 47–48, 50, 53–54, 81,

15728:19 4, 17, 47, 49–50, 55,

60–61, 29728:19–20 5, 50, 54, 66, 158, 28728:20 60

Mark1:4 2661:15 1231:16–20 861:17 1001:20 1001:29 971:38 117

2:14 1002:18–22 1233:16–19 873:21 1003:31–35 1003:32 784:3–9 1264:11 78, 1264:14–20 1264:16–17 2564:24 1514:26–29 1264:30–32 1266:30–8:33 956:34 1176:45–8:10 1517:20–23 2337:24–30 10, 1578:27 998:27–30 96, 1238:29 978:33 978:34 1018:38 1179:9 1239:41-10:12 1029:43 1249:43–48 1249:45 1249:47 117, 12410:14–15 12610:15 117, 12410:17 36, 12410:17–27 12610:17–31 3610:21 12410:23–25 11710:23–26 12410:30 3610:23–25 3610:32 9910:37 11710:45 123, 15911:17 14911:58 14813:1–23 10313:10 11713:14–16 10313:34 10314:15–16 12614:18–20 12614:25 12314:61–62 12314:62 103, 10614:66–72 8816:1–8 104


16:7 88, 109, 11716:16 66

Luke1–4 1231:8 ff. 1201:48–53 1072:1–5 1012:3 1012:4 1012:7 6, 1012:10 2302:21–24 2632:22 1012:25 1202:34–35 1012:36 1202:38 1202:39 1012:41–42 2483:3 2493:8 2493:10–14 2494:1–2 1204:5 1374:16–21 1234:43 117, 120, 1224:43–44 116, 1205:1–11 916:20–21 296:20–26 1056:22 67, 806:27 5, 66–68, 71, 75, 796:27–28 4–5, 63, 676:27–36 676:27ff 676:28 5, 68–696:28ff. 676:31 676:32 66–69, 836:35 4–5, 63, 66–686:36 67, 836:46 797:1–10 10, 1567:9 1567:18–23 1238:1 117, 120, 1228:4 122, 2308:4–8 1268:8–10 1268:9–10 1268:11 126, 2568:12 1228:19–21 1088:25 1228:32–33 77

8:35 122, 2309:1–6 1019:2 116–117, 1209:6 1729:11 117, 1209:11–17 1039:23 1719:31 1049:51 102–103, 1059:51–52 1039:51–60 1039:51-19:44 79:57 1029:57–62 100, 103, 108, 1719:58 1039:60 116–11710 12610:1–12 108, 11110:9 116–11710:13 15810:13–15 10, 15410:23–24 12310:38 10211:20 12311:29–30 15511:31–32 10, 154–15512:8–9 8012:30 15412:35–48 10313:18–19 12613:20–21 12613:22 10213:23 12413:28–29 10, 124, 15513:29 14613:32 23013:33 10213:35–36 10314:11 105, 107–10814:15–24 12615:1–33 10316:15 10716:16 116–117, 120–12216:19–23 2816:19–31 2816:24–26 2817:11 10217:18 23017:18–23 12317:20 11917:20–37 10318:1–2 17718:14 105, 107–10818:17 11718:22 17118:24–25 117

324 Index

18:28 17118:30 12418:31 10218:45 10219:1 10219:10 10319:11 11919:11–26 10419:28 10219:41 10220:24 17520:42–43 10321:7 11921:31 12322:16–18 12322:27 10522:28–30 108, 155, 16122:40 3322:69 103, 10623:26 17323:42 1123:43 11824:4–5 12024:5 10424:6–7 12024:8 12024:13 10424:13–35 724:15 10424:17 10424:19 10424:26 11724:30 10424:32 104–105, 17124:34 8824:35 10524:36–49 8824:44–46 10624:44–49 12024:46–49 17924:47 66, 81, 106, 109, 12024:49 106, 109

John1–20 901:18 881:28 2741:35–42 861:40 861:40–41 941:40–42 6, 85–86, 94, 971:41 861:42 85–861:43–44 861:44 862:13 95

3:3 117, 1243:5 117, 1243:15 1243:36 1244:14 1244:36 1245 955:1 955:24 1245:39 1245:42 945:44 946 90, 95–976:4 956:8 866:9 916:11 916:22–58 966:24 966:27 1246:35 1256:40 1246:41 95–966:47 1246:51–58 956:52 95–966:54 1246:60 966:60–71 946:61 966:63 966:66 96, 1716:67 966:68–69 6, 85, 87, 90, 946:69 976:70–71 967 957:2 957:7 718:41–42 949 3010 6, 9310:1–12 710:11 8810:15 8810:17 8810:27 5710:28 12411:25 12511:25–26 12411:27 9711:54 17111:55 9512:22 8612:25 12412:50 124


13–16 9413–20 85, 9413:6–11 6, 8713:23 6, 8713:24 6, 8713:36 8613:36–37 613:37 8814:6 100, 12514:15–24 9414:26 8515:13–15 9215:18 7115:26 8516:16 11716:36 12417:2–3 12417:11 9717:17 9717:19 9718:8 8818:10 8818:10–11 618:11 8818:11–27 6, 8818:15–18 9218:16 8818:18 9118:19 6618:25 8818:25–27 9218:36 12419:25–27 8820 620:3 10420:3–10 9120:6–8 8820:9 8820:19–23 89, 10420:24 9620:30–31 9020:31 5, 85, 9721 6, 85, 90, 93–95, 9721:1–14 6, 85, 90–9121:1–19 9021:6 9121:7 9221:15–17 6, 9421:15–19 6, 85, 90–9221:18 9221:18–19 621:19 9221:19–22 8621:24–25 92

Acts1 1641–6 10, 1641–7 1761:1–2 1031:1–14 7, 1161:2 105, 1161:3 7–8, 106, 116–118, 1201:4 1641:6 7, 116, 118–1191:8 7, 18, 66, 81, 107, 110,

116, 120, 135, 164, 176,179, 297

1:11 1051:15–20 1481:15–26 1611:21–22 1501:22 105, 2492 15, 18, 232, 246,

249–250, 292, 294–2952:2–4 2922:5 292–2942:6 2922:6–11 2932:7 1652:9–11 10, 18, 164, 247, 280,

292–2972:10 1732:14–21 1482:14–36 2952:16–21 1492:22–23 2952:23 2492:33 103, 106–1072:35 1072:36 2952:36–38 2492:38 2492:41 16, 245–246, 2492:42 1502:44–45 1653:1–8 1723:13–14 2494 2464–5 10, 1654:4 16, 245–2474:10 2494:24 1654:32–5:11 1654:36 1724:36–37 1655:14 2455:17 2435:30 2495:31 1035:42 121

326 Index

6 1656:1 1456:1–6 1506:4 1506:7 2456:9 165, 1736:13–14 1666:14 1487 11, 163, 166, 1787:2 1667:2–53 1487:4 1667:5 1667:6 1667:9 1677:14–15 1677:17–39 1677:19 1677:20 2647:23 1207:26 2877:29 1677:30 1207:34 1677:36 1677:38 1677:39 1677:40–43 1677:43 1677:44 1687:45 1687:45–50 1687:46 1687:48 1687:51–53 1687:55 1687:55–56 1067:56 1488 11, 170, 1728–28 1698:1 120, 1698:1–2 11, 1698:1–4 11, 171–1728:3 169, 1768:4 121, 138, 1698:4–5 1208:5 1218:5–25 1708:12 8, 116–117, 120–121,

1248:14 1208:25 1708:26–29 1738:26–39 147–1488:26–40 1708:35 121

8:38 2499 11, 171, 2159:1 1709:1–2 130, 1719:2 11, 102, 121, 170, 1769:4 1309:10 1719:11–16 1759:15 1749:16 1759:17 1719:19 1719:19–25 1309:20 121, 1309:22 1309:28–29 1309:29 1469:30 130, 171, 1739:31 151, 2459:32 119:32–42 1729:32-10:48 17210 147, 161, 27810:1 17510:2 17210:9–10 17310:34–35 172, 178–17910:34–42 12110:34–46 10710:36 12110:37 116, 24810:38 170, 172–17310:42 12110:43 107, 17210:44–48 107, 16110:45 22110:47–48 24910:48 172, 17911:1–8 12011:2–3 17911:3 172, 22111:14 248, 26311:18 221, 24911:19 11, 146, 17211:19–21 9, 14511:20 8, 121, 145–147, 17311:21 173, 179, 24511:21–22 16911:22 12011:24 24511:25–30 17411:26 78, 107, 148, 17211:27 16911:27–30 165, 17911:27-12:25 17311:28 132, 151


12:1 16012:2 16012:3–17 16012:17 17412:21–23 17912:24 24512:25-13:4 17413 11, 17413–14 8, 12913:1–3 131, 161, 17413:2 132, 139, 17413:5 13813:14–52 16613:16 22413:17–20 16613:24 24913:26 22413:27–28 24913:31 10813:32–33 12113:43–48 14713:50 13614:1 148, 24514:6 13614:16 17114:22 116–117, 11914:24 14014:26-15:3 17414:27 22115 12015:1 17615:1–5 17915:3 135, 17215:5 24315:7–11 17415:8–11 17915:12 16915:14–21 17915:16–18 11815:23 17215:24 17615:28 13215:30–35 17415:35 12115:36 13815:39 17415:41 9, 138, 17216 12916:4–5 9, 13816:6 9, 129, 132, 13916:6–8 8–9, 12916:7 9, 132–133, 14116:9–10 9, 13216:13–14 14816:14 16916:15 248, 263

16:17 132, 17016:20 24916:31–33 24816:34 17916:34–35 26317 13317:1–10 13717:2 13317:4 133, 14817:5 13317:6 140–14117:7 140–14117:10 13617:13 13817:14 13617:15 140–14117:17 14817:18 12117:26 139, 17617:30 24918:1 11, 17718:1–2 17618:2 13418:3 131, 17518:4 14818:8 248, 26318:11 138, 17518:15 24918:18 17518:19 17718:19–21 122, 17518:22 120, 17418:23 129, 14318:24–28 12218:25–26 17018:26 12119:1–6 24919:4 24919:8 8, 116–117, 120, 12219:8–10 121, 13419:9 102, 17019:10 11, 138, 17519:13 12119:21 9, 13419:23 102, 17020:3 13920:5 820:6 17220:10–11 13220:17–35 12220:18–35 17520:20–21 12220:22–25 11020:23 13420:24 8, 122, 12420:24–27 121

328 Index

20:25 8, 116–117, 120–121,124

20:27 8, 121–12220:31 17520:34 13120:37–38 11020:38 13521 13921:4 134, 13921:5 135, 26421:7 12021:8–14 17021:10–14 13421:11 13821:20 16, 176, 24521:20–21 17921:23–26 17521:26–36 17621:27-24:9 17922 21522:3 130–131, 17122:4 102, 121, 17022:4–5 13022:7 13022:15 13522:17–21 130, 17522:17–22 17422:21 13522:24 13923:11 13423:23–33 13423:35 13924–28 13424:5 243, 24924:12 16524:14 102, 121, 17024:17 16524:22 121, 17024:32 10225:13 13926 21526:4 13026:5–18 17526:9–12 13026:14 13026:20 221, 24927:23–24 17827:24 13428:16–31 10928:17–31 8, 11628:23 8, 116–117, 120–122,

12428:23–31 828:25 13928:31 8, 108, 110, 116–117,

120–121, 124

Romans1:9–10 9, 1331:13 9, 1321:15 2301:16 124, 127, 1921:18–31 2331:18–32 2032:7 1242:10 74, 832:24 803:27–31 2013:28 1563:28–29 1923:29–30 1993:29–31 1813:30 834 12–13, 193, 196,

201–202, 204, 208–2104:1 196, 201–202, 2054:3–5 201–2024:5 2034:6–12 2024:9–12 203–2044:11 13, 203–2044:11–12 13, 203–2044:12 72, 2064:13–22 13, 202, 2054:14 2064:16 205–2064:16–22 201–202, 204, 2074:17 205–2064:18–21 13, 2074:23–25 2024:24 2065:11–12 2065:12–21 1595:20 1345:21 1246:22–23 1246:23 124–1258:23–25 1269 2079:1–5 2059:3 2019:4–5 2069:6–12 2079:29–31 1110:1 12410:10 12411 206, 20911:1 20511:11 12411:13 13111:28 8212 71, 73, 8312:9 73


12:9–21 71, 7512:10 6812:12 68–6912:13 74, 8312:14 7212:16 6912:17 72–7312:18 7412:18–21 7512:21 72–7313:1 ff. 6013:11 124, 13514:17 12415:6 20215:16–28 14915:19 133, 17415:20 13415:23 13315:24 9, 131, 134–13515:29 13416 25116:3 17716:20 13716:29 137

1 Corinthians1:16 2631:18 1271:23 1303:1–4 2383:6 1384:12 70, 734:20–21 1245:5 59, 137–1385:11 2335:17 17, 2726:9–10 117, 124, 2337:5 1377:12 2657:14 26510 17, 262, 265, 268, 270,

274–27810:1–2 17, 26210:1–4 26910:1–5 17, 267–26810:1–11 17710:2 266, 271–27310:3–4 26710:32 25011:23–25 15012:13 26715:2 23015:5 8815:14 2215:21–22 15915:24 124

15:45–49 15915:50 118, 12416:15 26316:19 177

2 Corinthians1:6 1242:11 1374:16–18 1265:7 1265:18–19 1235:19 1275:21 1846:2 123–1247:10 12411:23–33 17512:7 13712:9 13711:14 137

Galatians1–2 1711:2 8, 1291:8 2301:14 130, 1921:15–16 2151:16 130, 138, 192, 2302:7 1312:9 872:16 1562:19 1853 12, 196, 204, 2093:1 8, 129, 1863:1–2 1873:1–5 1613:1–12 1823:1–14 11–12, 181–182,

184–1863:2 182–1833:3 1873:3–7 1873:5 182–183, 1873:5–13 182–1833:5–14 1833:6 183, 186–1873:7 183, 186–1873:8 183, 2213:8–10 1853:9 1833:10 1863:11 183–184, 1863:11–12 1853:12 183–184, 1863:13 12, 181–184, 1863:13–14 185–1863:14 12, 181–184, 186–1893:16 12, 186–187

330 Index

3:16–17 1813:22 1853:26–28 1873:26–29 12, 1873:27–29 1873:28 82, 187, 199, 2783:29 12, 186–1884:1–7 1894:3 1894:4–5 123, 188, 1904:6 12, 71, 1874:6–7 188, 1914:7 1884:8–9 2364:8–10 1894:13–14 1825:11 1305:21 117, 1246:8 1246:10 73–74

Ephesians2:11–22 2362:15 2722:17 2303:6 2213:8 2304:19 2335:5 1245:8–9 2366 274

Philippians1:19 1241:28 1242:12 1243:4–11 1303:5 2754:10–20 1754:11–12 1754:15 132

Colossians1:13 117, 1243:11 824:5 784:11 124

1 Thessalonians1:6 1371:7–8 1331:9 2362:2 1382:11–12 124, 1382:14 1372:17–18 1372:18 9, 1373:1–5 137

3:4 1183:10–11 1383:11 2815:8–9 1245:15 72

2 Thessalonians1:4–5 1171:5 1243:15 74

1 Timothy1:16 1242:2–3 693:2 833:4–5 2643:12 2644:1 2565:14 72–736:3–5 2336:10 2566:12 1246:21 256

2 Timothy4:1 1244:7 1354:13 1754:18 117, 1244:19 177

Titus1:2 1241:6–7 2641:8 831:14 2563:1 693:3 2733:5 2733:7 124

Hebrews3:5-4:13 1773:12 2565:12–14 23811:11–12 20811:36 25713:2 83

James1:13 331:18 1261:21 1263:9 72

1 Peter1:1 232, 2391:3 230–2311:3–12 230–232


1:6 228–2291:9 2311:12 15, 229–2311:12–25 2411:14 2361:17 2321:22–25 231–2321:23 230–231, 2391:23–25 126, 2311:25 15, 229–2322 2382:1–2 152:1–3 15, 229, 237–238, 2412:2 102, 2372:2–3 2372:9 230, 232, 2362:11 2322:12 229, 2362:17 692:18–20 2292:20 2282:23 732:25 2363:1–2 2293:6 2293:7 2283:9 70, 73, 228, 2363:14 228, 2363:15 2303:16 2363:17 2283:18-4:1 2333:20 2294:2 2334:2–3 15, 233–234, 2414:3 2334:3–4 15, 229, 233–234, 2364:4 2294:9 834:12 2284:14 229, 2364:14–16 2284:16 228, 2305:8–9 228

2 Peter1:11 1172:2 233

1 John1:2 1242:25 1243:15 1245:11 1245:20 124

Jude4 233

Revelation1:1 2121:3 2131:4 2121:5 2231:9 2121:9–20 14, 211, 213, 2171:11 213–214, 217, 219–2201:19 214, 217, 2202–3 212, 214, 2252:1 213–214, 2202:7 2162:8 213, 2202:12 213, 2202:18 213, 2203:1 213, 2203:7 213, 2203:14 213, 2204:1 214, 2204:1–22:5 214, 2205 219–2205:1 2195:2 2195:3 2195:4 2195:5 2195:8 2195:9 14, 219, 221–222,

224–225, 2726:1–8:1 2196:15 2236:15–17 2247:1 2167:9 221–222, 2257:9–17 2229:20–21 22410 21910:1 21810:1–11 21710:1–11:13 21710:2 218–22010:8 219–22010:8–10 22010:8–11 13–14, 211, 214–216,

218, 221–222, 22510:9 21910:9–10 218, 22010:10 216, 21910:11 14, 211, 216–218, 221,

223, 22511:1 21711:1–14 21711:4–13 223

332 Index

11:9 221–22311:13 14, 223, 22511:18 21313:7 221, 22413:7–8 222, 22413:8 219, 22514:3 27214:6 22114:6–7 222, 22414:13 21415:3 27216:6 21316:9 22416:11 22416:12 22316:14 22317:1–2 22517:1–18 22517:2 22317:8 21917:14 22217:15 221, 22517:18 22318:3 22318:9 22318:18 21618:20 21318:24 21319:6 22219:9 21419:19 22320:12 21921:5 21421:24 22322:6 21322:7 213, 216, 21922:8 21222:9 21322:10 213, 21922:16 21322:18 213, 21922:19 213, 219

8. Rabbinic Works(Talmud, Midrash, Targums)Exodus RabbahExod 18:12 76

Mekilta5:11 18615:1 27017:0 186

Pirqe Rabbi Eliezer43 156

Targum Isaiah28.4 126

Targum Ezekiel16:4 269

y.Ta’anit2 [65b] 156

9. Apostolic FathersBarnabas6:8–19 2717:11 11720:1 233

1 Clement5 1365:1–7 9, 1365:6–7 13655 81

2 Clement4:1 794:3 7913 63, 8013:2 7913:3 4, 6313:1–4 7913:4 77, 79

Didache1 581:2–3 831 681:4 775:1–2 233

Diognetus5 4, 63, 80–815:1–2 815:5 81

Hermas

Visions1 2202.1.3 2202.1.3-4 2202.1.4 2202.4.1 2202.4.2 220

Ignatius

Ephesians9:1 126


Philadelphians3:1 153

Polycarp8:2 264

Smyrnaeans13:1 264

Trallians8:2 80

Martyrdom of Polycarp9.2 2549.3 25412.2 254

Polycarp

Philippians1:2 693:18 6910:3 80

10. Other Early Christian WritingsActs of the Scillitian Martyrs1.3 2541.6 254

Acts of Thomas1 287

Apostolic Constitutions6.15.5-7 261

Apostolic Tradition21 26521:27–30 271

Aristides

1 Apology2.8 8215 70

Athenagoras

Legatio pro Christianis11 77, 80

Canon Muratori38–39 136

Clement of Alexandria

Stromateis2.18 752.87.3 762.90.2 76

6.6.48,2 826.43.3 161

Cyprian

Letters2.1 27711.1.2 25720.2.2 25755.10.3 25755.11.1-2 25759.10.2 25764 27764.1.1 27564.2.1 27564.4.3 27664.5 27664.5-6 27564.5.1 27665 25767.6.1-2 25769 276–27769.14 27669.14.1 27669.15 27773.17.2 277

De lapsis9 27725 277

De mortalitate5 2777 277

Didascalia Apostolorum6.8 28715 82

Epistula Apostolorum30 58

Eusebius

Historia ecclesiastica2.14.6 1603.1.1-2 2873.4.6 1513.39.15 1503.39.16 1515.8.14 1616.41.10-13 257

Irenaeus

Adversus haereses1.10.2 284

334 Index

Jerome

De viris illustribus3.5 160

Justin

1 Apology5.9 685.13 6814 6914–15 515 7715–16 6915.9 8316.1 8362 271

Dialogue cum Tryphone10 8281.1 7685.7 7696 6997.2 76110.4 252, 256114.2 76119 81130.3 76133.6 69135.3 76136.2 76

Lactantius

Divinarum institutionum5.22.8-24 255

Martyrdom of St. Conon4.4 256

Origen

Commentarii in evangelium Joannis6.43.226 2736.43.226-249 2726.43.251 2736.45.233-234 2746.47.245 2746.48.249 27420.2.5 126

Commentarii in Romanos5.19 272

Homiliae in Exodum5.2 271–2725.4 272

Homiliae in Leviticum8.3 272

Homiliae in Lucam14.5 263, 272

In Jesu Nave homiliae4.1 2745 2735.5 2745.6 2736 2736.6 27326.2 274

Tertullian

Adversos Judaeos7.4 284

Apologeticus1.13 7631–32 6937 8037.4 25239 7940.2 25450.3 25350.15 253

De baptismo9 27118 261

Adversus Marcionem4.35.8 76

De patientia10 67, 80

De praescriptione haereticorum31 126

Ad Scapulam1 772.10 252

De spectaculis16 80

Theophilus

Ad Autolycum2.32 2843.14 69, 74111.14 76


11. Greco-Roman Literature

Apollodorus

Metamorphoses9.271-272 106

Aristotle

Athenaın politeia14.4 126

Ethica nicomachea1103b24 265

Aulus Gellius

Noctes atticae1.3.20 133

Cicero

De oratore2.261 126

De officiis1.64 264

Dio Cassius

Roman History79.5.5-79.56.3 82

Diogenes Laertius

Lives1.78 731.87 736.78 73

Epictetus

Diatribai (Dissertationes)2.10 732.13-14 732.22-29 733.12.10 733.22-54 754.5.1-2 7320.9-12 7328.100-101 73

Enchiridion42 73

Hermes Trismegistus

Poimandres29 126

Herodotus

Historiae4.76.1 82

Hesiod

Opera et dies265–266 72327 72341–353 76

Homer

Odyssey2.2-3 139

Livy/Livius

Ab Urbe Condita1.16 106

Lucian

Hermotimus46 102

Menander

Monostichoi5 7219 7246 7299 72269 72604 72675 72

Plato

Crito49C 73

Gorgias519D 265

Leges887D 265888A 265

Phaedrus260d 126276b – 277a 126

Politicus332d 76

Respublica1.33 731.34b 76

336 Index

Pliny the Elder

Naturalis historia4.80-81 82

Pliny the Younger

Epistulae10.77 14110.96 25410.96.6 256

Plutarch

Moralia21c – f 73218a 75394w 126398f 126399a 126799c 73

Caesar29.60 126

Cicero3 126

Pompeius18 12678.4 82

Seneca

De beneficiis4.26.1 754.28.1 757.30.5 75

Hercules Oetaeus1.4 75

De ira3.25.3-4 73

32.1-33.1 7340.4-5 73

Suetonius

Augustus100.4 106

Claudius25 177, 25125.4 134

Tiberius16 133

Sophocles

Ajax678–83 73

Tacitus

Annales15.44.2 251

Theognis

Elegiacus279–82 72325–28 72365–66 72833–36 721029–30 721051–54 721133–34 721233–34 72

Xenophon

Hellenica5.1 1265.25 126

Index of Modern Authors 337

Index of Modern Authors

Aalen, S. 7, 32, 34–38, 40, 113, 114, 307Aarflot, A. 302Aasgaard, R. 263Achtemeier, P. J. 237–238Adams, E. 203Ådna, J. 3–4, 41, 45, 66, 147, 279, 308–309Aland, K. 17, 108, 261Alexander, P. S. 287–288, 291Alexander, T. D. 308Alexeev, A. A. 39, 310Allison, D. C. 37–38, 115, 152, 158Ameling, W. 257Anderson, B. W. 273Anderson, P. N. 94Apenes, S. I. 303Arbesmann, R. 252Arvidsson, E. 300Aschim, A. 34Ascough, R. S. 235Asheim, A. 37, 303Aune, D. E. 115, 191, 211–215, 217,220–221, 224, 308

Austad, T. 304, 311Avemarie, F. 262

Baasland, E. 4–5, 32, 35, 66, 76, 301, 304,306

Bachmann, M. 216Backhaus, K. 99–100, 105, 109–111Bakke, O. M. 261, 269Balch, D. L. 264Balla, P. 263Balz, H. R. 172Barbarick, C. 239Barclay, J. M. G. 136, 294Barraclough, G. 141Barrett, C. K. 130, 146Barth, F. 13, 198–200Barton, S. 235Bassler, J. M. 276Bauckham, R. 219, 279, 281, 292, 294–295Bauer, W. 72Baum, A. D. 113Bauman-Martin, B. 227Baynes, L. 219–220Bean, G. E. 141Beck, A. L. 145Beck, B. F. 179Becker, J. 64, 72, 75, 89–90, 95Ben Zwi, E. 12, 195–196, 203

Berardino, A. De 258Berentsen, J.-M. 46, 306, 309Berger, K. 150, 286Bergmeier, R. 219Betz, H. D. 305Betz, O. 31Beutler, J. 5–6, 91–92, 94–96Bilde, P. 311Bird, J. 229Bird, M. F. 147, 160Black, M. 100Blanc, C. 273Blasi, A. J. 77, 245Blomberg, C. L. 158Bock, D. L. 146–148, 155Bohlen, M. 35, 115, 117, 124Böhler, D. 92Boismard, M.-E. 157Boman, T. 151Borgen, P. 11–12, 28, 30, 184, 186Bottermann, H. 160Böttrich, C. 50Bowen, A. 255Bowman, A. K. 258Bradshaw, P. F. 263Brändl, M. 175Brodersen, K. 105Broer, I. 153Broshi, M. 247Brown, R. E. 93, 151Bruce, B. J. 273Bruce, F. F. 130, 146Buchanan, G. W. 115Buell, D. K. 198Bultmann, R. 23, 27, 93, 95Bunge, M. J. 263–265Burchard, C. 73Burke, E. J. 175Busse, U. 172Bussmann, C. 116Byrskog, S. 25, 36, 113, 306, 312

Calder, W. M. 141Cameron, A. 248Campbell, D. A. 201Carmignac, J. 115Carson, D. A. 153Catchpole, D. 66Cave, C. H. 246Cave, F. H. 246

338 Index

Charlesworth, J. H. 33, 73, 118Chow, S. 307Clarke, G. W. 252, 257–258, 275–276Coenen, L. 307–308Cohen, S. J. D. 237Collins, J. J. 213Conzelmann, H. 34, 115–117, 122Cook, J. G. 78Corrie, J. 163Corwin, V. 153Cowley, A. E. 217Cowper, W. 134Cranfield, C. E. B. 72Cross, A. R. 261Cullmann, O. 275Culpepper, R. A. 95

Dahl, N. A. 12, 181, 184–185, 193, 271Dalman, G. 7, 35, 36, 114, 125Daly, E. J. 252Daniélou, J. 271Daniel-Rops, H. 300Dauer, A. 147Dautzenberg, G. 76Davies, W. D. 65, 152, 158Davis, E. E. 309Decker, C. 95Deferrari, R. J. 257Deines, R. 71De Ligt, L. 177De Wind, J. 180Delling, G. 121, 300Dibelius, M. 140–141Dobbeler, A von 54–55Dockx, S. 160Dölger, F. J. 271Donaldson, T. I. 149Donfried, K. P. 177Donahue, P. 184Dryden, J. de W. 236Dryer, B. R. 151Duhaime, J. 77, 245Dunn, J. D. G. 141, 146, 149, 154, 157, 181,187, 258

Durham, K. 239

Ebel, E. 235Edelman, D. v. 195Ekenberg, A. 271Elgvin, T. 309Elliott, J. H. 15, 230–231, 235–236Ellis, E. E. 116Engedal, L. G. 309Engelsviken, T. 46, 306, 309, 311Ernst, J. 171Escaffre, B. 88

Esler, P. E. 194, 196, 200, 209, 253, 263Estrada, B. 311Evans, C. A. 153, 159, 310

Fahey, M. A. 277Falls, T. B. 252Farrelly, N. 86Fee, G. D. 266Feldmeier, R. 6–7, 71, 102Ferguson, E. 261, 264Field, F. 272Filson, F. V. 109Finger, R. H. 247–248Finke, R. 249, 252Fitzmyer, J. A. 37, 104, 146, 151, 171Fletcher-Louis, C. H. T. 151Fornberg, T. 26Fotopoulos, J. 184, 309France, R. T. 153Franklin, E. 116, 151Freedman, D. N. 142French, D. H. 142Frend, W. H. C. 253, 255–257Frey, J. 88, 124, 136Friedrich, G. 230–231

Gäckle, V. 7–8, 113, 123, 125Garnsey, P. 255, 258Gasque, W. W. 109Gathercole, S. 160Gaventa, B. R. 263Gempf, C. 279Georg-Zöller, C. 102Gerhardsson, B. 25, 303, 304Gese, H. 49, 57Gill, D. W. J. 279Gnilka, C. 161Goodman, M. 147Goppelt, L. 146, 234Grabner-Haider, A. 300Grässer, E. 116Gravaas, H. A. 284Green, J. B. 264Greeven, H. 149Gregory, A. F. 153Grelot, P. 270Grimm, W. 159Grovers, C. 200Grundmann, W. 151, 237, 301Gundry-Volf, J. M. 265–266Gundry, R. H. 153Gunther, J. J. 136Guthrie, D. 300Gutsfeld, A. 235Guyette, F. 215


Haacker, K. 8–9, 117, 124, 133, 148, 166,301, 307–308

Haanes, V. L. 309Haas, H. 66Habel, N. 215Habermas, G. R. 159Haenchen, E. 245, 247Hagner, D. A. 158Hahn, E. 21, 234, 266, 307Hahn, J. 100Halbwachs, M. 195, 209Hällström, G. af 271Hanciles, J. J. 163, 180Hanson, A. T. 196Hanson, P. D. 211Har-El, M. 247Haraldsø, B. 306Harland, P. A. 235Harnack, A. von 63, 161, 244, 259Harrelson, W. 273Hartel, G. v. 275Hartenstein, J. 87Hauser, L. 102Häußer, D. 113Hays, C. M. 179Hays, R. B. 188, 201, 309Heckel, U. 71, 108Heid, S. 161Heiene, G. 308Heine, R. E. 272Hellholm, D. 262, 266, 271Hengel, M. 31, 131, 147, 149–150, 155Henriksen, J.-O. 308Hiers, R. H. 35Hill, C. C. 147Hill, C. E. 153Hill, P. C. 258–259Hille, R. 21, 307Hirschmann, C. 180Hodge, C. J. 12–13, 197–198, 204, 207–209Holland, D. L. 35Holmås, G. O. 25Holmberg, B. 63Holmén, T. 36, 113, 312Hood, R. W. 258–259Hook, S. H. 146Hope, L. 38, 39, 299Hopkins, K. 245, 253Horn, C. B. 263, 275Horn, F. W. 117, 304Horrell, D. G. 184, 227–228, 232Horsley, G. H. R. 235Howard, W. F. 217Howell, J. R. 172Hubbard, B. J. 158Huber, K. 94

Hulster, I. de 169Hultgren, S. 151Hunt, S. A. 94Hvalvik, R. 3, 15–16, 43, 250–251, 304, 306,312

Innerdal, G. 33Ivanovska, I. 275

Jackson, F. J. F. 139Janowski, B. 159Jaubert, A. 273Jensen, O. J. 306Jensen, R. M. 262Jeremias, J. 17, 146, 162, 246–247, 261–262,294

Jervell, J. 24–25, 27–28, 300, 303Jewett, R. 72, 135, 141Jipp, J. W. 196, 201Jobes, K. H. 232, 237–239Johnson, L. T. 146, 246Johnstad, G. 26–27, 34, 306Jones, S. 194, 199Jørgensen, K. 46, 306, 309Juel, D. H. 181Just, F. 94

Kahl, W. 169, 174, 178Kampling, R. 64Kankaanniemi, M. 36, 113, 312Kartveit, M. 286Käsemann, E. 27, 299Kasinitz, P. 180Kattenbusch, F. 70Kautzsch, E. 217Kearsley, R. A. 142Keener, C. S. 147–148, 155, 157, 163, 252Keller, M. N. 177Kelly, J. N. D. 42, 230, 237Kirk, A. 68Koch, D.-A. 145, 235Köckert, M. 64Koester, C. 218Kohl, M. 99Konradt, M. 3, 45–47, 50–57, 59–61Kowalski, B. 216Koyzis, N. C. 203Kraft, H. 275Kraftchick, S. J. 237Kraus, W. 149Kreider, A. 244Kügler, J. 92Künneth, W. 21, 23, 299Kvalbein, H. 3, 19–43, 45–48, 52, 63, 66, 85,113–115, 124, 147, 192–193, 243, 266, 279,299–312

340 Index

Kvanvig, H. S. 215

Labahn, M. 94Lake, K. 139, 143Lambrecht, J. 305Lamouille, A. 157Lange, A. 287Larsson, E. 24, 32, 37, 40, 150Lauterbach, J. Z. 270Lebahn, M. 266Lee, G. M. 139Lee, Y. 159Lehnert, V. A. 36, 115, 310Leipoldt, J. 301Leisering, W. 141Leivestad, R. 28–30Levey, S. H. 268Levine, É. 270Levine, L. I. 247–248Levinskaya, I. 147Liebengood, K. D. 232Lindars, B. 132Ling, M. 140Little, C. R. 175Löhr, H. 153, 262Lohse, E. 301Longenecker, B. W. 232Longenecker, R. N. 177Lønning, I. 299Lowe, M. 95Løwenstein, K. 305Lührmann, D. 153Lundberg, P. 267, 271Lundeby, E. 311Luz, U. 41, 45–50, 53, 57, 66, 307

Macholz, C. 217MacMullen, R. 15, 234, 244, 252Mæhlum, H. 300Magda, K. 135Malina, B. 146Maloney, L. M. 157Manicardi, E. 311Manson, T. W. 150–151, 153Marcheselli, M. 91Marcus, J. 35Marek, C. 141Martin, R. P. 109Martin, T. W. 237Mason, E. F. 237Mattei, E. 258Mayer, W. 251Mazzaferi, F. D. 219McCarthy, C. 265McKay, K. L. 92McKnight, S. 238

McLaren, J. S. 251Meeks, W. A. 236Meier, J. P. 119, 151–152, 155Merk, O. 116–117, 121Merklein, H. 119Metzger, B. M. 146, 261Meyer, P. D. 154Michaelis, W. 110Michaels, J. R. 14, 228Michel, O. 31Mildenberger, F. 299Millar, F. 100Miller, P. D. 265Mills, W. E. 234Mitchell, S. 141–142Moffatt, J. 63, 244Mongstad-Kvammen, I. 34Moo, D. J. 153Morland, K. A. 185Moss, C. 256–257Moule, C. F. D. 139Moulton, J. H. 217Moxnes, H. 12–13, 193, 200, 206, 208Müller, M. 25Murphy O’Connor, J. 171Mußner, F. 154Musurillo, H. 253–254

Neil, B. 251Nepper-Christensen, N. 305Nesselrath, H.-G. 100Neudorfer, H.-W. 21, 307Nissen, A. 304Nissen, J. 30, 308Noack B. 115, 302–303Nolland, J. 153–154, 156

Ødegård, K. 307Öhler, M. 94, 174Olsson, B. 30O’Neill, J. C. 35–36, 115Ostmeyer, K.-H. 257Østnor, L. 311O’Toole, R. F. 116, 121–122Ott, C. 163Overbeck, F. 141Øystese, O. 301

Pahl, M. W. 231Pallares, J. C. 305Parker, P. 146Paulien, J. 215Payne, J. D. 163Pekáry, T. 141Pennington, J. T. 37Perry, D. 277


Pervo, R. 163, 165Pesch, R. 91, 93, 120, 146, 300Petersen, W. 219–220Peterson, E. 65Phenix, R. R. 263, 275Phinney, D. N. 215Pilch, J. H. 146Pilgrim, W. E. 304Pillinger, R. J. 287Pitre, B. 156Pokorny, P. 108, 118Porter, S. E. 151, 202, 261Pratscher, W. 153Prieur, A. 116–122, 125Prostmeier, F.-R. 102Puig i Tarrech, A. 136, 311

Quain, E. A. 252

Radl, W. 116Rambo, L. R. 259Ramsay, W. M. 139Ratzinger, J. 310Rau, E. 305Reed, J. L. 247Refvem, O. 34Rehfeld, E. L. 113Reicke, B. 108Reinhardt, W. 247Reiser, M. 217Remus, H. 77Repo, E. 170–171Repschinski, B. 94Richard, E. D. 234Richardson, P. 177Ricoeur, P. 82Riesner, R. 9–10, 25, 68, 136, 142, 147–151,156, 159–161

Rolfe, J. C. 251Rolland, P. 150, 153Roloff, J. 106, 109, 300Røsæg, N. A. 39, 309Rosenthal, F. 217Rosner, B. S. 175, 308Rowland, C. 151Rubesch, T. 163Ruiten, T. G. A. M. van 287Ruiz, J.-P. 163, 216Rüsen-Weinhold, U. 36, 115, 310Rutgers, L. V. 177

Said, E. W. 165Sand, A. 158Sanders, E. P. 35, 247Sanders, J. T. 245, 248Sandevoir, P. 157

Sandnes, K. O. 16–17, 43, 236, 264–267,269, 271, 273–274, 312

Sandvei, B. H. 309Sandvik, B. 33Sänger, D. 216Sannes, K. O. 42, 310Santos, N. F. 163Schaberg, J. 158Schäfer, P. 302Schelkle, K. H. 301Schenke, L. 76, 114–115, 123Schiller, N. G. 180Schmeller, T. 93Schnabel, E. J. 63, 80, 148, 163, 165, 169,171, 174, 176, 310–311

Schnackenburg, R. 116, 121–125, 153Schneider, G. 146, 170, 172, 302Schnelle, U. 68, 109, 152, 305Schrage, W. 265–266Schram, T. 305Schreiner, J. 64,Schreiner, J. H. 307Schreiner, P. 37Schreiner, T. R. 237Schultheiß, T. 86, 93, 96Schürer, E. 100Schürmann, H. 302Schwartz, B. 195Schweitzer, A. 300Schweizer, E. 304Schwemer, A. M. 131, 147, 155Scott, J. M. 279–281, 284, 287, 292, 295Seccombe, D. P. 304Segovia, F. F. 93Seland, T. 14–15, 115, 227, 229–230,235–236, 308

Sieben, H.-J. 263Sim, D. C. 152Simonsohn, S. 251Skarsaune, O. 17–18, 58, 60, 250, 284, 287Slagstad, R. 27, 31Smalley, S. S. 132Smith, A. 306Snell, B. 270Söding, T. 93, 156Sohm, R. 39Solheim, D. 311Spencer, F. S. 170Spilka, B. 258–259Stanley, C. 13, 198–199Stählin, G. 132Stamps, D. L. 202Stanton, G. 115Stark, R. 244, 249, 252, 255–256Stauffer, E. 266Stendahl, K. 75, 250

342 Index

Stenschke, C. 10–11, 169–170, 173, 177Stewart, R. B. 159Stokes, R. E. 215Stone, M. 211Stott, D. 142, 145Stowers, S. 201Strawn, B. A. 236Strecker, G. 305Streeter, B. H. 150, 153, 157–158Strobel, A. 151Stuckenbruck, L. T. 149Stuhlmacher, P. 4, 31, 45–46, 49, 58, 60,158–159

Suhl, A. 133Swanson, D. C. 219

Talbert, C. H. 227Taylor, N. H. 263Thatcher, T. 94Theißen, G. 69, 99–100, 157Thelle, N. R. 319Theobald, M. 156Thorbjørnsen, S. O. 308Tilly, M. 149Tite, P. I. 239–240Toit, D. du 229, 232Toit, M. du 239Tolmie, F. 88, 94Trebilco, P. 170Tuckett, C. M. 153, 184Turcotte, P.-A. 77, 245

Uglem, O. 300Ulrichsen, J. H. 115, 308Unnik, W. C. van 65, 78, 82

Vall, G. 153VanderKam, J. 286–287Vegge, T. 273Vermes, G. 100Vermeulen, H. 200Vinson, R. W. 234Visscher, G. H. 196

Vogt, H. J. 258Völkel, M. 116

Wahlde, U. C. von 95Walls, A. F. 63Walsh, P. G. 256Walton, S. 175Wan, E. 163Ware, J. P. 149Watt, J. G. van der 88, 124Webb, R. L. 227Wee, Ø. M. 304Weidemann, H. U. 153Weiser, A. 116–117, 121Weiss, J. 35Wendland, H.-D. 301Wenham, D. 307Westermann, C. 280, 300Wiefel, W. 154Wieser, T. 116Wilk, F. 269Williams, M. 231Williams, T. B. 227, 229, 235–236Willis, W. 116Wilson, R. F. 234Windisch, H. 117Winston, D. 270Winter, B. M. 147, 247, 279Wintermute, O. S. 286Wisløff. C. F. 40Witherington, B. 35, 115, 232Witke, A.-M. 142Wolska-Conus, W. 281, 288–289, 297Wolter, M. 123–124, 155, 177, 204–206Wright, D. E. 261Wright, N. T. 201–202Wucherpfennig, A. 93

Zetterholm, M. 194Ziccardi, C. A. 122–123Zimmermann, R. 88, 94Zugmann, M. 165, 169Zumstein, J. 87, 90, 152

Index of Subjects 343

Index of Subjects

Abraham 12–13, 18, 45, 53, 65, 69, 81, 155,166–168, 178, 181–191 passim, 193–210passim, 212, 215, 280, 285, 291

– faith of Abraham 191, 193–194, 196, 203,205–206, 208

– blessing of /through Abraham 45,184–188, 280, 285

Abrahamic 12–13, 181, 186Acts of the Apostles 7–11, 15–18, 46,101–111 passim, 113–127, 129–143,145–162 passim, 163–180, 243–252 passim,262, 278

Adam 276–277, 286Africa 173, 277, 283, 288, 296–297age to come 36, 38, 75Alexandria 110, 188, 257, 296ancestor(s) 12–13, 17, 65, 168, 176, 193,195–197, 200–208, 262, 267, 281, 285, 291

Antioch 9–10, 78, 140, 145–162 passim,165, 171, 173–174, 178–179

Antioch, Pisidian 136, 142–143apocalypse(s) 13–14, 211–212, 214, 225apostasy 16, 256, 259apostle 97, 109, 122, 131, 161, 184, 186apostolic council 139, 172, 179Asia 288–289Asia Minor/Province of Asia 8–9, 18,116–117, 121–122, 129, 131–134, 138–142,152, 165, 175, 199, 211–213, 232, 237, 240,281, 283, 286, 290, 293, 295–297

Babylon/Babylonia 18, 167, 221, 223, 225,273, 285, 290, 294

backsliding 16, 238, 256, 258–259baptism 9, 16–17, 39–40, 54, 55, 118, 147,151, 249, 261–278 passim, 303, 396, 307, 310

– infant baptism 16, 17, 261–278 passimBarnabas 8, 117, 129, 132, 138–139, 152,161, 165, 171, 173–175, 178

believer(s), Jewish 9, 16, 145–146, 153, 158,250

Beloved Disciple 6, 85, 87–93Beroea 133, 136–137, 140Bethsaida 10, 86, 154Bible 20–22, 31–34, 272, 279–280, 301,303–306, 309, 311

– Hebrew Bible 14, 185, 229, 280, 283, 292– Septuagint 159, 268, 272, 281, 296–297– translation(s) 32–34, 143, 238–239Bithynia 9, 132–133, 140–142, 232, 256

blaspheme/blasphemy 48, 54, 79–80, 233,236, 256

bless 5, 69, 72, 77, 88, 183–185– bless God 33–34, 311blessing of God (God’s blessing) 13, 18, 36,45, 53, 70, 178, 203, 245

blood 4, 14–15, 47, 59, 95–96, 222, 236,243–244, 252–253, 307

Caesarea 11, 99, 152, 170–173, 175,178–179

Caesarea Philippi 99, 110call narrative 14, 49, 211, 212–216, 218, 225Canaan 18, 167, 282–286, 291Carthage 79, 257child/children 4, 12, 14, 17, 47, 78, 99, 101,167, 187–188, 193, 207, 210, 229–230,239–241, 248, 261–266, 268–278

Chorazin 10, 154Christian(s) 11–12, 14–17, 31–32, 39, 66,69, 72, 75–83, 86, 96, 107, 110, 133, 137,162–165, 168–177, 179, 184, 192, 197, 211,214, 221, 225, 227–242 passim, 243,245–247, 251–259, 272, 277, 280, 306–307

– Gentile Christians 152, 156, 172, 174–176,188

– Jewish Christians 11, 49, 64, 152–153,156, 169, 171, 174, 176–177, 179, 212,221, 229, 245; see also believer(s), Jewish

Christology 4, 8, 45, 51, 53, 116, 124church(es) 3–4, 6–7, 15–16, 20–21, 24, 26,31–32, 38–42, 45–46, 50, 52, 54, 56, 60, 66,70, 79, 87, 93, 97, 103, 105–106, 108–111,126, 129, 131, 134, 136–138, 156, 158,164–165, 169, 174, 178–180, 211, 222, 228,232, 241, 243–245, 251, 255–258, 276–278,299, 301, 303, 306–307, 309–310, 312

– church of God 182, 250– Church of Norway 19, 24, 32, 38, 40–42– churches in Galatia 8–9, 11–12, 129,

181–182, 192– early church 6, 13, 16–17, 23, 41, 45–46,

54, 56, 70, 85, 117, 126, 159, 242–244,256, 258–259, 261, 263, 266, 277–278,303, 311

– the seven churches 211, 213–214Cilicia 18, 165, 171–172, 281–282circumcision 13, 55, 82, 101, 176, 181, 191,196, 199–205, 208, 210, 274–276

city, holy 110, 145, 156, 161–162

344 Index

Claudius 11, 15, 134, 160, 177, 232, 251Clement of Alexandria 70, 74, 76, 82Clement, Second 79–80Commission, Great 39, 41, 48, 57, 66commission, prophetic 13, 211–225 passimconfess /confession 6, 24, 40, 42, 54, 85,87–92, 94, 96–97

congregation(s) (Christian) 8–9, 12, 14, 39,50, 129, 131–134, 137–138, 165, 173–174,183, 228, 258

congregations, Jewish 130–131, 134, 142conversion 9, 15–16, 55, 107, 147, 149,172–173, 227, 230–231, 233, 236–237, 241,243–252 passim, 258–259, 266, 310

Corinth 11, 109, 133–134, 137–138, 174,177, 267

Cornelius 9, 107, 147, 172–173, 276covenant 45, 57, 59, 61, 82, 149, 160, 167,169, 191, 200, 203–204, 208

creed 42, 78, 190curse 4–5, 12, 47–48, 69, 77, 80, 183–186,254

Cyprian 17, 255, 257, 261, 271, 275–278

Damascus 11, 130, 152, 171David/Davidic 49, 51, 53–54, 56–58, 118,122, 130, 284, 286

David, son of 4, 45, 51–53, 130Decius 16, 256, 258Delphi 18, 288–289, 291Diaspora 10, 65, 81, 157, 164–166, 169, 171,173–174, 180, 198, 247, 294–296

Didache 5, 42–43, 68, 71, 77, 312Diognetus 80–81disciple(s) 4–8, 23, 31, 39–40, 42, 45, 47–49,51–60, 66, 82, 85–94, 96–97, 99–100,104–111, 116–120, 123, 126, 154, 160,164–165, 170–171, 175, 178–179, 186, 245,304, 306

discipleship 22, 39–42, 61, 261, 304,309–310

Easter 26, 48, 55–57, 89, 104, 109, 123, 127,150, 154–155, 157–158, 160, 162, 178, 301

ecclesia peregrinans 6, 7, 99, 105, 111Egypt 18, 159, 166–167, 178, 261, 264,268–269, 273–274, 282–285, 293, 295–297

Emmaus 7, 104–105, 117emperor, the 15–16, 69, 77, 134, 177, 232,243, 254, 256–257

enemy/enemies 4–5, 63–85 passim, 130,137, 157, 267–269, 272–274, 277

ethics 31, 41, 63, 70, 82–83, 92, 302,307–308

ethnicity 12–13, 78, 81, 193–210 passimEucharist 40, 42, 91, 95, 312

eunuch, Ethiopian 9, 122, 147, 149, 170Europe 8–9, 115, 131, 136, 288–290,296–297

exodus 16–17, 79, 81, 117, 166–167,261–262, 265–278

ἐξουσία 48, 101, 158Ezekiel 14, 58, 214–218

faith 8, 12–13, 15, 19, 21–24, 32, 40, 73, 81,86–89, 94, 96–97, 122–123, 125, 138, 145,153, 156–158, 162, 164, 169, 171–172,181–188, 190–191, 193–194, 196, 201,203–209, 227, 233, 239, 241, 244–245,252–253, 255–256, 258, 265–266, 276, 299

family 39–40, 64–65, 77, 99, 152, 167, 191,196, 207, 240, 248, 263, 266, 273, 278, 285

festival(s) 65, 78, 82, 95, 234, 236, 243,247–248, 250, 252, 264, 294

foreigner(s) 64–65, 149forgiveness 59, 61, 68, 85, 90, 106–107, 257

Galatia 8–9, 11, 129, 132, 138–143Galatians 8, 11–12, 71, 73, 129, 138, 142,181–192

Galilee 4, 10, 40, 45, 49, 53, 56–59, 90, 95,99, 102–103, 108–110, 116, 151, 152, 154,157, 165, 169

genealogy 18, 53, 157, 202, 205, 207, 281,285–286

Gentile(s) 3–4, 9–14, 41, 43, 45–61 passim,82, 107, 119, 122, 125, 131, 145–162 passim,164, 172–174, 176–177, 179–183, 186–188,191–192, 194, 196–198, 201–202, 206,208–209, 211–212, 215, 217, 221–222, 225,229, 233, 249–251, 276, 294, 308

geography/geographical 17, 51, 65, 116,119, 135, 139–140, 165, 174, 228, 279–297passim

God 5, 11–12, 14, 28, 30, 33–36, 42, 48,56–59, 67, 69–70, 72, 74–75, 79–80, 83, 89,94, 103–105, 107–108, 121–122, 124, 130,132, 134–135, 137–138, 158–160, 162,165–170, 172–173, 175–180, 183–185,187–193, 196–209, 212–218, 221–222

– creator 165, 176, 181, 187–189, 203, 206,224

– gift(s) of God 31, 36, 81, 125, 167, 204,231, 267

– grace of God 121–122, 124, 173, 221, 225,239, 266, 275–277

– kingdom of God 6–8, 31, 34–38, 42, 57,80, 83, 99–101, 103, 113–127 passim,155, 303, 307–308, 312

– of the fathers 135, 167, 270– of the Gentiles 11, 187, 192, 201


– of the Jews/Israel 11, 181, 187–188, 192,198, 201

– people of God 10–11, 13–14, 38, 42, 56,60, 65–66, 80, 93, 109, 149, 156, 173, 177,179, 185, 191, 193, 196, 198, 212, 221,225, 299

– presence of God 11, 166–168, 178, 267– promise(s) of God 13, 60, 65, 120, 179,

200, 203–204, 207, 209, 291– reign/rule of God 7, 34–36, 38, 80,

113–114, 119, 125– revelation of God 21, 23, 43, 69, 131, 166– Son of God 4, 22, 45, 49, 51, 53–54, 58, 97– the one God 11, 83, 94, 181–182,

187–188, 190, 192, 201– throne of God 148, 222– will of God 132–133, 137, 148, 185, 233– word of God 20–21, 121, 175, 231–232,

239, 242god-fearers 9–10, 13, 147, 150, 157, 166, 200Gog 18, 281–282gospel (message) 3, 14, 17, 39, 60, 109,121–122, 124, 126–127, 130, 132–133, 135,152, 163–164, 169–170, 179, 211, 218, 222,224, 230–232, 245, 250, 280, 297, 299

– spread of the gospel 8–9, 131, 163, 166,169

– proclamation/preaching of the gospel8–10, 14–16, 31, 50, 101, 116, 122, 127,134, 169–170, 174, 182–183, 225,230–232, 279

gospels, synoptic 6–7, 25–27, 85, 89, 109,113, 115–117, 123–124, 127, 171, 256, 303,308, 310, 312

Greece 116, 134, 137, 152, 284, 289, 291Greek 9–10, 18–19, 33, 58, 81–82, 86–87,102, 129, 136, 140–143, 145–146, 150, 152,165, 169, 187, 197, 199, 215, 217, 234, 270,273, 281, 286–289, 293

Greeks 13, 81, 86, 133, 147, 198–199,208–209, 250, 282

Ham 18, 281–284, 287, 289, 291, 295–297Hasmonean(s) 18, 287, 294hate 68–69, 71–72, 74, 76–77, 79–82Hebrew (language) 29, 36, 58, 114, 152, 215,217, 265, 272, 274, 281, 283, 286

heir(s) 12–13, 51, 155, 187–188, 191,196–197, 202, 205, 207

Hellenistic 66, 68, 71, 73, 76, 92, 100, 124,157, 171, 173, 195, 198, 206, 291

Hellenists 9–11, 66, 145–150, 152, 154, 156,158, 161–162, 165–166, 168, 170, 173–174

holy 42, 74, 190Holy One, the 85, 96–97

household 16–17, 40, 167, 172, 235, 240,248, 250, 261–278 passim

identity 4–5, 8, 11, 13, 15, 24, 51, 56, 63–66,71, 78, 88, 110, 113, 122–123, 125, 167–168,170, 176, 179–180, 185, 191, 193–200,203–206, 209–210, 250

– Jewish identity 13, 66, 71, 176, 197, 210,250

immigrants 180, 294, 296infants 14–17, 227, 237, 241, 261, 263, 265,268–270, 275, 277–278

Isaac 155, 196, 200, 207–209Israel 3–5, 10, 45–61 passim, 65–66, 75, 81,93–94, 107–108, 118–120, 124, 131, 145,149, 155–157, 159–161, 163–164, 166–170,176–179, 188, 191, 206, 209, 216–218,266–270, 273–274, 280, 285, 305

Israelite(s) 18, 76, 207, 212, 248, 269,285–286, 293

James 16, 118, 245– letter of James 30, 71Japheth 18, 281–282, 287, 289, 291, 295–297Jerusalem 4, 7, 9–10, 15–16, 18, 49–50,52–54, 60, 65, 78, 95, 99, 102–110, 116, 120,130, 131, 134–135, 139, 145–146, 148–152,156, 160–162, 164–166, 168–176, 178–180,232, 243, 245–252, 259, 273, 279, 282–284,286, 289, 291–294, 296–297

– pilgrimage to Jerusalem 10, 95, 149, 247– population of Jerusalem 16, 53, 245–248Jesus– appearance of Jesus 89–91, 104, 106, 158– ascension of Jesus 7–8, 103, 105–107, 109,

113, 120–122, 124, 127, 239, 301– at the right hand of God 7, 58, 103,

106–108, 148– baptism of Jesus 39, 273–274, 277, 299,

307, 310– birth of Jesus 6, 22, 101– commission of Jesus 45, 50, 54–55, 60,

164, 176–179– death/passion/execution of Jesus 4, 23,

27, 47, 59–61, 85, 87, 94, 95, 109, 116,122, 127, 145, 159, 186, 249, 301

– divine sonship of Jesus 51, 54– exaltation of Jesus 7, 89, 103, 107–108,

110, 145, 161– faith in Jesus 86, 125, 185, 245, 252, 299– followers of Jesus 21, 39–40, 130, 135, 178,

211–212, 221, 225, 243– historical Jesus 6, 21–25, 27, 29, 171– inaugural speech of Jesus/Sermon on the

Mount 5, 63, 66–73 passim, 83

346 Index

– ministry of Jesus 30, 39, 47, 51–53, 59, 95,99, 102–104, 116, 125, 127, 151, 156,170, 172, 311

– mission of Jesus 4–5, 51, 53, 85, 157– parousia of Jesus 52, 116, 118, 122–123– picture/portrait of Jesus 6, 22–25, 27, 99,

171, 305, 311– rejection of Jesus 4, 47, 53, 103– resurrection of Jesus 6–9, 15, 22, 25–26,

54, 57, 59–60, 82, 85, 87, 89, 97, 104–107,113, 116, 120–122, 124–125, 127,155–156, 161, 206, 230, 239, 276, 301

– risen Jesus 89, 104, 117–120, 157, 177, 179– teaching/preaching/message/saying of

Jesus 3, 7–8, 10, 25, 28–31, 33, 36, 38,52, 56, 60, 66, 70, 73–80, 82, 92–93, 96,99, 101, 105, 113–120, 122–123,126–127, 150, 152, 155–156, 164, 176,303, 312

– tomb of Jesus 6, 88–89, 91– tradition 10, 26, 38, 73, 102, 120, 125,

145–162 passim– trial /arrest of Jesus 6, 52–53, 56–57,

88–89Jesus movement 8, 78, 126, 130, 244–245,249–250, 252, 259

Jew(s) 3–5, 9–11, 13, 16–17, 36, 40–42,45–61 passim, 64–66, 71, 75, 77–78, 81–82,94–96, 105, 118, 131, 134, 145, 154–156,161, 164–165, 169, 171–174, 177, 179–182,186–188, 192–193, 197–199, 201, 206–210,211–212, 221, 225, 237, 245, 247, 249–251,272, 277, 280, 292–295, 308–309

Jews and/or Gentiles /Greeks 13–14, 41, 45,50, 54, 56, 122, 125, 133, 148, 174, 187, 191,194, 197, 199, 208, 211–212, 222, 250–251,276, 294

John, Gospel of 5, 25, 30, 71, 85–97, 113,120, 124, 300, 303, 308–309

Jonah 155–156, 179, 283Joshua 273–274Jubilees 18, 203, 280, 283–292, 295–297Judaism 8–9, 15–16, 28, 34, 36, 56, 66, 114,126, 130–131, 172, 176, 188, 191–192, 197,224, 236, 243, 249, 259, 268, 279, 294

– ancient /early /first-century Judaism 15,28, 36, 56, 126, 191, 245, 249, 259, 268,279

– Second Temple Judaism 157, 159, 247Judea 11, 40, 95, 107, 164, 169, 173, 176,249, 259, 291, 293, 295–297

Judeans 13, 193–194, 198–203, 205–210,291

judgement 28, 37, 47–50, 53, 57, 154–155,168–169, 179, 212, 219, 224–225, 305

jurisdictions 12, 181, 184, 186

justify /justification 6, 12, 80, 156, 181, 183,185, 196, 201, 203

Justin (Martyr) 5, 68–69, 71, 75–77, 81, 83,252, 256, 271

kingdom of God; see Godkings/kings of the earth 14, 69, 211,213–214, 216–218, 221–223, 225, 254,283–285

Kyrios 104–105

Lamb, the 222–225lambs 6, 92–93, 97, 269land, holy 5, 65, 110λαός 48, 60, 79Law/Torah 121, 131, 135, 166, 176, 182,185, 188, 206, 209, 238, 248, 277, 280, 293

– works of the Law 12, 156, 181–186, 191Libya 18, 282–285, 288, 291, 293, 295–297life, eternal 8, 43, 96, 124–125, 127literature, Jewish 35–36, 66, 113–114Lord (Jesus) 8, 42, 48, 59, 88, 89, 91–93,96–97, 100, 103, 105, 107–109, 121–122,124–125, 130, 133–134, 138–139, 145, 158,170–171, 173, 175–176, 180, 237, 241

Lord’s Prayer 32–33, 42, 309–312love 4–6, 68, 71, 73–74, 92, 94, 97, 149, 237,302

– love of enemy 4–5, 63–83Lud 18, 282–283, 285–286, 290–291, 297Luke, gospel of 6–8, 99–111 passim, 116,121, 123–125, 151, 170, 173, 176, 179, 302

– travel narrative (in Luke) 6–7, 99,101–105, 108, 111, 170–171

Lydia 18, 281–283, 286, 290, 297

Macedonia 9, 133–134Magog 18, 281–283map(s) 9, 17–18, 129, 140–141, 143,279–297 passim

– ethnic map 194, 208Mark, Gospel of 10, 26, 52, 99, 102–104,109–110, 151–152, 159, 231, 256

– Proto-Mark 151–152, 154martyrdom 10, 57, 110, 146, 148, 168,254–255

martyrs 16, 134, 195, 243–244, 252–258passim

– blood of the martyrs 15–16, 243–244,252–253

Mary Magdalene 6, 56, 88Matthew, gospel of 3–4, 39, 45–61, 103, 109,151, 153, 157–158, 304–305, 307

meal 43, 91, 105, 126, 233Mediterranean, the 11, 18, 110, 175, 178,188, 283, 285–286, 288–289, 296–297


memory 6, 12–13, 32, 105, 152, 193–196,201–205, 207–210

Mesopotamia 166, 282, 284–286, 290, 293,295–297

Messiah 10, 22, 51, 54, 56, 58–59, 86, 97,117, 130, 147, 151, 154, 156–158, 245, 249

messianic 4, 8–9, 35, 51, 56–59, 106,122–125, 145–148, 150–151, 155, 159–161,301

migration 10–11, 111, 163–180 passim, 269migrant(s) 11, 167–168, 170–171, 174–175,178–179

milk, spiritual 15, 227, 237–242mission 38, 41–42, 45–61 passim, 63, 192,280, 297

– apostolic mission 45, 60– (early) Christian mission 4, 5, 10–11, 18,

63, 81, 83, 109, 163–164, 168, 174, 177,279

– in the Gospel of Matthew 3, 45–61– of Jesus 4–5, 51, 53, 85, 106, 157–158– of Paul 8, 11, 132–133, 136, 142, 200, 209– of the (early) church 3–4, 7, 13, 17, 45–46,

54, 77, 106, 109, 117, 126, 211– of the disciples 85, 117, 126,– of the Hellenists 145–162 passim– to the Gentiles /nations 3–4, 9–10, 39, 45,

107, 119, 145–162 passim, 173, 176– to Israel /the Jews 3–4, 45–61 passim– universal /worldwide mission 4–5, 109,

170, 287missionary/ies 6, 11–12, 41, 63, 83, 85, 89,92, 163, 169, 171–172, 174, 177–179,181–182, 192, 230

missionary activity 12, 50, 108, 129, 172,175, 177, 192, 232

missionary journey 8–9, 117, 137–138,140–141

mother 56, 239–240– of Jesus 51, 88, 101Mysia 9, 140–142

nations 3–4, 14, 17–18, 39, 45–61 passim,65–66, 70, 79, 82, 93, 106, 135, 145,148–149, 158–161, 169, 176, 181–183, 187,192, 199, 202, 205–208, 211–225 passim,254, 279–297 passim

– table of nations 18, 280, 282, 286, 289,292–293, 295

Nazarenes 243, 246neighbour 5, 64–65, 67, 70, 74, 77Noah 18, 280–281, 285, 287, 291–292,295–296

offspring 12, 18, 120, 181, 186–187, 196,234, 265, 280–281, 285–286

Old Testament 8, 10, 14, 21–22, 28, 32,35–36, 48–51, 56, 60, 93, 113–114, 119,121–122, 145, 148–149, 155, 159, 161, 167,169, 178, 188, 211–212, 214–215, 268, 272

omphalos (of the world) 288–289, 291Origen 17, 78, 261, 263, 271–275, 278

Pamphylia 293, 295–297πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 17, 49–53, 55, 65, 183, 279,297

paraenesis /paraenetic 70, 72, 75, 79, 233,237–238

Passover 89, 95, 247–248, 264, 269Paul 8–9, 11–13, 15, 17, 23, 64, 71, 73,81–82, 87, 89, 108–110, 116–118, 122,124–125, 127, 129–143 passim, 149–150,152, 156, 159, 161, 166, 169–178 passim,181–192 passim, 193–210 passim, 215,231–232, 245, 249–251, 258, 262–263,265–269, 271–273, 276–277, 294, 299–301,304, 311

– gospel of Paul 127, 177, 201– letters of Paul / Pauline letters 40, 113,

115, 126, 224, 256Pentecost 10, 15–16, 18, 95, 107, 118, 164,173, 232, 245–251, 292, 294

people, Jewish 4, 11, 41, 119, 181, 188, 218,284

persecution 5, 7, 11, 15–16, 52, 57, 66, 69,71–72, 77, 109, 130, 145, 160–161, 164, 169,171, 174, 176–178, 229, 235, 243–245,252–258

Peter 5–6, 11, 15–16, 40, 85–97, 104,107–108, 131, 150, 152, 156, 160–161, 170,172–174, 179, 247, 249, 251, 276, 295, 309,311

– commission to Peter 87, 90, 92–93– confession of Peter 85–97 passimPeter, First letter of 14–15, 71, 227–242Philip (one of the seven) 11, 116, 121–122,149, 170, 173

Philippi 9, 131–133, 178Philo 17, 74, 188–191, 203, 206, 234–236,238, 265, 269–271, 278

Phrygia 18, 139–141, 281–282, 293,295–297

Pilate 4, 47–48, 53pilgrim(s)/pilgrimage 10, 16, 45, 56, 95, 108,146, 149, 164, 247–248, 250–251, 294, 296

Polycarp 69, 254–255poor, Jesus and the 27–31, 85, 303–304population 16, 53, 58, 140, 146–147, 221,245–248

pray/prayer 5, 28, 33, 40, 42, 58, 67–69, 72,77–78, 80, 104, 133, 137–138, 149, 172, 206,254

348 Index

Prayer, the Lord’s 32–33, 42, 309–312prophecy 14, 212–214, 217, 222, 225– Christian prophecy 13, 211– Old Testament prophecy 10, 148, 158, 212prophet(s) 14, 40, 53, 58, 101–102, 121, 124,132, 138, 154–155, 158, 167, 174, 189–190,211, 213–215, 218–219, 230–231, 269, 307

promise(s)/promise(d) 5, 8, 12–13, 18, 22,45, 53, 60, 65, 79, 82, 88, 106–108, 118, 120,122, 127, 132, 166, 175, 179, 181, 184–188,198, 200, 202–209, 249–250, 272, 291

proselyte(s) 10, 16, 147–148, 164–165, 180,188–191, 203, 206, 229, 293–294

Q 10, 101–102, 150–151, 153–154, 156

Red Sea 17, 167, 267–275, 277–278,282–283, 291

repentance 14, 28, 48, 52, 106, 122, 125,154–156, 161, 168, 212, 221, 224–225, 249,266

Revelation of John 13–14, 211–225righteous/righteousness 13, 73, 136,183–184, 189, 201–205, 209, 212, 219

rock, the 6, 85, 87, 97Romans (people) 48, 64, 140, 293–296Rome 9, 11, 15, 77, 109–110, 116, 132–136,152, 160, 165, 175, 177, 194, 223, 232, 240,251, 284, 294, 296–297, 307

Sabbath(s) 82, 149, 191, 264sacrifice(s) 159, 175, 234, 255– of Isaac 196, 200, 207– to the emperor/Roman gods 16, 254, 257salvation 7–8, 11, 14, 17, 28, 36, 53, 56,60–61, 82, 109, 113, 115, 118–119, 121–127,132, 160, 168–170, 172, 178, 209, 211, 225,230–231, 237, 241, 261–262, 267–269, 273,276

salvation history/salvation-historical 8, 21,50, 53, 55–56, 113, 116, 120, 122, 124, 196

Samaria 11, 77, 102–103, 107, 116, 164,169–170, 173, 178

Satan 97, 119, 137, 271Scripture(s), the 11–12, 21, 31, 76, 89,104–106, 122, 130, 133, 147, 183–185, 188,230–231, 300

– Jewish/Hebrew Scriptures 12, 15, 182,201, 203, 229

scroll 14, 213–214, 216, 218–220, 222Servant of the Lord 159–160Shem 18, 281–282, 285, 287, 289–291,295–297

shepherd 6, 51, 56–59, 85, 88, 91–94, 167Sidon 10, 154, 157, 282Silas 132, 138, 174–175

sin 184–185, 263, 266, 273, 276–277, 311slave(s) 14, 17, 82, 132, 165, 167, 187, 191,202, 223, 229, 240, 264

Son of Man/son of man 10, 52, 58, 99–100,102–103, 145, 148, 155, 158–159, 161–162,213, 216–217, 222

space 63–65, 78, 81–82, 87, 90Spain 9, 131, 134–136, 177, 282–283Spirit /Holy Spirit 7, 9, 12, 21, 85, 103,106–109, 118, 120, 132, 134–135, 138–142,163–164, 170, 173–174, 179–180, 182, 184,186–191, 230, 249, 267, 276, 312

Stephen 10–11, 106, 145–146, 148, 151, 158,163, 165–169, 173, 178

synagogue(s) 50, 133–134, 147, 153, 157,165, 206, 250–251

Syria 18, 140, 147, 151–152, 172–173, 282,286

temple 23, 60, 148, 165–171, 178, 217,291–292

temptation 33, 229, 234, 267territory 5, 35, 55, 58, 64–66, 78, 81–82,114, 136, 140, 157, 285–286, 296

Tertullian 15, 69, 76–77, 79–80, 252–255,261, 271, 284

Theophilus of Antioch 69, 74, 284, 297Thessalonica 9, 133, 136–138Thomas, Gospel of 7, 115, 308–309Timothy 137–138, 175tongue(s) 14, 18, 81, 211, 217, 221–225, 268,292–293

tradition(s), Jewish 17, 49, 126, 182, 195,203, 219, 268

Trajan 141, 256tribes of Israel, twelve 54–55, 58–59, 108,118, 160, 272

– restoration of tribes of Israel 54–55,58–59, 118–120, 176

Tyre 10, 154, 157–158

virtue(s) 63, 190, 255, 273

Way, the 5–7, 11, 99–100, 102, 104–105,108, 110–111, 121, 170

women 14, 17, 53, 57, 88–89, 104, 131, 157,178, 229, 245, 263, 268–270

world 13–14, 18, 22, 31, 42, 81, 83, 86, 99,103–104, 108–111, 119, 135–136, 147, 158,160, 176, 188–189, 190, 194, 205, 208, 212,221–225, 242, 247, 253–254, 279–280,285–292, 297, 311

– ancient world 4, 169, 174– ends of the world/earth 11, 110, 135, 155,

164, 168, 284, 297


– Graeco-Roman world 63–64, 72, 106, 124,199

– inhabited world 18, 281, 283, 292– map(s) of the world 280–281, 283, 286,

288–290, 297– people of the world 14, 211–225 passim

world view 5, 14, 22, 81–82, 227, 241worldwide 42, 109, 170, 178, 284, 287, 310

Zion 45, 56, 80, 146, 289, 292, 293– pilgrimage to Zion 45, 56, 146

The Church and Its Mission in the New Testament and Early Christianity … · 2019. 6. 21. · The...

Documents

Transcript of The Church and Its Mission in the New Testament and Early Christianity … · 2019. 6. 21. · The...