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HANDBOOKS

/riiTHE STUDY OE SANSKEIT.

KDITKl) liY

/ ^JIAX MULLElllrM.A.TATLOIUAN rRO(B5bOU OF MuDP.RK KU&Ol'EAN LAMOl'AOKS AND X.1TBRATUU*

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HANDBOOKS FOR THE STUDY 01^ SANSKRIT.

j

The FIRST BOOK of the 1IIT0PADESA \ contatniag the SanskritI

Text, with Interlinear Translation, Grammatical Analjai^, and English Trans-j

lotion. Kditcd by Max Mullzk, M.A. Royal 8to. or the Sanskrit Text|

• only, 6

THE

FIEST BOOK OP THE HITOPADESA.

SANSKRIT TEXT.

LONDON:

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.1868.

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LONDON: PRINIBD BY.

flPOtltStrODUB AND CO.. NBW-BTBCBT SQCiRBAND PAULIAHSNT BTB£EI

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PREFACE.

A SERIES of Handbooks for the study of Sanskrit seems to be required atthe present moment by two classes of readers ; by those who, as candidates

for the Indian Civil Service, are anxious to acquire that amount of familiarity

with the grammar and literature of the classical language of India, which is

not only useful for an honourable acquitment at the public examinations, but

serves as the best foundation for the subsequent study of the spoken vernacu-

lars ; and by that steadily increasing number of scholars who wish to gain anelementary, yet accurate, knowledge of a language which is the key to the

secrets of Comparative Philology.

There is, indeed, no lack of books in English for those who makeSanskrit the study of their life; and even continental scholars who wish toacquire a sound and profound knowledge of the ancient language and litera-

ture of India, must still have recourse to the masterworks of English scholarssuch as Colebrooke, Prinsep, and Wilson, The first volume of Colebrooke’sSanskrit Grammar, published sixty years ago, is a monument of Englishscholarship which has never been surpassed by any subsequent grammar,whether in English, German, or French. Professor Benfey’s large Sanskrit

Grammar, published at Leipzig in 1852, is the only work that rivals it incomprehensiveness and authoritativeness.* The Dictionary of Wilson, towhich is mainly doe the rapid progress which Sanskrit scholarship has madein the Universities of Europe, is still the only complete thesaurus of the

language of ancient India. There are the editUmes prineipes, the original

translations, the comprehensive essays, doe to the honest industry of such

men as Sir W. Jones, Wilkins, Colebrooke, Wilson, and Ballantyne, whichwill always keep their place of honour in the library of every student of

Sanskrit. But these works are available to advanced scholars only, whilethe elementary books now accessible to English students who wish to beginthe study of Sanskrit, and who, in many cases, have to begin it without thehelp of a master, are, with rare exceptions, edited in such a manner that theyfail in the very elements of grammar, and unnecessarily retard the progress

even of the most painstaking pupils. It has been said, indeed, with soma

apparent truth, that the race of bonafide Sanskrit scholars seemed for a time

extinct in England ; but the late publications of Mr. J. Muir of Edinburgh,

and Professor E. B. Cowell of Calcutta, bear witness that in Sanskrit

scholarship, too, England will always hold her own, and that, with the

* The game amhor has lately pablished a * Practical Grauunar of the Sanskrit Languagefor the Use of early Stndenta,’ London, 1 863.

a

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advantages enjoyed by the members of the Civil Service in India, there willnever be wanting worthy successors of Colebrooke and Wilson—men whohave not only mastered the intricacies of Sanskrit grammar, but who arecapable of reading Sanskrit MSS., and contributing towards the progress ofSanskrit scholarship by editing texts that have never been edited before, andtranslating texts that have never been translated before.

The present scries of handbooks is intended to comprise an elementaryGrammar for English students, a Sanskrit-English Dictionary, and theordinary text-books, the Hitopade^a, the Laws of Manu, the play of Sakuntal^the Kala, and snch other works as may hereafter seem to be called for eitherin England or in India. A Manual of Comparative Philology, written withspecial reference to Greek and Latin, is likewise in preparation. The co-operation of several eminent Sanskrit scholars has been secured.

The first volume of the series contains the First Book of the Hitopadela,n work which, since the days of Sir William Jones, has been used as the text-book in all Colleges and Public Examinations. The Sanskrit text has been soarranged that even those who are not able to command the assistance of anefficient teacher will be able by themselves to read, parse, and translate everyword of this ancient collection of Indian fables.

The first line contains the Sanskrit text in Devanagari letters, the wordsproperly joined according to the rules of Sandhi.

The second line gives every word transcribed in Roman letters. Thesystem of transliteration is that of Sir W. Jones, with a few modificationswhich are now generally adopted by Sanskrit scholars. The words areseparated, and the final and initial letters allowed to remain unatfccted by therules of Sandhi. Compound words have been divided, and the single wordswhich enter into composition are given in their crude forms. Tims saiii-shritoklishu is printed samskrita-uktishu, but not lam-krita-uktishu, because

it is samskrila, as a ready-made word, that caters into composition with ukti.

Samsharas, on the contrary, is divided into sam-karas, thus showing the

reader that the insertion of the s, and the change of m into Anusvura, are tlioresult of the composition of karas with tarn. According to the same system

snmiinnatim is printed sam-itd-natim, rajaputras appears as rajan-putras,

upaiti as upa-eti, &c. Two advantages are thus secured : the pupil iswarned against reading the Devanagari text too mechanically by the aid of

the transliteration, and his attention is from the first attracted to the rules

which govern the composition of words.

The third line contains a grammatical analysis of every word. The spacethat could be spared for this being very limited, it was necessary to use

abbreviations, a complete list of which will bo found at the end of the preface.

The fourth line supplies an English interlinear translation. As far aspossible each Sanskrit word is here rendered by an English word, the suc-

cession of words in Sanskrit being preserved throughout in English. Anyattempt at English idiom was ont of the question

;yet it is hoped that, by the

help of the grammatical analysis, this English transvocabulation (tit venia

verbo) may be intelligible and useful to a diligent student.From page 38 the transliteration is discontinued. The student, after having

worked his way through the first thirty-eight pages, ought to be sufficientlyfamiliarised with the Devanagari alphabet to be able to dispense henceforth

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with tJie Roman transcript. In order to mark the end of words wliich in ItioDevanagari text are joined together with the next following words, a dot

has been placed beneath the final letter, an expedient whieh, it is hoped, will

prove useful to the beginner, and do away with the necessity of separating

the final and initial letters of words which, according to the genius of the

Sanskrit language, cannot be conceived as separated from each other.

From page 68 the grammatical analysis too has been discontinued. Thestudent, after having read so far, may reasonably be supposed to have acquiredsuch a knowledge of the elements of Sanskrit grammar as to be able to readthe rest of the first book of the Hitopadesa with the help of a literal inter-

linear translation.

The Sanskrit text is chiefly based on that of Lakshami NarayanNyalankar, in his edition of the Hitopadesa, with a Bengali and English

translation, Calcutta, 1830. Deviations from that text were only resorted

to where grammar, regard for the difficulties of beginners, or decency,

seemed to require it. That text was chosen as an authority, partly because

it was desirable to have, as far as possible, the same text in the examinations

in India and in England, partly because an eclectic text, even one so carefully

elaborated as that of Schlegel and Lassen, seemed to be incompatible with those

jirinciples of diplomatic criticism which are now adopted by all sound scholars,not only in Greek and Latin, but likewise in Sanskrit and Oriental literature.

No attempt has yet been made to arrange the numerous MSS. of the Hitopadesagenealogically, and there is hardly another work with which each copyist has

ventured to take such liberties as with this, the most popular story-book of

India. Until MSS. have been genealogically arranged, a selection of certainplausible readings from this or that MS. is worse than useless. In my trans-lation of the Hitopadesa, published in the year 1844, I pointed out that an

eclectic re.storation of the text, even if earried out by men of taste andprofound scholarship, could never satisfy the demands of modern criticism.

As the labour of collating and classifying the MSS. of the Hitopade.sa wouldhave been very great, and as, owing to the nature of this popular work, theresult would always have been problematical, I determined to make no attemptat a critical restoration of the text, but to adhere throughout to some one native

authority. The reason why I preferred the text of Lakshami Narayan Nyulan-kar, the Bengali editor and translator of this Indian school-book, to any single

MS. of the Hitopadesa, was, as I stated before, of a purely practical nature—

I

wished there should be, ns far as possible, a certain uniformity in the text-books

used in England and in India. I have also to confess that in cases where such

common phrases as tatha cha, aparam cha, tatha cha uhtam (‘and thus it issaid’) would have entailed a blank space of four lines, they have sometimes

been omitted, and that the same consideration has occasionally required the

omission of certain portions in the grammatical analysis of the text.

The manuscript of the First Book of the Hitopadesa, as here printed, wascarefully prepared fur me, according to the principles just explained, by

Dr. F. Kielhorn, and I hope that the labour bestowed upon it by him and by

myself will prove useful to that daily increasing class of scholars who wish toacquire an accurate knowledge of the classical language of ancient India,

whether as a preparation for the study of the spoken vernacul .rs, or os an

introduction to the science of language.

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Transliteration of the Devan&gari Alphabet.

a au th bh

a k d m

T i kh dh y

t i g w n ra gh 7T t 1

& n th V

ri ch d &

chh dh sh

w |i j n 86 jh P h

ai s» n ph 'V aiii

o 1 b ah

N. Nominative.

List of

1

Pres. -

AhbreviaHont.

Present. Ind. Indeclinable.

G. - Genitive. Impf. - Imperfect. Adv. = Adverb.D. = Dative. Pcrf. = Perfect. Prep. = Preposition.Ac. a* Accusative. Aor. Aorist. rt. - rootV. * Vocative, Fut. Future. aff. affix.Ah. “ Ablative. Pot. - Potential. Compar. - Comparative.L =» InstrumentaL Imp. Imperative. Superl. B Superlative.L. Locative. Ptc. - Participle. T.p. = Tatpurusba.m. masculine. Inf. ” Infinitive. Harm. s= Karmadbara^^ff. = feminine. Ger. Gerund.

i

Babuv. B BahuvribLn. neuter. Par. =. Paraamaipada.

!Dvand. = Dvandva.

sg- “ singular. Atm. =» Atmanepada. Avyay. *=* Avyayibhfiva.pi. " pluraL Pass. - Passive. cf. = compare.du. duaL 1 Cans. m Causative. id. EB tbe same.

The Anusvara and the Nasal Dot.

Another abbreviation which I have adopted in the Sanskrit text requiresa few words of explanation.

According to Panini (viii. 3, 23), every m at the end of a word (porfo),may, before any consonant, be pronounced as Anusvara. Hence we find thefollowing combinations:—

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7T H ^rnrf^, ?! 7! ?itam tafii tam

^tam tam

‘ karoti, * ' kb^ati, ' gachchhati. ' ghoshayati. ' nakaram.

ri ?! fW’Tf^,• ^ . • ,

?! ?! Sd'WKlj ?! 3T9TT,

tam tam9

tam' chinoti. ' chhinatti.

8jayati. ' jhakaram.

10.‘ nakaram.

?! 3T9Tt, ?! •J9Tt, ?! ?! ?f

'* takaram.12

' (hakaram.IS

' dakaram.14

' dhakaram.15

' nakaram.

?! ?!

tam tamtudati.

17' thakaram. ' dadati.

19' dhamati. * nayati,

?! ?! ?! ftvfW, ?!

tam tam' pihati.

22‘ phalam. bodhati. ' bhinatti.

25' mochayati.

?! ?! ?! ?!

26. tam yati. 27. tam rakshati, 28. tam labhate. 29. tam valiati.

?! ?! wrt. ?! 9Ttw, ?!30. tam irinoti, 31. tam shakaram, 32. tam sarati. S3, tam harati.

According to the same Panini, however (viii. 4, 59), this Anusvars, at the

end of words, may be (not must be) pronounced like the nasal correspondingto the initial letter of the following word, unless that initial letter be i, s/>, s,

h ; to which may be added r. Hence we find

in 1- S, or ^ ^ karoti or tarn karoti

;

in 6-10, or chinoti or tam chinoti j

in 11-16, or ^ '29 1 takaram or tarn takaram

;

in 16-20, or ?T tan tudati or tam tudati

;

in 21-25, or H tam pibati or tam pibati.Of the semivowels, r only has no corresponding nasal, but % y, 1, v,have their corresponding nasals, written ^j, 5f, or lij, %, f, I, v. Hence,

in 26,

or Srrftj yeli or tam yati

;

in 28, fT^iTTT or 71 ?T*T7Ti labhate or tam labhatc

;

in 29, or 7f ta^ vahati or tam vabati.

In 30-33, before b, sh, s, h, and in 27, before r, the change of Hi into Anu-svara is absolute.

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All cases* are thus provided for in wliicli an m at the end of words isfollowed by a consonant. The only case not provided for is when m standsin pausa. Here, according to the strict interpretation of Panini, as no

change of m into Anusvara is prescribed, m ought to bo pronounced m.Wo now come to m in the middle of words. Here Panini prescribes, first

(viii. 3, 24), that m is pronounced as Anusvara before any consonant except y,r, I, Vf and n, fi, n, n, m. But this, in the peculiar style of his grammar, is onlya step to a further rule (viii. 4, 58), according to which every Anusvara thathas thus been enjoined, must be (not may be) pronounced like the nasal belong-ing to the consonant following, except before i, sh, s, h, where it remainsAnusvara. The long and short of these rules is, that m, in the middle of aword, is pronounced like the nasal of the consonant following, e.xcept before

y, r, /, V, A, A, n, n, m (where no change is enjoined by viii. 3, 24), and exceptbefore f, sh, s, h (where the change of m into Anusvara, prescribed by viii.3, 24, is not repealed by viii. 4, 58).

It is absolutely necessary, therefore, to pronounce :

(1) ^f%-f11 ahkita, ^f^rTT anchita, kundita, Slf^rlT

nandita, kampita.

It is absolutely necessary to pronounce

:

(2) TfTSrr gamyate, vfq; namrah, amlah

;

And it is absolutely necessary to pronounce :

(3) akraihsyate, saihskrita [likewise

yaiaihsi, dhanfiriislii, where Panini treats the inserted

nasal as n (num)].

All these rules will be found carefully observed in the text of the

Ilitopade^ with one exception. In apparent defiance of Panini, the best

MSS., and I would particularly instance the MSS. of the Samhita and Pada

texts of the Rig-Veda, write, not ^>ut '^f^rTT: not

^f%fTT > not but i not but ; not

* A few exceptions mentioned by F&nini serre only to confirm these general rulesas far as the m at the end of words is concerned. Thus (Fan. viii. 3, 25)» in the compoundsam-rdf, a great king, the m of sam, though according to Sanskrit grammarians, standing ut

the end of a word {^padanie\ must be pronounced as m, not as Anusvara. Hence,

samrat, not saibfat. But this applies to this one compound only ; hence

liTTflUTT. samrajit&, not samrajita.

Again (Pan. viiL 3, 2$), if initial h is followed by m, the final m of the preceding wordmay cither, according to the general rule, be pronounced as Annsv&ra, or remain m. Tims :

or htnalapati or kirn hmaiayati The reason of tliis

must be found in the slight pronunciation of h before m ; so that m, not A, seems to besounded as the initial of hmaiayati. The same option is given by some grammanans wiih

regard to words beginning with hy. A/, Iv. Natives very commonly write Bramha, instead of

Brahma^ i.o. they pronounce mh instead of hm. Fanini (viii. 3, 27), gives a similar optionwith regard to words beginning vvith An. Ucucc, Atm Anufc, or Am Anute.

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but qif^. The reason of this is palpal>le : it is easier to

write ’^^nrr than Wiiat applies to writing applies with still

greater force to printing, and I have, therefore, in all my Sanskrit publica-tions, preferred the more compendious system of representing the five nasals

before the consonants of their own classes by the dot above the line. It

should be clearly understood, however, that whether we write or

TSf%ffT, the rule of Panini, which refers to pronunciation and not to writing,

is equally absolute, and that in the middle of a word the only nasals that canbe sounded before k, kh, g, gh, ch, chh, j, jh, t, ih, d, dh, t, th, d, dh, p, pit, b,

bh, are the nasals of the five classes to which these consonants belong ('^,

). The dot, therefore, used in writing and printing is here

a mere graphic substitute for these five nasals, and in no way to be confoundedwith the dot as the sign of the Anusvara.

At the end of words, as the pronunciation in cases 1-25, 26, 28, 29, isoptional, the dot, which in accordance with mo^t MSS. I always prefer, mayeither be pronounced as Anusvara or looked upon as the graphic substitute forany of the five class-nasals and of the three nasalised semi-vowels. Only, if it

precedes words beginning with r, », s, h, the final dot most be pronounced

as Anusvara. Lastly, if words ending in m stand in pauia, the final dot,according to the strict interpretation of Panini, isalwaystobepronouniedasni.

Though this matter is in itself simple enough, it has been much com-

plicated by grammarians who did not perceive that the rules given by Paninirefer to pronunciation and not to writing, and that in Sanskrit MSS. andnative publications the dot has really two quite distinct functions :

1. It marks the sound of Anusvara at the end of words before i, sh, s, ft,

and r (optionally before any consonant), and in the middle of words before

i, sfi, g, ft.

2. It graphically replaces in the middle of words the five nasals before

the twenty mutes, and the m at the end of words in pausa.In an elementary book like the present, the consistent use of the dot

instead of the five class-nasals in the cases described above, has the advantage

that while it removes any doubt as to the original nature of final fi, n, and »,

when followed by initial sonant Palatals, Linguals, and Dentals,* it forcesthe student to practice the phonetic rules in order to be able to judge for

himself whether the dot represents the sound of Anusvara or whether it is

used as an abbreviation in place of one of the five class-nasals.

MAX MULLER.Wetmooth: September 1864.

* Thus tiiH jayati, always represents an original tin

jayati, he conquers them; while fff 5|?}f^i tim jayati, stands for an original

tilm jayati, he conquers her. The nasal dot never represents an original n

except in the middle of words before rf, dh. In cases like tatk6 cha, or

rnhumsa, the dot iR meant for Anusvara.

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CONTENTS

PAoa

Iktroupctiok 1

BOOK I.

FRIEND-ACOUISITION. ILLUSTRATED BY THE STORY OF THE CROW,

THE riGEONS, THE MOUSE, THE TORTOISE, AND THE DEER. S

PAlU-g

I. . Tue Traveller and the Tiger . . 6

II. . Tre Deer, the Jackal, and the Crow . n

III. . The Blind Vulture, the Cat, and the Birds . . 12

IV. . The History op Hiranyaka, the Mouse . 18

V. . The Old Man and hls Young Wife . IQ

VI. . Death of the greedy .Iackai. S4

VII. . The Prince and the Merchant’s Wife . 27

VIII. . The Jackal and the Elephant . , . 21

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fw^ -JT-^ ITTW ? f%% irt^TTfl^ ITBT^ '^XW^^ f%ffl«lir^«d It 'O II

5TT3im i

^TqisEwsi srmr’Tt sfrf^ft^ ^rom ii ^ ii

irnfWNlT Tirzf^Ti^’iTTR^ i ?r^

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€W^T 'XTT'^ ^ *IT^V TJ^ W. II X’ II^5T V5re^t%: I

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w®T^^f%ir»niT: ^ tt^t i

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'arw i ’ft?m f% ^^nwrcr^ i

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^ H^^W^OJrlT TJ^ TTWg^r: l TTW^T 1[^7T I^fT: I *IT5^ fM%fiT !irTf^f?^m »ri7r^ i

n wniTTW^*iTf^ ii 8^ ii

I wf%iw srrqw’RW^ ivj '•

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( 5 )

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^

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( 6 )

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( 7 )

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«i: qigf^ h ^if^: it u

ii

rpnm n «?} WTTiw^ f^¥: «fT: iffm I sfcnsft ai^qiRf^srf srf^srr ajfwf thit i

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?T3rsi7iqfT^

( 8 )

g>: ¥»ra: ii ii

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^rf%«5fr^fT: I ’^t: i

w I

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