TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY · nationales Forschungszentrum in der...

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KIT Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und nationales Forschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY www.kit.edu TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY Monika Schaeffer, Trevor Petney, Nina Littwin, Senta Muders, Miriam Pfäffle, Rainer Oehme

Transcript of TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY · nationales Forschungszentrum in der...

Page 1: TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY · nationales Forschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY TICKS

KIT – Universität des Landes Baden-Württemberg und

nationales Forschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

www.kit.edu

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

Monika Schaeffer, Trevor Petney, Nina Littwin, Senta Muders, Miriam Pfäffle, Rainer Oehme

Page 2: TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY · nationales Forschungszentrum in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTE DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY TICKS

Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

2

WHY TICKS?

Transmit a greater variety of pathogenic microorganisms, protozoa,

bacteria and viruses than any other arthropod vector group

Substantial impact on public health in the northern hemisphere

Evidence of an increase in distribution and abundance of ticks in

Europe due for example to climate change

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

3

TICKS IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

Almost 900 tick species described, 19 present in

Germany, 9 in Rhineland-Palatinate, 10 in

Baden-Württemberg

All ticks are obligate temporary parasites of

vertebrate animals

It is common for immatures (larvae and nymphs)

to feed on small animals

While adults may feed on large carnivores and

ungulates

At each blood meal ticks can become integrated

into the chain of pathogen transmission

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

Image: http://influentialpoints.com/Images/Ixodes_ricinus_sheep_tick-

female_questing_on_leaf_in_Dartmoor.jpg

Images: https://encrypted-

tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSx

7jhNJfJI0mVZXscF3V2eX3wIr2Ny3JVHsv

GSHXLoOyooG36ovg and

http://www.higieneambiental.com/sites/defa

ult/files/images/control-

plagas/cos/dermacentorM.jpg

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

4

WHAT MAKES TICKS TICK?

“A humidity rate of 85%, air temperatures of more than 6°C to 7°C

and a large number of blood-delivering hosts are the basic

requirements to make ticks “happy“.” (Süss 2008)

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

© Nina Littwin

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

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PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

http://www.empirestatelymediseaseassociation.org/ticks/tick-dirty-secrets.htm

„Ticks are very finicky, like one of those

brats who will only eat cookies“. D.E. Sonenshine (2000)

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

6

PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

7

PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION

Horizontal (tick by another tick) Vertical (different life stages)

reservoir host transstadial

co-feeding transovarial

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

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PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION

Co-feeding

Babesia spp, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Candidatus Neoehrlichia

mikurensis (CNM), Rickettsia spp. and TBE-V can be transmitted

horizontally (via saliva of a feeding tick)

Bbsl and TBE-V infected ticks rarely transmit pathogens transovarially,

more likely to occur for Rickettsia spp

CNM mainly a rodent-associated pathogen

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

9

PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

Liu XY, Bonnet SI (2014) Hard Tick Factors Implicated in Pathogen Transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(1): e2566. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002566

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

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TICKS AND TBD IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

Lyme-Borreliosis (LB)

most common vector-borne viral

pathogen in Germany

250-400 cases per year, recently

tenfold higher risk than in the

1980s

Tick-borne-encephalitis

(TBE) most frequent vector-borne

disease in Germany

50,000-100,000 cases per year

estimated

18 species described in the

sensu lato complex, 5 species

pathogenic for humans

prevalence: 1% in larvae, 10% in

nymphs and 20% in adults

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

Images: http://textbookofbacteriology.net/borrelia.jpg and http://ars.els-

cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1877959X14000351-gr4.jpgand

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

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TICKS AND TBD IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

Rickettsiaceae

6 species described in

Germany, 5 transmitted by

ticks

most common species

R.helvetica

mainly described in immuno-

compromised patients

Candidatus Neoehrlichia

mikurensis (CNM)

mainly rodent-associated

pathogen

Exposure of people to

infected ticks is expected to

be on the rise

A COMPARISON OF TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES BETWEEN

RHINELAND-PALATINATE AND NORTH BADEN

10/31/2016

https://microbewiki.kenyon.

edu/images/thumb/1/1e/Ne

oehrlichiamikurensis.jpg/18

0px-

Neoehrlichiamikurensis.jpg

Neoehrlichiosis Rickettsiosis

http://itg.author-

e.eu/Generated/pubx/173/mm_files/do_3160/co_68355/cd_1002_015c.jpg

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

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PROJECTS

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

Ticks on big game

Ticks on small mammals

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

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STUDY AREAS – SMALL MAMMAL PROJECTS

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

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1

2

3

4

http://www.hochwarth.com/hochwarth/images/pictures/Germany.States.gif

1

2

3

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

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STUDY AREAS

in Rhineland-Palatinate mixed

forest (oak, beech, pine)

medium soil wetness

little difference in height, 136 -

156m (a.s.l.)

in Baden-Württemberg hardwood

alluvial forest and mixed forest

(pine and beech)

moderately damp till dry soil

height differing from 100 up to

610m (a.s.l.)

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

BW

RP

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

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METHODS – SMALL MAMMAL PROJECTS

Small Mammal Trapping

March -October

two consecutive days and nights / month

patches of 1600/2500m2

5x5/6x12 Longworth life traps per grid

Examination

determination of individual host characteristics

individual foot tattoo (least invasive)

tick collection and determination

analysis of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.,

Rickettsia spec., CNM, using PCR

Drag-Sampling of 100m2 at each habitat

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

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Images: G. Wagner-Vogel, N. Littwin,, L. Kratzer

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

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RESULTS – SMALL MAMMAL PROJECTS

SMALL MAMMAL COMMUNITY IN 2014

all habitats house 4 species: Apodemus flavicollis, Myodes glareolus,

Sorex araneus, Sorex minutus

while A.flavicollis and M.glareolus represent the dominant species

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

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Apodemus

flavicollis Yellow-necked

mouse

Myodes

glareolus Bank vole

Auwald 284 266

Hardtwald 107 64

Michaels-

berg 152 117

Schwarz-

wald 80 13

all 623 (57.5%) 460 (42.4%)

Apodemus

flavicollis Yellow-necked

mouse

Myodes

glareolus Bank vole

Eichel-

garten 37 26

Porbelsee

21 24

Viehunger

Allee 22 8

all 80 (57.9%) 58 (42%)

Rhineland-Palatinate

Baden-Württemberg

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

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I. RICINUS ON HOSTS IN BW M

ean

ab

un

dan

ce o

f I.

ric

inu

s la

rvae

Smal

l mam

mal

den

sity

(JS

)

Small mammal density

31.10.2016 TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

18

TBE virus in two larval samples from S. araneus

No detection of Babesia spp.

Overall presence of Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis

TICK-BORNE PATHOGENS IN BW

bacteria viruses protozoans

TBE V Borrelia

burgdorferi

s.l.

Candidatus

Neoehrlichia

mikurensis

Rickettsia

spp.

Babesia

spp.

31.10.2016 TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

19

High spatio-temporal and species variability

Absence of pathogen at SW

Highest larval prevalence in 2013

BORRELIA BURGDORFERI S.L.

Pre

vale

nce (

%)

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY 31.10.2016

IN TICKS ON HOSTS, BW

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

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RICKETTSIA SPP. IN TICKS ON HOSTS, BW

Larval prevalence steadily increasing

No influence of host species or abundance detectable

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

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Pre

va

lence (

%)

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

21 TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY 31.10.2016

TICKS ON BIG GAME, RP

Sampling during annual hunting

Hunting from a hide (January till October)

Driven hunt (November till January)

Tick collection as soon as possible after shooting

Organs removed on opening the animal

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

22 TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

SAMPLED ANIMALS AND TICKS

247

1001

212

789

429

154

344

41

4

37

5

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Roe deer

Adults

Males

Females

Nymphs

Larvae

Wild boar

Adults

Males

Females

Nymphs

Larvae

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

23 31.10.2016

OVERVIEW – RICKETTSIA AND BORRELIA

Summary

Rickettsia prevalence: 40-55%

Borrelia prevalence: 0-7%

Concurrent infections: 0-5%

Ticks

Ticks from roe deer 264 124 46,97% 9 3,41% 4 1,52%

male ticks 48 26 54,17% 3 6,25% 2 4,17%

femele ticks 216 98 45,37% 6 2,78% 2 0,93%

Ticks from wild boar* 12 5 41,67% 0 0,00% 0 0,00%*all ticks were female

Rickettsia Borrelia Mixed infections

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

24 TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

ROE DEER – BORRELIA PREVALENCE

Host age Yearlings 5.13 %

Fawns 2.63 %

Adults 1.83 %

Engorgement loose unengorged 10.98 %

attached 0.00 %

roe deer are dilution hosts

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?q=tbn:ANd9GcToRJOn

T8P1ZEzr06xFKytms85

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abk_hH59g

http://www.natur-

portrait.de/images/upload/o

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http://www.natur-

portrait.de/images/upload/orig/jqyJdY.jpg

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

25 31.10.2016

ROE DEER – RICKETTSIA PREVALENCE

Host sex

Ticks from female deer 53.64 %

Ticks from male deer 42.21 %

Tick engorgement

loose unengorged

attached unengorged

little engorged

medium engorged

fully engorged

Decreasing prevalence with higher engorgement!

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ5JiMflBKEr1kizCLtCyS5I2P

Z3_QbLVQzw7nbYA5JWdI-tB_pZrwX

http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSv_Q8Ya3KRRRMTo

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68.29%

46.00%

36.73%

34.62%

29.03%

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

26

TO SUM IT UP

Results of own working group show high prevalence of Rickettsia in

ticks from roe deer (47,0%) and wild boar (41,7%) in contrast to overall

low Borrelia prevalence (3,4%, no positive tested tick from wild boar) in

the Bienwald, Rhineland-Palatinate

Roe deer is confirmed in our project as dilution host for Borrelia

burgdorferi s.l.

Overall presence of Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in ticks on

small mammals

High spatio-temporal and species variability of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.

in ticks on small mammal hosts in Baden-Württemberg

Larval prevalence of Rickettsia in ticks on small mammals is steadily

increasing while there is no influence of host species or abundance

detectable

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

27

FORGET ABOUT MOSQUITOS WATCH OUT

FOR TICKS!

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHWEST GERMANY

31.10.2016

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Monika Schaeffer - Zoological Institute

Department of Ecology and Parasitology

28

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Konrad-Krieger-Stiftung

A COMPARISON OF TICKS AND TICK-BORNE DISEASES BETWEEN

RHINELAND-PALATINATE AND NORTH BADEN

31.10.2016

Grimminger Stiftung für

Zonoseforschung IAB - AG Gescher

Paul und Yvonne Gillet

Stiftung