Viren Pc Based

8/6/2019 Viren Pc Based

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DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

MGM COLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

NAVI MUMBAI

PROJECT REPORT

ON

PC BASED PESPIRATION RATE

&

OXYGEN SATURATION MEASUREMENT

BY

VIREN PATEL

APOORVA MULYE

AMANPREET SINGH SAINI

B.E BIOMEDICAL

SEMESTER VIII

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof.


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MAHATMA GANDHI MISSION'S

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

KAMOTHE,NAVI MUMBAI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that following students have satisfactorily completed

in Project work in Stage 1 of Bachelors Degree in Biomedical Engineering

Course conducted by University of Mumbai.

1)Viren D. Patel

2)Apoorva D. Mulye

3)Amanpreet Singh G. Saini

GUIDE EXAMINER

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

An in house project provides challenges quite unlike done in industry.

While the focus in industry is on efficiency and maximization of available

resources, a project done in the college under the watchful eyes of our

project guide ensures that we explore all possible permutations and

combinations in our quest to make a successful project. The focus is on

practical implementation of the theoretical knowledge gained over the last

four years.

In our quest, our project guide Mrs. Aarti Bokade deserves a specialthanks who allowed a group of imaginative students to experiment at will

and produce a project that is thereby a symbol of work put in the laboratory.

Though the duration of our project, the entire department of teachers took a

keen interest and helped us along. We would like to mention the co-

operation extended by Mrs. Aarti Bokade who allowed us a complete use of

the laboratory facilities and his valuable time and insights.

Last but not the least I thank everybody those who directly or indirectly

helped us in making this project a grand success.


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ABSTRACT

OXYGEN SATURATIONThis report deals with the different types of pulse oximeter and

the design considerations taken when building high-end portablebedside monitors or mid and low-end battery-powered models. The

discussion covers light absorption, sensor calibration, and detailsspecifics within the transmit path leading to in-depth discovery of

photodiode, interface, signal conversion, and data conversioncharacteristics.

RESPIRATION RATEThis report explains a simple method for respiration rate measurement

using displacement transducer. This meter is used to monitor the respiration

rate, pulse rate and heart rate. It responds fast and is cost-effective comparedto conventional medical equipment. by using this, respiration rate can be

measured in the range 0-999 respirations/minute.


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 PULSE OXIMETRY

Pulse oximeters noninvasively measure or continuously monitor oxygen saturation in

arterial blood to ensure that there is sufficient oxygenation. Typical applications includepeople with respiratory problems who are under anesthesia, neonates, and critically ill

patients. In a pulse oximetry system, a clip with optical electronics is usually attached to

a finger, toe, or ear so that light can be transmitted through the skin from one side of the

clip and received on the other side with a photodiode. Good arterial blood flow isrequired to measure oxygen saturation.

The principle advantage of optical sensors for medical applications is their intrinsic safety

since there is no electrical contact between the patient and the equipment.

For patients at risk of respiratory failure, it is important to monitor the efficiency of gas

exchange in the lungs, i.e how well the arterial blood is oxygenated (as opposed to

whether or not air is going in and out of the lungs). Preferably, such information shouldbe available to clinicians of a continuous basis (rather than every few hours). Both of

these requirements can be met noninvasively with the technology of pulse oximetry.

The technique is now well established and is in regular clinical use during anaesthesiaand intensive care (especially neonatal intensive care since many premature infants

undergo some form of ventilator therapy). Pulse oximetry is also being used in the

monitoring of pulmonary

disease in adults and in the investigation of sleep disorders.

1.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Operation is based on the light-absorption characteristics of hemoglobin in the blood.Oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more infrared light than red light, and deoxygenated

hemoglobin absorbs more red light than infrared light.Thus, red and infrared LEDs in the

oximeter alternately transmit light, and a photodiode receives the light that is notabsorbed. The ratio of the red and infrared light received by the photodiode is used to

calculate the percentage of oxygen in the blood. Based on the pulsatile nature of arterialblood flow, the pulse rate and strength are also determined and displayed during the

measurement cycle.

1.3 Normal Findings


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Basically, a saturation of 97% of the total amount of hemoglobin in the body is filled

with oxygen molecules. A range of 96% to 100% is generally considered normal.Anything below 90% could quickly lead to life-threatening complications. The margin

between "healthy" saturation levels (95-98%) and respiratory failure (usually 85-90%) is

narrow. If oxyhaemoglobin is low (below 90%) inadequate amounts of oxygen will reach

body cells.

Pulmonary Care Services Oxygen Protocol requires titrating oxygen to maintain an

SPO2 of 94% for most patients, and 92% for those who are CO2 retainers.

As a rule of thumb, respiratory failure usually occurs when saturation (SpO2) falls to

90%, although some patients with chronic respiratory disease may tolerate lowersaturations

Alarm limits should be set at a level that identifies any significant change in saturation.

Setting lower alarm limits of 90% may be appropriate when saturation is 95%, but

inappropriate if saturation is fluctuating at 90-91%. If setting alarm limits below 90%,nurses should be cautious about the very narrow margin remaining before respiratory

failure. Setting a lower alarm limit of 85% or less should always be avoided! Oxygendelivery to tissues, including vital organs, is likely to be inadequate at this level, and such

low saturations usually require urgent medical intervention (intubation and artificial

ventilation

1.4 APPLICATIONSResuscitation and pacing

1. ICU/CCU2. Emergency Room3. Immediate Care facilitiesBedside Patient Monitoring1. Emergency Room2. Post anesthesia3. Special procedures4. Out Patient Care5. Oral/Dental Clinics

1.5 RESPIRATION RATE

Respiratory rate (RR) is the number of breaths a living being, such as a human, takeswithin a certain amount of time (frequently given in breaths per minute).

There is only limited research on monitoring respiratory rate, and these studies have

focused on such issues as the inaccuracy of respiratory rate measurement and respiratory

rate as a marker for respiratory dysfunction.

1.6 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION


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The human respiration rate is usually measured when a person is at rest and simply

involves counting the number of breathes for one minute by counting how many timesthe chest rises. When you inhale and exhale air during respiration, this leads to movement

of ball left and right. The displacement of the ball is more for a healthy person.

1.7 NORMAL FINDINGS

Respiration rates may increase with fever, illness, OR other medical conditions. When

checking respiration, it is important to also note whether a person has any difficulty

breathing.Inaccuracies in respiratory measurement have been reported in the literature. One

study compared respiratory

rate counted using a 15 second count period, to a full minute, and found significant

differences in the rates.[citation needed]

Respiratory rates measurement in children under five years, for a 30 second or 60second period, suggesting the 60 seconds resulted in the least variability. Another study

found that rapid respiratory rates in babies, counted using a stethoscope, were 2050%higher than those counted from beside the cot without the aid of the stethoscope.[citation

needed] Similar results are seen with animals when they are being handled and not being

handledthe invasiveness of touch apparently is enough to make significant changes inbreathing.

Average respiratory rate reported in a healthy adult at rest is usually given as 12

breaths per minute (1260 Hz)[1][2] but estimates do vary between sources, e.g., 1220breaths per minute, 1014,[3] between 1618,[4]etc. With such a slow rate, more

accurate readings are obtained by counting the number of breaths over a full minute.

Average respiratory rates, by age:Newborns: Average 44 breaths per minute

Infants: 2040 breaths per minute

Preschool children: 2030 breaths per minute

Older children: 1625 breaths per minute

Adults: 1220 breaths per minute

1.8 APPLICATIONS

ICU/ICCU

Emergency Room

Cardiac patients


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CHAPTER 2

BLOCK DIAGRAM


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CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE

SENSOR 1:

CI-6535 is a Low Pressure Sensor.The CI-6535 Respiration Rate Sensor consists of theCI-6534A Low Pressure Sensor. The range of it isbetween 0 and 10 kiloPascals. The

resolution of the sensor is 0.005 kiloPascals (kPa) when used with a computer interface.

The output voltage from the sensor is +1.00 Volts when the pressure is 1 kiloPascal(kPa), and the output voltage is linear. Therefore, the output voltage should be +10.00

Volts at the top of the range (10 kPa).

Sensor 2:

The sensor head consists of a pulse oximeter two light-emitting diodes and aphotodetector. One LED emits in the visible range, the other in the infared. Each LED is

illuminated in turn. The detector may be placed to detect light transmission (through a

finger,for example) or light reflection from skin. The ratio of the detected light signals isproportional to the blood oxygen level. It is best if the same detector can be used for both

visible and infared signal detection.

ARM ARCHITECTURE ARM7TDMI Architecture 32-bit RISC-processor core 37 pieces of 32-bit integer registers 3 stages pipeline Cached (depending on the implementation) Von Neumann-type bus structure 8 / 16 / 32 -bit data types Two instruction set:

ARM instruction setTHUMB instruction set

Revision ARMv4T ARM processors are designed for good speed / power

consumption ratio and maximum code density.


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CONTROLLER 16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package. 512KB of Flash memory 32KB of RAM+ 8KB shared with USB DMA Two 10bit ADC with total of 14 analog input channels One 10bit DAC Two 32bit timers/external event counters (with four CCP channels

each)

In-System/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot-loader software

Watchdog timer Low power RealTime Clock (RTC) Two UARTs

I2C, SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length Up to 21 external interrupt pins available. Power saving modes include Idle and Powerdown Brownout Detector Circuit 60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable onchip

PLL with settling time of 100 ms

USB 2.0 Fullspeed compliant device controller

UART


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LCD

SERIAL EEPROM(MEMORY)


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SWITCH

POWER CIRCUIT


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CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE


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CHAPTER 5ADVANTAGES,HURDLES &

FUTURE EXTENSIONS

ADVANTAGES One instrument instead of many Integrated logging of data and pre-servable Patients will receive higher quality care with great efficiency Reduced equipment cost Highly portable device(can be even kept in pocket)

HURDLES Motion artifacts Nail polish or artificial finger nails Inadequate blood flow Loosening of pressure belt Oxygen saturation cannot be measured in case of anemia

FUTURE EXTENSIONS

Measuring, diagnosing and displaying most of the parameters likeECG(simulation), Heart rate, temperature, Sugar level etc

Displaying all these parameters on all Mobilephone,PDAs,TABLETS


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CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES

www.maxim-ic.com/an4671www.atmel.com

G J Tortora & N P Anagnostakos

Anatomy and Physiology, 6th edition, New York:

Harper-Collins, 1990, ISBN 006046669

Lauralee Sherwood, Fundamentals of Physiology:The Lancet. May 2,

1998. 351:13081311.

A Human Perspective, Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006, William D.

McArdle, Frank I. Katch & Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition,

andHuman Physiology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,

(http://books.google.com/books)

Brian S. Beckett, Illustrated Human and Social

Dr. David M. Broday, The Inhalation Dosimetry Biology,

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995,

Wikipedia: Pulse oximeter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oximeter

Principles of Pulse Oximetry Technology
http://www.maxim-ic.com/an4671http://www.maxim-ic.com/an4671

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