Walter Benjamin and Max Horkheimer

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    WALTER BENJAMIN AND MAX HORKHEIMER: FROM UTOPIA TO

    REDEMPTION

    Ilan Gur-Zee

    T!e "r#$#%al T!e&r' #n $!e Fran()ur$ *%!&&l un+er,en$ an #.re//#e an+ /u0/$an$#al

    O+'//e' )r& #$/ &r#1#n/ #n $!e earl' 2345/ un$#l #$ rea%!e+ #$/ %l#a6 #n $!e 2375/8

    e6!au/$#n1 #$/el) #n $!e 2395/ T!#/ e&lu$#&n %an 0e #n$er.re$e+ #n $!e l#1!$ &) $!e

    .r&+u%$#e #nner $en/#&n/ 0e$,een $,& $en+en%#e/: a .&/#$#e &.$##/$#% u$&.#an#/ an+

    a ne1a$#e u$&.#an .e//##/ I$ ,#ll 0e /!&,n !&, $!#/ ne1a$#e $en+en%' ;n/ )&r%e/

    ,#$! $!e $ra+#$#&nal Je,#/! %&n%e.$#&n &) re+e.$#&n

    In #$/ )#r/$ .!a/e &) +eel&.en$8 $!e In/$#$u$e )&r *&%#al Re/ear%! #n Fran()ur$ !a+ a

    .r&n&un%e+ Mar6#/$ &r#en$a$#&n In $!e .re/en$ %&n$e6$8 #$ #/ ,&r$! +,ell#n1 u.&n $,&

    $!ee/ $'.#%al &) "r#$#%al T!e&r'"learl'8 $!e u$&.#an

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    $a(#n1 .ar$ #n /u%! a $ra+#$#&n U$&.#a #/ e6a#ne+ $&1e$!er ,#$! $!e +e)ae+ #+e&l&1'

    W!#le #+e&l&1' a))e%$/ real#$'8 u$&.#a ena%$/ ?a +rea &n a

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    an+ $!e '$!#%al /ere/ a/ $!e %&rner/$&ne )&r $!e .&l#$#%al /$ru11le an+ ne%e//ar#l'

    %&ll#+e/ ,#$! $!e la, T!e la,8 #n/$ea+ &) #.leen$#n1 ;u/$#%e8 re.re/en$/ $!e #&len%e

    ,!#%! #n/$#$u$e+ $!e la, #n $!e )#r/$ .la%e H&,eer8 Ben;a#n #.l#%#$l' a0an+&ne+ $!e

    na#e re&lu$#&nar' +ean+ )&r ;u/$#%e8 ,!#%! #/ /a$#/)#e+ /#.l' 0' re.la%#n1 $!e .re/en$

    la,/ ,#$! &$!er/ %&n%e#e+ a/ 0e#n1 &re ;u/$ *u%! a +ean+ a..ear/ a/ a '$!#%al8

    #&len$ %&n$en$#&n8 &..&/#n1 $!e +##ne &ne

    T!e .e//##/$#% +#en/#&n #n Ben;a#n

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    (#n1+&?24 Ben;a#n .re/en$e+ $!e .r#a%' &) $!e $!e&l&1#%al +#en/#&n #n $!e

    .e//##/$#% %&n%e.$#&n &) ?e$ernal )all? )r& .ara+#/e #n$& !#/$&r' ,!#%! .r/e/

    ?!a..#ne//?2 W!#le $!e l&%u/ &) $!e e//#an#% +#en/#&n #/ an

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    re+e.$#&n an+ +ean+/ $!e ne1a$#e u$&.#an /$ru11le H&,eer8 #$ #/ alrea+' .&//#0le

    $& .n$ $& $!e %learl' "a0al#/$#% +#en/#&n er1#n1 #n$& Ben;a#n

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    0e#n1 an &.en .&//#0#l#$' a$ eer' &en$ n&$ ;u/$ a 0a/#% +#//&lu$#&n &) $!e real#$' &)

    e#l Here re&lu$#&n #/ %&n%e#e+ a/ an #n#$a$#&n $& an #n$er.re$#e /$ru11le )&r !#++en

    (n&,le+1e In $!e ?T!e/e/ &n H#/$&r'?8 $!#/ er/#&n #/ %learl' e6.re//e+ 0' $!e %r#$#@ue

    &) $!e /&%#al-+e&%ra$#% %&n%e.$#&n &) .r&1re// #n /&%#al +e&%ra%' A%%&r+#n1l'8

    re+e.$#&n $urn/ &u$ $& 0e an #n$er.re$#e lea. #n$& $!e .a/$8 ,!#%! +e$er#ne/ $!e

    .!#l&/&.!er

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    ,!ere '$! #/ $!e /&le .r#n%e &) real#$' In /u%! a .re/en$ ,e %ann&$ $ru/$ ?.r&&)/? an+

    ?e#+en%e? W!a$8 $!en8 ,#ll 0e $!e &n$&l&1#%al an+ e.#/$e&l&1#%al /$a$u/ &) Ben;a#n4 T!u/ ?$!e +#))eren%e 0e$,een $!e

    real &) na$ure an+ $!e (#n1+& &) )ree+& ,#ll an#/!? > Ju/$ a/ ,#$! $!e la$er

    H&r(!e#er8 Ben;a#n

    M&/$ %en$ral $& Ben;a#n9 T!e ?&r#1#nal /#n? a(e/ #$/el) .re/en$ a$ ea%! &en$ #n !#/$&r'8 an+

    a%%&r+#n1 $& Ben;a#n #$ $urn/ &u$ $& 0e a rea%$#&n $& $!e /u0;e%$

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    We /!all /ee $!a$ H&r(!e#er la$er !&l+/ a /##lar .&/#$#&n8 /&e$#e/ u/#n1 $!e /ae

    ,&r+/ H&,eer8 !e ,#ll .re/en$ *%!&.en!auer8 an+ n&$ Ben;a#n8 a/ $!e /&ur%e )&r !#/

    #n$er.re$a$#&n In $!e .la' &) /'0&l #n$er.re$a$#&n H&r(!e#er #.l#%#$l' %&n$#nue/

    Ben;a#n3T#ll#%! #n$er.re$e+ rel#1#&u/ /'0&l/ a/ +#re%$e+

    $&,ar+/ $!e #n)#n#$e8 ,!#%! $!e' re.re/en$8 an+ $&,ar+/ $!e )#n#$e8 ,!#%! /ere/ a/ $!e

    e+#u &) re.re/en$a$#&n *'0&l/ a%$ a/ a1en$/ 0e$,een $!e )#n#$e an+ $!e #n)#n#$e8

    &.en#n1 $!e !&l' real $& an an+ 0r#n1#n1 an #n$& $!e !&l' +#en/#&n 45T!e /'0&l

    #n

    T#ll#%!

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    Ju+a#/8

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    Mar6 %alle+ /&%#al#/ #/ ;u/$ $!e a+#n#/$ere+ ,&rl+5 Mar6 al/& en#/#&ne+ $!e

    $ran/)&ra$#&n &) ra$#&nal#$' #n$& a ,!&le %&n%re$e ,a' &) l#)e8 0u$ #n a ,a' $!a$

    a%%&r+#n1 $& H&r(!e#er 1uaran$ee+ $urn#n1 ra$#&nal#$' #n$& re.re//#&n8 a/ e6.re//e+ #n

    $!e #+ea &) e))#%#en$ ra$#&nal e6.l$a$#&n &) na$ure2One &) Mar6

    In .r#n%#.le $!e #+ea #/ $!a$ eer' re&lu$#&n #n%lu+#n1 a /u%%e//)ul &ne8 #/ an

    e6.re//#&n &) #&len$ )&r%e *##larl' ;u/$#%e8 a)$er &0$a#n#n1 .&,er8 ne%e//ar#l' ne1a$e/

    #$/el) an+ $urn/ #n$& &..re//#&n T!u/8 $!e /u%%e//)ul re&lu$#&nar' #n !#/ e//en%e #/

    0&un+ $& 0e%&e an &..re//&r4I$ #/ #.&r$an$ $& e.!a/#=e $!a$ H&r(!e#er e6.l#%#$l'

    +e/%r#0e+ !#/ $ran/#$#&n )r& $!e )#r/$ $& $!e /e%&n+ /$a1e a/ /!a.e+ 0' !#/ %r#$#@ue &)

    Mar6 an+ !#/ .re)eren%e )&r *%!&.en!auer

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    Ju+a#// )a&r#n1 &) ne1a$#&n an+ !e )#n+/ 1rea$ #.&r$an%e #n #$/ %$en$ )&r

    re)u/#n1 an' (#n+ &) +&1a$#/ H&r(!e#er/ la$er %r#$#@ue &) Mar6 an+ !#/ re)u/al $&

    .&/#$#e u$&.#an#/ an+ .&/#$##/ #/ 0a/e+ &n Je,#/! )&r0#++ne// &) .&/#n1 $!e &0/&le$e8

    $!e $ran/%en+en$al8 a/ /&e$!#n1 $!a$ %an 0e %&n%e#e+ #n .&/#$#e !uan %&n%e.$/ 2

    Pe//##/ #/ $!e .n$ &) +e.ar$ure )&r $!#/ u$&.#a ,!#%! unl#(e .r&le$ar#an /&l#+ar#$'

    a..l#e/ $& all !uan 0e#n1/ - &u$ &) re%&1n#$#&n &) $!e#r )a#n$ne//8 $!e#r .a#n an+ $!e#r

    e//en$#all' ne%e//ar' +ea$! - an+ ,!#%! #n $!e en+ #/ #n/$#$u$e+ 0' )a%#n1 ?%rea$#&n? >I

    $!#n( $!#/ #n+#%a$e/ H&r(!e#er

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    Enl#1!$enen$

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    .&/#$#&n #/ /#.l' $!e +eel&.en$ &) Kan$#an u$&.#an#/8 %la##n1 $!a$ ?an

    W#$!&u$ 1n1 #n$& $!e @ue/$#&n &) Ben;a#n

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    re+e.$#&n8 0u$ &nl' $!a$ re+e.$#&n !a/ $& a..ear ?)r& $!e &u$/#+e? a/ $!e

    #n$erru.$#&n &) !#/$&r'8 an+ #$ +&e/ n&$ $a(e an ##nen$ .ar$ #n !#/$&r' A$ $!e en+ &)

    &+ern#$' $!#/ #a1e &) re+e.$#&n /ere/ $!e .!#l&/&.!er a/ a ne%e//ar' .&/$ula$e #n

    $!e /$ru11le )&r $!e /ala$#&n &) !#/ /&ul T!e/e a/.e%$/ al/& %!ara%$er#=e H&r(!e#er

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    /u0;e%$ T!e /e%&n+ %&n%e.$#&n #/ %#r%ular8 an+ .re/en$/ $!e .e//##/$#% #%#&u/ %#r%le8

    ,!#%! .reen$/ #n .r#n%#.le $!e /&%#al &er$!r&, &) e#l real#$' In $!e la$er H&r(!e#er

    ,e )#n+ /##lar %&n%e.$#&n/

    In n&$e/ )&r !#/el) n&$ ean$ )&r .u0l#%a$#&n H&r(!e#er ,r&$e: ?H#/$&r' #/ ;u/$ a

    .eranen$ +e%l#ne?7C T!#/ $en+en%' rea%!e/ #$/ .ea( #n $!e a+an%e+ $e%!n&l&1#%al

    /&%#e$': $e%!n&l&1#%al .r&1re// #/ a +#/.la' &) .ure .&,er8 an+ #$ #/ #n&le+ #n $!e

    el##na$#&n &) all $!e +#en/#&n/ &) ?/.#r#$? ,!#%! +& n&$ a//#/$ +#re%$l' $!e

    #n$en/#)#%a$#&n &) $e%!n&l&1#%al .&,er73He /a, a %&rre/.&n+en%e &) .r&1re// ,#$! $!e

    &..re//#&n &) na$ure

    T!#/ &..re//#&n8 !e %la#e+8 le+ ul$#a$el' $& $!e &r1an#=a$#&n &) l#)e ,#$!#n a )r&=en an+

    ?%&l+?95 '$!#%al /'/$e8 ,!#%! !e .re/en$e+ a/ $!e ?re&l$ &) na$ure? a1a#n/$ #$/

    &..re//&r/ - $!e $#$le &) a %!a.$er #n $!e ?"r#$#@ue &) In/$ruen$al Rea/&n? In $!#/

    re/.e%$8 $!e %&n%e.$#&n &) $#e #/ l#near an+ &..&/e+ $& #$/ &.$##/$#% .re/en$a$#&n In $!#/

    er/#&n &) $!e %&n%e.$#&n &) l#near $#e $!e +e%l#ne #/ .eranen$8 ,!#le $!e /$ar$#n1 .n$

    #/ $!e &r#1#n &) !uan %ul$ure &r een $!e &r#1#n &) l#)e #n 1eneral

    I ,&ul+ ar1ue $!a$ #n a++#$#&n $& $!e .e//##/$#% %&n%e.$#&n &) l#near $#e8 $!ere #/ #n

    H&r(!e#er

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    %en$ral #+ea/ &) la$e %r#$#%al $!e&r'8 H&r(!e#er #/ 1r&un+#n1 !#/ .&/#$#&n &n Je,#/!

    $ra+#$#&n He #/ +eel&.#n1 $!e +#))eren%e 0e$,een Je,#/! an+ "!r#/$#an %&n%e.$/ &) $!e

    /&ul an+ re+e.$#&n #n &r+er +& +#/$#n1u#/! %r#$#%al $!e&r' )r& $ra+#$#&nal u$&.#an an+

    %r#$#%al &+el/ &) %r#$#@ue #n De an#a H&r(!e#er ,r#$e/ $!a$ e//en%#al#/$8 e$ernal#/$

    %&n%e.$/ &) $!e /&ul are )&r#1!n $& Ju+a#/ Tra+#$#&nall'8 #n Ju+a#/ $!e /&ul #/ n&$ $&

    0e un+er/$&&+ /&e$!#n1 $!a$ %an 0e /e.ara$e+ )r& $!e 0&+' In "!r#/$#an#$'8 $!e

    %&n%e.$ &) $!e /&ul a/ /e.ara$e+ an+ $ran/%en+en$al ,a/ +eel&.e+8 a/ an e//en%e $!a$

    #1!$ rea#n a)$er $!e an#/!#n1 &) $!e 0&+' T!a$ #/ $!e /u0/$ra$u &) "!r#/$#an

    e1/$#% %&n%e.$ &) .r#$e re+e$#&n *&ul8 #n Ju+a#/8 a%%&r+#n1 $& !#8 #/ a 1eneral

    %&n%e.$8 #$ #/ $a'#e+ &r1an#%all' $& $!e %&lle%$#e an+ #$/ re+e.$#&n He %la#/ $!a$

    Ju+a#/ +&e/ n&$ /e.ara$e 0e$,een $!e %&lle%$#e an+ $!e #n+##+ual l#(e #n "!r#/$#an#$'8

    $!e /$ru11le )r& re+e.$#&n an+ /u))er#n1/94 T!#/ #/ a #$al +#en/#&n &) !#/

    u$&.#an#/ ,!#%! #/ %learl' n&$ a &.$##/$#% an+ n&$ an .&//#$#e &ne

    In $!#/ /en/e #$ /ee/ $!a$ !#/ .e//##/ #/ n&$ %&.le$e8 )&r ,e re1ar+ %&.le$e

    .e//##/ a/ an #+ea a%%&r+#n1 $& ,!#%! !uan#$' !a/ n& 1&al/ $& /$r#e )&r I$ la%(/ $!e

    eleen$/ )&r %n1 %l&/e $& $!e#r real#=a$#&n8 &r a$ lea/$ $& )#1!$ )&r $!e .&//#0#l#$' &)

    $!e#r real#=a$#&n *urel'8 $!ere #/ n& r&& )&r $!#/ @ual#)#%a$#&n8 an+ H&r(!e#er

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    $!e /'/$e &) %ul$ure9?T!e %#r%u/$an%e $!a$ $!e 0l#n+ +eel&.en$ &) $e%!n&l&1'

    /$ren1$!en/ /&%#al &..re//#&n an+ e6.l$a$#&n $!rea$en/ a$ eer' /$a1e $& $ran/)&r

    .r&1re// #n$& #$/ &..&/#$e8 %&.le$e 0ar0ar#/?9

    M' re%&n/$ru%$#&n &) H&r(!e#er

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    re/.&n/#0#l#$' - #n $!e a0/en%e &) an' %la# $& $!e al#+#$' &) G&+

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    al$!&u1! !e %&ul+ n&$ rel' &n a .&/#$#e %&n%e.$ &) ?G&+? H&r(!e#er &nl' re;e%$e+ $!e

    %&n%e.$ &) G&+ #n #$/ u/e a/ a ?+&1a?CC?We %ann&$ /a' $!a$ $!ere e6#/$/ an al#1!$'

    an+ 1&&+ G&+ #n/$ea+ &) $!e +&1a/ re1ar+#n1 G&+ ,e %an !&l+ &n$& $!e 'earn#n18 /&

    $!a$ !&rr&r ,#ll n&$ !ae $!e la/$ /a'#n1?C3

    T!e %&&n rel#1#&n/8 a&n1 ,!#%! !e #n%lu+e+ Mar6#/835 e6.re// $!e .re/en%e &)

    .&,er an+ $!e' are 0a/#%all' a11re//#e 0e%au/e &) $!e /.e%#al .la%e ,!#%! #/ 1#en $&

    +&1a/ l#(e $!e !&l' $r#n#$'8 ,!#%! !e )&un+ !ar+ $& a%%e.$ an+ ,!#%! )un%$#&n a/

    &..re//#e $ele&l&1#%al (n&,le+1e H&,eer8 $!e&l&1' e6.re//e/ a .r#n%#.le %&n$rar' $&

    $!e .r#n%#.le &) &..re//#&n #n $!e /en/e &) 0e#n1 ?)ree &) ear$!l' en+/? 32He /$re//e+ $!e

    +#))eren%e/ 0e$,een !#/ la$er "r#$#%al T!e&r' an+ +&1a$#% rel#1#&u/ )a#$!8 an+ !e

    ar(e+ 0&$! $!e la%( &) )a#$! #n +&1a/ an+ $!e l#0era$#&n )r& +&1a

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    ?$!e e#l?< - $!e ,&rl+ a/ $!e e6.re//#&n &) rul#n1 .&,er He %&n$#nue+ Ben;a#n

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    A%%&r+#n1 $& ' re%&n/$ru%$#&n8 $!e !&.e ,!#%! eana$e/ )r& $!e&l&1' #/ a %en$ral

    eleen$ #n $!#/ /.e%#al (#n+ &) (n&,le+1e: ?T!e&l&1' #/ - an+ I %&n/%#&u/l' .!ra/e #$

    %are)ull' - $!e !&.e $!a$ #n;u/$#%e8 ,!#%! #/ $'.#%al &) $!e ,&rl+8 ,#ll n&$ !ae $!e la/$

    /a' a 'earn#n1 $!a$ #n $!e en+ $!e !an+ &) $!e (#ller ,#ll n&$ rea#n &n $&. &) $!e

    #nn&%en$ #%$#?39In $!#/ /en/e H&r(!e#erT!e /e%&n+ .a$$ern &)

    !&.e #/ +#/%u//e+ #n $!e )rae,&r( &) $!e #n$er.re$#e /$ru11le %&n/$#$u$#n1 $!e ?.re/en$

    $#e8? ,!#%! re/%ue/ &) e#l e$ern#$' $!e &ral %au/e an+ %&n/$#$u$e/ $!e .&//#0#l#$' &)

    /$r##n1 )&r $!e $ru$! T!#/ %&n%e.$#&n ,e a' +e/#1na$e a/ ne1a$#e u$&.#an#/

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    L#(e $!a$ &) Ben;a#n an+ A+&rn&8 H&r(!e#er

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    $!e rel#1#&u/ 'earn#n1 )&r re+e.$#&n8 ,!#%! #/ )&un+e+ &n a .e//##/$#% .&/#$#&n

    re1ar+#n1 $!e

    )#nal ;u+1en$ I $!#n( $!a$ #n $!e la$er er/#&n &) !#/ "r#$#%al T!e&r' H&r(!e#er

    ,an$e+ $& .re/ere ;u/$ $!#/ +#en/#&n8 ,!#%! %&n/$#$u$e/ $!e ean#n1 &) $ra+#$#&nal

    $!e&l&1'25CT!#/ #/ $!e %&rner/$&ne )&r $rue /&l#+ar#$' - re.la%#n1 ,!a$ !e %all/ ?$!e

    %ar#%a$ure &) .re/en$ /&l#+ar#$' - a&n1/$ !uan#$' an+ 0e$,een !uan#$' an+

    na$ure?253

    *u%! e6.re//#&n/ a' #n+#%a$e a 'earn#n1 )&r a .&/#$#e u$&.#a8 ,!#%! $!e la$er

    H&r(!e#er ,a/ %$$e+ $& re;e%$ #n &r+er $& 0e )a#$!)ul $& !#/ .e//##/ Een

    $!&u1! I %ann&$ ar1ue !ere )&r ' %la#8 #$ #/ /$#ll ,&r$! .re/en$#n1: H&r(!e#er#an

    u$&.#an#/ )&r/ a /.e%#al l#n( an+ #/ a $urn#n1 .n$ #n $!e !#/$&r' &) u$&.#an#/

    Pe//##/ )un%$#&n/ a/ $!e .n$ &) +e.ar$ure )&r $!#/ ne1a$#e u$&.#an#/ .re/en$#n1

    $rue /&l#+ar#$'8 ,!#%! eer1e/ &u$ &) $!e real#=a$#&n &) $!e ne%e//#$' #n $!e en+uran%e &)

    /u))er#n18 ,!#%! l#n(/ all !uan/ a/ )#n#$e %rea$ure/ ,!& /!are $!e e//en$#al e6#/$en%e &)

    l#)e225L#(e Mar%u/#an u$&.#an#/ $!#/ #/ a a6#al#/$ u$&.#an er/#&n H&,eer8 #n

    %&n$ra+#/$#n%$#&n $& Mar%u/e8 H&r(!e#er

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    .r#&r $& #$/ real#=a$#&n In H&r(!e#er> T!e +ean+ )&r ;u/$#%e )r& ?Ju+a#/? - nael'8 )r& $!e "r#$#%al

    T!e&r' &) H&r(!e#er - #/ e6.re//e+ #n $!e /$ru11le +#re%$e+ a1a#n/$ .&,er

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    He $!#n(/ $!a$ #n %&n$ra/$ $& $!e Ju+a#/ e6.re//e/ $!e #+ea $!a$ ?$!e 1&&+ #/ 1&&+8 n&$

    0e%au/e #$ #/ #%$&r#&u/8 0u$ 0e%au/e #$ re/#/$/ #%$&r'?2>4 Ma'0e !e 0&rr&,e+ $!#/ $!e/#/

    )r& A+&rn&8 ,!& .re/en$e+ #$ a/ earl' a/ Au1u/$ 235 2>An+ #$ #/ .&//#0le $!a$ &n $!#/

    .n$ A+&rn& e0ra%e+ Ben;a#n7 A$ $!e /ae $#e

    H&r(!e#er e.!a/#=e+ $!e u$&.#an +#en/#&n $'.#%al &) Ju+a#/: ?F&r "!r#/$#an/ $!e

    a#n .n$ &) $!e /$&r' a0&u$ .ara+#/e #/ &r#1#nal /#n F&r Je,/8 #$ #/ $!e e6.ul/#&n an+

    $!e +e/#re $& re$urn?2>9

    Ju+a#/8 l#(e "r#$#%al T!e&r'8 e6.re//e/ ,#$!#n H&r(!e#er

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    )a#$! #n $!e u$&.#an +ean+ )&r ;u/$#%e an+ #n n&n #&len$ .r&$e/$ a1a#n/$ $!#/ ,&rl+8

    ,!#%! ,a/ rule+ 0' #&len%e an+ 0' en+le// a/.#ra$#&n

    T!e/e #//ue/ %learl' .n$ $& ,!a$ +e1ree !e #+en$#)#e+ #&len$ .&,er ,#$! ?$!e e#l8?

    an+ !&, $!#/ #+en$#)#%a$#&n #/ e//en$#al $& $!e u$&.#a &) ?$!e 1&&+? #n $!e *&%ra$#% /en/e

    In ' &.#n#&n8 $!#/ #/ $!e 0a%(1r&un+ a1a#n/$ ,!#%! &ne /!&ul+ un+er/$an+ !#/ -

    ;u/$#)#e+ - )ear $!a$ I/rael ,a/ $urn#n1 #n$& a &+#)#e+ Pru//#an &+el245 Pr#n%#.all'8

    a%%&r+#n1 $& H&r(!e#er

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    $!e #n$er.re$er8 ,!& re)u/e/ $& /urren+er $& real#$' an+ $& en1a1e #n $!e $ra1#% l&1#% &)

    $!e ere ?eer'$!#n1 $!e /ae all $!e $#e? Ben;a#n .n$e+ &u$ $!#/ 1&al #n !#/ e//a'

    &n Le/(&8 an+ %&.are+ $!#/ $a/( $& $!a$ &) $!e narra$&r8 ,!& .ae/ $!e ,a' an+

    .ene$ra$e/ ?$!e #nner&/$ %!a0er &) $!e real &) %rea$e+ $!#n1/? 247

    A1a#n/$ $!#/ 0a%(1r&un+ &ne a' un+er/$an+ !#/ #+en$#)#%a$#&n ,#$! Ka)(a

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    ar$ #/ a%%e.$e+ a/ a /$ru11le )&r ,!a$ Ben;a#n %alle+ ?$!e e//#an#%? an+ H&r(!e#er

    %alle+ ?$!e &$!er? - %&.le$el' +#))eren$ )r& $!e &..re//#e real#$' B&$! !a+ an

    a))#ra$#e a$$#$u+e $& ?$!e D#a/.&ra? a/ a l&%u/ &) $!e /$ru11le )&r re+e.$#&n )r&

    real#$'8 #n ,!#%! &..re//#e Ju+a#/ !a/ 0e%&e an #n$e1ral eleen$ T!#/ u$&.#an

    .e//##/8 'earn#n1 )&r re+e.$#&n8 %er$a#nl' $urn/ &u$ $& 0e a &en$ &) $!e a$$e.$

    $& ea+e /.#r#$ual +ea$! #n $!e l#)e &) ere a1uene//8 $& ea+e $!e ?eer'$!#n1 $!e /ae?

    - $!e /ala$#&n &) $!e .!#l&/&.!er

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    &..re//#e .&l#$#%/8 $& ,!&/e re;e%$#&n Ju+a#/ !a/ +e&$e+ #$/el) $ra+#$#&nall' Ben;a#n8

    H&r(!e#er an+ A+&rn& +#+ un+er/$an+ $!#/ )r& a /&0er .n$ &) #e,8 ,!#%! +&e/ n&$

    /!are $!e &.$##/ &) $!e .&/#$#e u$&.#an .r&;e%$8 an+ ,!#%! #/ al/& n&$ a$ ea/e #n

    e/$a0l#/!e+ rel#1#&n an+ #$/ %&n%e.$#&n &) re+e.$#&n

    L#(e "r#$#%al T!e&r'8 n&n-Z#&n#/$ Ju+a#/ #/ .re/en$e+ 0' H&r(!e#er a/ a ne1a$#e

    .&/#$#&n $&,ar+/ real#$'8243a/ a $en+en%' $& a n&n-a0/$ra%$ an+ n&n-neu$ral /.#r#$ual#$'8

    #n&le+ #n $!e +ean+ )&r ;u/$#%e an+ $!e re;e%$#&n &) $!e .re/en$ real#$' 25)r& ,#$!#n

    Ju+a#/ .re)er/ /a/!#n1 $!e #+&l/ #n/$ea+ &) .re/en$#n1 a .&/#$#e .#%$ure &) $!e

    a0/&lu$e8 &r &) .&/#$#e u$&.#a T!e %&.l#an%e &) $!e a#n .r#n%#.le/ #n !#/ "r#$#%al

    T!e&r' $& $!e ?e//en%e &) Ju+a#/? #/ %&.le$e+ ,#$! $!e .re/en$a$#&n &) $!#/

    .re)eren%e22Here H&r(!e#er al/& )&un+ an #+en$#$' 0e$,een Ju+a#/ an+ $!e Geran

    /.#r#$

    T!e l#n(#n1 +#en/#&n #/ u$&.#a: $!e +ean+ )&r ;u/$#%e8 $!e ?1ran+ re)u/al8? lean#n1

    u.&n $ru$! - $& $!e e6$en$ $!a$ #$ #/ n&$ a ?)a%$? ,#$!#n $!e /.a%e &) real#$' - ,!#%! #/ n&$

    a))#ra$#e8 ,!#%! %ann&$ 0e .&/#$#el' re%&1n#=e+8 0u$ ,!#%! neer$!ele// reall' +&e/

    e6#/$2>A%%&r+#n1 $& H&r(!e#er $!#/ $ru$! #/ &re real $!an $!e ?)a%$/? &) real#$' He

    #n$erla%e/ Ju+a#/

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    +rea &) $!e e//#a!8 $!e +a,n#n1 &) ;u/$#%e &n ear$! ,!#%! !&l+/ $&1e$!er $!e Je,/ #n

    $!e D#a/.&ra8 #/ &er an+ +&ne ,#$! I$ %rea$e+ n& en+ &) ar$'r/8 %au/e+ un$&l+

    /u))er#n1 - an+ 1ae !&.e N&, $!e .er/e%u$e+ !ae 1&ne $& Z#&n ,#$!&u$ a e//#a!8

    !ae e/$a0l#/!e+ $!e#r na$#&n an+ $!e#r na$#&nal#/ l#(e &$!er .e&.le/8 an+ Je,r' !a/

    0e%&e a rel#1#&n27

    He %&.are/ $!e real Je,/ - ,!& ,ere n&$ $e.$e+ 0' Z#&n#/8 n&r 0' *&%#al-

    De&%ra%' &r e/$a0l#/!e+ "&un#/ $& ?renan$/8? /##lar $& $!e $rue /&%#al#/$/ ,!&

    )#n+ $!e#r .la%e #n !#/ "r#$#%al T!e&r' Al/& #n $!#/ re/.e%$ !#/ $!#n(#n1 $urn/ &u$ $& 0e a

    %&n%e.$ual +eel&.en$ !#+#n1 ,#$!#n #$ $!e /ee+ &) ?Ju+a#/? ?T!e D#a/.&ra #/ $!e

    0a%(,&&+/ T!e Je,/ are renan$/ T!e#r /#$ua$#&n #/ n&$ +#//##lar $& $!a$ &)

    "&un#/ an+ *&%#al#/ T!&/e ,!& a+!ere $& "r#$#%al T!e&r' %an %!&&/e &ne &) $!e

    $,& )&r/ &) na$#&nal#/ T!e' a' al/& 0e%&e .rn%#al8 r&an$#% /e%$ar#an/ T!e

    real &) )ree+& #/ $!e 0a%(,&&+/ T!&/e ,!& rea#n l&'al $& $!e $!e&r' are renan$/

    l#(e $!&/e $!a$ %l#n1 $& $!e Talu+ an+ e//#an#% !&.e29

    T!#/ .&/#$#&n l&&(/ l#(e an #n$er.re$a$#&n &r a +eel&.en$ &) Ben;a#n

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    1 Max Horkheimer, Vorlesungen ueber ie !es"hi"h#e er beuen $hiloso%hie&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, )*+, rank(ur#a+M+ 1987, s+ 388-3912Max Horkheimer, .n(aenge er buergerli"hen !es"hi"h#s%hiloso%hie&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, ))+, rank(ur# a+M+ 1978,s+ 176-2683)bi+ s+ 179-1804/arl Mannheim, )eolog an #o%ia, onon 1934, %+ 2375Horkheimer, )bi+, s+ 2386)bi+ s+ 2447

    )bi+ )bi+8)bi+ s+ 2429Horkheimer, Ma#erialismus un Me#a%hisik&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, ))+ s+ 10510Horkheimer, rai#ionelle un /ri#is"he heorie, rank(ur# a+M+ 1971, s+ 5711al#er enamin, ur /ri#ik er !eal# un anere .u(sae#e, rank(ur# a+M+ 1971, s+ 5712al#er enamin, heologis"h-%oli#is"he ragmen#&, in: !esammel#e '"hri(#en, ))+1, s+ 20313)bi+ )bi+14)bi+, s+ 20415al#er enamin, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, )+3, s+ 123516;%+ e ?orkk an onon 1978, %%+ 237-23820enamin, eber en egri(( er !es"hi"h#e&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, )+2, s+ 695-697

    21enamin, )bi+ s+ 70322enamin, )bi+ s+ 70123enamin, eber as $rogramm er /ommenen $hiloso%hie&, in: ur /ri#ik er !eal# un anere .u(sae#e, s+ 4524)bi+ s+ 4725)bi+ s+ 5126enamin, eber en egri(( er !es"hi"h#e&, s+ 69727enamin, ran /a(ka&, in: )llumina#ions, onon 1970, %+ 13028)bi+ %+ 11429Horkheimer, @rinnerung an $aul illi"h&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V))+, rank(ur# a+M+ 1985, s+ 28130$aul illi"h, 's#ema#i" heolog, )+, eues Aenken ueber =eBolu#ion&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V))+, rank(ur# a+M+ 1985, s+ 41844Horkheimer, /ri#is"he heorie ges#ern un heu#e&, s+ 339-34045Horkheimer, Eeber !rausamkei# in er !es"hi"h#eF&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, *)))+ rank(ur# a+M+ 1989, s+ 24746Horkheimer, !e(aehrung er reihei# - ;%%osi#ion es !eis#es&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, *)))+, rank(ur# a+M+ 1989, s+19847)bi+ s+ 34048)bi+ bi+49Horkheimer, ur /ri#ik er gegenar#igen !esells"ha(#&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V)))+, s+ 32850Horkheimer, /ri#is"he heorie ges#ern un heu#e&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V)))+, s+ 34151Horkheimer, heismus - .#heismus&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V))+, s+ 18552Horkheimer, /ri#is"he heorie !es#ern un heu#e&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, s+ 31753)bi+ s+ 308-30954Horkheimer, Aie =o#e !are in

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    58heoor .orno, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, )))+, s+ 20559heoor .orno, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, *+, s+ 24360al#er enamin, '"hri(#en, ))+, rank(ur# a+M+ 1982, s+ 67661)mmnuel /an#, um @igen rieen, 1796, b96+62al#er enamin, eber en egri(( er !es"hi"h#e&, s+ 697-69863Max Horkheimer un heoor .orno, ;%+ o#ien 1949-1969F&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, *)V+, rank(ur# a+M+, 1988, s+ 12569Horkheimer, $hiloso%hie als /ul#urkri#ik&, s+ 9370Horkheimer, @"li%se o( =eason, >e ?ork 1974, %+ 6371)bi+ s+ 2272Horkheimer, niBersi#ae# un '#uium&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V)))+, s+ 36873Horkheimer, Aie 'ehnsu"h# na"h em gan .neren&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V))+, s+ 40174Horkheimer, Aie 'i#ua#ion es ungen Mens"hen heu#e&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V)))+, s+ 356-35775Horkheimer, @"li%se o( =eason, %+ 13476Horkheimer, Aan G Ae"line, ransla#e b Mi"hael 'ha, >e ?ork 1978, %+ 16277)bi+ %%+ 162, 20278Horkheimer, E>a"hgelassene >o#ien 1949-1969F&, s+ 14179.mos unkens#ein, $er"e%#ions o( eish His#or, os .ngeles 1993

    80Horkheimer, $eiroe es ebergang+ ur /rie er !esells"ha(# heu#e&, in: !eruan Ban e Moe#er, Horkheimer in)#alien, rank(ur# a+M+ 1990, s+ 2281enamin, he #ask o( #he #ransla#or&, in: )llumina#ions, %+ 8282Horkheimer, heuber en ei(el&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V))+ s+ 21583Horkheimer, as ir I'innJ nennen, ir Bers"hinen&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en , V))+, s+ 35084>orber# ol, @rloesung als ob: eber einige gnos#is"he Mo#iBe er /ri#is"hen heorie&, in: a"ob aubes,eligions#heo#ie un $oli#is"he heologie, ))+, Muen"hen 1984, s+ 22685Hermann !oi#ein, Aer ;%#imismus un $esimismus un er uis"hen =eligions%hiloso%hie, erlin 1890, s+ 11186Horkheimer, eber en ei(el&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V))+, s+ 21587Horkheimer, as ir IsinnJ nennen, ir Bers"hinen&, s+ 35088Horkheimer, Aann G Ae"line, %+ 23989Horkheimer, Aie Beral#e#e el# kenn# keine iebe&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V))+, s+ 36290Horkheimer, Aan G Ae"line, %+ 15891)bi+ %+ 23592)bi+ %+ 23993Horkheimer, Aie Beral#e#e el# kenn# kine iebe&, s+ 36294Horkheimer, as ir I'innJ nennen, ir Bers"hinen&, s+ 35195Horkheimer, Aan G Ae"line, %+ 23596)bi+ )bi+97Horkheimer, Aie 'ehns"hu"h# na"h em gan .neren&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V))+, s+ 38998Hein ahn#, Aie 'a"he mi# !o##, Muen"hen 1966, s+ 25499Max Horkheimer un heoor .orno, ;%+

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    116Horkheimer, $essimismus heu#e&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V))+, s+ 228117Horkheimer, /ri#is"he heorie ges#ern un heu#e&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V)))+, s+ 343118Horkheimer, ur @rgrei(ung @i"hmanns&, !esammel#e '"hri(#en, V)))+, s+ 158119eo ae"k, he @ssen"e o( uaism: @lemen#s an ai#h120Horkheimer, o"+ a"hgelassene >o#ien 1949-1969F&, s+ 139122Horkheimer, Aan G Ae"line, %+ 206123)bi+ %+ 207124

    .orno in a le##er .ugus# 5, 1940 #o Horkheimer, Max Horkheimer .r"hiB, V)+ 1. 24a125Horkheimer, ;%+