Wind Action Eurocode

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures

    EN 1991-1-4:2005

    Wind actions

    Your

    logo

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications EN 1991-1-4:2005 Contents

    1. General

    2. Design situations

    3. Modelling of wind actions

    4. Wind velocity and velocity pressure

    5. Wind actions

    6. Structural factor

    7. Pressure and force coefficients

    8. Wind actions on bridges

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications EN 1991-1-4:2005 Contents

    Annex

    A. Terrain effects

    B. Procedure 1 for determining the structural factor

    C. Procedure 2 for determining the structural factor

    D. Structural factors for different types of structures

    E. Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities

    F. Dynamic characteristics of structures

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Section 1 General 1.1 Scope

    (2) This Part is applicable to:

    - Buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m

    - Bridges having no span greater than 200 m, provided that they

    satisfy the criteria for dynamic response

    (3) This part is intended to predict characteristic wind actions on

    land-based structures, their components and appendages

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Section 1 General 1.1 Scope

    Draft corrigendum to EN 1991-1-4:200522 January 2008

    (11) Guyed masts and lattice towers are treated in EN 1993-3-1 andlighting columns in EN 40

    (12) This part does not give guidance on the following aspects:- torsional vibrations, e.g. tall buildings with a central core

    - bridge deck vibrations from transverse wind turbulence

    - wind actions on cable supported bridges- vibrations where more than the fundamental mode needs to beconsidered

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Section 2 Design situations

    (1)P The relevant wind actions shall be determined for each design

    situation identified in accordance with EN 1990, 3.2.

    (2) Traffic, snow and ice

    (3) Execution

    (4) Where in design windows and doors are assumed to be shut

    under storm conditions, the effect of these being open should betreated as an accidental design situation

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Section 3 Modelling of wind actions

    3.1 Nature

    3.2 Representations of wind actions

    3.3 Classification of wind actions

    (1) Unless otherwise specified, wind actions should be classified asvariable fixed actions

    3.4 Characteristic values

    (1)

    Note: All coefficients or models, to derive wind actions from basic

    values, are chosen so that the probability of the calculated windactions does not exceed the probability of these basic values

    3.5 Models

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications

    Section 4 Wind vel. and vel. pres. - 4.2 Basic values

    0,bseasondirb vccv =

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications

    Section 4 Wind vel. and vel. pres. - 4.2 Basic values

    ENV 1991-2-4:1995

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Norway: Basic wind velocity. NS 3491-4:2002

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications UK: Basic wind velocity. BS 6399-2:1997

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Faroe Islands extreme winds

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Faroe Islands extreme winds

    Vindklima i Danmark og i udlandet 29

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Faroe Islands measuring stations

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Faroe Islands - Glyvursnes

    Vindklima i Danmark og i udlandet 37

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Faroe Islands basic wind velocities

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Italy - Messina

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications

    Southerly winds at Messina bridge deck height

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Basis for updated European wind map?

    ENV 1991-2-4:1995

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Climatological changes?

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Influence of terrain - measured wind velocities

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Section 4.3 Mean wind

    borm vzczczv = )()()(

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Section 4.3.2 Terrain roughness

    mzzzk

    zzkzc

    II

    II

    r

    rr

    05,019,0

    )/ln()(

    ,0

    07,0

    ,0

    0

    0

    =

    =

    =

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Terrain categories and terrain parameters

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Annex A: Terrain category I and II

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Annex A: Terrain category III and IV

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Annex A: Terrain category 0 coastal area

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Coastal area exposed to the open sea

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Figure 4.1 - Assessment of terrain roughness

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications A.2 Transition between roughness categories

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications A.2 Transition between roughness categories

    Procedure 1

    If the structure is situated near a change of terrain roughness

    at a distance:

    - less than 2 km from the smoother category 0

    - less than 1 km from the smoother categories I to III

    the smoother terrain category in the upwind direction should

    be used.

    Small areas (less than 10% of the area under consideration)

    with deviating roughness may be ignored.

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications A.3 Terrain orography. Figure A.1

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications

    Section 4.4 Wind turbulence. Turbulence intensity

    )/ln(

    1)(

    0zz

    k

    czI I

    o

    v =

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications

    Section 4.5 Peak velocity pressure, peak velocity

    )()(71)(

    )(21))(71()( 2

    zvzIzv

    zvzIzq

    mvp

    mvp

    +=

    +=

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Measured wind velocities

    OCO S

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Section 5 Wind actions 5.1 General

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    EUROCODES Fi 5 1 P f

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Figure 5.1 Pressure on surfaces

    EUROCODES Section 7 2 Pressure coeff for buildings Figure 7 2

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications

    Section 7.2 Pressure coeff. for buildings. Figure 7.2

    EUROCODES Section 7 2 2 Vertical walls Figure 7 5

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Section 7.2.2 Vertical walls. Figure 7.5

    EUROCODES Section 7 2 2 Vertical walls Table 7 1

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Section 7.2.2 Vertical walls. Table 7.1

    EUROCODES Section 7 2 5 Duopitch roofs Figure 7 8

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Section 7.2.5 Duopitch roofs. Figure 7.8

    EUROCODES Section 7 2 5 Duopitch roofs Table 7 4a

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    Background and Applications Section 7.2.5 Duopitch roofs. Table 7.4a

    EUROCODES Section 5 3 Wind forces

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    Background and Applications Section 5.3 Wind forces

    refepfdsw AzqcccF = )(

    EUROCODES Section 6 Structural factor

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    Background and Applications Section 6 Structural factor

    6.2 Determination of structural factor

    The structural factor may be taken as 1 for

    a) buildings with a height less than 15 m

    b) facade and roof elements having a natural frequency

    greater than 5 Hz

    c) framed buildings which have structural walls and which are

    less than 100 m high and whose height is less than 4 times the

    in-wind depth

    d) chimneys with circular cross-sections whose height is less

    than 60 m and 6,5 times the diameter

    EUROCODESB k d d A li ti Annex D Structural factor

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    Background and Applications Annex D Structural factor

    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Annex D Structural factor

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    Background and Applications Annex D Structural factor

    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Annex D Structural factor

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    Background and Applications

    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Annex D Structural factor

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Annex D Structural factor

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Section 6 Structural factor. Figure 6.1

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Section 6.3 Detailed procedure

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    2

    22

    2

    22

    )(71

    )(21

    )(71

    )(71

    )(71

    )(21

    BzI

    RBzIkc

    zI

    BzI

    c

    zI

    RBzIkcc

    sv

    svp

    d

    sv

    sv

    s

    sv

    svp

    ds

    +

    ++=

    +

    +=

    +

    ++=

    EUROCODESBackground and Applications

    Backgrund turbulence and resonance turbulence

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Wind vortices versus structural size

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications

    Procedure 1 (dotted line) versus theory (solid line)

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications

    Procedure 2 (dotted line) versus theory (solid line)

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Structural factor. Procedure 1 or 2?

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    Procedure 2 has a more accurate representation of the theoretical

    background compared to procedure 1

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Annex E Vortex shedding. Bending vibrations

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Annex E Vortex sheding. Ovalling vibrations

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications

    Annex E Vortex shedding. Critical wind velocity

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    St

    nbv

    Stnbv

    oi

    icrit

    yiicrit

    =

    =

    2

    ,

    ,

    ,,

    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Vortex shedding. Chimneys

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Approach 1 versus approach 2

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    Approach 1: Vortex-resonance model

    Approach 2: Spectral model

    Turbulence is an active parameter only in approach 2

    E1.5.1 General(3)

    Approach 2 allows for the consideration of different turbulenceintensities, which may differ due to meteorological conditions.

    For regions where it is likely that it may become very cold and

    stratified flow condition may occur (e.g. in coastal areas in NorthernEurope), approach 2 may be used.

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Vortex shedding. Bridge cross section

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications

    Vortex shedding. Bridge cross section. Approach 1

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    , y p

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications

    Vortex shedding. Bridge cross section. Approach 2

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    EUROCODESBackground and Applications Vortex shedding. Approach 1 or 2?

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    Approach 2 has a more accurate representation of the physicalphenomenon compared to approach 1