Zentrum fiir Tiirkeistudien

Zeitschrift fiirTiirkeistudienlhe chflg0BIae ot Crlru"l dd ld.ologi.al DevelopmenF

md the unions in Torkey since 1930 (Bttil*lsuFamiUes imigrcos orques el I eNigren€nl

pl:solaire en Belgique nmcophore (n/@Co)

wahler der Wo fahftspdtei (A*.ta)a/,telodsD

Po|nhche Orgs.reflng der bulSm'che! Tdrte! rMdcnc, )

Eurcpe ed Gensy (r(o,?e,)

D6 €thnische Mosaik der Tnrkei (Alr)

Der hld lDf dcm Balkan (A.ar.ryr,

Thoughts on $e Sr1te dd Kurdish ]dcntity in Tu*cy (or4l

Die Ausbildugsiruarion in D€ubcn|sd Go?b!a)

'Verf4suoCs@h ud Verf6sulgsgenchsbdk€it inDeur$hland Tortei" (Eud)

..1 \tudaler HFrolilertongrB d.r Unive6irh Me^in/Idl

B uc hbe s p rcc hM BenrTz it { hrift en ff hau

u97Leske + Budrich

Zeitschrift fiir Tiirkeistudien (ZfTS)

vlulichnis der Aurder...........

AliM,d]!l6&:Thlch4giigFe.ofculfoFlmdId@|ogic']

pi{$olat cn Bdsiqd. iihcophoi. .

citdo i|r4d!fmk $€,/Yemi o:b*: wei w,r'r' di.woh|frnnsPdeiuidw,ium?''.' ' '. '.

Lnri.h raryn: Enmpe rod cmriy -

Hryrcdn,4}l4: Da .dnis.h. Mosikvllda ,g?srrsei Der klan aurd.n BJks ..... ... ... . . ... . ....... ... . r0l

d Krinh Lc.dq irTu'k.y....... 109vo|ka',:*,'a:Di.ANbildungsifu

Asbidtrisspornisls votr rdrki$hen U

,Jeif$suisyehruidvedasungss.nchhbdeitinD.u&hlrndTlrkei.3./9.II |996inKrl

Dunu! r,n: ,,1 Nation.ld Hisbnkertcash ichrc utrd N.rion,lhnuJ m ? s.1997 ii Mersin

Thougbrs on the Srrk abd Xurdleh ld€ntity b Turkey

Th. Atlopnon of Asinilatid PoLicy b, the lu$sh Stute onn ix

bhomoFnn.sodatydrcu8nft..lenimrion ofurl rofis ot irisscr€i curloi,l, rclisious. ednn, rinsuhtic

me ed by nos ol foF.. wh.n 6i! ortm, rh. uiity ot rh. \bt .n bedhi.ved ror a limicd tihc, b( n is urhe d6iRj uniry tor long. Tlrjr is bd,uk ority, .ven in a nei'gq is sone

Nldb?mnp*.J64'{rindfl".nt.h i ch0 r ld ' emg i i i . i bo f l h .gkd

clb culos) Edined $cn disrincrisGmm.d from ihc dcaiis (h. npps{ultuEl

snc ib roundnion in l92l ftcT utish R.rubhc hs opr.d tor th. fiBr,lhdiv. HeE, itr whd aollo*s. I shill ofid ny rhoushB on the undenvmc

l) The Intlmal con€i: The L€gacy of the ottobm Empne

a) nle imp-t ofih. -Mill.r sy$em :

ol the Ortnm EDPiF at $" .ot or*hich *s ln.Ii.r'xa! svnen. A',he vEv.ry Elisiotr land, ii $c ce or th. cfisrisi .vdy conli$iot wa .oisid?Ed r diflsei!,n't.r a.6dingly, rll Muslins, aslJdl4s or rhdt odd

6cMidEBs!colFighN^fu!Unjqtiyft$.1s7iv , ; ud fd..ido" rcN

Kuds ** rcvd mmi&r.n b br dy dilfaant ftof Tuts dqDib rhar o,vds. .$iic, rirFidic cr. GrlrB.

when E R.pnbli. w4 touded, dr t.sey of rhc nir., sy{em wa€ry w.rr $ird b rhe driomrjr poricy of I sbE rhd did iot 'Iow dnlript

Ii rh. s.oid daad. of rhc 20rh .dtury, 'h. young ruk drihad !. T(.arri Brk6r. Ire P.rq ol Uiioi .id Rorc) domiBr.d rhc potiriat $cn.in rhe EnpiE. Trcir Trkificdiotr poticid or @@..icludd any curd

R"pubk rr caft ftom $h kh@r offioshr rnd *d b,ppry dr. Fmo

c) fte anricipation ol d'. oMri disinbgnrion:

npid f:agmnbrioi dunng rhe t9rh€nto'y Lading up ro rh! Fin. of its fii€l mll'p. r rhe erd ot dE FBt

ido rhe AflbtiD p.iiisuta. Sin€ rhc

similUdcurcici'ee.diig6fie!Th. r.d of losins the pEio$ p.iirruh xko .onriburd s srcn dBt b d.idorqane wih vhich currmr idctriid

'nre iboved.itionrd wry tumed inro

(found.d in r92r); 3 mde drd notrrh atis rhe tlnmdo of the R4ublic.odlyii 1933earh.turhl.bpurodft fm.lrd6y Hcuprisj.ej

2) Tr'e Exiemol Conr.xr The Feisl At nosthc€ of the Inrd ua

"1d K.mrrlm !a d!@top.! a Jl. n

all by rblia4 6mm, FaM ENpen ad Bsjrm iicsrat n,riotrlhtra;rhe slosds or *hic6 fond ru rc

plbrien Pdy fotrid.d by Ma6ri K.nati ?ln Fdiz. - M6bfa Kmsj

|h.qh|:Nhesnko'd|vdfhah|lyk|k]4

Much in 6. sdc vay a d'e ,lrild syslilioml r.ding ws very {ell suiti ror

. . vAnd€nso aa l L o6n kn

N lor rh. fdlts of rhh Nimilationisr

Reosons fot th. Failute of tlc Stat s Assi6ilano4 Polieies dard,r

On. m$r adnir rhar d'c Tu*nh shEburdms Prujcd Bos'jss. Pon,k, A

Gn. hd smmm olEnl ddiry ol rhe rurksh Nation (.,Iirt /rL,_)Thi is p.drp.4ily uounEd ror by

udins ii Tukey w"E lcs rhd dc

l*. arc moE incrimd b ad+riDs r.thei ner cdui!] s&tr lns asditrg

Th. on. sisnificant ?reprion b 6. suc6s of K.naN{ tidi,lisn wa

builditrg pr@* enh EssJd b, n l.dr a dabl. ponion or, fie Kuds, $.nsobiotrs I sh3ll prcpos. rhe rollovins l6oN lor rhh hiluE

,) Th. coicpr of rhe ,,ndion dac En.lion ue id.di6l.'Thn u nshding, ho**q tslb shoit ol capo J's th.crlity in rhe Middl..Eat whd. Pmri

b) asinilstionis policy in Tu*cy d

K (.,krd*bn wfrd' Pdy) b.s!i

|ylhrcermaf'd'heptrblicdionof'.j '?

s "hkh hichtish'di tudish shBl.lildre rics (r!i8$ge. epi.5, ny$r. dc ) noui$ed Arro rh. rrlrd'ere(lmnricc oi | 9 | 3) rh.E {eE orheuedi.r. $e rely *der rcrorurioid) orcsiadoi (rzdi) whrch iad de1925 !Fisin8. w6 foundd b.lore I

I doM udit rcaS conqoen y, lne

rid vq" p6$d on nom s.n.nron ro

x) rbd conapr oi ! ro'moi ixddLnic mrivry Th. Gm ,Jdhdhid" des mr imrude a pbc de dd. (rid

o! .s'.mr, @ ) dcs noi .xBr ,com

lhl rou-sh crinr. lh. hish corc"dElionolKurdr in Easrn Ardoliavs.

lrioo nisht haE sbod a chance.

rr) EEn ii comries whEh s.m 'o enjseNe or nrlotrir uniry, wc obsn. b.3pp.d,nc o{ndionaliJ movenerbii .ses wrfrc -mohi. dispsr'i.s ju

lift rhe wond hd. tud6 +iftd away frcm rheF 06rh cenr!ry).

c) Modsiizdion vnnod dcE

$ia), dd iiskh oi dsiniltl

d) D*pry rootd tur,rish ndj(

3) Ideologrcd !id Poliricdl I

.) sslhiism qa I ruidm.d!

b) rhe lerdlu poli.y of 'n. &

w.|li3id|y.!fw.dudillh.l

c) lrre upp..idei'iy whi.h 'n.

n$.dano|g||reunvgstyy0

d) rhe ononai Empiq lilt i

Liz, .t.). rhe Empire garh6(upps) ideiti'y ol 'otroddird

rt s;tu $" (' dr r nneJ.o.

lity b ner rhes d.nards turcdi $e

;m d.ni.s d;reds rc. enmds cnu.e). rtrd insists oi dsimiriiion a th

rll d.fi nEd iid$hal'don. nbd'a'ioo, ;i edua,ioi iievibbry rld b

3) Id.olosical a'd Political Reasons

r.

or rhe Khaliri,t Tb. Kh3liraE,r r . - . - 1nN ' i dr . n " s , ' i - ? . , e - . .

b) The leadiispoli.y orrhcR.pnblh vtDcsnled by field Mdshal Fda aab' e 1 ' q ' d d ' , a , m , ' ' ' . + ' d c t 'r r ! r o l r rdo .d ' n r h .mry;."dlulofci'i dnjiistrroB. miriiry pdsoinel rd trltB

O Tlre uFo id.diY vbih de ReP!

!e cnies of 61 1l'.* afro dc re50 s diod .duca'io0 Dd@ss. lnd..d, bo$ itr d.velop.n lid tidddfldordo rm. oa n l l ' e ! rq4 b . f l ' . c ' . d .o r i ' o ' dh .m n ' k ' vd

{ - rph ;b r ru . ' f t . r ' haior ci&s like isranbur ,nd Aikdi

I ldge emPiEr, {s ba*! oD s. ts. f l r ' . sOnr rh C ' . ' l {me 'h r ' r ' L K ids r

lu;,r PeDLbh..^,Bdr nre"d,r' n \ rdED i o'- -d.tr 'ie J'dF'lhe4pd.iddli$ninPdedelim

Gm ,,Na'iotr or r!,key" (,.7dd4. /r/?,r.) urd by Musara Ken,! durngrhe ws.f rndcpendenc. !a ftvs ro b. h.oi asaii rfts rhe dare oi ded(ranr oi of dr Repubri. (o.bbs ,9rh, 192, N ir *a ddijDndy Epk.dby 'id df .,Tu*nh Ndion_ (,,r!rr M ,ri).' Th* ld b rhe reeti4 or d

zens ofTu*ey serc cired TUK sEphd of iunn hd isdsm. rhe r{n soon eriidt .$oic mnnobrotr dos*

rheerhirc inion'lisrcofu(orrh. r990

CuLutat Aubnh, th. Turkih stuft, ann e Kurd:

The aiswer ro rie ri^r q@nloi is e*y sciatid.idry,iedL*r.m.!individmt ri pdi.utr. b€iq unabr.,

iunhs, rhn 50cio{utrunt .tieidroi

i ,.Th. r.sry or rh. oronlo Enpre-. h a idosphde which hr made65imildioo imposibre Gr 16r as far a Kurds e .d(m.d) rhe ru*-ishsraE is vori.d rh{.,To r.osi;c Kurdish ideniry by coicdiis ctrlhll

\ ! r 4 r r I d \ t b . , a . . . ^ . ! . r , . \ , t o 1 'dda'Bisihd,AFil|93.F103.

adorcmy, wourd be ro nsk dr

Yasd r?zor (who cirh himdnsr ru*rh of iI rrr Krrn -l

nmrobjedive in&Fndse.

rioi on rrE iutuE ot Krdnh E

l) Numedcal Strensth of th.

2) concenhrion of$e Ethni!

t c i o ! . t acounry ' j bch , j €

egn'onoflhecounty't!dc'wou|d

io rhis, rhe bst rcm.rk p{hap! h* bYAd {a,u, (ryho .rLk himsell,,lrle

Ii mrrl fa.! rhe fer of rhe Tu nhI mtionirrms ard oily $oPped 8i dre

nnrlobjd'iv. iid.p€rderce.

besirr rd ,,"irhs a{ay uDdd rhe iinrence or .,burs@is irbmdiorlhn ,aY !o a tu a d. iiliial obj.cnvc, or

I r y i l l t y l obswt r l h i s . l h?n i | | i dnddbtiisuisldl !rd.

of trdiood(n.rhe hr. Erisr c.rns, d a L4rft lje s

rioi or rhe iutr or Ktrdish nanonrli.'knoymuchabou'fulni$idiom|is

H. ihd cilen rbe foLro*ms 10u -ikl

l) Numiical Srengrh oftheEthnic Croup:

'rhe sir ol rhe dhnic sroup r inpdtud ii rh. stive for idepend.ne To

!o!i!-y of rhsnowi riddo€,rhis cri&non nfully ner. (+)

2) Conc.ntrition of the Eihnic Croup in a Panicuh Resion:

lf a ndioislisr novemed of nn dhnitgion or a cou ry. i6 dblmes ol trhEvirg ind.P.id.ice de grcdd To'd.v, r is wid.lY srinatd rhat \dnd s

n ' J k ' . . o d e l q w F j ' h r . f o p k

tds. Th{efoc, I do nd beli.vc rhd rhis

3) HistoricalContinuny of theMovenenl:

ublished ii t9t3 r9r9. Eicerl ior rherckti!c|yb;gfP{jodof|933]959lhenarisr mov.nsd I$iik$k dibnon kfi y ner. (+)

4) Morivariorrowards Independerce:

}je rhe Kords rurry moriyaEn b er up rn idepend.d tuiti.h sbre of rhenun'bb ro den inrrcss ro !.y ii Tur,r6n n ebj4'ive and rhdero@ n@h

4 Ceopornicar posirion or rh. tuiurt indq.nd.n! sbc:

s rcdcd adFen b I bordd riie sd.Dd r ( 4Fys obj.div. @ndnio6 for

srdval nschan$ofsaiiiq ind.p.nd.rce de snb| !n ind.p.nd.nr Kudkh nar

wourd be ai sdYbrq. (+)' ro( Gurely hoeile) counri.s (lrli,

Inq, sylil xid'furkey). hruns no nprcblbly roubl.d by hbar .nd orhd ri

fdrc. ro po' ! ( ) sisn .g.ii$ rhis oi.i

b) rn. posib Lny or dopdng $ irdqrn poticy:

isrFlicy tollo{ing indeperderq rheItr dedism rcreN ro a poli.y ldoprd by a

he n.ishboudDg counrie (rran.L4, syn4 4d ir shourd are b. nored $d folloving rhe culf wr ri .n-

ii Nonhem lraq d 3 srre lLEn on

loricaly at*ays bei wer g.

fte armosphs. oI thl inGmrri$d 3 s,{. ]tr$ch i $mid€ I

Fi^! a n!nber of iid.pcDd

bours.onn! n..ned b d.d Md

rendiomr (mndisrhri.) vrtu.v!rylhitr8'ln$n."A3.ofc|ob

io rbd r . vc6d rh i sd i t ; o i i r r

lne orrrn hhd, bowever. ih. Kuds .r Tuikey m fd ditrde non 'ho$D

E fibion n oilY FIdY mer (berwen

$ch a (& in su.h a sdsitiy. pin ol the ryond In rbisesed. we catr lisr d

Fi6r. a numbd or iidcpendeft sbb e

rhe cheric !iddioi dear.d by tlr$. n.v sD€s.ld cooP(dioi jn Edrdp. is Plac

ilga[Nyenphsnm'h!is$eolhumride[6.nim.jtyigh6,4d1og1

brc*iigup.xistingsbtes;lhcyoi|y

Thid, qrobd;iioi ha brculh he."{g. ofNdioDllisn ro ih. be,lrn'isotn.d.Jus s ndloFrbb n

r/ sme dasa of rh" YdY sme we

*irh der Fb sp..d sd vigNr th. whol. wqld ii |ne dn{ion or,.i 'thnionar (madialndc)every$irc In rhis.,Asc or obbri^rtoi'. corcepb like,.ndional pride ftfae b€omiis ras inponad $.n blue jesr bmds. Ii sch . slruBr {.ndsohde. $e ric ol r n.v l,nd. .onbmi is bouid ro,ppeal l6s and r.sno' bcriew rhd $n .iibioi kr me'. a)

Now ler s come ro $. lal point in rh.htioi. And since fi. sft or miN$

rhc n&idinic Yrru6 0r rha we$

rhey {ourd nor so 6 riI is ind.p.nlu and jn@mqiq qirh rh. Turrs$ rup l s ibd ld jemNindepends i

lnoso ftc PKKI Gdionari{ Kurdnh o4.niarion) use of remr as rtreme is jus 6 o'hras bwa s larror

cry rcr nduat rc$oN6 & tiE on.4 oi rI. o'hn h!id, 'nc tudish p@p

be ery drerive 6 |nen d.spiE dl possibr. iutur. difficurri6 rr 6o{h rhe

$ds se $is.tFno'n culruGlrisht) ro so as re $ iide!.id.nd?

Eare

(Kudisl') qusrion" hav. iiKfts lX. 6ul6 ot dis Flicy e only roo obyious: Thiny rhousld d.ad

!n * ot riiding I {,} ror Tuh fld

Di€ AubildubgsslBenicksichtigu.g d

Jlgddli.hq uvon tii*i

Die E^tuitktunra 4ufd.n AL

b€sondeE ansRrcuisei, dmlhdr udd mdslj$n ausb.ur Do

rm Hdblick 3!r dn b.ti.!l

duesiel.i ods ein Nehfir!

rc Ang.borri.k.. dj. snch ,!t

Ii d6 Z.n nach 1936 sab cbn d.r Berursbildungsb.ric[b

rs92, Den sbnd ruch .ine das.se ibd, so d,n io Enddf.r