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Diese Powerpoint-Folien wurden fr Lehrveranstaltungen am Institut fr GeologischeWissenschaften der FU Berlin erstellt.

Das Urheberrecht fr Texte und Bildmaterial sowie fr die graphische Gestaltung aller Seitenliegt bei C. Heubeck, soweit nicht anders benannt.

Der Download sowie der Ausdruck von Texten, Bildern und graphischen Elementen isterwnscht, aber nur zum persnlichen, privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch gestattet.

Vervielfltigung und Verbreitung ist nur fr an der FU Berlin eingeschriebene Studierende zumZweck der Kursvor- und nachbereitung gestattet.

Trotz meiner sorgfltigen Bemhungen bernehme ich keine Gewhr fr die Richtigkeit,Vollstndigkeit und Aktualitt des dargestellten Materials.

Prof. Christoph HeubeckInstitut fr Geologische Wissenschaften

Freie Universitt BerlinMalteserstr. 74-100

12249 BerlinGERMANY

ph: ++49-(0)30-83870695 fax: ++49-(0)30-83870734

cheubeck@zedat.fu-berlin.de http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~cheubeck/

The Petroleum System

Todays Lecture

What is a system ? What are the elements of the petroleum system ?Why is it important ?

Elements:Source rock

Reservoir Seal Trap Maturation and Migration Timing Product

Example: Bolivian Subandean SystemLinks and Literature

Todays Lecture: The Petroleum System

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What is a Petroleum System ?

Product

Reservoir

Timing

TrapMaturation

and Migration

Seal

Source Rock

What is a Petroleum System ?

Actually averyinteresting,creativeandstimulating

task

In geology,the mostintegrativefields of all

Own data (observational /deductive), and data from nearlyall other sciences

Source Rock

Seal

Elements of the Petroleum System

TrapTiming: Source rock -Reservoir Trap/Seal

- Migration

Product: Oil, Gas,CO2

Migration

Maturation Reservoir

Source rock

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Source rocks

O2

Source rocks

Petroleum,Gas

Organic-richshale

Diatomite

Petroleum,Gas

Phyto- and Zooplankton

Coal Gas

Plants

Properties of source rocks

Fine-grained (usually shale):Low grade of oxidation, low

permeability

Laminated: low oxygen, nobioturbation, no banthos

Sedimentation in deep water:

lack of oxygen, no water

mixing

Low-oxygen depositionalenvironment: organic material

(Corg) does not become oxidized

Sapropel black anoxic shale

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Fundamental Reservoir Properties

Porosity (; to store) Permeability (k; to flow)

high ;high k

low ;high k

low ;low k

high ;low k

Reservoir

Engineers

Reservoir

Geologists

Reservoir

http://www.soton.ac.uk/~imw/coorong.htm

What kind of reservoirs ? Fractured reservoirs

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1-100

0.1-10

mm

1-10cm

0.1-1m

min

max

Kmin ?Kmax ?

Levels of Reservoir Heterogeneity

0.1-10

km

1- 100

m

Trap

Trap

Traps form where the ability of migratinghydrocarbons to move is somehow arrested or

slowed down.

Stratigraphictraps

Structuraltraps

Stuctural Traps

Normal fault

Diapir

Anticline

above a thrust

ramp

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Structural Traps

Chabot Anticline in SE Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, US. Dag Nummedal

Structural Traps

Saudi Aramco Publication

Structural Traps

AAPG Explorer ads, 2004, Gulf of Mexico

Structural Traps

AAPG Explorer ads, 2004

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Structural Traps

Deepwater GOM, Green Canyon; AAPG Explorer ad, 20 03

Salz

Structural Traps

Structural Traps

Deepwater GOM, Alaminos Canyon; Fulgro Multiclient Services, AAPG Explorer ad, 2003

Stratigraphic Traps

Angular unconformity

Lateralpinchout

Paleohigh,e.g. reef ormound

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Stratigraphic Traps

Jurassic lagoonal washoverfans,Moose Mountain, Front Reage,

Canada; May 2000

Stratigraphic Traps

Saudi Aramcobrochure

Seal

low permeability high capillary entry pressure

Capillary seals

0.9 g/cm31.1 g/cm3

0.3 g/cm3

Reservoir

Seal

F

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Timing

Source

Reservoir

Seal

Trap Formation

Maturation /Migration

Timing: The Petroleum System Chart

Trap

Source Rock

Seal

Elements of the Petroleum System

Migration

Timing: Source rock -Reservoir Trap/Seal

- Migration

Product: Oil, Gas,CO2

Maturation Reservoir

Source Rock

Migration

Maturation

Migrationbefore TrapFormation

Reservoir

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Seal

TrapDeformation

after Migration:Seal failure,Trap breaching

Source Rock

Migration

Maturation Reservoir

Product

1

3

2

4

5

6

7

8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

80-200C

Porosity (%)

Depth(km)

Water, oil, CH4, CO2

Oilgeneration

gasgeneration

CO2generation

Example

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BrazilianShield

IzozogArch

Basin

Suba

ndea

n

Cha

co

Belt

Chaco Basin: Geologic setting

Pipelineto SaoPaulo

Pipelineto Arica

4089 MMBOEUltimate Recovery:

8% Oil

77% Gas

15% Cond

Hydrocarbon significance

modified after Linquiat (1998)

Source rock: Los Monos Fm., Late Devonian Traps: Thrust-related anticlines

Devonian

Quaternary

Tertiary

Cretaceous

Triassic

Carboniferous

7 600 000

7 700 000

400 000

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00

1.01.0

2.02.0

3.03.0

4.04.0Two-waytraveltime(TWT)

W E8km

Top Guandacay Top Tar iquia Top Yecua

UnconformityTop CretaceousTop PetacaFault

Traps: Thrust-related anticlines Reservoir and Seal

Source: -4 km thickmarine shales

Iquiri Fm., shelf, Dev.-Carb.

Reservoir: Fluvial, shoreline, turbiditesandstone

Source

Reservoir

Seal

Trap Formation

Maturation /Migration

C

Los Monosetc.

Andean

Timing: The Chaco System

K T

Los Monosetc.

C

Anticl/ThRift

Rifting

Timing: The Chaco System

Depth(km)

1

2

3

4

5

6

Los MonosFm.

110C80C

140C

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Timing: The Chaco System

Depth(km)

1

2

3

4

5

6

Los MonosFm.110C

Erosion

170C

Summary: What is a Petroleum System ?

Product

Reservoir

Timing

TrapMigration

Seal

Source Rock

Seal

Elements of the Petroleum System

Source Rock

Migration

Trap

Reservoir

Quantity Quality Temperature history

Maturation

When ? Where? How fast? T history?

Where from ? Size of drainage

area ?

Efficiency ?

Lithology, Mineralogy Porosity, permeability Internal heterogeneity Water saturation Hydrocarbon characteristics Thickness, geometry,

facies, extent Faulting / fracturing

Geometry Age

Quality Thickness Composition