02 petroleum system - · PDF file2 What is a Petroleum System ? Product Reservoir Timing Trap...

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1 Diese Powerpoint-Folien wurden für Lehrveranstaltungen am Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften der FU Berlin erstellt. Das Urheberrecht für Texte und Bildmaterial sowie für die graphische Gestaltung aller Seiten liegt bei C. Heubeck, soweit nicht anders benannt. Der Download sowie der Ausdruck von Texten, Bildern und graphischen Elementen ist erwünscht, aber nur zum persönlichen, privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch gestattet. Vervielfältigung und Verbreitung ist nur für an der FU Berlin eingeschriebene Studierende zum Zweck der Kursvor- und –nachbereitung gestattet. Trotz meiner sorgfältigen Bemühungen übernehme ich keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, Vollständigkeit und Aktualität des dargestellten Materials. Prof. Christoph Heubeck Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften Freie Universität Berlin Malteserstr. 74-100 12249 Berlin GERMANY ph: ++49-(0)30-83870695 fax: ++49-(0)30-83870734 [email protected] http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~cheubeck/ The Petroleum System Today‘s Lecture What is a system ? What are the elements of the petroleum system ? Why is it important ? Elements: Source rock Reservoir Seal Trap Maturation and Migration Timing Product Example: Bolivian Subandean System Links and Literature Today‘s Lecture: The Petroleum System

Transcript of 02 petroleum system - · PDF file2 What is a Petroleum System ? Product Reservoir Timing Trap...

Page 1: 02 petroleum system - · PDF file2 What is a Petroleum System ? Product Reservoir Timing Trap Maturation and Migration Seal Source Rock What is a Petroleum System ? Actually a very

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Diese Powerpoint-Folien wurden für Lehrveranstaltungen am Institut für GeologischeWissenschaften der FU Berlin erstellt.

Das Urheberrecht für Texte und Bildmaterial sowie für die graphische Gestaltung aller Seitenliegt bei C. Heubeck, soweit nicht anders benannt.

Der Download sowie der Ausdruck von Texten, Bildern und graphischen Elementen isterwünscht, aber nur zum persönlichen, privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch gestattet.

Vervielfältigung und Verbreitung ist nur für an der FU Berlin eingeschriebene Studierende zumZweck der Kursvor- und –nachbereitung gestattet.

Trotz meiner sorgfältigen Bemühungen übernehme ich keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, Vollständigkeit und Aktualität des dargestellten Materials.

Prof. Christoph HeubeckInstitut für Geologische WissenschaftenFreie Universität BerlinMalteserstr. 74-10012249 BerlinGERMANY

ph: ++49-(0)30-83870695 fax: ++49-(0)[email protected] http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~cheubeck/

The Petroleum System

Today‘s Lecture

• What is a system ?• What are the elements of the petroleum system ?•Why is it important ?

• Elements:•Source rock• Reservoir• Seal• Trap• Maturation and Migration• Timing• Product

•Example: Bolivian Subandean System•Links and Literature

Today‘s Lecture: The Petroleum System

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What is a Petroleum System ?

Product

Reservoir

Timing

TrapMaturationand Migration

Seal

Source Rock

What is a Petroleum System ?

Actually a very interesting, creative and stimulating task

In geology, the most integrative fields of all

Own data (observational / deductive), and data from nearly all other sciences

Source Rock

Seal

Elements of the Petroleum System

TrapTiming: Source rock -Reservoir – Trap/Seal

- Migration

Product: Oil, Gas, CO2

Migration

Maturation Reservoir

Source rock

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Source rocks

O2

Source rocks

Petroleum,Gas

Organic-richshale

Diatomite

Petroleum,Gas

Phyto- and Zooplankton

Coal Gas

Plants

Properties of source rocks

Fine-grained (usually shale): Low grade of oxidation, low

permeability

Laminated: low oxygen, no bioturbation, no banthos

Sedimentation in deep water: lack of oxygen, no water

mixing

Low-oxygen depositionalenvironment: organic material

(Corg) does not become oxidized

Sapropel – black anoxic shale

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Low in protein; low in H

TerrestrialMaterial (Cellulose)

Yields gases and solids upon heating – no liquids

Associated with terrestrial depositional environments

http://www.laubag.de/Presse_Dienst/presse.htm

Coal The Late Devonian

ExshawShale

WoodfordShale

DomanikFm.

Los MonosFm.

Los Monos Formation, Subandean Belt, BoliviaLate Devonian

Late Jurassic shale: The Posidonia shale

http://www.naturkunde-bw.de/cgi-bin/stuttgart

Thaumatosaurus, Holzmaden

Steinbruch Dotternhausen

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Maturation and Migration

Migration

Primary migration: the process of leaving the source rock, mostly across stratification, largely due to compaction.

1

3

2

4

5

6

7

8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

80-200°C

Porosity (%)

Dep

th (k

m)

Water, oil, CH4, CO2

Water, oil, CH4, CO2

Migration

Secondary migration: collecting oil and gas in reservoir rocks, largely along stratification, caused by buoyancy differences and

rock properties

SealSandstone reservoirSeal

0.9 g/cm3 1.1 g/cm30.3 g/cm3

petroleum brinegas

Reservoir

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Fundamental Reservoir Properties

Porosity (φ; to store) Permeability (k; to flow)

high φ; high k

low φ; high k

low φ; low k

high φ; low k

Reservoir

Engineer’s Reservoir

Geologist’s Reservoir

http://www.soton.ac.uk/~imw/coorong.htm

What kind of reservoirs ? Fractured reservoirs

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1-100µ

0.1-10 mm

1-10 cm

0.1-1m

φmin

φmax

Kmin ?Kmax ?

Levels of Reservoir Heterogeneity

0.1-10 km

1- 100 m

Trap

Trap

Traps form where the ability of migrating hydrocarbons to move is somehow arrested or

slowed down.

Stratigraphictraps

Structural traps

Stuctural Traps

Normal fault

Diapir

Anticline

… above a thrust ramp

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Structural Traps

Chabot Anticline in SE Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, US. Dag Nummedal

Structural Traps

Saudi Aramco Publication

Structural Traps

AAPG Explorer ads, 2004, Gulf of Mexico

Structural Traps

AAPG Explorer ads, 2004

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Structural Traps

Deepwater GOM, Green Canyon; AAPG Explorer ad, 2003

Salz

Structural Traps

Structural Traps

Deepwater GOM, Alaminos Canyon; Fulgro Multiclient Services, AAPG Explorer ad, 2003

Stratigraphic Traps

Angular unconformity

Lateral pinchout

Paleohigh, e.g. reef ormound

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Stratigraphic Traps

Jurassic lagoonal washover fans, Moose Mountain, Front Reage,

Canada; May 2000

Stratigraphic Traps

Saudi Aramco brochure

Seal

• low permeability• high capillary entry pressure

Capillary seals

0.9 g/cm31.1 g/cm3

0.3 g/cm3

Reservoir

Seal

F

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Timing

Source

Reservoir

Seal

Trap Formation

Maturation / Migration

Timing: The Petroleum System Chart

Trap

Source Rock

Seal

Elements of the Petroleum System

Migration

Timing: Source rock -Reservoir – Trap/Seal

- Migration

Product: Oil, Gas, CO2

Maturation Reservoir

Source Rock

Migration

Maturation

Migration before TrapFormation

Reservoir

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Seal

TrapDeformation after Migration:Seal failure, Trap breaching

Source Rock

Migration

Maturation Reservoir

Product

1

3

2

4

5

6

7

8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

80-200°C

Porosity (%)

Dep

th (k

m)

Water, oil, CH4, CO2

Oil generation

gas generation

CO2generation

Example

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Brazilian Shield

IzozogArchBasin

Subandean

Chaco

Belt

Chaco Basin: Geologic setting

Pipeline to Sao Paulo

Pipeline to Arica

4089 MMBOE Ultimate Recovery:

• 8% Oil• 77% Gas• 15% Cond

Hydrocarbon significance

modified after Linquiat (1998)

Source rock: Los Monos Fm., Late Devonian Traps: Thrust-related anticlines

Devonian

Quaternary

TertiaryCretaceous

Triassic

Carboniferous

7 600 000

7 700 000

400 000

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00

1.01.0

2.02.0

3.03.0

4.04.0Two-

way

trav

el ti

me

(TW

T)

W E8km

Top Guandacay Top Tariquia Top Yecua

UnconformityTop CretaceousTop PetacaFault

Traps: Thrust-related anticlines Reservoir and Seal

Source: -4 km thickmarine shales

Iquiri Fm., shelf, Dev.-Carb.

Reservoir: Fluvial, shoreline, turbiditesandstone

Source

Reservoir

Seal

Trap Formation

Maturation / Migration

C

Los Monosetc.

Andean

Timing: The Chaco System

K T

Los Monosetc.

C

Anticl/ThRift

Rifting

Timing: The Chaco System

Depth(km)

1

2

3

4

5

6

Los MonosFm.

110°C80°C

140°C

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Timing: The Chaco System

Depth(km)

1

2

3

4

5

6

Los MonosFm.110°C

Erosion

170°C

Summary: What is a Petroleum System ?

Product

Reservoir

Timing

TrapMigration

Seal

Source Rock

Seal

Elements of the Petroleum System

Source Rock

Migration

Trap

Reservoir

• Quantity• Quality• Temperature history

Maturation

• When ?• Where?• How fast?• T history?

• Where from ?• Size of drainage

area ?• Efficiency ?

• Lithology, Mineralogy• Porosity, permeability• Internal heterogeneity• Water saturation• Hydrocarbon characteristics• Thickness, geometry,

facies, extent• Faulting / fracturing

• Geometry• Age

• Quality• Thickness• Composition