GYMNASIUM MUTTENZ

Maturprüfung 2018

Schwerpunktfach: Spanisch

Kurs: 4EalS

Examinatorin:

Hilfsmittel: Der Gebrauch eines zweisprachigen Wörterbuches ist bei allen

Prüfungsteilen (Übersetzung, Textverständnis und Aufsatz) erlaubt.

A. Comprensión lectora. Tiempo previsto: 80 minutos; baremo: 1/3 nota

Carlos Fuentes. Migraciones impunes y castigadas.

Sevilla, 1503. Se funda la Casa de Contratación para monopolizar el comercio con las Indias. La conquista y explotación de América envía a España, entre 1503 y 1660, seiscientos millones de ducados producto del trabajo indígena y esclavista negro. Las minas de América proporcionan a España dieciséis millones de kilogramos de plata y oro por el peso de ciento ochenta millones de

5 kilogramos. La contribución de España constituye la quinta parte del tesoro europeo a principios del siglo XVI. En 1629, de acuerdo con el economista español contemporáneo Alonso de Carranza, el 75% del tesoro americano ha huido de España y se concentra en el norte protestante de Europa. Origen: el trabajo de indios, negros y mestizos en América. Tránsito: inflación de las rentas en España, tesoro malgastado. Destino: acumulación de capital en el

10 resto de Europa, tesoro productivo. Resultado: explotación del trabajo americano, decadencia del poder español, ascenso del capitalismo europeo. Todo sin visas ni permisos de trabajo.

Massachusetts, 1620. Puritanos ingleses, sin visas ni permisos de trabajo, fundan la colonia inglesa de Nueva Inglaterra. Desde allí, la América anglosajona se expandirá del Atlántico al Pacífico, arrebatando tierras a los indios, importando esclavos africanos y anexando la mitad del

15 territorio mexicano.

Pennsylvania, 1753. El humanista y científico Benjamín Franklin, futuro prócer de la Independencia de los Estados Unidos, se queja amargamente de la inmigración alemana a Pennsylvania. Provocarán, dice Franklin, 'graves desórdenes entre nosotros'. Los inmigrantes alemanes nunca aprenderán el inglés, añade, y serán necesarios los intérpretes de tiempo

20 completo. Los inmigrantes 'nos sobrepasarán en número ... , no podremos preservar nuestra lengua y aun nuestro gobierno se verá amenazado'. Franklin se queja también de que los inmigrantes huelen mal y comen basura.

Calcuta, 1757. Clive, el conquistador británico, carente de visa o permiso de trabajo, captura Calcuta e inicia la expansión inglesa en la India, destruyendo el sistema de aldeas autónomas a

25 favor de los potentados locales, dotándolos de armas inglesas y tropas hindúes, fomentando la discordia entre élites, cobrándoles a todos el apoyo militar y organizando una fuerza laboral barata para producir textiles competitivamente.

Argelia, 1830. Francia captura el Fuerte de Sidi Ferruj, abriendo la era de la colonización

europea de la casi totalidad de África, culminando con la ofensiva del rey Leopoldo de Bélgica

30 contra el Congo en 1908, los cañones escupiendo fuego desde el mar sobre todo un continente -

el 'corazón de las tinieblas' de Conrad'. Sólo quedan tres Estados independientes en África:

Libia, Marruecos y Liberia. El trabajo y los recursos de África son expoliados sin misericordia.

Ningún colonizador entró con visa o permiso de trabajo a África.

Nueva York, 1910. Diecisiete millones de europeos han emigrado a los EE UU entre 1880 y

35 1910. Arriban un millón de irlandeses huyendo de la hambruna de la patata en 1840. Suecia, .

uno de los países más pobres de Europa, inicia su prosperidad gracias a la emigración de casi un

millón de suecos a Norteamérica entre 1840 y 1900. Seiscientos mil italianos al año emigran al

continente americano entre 1900 y 1914. Provienen, sobre todo, de las regiones pobres del sur

de la península.

40 Europa, 1963. Setecientos mil trabajadores españoles han cruzado los Pirineos sólo desde 1959,

equivalente a la mitad de la emigración republicana en 1939. El 90% son del sexo masculino y de

origen agrario. Habitan chabolas de las periferias metropolitanas de Francia, Inglaterra,

Alemania. Su trabajo migratorio eleva el nivel de vida del campo español y prepara la

modernización de la economía posfranquista.

45 California, 1994. El gobernador Pete Wilson decide culpar al mexicano de todos los males de

California, debidos, en realidad, al fin de la guerra fría, el cierre de industrias de armamentos y

la falta de preparación laboral para la nueva era tecnoinformativa. Wilson persigue a los

mexicanos armado de la Proposición 187 que le niega al trabajador indocumentado servicios

médicos, educación y trabajo. La Ley Wilson es un bumerán. El trabajador mexicano paga

50 29.000 millones más en impuestos de lo que recibe en servicios. California produce la tercera

parte de la riqueza agrícola de los EE UU, las tres cuartas partes de esa riqueza es cosechada por

migrantes mexicanos. El siguiente gobernador, Gray Davis, reconoce que sin el trabajo mexicano

habría escasez en los EE UU, inflación y precios altos. El Gobierno mexicano promueve un

acuerdo con el norteamericano para que la emigración sea considerada oportunidad y no

55 problema y el trabajador migratorio obtenga calidad de trabajador temporal con la posibilidad

de residencia permanente y aun de ciudadanía. La tragedia del 11 de septiembre desplaza el

tema de la agenda de Washington. Pero -problema y oportunidad- el caso México-EE UU es

ejemplar: las economías desarrolladas necesitan al trabajador migrante y esto seguiría siendo

cierto aunque México le ofreciese pleno empleo a su gente. [ ... ]

1 . , El corazón de las tinieblas (Heart of Darkness) es el título de una novelaambientada en Africa y publicada en 1899. Fue

escrita por Joseph Conrad, de nacionalidad polaca y británica. Tras obtener la nacionalidad inglesa, Conrad llegó a ser capitán de la marina mercante británica. Su novela El corazón de Jas tinieblas está inspirada en los seis meses que él pasó como capitán en el Congo colonizado y devastado por el rey Leopoldo li de Bélgica.

60 París, 2002. Un trabajador migratorio argelino se pasea por las calles con una pancarta que dice:

'Estarnos aquí porque ustedes estuvieron allá'.

Tenochtitlán, 1519. El emperador Moctezuma está convencido de que los hombres rubios y

barbados que han desembarcado de casas flotantes son el dios Quetzalcóatl, la Serpiente

Emplumada. El príncipe Cuauhtémoc lo niega. Son conquistadores, vienen a matarnos, explotarnos

65 e imponernos a su Dios. Además, no tienen visas ni permisos de trabajo. Hernán Cortés y sus

quinientos soldados son sacrificados en la pirámide de Cempoala. Hoy, México es una teocracia

autoritaria que habla náhuatl y adora a mil dioses. Encerrado en sí mismo como la Albania

comunista, de México no entra ni sale nadie.

Migraciones impunes y castigadas. I Edición impresa I EL PAÍS 70 https://elpais.com/diario/2002/07 /12/opinion/1026424808_850215.

Preguntas. Máximo: 77 puntos. Conteste Vd. con frases completas, refiriéndose al texto y usando sus propias palabras.

Puntos ç !:

l. ¿De cuántas regiones geográficas trata el texto de Carlos Fuentes?

a. Escriba Vd. el número, len letras! (c:1/1:1pts.1

b. Nómbrelas. (e: 1 / 1: 1 pts.)

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(e: 6 / I: 3 pts.)

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(e: 4/ I: 2 pts.)

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(e: 4/ I: 2 pts.)

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(e: 3 / I: 1 pts.)

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I

1963? (li. 34-44} (c:4/1:Zpts.) Nueva York, 1910 Europa 1963

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9. ¿Por qué considera Carlos Fuentes la ley Wilson un bumerán? (11. 45-59) (e: 6 / 1: 3 pts.)

¿Qué tres razones da el autor?

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¿quién entre el emperador Moctezuma y el príncipe Cuauhtémoc (11. 62-68) ) (e: 2/ 1: 2 pts.) a. logró imponerse? .

b. tuvo razón? .

12. ¿En qué se diferencia el encuentro entre Moctezuma y Hernán Cortés descrito en el párrafo Tenochtitlán, 1519 (li. 62-68) de los demás episodios mencionados en el texto? (c:4/1:Zpts.)

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Total:

B. Traducción.

Tiempo previsto: 60 minutos; baremo: 1/3 nota. Carlos Fuentes

Der mexikanische Romancier und Essayist Carlos Fuentes starb 2012 im Alter von 83 Jahren.

Oft wurde er in einem Atemzug (= gleichzeitig) mit den Nobelpreis(trägern) Octavio Paz oder Gabriel García Márquez erwähnt.

Wie viele mexikanische Dichter setzte sich Fuentes mit der Geschichte seines Landes auseinander, 5 um dessen Verg_angenheit zu analysieren und diese scharf mit der Gegenwart zu konfrontieren.

Eines seiner wichtigsten Bücher, der 1962 erschienene Roman «La muerte de Artemio Cruz», schildert die blutige Geschichte der mexikanischen Revolution und kritisiert den Verrat an deren Idealen bitter.

Als wichtig gilt auch «La frontera de cristal». ln diesem Werk untersucht Fuentes in neun Kurzge- 10 schichten das schwierige Verhältnis zwischen Mexiko und den USA und beschreibt das Leben der

Menschen auf beiden Seiten der konfliktträchtigen Grenze.

Lange Zeit zählte(= figurierte unter) Fuentes, der am 11. November 1928 in Panama als Diplomatensohn zur Welt kam, zu jenen, die als Kandidaten für den Literaturnobelpreis gehandelt (= betrachtet) wurden. Doch der Autor selbst gab die Hoffnung irgendwann auf: «Ich glaube,

15 meine Generation wurde ausgezeichnet, als Gabo (Gabriel García Márquez) 1982 den Preis erhielt.»

Fuentes war immer auch ein politischer Mensch gewesen - mit ausgeprägten Sympathien für den Sozialismus. ln einem Interview mit CNN Mexiko sagte er 2011: "Ich verlange nicht, dass Sie(= Plural) wissen wer Plato(= Platón) war[ ... ]. Ich will, dass Sie intelligent sind, die Realität unseres

20 Landes verstehen und dass Sie verstehen, was auf der Welt geschieht".

Was hätte er wohl über Präsident Trumps Migrationspolitik und den Mauerbau zwischen den USA und Mexico geschrieben, hätte er bis heute gelebt?

256 palabras

Texto basado en un artículo publicado en Tages-Anzeiger {16/08/2012). 2 5 https ://www. tagesa n zeige r. ch/ku ltu r /b uecher /Der-Sch riftstel I er-Ca ri os-Fu entes-ist-tot/ story /30935387

B. Traducción. Tiempo previsto: 60 minutos; baremo: 1/3 nota. Carlos Fuentes

·······················································································································································································

Der mexikanische Romancier und Essayist Carlos Fuentes starb 2012 im Alter von 83 Jahren .

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Oft wurde er in einem Atemzug (= gleichzeitig) mit den Nobelpreis(trägern) Octavio Paz oder Gabriel García Márquez erwähnt.

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Wie viele mexikanische Dichter setzte sich Fuentes mit der Geschichte seines Landes auseinander, um dessen Vergangenheit zu analysieren und diese scharf mit der Gegenwart zu konfrontieren.

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Eines seiner wichtigsten Bücher, der 1962 erschienene Roman «La muerte de Artemio Cruz», schildert die blutige Geschichte der mexikanischen Revolution und kritisiert den Verrat an deren Idealen bitter .

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Als wichtig gilt auch «La frontera de cristal». ln diesem Werk untersucht Fuentes in neun Kurzge­ schichten das schwierige Verhältnis zwischen Mexiko und den USA und beschreibt das Leben der Menschen auf beiden Seiten der konfliktträchtigen Grenze.

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Lange Zeit zählte(= figurierte unter) Fuentes, der am 11. November 1928 in Panama als Diplomatensohn zur Welt kam, zu jenen, die als Kandidaten für den Literaturnobelpreis gehandelt(= betrachtet) wurden. Doch der Autor selbst gab die Hoffnung irgendwann auf: «Ich glaube, meine Generation wurde ausge­ zeichnet, als Gabo (Gabriel García Márquez) 1982 den Preis erhielt.»

Fuentes war immer auch ein politischer Mensch gewesen - mit ausgeprägten Sympathien für den Sozialismus. ln einem Interview mit CNN Mexiko sagte er 2011: "Ich verlange nicht, dass Sie(= Plural) wissen wer Plato(= Platón) war[ ... ]. Ich will, dass Sie intelligent sind, die Realität unseres Landes verstehen und dass Sie verstehen, was auf der Welt geschieht".

Was hätte er wohl über Präsident Trumps Migrationspolitik und den Mauerbau zwischen den USA und Mexico geschrieben, hätte er bis heute gelebt?

256 palabrasîexto basado en un artículo publicado en Tages Anzeiger {16/08/2012). https ://www. tagesa nzeige r. ch/ku ltu r /buecher /Der-Sch riftste 11 er-Ca ri os-Fuentes-ist-tot/ story /30935387

C. Redacción (350 - 500 palabras).

Tiempo previsto: 100 minutos; baremo 1/3 nota.

Escriba Vd. una redacción tratando uno de los siguientes temas.

1 º "Pensábamos que la sociedad en red y el capitalismo informacional no tenían costuras[. .. ]. Sin embargo, los muros de Ceuta, Palestina y Tijuana [México] demuestran que nuestro mundo no es una suave sociedad de redes corporativas, sino un espacio estriado de fortalezas, enclaves y cápsulas". Lieven de Cauter, A Cyberpunk Landscape: Snapshots of the 'Mad Max Phase of Globalization', 2008.

> Discuta Vd. esta cita. > Tome Vd. posición y apoye sus argumentos con ejemplos. > Ponga Vd. un título a su redacción y cuente las palabras.

2°

• Naciones Unidas Secretario General New York

12/18/2017

Mensaje del Secretario General con motivo del Día Internacional del Migrante

En el Día Internacional del Migrante reconocemos la contribución de los 258 millones de migrantes del mundo y celebramos su

dinamismo.

Está más que probado que los migrantes generan beneficios económicos, sociales y culturales para todas las sociedades. Pese a ello, por desgracia, la hostilidad hacia los migrantes está aumentando en todo el mundo. Nunca ha sido tan urgente ser

solidarios con ellos.

La migración es un fenómeno que ha existido siempre. Desde tiempos inmemoriales, las personas han migrado en busca de nuevas oportunidades y de una vida mejor. El cambio climático, la demografía, la inestabilidad, las desigualdades cada vez mayores y las aspiraciones a una vida mejor, así como las necesidades no satisfechas en los mercados laborales, nos indican

que la migración seguirá existiendo.

Necesitamos que la cooperación internacional sea eficaz en la gestión de la migración para asegurarnos de que sus beneficios se distribuyan de la manera más amplia y de que los derechos humanos de todos los interesados estén debidamente protegidos;

así se reconoce en la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible.

El año pasado, los dirigentes mundiales se comprometieron a concertar un pacto mundial para una migración segura, ordenada y regular en 2018. Para seguir avanzando, comprometámonos a conseguir que la migración redunde en beneficio de todos.

https ://www. un. org/ sg/ es/ content/ sg/ stateme nt/2017 -12-18/ secretary-gene ra ls-message-internati on a 1-m igra nts-day-scrol 1-down

> Comente Vd. el mensaje del Secretario General de la ONU, António Guterres, y dé su opinión personal. > Ponga Vd. un título a su redacción y cuente las palabras.

3º "Como ciudadanos, como hombres y mujeres de ambas aldeas -la global y local- nos corresponde desafiar los prejuicios, extender nuestros propios límites, aumentar nuestra capacidad de dar y recibir[. .. ] Para implementar esta idea, debemos abrazar las culturas de los otros a fin de que los otros abracen nuestra propia cultura". Carlos Fuentes, En esto creo, Alfaguara, México, 2008, p. 331.

> Discuta Vd. esta convicción y dé su opinión personal. > Ponga Vd. un título a su redacción y cuente las palabras.

4º Fronteras(= título de la redacción) > Trate Vd. libremente el tema de las fronteras. > Ponga Vd. un subtítulo a su redacción y cuente las palabras.

5º En busca de un futuro (= título de la redacción) > Analice e interprete Vd. esta viñeta. > Tome Vd. posición y apoye sus argumentos con ejemplos. > Ponga Vd. un subtítulo a su redacción y cuente las palabras.

,ú IMAGINP.1'E QOE \.\AS N.-.C100 l:N l:l 1.UGAI>. EcQVIVOCADQ.

0 SEA,QUE ERES UW CAHf'ESINO P0131t'é- E ILETRADO

Y TIE:NES MENOS l'UTURO QUE: EL LINCI? !SÉRICO,

'I';:¡,··· @·

©Romeu. Historias de Migue. http:// ntic.ed ucacion. es/w3/ recursos/secundaria/transversa les/via je_ espera nza/C4/ c4. htm

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