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Evaluation of nitrogen, phosphorus, copper and zinc in pig manure at

spreading. Effect of animal feeding, and manure collection and storage chain

Jean-Yves Dourmad1, Pascal Levasseur2

1INRA Agrocampus Ouest, UMR Pegase2IIFIP Institut du porc, Le Rheu

Determination of nutrient output by pig farms

• Corpen (1988)• Corpen (1996)

– Estimation des rejets d’azote et de phosphore des élevages de porcs

• Corpen (2003)– Estimation des rejets d’azote et de phosphore des

élevages de porcs. Influence de l’alimentation et de la gestion des déjections

• RMT Elevage et Environnement (2016, in press)– Évaluation des rejets d’azote, phosphore, potassium,

cuivre et zinc des porcs. Influence de l'alimentation, du mode de logement et de la gestion des effluents

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Evaluation of nutrient output by pig farms

• Corpen– A national committee for environment-friendly agriculture practices

(animal and crop production)– On behalf of Ministry of Environment and Agriculture. Representatives

from farmers, agro-industry and cooperatives, research and technical institutes, environment agencies, NGOs and ministries

– no more active

• RMT Elevage et Environnement (2016)– Technology network « Animal production and Environment »

www.rmtelevagesenvironnement.org

– Technical institutes, Public research, Agriculture «Chambers», Education

Available end of March 2016 : www.rmtelevagesenvironnement.org

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General methodology of calculation

• Tier 2– Use of national specific production data and management

practices (feeding, manure handling, animal performance)• Tier 3

– More precise modelling of production system to better consider the between-farm diversity.

Evaluation of nutrient excretion

• Animal Performance– Technical & economic performance in 2014 (1700 farms for

growth performance, 1900 farms for reproductive performance)

• Nutrient Retention– Literature database (Rigolot et al., 2008)

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Animal performanceAverage performance from 1700 farms (GTE, 2014)

Nutrient retention

Rigolot C., Espagnol S., Pomar C., Dourmad J-Y. 2010a. Modelling of manure production by pigs and NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions. Part I: animal excretion and enteric CH4, effect of feeding and performance. Animal, 4, 1401-1412.

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Hypothesis for feed composition

Defined in collaboration with the feed industry

• “Standard feeding”– no constraint on feed composition

=> rather high nutrient contents

• “Phase-feeding”– at least two different feeds per period

(sows, post weaning, fattening)– maximum constraints on crude protein and total

phosphorus contents

Hypothesis for feed composition

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Determination of amounts of nutrient at spreading

• for N– N at spreading = N excreted (+ N bedding) – N gaseous losses– Gaseous losses = N excreted x emission factor housing +

N stored x emission factor storage• For P, K, Cu, Zn

– amount at spreading = amount excreted (+ amount bedding)

Manure collection and storage chainsgazeous N-emission factors

Housing Storage Composting

(1) Slatted floor with slurry (2) Slatted floor, V-shaped scraper and phase separation

2.a without composting of the solid phase2.b with composting of the solid phase

(3) Straw bedding 3.a without composting3.b with composting

(4) Sawdust bedding 3.a without composting3.b with composting

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Manure collection and storage chainsgazeous N-emission factors

Housing Storage Composting

Determination of references

• “Standard” references– Expressed per year for sows and per produced animal

for post-weaning and fattening pigs– For different strategies

• feeding : (1) “standard” and (2) phase feeding• housing : (1) slatted floor with slurry (2) slatted floor with

V-shaped scrapers (3) litter bedding (saw dust or straw) with or without composting

• Simplified balance “BrsPorc”– Calculation according to farm-specific data of animal

performance, feed intake and feed composition

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... Amount of N at spreading

Biphase : teneurs maximales en protéines des aliments 

Truies:                      Gestation : 14,0% ‐ Lactation : 16,5% 

Post‐sevrage :       1er âge : 20,0% ‐ 2ème âge : 18,0% 

Engraissement:    Croissance :  16,0% ‐ Finition : 15,0%  (60% d'aliment de finition) (1) pour les truies non productrices le rejet par an est estimé à 3 fois celui du porc à l'engraissement (2) pour un logement sur paille pendant la gestation et sur caillebotis pendant la lactation 

Excrétion  Standard  Biphase 

Truie reproductrice(1), kg/an  24,6  20,3 

Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet  0,62  0,55 

Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc  4,49  3,68 

   par kg de différence de poids d'abattage  0,052  0,042 

Lisier conventionnel  Standard  Biphase 

Truie reproductrice(1), kg/an  17,4  14,3 

Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet  0,44  0,39 

Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc  3,17  2,60 

   par kg de différence de poids d'abattage  0,036  0,030 

Amount of N at spreading...

Litière de paille Sans compostage  Avec compostage 

Standard  Biphase  Standard  Biphase 

Truie reproductrice(1)(2), kg/an  14,4  12,6  12,1  10,7 

Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet  0,31  0,29  0,22  0,20 

Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc  2,23  1,88  1,62  1,33 

   par kg de différence de poids d'abattage  0,026  0,022  0,019  0,015 

Litière de sciure Sans compostage  Avec compostage 

Standard  Biphase  Standard  Biphase 

Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet  0,18  0,17  0,17  0,15 

Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc  1,35  1,11  1,21  0,99 

   par kg de différence de poids d'abattage  0,015  0,013  0,014  0,011 

Lisier raclage en V  Sans compostage  Avec compostage 

Standard  Biphase  Standard  Biphase 

Excrétion, kg/porc  4,25  3,47  4,25  3,47 

Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc  3,38  2,76  2,90  2,37 

   par kg de différence de poids d'abattage  0,039  0,032  0,033  0,027 

   dont phase solide  1,92  1,57  1,44  1,18 

   dont phase liquide  1,46  1,19  1,46  1,19 

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Effect of feeding strategy and housing on N in manure from fattening pigs (31-118 kg LW)

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

Slurry Liq+sol Liq+comp. Manure Compost

N, k

g /p

ig

Standard Two-phase

Scaper phase sep.. Straw bedding

solid

solid

Amount of P and P2O5 at spreading...

Excrétion  Standard  Biphase 

Truie reproductrice(1), kg/an  6,17  4,80 

Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet  0,13  0,10 

Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc  0,93  0,63 

   par kg de différence de poids d'abattage 0,011 0,007

Lisier conventionnel P  P2O5 

Standard  Biphase  Standard  Biphase 

Truie reproductrice(1), kg/an  6,17  4,80  14,1  11,0 

Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet  0,13  0,10  0,31  0,23 

Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc  0,93  0,63  2,12  1,45 

   par kg de différence de poids d'abattage  0,011  0,007  0,024  0,017 

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Amount of P and P2O5 at spreading...Excrétion  Standard  Biphase 

Truie reproductrice(1), kg/an  6,17  4,80 

Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet  0,13  0,10 

Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc  0,93  0,63 

   par kg de différence de poids d'abattage 0,011 0,007

Lisier conventionnel P  P2O5 

Standard  Biphase  Standard  Biphase 

Truie reproductrice(1), kg/an  6,17  4,80  14,1  11,0 

Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet  0,13  0,10  0,31  0,23 

Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc  0,93  0,63  2,12  1,45 

   par kg de différence de poids d'abattage  0,011  0,007  0,024  0,017 

Litière de paille P  P2O5 

Standard  Biphase  Standard  Biphase 

Truie reproductrice(1)(2), kg/an  6,52  5,15  14,9  11,8 

Post‐Sevrage (8‐31 kg), kg/porcelet  0,14  0,11  0,32  0,24 

Engraissement (31‐118 kg), kg/porc  0,97  0,68  2,23  1,56 

   par kg de différence de poids d'abattage  0,011  0,008  0,026  0,018 

Effect of feeding strategy and housing on P2O5in manure from fattening pigs (31-118 kg LW)

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Slurry Liq+sol Manure

P2O

5, k

g /p

ig

Standard Two-phase

phase separation. straw bedding

solid

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Determination of references

• “Standard” references– Expressed per year for sows and per produced animal

for post-weaning and fattening pigs– For different strategies

• feeding : (1) standard” and (2) phase feeding• housing : (1) slatted floor with slurry (2) slatted floor with

V-shaped scrapers (3) litter bedding (saw dust or straw) with or without composting

• Simplified balance “BrsPorc”– Calculation according to farm-specific data of animal

performance, feed intake and feed composition

Simplified Balance

• Inputs Outputs- animals - animals

- feed - gaseous losses

- bedding material

• Amount at spreading = input/output balance

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Variability of N in slurry of fattening pig according to feed efficiency and farm size

Effect of performance and feeding strategy on N and P2O5 in fattening pig farm with a

production of 1000 pigs per year

Standardav. FCR

Two-phaseav. FCR

Two-phase1/3 best FCR

Two-phase10% best FCR

Reduced CP & P1/3 best FCR

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Evolution of average N excretion per kg pig produced in France

- 34 %

Evolution of average P excretion per kg pig produced in france

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

22.5

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Année

P e

xcr

été

g/k

g p

orc

pro

du

it

Corpen1996

Corpen2003

- 57 %

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Description of the farm

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Description of the feeds

Nitrogen balance

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“Official” report

Implementation of the nitrate directive and the regulation

on phosphorus in Brittany

Jean-Yves Dourmad1, 1INRA Agrocampus Ouest, UMR Pegase

Adapted from a presentationby Chambre d’Agriculture de Bretagne

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Brittany – a region of livestock farming

• Percentage of France production– 6% of Agricultural land– 22% milk production (750000 cows)– 59% pork production (13.8 millions pigs/year)– 44% of egg production (20 millions hens)– 35% of poultry meat

• Use of land– 35% cereals and cash crops– 19% maize silage– 43% grass (cultivated and permanent)– 3% vegetable (1st region in France)

Vulnerable area and area with reinfoced actions as regard to the nitrate directive

Vulnerable areas Areas with reinforced actions

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Water quality in progess...but improvement still to be achieved

5th nitrate directive program (2014...)

In all areas manure spreading calendar => more restrictive

• increase in storage capacity (ruminants) winter catch crops-no bare soils in autumn+winter ceiling for total organic nitrogen

<170 kg/ha agricultural land increase of excretion references of dairy cows

compulsory fertilization plans + annual reporting of farm N flow• balanced provisional N fertilization

In area with reinforced actions • control of manure and N spreading• resorption of animal N surplus (farm with > 20000 kg N)

treatment or export to other farms• N farm gate balance (N input-N output) < 50 kg/ha

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Constraints on phosphorus(régional constraints)

Large-size farms (>25 000 kg N/year)• equilibrated input/output balance

about 60 to 70 kg P2O5 / ha

Other farms ceiling of phosphorus fertilization :

85 kg P2O5 / ha - 5 kg in sensitive areas

Measures to reduce risk of surface transfer• winter catch crops-no bare soils in autumn+winter• grass strips along waterways

Exemple of a fertilisation plan

• crop rotationwheat (40%), Maize (20%), Barley (10%), rapeseed (10%)

Yield Average High

N P2O5 N P2O5

pig slurry 119 70 133 78

mineral 17 0 31 0

total 136 70 164 78

P balance (63) (72)

=> N from slurry << 170 kg /ha /yearConstraint on P is more severe than constraint on N