dz

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

G CV qV= =

V

q q

Ah Ah

Pb s PbO s H SO aq PbSO s H O l⎯⎯→+ + +←⎯⎯

ω

E Jω=

ρ rρ ω

v rπ ω=

K1

RE K vR

= +

E Li=

dε ε

π

tatolC C=

d

H GC C C= +

CG

Z

dz

dz drz dzz

Rzd R dz r dzρ π= =

Zz IFd Z dz Z rdzπ= =

Z0

R0 ZIF

ρ

l

pZ R Z anh l R Z=

dz

Z RR

λϕ

≡

n r l

Zp

pZZ

n=

IF

IF

ZZ lrZnr

ρ ρπ

=

et al.

el el

dl dl

a ac a cπλ ω

ω π ω−= =

elel

lR lZ k aπ

= =

kel Cdl

a l

elp el dl

dl

RZ j R Cj C

ωω

=

~

ω →∞ ω → Zp

elp

dl

RZj C

ωω

→ ∞ =

elp

dl

RZj C

ωω

→ = +

et al.

jω

rjω

relpg el dlr

dl

RZ j R Cj C

ωω

=

Rs

Ls

Zp

et al.

elZDLC std s s dl el

dl

RZ R j L j C Rj C

ω ωω

= + +

elZDLC s s dl el

dl

RZ R j L j C Rj C

γγω ω

ω= + +

et al.

et al.

τ

pj

Z jC j

τ ωτωωτ

⋅=

⋅

τ Ri

xR xC dlC

x x xf R C=

xx

R γγπ

ω=

xx

CRω

=

f(d) CB CC

Ach ZARC n

AB

C A

CR

CCf d

C C f d

ω=

⋅

=

= ⋅

df dd

β πββ π

− + −= = +

+

n eZARC

R RRn π

= =

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

+

et al.

et al.

I-V

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

um

in-situ

et al.

et al.

In-situ

et al.

et al.

d

v m

Va-Vb

et al.

et al.

00l

00l

00l

hk0

↔

C Q vm E= Δ

v

m EΔ

00l

00l

hk0

a-b

et al.

et al.

et al.

vs

I

C I t m v= ×Δ ×Δ

tΔ vΔ

m

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

I

m

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Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York

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Applied Physics Letters

Journal of The Electrochemical

Society

Electrochimica Acta

Journal of Power Sources

Journal of The Electrochemical

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Science

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Nature

Science

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Physical Review Letters

Nature

Journal of Materials Chemistry

Nat Mater

Chemical Physics Letters

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Advanced Materials

Journal of Power Sources

Advanced Functional Materials

Physical

Chemistry Chemical Physics

Applied Physics Letters

Nanoscale

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

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Chemistry

Nano Letters

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Nature nanotechnology

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Journal of The Electrochemical Society

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The

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

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The Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Chemical Communications

Materials

Nano letters

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Advanced Functional

Materials

Energy & Environmental Science

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Functional Materials

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Journal of The

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Lead-acid batteries for use in submarine applications

Real-time power

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Journal of Materials Chemistry

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ACS Nano

The Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Nano Letters

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Nature

Nature

Nature

Nano Letters

Nanotechnology

Nat Mater

Journal of Power Sources

Journal of Power Sources

Journal of Alloys and Compounds

Nanoscale Res Lett.

Electrochimica Acta

Journal of Power Sources

Journal of The

Electrochemical Society

Journal of Sol-Gel

Science and Technology

Electrochimica Acta

Journal of Materials Chemistry

Electrochemical and Solid-

State Letters

Journal of the Electrochemical Society

Applied physics letters

Nanotechnology

Chemical Society Reviews

Nanoscale

The Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Journal of Power Sources

Chemistry of materials

Materials Letters

Journal of Solid State

Electrochemistry

Chem. Commun.

Nano letters

Journal of Power Sources

ACS applied materials &

interfaces

Industrial & engineering chemistry research

ACS applied materials & interfaces

ACS applied materials & interfaces

Nature communications

Advanced Materials

Angewandte Chemie

journal of

materials chemistry

ACS nano

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Chemical Communications

Journal of Solid State

Electrochemistry

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ACS nano

Catalysis Today

Nanoscale Res Lett.

Physical Review B

Journal of Power Sources

Advanced Materials

Nature

Chem Mater

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Solid State Ionics

Journal of The Electrochemical Society

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

Zeitschrift für

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Chemistry of materials

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Journal of Materials Chemistry A

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Materials Chemistry A

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Advanced Energy Materials

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Journal of the American Chemical

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ACS nano

Current Science

Nano letters

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American Chemical Society

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Journal of Power Sources

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Carbon

Nature

nanotechnology

Nano letters

Nature materials

Journal of

Materials Chemistry

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Journal of the American Chemical Society

Advanced

Materials

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Advanced

Materials

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ACS nano

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Applied

Physics A

Advanced

Functional Materials

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Advanced Functional Materials

Small

ACS applied

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Journal of Materials

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Chemical

Communications

Angewandte Chemie

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Nature Nanotechnology