Kirnbauer 2008 Nassau Marble Verkleinert

SDGG, Heft 59 – Denkmalgesteine: Festschrift – Wolf-Dieter Grimm 187

Nassauer Marmor oder Lahnmarmor – ein weltweit bekannter Naturwerkstein aus DeutschlandNassau Marble or Lahn Marble – a famous Devonian dimension stone from Germany thomaS KiRnBaueR

TFH Georg Agricola, Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Geologie der Steine und Erden – Mineralische Baustoffe, Herner Straße 45, D-44787 Bochum, Germany, kirnbauer@tfh-bochum.de

KiRnBaueR, t. (2008): Nassau Marble (Nassauer Marmor) or Lahn Marble (Lahnmarmor) – a famous Devonian dimension stone from Germany. – In: SiegeSmund, S. & Snethlage, R. (hrsg.): Denkmalgesteine – Festschrift – Wolf-Dieter Grimm. – Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, Heft 59: S. 187-218; Hannover.

Kurzfassung

Etwa 400 Jahre lang, bis in die Siebzigerjahre des �0. Jahrhunderts, wurden mittel- bis oberdevonische Riff-kalksteine aus der Lahnmulde (Rhenohercynikum, Variscisches Gebirge) als Naturwerksteine gewonnen. Sie wurden als „Nassauer Marmor“, später als „Lahn-marmor“ vertrieben. Die zahlreichen Varietäten wur-den weltweit vor allem im Innenausbau von Gebäuden verwendet. Die vorliegende Arbeit nimmt die erste Bestandsaufnahme aller Steinbrüche und Handelsna-men vor und ordnet diese dem historischen Kontext zu. In der Zeit zwischen ≈1600 und ≈1970 lassen sich über 100 Steinbrüche nachweisen. Handelsnamen sind ab 1883 eingeführt worden. Im Rahmen eines laufenden Projekts konnten bislang ca. 70 Steinbrüche identifiziert und beprobt werden. Etwa 125 Handelsnamen können nachgewiesen werden, von denen die meisten einer Gewinnungsstelle zugeordnet werden können. Für jede Lagerstätte werden, sofern möglich, Verwendungsbei-spiele aufgeführt. Die gesamte Produktion an Nas-sauer Marmor bzw. Lahnmarmor kann auf ca. 75.000 m3 abgeschätzt werden. Die auf faziellen Merkmalen basierende visuelle Herkunftsbestimmung ist derzeit nur in Kombination mit historischen Daten möglich. Mehrere Datenbanken wurden angelegt, so für Objekte aus Nassauer Marmor und Literatur (derzeit mit > 750 bzw. > 500 Datensätzen), die diese multidimensionale Herangehensweise unterstützen. Die vorliegende Stu-die kombiniert das erste Mal Geländedaten mit den Ergebnissen historischer Forschung.

Abstract

Middle to Late Devonian reef limestones were used as dimension stone for approximately 400 years until the seventies of the �0th century. Found in the Lahn syn-cline within the Rhenohercynian Zone of the Variscan belt (Germany), the trade name was Nassau Marble, later Lahn Marble. Showing numerous varieties it was used mainly for interior decoration of buildings world-wide. Here a first inventory of all quarries and trade

names is reported and related to the historical context. From ≈ 1600 to ≈ 1970 more than 100 quarries were operated. Trade names have been introduced around 1883. In the course of this study, about 70 quarries could be identified and sampled, and about 125 trade names were verified; nearly all of them can be related to a quarry. Examples are cited, if possible. The total production of Lahn Marble can be estimated as about 75,000 m3. It is shown that the facies-based visual determination of provenance is possible only in com-bination with historical information. Several databases were set up (e.g. Nassau Marble objects and literature, at the moment > 750 and > 500 records respectively) and support this multidimensional approach. For the first time data of new field work is combined with historical research.

Schlüsselwörter: Nassauer Marmor, Lahnmarmor, Deutschland, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Lahnmul-de, Devon, Naturwerkstein, Provenienzanalyse

Key words: Nassau Marble, Lahn Marble, Nassauer Marmor, Lahnmarmor, Germany, Rhenish Massif, Lahn syncline, Devonian, dimension stone, prov-enance analysis

Introduction

No German dimension stone shows a greater variety of colour, texture and pattern than the Nassau Mar-ble or Lahn Marble (German: Nassauer Marmor or Lahnmarmor), of which numerous varieties and trade names are known. Nassau Marble was extracted in several dozen quarries on both sides of the Lahn River for approximately 400 years. Activities ceased in the seventies of the �0th century. Although named marble, from a geologist’s point of view it is limestone made up of reef carbonates of Middle to Late Devonian age. It is exposed in the Lahn syncline, which is one of the most important structures in the Rhenohercynian Zone of the Variscan belt in Northwestern Europe. Spatially, the quarry region is a 60 km long but narrow area at

188 SDGG, Heft 59 – Denkmalgesteine: Festschrift – Wolf-Dieter Grimm

both sides of the Lahn River. It reaches from Wetzlar in the northeast across Weilburg and Limburg into the district of Diez and Katzenelnbogen in the southwest. The trade name Nassau Marble – later, i. e. in the �0th century, Lahn Marble – has been adopted, because limestone, which is capable of taking a high polish in general is called “marble” by stonemasons since Roman times.

Nassau Marble was used as a decorative element in the interior decoration of countless buildings all over the world. The Empire State Building in New York, the Moscow Kremlin and the Tagore Castle in Kolkata are prominent examples. In Germany, thousands of churches, castles, palaces, public and office buildings, hotels and residential buildings were furnished with Lahn Marble. Above all, during restoration of historic buildings the question has to be answered, which of the many Lahn Marble varieties has been used.

Both standard works (mülleR 1976 ff; gRimm 1990) which provide meaningful coloured photos of polis-hed slabs present only four and seven Lahn Marble varieties, respectively. Thus, to date the high diver-sity of varieties actually used in architecture is not reflected in the scientific literature. In the last years geoscientists in their attempts to determine the source of the various stones used the knowledge of the last stonemason masters, who worked with Lahn Marble (e.g. SchRoedeR 1999). Within the scope of this study it turned out that provenance studies, which are based exclusively on the macroscopic features (structure, texture, colour, fossil content) and therefore on the sedimentological, diagenetic and palaeontological in-ventory, are the more unreliable the more the age of the building under consideration exceeds the life span of the contemporary witness. For the most part, incorrect provenance assignments are founded on the usage of reference material from the time after World War II for buildings older than that. Lack of knowledge exists about the material used in former centuries.

Based on a first overview (BecKeR & KiRnBaueR 1998), a project was started to remedy this gap in knowledge. The project, started several years ago, has been estab-lished at the University of Applied Sciences Georg Agricola in Bochum. Main aim of the project is the systematic registration of all Lahn Marble quarries and varieties. The project is carried out in collabo-ration with the “Lahn-Marmor-Museum” Society in Villmar.

The following data are registered in databases:• Location of quarries,• Operation time, owners, operators and output of

each quarry,

• Stratigraphy and facies of all varieties. This in-cludes a collection of slabs,

• Colour photographs of sample slabs. Such photo-graphs, including the trade mark, can be found in advertising brochures and material, which were distributed to architects,

• Objects and ensembles of objects containing Nas-sau Marble (e.g. one object is the Mannheim Jesuit church). Up to now the database comprises > 750 objects,

• Literature dealing with the geology, history of quarrying and processing and using Nassau Marble in architecture. Up to now this database includes > 500 titles.

One of the main aims of the project is to establish solid assignments of the > 100 trade marks to known quar-ries on the one hand and the certain identification of varieties in pieces of architecture on the other hand.

The systematic description of all Nassau Marble quar-ries known to date, is the main focus of the article in hand. For all quarries details are given to time/duration of operation and to the trade names which were used. If possible, characteristic slabs and identified pieces of architecture or buildings are quoted. In general, this article deals with the provenance determination of Lahn Marble and is directed to all specialists, who are engaged in restoration of Lahn Marble monuments.

Geological and tectonic setting

The Lahn syncline is one of the most important Va-riscan structures in the Rhenohercynian Zone of the Variscan belt in northwest Europe (Fig. 1). Right of the Rhine River, it is situated on both sides of the Lahn River. Geographically, it is part of the Taunus Mountains in the south and of the Westerwald in the north. Striking SW-NE, the structure is separated from the Dill syncline in the NW by the small Hörre zone. Both synclines form a double structure named Lahn-Dill syncline. The Taunus anticlinorium forms the boundary in the SE. To the NW it is bordered by the Tertiary Westerwald volcanic field which is consti-tuted by dominantly basaltic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks and to a lesser extent, Tertiary and Quaternary sediments.

The Lahn syncline is filled with shallow marine sedi-ments and volcano-sedimentary successions of Devo-nian to Lower Carboniferous age. The sediments were deposited on the southern (Rhenohercynian) shelf of the Old Red continent, which was consolidated during the Caledonian orogeny. During the Devonian, mo-lasse sediments of the young Caledonian mountains were deposited on the northern, distal part of the shelf

(fRanKe et al. 1978). Assuming orogenic shortening ranged at 30-40 % (dittmaR et al. 1994), the Lahn trough was located at a distance of about 150 km from the Old Red continent. In the Lower Devonian, rifting started on the Rhenohercynian shelf (heinen 1996). With ongoing stretching and thinning of the crust, several basins developed, some of them with consi-derable accumulation of sediments (KReBS 1968c). As result of the extensional regime, extended felsic volca-nism started in the Lower Devonian. Centered in the northeastern Rhenish Massif, the stratigraphic peak was during the Emsian (KiRnBaueR 1991). As oceanic crust has not been produced, the situation can be de-scribed as failed rift (heinen 1996). During Middle to Late Devonian and Lower Carboniferous, the continu-ally deepening sedimentation area was accompanied by an intensive volcanism. The main phase of the first volcanic cycle took place from the upper Middle De-vonian to the lower members of Late Devonian and is characterized by bimodal volcanism (neSBoR �004). The volcanism started in the lower to middle varcus zone (Givetian, upper Middle Devonian), established by conodont biostratigraphy (flicK et al. in Requadt 1990). Investigations of moe (�000) suggest that the rise of the melts was bound to normal faults, which are separating NE-SW striking half grabens. Alka-li basaltic submarine lava flows and pillows, as well as pyroclastic rocks were the main products of the first volcanic cycle. The pyroclastic rocks were called “Schalstein” in earlier times, while their real nature

was not understand, due to diagenetic and weak metamorphic overprinting they were caused by different fragmen-tation processes (flicK & neSBoR 1988). The pyroclastic rocks are arranged in submarine ridges, which indicate dyke eruptions (neSBoR & flicK 1988). Smal-ler portions of the melts intruded into sediments building sills. In the course of time, mighty submarine volcanic com-plexes developed, even rising above sea level at some places (neSBoR et al. 1993). More widespread than basaltic melts, trachytic differentiates built-up volcanic islands, which are sitting on submarine ridges and basaltic volcanic islands. Reef building organisms inhabited the volcanic island as well as the submarine ridges. The organisms were putting up partly mighty reefs (bioherms) with a maximum thickness of about 300 m in the Limburg area (Requadt 1990). At this time, the sedimentation area was positioned approximately 10-15° south of the equator (tait et al. �000) and the

average palaeotemperature for the seawater was a cal-culated �5-30 °C (JoachimSKi et al. �004). Therefore, the name Devonian South Seas (flicK et al. 1998) applies.

Conodonts are common in most reef complexes (Bug-giSch & flügel 1992; OetKen 1996; BuggiSch & michl �00�). Conodont faunas show that reef growth started in the middle varcus zone (Givetian, Middle Devoni-an) and ceased essentially in the late Frasnian (Late Devonian). Outside of the Lahn syncline, reef grow-th occasionally started little earlier, shown by platy limestone (“Plattenkalke”), which can be dated as uppermost Eifelian to lowermost Givetian (weRding 1967b), and locally – near Schaumburg castle – conti-nued to the Famennian (Requadt 1990). The collapse of the reef systems is connected with the increasing sea level, which had its high stand in connection to the Kellwasser event (BuggiSch 1991, may 1995). In the individual reefs, however, both onset and ceasing of reef growth was dependent on the bathymetric po-sition, causing an asynchronous development of the reefs. Therefore, the stratigraphic range of the inve-stigated profiles varies tremendously: Some reefs are restricted to the varcus zone, while others comprise several conodont zones and cover almost the whole Frasnian.

Main reef building organisms were stromatopores, and, of minor importance, tabulate and rugose co-rallae. Additional reef organisms were cyanobacte-

Fig. 1: Geological sketch map of the Lahn syncline showing the distribution of Middle to Late Devonian reef limestones within the three units 1) Hadamar Middle Devonian Outcrops, 2) Schalstein Main Anticline and 3) Hahnstätten Syncline. Small panel shows Rhenish Massif

ria, dinoflagellata, halimeda, foraminifera, porifera, lamellibranchiata, gastropoda, goniatites, trilobites, ostracodes, bryoza, brachiopoda, echinoderma, echi-noidea, crinoidea and conodont animals. The palaeon-tological inventory of the reef carbonates is investiga-ted for more than 170 years. Between 1830 and 1860 famous geologists and geognosts as A. d’aRchiac, E. BeyRich, A. goldfuSS, R. I. muRchiSon, C. F. RoemeR, F. SandBeRgeR, G. SandBeRgeR, A. SedgwicK and E. de veRneuil, dealt with the fauna of the reef limestone and elaborated the fundamental palaeontological prin-ciples of the Middle and Late Devonian stratigraphy. Research continues to date with the gastropods being one of the most recent groups to be investigated (hei-delBeRgeR �001).

In the northern part of today‘s Rhenish Massif, an extensive carbonate ramp could develop on the pro-ximal shelf near the Old Red continent (KReBS 1971). On the distal shelf, in the Lahn trough, different reef types developed on shallows, depending on relief and palaeogeographical position: highly differentiated carbonate platforms, fringing reefs and atolls (KReBS 1966; KegleR 1967; flicK & Schmidt 1987; OetKen 1996), yet allochthonous or detritic (“allodapic”) reef carbonates are widespread (weRding 1966, 1967a, 1967b; neSBoR et al. 1993).

Since the first study with actuogeological approach (heinRich 1914), numerous studies about the facies of these reef carbonates were published (Jux 1960; KReBS 1968a, 1968b, 1971, 1974, BuRchette 1981; flicK et al. 1988a). Frequently the typical division into three parts (fore reef, reef core, back reef) can be recognised.

Since the classical publication about growth, ceasing and diagenesis of a palaeozoic reef (SchwaRZ 19�7), the diagenesis of the Devonian reef carbonates was investigated by several authors (e.g. teitZ 1955; KReBS 1969, 1979; SchneideR 1977; miRSal 1978). Both the different conditions of growth and sedimentation within the reefs, and the diverse early- to late-diage-netic carbonate cementation cause the outstandingly high variability in structure and colour of the Nassau Marble.

Tectonically, the Middle to Late Devonian reef li-mestone belongs to three units of the Lahn Syncline (ahlBuRg in Kegel 19��). From NW to SE they are: 1) Hadamar Middle Devonian Outcrops, 2) Schalstein Main Anticline, 3) Hahnstätten Syncline (Fig. 1).

Methods

Identification of abandoned quarries and sample in-vestigation were carried out by traditional field work, polarisation microscopy and carbonate sedimentology. Fresh limestone samples were taken from all identi-

fied Nassau Marble quarries, than sawed, ground and polished in order to compare them with sample slabs and slabs in public dimension stone collections.

Some companies in the Lahn region are still in opera-tion, therefore the position of Lahn Marble quarries, which produced in the 20th century, is known in seve-ral cases. Discussions with retired stonemasons, who worked with Lahn Marble in their professional career, and with local historians yielded useful information as well as the inspection of abandoned quarries in the field. A number was assigned to all quarries, which is composed of “LM” followed by the sheet number of the topographic map 1:25.000, and a serial number (e.g. LM 5615/1, LM 5615/2 ...).

For the study area, topographical maps are available in the scale 1:�5.000 and 1:�0.000 since the beginning of the 19th century. Systematic analysis of all available issues and editions of these maps revealed the position of numerous former quarries as well as their temporal change in size. Quarries in even older maps are recor-ded only in exceptional cases (Fig. 2).

The reliability of provenance assignments is classi-fied into three categories. First-order provenance as-signments are written contemporary documents (pub-lished or unpublished) and statements of stonemasons, who produced the piece of architecture in question. Second-order provenance assignments – this means lower reliability – are statements which can be found e.g. in the local history literature, but are not verified by references. Frequently they are known by hearsay only. Third-order provenance assignments are visual assignments of Lahn Marble in buildings dating before 1950. These assignments have the least credibility. Thus, temporary data and reports are the main source of information for this project.

Contemporary data from the 19th and 20th century quarrying period are abundant. They are widespread in journals and dissertations of different subject areas (architecture, economic geology, stonemason industry, economics), in popular scientific publications, but also in informal sources such as reports of natural stone associations and companies, in advertisements, ar-ticles as well as announcements in newspapers and in photographs (Fig. 3). Documents from the earlier history are available in several archives and museums, which comprise public archives, archives of compa-nies, churches, nobility and other private archives (Fig. 4). Furthermore, there is access to collected material in some village chronicles and the journal “Lahn-Marmor-Nachrichten“ (ISSN 1619-0289) which is published since 1998.

The examination and documentation of Lahn Mar-ble sample slabs is an additional important source

of knowledge. Polished samples were produced and collected for ��0 years at least (Fig. 5) and can be found in several museums and scientific institutions. Occasionally, important data such as the name of the quarry, the name of the stonemasonry and the date is made as note in addition to the trade name on the back side of the slab or on a separate label.

Nassau Marble quarries documented historically

This chapter comprises a systematic description of all Nassau Marble quarries known to date. If availa-ble, the period of production activities is mentioned. Furthermore, trade names and selected pieces of ar-chitecture are listed for each quarry. Documenting all quotations in this chapter would be far beyond the scope of this paper; therefore quotations can be found in a forthcoming publication (KiRnBaueR �009). The descriptions are organized following the three tectonic main structures from SW to NE. The distribution of Nassau Marble quarries is shown in Fig. 6.

Hadamar Middle Devonian Outcrops

Balduinstein is proved to be the place of the work-shop of the marble master Stefan Strahl in 1738, who supplied – amongst other pieces – the pillars for the St. Quintin high altar in Mainz and the Worms cathedral. Nevertheless, quarrying in Balduinstein could not be verified as the origin of the material is not known. 13 (of initially 15) small slabs of Nassau Marble are included in a private marble collection from the period of about 1800. Six of them originate from Balduinstein (Fig. 5).

In 1792, a quarry was ope-rated in the “Herrenroth” district (5613/13). In 1826 four quarries existed, two of them in the possession of the municipality (one of them named “Auf der Eck“, LM 5613/5), and two of them in private hands (Henneroths Berg, LM 5613/7, and Henneroths Bach, LM 5613/6). Partly, the quarries were exploi-ted by local stonemasons, partly by the prison in Diez of the state of Nassau where a marble workshop was run. Nevertheless, the exact location of all four quarries is unknown.

In the middle of the 19th century, a lease was concluded between the munici-pality and the prison for the quarries in the local wood districts Bangertsdell und Welschenberg. There, two quarries developed, a bigger one with dark grey to black limestone (LM 5613/2, variety Höllenstein) and a smaller one (LM 5613/1) with grey limestone cal-led Balduinstein(er) Grau. The quarries triggered the foundation of the “Marmorwerke Balduinstein” of the company Guido Krebs in 1888 (Fig. 3), which passed into the hands of the company of W. Thust in 1927. Production can be proved until 1927, and shortly after this year the Thust Co. stopped the local production, because all Balduinstein quarries were abandoned in 1933. About 1940, material from one of these two quarries was extracted again for a large-scale order. Material from the quarries in the Bangertsdell and Welschenberg district was used for slabs and feeding troughs in Schaumburg castle about 1855. Balduinstei-ner Grau was used for panels in the cashier’s office in the extension of the Reichshauptbank building in Berlin about 1940.

The small Bär quarry (LM 5613/3) was exploiting a reddish reef limestone with clasts of keratophyre (Plate 1a). It was in operation at the end of the 19th century. Several polished Nassau Marble slabs from the Bal-duinstein castle (LM 5613/8) and from Schaumburg castle (LM 5613/11) came into the collection of Arch-duke Stephan von Österreich, however, at both sites extensive quarrying is not plausible. Before 1940 a red-grey limestone was produced in the east of Steins-berg, probably from LM 5613/4.

Diez had been one of the two centres of the Nassau Marble industry for over 100 years, because a prison

Fig. 2: City map of Limburg (“Limbourg”) with “Cariere de Marbre” (= marble quarry), about 1759 (detail)

19� SDGG, Heft 59 – Denkmalgesteine: Festschrift – Wolf-Dieter Grimm

was set up in the Diez castle in 1785. In the prison, the state of Nassau ran a manufactory for several branches, of which the main branch was a marble processing fac-tory. By merging the prisons of Weilburg, which had its own stonemason manufactory, and Diez in 1811, the foundation was laid for dominating the market by the Diez marble manufactory. In the beginning of the 19th century, the administration developed an extensive exploration of Lahn marble occurrences and deposits in the region and took several quarries, as far as to Villmar, on lease. Thus, in many cases “Diez” as designation of origin refers to the Diez marble manuf-actory (and later to the Diez marble factory), but not to a Lahn Marble deposit in the vicinity of Diez. Due to the cheap labonr (Fig. 7), the prison manufactory could produce at cut-prices, which turned out to be a hindrance for all private marble producers. The annual death rate of the prisoners, however, was about 15-20 %. Nevertheless, the products of the manufactory were well-known; the prison was one of the exhibitors of the first World’s Fair in London in 1851. Not until the

year 1880 the Diez prison manufactory was privatized by the Prussian government; purchaser was the com-pany of the Hergenhahn Brothers. The new owners expanded the sales area of the Nassau Marble in all parts of the German Empire and foreign countries such as England and the USA. Numerous examples for use of Diez Lahn Marble are documented, but none of the examples can be assigned to a certain quarry.The most important Nassau Marble deposit in the vicinity of Diez was situated on the right hand side of the Lahn River between Aull and Diez, already situated in the district of Heistenbach. Here, at the locality “Fuchslaye”, Nassau Marble was quarried as early as 1671.In 1826, four Nassau Marble deposits are reported from the “Fuchsleye”, some of them stocking only big blocks or boulders. Three of the deposits belonged to the territory of Heistenbach. At the end of the 19th century, out of these attempts the Edelfels quarry developed (LM 5614/2). Under different operating companies, it was active from about 1870 to 1944, and shortly after the Second Word War. The companies were first the “Marmorwerke Balduinstein” (owner: Guido Krebs), about 1910 “Kalk- und Marmorwerke Müller & Schneider GmbH”, Diez, and after 1921(?) “Marmorwerke Zander”, Freiendiez. Products of the Edelfels quarry were the varieties Edelfels Grau, Edel-fels Rosa (Plate 1b), Edelfels Rot, Edelfels Grau-Rosa and Edelfels Graurot. Edelfels material was taken for the Adana station of the Mersin-Adana railway (Tur-key) about 1912 and, above all, for representation and propaganda construction of the Third Reich in the 1930s. Examples are buildings of the Nazi party rally ground (Reichsparteitagsgelände) in Nürnberg (Ger-many), the Ministry of Aviation building in Berlin (today Federal Finance Ministry), the enlargement building of the Reichskanzlei in Berlin in 1939, and the Reichsbank building in Berlin (today Foreign Mi-nistry).Some small quarries in the Diez area were operated exclusively in the 19th century; nothing is known about operation in the 20th century. One of them was situated at a limestone cliff called Kreuzlay NW of Diez (LM 5614/8). The quarry was in the possession of several private owners; the material was processed by the pri-son manufacture at the beginning of the 19th century. Another cliff called Kalkreusch was in the possession of the municipality of Altendiez. Its occurrence, of which the exact location is unknown, was investigated in 1826 by the prison’s stonemasons. A quarry near the Oranienstein mill (LM 5614/5) supplied a minor quantity in the 19th century. Further limestone cliffs in the zoological garden of the Oranienstein castle (LM 5614/3) were surveyed in the beginning of the 19th century.

Fig. 3: Two advertisements of Lahn Marble quarrying and pro-cessing companies: “G. Joerissen GmbH” from Weilburg and “Marmorwerke Balduinstein Guido Krebs” from Balduinstein (oPPen 1922).

Early in history, probably even in the medieval period, a “white hard marble” was exploited near Frei-endiez (today: Diez-Freiendiez). The location is unknown, but it is reported that the material was used for window jambs of the cathedral chapter St. George and Nicholas in Limburg, which was pulled down in 1830.

Several workshops in Fachingen at the Lahn River (today‘s Birlen-bach-Fachingen) were well-known for the “nice sculptor’s works” made from Nassau Marble, but it is not known, whether they processed material from a local quarry.

Below Altendiez, several limes-tone cliffs existed in earlier times but disappeared a long time ago as the result of quarrying. The cliffs were called “Altendiezer Berge” in 1789. The most prominent cliff was named “Wildweiberlei”. Black limestone was extracted in a di-mension stone quarry in one of the cliffs in 17�6 and processed to the magnificent sarcophagus for princess Amalia in the collegiate church in Diez. Even the 1714 manufactured font in the church of Burgschwalbach made of black limestone is claimed to stem from this quarry. In the 19th century, quarrying of coloured li-mestone is reported. For the last time a dimension stone quarry in Altendiez is mentioned in 1914. It was operated by the “Lahntaler Marmorindustrie”, owned by Karl Joh. Götte, Diez.

Deposits of black varieties were the rarest among the Nassau Marble. One of these deposits was situated in Limburg (LM 5614/1) right of the Lahn River. A French city map dating about 1759 records a “Cariere de Marbre” (Fig. 2). Historical records show that it was developed only shortly before 1761. The quar-ry was privately owned and it can be shown that his material (Plate 1c) was processed by the Diez prison manufactory. The pedestal of the monument of Count Adolph of Nassau (1255-1298), which was placed in the entrance hall of the Speyer Cathedral in 1824, is built of material from this quarry. Further reports were given in the 19th century.

In the east of the village of Hundsangen, a small Nas-sau Marble quarry was in operation in the 17th century (LM 5514/1). It supplied a grey-red limestone (Plate 1d). It was sold to the Elector of Trier in 1654. Presumably, an epitaph for Count Anton Günther von Oldenburg (1583-1667) in the Lamberti church in Oldenburg was

made of this material. Unfortunately, the epitaph was destroyed in 1791. Petitions for leases and contracts are preserved from the following years. Moreover, carters from the village of Oberbrechen transported marble blocks from Hundsangen in 1670.In the past, a mill named Blechmühle was situated on the left side of the Elb Brook between Hadamar and Niederhadamar (today Hadamar-Niederhadamar). At least one quarry was in operation near the mill in the 18th and 19th century (LM 5514/4), supplying black Nassau Marble (Plate 1e). Extensive limestone quarrying in the �0th century (for a nearby limekiln) destroyed the remains of the dimension stone quarry. Black limestone from the Blechmühle was used in the Liebfrauen church in Hadamar and the Oranienstein castle in Diez.A flesh- to rose-coloured Nassau Marble was extracted at the Herz(en)berg near Hadamar about 1740, in 1751, and again 1768-1770. From a quarry in the north of the Herzenberg (Hirzenberg) 1500 redish marble slabs were produced for the new Würzburg Residenz. Material for frames of firesides in the Oranienstein castle was delivered in 1768-1770. Owner of the quar-ry was the municipality. In the beginning of the 19th century the limestone was used as wall material. After World War I an unsuccessful attempt was made to process the material in Villmar.In the 19th and �0th century Nassau Marble was ex-tracted about � km WSW of Elz, of the forester’s lodge

Fig. 4: Letter head of the direction of the ducal prison manufactory from Diez, origi-nating from 1832 (Wiesbaden, State Archives Wiesbaden, sect. 211, No. 11574).

Table 1: Nassau Marble or Lahn Marble quarries

LM No. Quarry Name Municipality Gauß-Krüger Coordinates5317/1 unknown Rodheim unknown5416/1 unknown Wetzlar-Dalheim 34 6� 550 56 0� 7705416/2 unknown Oberbiel unknown5416/3 unknown Niederbiel unknown5417/1 at the Hausertor / at the Ziegelpforte Wetzlar 34 64 910 56 0� 7905417/2 Taubenstein Wetzlar 34 65 630 56 03 �70 5417/3 unknown, at the Lahnberg (Löhnberg) Wetzlar 34 65 130 56 0� 600 5417/4 unknown, at the Lahnberg (Löhnberg) Wetzlar 34 65 450 56 0� 550 5514/1 unknown Hundsangen 34 �9 �40 55 91 7505514/2 unknown Hadamar 34 3� 860 55 91 3805514/3 Herzberg Hadamar 34 3� 450 55 91 �005514/4 at the Blechmühle Niederhadamar 34 3� �50 55 90 1105514/5 unknown Steeden 34 38 080 55 87 9005514/6 unknown Elz unknown5514/7 unknown Dietkirchen unknown5514/8 unknown Dehrn unknown5514/9 unknown Niedertiefenbach unknown5515/1 municipal quarry Schupbach Schupbach 34 41 570 55 91 6005515/2 unknown Schupbach 34 41 6�0 55 91 5005515/3 unknown Schupbach 34 41 7�0 55 91 4805515/4 unknown Schupbach 34 41 800 55 91 4505515/5 unknown Schupbach 34 4� �60 55 91 5�05515/6 unknown Schupbach 34 4� 140 55 91 6505515/7 Goldader quarry Schupbach 34 4� ��0 55 91 6305515/8 unknown Gaudernbach 34 41 960 55 9� 1�05515/9 Hanom‘ser quarry Gaudernbach 34 41 880 55 9� 3305515/10 Korallenfels quarry Schupbach 34 41 780 55 9� 0405515/11 unknown Schupbach 34 41 750 55 9� 085

5515/12 Red quarry („Rud Kaut“). Today: Terrazzo quarry Schupbach 34 41 660 55 9� �90

5515/13 Auberg Gaudernbach 34 43 740 55 93 0805515/14 White quarry („Weiße Steinkaut“) Schupbach 34 41 110 55 91 6805515/15 unknown („in der Kölke“) Schupbach 34 43 850 55 91 180

5515/16 Joerissen quarry, called „Kölken“ or „Kölke“ by the local people Wirbelau 34 44 160 55 90 810

5515/17 Kölken Schupbach 34 44 1�5 55 90 9105515/18 unknown Schupbach 34 41 890 55 91 4805515/19 unknown Schupbach 34 41 860 55 91 5�05515/20 Kalkreusch Villmar 34 43 �30 55 85 5705515/21 Spitzwinkel Aumenau 34 45 550 55 86 8�05515/22a Ulmenberg Aumenau 34 46 650 55 87 ��05515/22b unknown Aumenau 34 46 630 55 87 1805515/24 Hanom‘ser quarry Schupbach 34 4� 0�0 55 9� 3705515/25 unknown Schupbach 34 41 950 55 9� 5405515/26 unknown Hasselbach 34 43 830 55 93 8505515/27 unknown Odersbach unknown5515/28 unknown Gaudernbach 34 4� 6�0 55 9� 4405515/29 unknown Weinbach unknown5515/30 unknown Edelsberg unknown5515/31 unknown Kirschhofen unknown5515/32 unknown Arfurt 34 43 �50 55 85 8�05515/33 unknown Schupbach unknown5515/34 Moselpitsch Seelbach or Villmar unknown5515/35 unknown Seelbach unknown5515/36 unknown Schupbach 34 41 890 55 91 3705515/37 unknown Schupbach 34 4� 000 55 91 560

5515/38 unknown Schupbach 34 41 640 55 91 6805515/39 unknown Schupbach 34 41 940 55 91 6505515/40 unknown Schupbach 34 41 970 55 91 5�05515/41 am Auerberg Seelbach unknown5515/42 Herrenwald and Herrenberg Schupbach unknown5515/43 at the Finstermühle Schupbach 34 4� 000 55 91 5405515/44 at the Hüttenweg Schupbach unknown5515/45 unknown Hasselbach 34 43 950 55 93 8505516/1 unknown Philippstein unknown5613/1 unknown Balduinstein 36 �7 400 55 79 5005613/2 unknown Balduinstein 34 �7 530 55 79 5905613/3 Bär quarry Balduinstein 34 �6 8�0 55 78 8505613/4 unknown Steinsberg unknown5613/5 auf der Eck Balduinstein unknown5613/6 Henneroths Bach Balduinstein unknown5613/7 Henneroths Berg Balduinstein unknown5613/8 unknown Fachingen unknown5613/9 Altendiezer Berge Altendiez unknown5613/10 Wildweiberley Altendiez 34 �8 540 55 8� 070 5613/11 unknown Schaumburg castle unknown5613/12 unknown Balduinstein 34 �7 010 55 79 1605613/13 Herrenroth Balduinstein unknown5614/1 unknown Limburg 34 34 0�0 55 84 3105614/2 Edelfels Heistenbach 34 �8 900 55 83 1605614/3 Tiergarten Diez unknown5614/4 unknown Freiendiez unknown5614/5 Mühlchen Oranienstein 34 �9 470 55 83 580 5614/6 unknown Holzheim unknown5614/7 unknown Hahnstätten unknown5614/8 Kreuzlay Diez 34 �9 160 55 8� 9�05614/9 Fuchsleye Diez or Heistenbach unknown5615/1 Mühlberg Villmar 34 4� �50 55 84 ��05615/2 Kissel Villmar 34 4� 090 55 84 0805615/3 Borngrund? Villmar 34 41 510 55 84 �705615/4 Bongard Villmar 34 41 400 55 84 3905615/5 unknown Villmar 34 41 335 55 84 4605615/6 unknown Villmar 34 4� 090 55 84 7305615/7 Gemeindesteinbruch Villmar Villmar 34 4� 080 55 84 6�05615/8 Gemeindesteinbruch Villmar Villmar 34 4� 060 55 84 5905615/9 Wieshohl Villmar 34 4� 900 55 84 3�05615/10 Gret(h)enstein Villmar 34 4� 050 55 84 4905615/11 unknown Villmar 34 41 930 55 84 5605615/12 unknown Villmar 34 41 890 55 84 5505615/13 unknown Villmar 34 41 840 55 84 5405615/14 Weibshohl Runkel 34 41 490 55 84 6005615/15 Bodensteinsleye Villmar 34 41 580 55 84 3�05615/16 Casteller Bruch, Kastellenbruch Villmar unknown5615/17 Felschen Villmar unknown5615/18 Hexengarten Villmar unknown5615/19 Ignatiusfels Villmar unknown5615/20 Judentümpel Villmar unknown5615/21 Kalkofen Villmar unknown5615/22 Mariekäthen Leye, Mariekäth Villmar unknown5615/24 unknown Villmar 34 4� 170 55 84 1605615/25 Hinterbodenstein Villmar unknown5615/27 An der Lahn Villmar unknown5615/28 An der Mühlen Villmar unknown5714/1 unknown Allendorf 34 �8 950 55 70 830

(LM 5514/6). The material was taken as floor plates in the Elz parish church in 1852-1854. Further activity is reported from 1919 and the 1930s.

Already before 1768, a Nassau Marble quarry existed in Steeden (today Runkel-Steeden), but nothing is known about the location. Actual quarrying started after World War I by the companies “Gerhäuser Mar-morwerke KG“ from Altengronau and „Gebr. Kirch-ner“, later both merged into “Lahnmarmorbrüche Gerhäuser & Kirchner GmbH”. After a short break at the end of World War II, the quarry LM 5514/5 was operated until the mid of the 1950s. The material was sold under different trade names: Edelgrau or Steeden(er) Grau or Lahn grau, Edelrot or Steeden(er) Rot, Lahngold, Steeden(er) Grau-Rosa, Steeden(er) Rosa (Plate 1f), Steedener Schwarz, Urania-Rot and Urania-Schwarz. The nature of Steeden Grün is un-certain; probably, the material was no limestone but a pyroclastic rock. Numerous examples for use of the Steeden Lahn Marble extracted the last operating pe-riod are known.

Quarrying in Niedertiefenbach (today Beselich-Niedertiefenbach) probably started after World War I as well (LM 5514/9). Operator was the “Marmor-Gewerkschaft Caesari” in Limburg. They produced black limestone, which was sold under the name of Niedertiefenbach Schwarz, but the material was cha-racterized by a lot of fissures.

About �0 quarries were situated between the munici-palities of Schupbach (today Beselich-Schupbach) and Gaudernbach (today part of Weilburg). The majority of them was situated in the district of Schupbach, ma-king Schupbach to one of the Nassau Marble industry centres. The beginning of the activities is unknown, however in 1610-1612 a written chronicle reports that “black marble” from Schupbach was known. Over all, the black limestone, which was extracted in several quarries, established the reputation of the Schupbach Nassau Marble in the baroque style. Nearly all memo-rial slabs and monuments for electors, archdukes and other high dignitaries, which were built in the Mainz cathedral between 1606 and the end of the 18th century, are made from a highly polished, black limestone with white sigmoidal calcite veinlets and gilded inscrip-tions. Even through only in individual cases proof is positive, the majority of them, if not all, are made from black Nassau Marble from Schupbach. Starting with the monument for the Elector and Archduke Wolfgang of Dalberg (finished 1606), Schupbach material was used for the memorial slab of the Elector and Archduke Georg Friedrich of Greiffenklau († 16�9), which was made by stonemason Martin Harnisch from Schup-bach in 1630, the Michael altar in the Michael chapel (1639) and the memorial monument of Elector Philipp

Carl of Eltz († 1743), which was sculpted in 1739-1741, during his life time.

Stonemasons from Schupbach supplied black lime-stone not only for the Mainz cathedral but also to numerous churches and monasteries, for which rea-son an origin from Schupbach can be assumed in the most cases. This applies to an epitaph in the Limburg cathedral, which was donated in 1640 and was made by the master Matthias Pfister from Schupbach, the equipment of the Union church in Idstein (1676), the Holy Rock chapel in the Trier Cathedral (since 1687), the high altars in the Würzburg and Fulda cathedrals (1703 and 1706, respectively), the altar in the St. Bo-niface Crypt in the Fulda Cathedral (1708-1712), the baroque bathtub in the Weilburg castle of 1712/13, the Schönborn chapel in the Würzburg Cathedral from 1721, the Dalberg epitaph in the Fulda Cathedral from 1729, the altars in the Würzburg Court Chapel, the holy water fonts in the Jesuitic church in Mannheim from 1753, the epitaphs of the prince bishops Damian Hugo of Schönborn and Franz Christoph of Hutten in the parish church St. Peter in Bruchsal from 1757 and 1772-1773, respectively. Moreover, numerous churches in the Lahn region were provided with the black Schupbach limestone, e.g. Haintchen and Dau-born. In 17�3, the famous architect Balthasar Neu-mann visited the Schupbach quarries. The majority of the altars, monuments and memorial slabs were ordered within the ecclesiastical territories (archbi-shoprics Trier, Mainz, Cologne including the dioceses Worms, Speyer, Würzburg, Fulda and Bamberg), and “black Nassau marble”, presumably from Schupbach, was used for building the high altar of the St. Charles’s Church in Vienna in 17�9.

Records allow reconstruction of the history of the Schupbach quarries between 1666 and 1870. Until 1681, the marble was delivered to Mainz, Koblenz and Idstein, but most frequently to the immediate vi-cinity, where tombstones and wayside crosses were ordered. Since the year 1678, the stonemason dynasty Weidemann settled in Schupbach and Gaudernbach. About 1830, the Diez prison manufacture acquired one of the quarries. Later, this quarry was operated by the Hergenhahn Co., and the “Nassauische Marmor-werke”. Since 1920, the Joerissen Co. (Fig. 3) operated in Schupbach.

The black Nassau Marble of Schupbach was popular for sacral and profane architecture even in the Ger-man imperial age and between Word War I and II. Numerous examples for its use are given by dycKeR-hoff & neumann (ca. 19�5). Schupbach Schwarz was used in the Holy of Holies in the Munich synagogue, probably in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna (1909), and for the Jugendstil facade of the publisher‘s Manz in

Vienna in 1912. In 1935-1936, the black Schupbach material was laid as floor in the Ministry of Aviation in Berlin (today: Federal Finance Ministry).

A map from 1795 shows that the princely quarry (LM 5515/43) was situated beneath the quarry heap LM 5515/18. The princely quarry goes back to 1658. In the 18th century, this quarry was the main supplier for the black limestone from Schupbach. In the south of this quarry, a quarry of the prison manufacture was opened in 1840. In a small distance to the north the quarries LM 5515/37 (at least since 1868) und LM 5515/39 (at least since 1905) were situated.

In the last period of quarrying, black limestone from Schupbach was sold under the trade name Schupbach Schwarz (Plate 1g) and was extracted in two quarries (LM 5515/18, LM 5515/4). Both quarries existed at least since 1868, and were later operated by the Dy-ckerhoff & Neumann Co., the smaller one by members of the family Eller, the larger one (LM 5515/18) was worked – together with the quarry LM 5515/19 – by Dyckerhoff & Neumann until the 1970s century.

Further quarries are situated in the east of the Finster mill. The quarries LM 5515/5 (light grey limestone, Plate 1h) and LM 5515/6 (black limestone, Plate 2a) are not recorded in maps from 1866 but are recorded in maps of 1905. Yet a quarry must have been existed in this area at about 1761. Traces of sawing show the quarry LM 5515/5 was in work even after 1910. Both quarries were abandoned before Word War II. The quarry LM 5515/7 was initiated after the year 1911, probably in the thirties: The Joerissen Co. extracted a black variety with yellowish calcite veinlets, which has been sold first as Schupbach Schwarzgold or Schupbach Schwarz-Gelb, and after World War II as Schupbach Goldader (Plate �b). In the end, the quarry was in the possession of Dyckerhoff & Neumann; it was abandoned about 1970.

West of the quarries which produced dark grey to black varieties, quarries which supplied lighter co-loured limestone were situated. The quarry of the mu-nicipality (LM 5515/1) produced a light grey stone. It was initiated after 1866, but earlier than 1905, and was operated by several companies. Today it is filled in. The Joerissen Co. operated the quarries LM 5515/2 and LM 5515/3. LM 5515/2 existed already in 1866, whereas the other quarry is first documented in a map from 1905. At least one of the quarries produced the variety Schupbach Grau or Mimosa (first mentioned 1930), which was available until the mid-1950s (Plate �c). Schupbach Grau (first mentioned in 1895) was exploited in quarries of the Hergenhahn Co. and the Dyckerhoff & Neumann Co. about 1914 and 19�0. Examples for use of Schupbach Grau are the admini-stration building of the “Gußstahl- und Eisenwerke”

in Gelsenkirchen and the Moscow Kremlin. Another quarry at the Hahnscheid hill (LM 5515/38) is first mentioned in 1905.Between 1888 and 1940, the trade name Schupbach schwarzgrau was established. It was sold by the “Nassauische Marmorwerke”, and later by “Dycker-hoff & Neumann”. Its source quarry is unknown. Also unknown is the location of the quarry „auf der breyten Heck“ (LM 5515/33), which is mentioned in 1717. The village property “Breitheck“ is situated in the south of LM 5515/9.The quarry LM 5515/19 was opened after 1868 but earlier than 1905. It produced the variety Famosa S, in which „S“ stands for „Schupbach“. Depending on the lightness of the colour, further sub-varieties have been distinguished (Plate �d + 9e). Until the end of quarrying in about 1970 the Famosa quarry was ope-rated by Dyckerhoff & Neumann simultaneously with the Schupbach Schwarz quarry LM 5515/18, but even the Joerissen Co. exploited Famosa S from this quar-ry. Famosa or Famosa violettgrau of the Joerissen Co. was used for the imperial staircase in the Berlin cathedral. This quarry supplied the block which was processed to the 8.5 m high national emblem of the Frankfurt airport in 1935-1936. Famosa S was used for the chancel of the Würzburg cathedral in 1960-1967 and 1987/88. The floor and the bases of figures and pil-lars, which were reconstructed in the Jesuitic church in Mannheim 1996-1997, were the last important pieces for which Famosa S was used. Even the material of the small quarry LM 5515/36, which was open before World War II, was sold as Famosa.Schupbach Violett is mentioned in 1930, but the quarry is not known. Eventually, this variety is identical with Famosa Violett from Schupbach.A white to rose-coloured limestone (Plate �f) was quarried in the „weiße Steinkauth“ (LM 5515/14), today situated at the northern margin of Schupbach. White “marble” from Schupbach is mentioned first in 1646. The only plausible example for use of this material are sculptures in the Trier cathedral which were made by the sculptors Theobald Weid(e)mann from Schupbach and Johann Wolfgang Fröhlich(er) from Frankfurt in 1687. In 1717, the quarry was men-tioned, too.Further quarries, all supplying coloured, mostly red-dish limestone, are situated along the Kerkerbach val-ley towards the Hüttenmühle. In this area, a quarry “am Hüttenweg” (LM 5515/44) existed in 1766/68 with a red-speckled “marble”. The quarries LM 5515/8, LM 5515/10 and LM 5515/11 supplied a characteristic coloured variety which was sold as Korallenfels (Plate 2g). The topographic map from 1868 does not show any of the three quarries, the map from 1905 shows

the quarry east of the stream (LM 5515/8) and the northern quarry west of the stream (LM 5515/11). Ko-rallenfels was offered for sale by the “Marmorwerke Balduinstein Guido Krebs” in 1899. In the following decades, the material was quarried by Dyckerhoff & Neumann (Villmar) and sold as Rosario or Rosario Corallo. Examples for use of Korallenfels are the Ta-gore Castle in Kolkata and the hotel “Schwarzer Bock” in Wiesbaden (reopened 1957).Another quarry which produced reddish limestone, was situated in the area of the today active terrazzo quarry (LM 5515/12). It is called „Rud Kaut“ (red pit) by local people. The quarry is shown in a topographic map of 1905, showing a similar dimension as today, but is missing in a map from 1868. It was operated by the “Lahn-Marmorbrüche Gerhäuser & Kirchner, GmbH” from Steeden in 1938. Trade names were Wie-disch Rot and Wiedisch Rosa until the 1950s (Plate �h, 10a).Red limestone from Schupbach was used for the altar slab from 1731 in the Union church in Idstein and the tomb monument for Elector Philipp Carl von Eltz († 1743) in the Mainz cathedral, but it is not sure, whether the material originates from this quarry. A quarry with red speckled “marble” in the “Herrenwald” was rented about 1761 and abandoned in 1766, but its exact position is not known. A further quarry was in pro-duction in 189� under the consul Emilio Adamczyk from Wiesbaden.

The quarries LM 5515/9 (with its continuation LM 5515/24) and LM 5515/25 are situated in the district of Gaudern-bach. The southern quar-ry is named Hanomser Bruch by local people. The quarry was opened in the first half of the 20th century, produced rose-coloured material (Plate 3b) and was in produc-tion until the 1950s. The quarry was in possession of the company “Dr. Al-bert Reinsch” from Gau-dernbach in 1951, and produced crushed ma-terial for the production of terrazzo. The northern quarry produced dark to black limestone. In a to-pographical map from 1905, it is shown with the same size as today.

The following varieties from the districts of Schup-bach/Gaudernbach cannot be assigned to a quarry. Orania schwarz, Orania grau and Orania rot were sold by the company “Marmorwerk Nassau A.-G.” from Gaudernbach in the twenties of the last century and by “Lahn-Marmorbrüche Gerhäuser & Kirchner, GmbH” from Steeden in 1938. In 1938, a further va-riety, Lahn Schwarz, is mentioned.

In the west of Gaudernbach, the Wachhecke quarry (LM 5515/28) was in operation. The first indication is a map from 1905, which shows two small quarries.

Joerissen Co. started its operation in 1920, and the quarry was productive until 1922 at the latest. The material was highly regarded as decoration material for furniture.

In the NNE of Gaudernbach, a quarry, occasionally called Auberg quarry, is situated which belongs to the municipality (LM 5515/13). The limestone was discovered during exploration work for iron ore. At the latest in 1896, material from the quarry was mar-keted. First two varieties were sold as Brunhildenstein (1896) and Grafenstein (1897) (Plate 3c, 10d). Since the world exhibition in St. Louis (1904), the Wilhelmini-an names were replaced by Mediterranean sounding names: Rojizonazo (= Brunhildenstein), Porvenir (= Grafenstein), Estrellante (since 1914 sold as Auberg Grau as well) and Reconquista. Probably, the quarry first was leased to the “Marmorwerke Balduinstein”

Fig. 5: Private “marble collection” with some Nassau Marble samples from Allendorf, Balduinstein (“Ballenstein”), Mudershausen (“Idstein”) and Villmar (“Vilmar”). The Siegen sample does not belong to the Nassau Marble. The collection originates from about 1800 (Natural History Museum Vienna).

of Guido Krebs in Balduinstein. At latest in 190�, the quarry was leased to the Joerissen Co. in Weilburg, which held a second quarry in Wirbelau. Joerissen received a golden medal for his marble door exhibited at the 1904 World exhibition. Under the enterprising Joerissen the Gaudernbach quarry developed to one of the most important Lahn Marble quarries in the �0th century.Examples for its use are the Deutsches Museum in Munich (Brunhildenstein or Rojizonazo), the city hall of Rotterdam, the Fisher Building in Detroit (Grafen-stein or Porvenir), the Brooklyn Telephone Building in Brooklyn (Estrellante or Auberg Grau), the Empire State Building in New York (Estrellante or Auberg Grau) and the Capitol of Havanna (Reconquista). Du-ring the Nazi time, major orders followed, e.g. for the new Reichskanzlei in Berlin (Auberg Grau, Brunhil-denstein) and the extension of the Reichshauptbank building in Berlin (Auberg Grau, Brunhildenstein, Grafenstein), for which reason 60 workers worked every day including Sundays in 1939. Brunhilden-stein was the most expensive Lahn Marble variety (525 Reichsmark/m3), while average varieties were sold for 150 Reichsmark/m3. Shortly after World War II, the quarrying was resumed. In 1948, St. Paul‘s church in Frankfurt received a font made from Grafenstein; several examples from the 1950s and 1960s are docu-mented. The quarry was closed in the 1970s.South of Hasselbach (today part of Weilburg), a small municipal quarry (LM 5515/26) was active in the 19th century and produced greyish Nassau Marble (Plate 3g). The first message dates to 1826 but it is likely that quarrying goes back to the 17th century, because J. W. Goethe received a “marble” slab for his collection in 1785. Topographical maps from 1905 show that about 100 m to the east a second, small-scaled quarry existed (LM 5515/45). Quarrying of Lahn Marble near Wirbelau (today Runkel-Wirbelau) started after 1900. Two quarries (LM 5515/16, LM 5515/17) were operated by the Joe-rissen Co. from Oberlahnstein (later the company mo-ved their headquarters to Weilburg). Until the year of closure, 1967, the first mentioned quarry developed to the deepest Lahn Marble quarry known. The variety Wirbelau is first mentioned in 1909 (Plate 3e). Wirbe-lau was mainly used for technical purposes (isolation slabs, control panels) and for shop counters. Because it was possible to obtain huge blocks, which were free of joints, Wirbelau was the most favourite variety for sculpture in the 20th century. For instance, the lion sculpture the entrance of the Wilhelm-Marx at buil-ding in Düsseldorf was carved out of a �6 t block by the sculptor Schreiner. Both the Europe sculpture in the Reisinger park in Wiesbaden (1932) and the St. Nepomuk of the Lahn bridge in Limburg (1966) exhi-

bit the Wirbelau variety. In the 19�0s, it was used for facing claddings in Zürich, Würzburg, St. Gallen and Weilburg. In 1934-1936, national emblems (large ea-gles) for the Nazi castle Crössinsee near Falkenburg in Pomerenia (today Złocieniec, Poland) were produced. Further examples for use of Wirbelau are the office block of the Alte Leipziger fire insurance in Leipzig (1911-1913, today „Runde Ecke“) and the Bavarian National Museum in Munich (1937-1939). The quarry LM 5515/17 also operated by Joerissen, is much smaller than the Wirbelau quarry and supplied the variety Kölken since approximately 1920, the va-riety was later sold as Wirbelau-Silber or Wirbelau Silbergrau (Plate 3f). Quarrying continued untel the 1950s.Lahn Marble quarry LM 5515/15 is situated in an area called „Kelken“ or „Kölken“ by local people. Traces of sawing (this technique came to the Lahn district at about 1910) and missing marks in topographical maps show the quarry to be active after the year 1911. Already in 1955 the quarry was abandoned.A Nassau Marble quarry near Gräveneck (today Weinbach-Gräveneck) is mentioned in 18�9, but it cannot be located.In the 18th century the prisoners of the Weilburg prison were sent to a Nassau Marble quarry near Odersbach SW of Weilburg (today Weilburg-Odersbach) whose location is unknown today. From Odersbach, J. W. Goethe received a marble slab in 1785, too. Between 1780 and 1893/94 rough limestone was quarried near Odersbach. Eventually the quarry was active the be-ginning of the �0th century and again at about 1950.

Near Kirschhofen (today part of Weilburg), an old Nassau Marble quarry existed, whose material was fre-quently processed before 1826. Its location is unknown. About 1890, a quarry of consul Emilio Adamczyk from Wiesbaden was active, which was operated by “Mar-morwerk Balduinstein Guido Krebs” about 1910.In Weilburg itself, the prison was operating a marble sawing and grinding manufacture since 1777 with eco-nomic success large enough for the marble processing to develop to the main source of income. The marble fabrication started with black and grey limestone from a quarry near Weilburg named “Im Sprung” and near Edelsberg (LM 5515/30, see below). The location of the former quarry is unknown. Eventually, it was situ-ated near Edelsberg, because there was a phosphorite mine named “Sprung”. The “Nassau Marble” sold by the Weilburg prison was bluish black, yellowish-grey, light-red and brownish-red in 1789. Brown to red and blood-red limestone from Weilburg is mentioned in 1831. A limestone quarry existed near the Schellhof in 1910, but it is unknown, if it was also operated as dimension stone quarry.

�00 SDGG, Heft 59 – Denkmalgesteine: Festschrift – Wolf-Dieter Grimm

Schalstein Main Anticline

SW of the geological structure, a small municipal quar-ry was situated near Holzheim south of Limburg (LM 5614/6). From the beginning of the 19th century, minor quarrying by the Diez prison manufacture is reported. Because of its high FeS� content, the black limestone was only partly suitable as dimension stone.SE of Runkel, the municipal Weibshohl quarry (LM 5615/14) is situated on the right side of the Lahn River. In the beginning of the 19th century, the outcropping light and dark red limestone was frequently used by the Diez prison manufacture, but a document testifies its existence as early as 1766, however with no quar-rying activity in this year. In 1829, the prison is lease-holder of the quarry. Prisoners produce the fountain of the market place in Idstein in 1835 or 1837 and the pedestal for the Mainz Gutenberg monument in 1836 with Weibshohl material. About 1888, the Weibshohl quarry was in production again for a short time and was then abandoned. This quarry shows the clearest

quarrying traces of the 19th century of all Nassau Mar-ble quarries (Fig. 8).

Villmar was – at least between the middle of the 19th century and the end of the �0th century – the cen-tre of the Lahn Marble industry. Quarrying Nassau Marble in Villmar started around the turn of the 16th century.

In the churchyard in Villmar, more than 70 memo-rial slabs made out of Nassau Marble are preserved from the time span between 1636 and the 19th century. Even when the exact origin of the slabs is not known, a local proreanance seems evident. Beyond the city limits, marble from Villmar was used after in 17�7 the parish priest Modestus Manheim became abbot of St. Matthias monastery in Trier. Therefore, in the following years Nassau Marble from Villmar was used for several works in this abbey. A further large-sca-le order dates from 1731 and concerned the famous mineral water spring of Niederselters. About 1750, leaseholders from Villmar supplied material for the

Fig. 6: Places of Nassau Marble quarries and important processing factories.

SDGG, Heft 59 – Denkmalgesteine: Festschrift – Wolf-Dieter Grimm �01

Jesuitic church in Mannheim. Many reports are filed, such as that in 1751 the marble master Stephan Strahl from Balduinstein leased a quarry in Villmar which provided red “marble”. In 1753, all Nassau Marble quarries in Villmar were leased, and the prisoners from the Weilburg prison had to extract dimension stones in the quarries in 1777. Nassau Marble from Villmar was used to produce the marvellous pillars of the Ignatius church in Mainz in 1779-178� and the Wiesbaden Kurhaus in 1808.

The majority of the about two dozens quarries were property of the municipality. Local stonemasons were predominating amongst leasers of the quarries. Some of them gained outstanding reputation in the 18th and 19th century, e.g. several generations of the Leonhard dynasty, but also marble masters from Balduinstein and Schupbach appeared. Pieces of work of the Le-onhard family can be seen in the castles of Wiesba-den-Biebrich, Dehrn, Neuwied, Koblenz, Ilbenstadt, Karlsruhe and Hohenzollern-Hechingen as well as in the Russian-Orthodox church (“Greak chapel”) in Wiesbaden. At the end of the 18th century, several fa-milies earned a living by quarrying and processing Nassau Marble. In the 19�0s the situation changed dramatically, because the Diez prison took over se-veral leasehold rights and became the most important operator of the quarries undercuting the local industry. In 1865, the marble factory “Nassauische Marmor-werke” was founded in Villmar which for the first time allowed the use of machines driven by water power. The factory was sold to the company “Dyckerhoff & Neumann KG“ from Wetzlar in 1892, which was dominating the quarrying and processing Lahn Mar-ble in Villmar in the following period. At the height Dyckerhoff & Neumann Co. more than �50 workers were employed. In the following decades, products of Dyckerhoff & Neumann were used in numerous buildings locally and abroad.

Limestone worth to be processed cropped but both sides of the Lahn River. Nevertheless, until the se-cond half of the 19th century nearly all quarries in Villmar were situated on the left side of the Lahn River, because a bridge over the river was built as late as 1894-1896. Overall it can be stated, that – besides few exceptions – all Lahn Marble quarries in Villmar were situated in three areas:1) in the vicinity of the marble factory,�) in the vicinity of the Bodensteinerlai 3) right of the Lahn River in the vicinity of today’s train station. The Famosa quarry (LM 5615/24) was the most im-portant quarry during the last decades of operation. It was situated near the marble factory. Already in

1868, a 1�0 m long quarry existed. The trade name Famosa was mentioned the first time in 1888. Famosa can be admired in the Jugendstil bath houses of the Sprudelhof in Bad Nauheim, in the Kerckhoff institute in Bad Nauheim, in the palace of the grand duke of Luxembourg, in the office building of the Wiesbadener Tagblatt in Wiesbaden and in the Technical University of Darmstadt. Old postcards show the quarry to be in operation until World War II.Adjacent to the Famosa quarry, the Mühlberg quarry (LM 5615/1) was situated behind the factory. It was operated at least since 1870 by the marble factory (in 1868 it is not shown in topographical maps) and at least until the year 190�. Postcards suggest the quarry to be in production until the 1920s or 1930s. The material is light brownish to greyish (Plate 3h). In the first half of the 19th century, several small and very small quarries were active in this area. Their names were Felschen (LM 5615/17), Hexengarten (LM 5615/18), Judentempel or Judendümpel (LM 5615/20), am Kalkofen (LM 5615/21), Kissel (LM 5615/2) und Mariekäthen Leye (LM 5615/22). Their material was processed by the prison manufacture in Diez. Material from the last-mentioned quarry was sold by the Villmar marble factory between 1870 and 189� under the trade name Mariekäth. In 1875 and again in 1880, material was produced from a quarry named An der Mühl(en) (LM 5615/28). The Kissel quarry was productive in 1837/38, in 1846 and 1870-189�. Material from the Kissel quarry was used for the pillars in the assembly rooms of the Bad Ems spa in 1837/38.

The area in the vicinity of the marble factory provided about 50 % of the total Lahn Marble production of Villmar during the 1870-1902 period.

The second important Lahn Marble area was situated in the vicinity of the limestone cliff Bodensteinerlai. One of the quarries supplied material for the mon-astery and the abbey St. Matthew’s in Trier in 1718 and the altar of the Holy Rock chapel in the Trier cathedral about 1730. Its exact location is unknown. Also unknown is the exact location of the Boden-steinsleye or Bodensteinlei quarry (LM 5615/15), which was active in 18�6, 1847 and 1871-1873, and the Hinterbodenstein quarry (LM 5615/25) which provided huge amounts (> 1.000 m3 raw production) of limestone between 1870 and 1893.

The Bongard quarry (LM 5615/4) was the largest in Villmar and moreover one of the largest in the Lahn district. There existed a limestone cliff as early as in 1868. In 1871, the name „Bongartsbruch“ was not-ed, and in 1888 the trade name Bongard is known. Stonemason masters distinguished different Bongard sub-types in the following decades. Bongard (Plate

�0� SDGG, Heft 59 – Denkmalgesteine: Festschrift – Wolf-Dieter Grimm

4a) was used in the famous Jugendstil bathhouses in Bad Nauheim spa, in the palace of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and as floor slabs in Brühl palace near Cologne. After World War II, Bongard was taken for the interior of the hotel Schwarzer Bock in Wiesbaden and for restoration purposes in Bruchsal palace. In 1976 the quarry was abandoned. In 1989, the quarry was reopened for a short time to extract one huge Bongard block which was needed for the restoration of the high altar in the Jesuitic church in Mannheim. Nothing is known about the history of a small quarry north of the Bongard quarry (LM 5615/5).

Situated in the so called „Borngrund“, a quarry is re-ported in 1826 and 1832 which provided a light-reddish limestone (Plate 4b). Erratic quarrying can be proven since 1871. In the 1950s quarrying ended. Within the village property “Borngrund”, an old quarry exists (LM 5615/3), suggesting to be taken as the old Born-grund quarry. The trade name Borngrund is known since 1895. Borngrund material was used for the main station in Erfurt, the Namedy castle near Andernach/Rhein and – after World War II – for the municipal Saalbau in Essen (today it is called Philharmonie).

At a distance of 120 “steps” [one step equals 0.30 m] from the Borngrund quarry the Castellen or Kasteller quarry was situated. It provided “nice” red “marble”. The exact location is unknown. It is probably the same quarry, which was leased by the stonemason mas-

ter Hax from Villmar and the sculptor Castelli from Limburg in 1730. From 1871 to 1890, small quantities were extracted from the Castell quarry. The mate-rial is described as similar to the Grethenstein Lahn Marble.

The quarry area in vicinity of the Bodensteinerlai de-livered about 25 % of the total Nassau Marble produc-tion of Villmar between 1870 and 190�.

The earliest proof of Nassau Marble occurrences on the right side of the Lahn River within the district of Villmar dates from 18�9. In an inventory of the mayor it is said that a “nice quarry” with red and red-grey “marble” exists at the place of the former Grethenstein castle. The mayor added that there was no leaseholder. This statement should be seen in the historical context: The inventory is not an inventory of active quarries but lists all places where Nassau Marble could be quarried. The first proof of Nassau Marble quarrying in this area dates from 1868. In a topographical map, a “marble quarry” with a length of about 60 m is indicated WNW of the train station. Later a large limestone quarry was established, of the Krupp Co. continuing even in the �0th century when in a small part Famosa Violett (LM 5615/6) was quarried. End of the Famosa Violett quarry was shortly before World War II. Examples for its use are the Darmstadt Technical University and the Senate hall of the Capitol in Baton Rouge, capital of the US state Louisiana.

Fig. 7: Marble manufactory in the Diez prison. Watercolour (detail) by antonio fay from 1837 (Coll. Nass. Altertümer, Wiesbaden).

After 1868, the quarry seems to be shifting to the S, because since 1870 huge quantities were extracted from a location on the right side of the Lahn River, named An der Lahn. In 1884, the quarrying activities in this area were described as exceedingly extensive. Probably since 1885, but at least since 1887 the trade name Gret(h)enstein was established. The typically red coloured material was extracted in several quar-ries in 1888 in the vicinity of what is nowadays the natural monument “Unica”. The extracted material was sold as Gret(h)chenstein, rouge violette and Roth violette. Early examples of Grethenstein in architec-ture are pillars in the Burgtheater in Vienna and in the central station of Frankfurt/Main, the interior of the Grand Duke palace in Karlsruhe (today Federal Supreme Court) and the tower of the Munich Techni-cal University.As the extensive area of the limestone and Lahn Mar-ble quarries on the Grethenstein in the years before 1908 are even shown on a postcard, it is not aston-ishing that the Grethenstein was described as „most important and magnificent” deposit in the whole Lahn district in 1914. Today, the area is levelled and filled up at least since the time of World War II. After the war Grethenstein was not extracted any more.Within the former Grethenstein quarry area, a reddish coloured variety was extracted (LM 5615/10, Plate 4c), which – depending on origin, property or lease situations as well as fashion – was traded not only as Grethenstein, but also labelled with other names. A map from 1922 shows that in the vicinity three districts abut; in every district a quarry was situated: Quarry “Überlahnberg” in the north, quarry “Grethenstein” in the east or southeast, and quarry “Lossen” in the west or northwest, on the spot of today’s natural monument “Unica”. Material from the Lossen quarry was sold by the Joerissen Co. under the trade name Unika and the material from the Grethenstein quarry as Grethen-stein. Since the 1890s and until World War I, “Nas-sauische Marmorwerke” of Dyckerhoff & Neumann Co. was selling both Grethenstein and Unica. For the first time the Joerissen Co. which was in competition with the Dyckerhoff & Neumann Co. offered Unika in 1915; since 1920 it could offer Grethenstein in addition to Unika. Finally, Joerissen sold the Unica material in 1931 as Nassau rot; even in 1938 Nassau rot is listed besides Unika and Gretenstein. Even the company of the May Brothers in Villmar offered Grethenstein: The company had taken a lease on the “Überlahnberg” quarry from 19�� to 1940. Grethenstein is mentioned until the 1950s.The natural monument Unica (LM 5615/7) is situated in the Lossen district. On the initiative of the “Lahn-Marmor-Museum” Society the quarry was roofed in �001. This small quarry was started as late as the

1930s century (Fig. 9). Its material was named Unica A (“A” = “Alt”) and first mentioned in 1933 (Plate 4d). With the end of the production about 1970, quar-rying ended in the Grethenstein area in general. The variety Unica N (“N” = “Neu”) was first mentioned in 1938. Unica N was extracted in the quarry LM 5615/8 (Plate 4e). After World War I, the quarry was not productive. The “Nassauische Marmorwerke” sold the variety Unica blaßrot before World War II. Unica was first mentioned in 1895; in 1896 Unica appeared in the technical literatur. Unica was used for the Lan-deshaus in Wiesbaden (today Hessian Ministry of tra-de and economy), the tower of the Munich Technical University (1903-1907) and the Kerckhoff institute in Bad Nauheim (19�9-1931). At the end of the quarrying period, Unica was used for restoring purposes in the palaces of Mannheim and Bruchsal. Even mülleR (1994) states, that the different Unica types could not be distinguished in all cases, because they changed from one type to the other within one block occasio-nally. On closer examination, this statement has to be extended to the Grethenstein variety.

Greyish and partially reddish limestone is exposed in three small and old quarries in the west of the so-called Ibachseiche (LM 5615/11, LM 5615/12, LM 5615/13). Traces of quarrying suggest the quarry LM 5615/13 to date from the 19th century or earlier and the quarry LM 5615/12 to date from the 20th century or earlier (Plate 4f). In the �0th century, the company of Karl May was the last leaseholder. Two holy water fonts in the parish church St. Peter and Paul in Villmar are regarded as made by material from there.

From the quarries on the right side of the Lahn River about �4 % of all Nassau Marble from Villmar was produced between 1870 and 1902.

On the right side of the road to Aumenau, the Wies-hohl quarry was situated (LM 5615/9). At the begin-ning of the 19th century, the prison manufactory of Diez was the main owner of the deposit holding its own quarry. Between 1823 and 1827, they produced 10 border pillars for the Grand Duchy of Nassau from this material (Plate 4g). Smaller parts of the deposit were in the property of the municipality of Villmar and were quarried by private operators. A further pe-riod of quarrying was 1882-1887; the last activity was about 19�5.

A limestone quarry for the production of quickli-me existed in the “Kalkreusch” N of Villmar (LM 5515/20) as early as 1504. The dark grey to black lime-stone was extracted as dimension stone about 183� and was abandoned about 1940. The trade name was Lahnberg-Dunkel.The location of the Ignatiusfels quarry close to Vill-mar (LM 5615/19) is unknown. Its grey limestone was

used for the pillars in Ignatius church in Mainz in 1781/82. The quarry was re-opened in 1846.

During digging a water basin near Arfurt (today Run-kel-Arfurt) in 1605, farmers discovered a huge block of dark grey limestone. From this block the memorial slab was made for Elector and Archbishop Johann Adam von Bicken in the cathedral of Mainz.

Beneath Arfurt, a municipal Nassau Marble quarry (LM 5515/32) is proved since 1826. In the following years it was leased to members of the Leonhard family from Villmar. The quarry provided dark grey to black limestone. Production continued for the following de-cades, since 1880 by the Hergenhahn Co. from Diez, the “Nassauische Marmorwerke” from Villmar and the Dyckerhoff & Neumann Co. from Villmar, the latter sold the material under the trade name Arfurt. In the 1930s the messages terminate.

Near Aumenau (today Villmar-Aumenau) are the “fi-nest marble quarries”, according to reports in 1829. Material from Aumenau was used in the mid-19th cen-tury for the furnishing of two synagogues in Frank-furt. In 1862, the prison factory and in the eighties the Hergenhahn Co. was exploiting the deposit. After 1899, the variety Aumenau was sold by Dyckerhoff & Neumann. Extracting was continued until the 1930s, the last operator being the “Marmor-Gewerkschaft Caesari” from Limburg.

Two adjacent quarries lie in the Aumenau forest district “Winkel” (LM 5515/21), and provided a typical red white material (Plate 4h). In the 19th century, parts of this forest district belonged to the territory of the muni-cipality of Seelbach. As early as 1709/1712 extraction is reported. In 1714 Winkel limestone was processed for four pillars for the Biebrich castle in Wiesbaden-Biebrich. In 18�6, two quarries are mentioned, in 183� the quarry named “Winkel” was abandoned. After 1880, the quarries were operated by the “Nassauische Marmorwerke”, the Dyckerhoff & Neumann Co. and the “Marmorwerke Balduinstein”; the district now being quoted as “Speckswinkel”. The quarries were operated until World War II. In 1930, the trade name Seelbach is reported. In the thirties of the last centu-ry, one of the quarries was operated by the company “Lahn-Marmorbrüche Gerhäuser & Kirchner” from Steeden. It sold the limestone under the new trade name Kirsch(en)rot with two sub-varieties. The re-taining wall of the Catholic church in Aumenau was built from this material.

Black limestone was quarried near Seelbach (today Villmar-Seelbach) in the 18th century, but the posi-tion of the quarry is unknown (LM 5515/35). Also unknown is the location of a quarry which operated in the 18th century at the Auerberg SSW of Seelbach (LM

5515/41). It provided red-white speckled “marble”, but in 1766/68 and 1837 it was not in operation.Documents prove the extraction of Nassau Marble from the riverbed of the Lahn River between 18�6 and 183�. The quarry was situated near the Treisfurter Hof in the east of Villmar and was named Moselpitsch (LM 5515/34). The material was processed by the Diez prison manufacture. Extraction work was only possi-ble in very dry summers. In the east of Seelbach, but already in the district of Aumenau, the village property “Ülm” or “Ilm” is situated, in which two quarries were operated close to the Lahn River (LM 5515/22a + 5515/22b). One quarry was active in the 18th century and abandoned in 1766/68. Both quarries must have been in operation in the �0th century; the material was sold as Ulmenberg graurot and Ulmenberg dunkelrot. In 1888, one quarry owned by the “Nassauische Mar-morwerke” is reported to be situated “downstream from” Fürfurt (today Weinbach-Fürfurt). It is uncer-tain, if this was the above-mentioned quarry delivering Ulmenberg material or another quarry.In 1785, the famous poet J. W. Goethe received two “marble” slices from Weinbach, which suggest quar-rying at that time (LM 5515/29). Several limestone quarries are known in the NE and SW of Weinbach but until now none of them could be identified as di-mension stone quarry.In the vicinity of Edelsberg (today Weinbach-Edels-berg) a dark grey limestone with numerous calcite veinlets was extracted (LM 5515/30). The material was used for the bases of the iron vases in the castle gardens of Weilburg. The locality of this extracting place is unknown as is the locality of the following quarry: Since 1777, the Weilburg prison operated a quarry near Edelsberg, which supplied dark, black and grey “marble”. Both messages might refer to the same quarry. In 1785, five “marble” slabs from Edelsberg came into Goethe’s possession.The extraction of Nassau Marble close to Philipp-stein (today: Braunfels-Philippstein) is compara-tively old: In 1785 Goethe received two slabs from the Philippstein deposit. In 1906/1907, the company “Granitwerke Steinerne Renne Actien-Gesellschaft” from Hasserode/Harz was extracting small portions of limestone (< 50 m3) as dimension stone.“Marble” quarries existed in 1789 in the vicinity of Oberbiel and Niederbiel (both part of Solms today), making both municipalities “well-known”, but as yet the extracting places could not be identified.

A marble factory was founded in Niedergirmes (today Wetzlar-Niedergirmes) in 1879 which soon assumed

the name “Dyckerhoff & Neumann”. This com-pany developed to one of the most important Lahn Marble extracting and processing compa-nies, but did not operate quarries in Wetzlar itself. Dimension stone quarries in Wetzlar are mentioned in 1893 and 1894.

One quarry can be loca-lised beneath the mean-while blasted Dalheimer Chapel (LM 5416/1). A “huge marble quarry” was started few years be-fore 1884.

A “marble” quarry was exploited about 1770-1780 at the Deutschherrenberg, in the vicinity of the Zie-gelpforte (later named Hauser Tor) near Wetzlar (LM 5417/1). The Hausertor was situated ca. 200 m north of the cathedral. The limestone was characterised by “blue, yellow and red veinlets“. In the second half of the 19th century the quarry was active again and supplied “nice” varieties, marked by corals. In 1884 it was abandoned.

Further, Nassau Marble quarries were situated at the Lahnberg close to Wetzlar. In the vicinity of the Wöll-bacher gate, three varieties of the “nicest and most precious marble” were extracted in the beginning of the 18th century. Even in 1830, a quarry was active. Two quarries can be identified: one smaller one im-mediately in front of the gate (LM 5417/3) and a bigger one nearby (LM 5417/4).

Attempts were made to use the limestone near Rod-heim and Bieber near Gießen as dimension stone in the 19th century.

Hahnstätten Syncline

In the Hahnstätten Syncline, Nassau Marble was quar-ried in the vicinity of Allendorf, Mudershausen and probably near Hahnstätten.

Old archive records mention also Katzenelnbogen as quarrying place. With that presumably the mu-nicipality of Allendorf is meant, which belonged to the district of Katzenelnbogen in the 18th century. Thus, in 1715 eight pillars for a chapel in the Würz-burg cathedral were transported from the “Katzen Elenbogener” quarry to Würzburg. In the same year, for the chimneys and doors of the “marble hall” in

the Pommersfeld castle of Elector Lothar Franz von Schönborn the material was obtained from Katzeneln-bogen. The Elector praised the Nassau Marble with the words “welche gewißlich nicht schöner in gantz Italien weder gefunden noch gesehen werden können“ (“more beautiful marble could not be found nor seen in whole Italy”). In 1730, the “marble quarries” in the vicinity of Katzenelnbogen were famous. Material from Katzenelnbogen was used for the pillars of the castle church in Würzburg. Red “marble” from Katze-nelnbogen was processed to four pillars in the garden hall of this castle in 1741 and 1743. Katzenelnbogen material was used for pillars in Worms, presumably in the Worms cathedral. Further documents report the pillars erected in the Wiesbaden theatre in 1827 stem from Katzenelnbogen.The municipal quarry of Allendorf (LM 5714/1) is filled-in and built over today. The golden age of this quarry was in the 18th century, when the brownish-red limestone from this quarry was used for the pillars of the Jesuitic church in Mannheim, an “exquisite bath” in Koblenz and the chimneys in the Darmstadt castles. The quarry was not in operation in 1784. Three slabs from Allendorf are part of a marble collection from about 1800 (Fig. 5). Before 1826 the material was pro-cessed “frequently”. It was operated about 1890.Several quarries were situated in the vicinity of Mu-dershausen, but the locations of the quarries are not identified so far. Corresponding to the territorial affi-liation, the Mudershausen Nassau Marble was labelled as “Idstein marble” (1780). In the 17th century, Muders-hausen supplied grey limestone for the construction

Fig. 8: Weibshohl quarry (LM 5615/14) near Runkel with distinct quarrying traces from the 19th century, demonstrating the predominant extracting technique by separating the blocks by ma-nual drilling.

of the collegiate church St. Martin in Idstein (today protestant church, even named Union church). Even-tually, already the first altar (1603), with certainty the new altar (1671-1675), the pillars and the pulpit (1763) were made by this material. In 167�, a big-sized font was produced and shipped to Koblenz. However, about 1677 Earl Johannes von Idstein-Wiesbaden com-plained that his Mudershausen quarry was not much of a profit for him. The reason was that he employed the material only for his own use and did not market it. Further, early references date from the early 18th century. About 1737, sixteen coloured pilasters were made from the Mudershausen material. About 1800, a marble collection was arranged which contains one black slab of Nassau Marble from Idstein (Fig. 5). A polished pyramid of bluish-grey limestone from “Johann Schaefer Kalkwerke G. m. b. H. Diez/Lahn” in the BGR collection in Berlin (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften) indicates that attempts were made to use the deposit of Hahnstätten at least as dimen-sion stone.

Lahn Marble varieties with unknown origin

The company “Marmorwerke Balduin-stein” sold two varieties, whose origin is not identified so far. It offered the black va-riety Adlerstein and the red variety Zephyr or Zephir. The only known examples for use of Zephir are the pillars in the Johan-niskirche in Leipzig, built in 1894-1897, but destroyed in World War II. In 1933, the company of the May Brothers sold Silvea, which could not be assigned to a quarry. A Lahn Marble variety named Nassau Rot-grün was used in the extension building of the Reichskanzlei in Berlin in 1938/39. Never before and never afterwards this trade name was mentioned. The red green colour could indicate that Nassau Rotgrün was not a limestone but a calcite-rich me-tavolcanite. Two specimens of yellowish limestone and “marble” from Weyer are doubtful as well. The specimens are in the collection of Archduke Stephan von Oesterreich. They probably refer to platy limestone of the Late Devonian.

Chances and limits of provenance studies

Duration of quarrying, quarrying production

When did quarrying of Nassau Marble start? In fact BecKeR (1884) lists several examples for use of Nassau Marble in Ro-

manesque and Gothic times, but some of his examples proved to be wrong, some of them are not yet re-exa-mined in the framework of this project, and some of the examples concern the use as cut, but not polished limestone as building material, e.g. for bridges. Accor-ding to an old document cited by SchönleBeR (1865) marble industry should have been in existence in Vill-mar in the 16th century, but the document appears to be lost (KuhnigK 1976). Furthermore, the statement has to be questioned, because a chronicle, which has been written 1610/12 (“Lympurger Chronica”), emphasizes that “coloured marble” from Villmar had only been discovered “some years ago” (KnetSch 1909). Mo-reover, the chronicle states that “black marble” from Schupbach was known and a “white tough marble” has been used for window jambs of a building in Lim-burg. The chronicle reports in greater detail about the accidental discovery of a huge dark limestone block near Arfurt in 1605. The authorities prohibited the finders from selling the block, which can be seen as indication for the existence of a market for dimensi-

Fig. 9: Unica A quarry, Villmar (LM 5615/7), 1941. Use of wire saws is characteristic of the last quarrying period in the 20th century.

on stones. The authorities determined the block as a memorial slab in the cathedral of Mainz. Even older examples for the use of Nassau Marble as dimension stone are the pillars of the Nassau altar in this cathe-dral, which was built shortly after the year 1601 (Jung 1975) and the altar with the perspective depictions of pillars (“perspective altar”) in the Union church in Idstein (Schmidt �003). Based on today’s historical knowledge, quarrying and processing of the Devoni-an limestone in the Lahn region as dimension stone have been started not long before the turn of the 16th to the 17th century. Therefore, one should be careful to declare dimension stone as Nassau Marble or Lahn Marble, if the piece of architecture in question dates from the 16th century or even before.

While the earliest use of a variety is marked by the opening of a quarry, the use of a variety for the last time is not necessarily identical with the end of the ex-traction of the material: Thus several Lahn Marble va-rieties were promoted violently in the fifties of the 20th century, but the related quarries had been abandoned several years before (KiRnBaueR �005). The reason for the temporal discrepancy is because of availability of extracted but unprocessed blocks in the factories. Today, only few blocks of Lahn Marble remain on the grounds of the stone processing companies.

In the Lahn region, the last quarries were abandoned in the seventies of the �0th century. Assuming the start of quarrying to be at the end of the 16th century, pro-duction of Nassau Marble was active for about 400 years. Considering the whole period of time, more than 100 quarries had existed. About seventy of them can be identified (Table 1). Many of the small, frequently only temporarily operated quarries cannot be identi-fied for a whole chain of reasons: Later (and larger) quarries have destroyed the traces of earlier ones. The extraction techniques used in earlier centuries (bla-sting, separating by drilling) frequently did not leave any identifiable traces in the steep slopes of the Lahn valley. The above-cited document, which describes the recovering of a huge block in 1605, elucidates a technique which was presumably used in the first pe-riod of extracting Nassau Marble, namely to recover boulders, a method which is in use in the modern dimension stone industry worldwide. Furthermore, some of the quarries mentioned in earlier centuries are nothing else than outcropping limestone, which was extracted from case to case. One of these “marble quarries” was situated in the riverbed of the Lahn River and extraction was possible exclusively in very dry summers (Panthel 18�6). Others were so small that they were buried by soil and weathering material within short time; the remark “quarry is buried” can frequently be read in the old records. A map of 1846 which shows seven quarries in Villmar (aumülleR

�003), demonstrates the dimensions of the quarries. While the smallest one shows a length of merely 7 m, the biggest one had a length of about 58 m. Mainly the instructive reports of the Diez prison administration prove that quarries were operated temporarily depen-ding on the order situation and that the debris had to be cleared before the extraction work could start, which required a lot of time and money. Even the detailed analyses of the Lahn Marble production from Villmar in the years 1870 to 190� shows that none of the 14 quarries produced continuously (Table 2).

Our today’s view of the Lahn Marble production is influenced by pictures of the quarries arising in the last decades, contemporary photos and relics of the quarrying, and therefore by the technique of sawing with endless wires: Quarries present oneself as clear carvings in the topography with regular (sawed) walls (Fig. 9). But this view on historic extraction sites repre-sents only a short period and prevents from getting a realistic view of the earlier history of quarrying which is reflecting a much longer time span.

The annual Nassau Marble production in the period 1850-1955 is shown in Fig. 10. Despite no data are available for many years, it nevertheless can clearly be seen that the annual production rate in the 19th century was small (a few hundred of m3), and even in the �0th century the annual production exceeds 1,000 m3 only in a few years. A careful estimation results in a total production of about 50,000 m3 in this time, which re-presents an average annual production of about 323 m3, and a maximal total production of about 75,000 m3 for the overall quarrying period between 1600 and 1970.

Investigating the provenance of Nassau Marble it is worthwhile knowing that until World War I the main market of the largest Lahn Marble extracting and pro-cessing company (Dyckerhoff & Neumann, Villmar) was the US market. The dominance of the US market can be traced back twofold, on the one hand to the company of the Hergenhahn Brothers which leased the state-owned marble factory of the Diez prison in 1880 and expanded the sales area to the US, and on the other hand to two companies, the “Marmorwerke Balduinstein Guido Krebs” and “G. Joerissen”, which both participated in the 1904 World’s fair in St. Louis (lewald 1904).

However, a central element for provenance analysis of Nassau Marble is the information, whether a particular quarry stood in production in a certain time. These data are compiled in chapter 4.

Trade names

In scientific literature and trading, the term Lahn Mar-ble can be tracked back to the year 1899 (heRRmann

Plate 1: Lahn Marble slabs (width is 103 mm for all images). a) Balduinstein, Bär quarry (LM 5613/3), b) Edelfels Rosa, Heistenbach (LM 5614/2), c) Lim-burg (LM 5614/1), d) Hundsangen (LM 5514/1), e) Blechmühle near Hadamar (LM 5514/4), f) Steeden (LM 5514/5), g) Schupbach Schwarz, Schupbach (LM 5515/18), h) Finster mill near Schupbach (LM 5515/5).

Plate 2: Lahn Marble slabs (width is 103 mm for all images). a) Finster mill near Schupbach (LM 5515/6), b) Schupbach Goldader, Schupbach (LM 5515/7), c) Schupbach Grau or Mimosa, Schup-bach (LM 5515/3), d) Mimosa S hell, Schupbach (LM 5515/19), e) Mimosa S dunkel, Schupbach (LM 5515/19), f) “Weiße Steinkauth”, Schupbach (LM 5515/14), g) Korallenfels, Schupbach (LM 5515/8), h) “Rud Kaut”, Schupbach (LM 5515/12).

Plate 3: Lahn Marble slabs (width is 103 mm for all images). a) “Rud Kaut”, Schupbach (LM 5515/12), b) “Hanomser Bruch”, Gaudernbach (LM 5515/9), c) Brunhildenstein, Gaudernbach (LM 5515/13), d) Grafenstein, Gaudernbach (LM 5515/13), e) Wirbe-lau, Wirbelau (LM 5515/16), f) Kölken, Wirbelau (LM 5515/17), g) Hasselbach (LM 5515/26), h) Mühlberg, Villmar (LM 5615/1).

Plate 4: Lahn Marble slabs (width is 103 mm for all images). a) Bongard, Villmar (LM 5615/4), b) Born-grund, Villmar (LM 5615/3), c) Grethenstein, Villmar (LM 5615/10, d) Unica A, Villmar (LM 5615/7), e) Unica N, Villmar (LM 5615/8), f) Villmar near Ibachsei-che (LM 5615/12), g) Wieshohl quarry, Villmar (LM 5615/9), h) Winkel district, Aumenau (LM 5515/21).

1899), although the term was already used in a record in 18�7 (Wiesbaden, State Archives Wiesbaden, sect. �11, No. 8057). Earlier in the 19th century, the material was described as Nassau Marble (e.g. BecKeR 1884), because the majority of the quarries was situated on the territory of the Archdukedom Nassau. Until the thirties of the �0th century, both terms were used simul-taneously (e.g. Stiny 1929). One of the most important producers, G. Joerissen, was promoting his material “Nassau Marmor! Eigene Sorten!” (“Nassau Marble! Own varieties!”) in 1931 and even in the year 1934 an producer association “Nassauer Marmor” (“Nassau Marble”) was founded (KRatZ 1940). Not until the fifties of the last century the term Lahn Marble gained general acceptance.

As long as several centuries, the Nassau Marble varie-ties were named after their colour, occasionally after

their find location. Even the description of the most important varieties by SandBeRgeR (1853) followed exclusively seven colours or shades, independent from the find location. Distinguishing different colours only proved to be reliable in a time, in which only small amounts were processed, and in which a monopolist, the state prison factory in Diez, dominated the market. This changed fundamentally by establishing the first private marble factory in Villmar in 1865 (KuhnigK 1976) and privatization of the state-owned marble factory of the Diez prison in 1880 (BecKeR 1884): To improve marketing, trade names for the different va-rieties have been introduced since the eighties of the 19th century (Fig. 11). To date, the earliest known trade mark is the establishment of the Grethenstein variety and dates to the year 1883 (collection Natural His-tory Museum Vienna). Further trade names are known since 1888. These trade names are predominantly

Quarry LM-No. Production years Sum 1870-1902 [m3]

Sum 1870-1902 [%]

Average annual production [m3]

Bodensteinlei 5615/15 1871, 1873 109.9 0.9 55.0Bongart 5615/4 1871, 1893, 1896 �44.0 1.9 81.3

Borngrund 5615/31871-1873, 1881, 1890, 1891, 1893, 1898, 190�

451.1 3.5 50.1

Castell 5615/16 1871, 1873, 1874, 188�, 1890 86.� 0.7 17.�

Cretenstein 5615/10 1885 1�.7 0.1 1�.7

at the factory 5615/24 1875, 1881, 1886-1894 �,170.� 16.9 197.3

Famosa 5615/24 1893-1895, 1898 10�.8 0.8 �5.7

Hinterbodenstein 5615/251870, 1873-1875, 1877, 1883, 1885-1893

1,�99.7 10.1 86.6

in der Hohl 5615/9 188�, 1883, 1885, 1887 7�.8 0.6 18.�

auf dem Kissel 5615/11870, 1871, 1874, 1875, 1883, 1884, 1888, 189�

661.� 5.� 8�.7

an der Lahn 5615/271870-1874, 1877-1880, 188�-1887, 1895

�,099.4 16.4 131.�

Mariekäth 5615/22 1870, 1871, 1873, 1883, 1884, 189� 165.� 1.3 �7.5

Mühlberg 5615/23 1870-187�, 1889-1896, 190� 1,316.� 10.3 109.7

an der Mühlen 5615/28 1875, 1880 37.� 0.3 18.6

no quarry given 1870-1875, 1877-1900, 190� 3,978.8 31.0

Total sum 12,816.8 100.0

Table 2: Raw production of Lahn Marble quarries from Villmar 1870–1902 (data from KiRnBaueR 2008).

names deduced from a nearby village (e.g. Seelbach) or estate names (e.g. Borngrund), even in combination with colours (e.g. Schupbach Schwarz). At the same time the first fantasy name (Famosa) appeared, which certainly was awarded with the intention to emphasize the splendid (German: “famos”) appearance of the material. About 1�5 trade names and sub-names can be found until the end of quarrying.

Table 3 compiles all Lahn Marble trade names which have become known until today. A few trade names cannot be assigned to a quarry so far. Because the stonemason factories offered blocks for sale from quarries which had been abandoned long ago, the time of usage of a trade name is not necessarily identical to the operating time of a quarry (KiRnBaueR �005). Trade names are depending on fashions and the spirit of the time. For instance, material from one munici-pal quarry of Villmar on the right of the Lahn River was sold by the Dyckerhoff & Neumann Co. under the names Grethenstein and Unica, by the Joerissen Co., a competitor of the above mentioned company, as Unika and Nassau Rot, while it was sold in Aus-tria as Rouge violette. Some quarries supplied various varieties. The Auberg quarry in Gaudernbach sup-plied the varieties Brunhildenstein and Grafenstein. About 1905 these trade names being characteristic of the Wilhelminian epoch were replaced by the Ro-manesque sounding fantasy names Rojizonazo and Porvenir. This accommodated the taste of the public for the exotic. During the time of the German fascism the use of these “foreign names” came under severe criticism: RauchBach (1938) hoped that these names would “disappear completely” and would be replaced by “good local marble names” announcing the “origin of this German material” – but his hope was fulfilled only during the Nazi era. Several trade names are pre-served also from the Bongard quarry in Villmar: Even the spatial relationship between cutting and bedding positions resulted in different variety names.

Limits of provenance studies

The discontinuous reef growth excludes palaeonto-logical methods to distinguish the different varieties of Nassau Marble, especially as many reefs existed simultaneously and mixed conodont faunas are com-mon. The short time span of reef growth from Middle to Late Devonian which covers about 10 million years (chapter 2) and the lack of suitable minerals prevent the application of isotopic dating techniques. Thin section studies on limestone samples from numerous loca-tions and quarries have been investigated by several workers (e.g. OetKen 1996). However, the carbonate sedimentological approach is suitable for microfacies analysis but to date fails at determining the provenance of a piece of architecture. Thus, what remains is the

visual determination of provenance. This method is challenged by several limiting factors especially with-out sufficient knowledge of the quarries in operation and varieties used within a special historic time pe-riod (chapter 1). In addition to this, rapid vertical and horizontal changes of facies, small-scaled diagenetic alteration and (later) penetrative hydrothermal altera-tion hinder the visual determination. Nevertheless, this method can be used carefully on the base of sufficient comparative material in combination with historical information. This study is a first approach in combin-ing data of field work and historical records.

After all also, the names of trade marks or localities mentioned in ancient records or publications have to be handled with care, since the origin of a Nassau Marble is frequently given as place of processing and not as place of quarrying. Many of the dimen-sion stones labelled with the name of origin “Diez” or “Villmar” have not been extracted in one of the quarries within these municipalities, but have been processed there, namely in the Diez (manu)factory and the “Nassauische Marmorwerke” in Villmar (later the Dyckerhoff & Neumann Co.). Historical records show that in spite of the high logistic and financial efforts for transport of the extracted blocks in earlier centuries, stonemasons and sculptors obtained their material from distant quarries, even when quarries existed in their own village. Thus, a contract with the sculptor Christoph Babel from Allendorf was ne-gotiated for supplying pieces of architecture for the Schönborn burial chapel in the Würzburg cathedral (since 1721), but Babel received his “marble” from Schupbach (ReutheR 1956).

Conclusions

Extraction of Nassau Marble probably started at the end of the 16th century and ended about 1970. The data presented in this article show that more than 100 quarries were operated in this period. In the course of this study, about 70 of them could be identified and sampled. The quarries vary considerably in size. At least at the end of the 19th century the quarries did not produce continuously but according to demand. Breaks lasting several years occurred between two quarrying periods. Operators were stonemasons, pri-vate local people and small companies and since the end of the 18th century prison manufactories. These circumstances changed in the second half of the 19th century, when two important private companies, start-ed operation to quarry and process Lahn Marble. Due to rising demand and increased advertising the quar-ries commenced continuous production. The introduc-tion of trade names since about 1883 emphasizes the change. About 1�5 trade names and sub-names have

�1� SDGG, Heft 59 – Denkmalgesteine: Festschrift – Wolf-Dieter Grimm

Table 3: Lahn Marble trade names.

Trade Name Municipality Quarry No. Time Span ExplanationAdlerstein unknown unknown 1896–1910Arfurt Arfurt LM 5515/32 1888–1938Auberg Gaudernbach LM 5515/13 19�0–1938Auberg Grau Gaudernbach LM 5515/13 1914–1961Auberg Rot Gaudernbach LM 5515/13 unknown doubtful, only mentioned by mülleR (1984)Aull Grau Aull unknown unknown doubtful, only mentioned by mülleR (1984)Aull Rot Aull unknown unknown doubtful, only mentioned by mülleR (1984)Aumenau Aumenau unknown 1888–1953Balduinstein(er) Grau Balduinstein LM 5613/1 1950–1956Bongard Villmar LM 5615/4 1888–1961Bongard dunkel Villmar LM 5615/4 1910Bongard gebändert Villmar LM 5615/4 1950 ff perpendicular to the bedding planeBongard Grau Villmar LM 5615/4 1939–1950Bongard Grau Lager Villmar LM 5615/4 1933 parallel to the bedding planeBongard Hirn Villmar LM 5615/4 1933, 1950 ff perpendicular to the bedding planeBongard Lager Villmar LM 5615/4 1933 parallel to the bedding planeBongard NA Villmar LM 5615/4 1950 ff NA = Neue AusgabeBongard P Villmar LM 5615/4 1936–1950Bongard P Lager Villmar LM 5615/4 1933 parallel to the bedding planeBongard Rot Villmar LM 5615/4 1933, 1950 ffBongard tigre Villmar LM 5615/4 1950 ffBongard Wolkenrot Villmar LM 5615/4 1950 ffBorngrund Villmar LM 5615/3 1888–1956Brunhildenstein Gaudernbach LM 5515/13 1896–1954Castell Villmar LM 5615/16 1888–1903Diezer Grau Heistenbach LM 5614/2 unknown doubtful, only BGR collection (Berlin)Edelfels Heistenbach LM 5614/2 1897–1956Edelfels Grau Heistenbach LM 5614/2 1914–1961Edelfels Graurot Heistenbach LM 5614/2 1914–1956Edelfels Rosa Heistenbach LM 5614/2 1936–1961Edelfels Rot Heistenbach LM 5614/2 19�0–1953Edelfels rötlich Heistenbach LM 5614/2 19��Edelgrau Steeden LM 5514/5 1938–1953Edelrot Steeden LM 5514/5 1938–1961Edelrot N Steeden LM 5514/5 1961Estrellante Gaudernbach LM 5515/13 1904–1953Famosa Schupbach LM 5515/19 1896–1953Famosa Dunkelviolett Schupbach LM 5515/19 1910Famosa–Grau Villmar LM 5615/24 1940Famosa Grau mit gelb Villmar LM 5615/24 1938–1950Famosa Hellgrau mit gelb Villmar LM 5615/24 1910Famosa S Schupbach LM 5515/19 1936–1960 S = SchupbachFamosa S hell Schupbach LM 5515/19 1933–1961Famosa S mittel Schupbach LM 5515/19 1933–1953Famosa S dunkel Schupbach LM 5515/19 1933–1961Famosa Villmar LM 5615/24 1888–1938

Famosa V Villmar LM 5615/6 unknown V = Villmar or Violett. Doubtful, only mentioned by mülleR (1976 ff)

Famosa Violett Schupbach LM 5515/19 1953–1956Famosa Violett Villmar LM 5615/6 1938–1950Famosa Violett O unknown unknown 1933Grafenstein Gaudernbach LM 5515/13 1897–1961Gret(h)enstein, Gretchenstein Villmar LM 5615/10 1888–1953Gretenstein dunkel Villmar LM 5615/10 1936Gretenstein graurot Villmar LM 5615/10 1910Gudrunstein Villmar unknown unknown doubtful, only mentioned by mülleR (1984)Höllenwand Balduinstein LM 5613/2 1896–1940Kirsch(en)rot Aumenau LM 5515/21 1930–1953Kirschenrot H Aumenau LM 5515/21 1930Kirschenrot L Aumenau LM 5515/21 1930

Kissel Villmar LM 5615/24 1897–1940Kölken Schupbach LM 5515/17 19�0–1954

Korallenfels Schupbach LM 5515/8 LM 5515/10 1899–1958

Lahnberg Dunkel Villmar LM 5515/20 1940

Lahngold Steeden LM 5514/5 1930–1941

Lahn Grau Steeden LM 5514/5 1938

Lahn Schwarz Gaudernbach or Schupbach unknown 1938

Mariekäth Villmar LM 5615/22 1897–1903Mimosa Schupbach LM 5515/2 1930–1953Mühlberg Villmar LM 5615/1 1888–1914Nassau Rot, Nassaurot Villmar LM 5615/7 1931–1938Nassau Rotgrün unknown unknown 1941Nassauer Violett Aumenau unknown unknown only collection DNA (Wunsiedel)Niedertiefenbach Schwarz Niedertiefenbach LM 5514/9 1930

Orania Gaudernbach or Schupbach unknown 1938–1951

Orania Grau Gaudernbach or Schupbach unknown 19��–1953

Orania Rot Gaudernbach or Schupbach unknown 19��–1953

Orania Schwarz Gaudernbach or Schupbach unknown 19��–1953

Porvenir Gaudernbach LM 5515/13 1904–1953Reconquista Gaudernbach LM 5515/13 1931–1956Rojizonazo Gaudernbach LM 5515/13 1904–1953

Rosario Schupbach LM 5515/8 LM 5515/10 1940

Rosario corallo, Rosario–corallo Schupbach LM 5515/8

LM 5515/10 1933–1940

Rouge violette Villmar LM 5615/10 1897–1905Schupbach Goldader Schupbach LM 5515/7 1954–1956

Schupbach Grau Schupbach LM 5515/2 LM 5515/3 1914–1953

Schupbach Schwarz Schupbach LM 5515/4 LM 5515/18 1888–1961

Schupbach Schwarz–Gelb Schupbach LM 5515/7 1950Schupbach Schwarz–Gold Schupbach LM 5515/7 1938–1953Schupbach Schwarzgrau Schupbach unknown 1888–1941Schupbach Violett Schupbach unknown 1930Seelbach Seelbach unknown 1888–1938Silvea unknown unknown 1933Speck(s)winkel Aumenau LM 5515/21 1888–1914Steeden(er) Grau Steeden LM 5514/5 1930–1954Steeden Grau–Rosa Steeden LM 5514/5 1956–1961Steeden Grau–Rosa N Steeden LM 5514/5 1961Steeden Grün Steeden unknown unknown doubtful, only mentioned by mülleR (1984)Steeden(er) Rosa Steeden LM 5514/5 1950–1956Steeden(er) Rot Steeden LM 5514/5 1950–1953Steedener Schwarz Steeden LM 5514/5 1954Ulmenberg Aumenau LM 5515/22 1938–1953Ulmenberg Dunkel Aumenau LM 5515/22 unknown only collection DNA (Wunsiedel)Ulmenberg Dunkelrot Aumenau LM 5515/22 1930–1953Ulmenberg Graurot Aumenau LM 5515/22 1930–1953Ulmenberg Hell Aumenau LM 5515/22 unknown only collection DNA (Wunsiedel)

Unica, Unika Villmar LM 5615/7 LM 5615/8 1896–1953

Unika A Villmar LM 5615/7 1933–1961 A = Alt

Unika Blaßrot Villmar LM 5615/7 LM 5615/8 1938–1953

Unika N Villmar LM 5615/8 1938–1956 N = Neu

been found until now. With the exception of few, all of them can be related to a quarry.In the course of time two centres of processing devel-oped in Diez and Villmar. The significance of Diez goes back to the establishment of the prison manufac-ture in 1784, which not only quarried and processed, but also marketed Nassau Marble and gained a domi-nant position on the market in the 19th century. By privatization of the former prison factory in 1880, the sales area was expanded and the importance of the factory increased considerably, but it came to a standstill in 1922 by fire. In Villmar, quarrying and processing of Lahn Marble provided a living for a few families before the introduction of waterpower by the new established “Nassauische Marmorwerke” in 1865. Since this time, Villmar established as new centre of the Lahn Marble industry. After taking over the factories of Diez and Villmar in 1887 and 189�, the Dyckerhoff & Neumann Co. dominated the market respectively. Since 1904, a serious competitor arose with the Joerissen Co., which operated quarries in Schupbach, Gaudernbach und Wirbelau. The total production of Lahn Marble between 1850 and 1955 can be estimated as about 50,000 m3. Referring

Fig. 10: Annual Nassau Marble production 1850–1955. Compilation of data given by Boehm (1906), BRüning et al. (1893), KRatZ (1940), Rode (1956), SandBeRgeR (1853) and wencKenBach (1879).

Urania–Rot Steeden LM 5514/5 1940Urania–Schwarz Steeden LM 5514/5 1940Wachhecke Gaudernbach LM 5515/28 19�0–1930Weibshohl Runkel LM 5615/14 1888Wiedisch Rosa Schupbach LM 5515/12 1938–1953Wiedisch Rot Schupbach LM 5515/12 1950Wirbelau Wirbelau LM 5515/16 1909–1961Wirbelau–Silber Wirbelau LM 5515/17 1938Wirbelau–Silbergrau Wirbelau LM 5515/17 1930Zephir, Zephyr unknown unknown 1896–1930

to the whole 400 years period, the most important Nassau Marble quarries were situated in the vicin-ity of Schupbach and Villmar. Beside this, centres of extracting existed in the vicinity of Allendorf and Mudershausen in the 17th to 18th century, and near Diez, Gaudernbach and Wirbelau in the �0th century.

Frequently, the provenance of Lahn Marble has to be determined for restoration purposes. It can be shown that the visual determination of provenance should only be done in combination with historical informa-tion, because provenance studies based exclusively on the macroscopic feature proved to be the more unreli-able the older the investigated building is. Most of the numerous incorrect assignments of pieces of archi-tecture which have been done in the last decades are going back to the use of reference material collected after World War II exclusively, while Nassau Marble varieties which were used in former centuries are not taken into account. Only combining geological, ex-tracting-historical, processing-historical, art-historical and economical data provide useful provenance deter-mination of Lahn Marble. Thus, 1989 an abandoned quarry near Villmar was reactivated for extracting the variety Bongard (LM 5615/4), using this material

for the restoration of the famous high altar of the Mannheim Jesuit church (meuSeR �006). From the contemporary literature can be lernt that originally material from Allendorf was used (KliPStein 1779). This present study is mak-ing a first move in com-bining all important data.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by several members of the “Lahn-Marmor-Mu-seum“ Society. Sawing, grinding and polishing of all slabs have been done by Axel BecKeR (Schup-bach). Lydia aumülleR (Villmar), Axel BecKeR (Schupbach), Gerhard höhleR, Wolfgang höh-leR, Karlheinz KRämeR (all: Villmar), Karsten PoReZag (Wetzlar), Wolf-gang thuSt (Balduinstein) and Willi waBel (Heidel-berg) have lent me docu-ments of their private ar-chives, provided access to unpublished data or sup-ported the field work. Dr. Franz BRandStätteR (Vi-enna), Dr. Angela ehling (Berlin), Dipl.-Biol. Fritz gelleR-gRimm (Wiesba-den), Dr. Vera hammeR (Vienna), Dr. Susanne heRting-agthe (Berlin), Dipl.-Geol. Reinhard KögleR (Wunsiedel) and Dr. Ralf Thomas Schmitt (Berlin) made it possible to investigate Lahn Mar-ble slabs. Dipl.-Bibl. Monika landfRied (Bochum) ac-quired nearly inaccessible literature. My sincere thanks go to all of them.

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KegleR, J. (1967): Stratigraphie, Fazies und Tektonik in der westlichen Lahnmulde, Bl. Limburg und Hadamar, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Oberdevons und der Gaudernbacher Schichten. – PhD Univ. Gießen, � sheets + 68 p. + 9 p. + encl., 28 fig.; Giessen.

KiRnBaueR, T. (1991): Geologie, Petrographie und Geochemie der Pyroklastika des Unteren Ems/Unterdevon (Porphy-roide) im südlichen Rheinischen Schiefergebirge. – Geol. Abh. Hessen, 92: 228 p., 52 fig., 4 tab., 5 pl., 2 maps; Wies-baden.

KiRnBaueR, T. (�005): „Marmor im neuzeitlichen Bauschaf-fen“ – zur Verwendung von Lahnmarmor in der Architek-tur der 50er Jahre des �0. Jahrhunderts. – Lahn-Marmor-Nachrichten, 11: 7-11, 3 fig., 1 tab.; Villmar.

KiRnBaueR, T. (�009): Lahnmarmor – ein Schaufenster in die Welt devonischer Riffe: Lagerstätten, Gewinnung, Ver-wendung (in prep.)

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KReBS, W. (1966): Der Bau des oberdevonischen Langenau-bach-Breitscheider Riffes und seine weitere Entwicklung im Unterkarbon (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). – Abh. senckenb. naturf. Ges., 511: 1-105, 18 fig., 3 tab., 13 pl.; Frankfurt a.M.

KReBS, W. (1968a): Facies Types in Devonian Back-Reef Limestones in the Eastern Rhenish Schiefergebirge. – In: mülleR, G. & fRiedmann, G. M. (ed.) (1968), Recent De-velopments in Carbonate Sedimentoloy in Central Europe, p. 186-195, Berlin – Heidelberg – New York (Springer-Ver-lag).

KReBS, w. (1968b): Reef development in the Devonian of the eastern Rhenish Slate Mountains, Germany. – In: Inter-nat. Symposium on the Devonian System, Alberta Soc. Petroleum Geologists, 2: 295-306, 4 fig., 2 tab.; Calgary, Alberta.

KReBS, W. (1968c): Zur Frage der bretonischen Faltung im öst-lichen Rhenoherzynikum. – Geotekt. Forsch., �8: 1-71, 8 fig., 1 tab.; Stuttgart.

KReBS, W. (1969): Early void-filling cementation in Devoni-an fore-reef limestones (Germany). – Sedimentology, 1�: 279-299, 8 fig., 1 tab.; Amsterdam – London – New York.

KReBS, W. (1971): Devonian Reef Limestone in the Eastern Rhenish Schiefergebirge. – In: mülleR, G. (ed.) (1971), Sedimentology of parts of Central Europe. Guidebook to Excursions held during the VIII International Sedimento-logical Congress 1971 in Heidelberg, Germany, p. 45-81, 32 fig.; Frankfurt a.M. (Waldemar Kramer).

KReBS, W. (1974): Devonian carbonate complexes of central Europe. – In: laPoRte, L. F. (ed.) (1974), Reefs in time and space. Selected examples from the recent and ancient, SEPM Spec. Publ., 18: 155-208, 25 fig., 4 tab.; Tulsa, Oklahoma.

KReBS, w. (1979): Devonian basinal facies. – In: m. R. houSe, c. t. ScRutton & M. G. BaSSett (ed.), The Devonian System, Spec. Pap. Palaeont., 23: 125-139, 6 fig., 4 tab.; London (Pa-laeont. Assoc.).

KuhnigK, a. m. (1976): Villmar. Geschichte und Gestalt einer hessen-nassauischen Großgemeinde. – 275 p., num. fig.; Villmar (Pallottinerdruck Limburg).

[lewald, Th.] (ed.) (1904): Weltausstellung in St. Louis 1904. Amtlicher Katalog der Ausstellung des Deutschen Reiches. – 3 sheets + 548 p. + 32 p., several fig., 1 map; Berlin (Georg Sticke).

may, A. (1995): Relationship among sea-level fluctuation, bio-geography and bioevents of the Devonian: an attempt to ap-proach a powerful, but simple model for complex long-range control of biotic crises. – Geolines, 3: 38-49, 2 fig.; Praha.

meuSeR, T. (�006): Die Jesuitenkirche Mannheim. – Lahn-Mar-mor-Nachrichten, 14: 9-16, 11 fig.; Villmar.

miRSal, I. A. (1978): Zementmineralisation in fossilen Korallen-riffen. Eine petrographische und geochemische Faktorena-nalyse. – PhD Univ. Marburg, 4 sheets + 120 p. + 1 sheet, 29 fig., 16 tab.; Marburg/Lahn.

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neSBoR, h. d., BuggiSch, w., flicK, h., hoRn, m. & liPPeRt, H.-J. (1993): Vulkanismus im Devon des Rhenohercynikums. Fazielle und paläogeographische Entwicklung vulkanisch geprägter mariner Becken am Beispiel des Lahn-Dill-Ge-bietes. – Geol. Abh. Hessen, 98: 3-87, 37 fig., 8 tab., 1 pl.; Wiesbaden.

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